SECTION 1
SPEAKING
1
Unit 1
What’s your name?
I. GREETING
Greeting is the first DIALOG to open the conversation between some body, who already known each other or haven’t known. It also use to introduce oneself or asking the identity of any people. Greeting as one part of communication step at the beginning, because greeting means welcoming and kindhearted of people who making conversation. Greeting commonly followed by asking the condition person who invited in the conversation. Here are some words which usually use for greeting and asking the condition: Selamat Pagi
Good Morning
Selamat Siang
Good Afternoon
Selamat Malam
Good Evening
Selamat
Malam/
Selamat
Tinggal/ Good Night
Selamat Tidur
•
Good Bye
•
Bye
Selamat Tinggal
2
Sampai Jumpa
See you
•
Hello
•
Hi
Halo atau Hai
Apa kabar?
How are you?
•
I'm fine. Thank you.
•
Good
•
Great
•
Very well
•
Are you all right?
•
Are you OK?
•
I'm feeling sick
•
I feel sick
•
I got the illness
Baik-baik saja
Apakah kamu baik-baik saja?
Saya sedang sakit
Saya sedang pusing
I'm having a headache
Saya sedang flu
I'm having a flu/influenza
Saya demam
I'm having a cold
Saya merasa tidak enak badan
•
I am not feeling well
3
Yah, begitulah atau Biasa-biasa saja
•
I am not feeling good
•
I am in bad condition
•
It’s awful
Not bad
II. INTRODUCING
How to introduce is one of the important skill which needed by the people, so that we will have many friends and wide relationship. Introduction can be divided by 3 forms; self introductiong, friends, or some things other, e.g. company, school, etc. A. Self Introducing
There are two persons here who want to know each other, because they are as a new student in one school. The coversation between Adam and Junita, has the purpose of asking and telling their own identity. Pay attention to the DIALOG below, between Adam and Junita. The words with boldness are introducing words which usually used to introducing. Adam : Hi, may I introduce my self? My name’s Adam. What’s your name? Junita : Hi, Adam. I’m Junita. Where do you come from? Adam
: I come from Bandung, and how about you? 4
Junita : I come from Jakarta. Adam
: Nice to meet you
Junita : Nice to meet you too
B. Introducing Someone Else
Adam and Junita keep chat each other until Very is coming, and Junita wants to introduce Very to Adam.
Junita : Hi, Very. So lucky you are. I would like to introduce you with my new friend, Adam
Very
: Hi, Adam. Pleased to meet you
Adam
: pleased to meet you too
C. Other introducing
We can introduce our school to the other, study the following example.
May I introduce my school
SMAN 1 Bandung is one of the most favorite senior high school in Bandung. Our school located on Mulawarman street no. 22 Bandung. We have many students’ extra activities, like dancer, cheer leader, scout, basket ball, foot ball and any others. 5
Below are some other expressions: Expressions
Functions
May I introduce myself ... Let me introduce myself. My name is … I’d like to introduce myself. My name is … Allow me to introduce myself. My name is … My name’s ... I’m ...
Introducing yourself
Excuse me my name’s ... How do you do? My name’s ... Hi! I’m ... Hello! My name’s ... Good morning. My name’s ... I’d like to introduce you to my friend ... Let me introduce my sister to you ... Allow me to introduce … This is ...
Introducing someone
I’d like you to meet ... Do you know ... Oh look, here’s peter, Peter – Jenny, Jenny - Peter 6
III. EXERCISES
A. Work with a partner. Look at the pictures. Complete the conversations by marking the check box below!
My first name is Harahap My Zip code is 45154
My last name is Harahap My middle name is Riva’i
My last name is Harahap My Zip code is 45154
My area code is 45154 My Zip code is 45154
My last name is Harahap My telephone number 022-232
My area code is 45154 My Zip code is 45154
7
1. Practice the conversations with your partner. 2. Make new conversations. Use your own information. 3. Study the conversation below! Andi
: Let me ……………. Myself. My name’s Andi. What’s your name?
Devy
: ……………. Is Devy. Where ….. you live?
Andi
: I live ……. Trikora St. how about you?
Devy
: I come from Jakarta, I just visiting Bandung for vacation.
Andi
: Yea I see. Nice to meet you.
Devy
: …………….…………….……… …………….…………….……………. …….
Abbreviations:
What is = What’s
They are = They’re
You have = You’ve
They will = They’ll
I am = I’m
You are not = You aren’t
I would = I’d
Have not = Haven’t
Do not = Don’t
Does not = Doesn’t
8
4.
Share Information
A : “What’s his name?” B : “His Name is Ahmad” A : “What’s his Telephone number?” B : “His telephone number is 022-231
A : “Who is she?” B : “She is Mrs. Ahmad”
A : “Who are they?” B : “They are a couple” A : “What’s his name and her name?” B : “His name is Abi and her name is Rina”
9
Notice: You can share other information e.g. profession, address, status, hobby, etc.
5. Share the information below by making conversation! a. His telephone number is 555-9147. b. His area code is 407. c. His last name is Kelly. d. His first name is Richard. e. His middle name is Paul. f.
He’s from the United States.
g. His address is 4428 Water Street. h. He’s from Orlando, Florida. i.
His zip code is 32819.
j.
His apartment number is 16. 10
a.
Her apartment number is 10.
b.
Her area code is 972.
c.
She’s from Dallas, Texas.
d.
Her first name is Hilda.
e.
Her address is 3177 Luna Avenue.
f.
Her telephone number is 555-2846.
g.
Her zip code is 75229.
h.
Her last name is Lopez.
i.
She’s from the United States.
j.
Her middle name is Luz.
6. Find and write 407
Alan
Mahmud
Miss
Hali
Risna
China
44115
Kate
415
Harris
Vietnam
Anna
Ms.
60639
Mrs.
Indonesia
10013
Mr.
312
800
Somalia
916
Colombia
Andy
Japan
Amka
Liliana
75223
94012
11
1. Six first names
: ………………………… ……………………………………………………. …………………………............ ...................... ....................... .............. ..
............................................................................................................................ 2. Five last names
: ………………………… ……………………………………………………. …………………………............ ...................... ....................... ............... ...
............................................................................................................................ 3.
Four titles
: ………………………… ……………………………………………………. …………………………............ ...................... ....................... ............... ...
............................................................................................................................ 4. Five zip codes
: ………………………… ……………………………………………………. …………………………............ ...................... ....................... ............... ...
............................................................................................................................ 5. Five area codes
: ………………………… ……………………………………………………. …………………………............ ...................... ....................... ............... ...
............................................................................................................................ 6. Five countries
: ………………………… ……………………………………………………. …………………………............ ...................... ....................... ............... ...
............................................................................................................................
12
Unit 2
I.
Where are the pencils?
Find the differences Picture A
13
Picture B
Notice: Mark the differences by pen or pencil and and explain it in front of the class! 14
II.
Conversation pairs
Where’s the computer? Where are the computers?
It’s on the table. They’re on the table.
Is the map on the table? Are the maps on the table?
Yes, it is. Yes, they are.
No, they aren’t. No, it isn’t.
It’s on the wall. They’re on the wall.
A. Practice the conversation with your partner! B. Make new conversation by using your own information!
15
III. Share Information
A. Look at the picture than answer the questions!
Based on the picture, you can find where the things in the box below are!
1.
5.
2.
6.
3.
7.
4.
8.
16
IV. Dictation
A. Write the text which red by your teacher. 1. The computer is on the desk. 2. The notepads are on the cabinet. 3. The marker is on the desk. 4. The paper clips are in the cabinet. 5. The stapler is in the drawer. 6. The index cards are on the table. 7. The chalk is on the desk. 8. The dictionary is on the chair. 9. The index cards are on the desk. 10. The paper clips are on the cabinet. 11. The dictionary is on the desk. 12. The markers are in the cabinet. 13. The notebook is in the drawer. 14. The chalk is in the cabinet. 15. The stapler is on the table. 16. The notepad is in the drawer. 17. There’s a computer on the desk. 18. There’s a map on the wall. 19. There are 25 books in the bookcase. 17
20. There are four markers on the cabinet. 21. There are ten pencils in the box. 22. There are two dictionaries on the desk. 23. There are two pens in the drawer. 24. There’s a clock on the wall. 25. There are two rulers in the cabinet. 26. There’s an eraser on the table. 27. There’s a pencil on the table. 28. There’s a calculator in the cabinet. 29. There are five computers on the table. 30. There are 20 pens on the desk. 31. There are 25 rulers in the drawer. 32. There are 12 erasers on the cabinet. 33. There are five books in the box. 34. There’s a stapler on the cabinet. 35. There’s a dictionary in the bookcase. 36. There’s a calendar in the drawer.
18
B. Fill the appropriate item, quantity and location of things in the table based on the text. Item
Number
Location
19
V.
Vocabularies
A. Parts of a house No
Parts of a house
Meaning
1
Ceiling
Langit-langit
2
Door
Pintu
3
Floor
Lantai
5
Roof
Atap
6
Terrace
Teras
7
Wall
Tembok
9
Window
Jendela
11
Yard
Halaman, pekarangan
B. Objects in the room No
Objects
Meaning
1
Armchair
Kursi tangan
2
Ashtray
Asbak
3
Bookcase
Lemari buku
5
Bookshelf
Rak buku
6
Broom
Sapu
7
Carpet
Karpet
8
Chair
Kursi
9
Clock
Jam dinding
11
Cupboard
Lemari
12
Curtain
Gorden, tirai
13
Desk
Meja tulis
14
Divan
Dipan
20
15
Doormat
Keset
17
Electric iron
Setrika listrik
19
Flower pot
Pot bunga
20
Flower vase
Vas bunga
21
Furniture
Mebel
24
Lamp
Lampu
26
Mirror
Cermin
27
Picture
Gambar, kulisan
28
Porcelain
Guci
30
Radio
Radio
32
Sculpture
Patung
33
Sideboard
Bufet
34
Sofa
Sofa
35
Table
Meja
36
Tablecloth
Taplak meja
37
Telephone
Telefon
39
Umbrella
Payung
C. In the bedroom You can find many things in your own room. Are there following things in your room? No
In the bedroom
Meaning
1
Air conditioning
AC
2
Bag
Tas
3
Bed
Tempat tidur
4
Cover Bad
Sprei
5
Blanket
Selimut
21
6
Bolster
Bantal guling
7
Candle
Lilin
9
Curtain
Kelambu
11
Fan
Kipas angin
12
Mattress/Bad
Kasur
13
Pillow
Bantal
14
Rug
Permadani
15
Scissors
Gunting
D. In the kitchen Do you like cooking? You need to know the things in it. No
In the kitchen
Meaning in Bahasa
1
Basin
Baskom
2
Basket
Keranjang
3
Bottle
Botol
4
Bowl
Mangkuk
5
Breadknife
Pisau roti
6
Bucket/pail
Ember
7
Can/tin
Kaleng
9
Cooker/stove
Kompor
10
Cup
Cangkir
11
Dish
Pisin/piring
12
Dishcloth
Lap piring
13
Fork
Garpu
14
Frying pan
Penggorengan
15
Glass
Gelas
17
Kettle
Ketel 22
18
Knife
Pisau
19
Mug
Mangkuk
20
Napkin
Serbet
21
Oven
Oven
22
Pan
Panci
23
Plate
Piring
24
Roasting spit
Pemanggangan
26
Saucer
Piring cawan
27
Shelf
Rak
28
Spoon
Sendok
29
Jar
Toples
30
Spoon
Sendok makan
31
Cup
Cangkir
32
Teapot
Teko/ceret
34
Toaster
Pemanggang roti
35
Tray
Baki
E. In the Bathroom Do you know the things in the bathroom? No
In the bathroom
Meaning
1
Bath-tub
Bak mandi
3
Brush
Sikat
5
Dipper
Gayung
6
Faucet
Kran
7
Sponge
Spon
8
Tub
Bak
23
9
Pail, bucket
Ember
10
Pipe
Pipa
11
Scoop
Gayung
12
Shampoo
Sampo
13
Shaver
Pencukur
14
Sink
Bak cuci
15
Soap
Sabun
16
Tooth-brush
Sikat gigi
17
Toothpaste
Pasta gigi
18
Towel
Handuk
20
Water closet
Wc
21
Water pump
Pompa air
22
Waterworks, canal
Saluran air
24
Unit 3
I.
What are you doing?
STUDY THE FOLLOWING EXAMPLES
A. The international Institute of Islamic thought is trying to raise funds to support Muslim scholars’ activities. B. The Muslim scholars are working on the Islamization of knowledge. C. They are crystallizing Islamic thought, concepts and methodology. D. I am studying English now. E. He is going to school, even it is raining. F. They are reading English book. G. The hunter is hunting wild animal in the jungle. H. She is searching some articles in the internet. I.
Sinta is sleeping on her bad room.
J.
Hery is doing his homework.
K. What is Ms. Chan doing? L. What is he doing? M. What are you doing? N. Who is singing that song? O. Who is washing the dishes? P. Where are you going now? 25
II. CONVERSATION PAIRS
A. Practice the conversation with your partner!
What are you doing? What is he doing?
No, he’s eating. No, he’s sleeping.
I’m sleeping! I’m talking on the phone!
My daughter is listening to loud music. My daughter is talking on the phone.
I said, “I’m talking on the phone!” I said, “I’m sleeping!”
What are you doing now? What is she doing now?
B. Make new conversation by using your own information! C. Make a short story dealing with any activities which are progressing. 26
D.What D. What are you doing? 1. Study the following example!
B
: “Is Flora drinking a soda?”
A
: “Yes, she is”.
B
: “Is Gustavo reading a book?”
A
: “Yes, he is”.
B
: “Is Rosa watching TV?”
A
: “No, she isn’t”.
B
: “Are José and Carlos watching TV?”
A
: “Yes, they are”. 27
2. Make the DIALOG based on the picture below!
28
Unit 4
I.
Invitation
HOW TO MAKE AND ACCEPT INVITATIONS IN ENGLISH.
A. "What are you doing next Saturday? We're having some people over for a meal. Would you like to come?" B. "Are you free next Thursday?" C. "Are you doing anything next weekend?" D. "Would you be interested in coming to the cinema with me tonight?" E. "How do you fancy going out for a meal at the weekend?"
II.
ACCEPTING
A. "Would you like to…" B. "I'd love to, thanks." C. "That's very kind of you, thanks." D. "That sounds lovely, thanks." E. Do you fancy coming to the cinema tonight? F. "What a great idea, thanks."
29
III.
Declining
A. "Would you like to come over for dinner on Saturday?" B. "That's very kind of you, but actually I'm doing something else on Saturday." C. "Well, I'd love to, but I'm already going out to the cinema." D. "I'm really sorry, but I've got something else on." E. "I really don't think I can – I'm supposed to be doing something else."
IV.
Speaking Tip
It's important to be polite when you decline an invitation. We normally give a reason why we can't do something and either apologise, or use words like "actually" or "really".
30
Unit 5 I.
Do you have a cold?
Find the differences
Picture A
31
Picture B
A. Mark the differences between picture A and picture B. B. Describe those differences by telling the condition of the people in the picture A and picture B.
32
II.
Student interview
A. Circle one illness below. Write a sentence about yourself. a backache
a broken arm
a cut
a bad headache
a sore throat
a stomachache
a broken leg
a toothache
a sprained ankle
a bad cold
a fever
a cough
I have a cough __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________
33
B. Talk to your classmates. Complete the chart. A
: What’s your name?
B
: Alan.
A
: What’s wrong?
B
: I have a stomachache. Name
Alan
What’s wrong He has a stomachache
34
III. Guess
A. Look at the picture and study the example.
B
: “Does Flora have a fever?”
A
: “Yes, she does”.
B
: “Does Gustavo have a headache?”
A
: “Yes, he does”.
B
: “Does Rosa have a broken leg?”
A
: “No, she doesn’t”.
35
B. Make the DIALOG based on the picture.
IV. Find and write
May
February 14
a cough
a stomachache the flu
nose
July 4
a headache
10/31
tooth
April
September
12/31
aspirin
shoulder
a fever
drops toe
vitamin C
an earache heating pad
cough
October
a sore throat December 12
36
A. Four months
: ………………………… …………………………………………………… …………………………........... ....................... ............... ...
……………………………………………………............................................................... B. Five dates
: ………………………… …………………………………………………… …………………………........... ....................... ............... ...
……………………………………………………............................................................... C. Seven problems
: ………………………… …………………………………………………… …………………………........... ....................... ............... ...
……………………………………………………................................................................ D. Four treatments
: ………………………… …………………………………………………… …………………………........... ....................... ............... ...
……………………………………………………................................................................ E. Four parts of the body : ……………………… …………………………………………………… ……………………………........... ........................ ............... .. …………………………………………………….................................................................
V.
Dictation
A. Study the data. 1. The patient is Roberta Thompson. 2. The medical record number is 5846804. 3. The date is Tuesday, April 4. 4. The time is 10:45 a.m. 5. The doctor is Elizabeth Lin, MD. 6. The address is 725 Lincoln Way. 7. The patient is William T. Jones. 8. The medical record number is 7532280. 37
9. The date is Friday, July 6. 10. The time is 1:45 p.m. 11. The doctor is Brian Kennedy, MD. 12. The address is 8 Sunset Road.
B. Pay attention for the appointment confirmation form and complete the appointment confirmation based on the data given to you.
38
VI.
Vocabularies
Part of Human Body No
Parts of human body
Meaning in Bahasa
1
Skeleton
Kerangka
2
Body
Tubuh, badan
3
Head
Kepala
4
Skull
Tengkorak
5
Brain
Otak
6
Nerve
Syaraf
7
Hair
Rambut
9
Back of the head
Kepala bagian belakang
10
Face
Muka, wajah
11
Forehead
Dahi/ kening
12
Cheek
Pipi
13
Temple
Pelipis
14
Ear(s)
Telinga
15
Iris
Selaput pelangi mata
16
Pupil
Biji/manik mata
17
Eye(s)
Mata
18
Eyelid
Kelopak mata
39
19
Eyelashes
Bulu mata
20
Eyebrow
Alis
21
Nose
Hidung
23
Mouth
Mulut
24
Tooth/teeth
Gigi
25
Gum
Gusi
26
Tongue
Lidah
27
Palate
Langit-langit mulut
28
Jaw
Tulang rahang
29
Upper-jaw
Rahang atas
30
Lower-jaw
Rahang bawah
31
Lip
Bibir
32
Chin
Dagu
33
Moustache
Kumis
34
Beard
Janggut
35
Neck
Leher
36
Nape of the neck
Kuduk
37
Trunk
Badan (tanpa kepala, kaki, dan tangan)
38
Breast
Payudara, dada perempuan
39
Breastbone
Tulang dada
40
40
Chest
Dada
41
Back
Punggung
42
Backbone
Tulang punggung
43
Spine
Tulang belakang
44
Rib
Tulang rusuk/iga
45
Waist
Pinggang
46
Belly
Perut
47
Stomach/tummy
Perut pencernaan
49
Hipbone/pelvis
Tulang pangkal paha
50
Bone
Tulang
51
Collarbone
Tulang selangka
52
Navel
Pusar
53
Groin
Selangkangan
54
Throat
Tenggorokan/kerongkongan
57
Lung
Paru-paru
58
Heart
Jantung
59
Liver
Hati
60
Intestine/gut
Usus
65
Artery
Pembuluh nadi
66
Spleen
Limpa
41
67
Muscle
Otot
68
Arm
Lengan
69
Shoulder
Bahu
71
Limb
Anggota badan (tungkai dan lengan)
72
Armpit
Ketiak
73
Upper-arm
Lengan atas
74
Forearm
Lengan bawah
75
Elbow
Siku
76
Joint
Tulang sendi
78
Pulse
(urat) nadi, denyutan darah pada tangan
79
Hand
Tangan
80
Palm
Telapak tangan
81
Finger
Jari tangan
82
Fingertip
Ujung jari
83
Thumb
Ibu jari/jempol
84
Forefinger
Jari telunjuk
85
Middle finger
Jari tengah
86
Ring finger
Jari manis
87
Little finger
Kelingking
42
88
Nail
Kuku
90
Leg
Kaki (dari paha ke bawah)
91
Thigh
Paha
92
Thighbone
Tulang paha
93
Knee
Lutut
94
Calf
Betis
95
Foot
Kaki
96
Ankle
Mata kaki
97
Toe
Jari kaki
98
Toe nail
Kuku jari kaki
99
Heel
Tumit
100
Sole
Telapak kaki
101
Instep
Mata kaki
102
Blood
Darah
103
Flesh
Daging (manusia)
104
Marrow
Sumsum
105
Skin
Kulit
106
Tears
Air mata
107
Sweat
Keringat
108
Urine
Air seni
43
VII.
TALKING ABOUT FEELINGS/HEALTH ISSUES Here are some sentences and expressions for talking about feelings and health issues.
How's the weather today?
It's really cold.
Let's stay inside.
How do you feel?
I'm fine.
That's good.
How are you feeling?
Not too good.
Sorry to hear that.
Is everything okay?
I feel sick.
That's too bad.
What's wrong?
I have a headache.
Here's some aspirin
What's the matter?
My leg hurts.
Let me help you. Are you all right?
I cut my hand.
That looks serious. What happened?
He broke his arm.
Call 911!
44
Medical Terms
No
Medical terms
Meaning
1
Abdomen
Perut, daerah perut
2
Abortion
Abortus, keguguran
3
Ache
Rasa sakit
4
Acidity
Kadar asam/keasaman
5
Acute
Akut, gawat
6
Adolescent
Anak remaja
7
Adrenal gland
Kelenjar adrenalin
8
Adult
Akil-baligh, dewasa
9
Alcoholism
Keadaan banyak
sakit
karena
minum
terlalu
minuman
beralkohol 12
Amnesia
Penyakit hilang ingatan
14
Anatomy
Ilmu urai tubuh
15
Anesthesia
Mati rasa
16
Anesthetic
Obat bius
18
Asthma
Asma, sakit bengek
19
Bacillus
Basil
20
Bacteria
Bakteri
21
Bandage
Perban, pembalut
22
Beri-beri
Penyakit beri-beri
23
Boracic lotion
Boorwater
24
Bronchitis
Penyakit bronkhitis
25
Calorie
Kalori
45
26
Carbohydrate
Karbohidrat
27
Cell
Sel
28
Cerebellum
Otak kecil
29
Cerebrum
Otak besar
30
Cholera
Kolera
31
Chronic
Kronis, menahun
32
Clinic
Klinik
33
Complication
Komplikasi
35
Contact
Bersentuhan/bersing-
gungan
dengan 36
Contagion
Penularan
37
Contaminate
Mengotori
38
Cornea
Selaput mata (bagian luar)
39
Dehydration
Dehidrasi, pengeringan
40
Diagnose
Mendiagnosa
41
Diet
Diet
42
Disease
Penyakit
43
Dysentery
Disentri, berak darah
44
Emergency
Keadaan darurat
45
Emotion
Emosi
49
Environment
Lingkungan
50
Epidemics
Wabah
52
Fainting
Pingsan
53
Family planning
Keluarga berencana
54
Fatal Fa tal
Fatal, yg menimbulkan kematian
55
Fatigue, Tired
Pegal
56
Fever
Demam 46
57
Flatus
Kentut
58
Fungus
Jamur
60
Habitat
Tempat tinggal
62
Headache
Sakit kepala
63
Heredity
Keturunan
64
High blood pressure
Tekanan darah tinggi
65
Hormone
Hormon
66
Hospitalization
Hal masuk/ berobat di rumah sakit, opname
69
Immune
Imun, kebal
70
Immunity
Kekebalan
71
Inanimate, Die
Mati
72
Inflamation
Infeksi, bengkak
73
Influenza, Cold
Flu
74
Injection
Injeksi
76
Laboratory
Laboratorium
77
Lame
Lumpuh
78
Larynx
Pangkal tenggorokan
79
Lungs
Paru-paru
80
Malaria
Malaria
81
Malnutrition
Kekurangan gizi
83
Measles
Campak
84
Menopause
Berhenti haid, tidak subur
85
Mental disorder
Gangguan jiwa
86
Mental stress
Ketegangan jiwa
87
Metabolism
Metabolisme
88
Microbe
Mikroba, kuman 47
89
Mortality rate
Angka kematian
90
Mute
Bisu
91
Nourishing
Bergizi
92
Nutrition
Gizi
93
Overdosage
Overdosis
94
Pain
Sakit
95
Parasite
Parasit, benalu
96
Patient
Pasien
97
Penicillin
Penisilin
98
Pest
Hama
99
Pollute
Mencemari
100
Pregnancy
Kehamilan
101
Prenatal
Sebelum melahirkan
102
Prescribe
Menulis resep obat
103
Prescription
Resep obat
104
Prevention
Pencegahan
105
Prognosis
Ramalan (ttg penyakit)
106
Protein
Protein
107
Psychoneurotic
Menderita sakit jiwa
109
Puberty
Pubertas, masa remaja
111
Rabies
Penyakit anjing gila
112
Radiation
Radiasi, pemancaran
113
Recover, heal
Sembuh
114
Rheumatic
Sakit tulang
115
Saliva
Air liur
117
Sanitation
Sanitasi, kebersihan
118
Scalpel
Pisau bedah 48
120
Smallpox
Cacar
121
Sprue
Sariawan
122
Sterile
Steril, mandul
123
Stethoscope
Stetoskop
124
Symptom
Gejala
125
Syndrome
Sekelompok gejala yg terlihat pada waktu yg bersamaan
126
Therapy
Terapi, pengobatan
127
Thypus
Tifus
128
Tonic
Tonikum, obat kuat
129
Trauma
Luka berat, kejutan emosional
130
Tuberculosis
Penyakit TBC
131
Unconscious
Pingsan
132
Urine
Air kencing
133
Vaccine
Vaksin
134
Ventilation
Ventilasi, peredaran udara
135
Victim
Korban
136
Virus
Virus
137
Vitamin
Vitamin
138
Wounded
Luka-luka
139
Insomnia
Penyakit susah tidur
49
Unit 5
I.
It’s on the corner
Study the DIALOG between Karen and Peter; focus on the direction words which used in the DIALOG.
Karen
: Hi Peter, Good morning.
Peter
: Hi ... Nice to see you, where have you been Karen?
Karen
: Yeah, it’s a long time not to see you. But, I’m sorry, I’m in hurry.
Peter
: its ok, what will you do?
Karen
: I need to meet my business partner, but I’m still confused where it is.
Peter
: Would you tell me what place you will meet?
Karen
: BTC Mall exactly, can you tell me how can I get there?
Peter
: It’s simple. You just go straight and you’ll find the intersection. The BTC Mall is on the corner.
Peter
: How long it need to be there?
Karen
: It only 10 minutes by walk.
Peter
: Ok, thanks Karen. Bye.
Karen
: Take your own time. Bye.
50
A. After you study carefully the DIALOG above, pay attention about the purpose of conversation. B. Find the way for asking direction and also how to answer it. C. Make your own DIALOG about asking direction!
II.
Direction Word
On The ... / Over
Di Atas
Under ...
Di Bawah
In Front of ...
Di Depan
Behind ...
Di Belakang
In The Middle of ... /
Di Tengah
In The Center of ... On The Right
Di Kanan
O The Left
Di Kiri
On The Corner
Di Sudut
On The Side of ...
Di Samping
Next to ... / After
Setelah ...
Before
Sebelum ...
In The Intersection
Di Persimpangan Asking for and Giving Directions
How do I get to …?
Bagaimana saya sampai ke ...?
What's the best way to …?
Kemana jalan terdekat menuju ... ?
Go straight on (until you come to …)
Jalan terus/lurus (sampai tiba di ...)
Where is …?
Dimanakah ... ?
Turn back/Go back
Berputar, kembali
51
Turn left/right (into …-street)
Belok kiri/kanan (menuju jalan ...)
Near, Far
Dekat/jauh
Opposite
Di Belakangnya/berbelakangan
Straight on
Lurus
It's on the left/right
Letaknya di sebelah kiri/kanan
left/right
Kiri/Kanan
Take the first/second road on the...
Ambil jalan pertama/kedua pada ...
Cross …
Sebrang/menyebrang
Go along …
Pergi sepanjang ...
Signpost
Papan Penunjuk Jalan
Crossroads, Junction
Persimpangan Jalan
Traffic Lights
Lampu Merah
Around the Corner
Di Sekitar sudut/pojok
In Front of
Di Depan
Behind
Di Belakang
On/at the corner
Di pojok/sudut
At the end (of)
Di ujung, paling ujung
Between
Diantara (dua)
Next to
Setelah
52
III. Activity
A. Conversation Pairs
Where’s the post office? Where’s the drug store?
Where’s the school? Where’s the park?
Where’s the restaurant? Where’s the drugstore?
Where’s the school? Where’s the hospital?
Where’s the train station? Where’s the park?
Where’s the restaurant? Where’s the hospital?
53
IV.
HERE IS SOME USEFUL VOCABULARY FOR ASKING DIRECTIONS IN ENGLISH.
Asking for directions "How do I get to your office?" "Can you tell me the best way of getting to your office?" "What's the quickest way of getting to your office?" "Where are you exactly?"
Getting information "Will you be coming by car or by train?" "It's much easier if you take the train." "Which hotel are you staying at?"
General information in English "We're not far from…" or "We're quite close to…" "It's about a mile / kilometre / two blocks from…" "We're opposite / next to / in front of / across the road from / round the corner from the supermarket."
Giving directions in English "Come off the motorway / highway at Junction / Exit 12." "It's signposted 'Manchester'." "Follow the signs to …" "There's a one-way system in the centre of town." "Take the 'A12' to 'Chelmsford'." "Go straight on / left / right at the lights / at the roundabout /at the junction of … and …" "Go past the supermarket." "You'll come to / see …" 54
"It's the first turning on the right after the bank."
Use landmarks to help "You'll see a large sign / roundabout." "On your left you'll see an industrial centre / a hospital / the police station." "Just after the level crossing / shopping centre (or mall)." "Go past the petrol station / the garage."
V.
FINAL TIPS
If you're giving directions over the phone, remember to speak slowly to allow the other person to write things down. Check that the other person has understood. If you're speaking face-to-face with someone, use your hands to show left, right, or straight on. Use "please" when you ask someone to give you directions. It's polite, and will normally get you what you want!
VI.
MAKE THE VISUALIZATION OF EACH DIRECTION!
1.
Go straight two blocks.
2.
Turn right on First Avenue.
3.
It’s next to the shopping mall.
4.
Go straight three blocks.
5.
Turn left on Third Avenue. 55
6.
Cross Maple Avenue.
7.
It’s across from the library.
8.
Turn right on Pine Street.
9.
Go to the corner, and turn left on First Avenue.
10. Go straight one block to Maple Avenue. 11. The school is on the corner of Maple Avenue and First Avenue.
VII.
Share the direction information based on the picture
1. Police Station
2. Grocery Store
3. Bus Stop
4. Bank
5. Coffee Shop
7. Drugstore
6. Gas Station
8. School
56
Unit 6 I.
How often? How long?
ASK YOUR FRIENDS!
A. How often are you go to the library in a week? B. How often is your sister shopping in a month? C. How long does Mr. Andy teach? D. How long do they live here? E. How fast He drives motor cycle? F. How fast Valentino Rossi to win the moto GP competition? G. How tall is Ahmad? H. How high is Geulis Mountain? I.
How far is your school?
J.
How far is the government building?
I. Key Words A. Key Words Word
Using
Measurement
Times / Often / Usually / Always / How Often
Number
Sometimes / very often / not too often
57
It takes me/It’s about; Minute / How Long
Time Hour / day / week / year
How Tall
Elevation
Cm / M / Feet So High / Very High / Not Too High /
How High
Elevation High Enough
How Far
Distance
Mile / M / KM / Hour; Minute by Car
Quantity
A lot, Many times etc.
Weigh
Kg etc.
How Much / Many How Weigh
VIII.
Activity
A. Answer The Questions. Follow the model! Example: How long does it take you to come here? (10 minutes) It takes me ten minutes to come here.
1. How long does it take you to get there? (30 minutes) 2. How long did it take you to do it? (a day) 3. How often you recharge your cell phone credit a month (3 times) 4. How tall are you? (170 Cm) 5. How high is that building (100 floors) 58
6. How far is your home? (1 hour by foot) 7. How much does your watch cost. (Rp. 100.000) 8. How wide is your bed? (1,5 m)
B. Change The Pronouns In The Brackets Into The Object Pronouns. Example: It takes (I) ten minutes to get there. It takes me ten minutes to get there.
1. It takes (we) long to finish it. 2. It took (he) a day to think it over. 3. It will take (she) one hour to learn it. 4. Does it take (you) long to get there? 5. It doesn’t take (they) much time to type it.
C. Make DIALOG by using form of question above! D. Practice the DIALOG!
59
Unit 7
I.
Who is the fastest?
Study The Exchanges Positive
II.
Comparative
Superlative
Smart
Smarter
Smartest
Big
Bigger
Biggest
Fast
Faster
Fastest
Tall
Taller
Tallest
Fast
Faster
Fastest
Beautiful
More beautiful
Most beautiful
Good
Better
Best
Bad
Worse
Worst
Change the Word in the Bracket into Comparative or Superlative Adjective.
A. She is ………. (tall) than her mother. B. They are ………. (big) team in their school. C. Andi is ………. (young) than Firman. D. He is ………. (fast) than other runner. E. Destiana is ………. (pretty) in her family. 60
F. The bus is ………. (long) than carry. G. BRI tower is ………. (high) in block C. H. Football filed is ………. (wide) than basketball field. I. Valentine Rossi become ………. (fast) so he win the qualification of Moto GP. J. Toshiba notebook is ………. (expensive) than Acer notebook.
III. Share Information
A. Compare all the building (Tall, Wide/Big, Short, Simple/Complicated Design, etc.) B. Share the information based on the picture. C. Make DIALOG which is discuss about the picture. D. Buildings
61
IV.
VOCABULARIES
No
Buildings
Meaning
1
Bank
Bank
2
Bar
Bar, tempat minuman
3
Boarding house
Rumah asrama
4
Book store
Toko buku
5
Bus station
Terminal bis
6
Cabin
Rumah kecil, kamar kapal
7
Café
Café
8
Castle
Puri, istana
9
Cinema
Bioskop
10
Cottage
Gubuk, dangau
11
Custom House
Kantor Cukai
12
Department
Departemen, kementrian
13
Dormitory
Kosan, asrama
14
Factory
Pabrik
15
Garrison
Tangsi
16
Godown
Gudang
17
Hospital
Rumah sakit
18
Hotel
Hotel
19
House
Rumah
20
Hovel
Pondok, gubuk
21
Inn
Rumah penginapan, losmen
22
Movies
Bioskop
23
Office
Kantor
24
Palace
Istana
62
25
Parliament
Gedung parlemen
26
Police station
Kantor polisi
27
Post Office
Kantor Pos
28
Prison/gaol
Penjara
29
Public House
Gedung Umum
30
Restaurant
Restoran
31
School
Sekolah
32
Shop/store
Toko
33
Skyscraper
Gedung pencakar langit
34
Stadium
Stadion
35
Station
Stasiun
36
Theatre
Gedung teater
37
Town Hall
Balai Agung Kota
38
Warehouse
Gudang
39
Work house
Bengkel
63
Unit 8
I.
I was a teacher
Study the Following Examples
A. I went to Bali last holiday. B. He bought many books for thesis’ reference. C. The ambulance ran fast to save the patient. D. The teacher taught unit 3 of English module. E. They moved the table to make the room wider.
II.
Change the Verb in the Bracket into Past Participle
A. He … (buy) English book. B. She … (go) to Bogor. C. They … (leave) Kharisma Hotel. D. When did your father … (go) to USA for the international conference? E. What time you … (entrance) the room? F. What time He … (take) lunch today? G. What time she … (sleep) tonight? H. They … (buy) the apples yesterday. I. He … (teach) unit 5 until finish. J. … (do) eat some bread for breakfast? 64
III. Find the Differences
Picture A
65
Picture B
A. Compare both of picture A and B B. Find the differences by marking it C. Declare the differences into simple sentences
66
IV. Exercises Choose a, b or c to complete the sentences
1. Alwi … a new prayer mat a week ago. a. Will buy
b. buys
c. bought
2. He prayed ‘asr in the mosque … afternoon. a. tomorrow b. yesterday
c. now
3. When did your father … to Mecca? Last year. a. Went
b. gone
c. go
4. … Mrs. Amir washes her son’s clothes yesterday? a. Does
b. Did
c. Will
5. Her good boy … his clothes by himself yesterday. a. Washed
b. washes
c. will wash
6. They … not watch TV last night because they were sleepy. a. Will
b. does
c. did
7. When he heard a strange noise, he … to investigate. a. got up
b. does
c. gets up
8. When I … my cup, the hot coffee spilled on my lap. a. Am dropping
b. dropped
c. drop
9. The armies occupied the Byzantine Empire and … westward into North Africa. a. are spreading
b. spread
c. spreader 67
10. The saljuqs advanced into Anatolia, and the ottomans … into Eastern Europe. a. We’re expanding
V.
b. expanded
c. expand
COMMON EXPRESSIONS
Question
Answer
What did you do last Friday?
I went to a baseball game.
Where did you go?
I went to Detroit.
When did you get back?
I got back on Saturday night.
Where did you stay?
I stayed with my parents.
What did Sally have for lunch?
She had soup and sandwiches.
What did he eat last night?
He ate Chinese food.
How was the weather?
It was wonderful.
68
Unit 9
I.
Which One Do You Recommend?
Study the Following DIALOG
A : Hi... How are you? B : I’m fine, but my house isn’t. A : What happened to your house? B : Well . . . my dishwasher is broken, the ceiling is leaking, and the kitchen kitchen window is jammed. A : Oh, no! That’s too bad. Did you call a repair person? B : No, not yet. Which repair service do you recommend? A : I recommend Brewer’s Home Repairs. They fixed my broken dryer last year. A : Brewer’s Home Repairs? Wow great. What’s the number? B : The number is 555 - 1213. A : I’ll call right now. Thank you for your help. B : You’re welcome. Good luck!
69
II.
Preference
Which doctor do you
Which coffee shop do
Which library do you
recommend?
you suggest around
like?
here? Which ESL classes do
Which shopping mall
Which do you
you recommend?
do you like?
recommend – fixing problems yourself or calling a plumber?
Which movies do you
Which type of exercise
Which park do you
recommend?
do you recommend –
recommend?
walking or running? Which kind of pizza do
Which do you
Which U.S. cities do you
you like?
recommend – traveling
want to visit?
by bus or train? Which do you
Which electrician do
recommend – going
you recommend?
Which cars do you like?
out or eating dinner at home?
70
III. Which One do you prefer?
71
Unit 10
I.
Would You Like Some Cake?
Answer the questions about yourself.
A. Would you like some coffee right now? B. Would you like a bottle of water? C. What place would you like to visit? D. What present would you like to receive? E. What would you like to eat tonight? F. What would you like for your birthday? G. What would you like to have for dessert?
II.
Share Information Name
Question
Would you like some coffee right now?
Answer
No, thanks
What would you like to have for dessert? What would you like for your birthday? What would you like to eat tonight? What present would you like to receive? What place would you like to visit?
72
III. Would You Please
A. Please bring me the magazine. B. Would you mind bringing me the magazine? C. Ask John to bring me the magazine. D. I want you to turn on the lights. = Would you please turn on the lights? = Want you turn on the lights please?
IV. Exercises
A. Would you please …… me to wrap up this box? (help) B. Would you main …… me to wrap up this box? (help) C. Please don’t …… me to wrap up this box? (help) D. Would you ask John to …… me to wrap up this box? (help)
73
SECTION 2
LISTENING
74
I.
SHORT DIALOG A. FOCUS ON THE SECOND LINE
In listening part A you will hear a short conversation involving two people; this conversation is followed by a question. It is important to understand that the answer to this type of question is most often (but not always) found in the second line of conversation.
EXAMPLE
On the recording, you hear: Man
Billy really made a big mistake this time
Woman
Yes, he forgot to turn in his research paper
Narrator
What does the woman say about Billy?
In your test book, you read: a) It was the first time he made a mistake b) He forgot to write his paper c) He turned in the paper in the wrong place d) He didn’t remember to submit his assignment The second line of this conversation indicates that Billy forgot to turn in his paper, and this means that he did not remember to submit it. The best answer is therefore answer (d).
75
EXERCISE
1.
Man
can you tell me if today’s matinee is a comedy, romance or western?
Woman
I have no idea
Narrator
What does the woman mean?
a) She has strong ideas about movies b) She prefers comedies over westerns and romances c) She doesn’t like today’s matinee d) She doesn’t know
2.
Woman
Was anyone at home at Barb’s house when you went there to deliver the package?
Man
I rang the bell but, but no one answered
Narrator
What does the man imply?
a) Barb answered the bell b) The house was probably empty c) The Bell wasn’t in the house d) The house doesn’t have a bell
76
3.
Woman
you just got back from the interview for the internship. How do you think it went?
Man
I think it’s highly unlikely that I got the job
Narrator
What does the man suggest?
a) It’s unlikely that he’ll go to the interview b) He thinks he’ll be recommended for a high-level job c) The interview was apparently quite unsuccessful d) He had an excellent interview
LISTENING EXERCISE 1 Listen carefully from the recorder play for you 1
(A) He is leaving now (B)
He has to go out of his way
(C)
He will not be leaving soon
6
(A) Not all the bills have been paid (B)
They don’t have enough credit to pay the bills
(D) He will do it his own way
(C)
What she said on the phone was not credible
(D) He used a credit card to pay some of the bills
2
(A) He locked the door (B)
(C)
7
(A) She’ll call back quickly
He tried unsuccessfully to get
(B)
She’ll definitely be back by 4.00
into the house
(C)
She’ll give it back by 4.00
He was able to open the door
(D) She’ll try to return fast
(D) He left the house without locking the door
77
3
(A) She doesn’t like to listen to
8
Turkeys (B)
(B)
She thinks the dinner sounds
Tim was there only for a moment
special (C)
(A) She hasn’t seen Tim
(C)
She especially likes the mast
Tim was around a short time ago
Turkey
(D) Tim will return in a minute
(D) She’d prefer a different dinner
4
(A) He’ll be busy with her
9
(A) She doesn’t like the place he
homework tonight (B)
He can’t help her tonight
(C)
He’s sorry he can’t ever help her
choose (B)
She doesn’t want to get into the car
(D) He’ll help her with her physics
(C)
She’s glad the spot is reserved
(D) They can’t park the car there
5
(A) Her eyes hurt (B)
(C)
10
(A) There’s plenty to eat
She thought the lecture was
(B)
The refrigerator’s broken
great
(C)
The food isn’t in the
The class was boring
(D) She didn’t want to watch
refrigerator (D) He’s not sure if there’s enough
Professor Martin
78
B.
CHOOSE ANSWER WITH SYNONYMS
Often the correct answer in listening part A is an answer that contains synonyms (words with similar meanings but different sounds) for key words in the conversation. EXAMPLE
On the recording, you hear: Woman
why is Barbara feeling so happy
Man
She just started working in a real estate agency
Narrator What does the man say about Barbara? In your test book, you read: a) She always liked her wok in real estate b) She began a new job c) She just bought some real estate d) She bought a real estate agency
79
EXERCISE
1. Women
Did you see the manager about the job in the bookstore?
Man
Yes, and I also had to fill out an application
Narrator
What does the man mean?
a) He got a job as a book store manager b) The bookstore was not accepting application c) He saw a book about how to apply for jobs d) It was necessary to complete a form
2. Man
we’re planning to leave for the trip at about 2.00
Women
couldn’t we leave before noon?
Narrator
What does the woman ask?
a) If they couldn’t leave at noon b) If it is possible to go soon c) Why they can’t leave before noon d) They could leave the room
80
3. Man Woman
was the concert well received? the audience applauded for a long time after the performance
Narrator
What does the woman say?
a) The performance went on a long time b) There was applause through the performance c) The people clapped on after the concert d) The audience waited for a long time to begin
LISTENING EXERCISE 2 looks for the synonyms as the key words
1 (A)
The final exam was harder
6
(A)
than the others (B)
for last
There were two exams rather
(B)
than one (C)
The firefighter save the homes
A fire fighter saved the hillside last night
He thought the exam would
(C)
be easier
The homes on the hillside were burned
(D) The exam was not very
(D) The house weren’t destroyed
difficult
2 (A)
He’s not feeling very well
7
(A)
There’s enough soup
(B)
He’s rather sick of working
(B)
The spices are adequate
(C)
He’s feeling better today than
(C)
She thinks the soup’s too salty
yesterday
(D) The man should add more salt
(D) He’d really rather not answer
and pepper
the question 81
3 (A)
The company was founded
8
(A)
about a year a go (B)
for his studies
It was just established that he
(B)
could go into business (C)
The family is well established
(C)
(D) He paid to get a scholarship
9
(A)
schedule (B)
(C)
He is a scholar at a college with low fees
year
He didn’t look at the right
He used his fortune to pay his fees
(D) The business only lasted a
4 (A)
He was lucky to receive a grant
It profited from previous mistakes
The plane landed in the right
(B)
It earned a lot of money
place
(C)
This was the last year that it
The plane arrived on time
(D) would make a profit
(D) He had to wait for the plane
It was not so successful
to land
5 (A) (B)
She’d rather go running She doesn’t want to go into the pool
(C)
10 (A)
much money in it (B)
She’ll change clothes quickly and go swimming
(D) She needs a swimsuit to go running
Chuck’s bank account has too
He thinks Chuck has the wrong kind of bank account
(C)
He thinks that Chuck is on his way home from the bank
(D) There isn’t enough money in Chuck’s account
82
C.
AVOID SIMILAR SOUND
Often the incorrect answer in listening part A are answers that contain words with similar sounds but very different meanings from what you hear on the tape. You should definitely avoid these answers. EXAMPLE
On the recording, you hear: Man
why couldn’t Mark come with us?
Woman
He was searching for a new apartment
Narrator
What does the woman say about Mark?
In your test book, you read: a) He was in the department office b) He was looking for a place to live c) He was working on his research project d) He had an appointment at church
The key words in the second line of the conversation are searching and apartment, so find the answer which are not contain of these key words.
83
EXERCISE
1. Women
I heard that sally just moved into a new big house near the
beach
Man
but Sally doesn’t have a cent!
Narrator
What does the man mean?
a) Sally has no sense of responsibility b) Sally sent her friend to the house c) Sally has no money d) Sally is on the set with her
2. Woman
Did they get the new car they wanted?
Man
No, they lacked the money
Narrator
What does the man mean?
a) They locked the map in a car b) They locked many times in the car c) It cost a lot of money when the car leaked oil d) They didn’t have enough money to buy another car
84
3. Man Woman
Have you finished packing yet? the audience applauded for a long time after the performance
Narrator
What does the woman say?
a) It’s important to pack the suitcases b) They need help carrying their bags c) The man should pack his suit in case he needs it d) The suitcases are quite portable
LISTENING EXERCISE 3
1 (A) (B)
She has to wait for some cash
6
The waiter is bringing a glass
Twenty pairs of shoes are on sale
of water (C)
(A)
(B)
The lawn is too dry
The shoe sales clerk spent twenty dollars on pears
(D) She needs to watch out for a
(C)
crash
The shoes cash twenty dollars
(D) The shoes could be repaired for twenty dollars
2 (A) (B)
The sweater’s the wrong size
(A)
The man’s feet aren’t sweating
(C)
7
lab (B)
The sweater makes the man seem fat
(D) The sweet girl doesn’t feel right
Tom tended to dislike biology
Attendance wasn’t necessary at biology lab
(C)
Tom went to biology lab
(D) There was a tendency to require biology lab 85
3 (A)
He has been regularly using
8
(A)
computer (B)
noon
He communicates with a
(B)
Boston company (C)
He regularly goes to
(C)
(D) The letters ought to be
and forth to Boston
delivered at 12.00
9
(A)
matter (B)
He couldn’t learn the lesson
(C)
He learned a massive number details
5 (A)
Some animals started the first
(B)
Animals are killed by forest
(
fires
C)
In the first frost animal die
(D) Frost can kill animals
The news paper headlines described a bad storm
(C)
There was a news about a headstrong man
(D) He had a new bad
10 (A)
fire (B)
The weather will probably get worse later
(D) He didn’t like most of the lesson
He’s expecting the ice to melt before noon
(D) He has been traveling back
He thought the lesson didn’t
The males should be driven there by noon
communities around Boston
4 (A)
The meal will be served at
If she could do the grocery shopping
(B)
If she prefers cooked vegetables or salad
(C)
If she could help prepare the salad
(D) If she minds shopping the vegetables
86
II.
MUSIC CORNER COMPLETE THE BLANK WORDS OF SONG!
LISTENING EXERCISE 4 Avenged Sevenfold - Dear God
A Lonely _ _ _ _ Crossed Another Cold State _ _ _ _ Miles away _ _ _ _ those I Love Purpose hard to _ _ _ _
While I Recall all the _ _ _ _ _ I Spoke to me Can't help but wish that I Was There back _ _ _ _ _ I'd love to be..
Oh yeah...
Dear God The _ _ _ _ think I ask of you is to hold her when I'm not _ _ _ _ _ _ When I'm Much _ _ _ Far away 87
We all _ _ _ _ the person who Can be True to you But I left her when I _ _ _ _ _ Her And Now I wish I'd Stayed
'Cause I’m Lonely and I’m Tired I’m _ _ _ _ _ _ _ You again Oh No..
Once Again
There's Nothing Her For Me on The Barren _ _ _ _ There's No One _ _ _ _ While The City Sleeps and all the shops Are closed
Can't Help but think of the _ _ _ _ _ I’ve had With You 88
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ and some Memories will have to help me through
Oh Yeah..
Dear God The Only think I ask of you is to hold her when I’m not _ _ _ _ _ _ When I'm Much too Far away
We all Need the person who Can be _ _ _ _ to you But I left her when I found Her And Now I _ _ _ _ I’d _ _ _ _ _ _
'Cause I'm _ _ _ _ _ _ and I'm Tired I'm Missing You _ _ _ _ _ Oh No..
89
Once Again
_ _ _ _ Search, Never _ _ _ _ _ _ _ away Before Love They Waste away I found You _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ told Me to stay
I gave in, to selfish _ _ _ _ and how I Miss Some One to Hold When _ _ _ _ Begins to Fade
A Lonely Road Crossed _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Cold State Line Miles away From those I Love _ _ _ _ _ _ _ hard to Find
Dear God The Only _ _ _ _ _ I ask of you is to hold her when 90
I'm not around When I'm Much too Far _ _ _ _
We all Need the person who Can be _ _ _ _ to you But I left her when I found Her And Now i wish I'd Stayed
'Cause I'm _ _ _ _ _ _ and I'm Tired I'm _ _ _ _ _ _ _ You again Oh No..
Once Again
OHHH...
Yeah... Yeah...
91
LISTENING EXERCISE 5 Christina Aguilera, Hurt
Seems like it was _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ when I saw your face You told me how proud you were but I walked away If only I knew what I know _ _ _ _ _
I would hold you in my arms I _ _ _ _ _ take the pain away Thank you for all you've done Forgive all your _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ There's nothing I wouldn't do To hear your voice again _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ I want to call you but I know you won't be there
I'm sorry for blaming you for _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ I just couldn't do And I've hurt myself by hurting you Some days I feel broke _ _ _ _ _ _ but I won't admit Sometimes I just want to hide 'cause it's you I miss You know it's so hard to say _ _ _ _ _ _ _ when it comes to this
92
Would you tell me I was wrong? _ _ _ _ _ you help me understand? Are you _ _ _ _ _ _ _ down upon me? Are you proud of Who I am? There's nothing I wouldn't do To have just one more _ _ _ _ _ _ To look into your _ _ _ _ and see you looking back
I'm _ _ _ _ _ for blaming you for everything I just couldn't do And I've hurt myself If I had just one more day, I would tell you how much that I've _ _ _ _ _ _ you since you've been away
Oh, it's _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ It's so out of line to try to turn back time
I'm sorry for _ _ _ _ _ _ _ you for everything I just couldn't do And I've hurt myself
By _ _ _ _ _ _ _ you
93
LISTENING EXERCISE 6 Whitney Houston, Run To You
I know that when you _ _ _ _ at me There's so much that you _ _ _ _ don't see But if you would only take the _ _ _ _ I know in my heart you'd find A girl who's scared sometimes Who isn't _ _ _ _ _ _ strong Can't you see the hurt in me? I feel so all _ _ _ _ _
# I wanna run to you (oooh) I wanna _ _ _ to you (oooh) Won't you hold me in your _ _ _ _ And keep me safe from harm I wanna run to you (oooh) But if I _ _ _ _ to you (oooh) Tell me, will you stay or will you run _ _ _ _
94
Each day, each day I play the role Of someone always in control But at night I come _ _ _ _ and turn the key There's nobody there, no one cares for me What's the sense of trying hard to find your dreams Without _ _ _ _ _ _ _ to share it with Tell me what does it _ _ _ _?
Back to #
I need you _ _ _ _ I need you here to wipe away my tears To kiss away my fears If you only _ _ _ _ how much...
95
LISTENING EXERCISE 7 Rihanna - Unfaithful
Story of my _ _ _ _ Searching for the right But it keeps avoiding me _ _ _ _ _ in my soul cause it seems that wrong really _ _ _ _ _ my company
He’s _ _ _ _ than a man and this is more than love the reason that this guy is blue the clouds are _ _ _ _ _ _ in _ _ _ _ _ _ _ I'm gone again and to him I just can't be true
and I know that he _ _ _ _ _ I'm unfaithful and it kills him inside to know that I am _ _ _ _ _ with some other guy
96
I can see him dying
I don't wanna do this anymore I don't wanna be the _ _ _ _ _ _ why Everytime I walk out the door I see him die a little more _ _ _ _ _ _ I don't wanna hurt him anymore I don't _ _ _ _ _ take away his life I don't wanna be... a murderer
I _ _ _ _ it in the air as I'm doing my hair preparing for _ _ _ _ _ _ _ day A kiss up on my cheek He's here reluctantly as if I'm gonna be out late I say I won't be long Just _ _ _ _ _ _ _ with the girls A liar didn't have to tell Because we both know 97
where I'm _ _ _ _ _ to go and we know it very well
cause I know that he knows I'm unfaithful and it kills him inside to know that I am _ _ _ _ _ with some other guy I can see him dying
I don't wanna do this _ _ _ _ _ _ _ I don't wanna be the reason why Everytime I walk out the door I see him die a _ _ _ _ _ _ more inside I don't wanna _ _ _ _ him anymore I don't wanna take away his life I don't wanna be... a murderer
His trust I might as well take a gun and put it to his _ _ _ _ Get it over with I don't wanna do this 98
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ (anymore)
I don't wanna do this anymore I don't wanna be the _ _ _ _ _ _ why Everytime I walk out the door I see him die a little more inside I don't wanna hurt him anymore I don't wanna _ _ _ _ away his life I don't wanna be... a murderer (a murderer)
No no no no
Yeah yeah yeah
99
LISTENING EXERCISE 8 Coldplay, What If
What if _ _ _ _ _ was no light. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ wrong, nothing right. What if there was no time? And no _ _ _ _ _ _ or rhyme? What if you should decide _ _ _ _ you don't want me there by your side. That you don't _ _ _ _ me there in your life. What if I got it wrong? And no poem or song.. _ _ _ _ _ put right what I got wrong, Or make you feel I belong What if you _ _ _ _ _ decide That you don't want me there by your side That you don't want me _ _ _ _ _ in your life. Oooooh, that's right Let's take a _ _ _ _ _ _ , jump over the side. Oooooh, that's right How _ _ _ you know it if you don't _ _ _ _ try? 100
Oooooh, that's right Every step that you _ _ _ _ Could be your biggest _ _ _ _ _ _ _ It could bend or it could break But that's the risk that you take What if you should decide That _ _ _ don't want me there in your life. That you don't want me _ _ _ _ _ by your side. Oooooh, that's right Let's take a breath _ _ _ _ over the side. Oooooh, that's right How can you know it _ _ _ _ you don't even try? Oooooh, that's right Oooooh, that's right Let's _ _ _ _ a breath jump over the side Oooooh, that's right You know that _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ always turns into light Oooooh, that's right.
101
LISTENING EXERCISE 9 Bryan Adams, Here I Am
Here I am, this is me There's nowhere else on _ _ _ _ _ I'd rather be _ _ _ _ I am, it's just me and you Tonight we make our _ _ _ _ _ _ come true
It's a new world, it's a new _ _ _ _ _ It's alive with the beating of young hearts It's a _ _ _ day, it's a new plan I've been _ _ _ _ _ _ _ for you
Here I am Here I am
Here we are, we've just begun And _ _ _ _ _ all this time, our time has come Yeah, here we are, still goin' strong Right here in the place where we _ _ _ _ _ _
102
It's a new _ _ _ _ _ , it's a new start It's _ _ _ _ _ with the beating of young hearts It's a new day, it's a new plan I've been _ _ _ _ _ _ _ for you
Here I am Yeah, _ _ _ _ I am Here I am Yeah _ _ _ _ _ _ _ for you
Here I am, this is me There's no where else on earth I'd _ _ _ _ _ _ be Here I am, it's just me and you And _ _ _ _ _ _ _ we make our dreams come true true
Oh, it's a new world, it's a new start It's alive with the _ _ _ _ _ _ of young hearts It's a new day, it's a new _ _ _ _ I've been waiting for you 103
Oh, it's a new world, it's a new start It's alive with the beating of young _ _ _ _ _ _ It's a new day, it's a new plan I've been waiting for you
Here I am Here I am
Here I am, _ _ _ _ to you And suddenly the world is all brand new Here I am, here I am, where I'm gonna _ _ _ _ Now there's nothin' standin' in our _ _ _
Oh, here I am Here I am This is me
104
LISTENING EXERCISE 10 Daniel Bedingfield, If You're Not The One
If you're not the one, then why _ _ _ _ my soul feel _ _ _ _ today? If you're not the one, then why does my hand fit yours this way? If you are not mine, then why does your _ _ _ _ _ return my call? If you are not mine, would I have the strength to _ _ _ _ _ at all? I never know what the _ _ _ _ _ _ brings But I know you're here _ _ _ _ me now We'll make it through and I hope You are the one I share my life _ _ _ _ I don't wanna run away but I can't take it, I don't _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ If I'm not made for you, then why does my heart tell me that I am? Is _ _ _ _ _ any way that I can stay in your arms? If I don't need you, then why am I _ _ _ _ _ _ on my bed? If I don't need you, then why does your name resound in my _ _ _ _? If you're not for me, then why does this _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ name my life? If you're not for me, then why do I dream of you as my wife?
105
I don't know _ _ _ you're so far away But I know that this much is true We'll make it _ _ _ _ _ _ _ and I hope You are the one I _ _ _ _ _ my life with And I wish that you _ _ _ _ _ be the one I die with And I pray that you're the one I _ _ _ _ _ my home with I hope I _ _ _ _ you all my life I don't wanna run away but I can't take it, I don't _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ If I'm not _ _ _ _ for you, then why does my heart tell me that I am? Is there any way that I can stay in your arms? 'Cause I miss your body and _ _ _ _ so strong That it takes my breath away And I breath you into my heart And I pray for the _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ to stand today 'Cause I _ _ _ _ you whether it's wrong or right And _ _ _ _ _ _ I can't be with you tonight And though my _ _ _ _ _ is by your side I don't wanna run _ _ _ _ but I can't take it, I don't understand If I'm not made for you, then why does my _ _ _ _ _ tell me that I am? Is _ _ _ _ _ any way that I can stay in your arms? 106
SECTION 3
GRAMMAR
107
Unit 1
Basic Tenses
I. PRESENT TENSE
The present tense is the tense that may be used to express: •
Action at the present;
•
A state of being;
•
An occurrence in the (very) near future; or
•
An action that occurred in the past and continues up to the present.
A. Simple Present,
The specific function of simple present tense, as follows: 1. The present simple tense is very often used with adverbs of repeated time. Look at these examples (the adverbs are shown in bold): •
I always come to school by cycle.
•
She frequently arrives here before me.
•
He never forgets to do his homework.
•
I often catch the late bus home.
2. When we want to state a fact or ask a question without any time reference, we use the present simple tense. •
I live in Frankfurt.
•
She plays football but she does not play tennis. 108
•
For breakfast, he eats rice and drinks cold milk.
3. The present simple tense is also used for statements about rules of nature and the way the world is. •
The sun sets in the west.
•
Most babies learn to speak when they are about two years old.
•
Water boils at 100° Celsius.
Study the following rule/formula of Simple Present Tense: Subject + Present Verb + Complement/Object + Modifier/adverb
B. Present Continuous Present Continuous used to describe events happening now, for examples: 1.
I am reading this article.
2.
I am thinking about editing it.
3. The international Institute of Islamic thought is trying to raise funds to support Muslim scholars’ activities. 4. The
Teachers
are working
on
the
process
of
knowledge
development. 5. They are crystallizing Islamic thought, concepts and methodology. Study the following rule/formula of Present Continues Tense: Subject + is/am/are + (verb + ing) … 109
C. Present Perfect Continues This is used to describe events or actions that have begun at some point in the past and continue through the present, for examples: 1. I have been reading this article for some time now. 2. I have been working as an English teacher for 5 years. 3. I have been waiting for him for 2 hours.
Study the following rule/formula of Present Perfect Continues Tense: Subject + Have been + Verb (ing) …
II. PAST TENSE
1. Simple past is formed for regular verbs by adding -d or -d or–ed –ed to to the root of a word. Examples: 1. He walked to the store. store. 2. They danced all night. A negation is produced by adding did not and the verb in its infinitive form. Example: He did not walk to the store. store . Question sentences are started with did as did as in: Did he walk to the store?
110
Simple past is used for describing acts that have already been concluded and whose exact time of occurrence is known. Furthermore, simple past is used for retelling successive events. That is why it is commonly used in storytelling. Study the following rule/formula: Subject + Past Verb + Complement/Object + Modifier/adverb Modifier/adverb
2. Past progressive is formed by using the adequate form of to of to be and the verb’s present participle: He was going to church. church. By inserting not before not before the main verb a negation is achieved. Example: He was not going to church. church . A question is formed by prefixing the adequate form of to of to be as in: Was he going? Past progressive is used for describing events that were in the process of occurring when a new event happened. The already occurring event presented in past progressive, the new one in simple past. Example: We were sitting in the garden when the thunderstorm started. Study the following rule/formula: Subject + was/were + (verb + ing) …
111
3. Simple Past perfect is formed by combining the simple past form of to of to have with the past participle form of the main verb: We had shouted . A negation is achieved by including not after not after had : You had not spoken. spoken. Questions in past perfect always start with had: Had he laughed? Simple past perfect is used for describing secluded events that have occurred before something else followed. The event that is closer to the present is given in simple past tense: After we had visited our relatives in New York, we flew back to Toronto. Study the following rule/formula: Subject + had + past participle …
III. FUTURE TENSE
In grammar, the future tense is a verb form that marks the event described by the verb as not having happened yet, but expected to happen in the future (in an absolute tense system), or to happen subsequent to some other event, whether that is past, present, or future (in a relative tense system).
112
A. The most common auxiliary verbs used to express futurity are will and shall . Prescriptive grammarians distinguish between these, preferring to express the simple future as will in the second person and shall in the first and third persons; and preferring to express obligation or determination in the opposite cases. However, in modern English worldwide, shall and shall and will are will are generally used. Other forms for the future include: •
to be going to + Verb, e.g. "John is going to leave tonight."
•
to be to + Verb, e.g. "John is to leave tonight.", which with the zero copula of of newspaper newspaper headline style becomes simply to + Verb, e.g. "John to leave tonight."
B. English also uses can, can, may and may and must in must in a similar way.
•
"Should" (the subjunctive form of shall of shall in in this context) implies obligation or commitment to the action contemplated.
•
"Can" implies the ability to commit the action but does not presuppose obligation or firm commitment to the action.
•
"May" expresses the least sense of commitment and is the most permissive; it is also a verb used in the auxiliary construction that suggests conditionality.
113
"Must" expresses the highest degree of obligation and commitment ("I
•
must go") must go") and is temporally nearest to present time in its expression of futurity ("I must go now ."). .").
To wit:
•
I shall/will go
•
I should go
•
I can go
•
I may go
•
I must go
C. To express futurity in the negative, a negative adverb - such as "not" or "never" is inserted after the auxiliary verb, as in all other auxiliary constructions.
•
I shall/will not go
•
I should never go
•
I cannot go
•
I may never go
•
I must not go
114
D. Additional auxiliary constructions used to express futurity are labelled as follows: Future Continuous Formula: Auxiliary + Verb Stem + Present Participle
•
I shall/will be going
•
You will be singing
•
He will be sleeping
•
We may be coming
•
They may be traveling
•
It will be snowing when Nancy arrives
•
It will not be raining when Josie leaves
Future Perfect Formula: Auxiliary + Verb Stem + Past Participle •
•
I shall/will be gone
•
You will have sung
•
He will have slept
•
We may have come
•
They may have traveled
•
It will have snowed
115
D. Future Perfect Habitual (or Future Perfect Continuous): Auxiliary + Verb Stem + Past Participle + Present Participle •
•
I shall/will have been going
•
You will have been singing
•
He will have been sleeping
•
We may have been coming
•
They may have been traveling
•
It will have been snowing
•
It will not have been raining
116
EXERCISES A.
Choose a, b, c or d to complete the sentences.
1. Puji … a new prayer mat two weeks ago. a. buys
b. will buy
c. bought
d. buying
2. She prayed ‘asr at ‘asr at her house … afternoon. a. yesterday
b. now
c. tomorrow
d. at the present
3. When did your parents … to Mecca? Last year. a. gone
b. go
c. went
d. going
4. … Mrs. Abraham wash her daughter’s clothes yesterday. a. Does
b. Do
c. Did
d. Doing
5. Her good girl … her clothes by herself yesterday. a. washed
b. washes
c. will wash
d. is going to wash
6. They … not watch TV last night because they were sleepy. a. did
b. will
c. does
d. do
7. When she heard a strange noise, she … to investigate. a. got up
b. get up
c. will get up d. gets up
8. When I … my cup, the hot milk spilled on my lap. a. drop
b. am dropping
c. dropped
d. drops
9. The armies occupied the Byzantine empire and … westwards into North Africa. a. spread
b. spreads
c. spreaded
d. are spreading
10. The Saljuqs advanced into Anatolia, and the Ottomans … into eastern Europe. a. expanded
b. expands
c. expand
d. Were expanding
117
B.
Correct one of the underlined words or phrases available in the following sentences. Then, translate the sentences into Indonesian language.
11. When will Muslim scholars prepares their original work? Translation
: ………………………… …………………………………………………… …………………………
12. The Muslim scholars is will prepare their original works next month. Translation
: ………………………… …………………………………………………… …………………………
13. Are the scholars works be significant for the Islamization of knowledge? Translation
: ………………………… …………………………………………………… …………………………
14. They will to be significant for both knowledge Islamization and Islamic education. Translation
: ………………………… …………………………………………………… …………………………
15. The scholars are going at host a conference on Islamic education tomorrow morning. Translation
C.
: ………………………… ……………………………………………………. …………………………...
Choose a, b, c, or d to complete the sentences. Then, translate the sentences into Indonesian language.
16. Come down, Dani. Dina will be … soon. a. saw you
b. seen
c. seeing you d. see
Translation
: ………………………… ……………………………………………………… ……………………………
17. Hamdi was leaving the room when his wife … in. a. walked
b. walks
c. is walking
d. has walked
Translation
: ………………………… ……………………………………………………… ……………………………
18. No food … cooked (by her) when her husband arrived home. a. has been
b. will be
c. was being
d. is being
Translation
: ………………………… ……………………………………………………… ……………………………
118
19. When the doorbell …, Dadan was walking to the door. a. is ringing
b. was ringing
c. rang
d. rung
Translation
: ………………………… ……………………………………………………… ……………………………
20. Are you going to be home, Rini? No, I’ll … my grandmother in Garut. a. visited
b. have visited
c. be visited
d. be visiting
D. Fill in the blanks on the left-hand side with the suitable words or phrases available on the right-hand side.
1. What … while the ambulance was carrying the victims? 2. While the ambulance was carrying the victims we … a reporter.
- were talking to - were you doing - doing …at the moment - are … doing
3. What … Dina and Dani … right now?
- they won’t … will be
4. They are … their English exercise …
- at 9 A.M. tomorrow
5. Will they be studying Geography …?
- doing the homework
6. No, … They … studying Chemistry.
- was being done
7. When we were playing badminton, …
- be waiting … I come
and knocked the door. 8. Are you and your friend … right now?
- wait … I will come
9. What … by you when she came last night?
- are you doing
10. Will you … for someone when …
- somebody came
this evening, Lina?
119
Unit 2
Adverb Clauses
Adverb
Examples
After
a. After she graduates, she will get a job b. After she graduated, she got a job
Before
a.
I will leave before he comes
b.
I left before he came
a.
when I arrived, he was talking on the phone
b.
when I got there, he had already left
c.
when it began to rain, stood under a tree
d.
when I was in Bandung, I visited Sate Building
While
a.
While I was walking home, it began to rain
As
b.
As I was walking home, it began to rain
By the time
a.
by the time he arrived, we had already left
b.
by the time he comes, we will have already left
a.
I havent seen him since he left this morning
b.
I’ve known her ever since I was a child
a.
We stayed there until we finished our work
When
Since
Until
120
Till
b.
We stayed there till we finished our work
As soon as
a.
as soon as it stops raining, we will leave
Once
b.
once it stops raining, we will leave
As long as
a.
I will never speak to him again as long as I live
So long as
b.
I will never speak to him again so long as I live
Whenever
a.
Whenever I see her, I say Hello
Every time
b.
Every time I see her, I say Hello
The firs time
a.
The first time I saw her, I loved her
The last time
b.
I saw her for the last time I went to the music show
The next time
c.
The next time I see her, I’ll say love her.
121
Unit 3
I.
Preposition
PREPOSITION OF PLACE
Preposition is part of speech which function to related another word. Preposition has a specific meaning, it can explain the appropriate position of thing when the context of the sentences dealing with description that need to comprehended by the listener. Some preposition have different function and use. The function and example of using as attached in the box below. PREP
FUNCTION
Use 'in' with spaces
Use 'in' with bodies of water IN
Use 'in' with lines
AT
Use 'at' with places
EXAMPLE •
in a room / in a building
•
in a garden / in a park
•
in the water
•
in the sea
•
in a river
•
in a row / in a line
•
in a queue
•
at the bus-stop 122
•
at the door
•
at the cinema
•
at the end of the street
Use 'at' with places on a
•
at the top of the page
page
•
at the bottom of the page
•
at the back of the class
Use 'at' in groups of people
•
at the front of the class
Use 'on' with surfaces
•
on the ceiling / on the wall / on the floor
ON
Use 'on' with small islands
Use 'on' with directions
•
on the table
•
I stayed on Pramuka Island
•
on the left
•
on the right
•
straight on
IMPORTANT NOTES: In / at / on the corner
We say 'in the corner of a room', but 'at the corner (or 'on the corner') of a street' 123
In / at / on the front •
We say 'in the front / in the back' of a car
•
We say 'at the front / at the back' of buildings / groups of people
•
We say 'on the front / on the back' of a piece of paper
II. PREPOSITION OF MOVEMENT PREP FUNCTION
IN
EXAMPLE
Use 'in' with static (non-
•
stay in the USA
movement) verbs and cities,
•
work in New York
Use 'at' with static (non-
•
at the cinema
movement)
•
at work
•
at home
•
go to work
•
drive to California
countries, states, etc. AT
verbs
and
places TO
Use
'to'
with
movement
such
verbs as
of go,
come, drive, etc. IMPORTANT NOTES: The use of ' ' (nothing) •
With verbs of movement and the noun 'home' - He went home. they drove home.
•
With the verb 'visit' - She visited France last summer. 124
III. PREPOSITION; FOR – WHILE – DURING PREP
FUNCTION
FOR
EXAMPLE
Use 'for' with a period of
•
for three weeks
time
•
for many years
Use 'while' plus a verb
•
while I was watching TV
form
•
while I lived in New York
Use 'during' with a noun to
•
during class
express 'when' something
•
during my vacation
happens
•
during the discussion
to
express
the
duration or 'how long' something has happened
WHILE
DURING
IV. PREPOSITION OF TIME PREP
FUNCTION
EXAMPLE
Use 'in' months and years
•
in January
and periods of time
•
in 1978
•
in the twenties
•
in a few weeks
IN
Use 'in' a period of time in
125
the future:
•
Use 'at' with precise time
in a couple of days •
at six o'clock
•
at 10.30
•
at two p.m.
Use 'on' with days of the
•
on Monday
week
•
on Fridays
•
on Independent day
•
on October 22nd
AT
Use
'on'
with
specific
ON calendar days:
•
IMPORTANT NOTES: in the morning / afternoon / evening - at night
We say in the morning, afternoon or evening BUT we say 'at night'
126
V. NOUNS + PREPOSITION
A. FOR Use 'for' proceeded by the following nouns: •
a check for (amount of money) Example: She gave me a check for $50.
•
a demand for something Example: Unfortunately, there wasn't enough demand for our
product. •
a need for something Example: There is a real need for discipline in this class.
•
a reason for something Example: I have a reason for doing that!
B. IN Use 'in' preceded by the following nouns: •
a rise in something Example: There has been a rise in prices recently.
•
an increase in something Example: We have seen many increases in production levels.
•
a fall in something Example: There has been a fall in prices recently.
•
a decrease in something 127
Example: We have seen many decreases in production levels.
C. OF Use 'of' proceeded by the following nouns: •
a cause of something Example: She is the cause of all his problems.
•
a photograph OR a picture of something or someone Example: He took a photograph of the mountains.
D. TO Use 'to' proceed by the following nouns: •
damage to something Example: I did a lot of damage to my car the other day.
•
an invitation to a celebration of some type Example: We were invited to their wedding.
•
reaction to something Example: Her reaction to his behavior was quite funny.
•
a solution to a problem Example: He provided the solution to our financial situation.
•
an attitude to something (or TOWARDS something) Example: Your attitude to your problems doesn't help them get
resolved.
128
E. WITH Use 'with' proceeded by the following nouns: •
a relationship with someone or something Example: My relationship with Mary is wonderful.
•
a connection with someone or something Example: His connections with the CIA are very limited.
•
a contact with someone or something Example: Have you had any contact with Sarah?
F. BETWEEN Use 'between' preceded by the following nouns: •
a connection between TWO things Example: There is no connection between the two crimes.
•
a relationship between TWO things Example: The relationship between the two friends was very strong.
•
a contact between TWO things Example: There is little contact between the two parents.
•
a difference between TWO things Example: There is no difference between those two colors.
129
VI. PREPOSITION + NOUN
A. BY Use 'by' with the following nouns: •
to pay by check (credit card) Example: I paid the bill by check.
•
to do something by accident Example: I broke the vase by mistake.
•
to do something by mistake Example: I'm afraid I brought the wrong book by mistake.
•
to do something by chance Example: I saw Jack at the supermarket by chance.
•
a play, song, book, etc. by someone
Example: The opera 'Otello' is by Giuseppe Verdi.
B. FOR Use 'for' with the following nouns: •
(to go / come) for a walk Example: Let's go for a walk.
•
(to go / come) for a swim Example: We went for a swim as soon as we arrived.
•
(to go / come) for a drink Example: Would you like to come over for a drink? 130
•
(to go / come) for a visit Example: I'd love to come for a visit sometime.
•
(to have something) for breakfast / lunch / dinner / supper (US English) Example: I had bacon and eggs for breakfast.
C. IN Use 'in' with the following nouns: •
to be OR to fall in love with someone Example: I fell in love with my wife at first sight.
•
in my opinion Example: In my opinion, we need to invest in some development.
•
a need for something
D. ON Use 'on' with the following nouns: I. (to be) on fire
Example: Help! The house is on fire! II. (to be) on the telephone / phone
Example: I think Tom is on the phone at the moment. III. on television
Example: There is a good film on television tonight. 131
IV. on the radio
Example: Mahler's fifth was on the radio last night. V. (to be / go) on a diet
Example: I really need to go on a diet. VI. (to be / go) on strike
Example: The sanitary engineers have gone on strike again. VII. (to be / go) on holiday (UK English) / vacation (American English)
Example: I really need to go on vacation soon. VIII. (to be / go) business
Example: He went away this weekend on business. IX. (to be / go) on a trip
Example: We were on a trip this past weekend. X. (to be / go) a tour
Example: Have you ever been on a tour of the French countryside? XI. (to be / go) on an excursion
Example: We went on an excursion to Versailles when we were in
Paris.
132
VII. PREPOSITION OF PLACE AND DIRECTION
Here are a number of preposition combinations that can be used to describe the position of something: Prepositions of Position
1. at the back of 2. at the bottom of 3. at the top of 4. behind 5. between
Example Sentences
1. There is a large garden in the middle of the skyscraper. 2. The smallest room is located to the left of the internal garden. 3. The entrance to room number three is
6. in the corner of
opposite the entrance to room number
7. in the middle of
two.
8. next to 9. to the left of 10. on the other side of 11. to the right of 12. on the side of 13. on top of 14. opposite
133
Here are a number of prepositions that can be used to show direction and movement around: Prepositions of Example Sentences Direction
1. Across 2. Between 3. Into 4. out of 5. past 6. round
1. Walk through the exit of room two and enter into building number three. 2. Walk across the indoor garden to reach room number five. 3. Walk past the side entrance to reach the main entrance.
7. through 8. towards
134
Unit 4
I.
Nouns
Regular and Irregular Plural Nouns
song – songs
The plural of most nouns is formed by adding final –s
Box – boxes
Fnal –es is added to nouns that end in sh, -ch, -s, -z, and –x
Baby – babies
The plural of words that end in a consonant –y is spelled –ies
Man – men
Irregular plural form
Woman – women Child – childreen Ox – oxen Foot – feet Goose – geese Tooth – teeth Mouse – mice Louse - lice Hero – heroes
Some nouns that end in –o add –es to
135
Potato – potatoes
the plural
Auto – autos
Some nouns that end in –o add –es to
Photo – photos
form the plural
Mosquito – mosquitoes/mosquitos
Some nouns that end in –o add either –
Volcano – volcanos/volcanoes
es or –s to form the plural (-es being
more usual) Half – halves
Some nouns that end in –f or –fe are
Knife – knives
changed to –ves to form the plural
Leaf – leaves Life – lives Self – selves Thief – thieves Wolf – wolves Scarf- scarfs/scarves Belief – beliefs
Some nouns that end in –f simply add –
Chief – chiefs
s to form the plural
Cliff – cliffs Roof – roofs Fish – fish/fishes
Some nouns have the same singular 136
Deer – deer
and plural form
Series – series Shep – sheep Species – species Criterion – criteria
Some nouns that English has borrowed
Phenomenon – phenomena
from other languages have foreign plurals
Cactus – cacti/cactuses Fungus – fungi Nucleus – nuclei Stiulus – stimuli Syllabus – syllabi/syllabuses
Formula – formulas/formulae Vertebrata – vertebratae
Appendix – appendices/appendixes Index – indices
Analysis – analyses Basis – bases 137
Crisis – crises Hypothesis – hyphoteses Oasis – oases Thesis – theses
Bacterium – bacteria Curriculum – curricula Datum – data Medium – media Memorandum – memoranda
138
II.
Possesive Nouns
NOUN
POSSESIVE
EXPLANATION
FORM
To show possession, add an apostrophe (‘) and –s to a
Singular:
The girl
The girl’s
singular noun; girl’s book If a singular noun ends in –s, there are two possible forms; 1. add an apostrophe and –s; Thomas’s book 2. add only an apostrophe; Thomas’ book Add only an apostrophe to a plural noun that ends in
Plural:
The girls
The girls’
–s; the girls’ book
Add an apostrophe and –s to plural nouns that do not end in –s; the men’s book
139
Unit 5
Singular
Plural
Pronouns
Subject
Object
Possessive
Possessive
Pronoun
Pronoun
Pronoun
Adjective
I
Me
Mine
My name
You
You
Your
Your name
She
Her
Hers
Her name
He
Him
His
His name
It
It
Its
Its name
We
Us
Ours
Our names
You
You
Yours
Your names
They
Them
Theirs
Their names
Examples
Meaning
I read a book, it was good
It refers to Book
I read some books. They were good
It refers to Books
I like tea. Do you like tea too?
I refers to the speaker You refers to the person who the speaker is talking to 140
John has a car. He drives to work
He refers to John
John works in my office. I know him well
Him refers to John My refers to the speaker
I talk to him every day
I refers to the speaker Him refers to the person who the speaker is tell about to
That book is hers
Hers refers to some one (girl)
Yours is over there
Yours refers to some one who the speaker talking to
141
EXERCISE A. Choose the correct form of pronouns available in the brackets.
1. I hurt (mine/me/my) leg. 2. He goes to school with (her/hers/herself/she). 3. (Their/they/theirs/them) trousers are too loose. 4. (Our/us/we/ours) are going to paint our old mosque tomorrow. 5. You (yours/yourself/your-self/you) must do this homework. 6. The policeman was looking for (theirs/them/themselves/they). (theirs/them/themselves/they). 7. Is this (yours/your/you/yourself) pen? 8. No, it is not. It is (hers/she/her/herself) pen. 9. He and (I/mine/my/myself) (I/mine/my/myself) have never seen the bad movie. 10. Everyone has to do (his/him/himself/he) own work.
B. Complete the following sentences with suitable pronouns. Then, translate the sentences into Indonesian language.
1. Let … finish their homework. Translation : ………………………………… ………………………………… 2. Every student has to do … own project. Translation : …………………………………. …………………………………. 3. … are going to repair our motorcycles next Sunday. Translation : …………………………………. …………………………………. 4. Julia and … boy friend would rather not go to the cinema. Translation : ………………………………….. ………………………………….. 5. Mr. Simmons and … wife, Mrs. Simmons, were watching the news when her daughter came. Translation : ……………………… …………………………………… ……………
142
Unit 6
Comparative and Superlative Degree
Comparative used to involve or measured by comparison. It is expressing a higher degree of a quality. Some examples of it, as follows: POSITIVE
COMPARATIVE
SUPERLATIVE
Clever
Cleverer
The cleverest
Big
Bigger
The biggest
Tall
Taller
Tallest
Fast
Faster
Fastest
Beautiful
More beautiful
The most beautiful
Careful
More careful
The most careful
Difficult
More difficult
The most difficult
Notice: 1. Comparative and superlative are use for adjective only. 2. The words which are consisted of one and two counting, add –er to be comparative and –est to be superlative. E.g. Long – longer - longest; clever – cleverer – cleverest. 3. Others words which are more than 2 counting, add more- to be comparative and the most- to be superlative. 143
Unit 7
Modals
AUXILIARY
USES
Polite
PRESENT/FUTURE
PAST
request May I borrow your
(only with I or pen? We) MAY
Formal
You may leave the
permission
room
Less than 50 % He may be at the certainly
library
Less than 50 % He might be at the He Might
certainly
library
may
been
have
at
the
should
have
library Advisability
I should study tonight
I
studied
last
night, but I didn’t Should
90
%
certainly She should do well on She
(expectation)
the test (future only)
ought
to
have done well on the test
144
Advisability with You had better be on Had better
treat
of
bad time, or we will leave
result
without you
Expectation
Class is supposed to begin at 10.00 am
Unfulfilled
Class
was
expectation
supposed
o
Be supposed to
begin at 10.00, but
it
didn’t
begin until 10.15 am Strong necessary
I must go to school
I had to go to school yesterday
Prohibition
You must not open the door
Must
95 % certainly
Mary isn’t in class, Mary must have she must be sick
been
sick
yesterday Necessity
I have to go to school
I had to go to
Have to
school yesterday 145
Lack of necessity I don’t have to go to I didn’t have to (negative)
school today
go
to
school
yesterday Necessity
I have got to go to I had to go to school today
Have got to
100 % certainly
school yesterday
He will be here at 06.00 am
Willingness
The phone’s ringing, I
Will
will get it Polite request
Will you please pass the salt
146
Exercise Complete the following sentences by the appropriate modals!
1. Tell her your problem, she … (shall, will) help you. 2. You … (should, would) study English hard. 3. You … (shouldn’t, wouldn’t) tell a lie to anyone. 4. You … (ought to, would) do fasting in the month of Ramadan. 5. You … (will, had better) not believe him because he is a liar. 6. Every Muslim … (should, shall) do fasting in the month of Ramadan. 7. Muslims in Central Asia … (can, shall) establish their own countries. 8. When I was a child my mother … (would, will) tell me a story at night before bed. 9. It … (would, will) be nice to have lunch in restaurant but I can’t afford it. 10. It’s 5 P.M. You … (had better, could) perform the ‘asr ‘ asr prayer prayer now.
147
Unit 8
Passive
Form of the passive: be + past participle Tenses
Active
Passive
Simple Present
Mary helps the Boy
The Boy is helped by Mary
Present Progressive Mary is helping the Boy
The Boy is being helped by Mary
Simple Past
Mary helped the Boy
The Boy was helped by Mary
Past Progressive
Mary was helping the The Boy was being helped by Boy
Be going to
Mary
Mary is going to help the The Boy is going to be helped by Boy
Mary
Form of the passive question: be + past participle Simple Past
Was the boy helped by Mary?
Past Progressive
Is the boy being helped by Mary?
Form of the present perfect progressive, past perfect progressive, future progressive, future perfect progressive is rarely used in the passive.
148
EXERCISE A. Change the active sentences into passive ones by supplying the correct form of be of be and past participle. past participle.
1.m 1.mTaufik is wearing glasses now. Glasses … now. 2. Aishah always recites the holy Quran attentively. The holy Quran … always … attentively. 3. Dini was writing a letter when her mother came home. A letter … when her mother came home. 4. Did you give her a letter this morning? … a letter … yesterday? 5.m 5.mOf course, not. I gave her a ring. No, but she … a ring.
B. Change the active to the passive. Then, translate the sentences (the passive) into Indonesian language.
1. We study English. Passive
: ……………………… ………………………………………………. ………………………...
Translation : ……………………………………………….. ……………………………………………….. 2. We do not study French. Passive
: ……………………… ………………………………………………… …………………………
Translation : ………………………………………………… ………………………………………………… 3. We study Japanese and English. Passive
: ……………………… ………………………………………………… …………………………
Translation : ………………………………………………… ………………………………………………… 4. She read an Arabic magazine yesterday. 149
Passive
: ……………………… ………………………………………………… …………………………
Translation : …………………………………………………. …………………………………………………. 5. Has your little son already drunk a glass of milk? Passive
: ……………………… ………………………………………………… …………………………..
Translation : …………………………………………………. …………………………………………………. 6. Yes, and he is eating a bowl of noodle now. Passive
: ……………………… ………………………………………………… …………………………..
Translation : …………………………………………………. …………………………………………………. 7. Zaenab and Shafiyyah will not visit Aishah in the hospital. Passive
: ……………………… ………………………………………………… …………………………..
Translation : ……………………… ………………………………………………… ………………………….. 8. All Muslims must perform the prayer five times a day. Passive
: ……………………… ………………………………………………… ………………………….. ..
Translation : ……………………… ………………………………………………… ………………………….. .. 9. My mother teaches the holy Quran Quran in the kindergarten school every day but Sunday. Passive
: ……………………… ………………………………………………… …………………………… …
Translation : ……………………… ………………………………………………… …………………………… … 10. He will do his homework tonight. Passive
: ……………………… ………………………………………………… ……………………………. ….
Translation : ……………………… ………………………………………………… …………………………
150
Unit 9
Parallel Structure
Kind of Parallel
Examples
Noun + and + Noun
Steve And His friend are coming to dinner
Noun + Noun + and + Noun
Steve, John and Alice are coming to dinner
Verb + and + Verb
Susan raised her hand and snapped her fingers
Verb + Verb + and + Verb
Susan raised her hand, snapped her fingers and asked a question
Adjective + but + Adjective
These shoes are old but comfortable
Infinitive + or + Infinitive
He wants to watch TV or listen to music
Both + Noun + and + Noun
Both my mother and my sister are here
Not only + Verb + but also + Not only my mother but also my sister is here
Verb Neither + Noun + nor + Noun
That book is neither interesting nor accurate
Neither + Adjective + nor + Neither my mother nor my sister is here
Adjective
151
Unit 10
Noun & Determainers A. Nouns and Determiners
a. Countable Nouns Countable nouns are nouns that can be counted. It can be preceded by a or an in the singular depending on whether the word begins with consonant or vowel sound. For example: Those three girls have been waiting for a friend of theirs for an hour. Some words may be confusing because the spelling does not indicate the pronunciation. The following words begin with a consonant sound and thus must always be preceded by a. a half
a universal
a house
a union
a uniform
a university
The following words begin with a vowel sound and thus must always be preceded by an. an. an hour
an uncle
an umbrella
152
b. Non-Countable Nouns Non-countable nouns are nouns that cannot be counted. We cannot say, for example, one information, many informations, two moneys, many moneys. There are several words are countable nouns. Even though some nouns below appear to be plural because they end in –s, –s, but they are actually not plural. Advertising
geography
love
Air
happiness
luck
Anger
health
music
Beauty
help
news
Darkness
honesty
patience
Economics
ice
peace
Education
intelligence
politics
Entertainment jewelry
pollution
Equipment
knowledge
sand
Fruit
lightning
sugar etc
c. Determiners Determiners are words like any, many, much, some, the, that comes before a noun to show how the noun is being used. Some determiners can be used only with countable nouns. For example: She gave me a pineapple and an orange yesterday. Those two boys brought many books last night. Some determiners can be used only with non-countable nouns. For example: Do you have much information about the murder? 153
No, I only have a little information about it. A large amount of air was polluted by toxic. Some determiners can be used with both countable nouns and noncountable nouns For example: A lot of students need a lot of money to money to pay registrations next month. None of children who knew that none of the fruit left in the fridge. Nowadays, there are more people who earn more money to survive. The word little and few should be put into a little and a few if they are preceded by the word only . For example: There are few students whose Arabic is good. Becomes…
Determiners with
Determiners with non-
countable nouns
countable nouns
a, an, the, some, any
the, some, any
this, that, these, those
this, that
none, one, two, three …
none
many
much (usually in negatives or
a lot of a large number of
questions)
a great number of
a lot of
(a)few
a large amount of
fewer…than
(a)little
more…than
less…than more…than
154
EXERCISE A. Choose the correct determiners available in the brackets. Then, translate the sentences into Indonesian language.
1. Husein wants (fewer/less) milk than this. Translation : ……………………… ……………………………………. ……………. 2. She has already eaten (much/a large number of) rice. Translation : ……………………… ……………………………………. ……………. 3. I need only (little/a little) sugar for my sweet tea. Translation : ……………………… …………………………………….. …………….. 4. She didn’t have (some/any) money to buy textbooks. Translation : ……………………… …………………………………….. …………….. 5. He has (many/much) money to buy textbooks. Translation : ……………………… …………………………………….. …………….. 6. (Those/That) meat was infected by mad-cow disease. Translation : ……………………… …………………………………….. …………….. 7. Can you help me? Sorry, I don’t have (many/much) time today. Translation : ……………………… ……………………………………. ……………. 8. There were (many/much) people gathered around the park two days ago. Translation : ……………………… ……………………………………. ……………. 9. The student has to finish (a large number of/a large amount of) homework tonight. Translation : ……………………… …………………………………… …………… 10. Her friends went to buy (a large number of/a large amount of) food for their dinner. Translation : ………………………………….. …………………………………..
155
B. Correct the underlined words and translate the sentences into Indonesian language.
1. One of her friend gave her a lot of foods. Sentence
: ……………………… …………………………………. ………….
Translation : …………………………………. …………………………………. 2. His wife made him a coffee with a few sugar. Sentence
: ……………………… ………………………………….. …………..
Translation : ………………………………….. ………………………………….. 3. He did not have many money for buying his girl friend a ring for their marriage. Sentence
: ……………………… ………………………………….. …………..
Translation : ……………………… ………………………………….. ………….. 4. A friend of mine saw an woman with her four childs crossing the road yesterday. Sentence
: ……………………… …………………………………... …………...
Translation : ……………………… …………………………………… …………… 5. The women had been waiting for her husband for about a hour before he came. Sentence
: ……………………… …………………………………… ……………
Translation : ……………………… …………………………………… ……………
156
Unit 11
Proverb
Learn from someone who has the best experience. Belajarlah dari seseorang yang memiliki pengalaman terbaik. Every cloud has a silver living. Setiap masalah pasti ada jalan keluar. Going away from difficulty is defeat. Lari dari kesalahan adalah kalah. Languages close the nation. Bahasa merapatkan bangsa. Laziness is the key to beggary. Kemalasan adalah pangkal kemalaratan. Let the past be forgotten. Biarlah berlalu apa yang telah terjadi. Like father like son. Sifat orang tua biasanya menurun pada anaknya. Look before you leap. Berfikirlah sebelum mengambil suatu keputusan. Make hay while the sun shines. Sediakan payung sebelum hujan. Sedialah obat sebelum sakit. Man proposes, God disposes. Manusia merencanakan tapi Tuhanlah yang memiliki kekuasaan. Many little makes a mile. Sedikit demi sedikit lama-lama menjadi bukit. Money is the servant of some men. 157
Kebanyakan orang diperbudak uang. No fish can be caught without beat. Tanpa usaha anda tidak akan mendapatkan hasil. No one is too old to learn. Belajar tidak memandang usia. No proceeds without sweat. Tidak ada hasil tanpa keringat. Old birds are not to be caught with chaff. Orang yang berpengalaman tidak mudah tertipu. One is never too old to learn. Tidak pernah disebutkan tua dalam menuntut ilmu. One who is sowing unrighteousness will reap disaster. Siapa yang menabur kecurangan akan menuai malapetaka. Out of sight, near by heart. Jauh di mata dekat di hati. Over pride is the beginning of destruction. Kesombongan adalah awal keruntuhan. Perfection is no trifle. Menyempurnakan segala sesuatu bukanlah hal yang mudah. Promise little and do much. Janji sedikit saja dan bekerjalah yang banyak. Prosperity has many friends. Kemakmuran mendatangkan banyak kawan. Right mixture makes good master. Campuran yang sempurna menjadikan bahan yang kokoh. Rotten wood cannot be carved. Barang yang mutunya rendah tidak dapat dipergunakan. 158
Science without conscience is a collapse soul. Ilmu tanpa budi adalah jiwa yang rapuh. Self help is the best way to success. Keyakinan sendiri adalah jalan terbaik untuk maju. Slowly but sure. Tenang tapi meyakinkan. Strike the iron while it is hot. Berbuatlah selagi ada kesempatan. Success never comes to the indolence. Keberhasilan tidak pernah datang pada orang-orang yang malas. Sweet words can break bones. Kata-kata yang manis mematahkan tulang. The crown of old men is their grandsons. Mahkota orang tua adalah anak cucu mereka. The tongue wounds more than a lance. Lidah lebih banyak melukai daripada tombak. Think first if to do something. Berfikirlah terlebih dahulu sebelum berbuat sesuatu. Think today and speak tomorrow. Berfikirlah sekarang dan lakukanlah esok. Time is money. Waktu adalah uang. Time is sword. Waktu adalah pedang. To be reluctant to make inquires will make one go astray. Malu bertanya sesat di jalan. To kill two birds with one stone. 159
Sambil menyelam minum air. To prevent is better than to cure. Mencegah lebih baik daripada mengobati. Union is the strength. Bersatu kita teguh. United we stand, divided we fall. Bersatu kita teguh, bercerai kita runtuh. Water is a good friend when it is a little. Air selagi kecil adalah kawan. We learn as long as we live. Kita belajar selama hayat dikandung badan. Wealth does not always help to produce happiness. Kebahagiaan tidak selamanya bersumber dari kekayaan. What is done in a hurry is seldom done well. Apa yang dikerjakan dengan tergesa-gesa jarang berhasil. When money takes place the truth will be silent. Ketika uang berbicara, kebenaran akan diam. Where there is a will there is a way. Dimana ada kemauan di sana ada jalan. Zeal is often the mother of success. Rajin itu sering menjadi pangkal dari keberhasilan.
160
EXERCISE A. Choose a, b, c, or d for the correct answer. Then, try to explain it.
1. Good advice is beyond price. a. nasihat yang baik tidak ternilai harganya. b. umpan yang baik akan menangkap ikan yang baik pula. c. menolong orang miskin adalah perbuatan yang baik. d. rajin itu sering menjadi pangkal dari keberhasilan. What does it mean? … 2. Kindness like grain, it is increased by sowing. a. hati nurani yang baik ibarat bantal yang empuk. b. nama baik lebih cepat hilang daripada mendapatkannya. c. kebaikan itu seperti gandum, ia akan bertambah jika ditabur. d. tidak berani mengatakan ‘enyah’ pada seekor angsa. What does it mean? … 3. Love rules without rules. a. mencintai sama halnya dengan menyayangi. b. cinta berkuasa tanpa aturan. c. cinta pertama sulit dilupakan. d. mencintai harus rela diatur. What does it mean? … 4. Make hay while the sun shines. a. buatlah yang terbaik dari pekerjaan yang buruk. b. orang yang tenggelam akan mencengkeram erat walaupun hanya pada sebatang jerami. c. matahari akan bersinar ketika fajar tiba. d. keringkanlah rumput selagi matahari bersinar terang. What does it mean? … 161
5. Leaders are readers. a. pemimpin adalah pembaca. b. tetaplah membaca! c. engkau akan menuai apa yang engkau tanam. d. lebih baik membaca daripada tidak. What does it mean? 6. Cross the stream where it is shallowest. a. tempalah besi selagi panas. b. seberangilah sungai di tempat yang dangkal. c. lebih diam daripada salah ucap. d. menyeberangi sungai ketika dangkal. What does it mean? … 7. He who hesitates is lost. a. dia yang berusaha pasti sukses. b. dia yang putus asa pasti akan gagal. c. tidak ada apa-apa bagi orang pemurung. d. malu bertanya sesat di jalan. What does it mean? … 8. The future lies with the young. a. masa depan terletak pada generasi muda. b. masa depan berbohong dengan anak-anak muda. c. anak muda memegang kendali. d. tak ada harapan untuk pemuda di masa depan. What does it mean? … 9. No gains without pains. a. tidak berani, tidak memperoleh apa-apa. b. tidak berusaha maka akan gagal. c. tidak ada keberhasilan tanpa pengorbanan. 162
d. tidak ada rasa sakit jika hanya diam. What does it mean? … 10. Better a bird in the hand than thousand in the garden. a. burung-burung terbang hilir mudik di kebun. b. tidak ada satupun burung di tangan. c. lempar burung sembunyi tangan. d. seekor burung di tangan lebih baik daripada ratusan burung di taman. What does it mean? …
B. Translate these following proverbs into English.
1. Dimana ada kemauan disitu ada jalan. Translation: ………………………………………….. ………………………………………….. 2. Kesopanan tidak memerlukan biaya. Translation: ………………………………………….. ………………………………………….. 3. Tak ada gading yang tak retak. Translation: ………………………………………….. ………………………………………….. 4. Tidak semudah membalikkan telapak tangan. Translation: ………………………………………….. ………………………………………….. 5. Pekerja yang buruk selalu menyalahkan peralatannya. Translation: ………………………………………….. ………………………………………….. 6. Manusia berencana tapi Tuhanlah yang memutuskan. Translation: ………………………………………….. ………………………………………….. 7. Semua permulaan adalah sulit. Translation: ………………………………………….. ………………………………………….. 8. Perkataan dan perbuatan adalah sesuatu yang berlainan. Translation: ………………………………………….. ………………………………………….. 9. Anjing yang menggonggong tidak akan menggigit. Translation: ………………………………………….. ………………………………………….. 163
C. Fill in the blank spaces with the suitable words in the right side. Then, translate into Indonesian language.
1. Love your … as they are the closest helpers.
-coward
2. … Sometimes serve or enslave its owner.
-good
3. A … will die many times.
-side
4. A … man feels so bad about not being able
-neighbors
to help others. 5. To reach the top you must start from the …
-bottom -richness -poverty
164
SECTION 4
READING
165
READING TIPS TO IMPROVE YOUR GRAMMAR
•
Focus on various tenses or forms, by highlighting examples of a specific form in a text you are reading.
•
Highlight all auxiliary verbs in a text. Discuss which tenses take the highlighted auxiliary verbs.
•
Choose a few sentences from your reading material and highlight content words (main verbs, nouns, adjectives, adverbs) in red and structural words (articles, auxiliary verbs, any and some, etc.) in yellow or another color.
•
Find linking words (although, however, but, first, next, etc.) and notice how they relate sentences to each other.
•
Use a text as a basis for a sentence auction in class. Change some of the sentences to an incorrect version and see if you can fool your classmates into thinking they are correct.
•
In small groups, highlight sentences using different tenses. Each students explains the reasons for the tense in each sentence.
•
Mark-up a few sentences from an article selecting subject, auxiliary verb, main verb, adjective, etc.
166
READING TIPS TO IMPROVE YOUR CONVERSATIONAL SKILLS
•
Choose an article or short story to read with a friend or classmate. Discuss the article together.
•
Choose an article or short story to read with a friend or classmate. Each person should write down five questions about the article and his / her partner.
•
Read a few articles to develop a debate. Hold the debate in class making arguments based on what you have read.
•
Read a short play with a few friends. Continue the conversation by each taking a character from the play and having a discussion about something that happened in the play.
•
Read DIALOGs. Once you've practiced the written texts, improvise a continued conversation using the same characters as in the DIALOG.
•
Read short biographies. Pair up with a friend or classmate and take on the roles of interviewer and famous person (taken from the biography).
167
READING TIPS TO IMPROVE YOUR VOCABULARY
•
Construct vocabulary trees from short stories or articles you are reading.
•
Build mind maps based on the stories or articles you are reading.
•
Photocopy a page or an article and highlight all the words you do not understand. Look up those words and add them to your vocabulary diary.
•
When you come across a word you do not understand, first try to understand based on context.
•
Focus on prefixes and suffixes and find examples in a text you are reading. Underline and try to understand based on the prefixes or suffixes. Try to come up with the antonyms. These are words with an opposite meaning and are often related (unhappy - happy, misinformation - information, etc.)
•
Read a short story and try to retell or rewrite the story using as much vocabulary from the story as possible.
•
Note down nouns and adjectives you do not understand. Use a thesaurus to help you find synonyms to these words. Finding synonyms will help you learn groups of words with similar meanings.
168
Unit 1
Hobbies
I. TEXT EXTENTION A. READ TEXT COMPREHENSIVELY
Mary has a lot of hobbies and interests. She usually gets up early so she can run before work. She doesn't often have time to ski, but she occasionally goes on Saturdays during the winter. Mary often rides a horse at a stable near here home. She sometimes goes after work, but she usually goes horseback riding on Sundays. She loves music. She always goes to choir practice on Wednesday evenings and sings in church on Sundays. She doesn't have much extra money, so she rarely goes to concerts in the city. She seldom watches TV because she likes doing things outside. She usually goes to the gym if it's raining outside. She isn't often alone because she has a lot of friends. She occasionally does something alone, but she usually does her activities with one of her friends. She's a happy woman!
169
B. KEY WORDS Words
Meaning
Occasional
Kadang-kadang
Winter
Musim dingin
Riding
Menunggang
Choir
Paduan suara (gereja)
Gym (gymnasium)
Gedung Olah Raga (GOR)
C. ANSWER THE QUESTION
1. Has Mary a lot of hobbies and interests? 2. What does Mary often rides near her home? 3. Is she often alone? 4. When she always goes to choir practice and sings in church? 5. Does she love music?
D. RE-ARRANGE THE SENTENCES
1. friends - She - with - occasionally - does - one - something - does – alone - but she - activities - her - usually – her - of 2. money - She – have - extra - doesn't - so – she - rarely - city - concerts the much - goes - to - in 3. seldom - She – TV - watches – she – likes - things - because - outside doing
170
4. sometimes - She - after - goes - work - riding - Sundays - she - but goes usually - horseback - on 5. work - She - can - up - usually - before - gets - she - early - so so - run
E. MATCH THE STATEMENTS BASED ON THE TEXT
1. She occasionally does something alone, but she usually does her activities with one of her friends (T / F) 2. She does have much extra money, so she rarely goes to concerts in the city (T / F) 3. She usually watches TV because she likes doing things outside (T / F) 4. She commonly goes after work, but she usually goes horseback riding on Sundays (T / F) 5. She usually gets up early so she can run before work ( T / F)
F. WRITING EXERCISE
Make your own daily activities by using some adverbs like; usually, often, seldom, occasionally, etc.
171
Unit 2
Routine ties
A. READ TEXT COMPREHENSIVELY
Tim works for a company in Sacramento, California. He's a customer service representative. He gets up at six o'clock each workday. He drives to work and begins his job at eight o'clock. He speaks to people on the telephone to help them with their banking problems. People telephone the bank to ask questions about their accounts. He doesn't give information about accounts until people answer a few questions. Tim asks callers their birth date, the last four digits of their social security number and their address. If a person gives incorrect information, Tim asks him to call back with the correct information. Tim is polite and friendly with everyone. He has lunch in a park next to his office. He returns home at five o'clock in the evening. After work, he goes to the gym to work out. He has dinner at seven o'clock. Tim likes watching TV after dinner. He goes to bed at eleven o'clock at night.
B. ANSWER THE QUESTION
1. What time he gets up? 2. What he speaks to people on the telephone? 3. He doesn't give information about accounts. The word in bold means? 172
4. Where he has lunch? 5. When he goes to gym?
C. REARRANGE THE SENTENCES
1. gets - up - at - o'clock - He - workday - each - six 2. He - to - speaks - on - the - people - to - problems - help - telephone banking them – their - with 3. He - give - doesn't - about - information - questions - until - answer accounts people - a few 4. Lunch - He - has - office - in - a park - to - his - next 5. After - likes - TV - dinner - Tim - watching
D. MATCH THE STATEMENTS BASED ON THE TEXT
1. He gets up at six o'clock each workday 2. He speaks to people on the telephone to help them with their banking problems 3. He doesn't give information about accounts until people answer a few questions 4. He has lunch in a park next to his office 5. Tim likes watching TV after dinner
173
E. WRITING EXERCISE
Make your own personal life by using some conjunction words like; after, than, next, etc.
174
Unit 3
Investing
A. READ TEXT COMPREHENSIVELY
Angel investors provide capital for start-ups bringing their innovations to the marketplace. Recently, with the huge growth in opportunities brought about by the internet, more and more small investors are providing 'angel' financing for these small, nimble companies. Angel investors typically invest between $5,000 to $40,000 in a start-up in its infancy. Sometimes, 'angels' are so convinced by an idea that they provide funds for a business that hasn't even been founded! Without these risk-takers, innovative and revolutionary advances in technology may not come to pass. The price is high, and start-ups often fail, but just one 'winner' can return twenty times the initial investment. In other words, an angel investing in fifteen companies needs just one success to make the investment strategy worthwhile. Of course, angels hope for a much better return. Because these investors at the beginning of the company there are many terms used in angel investing that reflect this early stage development. Here are some of the most important:
•
seed a company - the first 'seed' of money to help 'grow' the company
•
get in on the ground level - lowest level entry point 175
•
self-funded - a company that provides its own financing without asking for
outside help •
garage startup - the classic technology started - Steve Jobs and Steve
Wozniak started Apple in a garage - it's become a modern day 'American dream' of many - especially in San Francisco)
Angel investing is sometimes confused with venture investments. Angell investors fund at the initial entry level while venture capitalists usually wait until a young company has proven that their idea and has brought their product or technology to market. These companies then need larger investments to quickly grow and capture market share.
B. KEY WORDS
Vocabularies
angel investor
Meaning
Investor awal terbentuknya sebuah perusahaan
start-up
Awal
innovation
Inovasi/perubahan
capital
Ibukota
to bring about
Menyampaikan ide/gagasan
nimble
Cekatan
176
to found a business
Merintis usaha
risk-taker
Pengambil resiko
to come to pass
Datang untuk menyelesaikan
initial investment
Investasi awal
worthwhile
bermanfaat
return (on an investment)
Pengembalian investasi
early stage development
Tahap awal perkembangan
to seed a company
Suntikan dana perusahaan
to get in on the ground level
Memasuki level dasar
self-funded
Modal mandiri
venture capitalist
Usaha kapitalis
bring a product to market
Mengenalkan produk pada konsumen/pasar
to capture market share
Merebut pangsa pasar
C. EXPLAIN THE STATEMENTS BELOW
1. Angel investors typically invest between $5,000 to $40,000 in a start-up in its infancy 2. Angel investing is sometimes confused with venture investments 3. The price is high, and start-ups often fail, but just one 'winner' can return twenty times the initial investment. In other words, an angel investing in 177
fifteen companies needs just one success to make the investment strategy worthwhile
D. REARRANGE THE SENTENCES
1. investing - angel - is - confused - investments - sometimes – venture venture - with 2. These - then - need – larger - to - quickly –- and –- market – share companies - investments - grow - capture 3. Better - angels - for - a - hope - return – much
E. RETELL EXERCISE
As long as your comprehension about the angel’s investors, tell you friends in front of the class about the topic.
178
Unit 4
President Election
A. READ TEXT COMPREHENSIVELY
This year Americans elect on a new president on November 4th. It's an important event that happens once every four years. Currently, the president is always elected from one of the two main parties in the United States: the Republicans and the Democrats. There are other presidential candidates. However, it is unlikely that any of these "third party" candidates will win. It certainly hasn't happened in the last one hundred years.
In order to become the presidential nominee of a party, the candidate must win the primary election. Primary elections are held throughout each state in the United States in the first half of any election year. Then, the delegates attend their party convention in order to nominate their chosen candidate. Usually, as in this election, it's clear who will be the nominee. However, in the past parties have been divided and choosing a nominee has been a difficult process.
Once the nominees have been selected, they campaign throughout the country. A number of debates are usually held in order to better understand 179
the candidates' points of view. These points of view often reflect their party's platform. A party platform is best described as the general beliefs and policies a party holds. Candidates cross the country by plane, bus, train or by car giving speeches. These speeches are often called 'stump speeches'. In the 19th century candidates would stand on tree stumps to deliver their speeches. These stump speeches repeat the candidates basic views and aspirations for the country. They are repeated many hundred of times by each candidate.
Many people believe that campaigns in the United States have become too negative. Each night you can see many attack ads on the television. These short ads contain sound bites which often distort the truth, or something the other candidate has said or done. Another recent problem has been voter turnout. There is often less than 60% turnout for national elections. Some people don't register to vote, and some registered voters don't show up at the voting booths. This angers many citizens who feel that voting is the most important responsibility of any citizen. Others point out that not voting is expressing an opinion that the system is broken.
the United States maintains an extremely old, and some say inefficient, voting system. This system is called the Electoral College. Each state is assigned electoral votes based on the number of senators and representatives that state has in Congress. Each state has two Senators. The number of 180
representatives is determined by the states population but is never less then 1. The electoral votes are decided by the popular vote in each state. One candidate wins all of the electoral votes in a state. In other words, Oregon has 8 electoral votes. If 1 million people vote for the Republican candidate and one million and ten people vote for the Democratic candidate ALL 8 electoral votes go to the democratic candidate. Many people feel that this system should be abandoned.
B. KEY WORDS
Vocabularies
Meaning
to elect
untuk memilih
political party
partai politik
Republican
Republik
Democrat
Demokrat
third party
pihak ketiga
candidate
calon
presidential nominee
calon presiden
primary election
utama pemilihan
delegate
wakil
to attend
untuk menghadiri
party convention
konvensi partai
to nominate
untuk mencalonkan
debate
perdebatan
party platform
platform partai
181
stump speech
tunggul pidato
attack ads
serangan iklan
sound bite
suara gigitan
to distort the truth
untuk memutarbalikkan kebenaran
voter turnout
jumlah suara pemilih
registered voter
pemilih terdaftar
voting booth
kamar pemungutan suara
Electoral College
Pemilihan College
Congress
Kongres
senator
senator
representative
wakil
electoral vote
pemilihan suara
popular vote
suara rakyat
C. RETELL THE MAIN IDEAS OF THE TEXTS ABOVE
As long as your comprehension about the angel’s investors, tell you friends in front of the class about the topic.
D. WRITING EXERCISE
Write by your own ideas and data about the President election of Indonesia.
182
Unit 5
Neighbors
A.
READ TEXT COMPREHENSIVELY
Tom: Hi Henry, it's been a long time since we saw each other last. What
have you been up to? Henry: Hi Tom! It's great to see you again. I've been away on business.
Tom: Really, where did you go? Henry: Well, first I flew to New York for two meetings. After that, I flew to
Atlanta, where I had to make a presentation at a company conference.
Tom: It sounds like you've been busy. Henry: Yes, I've been very busy. It's good to be home again. What have you
been doing lately?
Tom: Oh, nothing much. I've been working in the garden these past few
days. Alice has been away for the past two weeks visiting her relatives in Chicago. Henry: I didn't know she has family in Chicago.
183
Tom: Yes, that's right. We met at university in California. She was born in
Chicago and lived there until she went to college. Henry: How long have you lived here in Colorado?
Tom: We've lived here for over 10 years. We moved here in 1998 because I
had a new job as a sales representative. Henry: Have you lived in the same house since you arrived?
Tom: No, first we lived in a condo in downtown Denver. We moved here
four years ago. We've lived on the street for four years and they've been the happiest years of our lives. Henry: Yes, my wife Jane and I love this neighborhood.
Tom: And how long have you lived in your house? Henry: We've only lived here for two years.
Tom: That's strange, it seems like you have lived here longer than that. Henry: No, we moved here in 2006.
Tom: How time flies! Henry: I have to agree with you on that. It seems like yesterday that I
graduated from college. I can't believe I've been working for more than 10 years! 184
Tom: I've been working for more than 30 years! I'm going to retire soon. Henry: Really? You don't look a day over 40!
Tom: Thank you. You're a great neighbor! Henry: No, really. Well, I have to get going. Work is waiting for me. Have a
good day.
Tom: You, too. Glad to have you back in the neighbor!
B. KEY WORDS
Vocabularies
Meaning
What have you been up to?
Apa yang telah Anda lakukan?
I've been away on business
Saya pergi untuk urusan bisnis
Company conference
Konferensi Perusahaan
What have you been doing
Apa yang telah Anda lakukan akhir-
lately?
akhir ini?
relatives
keluarga
to move
untuk bergerak
Condo
Kondominium
neighborhood
lingkungan
That's strange
Aneh
185
How time flies
Bagaimana waktu berlalu
To graduate from college or
Untuk lulus dari perguruan tinggi atau
university
universitas
It seems like yesterday
Sepertinya kemarin
To retire
Untuk pensiun
I have to get going
Aku harus pergi
Glad to have you back
Senang kau kembali
C. ANALYZE THE EXPRESSIONS OF DIALOG ABOVE THAN USE THOSE EXPRESSIONS WITH YOUR OWN DIALOG!
D. WRITING EXERCISE
Make a specific dialog between 2 people or more, and talking about their new environment (office, neighbor, campus, etc)
186
Unit 6
How to Use an ATM
A. READ DIALOG COMPREHENSIVELY
Susan: How do I use the ATM? Alan: First of all, put your card in this slot and enter your PIN.
Susan: OK. Then I choose withdrawal? Alan: Yes, choose withdrawal, not account information.
Susan: What's next? Alan: The ATM calls up your checking or savings account.
Susan: And then? Alan: Enter the amount you want to take out of your account.
Susan: How much can I take out? Alan: Most accounts have a limit of $400.
Susan: What happens after I enter the withdrawal amount? Alan: The ATM gives you bills, usually $20 bills. Take the money and receipt
from the slots.
187
B. KEY WORDS Vocabularies
Meaning
ATM - automatic teller machine
ATM - mesin teller otomatis
to put a card into a slot
untuk memasukkan kartu ke dalam slot
PIN - personal identification number
PIN - nomor identifikasi pribadi
to enter a PIN
untuk memasukkan PIN
withdrawal
penarikan
account
rekening
checking
memeriksa
savings
tabungan
amount
jumlah
to take out
mengambil
limit
batas
bill
tagihan
receipt
tanda terima
C. WRITING EXERCISE
Make dialog between two persons or more where take a place in the Bank and practice it in front of the class.
188
Unit 7
Directions to a meeting
A. READ DIALOG COMPREHENSIVELY
Mark: Linda, do you know how to get to Daniels Co.? I've never been there
before. Heather: Are you driving or taking the subway?
Mark: The subway. Heather: Right. Take the no. 9 from West 72nd street. Get off at Times Square
and change to the shuttle. Go across town and get off at Grand Central station. Go above ground and walk north on Park Avenue.
Mark: Just a moment, let me write this down! Heather: Take the no. 9 from West 72nd street. stree t. Get off at Times Square and
change to the shuttle. Got it?
Mark: Yes, thanks. Now, once I get to Times Square, which train do I take? Heather: Change to the shuttle. Go across town and get off at Grand Central
station. Go above ground and walk north on Park Avenue.
189
Mark: Can you repeat that? Heather: Change to the shuttle. Go across town and get off at Grand Central
station. Go above ground and walk north on Park Avenue.
Mark: Thanks Heather. How long does it take? Heather: It takes about a half an hour. When is your meeting?
Mark: It's at nine. I'll leave at eight-thirty. Heather: That's a busy time of day. You should leave at eight.
Mark: OK. Thanks Heather. Heather: No problem.
B. KEY WORDS Vocabularies
Meaning
to get to somewhere
untuk pergi ke suatu tempat
to take the subway
untuk naik kereta bawah tanah
to change to another train
untuk berganti kereta lain
to go across town
untuk pergi melintasi kota
to get off
turun
to go above ground
naik ke atas
to walk north / south / west / east
berjalan utara / selatan / barat / timur
190
to take time
mengambil waktu
a busy time of day
hari sibuk/kerja
C. WRITING EXERCISE
1. Make a dialog which contain of asking and giving direction in formal condition (in the office, college, school, worker). 2. Give attention with the use of common term/clause.
191
Unit 8
Taking an Order
A. READ DIALOG COMPREHENSIVELY
Ms Anderson is in the dining room and would like to place an order for the dinner menu. Her wait person, Janet, takes her order and makes a few recommendations. Jane
: Good evening, madam. I trust you've had a pleasant day.
Would you like to see the menu? Ms Risna
: Yes, thank you.
Jane
: Here you are. Would you like to begin with something from
the bar? Ms Risna
: Yes, could I have a dry martini?
Janet
: Certainly, madam.
Ms Anderson
: (looking at the menu) What are the specials this evening?
Janet
: There's pan seared tuna steak, sweet and sour shrimp, tip
of sirloin with your choice of pepper corn sauce or sauteed mushrooms. We also have a vegetarian entree. Ms Anderson: mmm ... Which would you recommend? The
tuna steak or tip of sirloin?
192
Janet
: They're both very tasty. However, the tuna is fresh from
the market. Ms Anderson Janet
: Wonderful. I'll have the tuna. : Very good, madam. May I bring you an appetizer as well?
The gazpacho is very tasty. Ms Anderson
: I think I'd prefer the shrimp cocktail.
Janet
: Excellent choice, and for your first course?
Ms Anderson
: Oh, there's so much to choose from.
Janet
: May I suggest the linguini al pesto?
Ms Anderson
: Yes, that sounds fine.
Janet
: Would you like to see the wine menu?
Ms Anderson
: No, that's alright. I'd like to have some white wine.
Something simples Janet
: The pinot grigio would go well with your meal.
Ms Anderson
: Very good, then. Pinot grigio it is.
Janet
: Would you like to order your dessert now, madam?
Ms Anderson
: Let's wait on that.
Janet
: Certainly. I'll bring the dessert list later.
Ms Anderson
: Thank you.
193
B. WRITING EXERCISE
After you comprehended the dialog above, now is time for you to make your own dialog about asking and taking an order. zz
194
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Betty. Learning English Grammar , Longman, 2004 Ovendale, Ritchie. Speaking Alliance. Great Britain : Billing & Sons, ltd, 1985 Rogerson, Pamela etc. Speaking Clearly : Pronunciation and Comprehension for Learners of English. English. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 1990 Routley, Erik. An English Speaking. Speaking. Chicago : GIA Publication, 2005 Vanture Book , Cambridge University Press, 2010 http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en http://www.eslmonkeys.com/student/lessons/free_esl_lessons.php http://www.learnenglish.de/ImproveEnglish/improvereadingpage.htm http://www.learnenglish.de/grammarpage.htm
195
