EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPÉENNE EUROPÄISCHE NORM
EN 378-1 June 2000
I C S 0 1 .0 4 0 . 2 7 ; 2 7 . 0 8 0 ; 2 7 .2 0 0
Supersedes EN 378:1994
English version
Refrigerating systems and heat pumps - Safety and environmental requirements - Part 1: Basic Ba sic requirements, definitions, classification and selection criteria Systèmes de réfrigération et pompes à chaleur - Exigences de sécurité et d'environnement - Partie 1 : Exigences de base, définitions, classification et critères de choix
Kälteanlagen und Wärmepumpen - Sicherheitstechnische und umweltrelevante Anforderungen - Teil 1 : Grundlegende Anforderungen, Definitionen, Kassifikationen und Auswahlkriterien
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 11 November 1999. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Central Secretariat: rue de Stassart, 36
© 2000 2000 CEN
All rights rights of exploita exploitation tion in any any form and by any means means reserved reserved worldwide for CEN national Members.
B-1050 Brussels
Ref. No. EN 378-1:2000 E
Page 2 EN 378-1:2000 Contents Page
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Normative references . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Basic Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Selection of refrigerants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Selection of cooling or heating systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Anne Annexx A (infor (informa mativ tive) e) Equiv Equivale alent nt terms terms in Engli English sh,, French French and and Germa Germann . . Annex B (in (inform formaativ tive) Tota Totall equiva ivalen lent warmin rmingg imp impact (TE (TEWI) . . . . . . . . Annex C (informative) Location of refrigerating systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Anne Annexx D (inf (infor orma matitive ve)) Prot Protec ectition on of peop people le who who are are insi inside de cold cold room roomss . . . Annex E (informative) Inf Information about refrigerants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Annex F (informative) Risk assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Annex G (informative) Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Annex ZA (informative) (informati ve) Clauses of this European Standard addressing essentia tial req require irements or other provisi visioons of EU Dire irectiv ctivees . . . . . . . . . . .
2 3 4 5 5 12 16 23 24 25 29 32 40 41 47 48 49
Foreword This European Standard has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 182 "Refrigerating systems, safety and environmental requirements", the secretariat of which is held by DIN .
This European Standard supersedes EN 378:1994. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by December 2000, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by December 2000. This European Standard has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU Directive(s). For relationship with EU Directive(s), see informative Annex ZA, which is an integral part of this standard. NOTE 1: It should be noted that this standard at the time of publication does not satisfy all essential safety requirements of the Directive 97/23/EC. NOTE 2: This European Standard had also been proposed for inclusion in the mandate under the EU Directive 89/392/EEC (Machinery Directive). As the mandate has been given after the Standard had been accepted by the Technical Committee for submission to formal vote and in order not to further delay its publication, it will be reviewed within the context of the latest version of the Machinery Directive directly after the publication. This EN 378-1:1999 is part of a standard consisting of a series of the following parts: Part 1 Basic requirements, requirements, definitions, classification classification and selection selection criteria Part 2 Design, construction, testing, marking and documentation Part 3 Installation Installat ion site and personal protection Part 4 Operation, maintenance, repair and recovery For the 6-month enquiry, the draft standard was issued in 13 parts. After the discussion of the comments received during the enquiry it was decided to rearrange the content of 12 parts and to publish the final standard in the above 4 parts. The remaining part 13 will be published as a separate standard.
Page 3 EN 378-1:2000 The annexes A, B, C, D, E, F, G and ZA of this European Standard are informative. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. Introduction This European Standard relates to safety and environmental requirements in the design, construction, manufacture, installation, operation, maintenance and disposal of refrigerating systems and appliances in respect to the local and global environments, but not to the final destruction of the refrigerants. The term "refrigerating system" used in this standard includes heat pumps. It is intended to minimize possible hazards to persons, property and the environment from refrigerating systems and refrigerants. These hazards are associated essentially with the physical and chemical characteristics of refrigerants as well as the pressures and temperatures occurring in refrigeration cycles. Inadequate precautions may result in: – rupture of a part or even an explosion, with risk from projected materials; – escape of refrigerant due to a fracture, a leakage caused by bad design, incorrect operation, and inadequate maintenance, repair, charging or disposal; – burning or explosion of escaping refrigerant with consequent risk of fire. Refrigerants, their mixtures and combinations with oils, water or other materials, which are present in the refrigerating system, intended or unintended, affect the internal surrounding materials chemically and physically for example due to pressure and temperature. They can, if they have detrimental properties, endanger persons, property and the environment directly or indirectly due to global longterm effects (ODP,GWP) when escaping from the refrigerating system. The specifications of such refrigerants, mixtures and combinations are given in other standards and are not included in this standard. Hazards due to the states of pressure and temperature in refrigerating systems are essentially due to the simultaneous presence of the liquid and vapour phases. Furthermore, the state of the refrigerant and the stresses that it exerts on the various components do not depend solely on the processes and functions inside the plant, but also from external causes. The following hazards are worthy of note: a) from the direct effect of low temperature, for example: – brittleness of materials at low temperatures; – freezing of enclosed liquid (water, brine or similar); – thermal stresses; – changes of volume due to temperature changes; – injurious effects to persons caused by low temperatures; b) from excessive pressure due to, for example: – increase in the pressure of condensation, caused by inadequate cooling or the partial pressure of noncondensable gases or an accumulation of oil or liquid refrigerant; – increase in the pressure of saturated vapour due to excessive external heating, for example of a liquid cooler, or when defrosting an air cooler or high ambient temperature when the plant is at a standstill; – expansion of liquid refrigerant in a closed space without the presence of vapour, caused by a rise in external temperature; – fire; c) from the direct effect of the liquid phase, for example:
Page 4 EN 378-1:2000 – excessive charge or flooding of equipment; – presence of liquid in compressors, caused by syphoning, or condensation in the compressor; – liquid hammer in piping; – loss of lubrication due to emulsification of oil; d) from the escape of refrigerants, for example: – fire; – explosion; – toxicity; – caustic effects; – freezing of skin; – asphyxiation; – panic; – depletion of the ozone layer; – global warming; e) from the moving parts of machinery, for example: – injuries; – hearing loss from excessive noise; – damage due to vibration. Attention is drawn to hazards common to all compression systems, such as excessive temperature at discharge, liquid slugging, erroneous operation or reduction in mechanical strength caused by corrosion, erosion, thermal stress, liquid hammer or vibration. Corrosion, however, should have special consideration as conditions peculiar to refrigerating systems arise due to alternate frosting and defrosting or the covering of equipment by insulation. The above analysis of the hazards applying to refrigerating systems explains the plan on which this European Standard has been based. 1 Scope 1.1 This European Standard specifies the requirements relating to safety of persons and property, but not goods
in storage, and the local and global environment for: a) stationary and mobile refrigerating systems of all sizes, including heat pumps; b) secondary cooling or heating systems; and c) the location of these refrigerating systems. 1.2 For refrigerating systems with a limited mass of refrigerant only some of the parts and clauses are applicable.
The exceptions are defined in the scope and the clauses of each Part of EN 378. 1.3 This European Standard is not applicable to refrigerating systems with air or water as refrigerant. 1.4 This European Standard covers the hazards mentioned in the introduction. 1.5 This European Standard is applicable to new refrigerating systems. The part dealing with maintenance, repair,
operation, recovery, reuse and disposal also applies to existing systems. Parties responsible for existing refrigerating systems should consider the safety and environmental aspects of this European Standard and implement the more stringent requirements so far as they are reasonably practicable.
Page 5 EN 378-1:2000 The extent to which hazards are covered is indicated in the introduction. In addition, machinery should comply as appropriate with EN 292-1 and EN 292-2 for hazards which are not covered by this standard. NOTE Directive 94/9/EC concerning equipment and protective systems intended for use in potentially potentiall y explosive atmospheres can be applicable to the type of machine or equipment covered by this European standard. The present standard is not intended to provide means of complying with the essential health and safety requirements of Directive 94/4/EC. 2 Normative references This European Standard incorporates, by dated or undated reference, provisions from other publications. These normative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text and the publications are listed hereafter. For dated references, subsequent amendments to or revisions of any of these publications apply to this European Standard only when incorporated in it by amendment or revision. For undated references, the latest edition of the publication referred to applies. EN 292-1 Safety of machinery – Basic concepts, general principles for design – Part 1: Basic terminology, methodology EN 292-2 Safety of machinery – Basic concepts, general prinicples pri nicples for design desi gn – Part 2: Technical principles and specifications EN 294 Safety of machinery – Safety distances to prevent danger zones being reached by the upper limbs 3 Definitions For the purposes of this European Standard the following definitions apply: NOTE: See informative annex A for equivalent terms in English, French and German. 3.1 Refrigerating systems 3.1.1 refrigerating system system [heat pump]: Combination
of interconnected refrigerant-containing parts constituting one closed refrigerant circuit in which the refrigerant is circulated for the purpose of extracting and rejecting heat (i.e. cooling, heating). 3.1.2 self-contained system: Complete factory-made factory-made refrigerating system in
a suitable frame and/or enclosure, that is fabricated and transported in one or more sections and in which no refrigerant containing parts are connected on site other than by companion or block valves.
3.1.3 unit system: Self-contained
system that has been assembled, filled ready for use and tested prior to its installation and is installed without need for connecting any refrigerant containing parts; a unit system can include factory assembled companion or block valves.
3.1.4 limited charge system: Refrigerating
system in which the internal volume and total refrigerant charge are such that, with the system idle, the allowable pressure will not be exceeded if complete evaporation of the refrigerant charge occurs. 3.1.5 absorption or adsorption adsorption system: system: Refrigerating
system in which refrigeration is effected by evaporation of a refrigerant, the vapour then being absorbed or adsorbed by an absorbent or adsorbent medium respectively, from which it is subsequently expelled at a higher partial vapour pressure by heating and then liquefied by cooling.
Page 6 EN 378-1:2000 3.1.6 secondary cooling or heating system: System
employing a fluid which transfers heat from the product or spaces to be cooled or heated or from another cooling or heating system to the refrigerating system. 3.1.7 closed system: Refrigerating
system in which all refrigerant-containing parts are made tight by flanges, screwed fittings or similar connections.
3.1.8 sealed system: Refrigerating
system in which all refrigerant containing parts are made tight by welding, brazing or a similar permanent connection. 3.1.9 high pressure side: Part
of a refrigerating system operating at approximately the condenser pressure.
3.1.10 low pressure side: Part
of a refrigerating system operating at approximately the evaporator pressure.
3.1.11 mobile system: Refrigerating
system which is normally in transit during operation.
NOTE: Mobile systems include the following: – refrigerating systems in vessels, e.g. refrigerated cargo systems in ships, refrigerating systems in fishing boats, air conditioning on board, refrigerating systems for provisions; – transport refrigerating systems, e.g. transport of refrigerated cargo by road, train and containers; – refrigerating systems for air conditioning in vehicles, e.g. cars, lorries, buses, excavators and cranes. 3.2 Occupancies, localities 3.2.1 special machinery room: Room or enclosure specially intended to contain, for reasons connected with safety
and environmental protection, components of the refrigerating system not accessible to the public but not including rooms or enclosures containing only evaporators, condensers or piping. 3.2.2 human occupied space: Complete
space which is occupied for a significant period by humans. Where the spaces around the apparent human occupied space are, by construction or design, not air tight, these are considered as part of the human occupied space, e.g. false ceiling voids, crawl ways, ducts, movable partitions and doors with transfer grilles. 3.2.3 air lock: Isolating
chamber provided with separate entrance and exit doors allowing passage from one place to another whilst isolating one from the other. 3.2.4 lobby: Entrance
3.2.5 hallway:
3.2.6 exit:
hall or large hallway serving as a waiting room.
Corridor for the passage of people.
Opening in the outer wall, with or without a door or gate.
3.2.7 exit passageway: Passageway
immediately in the vicinity of the door through which people leave the
building. 3.2.8 cold room:
temperature.
Room or cabinet, maintained by a refrigerating system at a temperature lower than ambient
Page 7 EN 378-1:2000 3.2.9 direct communication: Communication
where the partition wall between rooms contains an opening which can optionally be shut by a door, window or hatch. 3.2.10 open air: Any
unenclosed space, which may be roofed.
3.3 Pressures 3.3.1 gauge pressure: Pressure
for which the value is equal to the algebraic difference between the absolute pressure and atmospheric pressure [see EN 764]. NOTE: All pressures are gauge pressures, unless otherwise indicated. 3.3.2 maximum allowable pressure: Maximum pressure for which the equipment is designed, as specified by the
manufacturer.
NOTE 1: Limit to the operating pressure which should not be exceeded either when the system is working or not, see EN 764. NOTE 2: The Pressure Equipment Directive 97/23/EC identifies the maximum allowable pressure by the symbol "PS". 3.3.3 design pressure: Pressure
chosen for the derivation of the calculation pressure of each component, see
EN 764. NOTE: It is used for determining the necessary materials, thickness and construction for components with regard to their ability to withstand pressure. 3.3.4 strength test pressure: Pressure
that is applied to test the strength of a refrigerating system or any part of
3.3.5 leakage test pressure: Pressure
that is applied to test a system or any part of it for pressure tightness.
it.
3.3.6 maximum declared pressure: Pressure
declared by the manufacturer of the component or device to which it may be subjected without reducing its performance. 3.3.7 ultimate strength of a system: Pressure
at which a part of the system ruptures or bursts.
3.4 Components of refrigerating systems 3.4.1 refrigerating installation: Assembly of components of a refrigerating system and all the apparatus necessary
for its operation. 3.4.2 refrigerating equipment: Components forming a
part of the refrigerating system, e.g. compressor, condenser, generator, absorber, adsorber, liquid receiver, evaporator, surge drum. 3.4.3 compressor: Device
for mechanically increasing the pressure of a refrigerant vapour.
3.4.4 motorcompressor: Fixed
combination of electrical motor and compressor in one unit.
Page 8 EN 378-1:2000 3.4.4.1 hermetic motorcompressor: Combination
consisting of a compressor and electrical motor, both of which are enclosed in the same housing, with no external shaft or shaft seals, the electrical motor operating in a mixture of oil and refrigerant vapour. 3.4.4.2 semihermetic (accessible hermetic) motorcompressor: Combination
consisting of a compressor and electrical motor, both of which are enclosed in the same housing, having removable covers for access, but having no external shaft or shaft seals, the electrical motor operating in a mixture of oil and refrigerant vapour. 3.4.4.3 canned rotor motorcompressor: Motorcompressor
within a sealed housing not enclosing the motor
windings and having no external shaft. 3.4.5 open compressor: Compressor
having a drive shaft penetrating the refrigerant-tight housing.
3.4.6 positive displacement compressor: Compressor in which compression is obtained by changing the internal
volume of the compression chamber. 3.4.7 non-positive displacement compressor: Compressor
in which compression is obtained without changing
the internal volume of the compression chamber. 3.4.8 pressure vessel: Any
refrigerant-containing part of a refrigerating system other than:
– compressors; – pumps; – component parts of sealed absorption systems; – evaporators, each separate section of which does not exceed 15 l of refrigerant containing volume; – coils and grids; – piping and its valves, joints and fittings; – control devices; – headers and other components having an internal diameter of not greater than 152 mm and an internal net volume of not greater than 100 l. 3.4.9 condenser: Heat
exchanger in which vaporized refrigerant is liquified by removal of heat.
3.4.10 liquid receiver: Vessel
permanently connected to a system by inlet and outlet pipes for accumulation of
liquid refrigerant. 3.4.11 evaporator: Heat
exchanger in which liquid refrigerant is vaporized by absorbing heat from the substance
to be cooled. Part of the refrigerating system constructed from bent or straight pipes or tubes suitably connected and serving as a heat exchanger (evaporator or condenser). 3.4.12 coil:
3.4.13 grid: Part of the refrigerating system constructed from bent or straight pipes or tubes suitably connected and
serving as a heat exchanger (evaporator or condenser).
Page 9 EN 378-1:2000 3.4.14 compressor unit: Combination
of one or more compressors and the regularly furnished accessories.
3.4.15 condensing unit: Combination
of one or more compressors, condensers or liquid receivers (when required) and the regularly furnished accessories. 3.4.16 evaporating unit: Combination
of one or more compressors, evaporators, liquid receivers (when required) and the regularly furnished accessories. 3.4.17 surge drum: Vessels
containing refrigerant at low pressure and temperature and connected by liquid feed and vapour return pipes to (an) evaporator(s). 3.4.18 internal gross volume: Volume calculated from the internal dimensions of a vessel, no account being taken
of the volume of any internal parts. 3.4.19 internal net volume: Volume calculated from the internal dimensions of a vessel, after the subtraction of the
volume of the internal parts. 3.5 Piping, joints and fittings
Pipes or tubes (including any hose, bellows or flexible pipe) for interconnecting the various parts of a refrigerating system. 3.5.1 piping:
3.5.2 joint:
Connection made between two parts.
3.5.3 welded joint: Joint
obtained by the joining of metal parts in the plastic or molten state.
3.5.4 brazed joint: Joint
obtained by the joining of metal parts with alloys which melt at temperatures in general higher than 450 °C but less than the melting temperatures of the joined parts. 3.5.5 soldered joint: Joint
obtained by the joining of metal parts with metallic mixtures or alloys which melt at temperatures in general from 200 °C to 450 °C. 3.5.6 flanged joint: Joint
made by bolting together a pair of flanged ends.
3.5.7 flared joint: Metal-to-metal
3.5.8 screwed joint: Threaded
compression joint in which a conical spread is made on the end of the tube.
pipe joint not requiring any sealing material e.g. compression joint with deformable
metal ring. 3.5.9 taper pipe thread end: Threaded
3.5.10 header: Pipe
pipe joint requiring filler materials in order to block the spiral leakage path.
or tube component of a refrigerating system to which several other pipes or tubes are
connected. 3.5.11 shut-off device: Device
to shut off the flow of the fluid, e. g. refrigerant, brine.
Page 10 EN 378-1:2000 3.5.12 companion [block] valves: Pairs of mating stop valves, isolating sections of
systems and arranged so that these sections may be joined before opening these valves or separated after closing them. 3.5.13 quick closing valve: Shut-off
device which closes automatically (e.g. by weight, spring force, quick closing ball) or has a very small closing angle. 3.6 Safety accessories 3.6.1 pressure relief device: Pressure
relief valve or bursting disc device designed to relieve excessive pressure
automatically. 3.6.2 pressure relief valve: Pressure actuated valve held shut by a spring or other means and designed to relieve
excessive pressure automatically by starting to open at a pressure not exceeding the allowable pressure and reclosing after the pressure has fallen below the allowable pressure. 3.6.3 bursting disc: Disc
or foil which bursts at a predetermined differential pressure.
3.6.4 fusible plug: Device containing a material which melts at a predetermined temperature and thereby relieving
the pressure. 3.6.5 temperature limiting device: Temperature actuated device that is designed to prevent unsafe temperatures.
3.6.6 safety switching device for limiting the pressure: Pressure
actuated device that is designed to stop the
operation of the pressure generator. 3.6.6.1 pressure limiter: Device which automatically resets and is called PSH for high pressure protection and PSL
for low pressure protection. Device which is manually reset without the aid of a tool and is called PZH for high pressure protection and PZL for low pressure protection. 3.6.6.2 pressure cut out:
3.6.6.3 safety pressure cut out: Device
which is manually reset only with the aid of a tool and is called PZHH for high pressure protection and PZLL for low pressure protection. 3.6.7 type tested safety switching device for limiting the pressure: Device
which is type tested and designed to fail safe so that in the event of a defect or malfunction of the device the power supply will be interrupted. 3.6.8 changeover device: Valve
controlling two safety devices and so arranged that only one can be made
inoperative at any one time. 3.6.9 refrigerant detector: Sensing
device which responds to a pre-set quantity of refrigerant gas in the environ-
ment. 3.7 Fluids 3.7.1 refrigerant: Fluid
used for heat transfer in a refrigerating system, which absorbs heat at a low temperature and a low pressure and rejects heat at a higher temperature and a higher pressure usually involving changes of the state of the fluid.
Page 11 EN 378-1:2000 3.7.2 heat-transfer medium: Fluid
(e.g. brine, water, air) for the transmission of heat without any change in its
state. 3.7.3 toxicity: Ability
of a refrigerant to be harmful or lethal due to acute or chronic exposure by contact, inhalation
or ingestion. NOTE: Temporary discomfort that does not impair health is not considered to be harmful. 3.7.4 lower flammability limit: Minimum
concentration of refrigerant that is capable of propagating a flame within a homogeneous mixture of refrigerant and air. 3.7.5 fractionation: Change
in composition of a refrigerant mixture by e.g. evaporation of the more volatile component(s) or condensation of the less volatile component(s). 3.7.6 sudden major release:
Release and vapourization of the majority of the total refrigerant charge in a short
time, e.g. under 5 min. 3.7.7 short exposure time: Maximum
time that humans can be exposed to a major release of refrigerant e.g. no
more than 10 min. 3.7.8 outside air: Air
from outside the building.
3.7.9 halocarbon and hydrocarbon:
These are: CFC: Fully-halogenated (no hydrogen remaining) halocarbon containing chlorine, fluorine and carbon; HCFC: Halocarbon containing hydrogen, chlorine, fluorine and carbon; HFC: Halocarbon containing only hydrogen, fluorine and carbon; PFC: Halocarbon containing only fluorine and carbon; HC: Hydrocarbon containing only hydrogen and carbon. 3.7.10 recover: Removing
refrigerant in any condition from a system and store it in an external container.
3.7.11 recycle: Reducing contaminants in used refrigerants by separating oil, removing noncondensibles and using
devices such as filters, driers or filter-driers to reduce moisture, acidity and particulate matter. 3.7.12 reclaim:
Processing used refrigerants to new product specifications.
NOTE: Chemical analysis of the refrigerant determines that appropriate specifications are met. The identification of contaminants and required chemical analysis both are specified in national and international standards for new product specifications. 3.7.13 disposal: Conveying
a product to another party, usually for destruction.
Page 12 EN 378-1:2000 3.8 Miscellaneous 3.8.1 competence:
Ability to perform satisfactorily the activities within an occupation.
3.8.2 comfort air conditioning: Method
of air treatment designed to satisfy the comfort requirements of the
occupants. 3.8.3 self-contained breathing apparatus: Breathing
apparatus which has a portable supply of compressed air, independent of the ambient atmosphere, where exhaust air passes without recirculation to the ambient atmosphere. 3.8.4 vacuum procedure: Procedure
to check the gas tightness of an uncharged system by drawing a vacuum.
4 Basic requirements 4.1 General 4.1.1 Refrigerating systems
Refrigerating systems shall be designed, constructed, installed, operated, maintained and disposed of according to this European Standard. 4.1.2 Refrigerants
Where refrigerants of different groups are used in a refrigerating system the requirements of each individual group shall apply. 4.1.3 Discharge of refrigerants
Deliberate discharge of environmentally harmful refrigerants shall be avoided. 4.1.4 Selection of refrigerants
When selecting a refrigerant the potential influence on global warming and the depletion of ozone in the stratosphere shall be taken into account. NOTE 1: A way of assessing global warming is using the concept of total equivalent warming impact (TEWI) that combines the direct contribution of refrigerant emissions into the atmosphere with the indirect contribution of the carbon dioxide emissions resulting from the energy required to operate the refrigerating system over its operational life, also see informative annex B. NOTE 2: Emitted refrigerant can have global impact due to: – global warming potential (GWP); – ozone depletion potential (ODP). 4.2 Design, construction, materials 4.2.1 Components under pressure
All parts of the refrigerant circuit shall be designed and manufactured to remain leakproof and withstand the pressure which may occur during operation, standstill and transportation taking into account the thermal, physical and chemical stresses to be expected.
Page 13 EN 378-1:2000 4.2.2 Protection against excessive pressure
In refrigerating systems the pressure during normal operation, standstill and transportation shall not exceed the maximum allowable pressure of any component. Excessive internal pressure from foreseeable causes shall be prevented or relieved with minimum practicable risk for persons, property and the environment, and if a pressure relief device is discharging, the pressure on any component shall not exceed the allowable pressure by more than 10 %. 4.2.3 Indicating and measuring instruments (monitoring)
Refrigerating systems shall be equipped with the indicating and measuring instruments necessary for testing, operating and servicing as specified in this European standard. 4.2.4 Safeguarding against unauthorized actuation
Control and safety devices which should not be operated by unauthorized persons shall be safeguarded against deliberate or accidental actuation. 4.2.5 Refrigerant charge
Refrigerating systems shall be designed with due care for their local and global environment in such a way that each refrigerant charge is kept as small as reasonably practicable in a system which is as tight as reasonably practicable. 4.2.6 Loss of refrigerant
Refrigerating systems shall be so equipped with devices necessary for testing, servicing, maintenance and recovery of refrigerant and so constructed that even in the case of fire or leakage the loss or refrigerant is minimized. 4.2.7 Liquid slugging in compressors
Refrigerating systems shall be so designed and installed that liquid refrigerant or oil cannot return in excessive quantity to damage the compressor(s). 4.2.8 Liquid hammer in systems
Piping in refrigerating systems shall be so designed and installed that liquid hammer (hydraulic shock) cannot damage the system. 4.2.9 Moving parts of machinery
Moving parts of machinery shall be guarded according to EN 292-1, EN 292-2 and EN 294. 4.2.10 Noise
Compressors, fans, valves, equipment and ducts of refrigerating systems shall be so designed and constructed that risks resulting from the emission of airborne noise are reduced to the lowest practical level taking account of technical progress and the availability of means of reducing noise in particular at source.
Page 14 EN 378-1:2000 4.2.11 Vibration
Compressors, fans, valves, equipment and ducts of refrigerating systems shall be so designed and constructed that risks resulting from vibration produced by the parts of the system are reduced to the lowest practical level taking account of technical progress and the availability of means of reducing vibration in particular at source. 4.2.12 Contact with foodstuffs
Parts of refrigerating systems which are in contact or are intended to come into contact with foodstuffs (food or beverages) shall be designed and constructed from suitable materials, the surfaces of which can be cleaned before each use. 4.2.13 Energy consumption
Refrigerating systems shall be so designed and constructed that under the foreseeable operating conditions the energy consumption is kept as low as reasonably practicable. 4.3 Installation, commissioning 4.3.1 Installation in relation to occupancies
Refrigerants and refrigerating systems shall be selected, installed and utilized with regard to the categories of occupancy and operated so that persons are not endangered. If national regulations do not exist, informative annex C should be used. 4.3.2 Special machinery rooms
In some cases special machinery rooms shall be provided for accommodating parts of refrigerating systems, especially those of the high pressure side, and the compressors, for reasons of safety. NOTE: Housings kept tight and vented may also serve as special machinery rooms. 4.3.3 Cold rooms
Cold rooms shall be equipped or so constructed that trapped persons can escape. If national regulations do not exist, informative annex D should be used. 4.3.4 Discharge of refrigerant
Discharge of refrigerant into the atmosphere shall be minimized. Discharges of refrigerant that cannot be avoided shall take place so that persons are not endangered. 4.3.5 Protection devices, piping and fittings
Protection devices, piping and fittings shall be protected as far as possible against adverse climatic effects and the accumulation of dirt or debris. 4.3.6 Electrical installation
The design, construction, installation, testing and use of electrical equipment shall be in accordance with the appropriate European standards, e.g. EN 60204-1, EN 60335-1, prEN 60335-2-24:1997, EN 60335-2-34, EN 60335-2-40.
Page 15 EN 378-1:2000 4.3.7 Flammable refrigerants
Rooms which contain any part of a refrigerating system with a flammable refrigerant, except ammonia or up to a limited quantity of another flammable refrigerant, shall comply with the requirements for a "potentially explosive atmosphere". 4.3.8 Fire extinguishing equipment
Fire extinguishing equipment shall be readily available and appropriate, in particular, to the size of the refrigerating system, the refrigerant, the heat-transfer medium, the insulation and the conditions of the site. 4.4 Testing, marking 4.4.1 Tests (in respect to safety and environmental protection)
Before putting into service any refrigerating system, all the components or the whole refrigerating system shall undergo the following tests: 4.4.1.1
a) strength pressure test; b) leakage test; c) functional test of safety devices; d) test of the complete installation before putting it into operation. 4.4.1.2
Relevant safety accessories shall be tested regularly.
4.4.1.3
The results of the tests shall be recorded.
4.4.2 Marking
Every refrigerating system and its main components shall be identifiable by marking. This marking shall always be visible. 4.4.2.1
4.4.2.2
Shut-off devices and main control devices shall be suitably marked if it is not obvious what they control.
4.5 Operation, maintenance, repair, personal protective equipment 4.5.1 Operational instructions
For refrigerating systems operational instructions shall be prepared giving directions for the operation and servicing of the system, including precautions to be observed in case of breakdown or leakage. 4.5.1.1
The manufacturer or installer shall supply instruction manuals or leaflets and shall also provide safety instructions written in one of the languages of the country in which the refrigerating system is to be used. 4.5.1.2
For refrigerating systems which are used for transport purposes in several countries, such instructions shall be in an appropriate official language and may be repeated in one or more other languages.
Page 16 EN 378-1:2000 4.5.2 Maintenance, repair 4.5.2.1
Refrigerating systems shall be maintained and repaired only by competent persons (see 4.6).
Personnel in charge shall have knowledge and experience of the mode of functioning, use and day to day monitoring of the whole refrigerating system. 4.5.2.2
4.5.3 Personal protective equipment
Personal protective equipment appropriate to the quantity and type of refrigerant shall be readily available. 4.6 Competence 4.6.1 Training and knowledge
Persons, who are responsible for design, construction, installation, inspection, testing, operation, maintenance, repair, disposal and assessment of refrigerating systems and their parts shall have the necessary training and knowledge for their task to achieve competence. 4.6.2 Competence in different tasks
Competence in each task shall be required for health, safety, environmental protection and energy conservation purposes. 4.7 Recovery, reuse, disposal
All parts of refrigerating systems, e.g. refrigerant, oil, heat-transfer medium, filter, drier, insulating material, shall be recovered, reused and/or disposed of properly in connection with maintenance, repair and scrapping. 5 Classification 5.1 General 5.1.1 Refrigerating systems
Refrigerating systems are classified as shown in table 1 according to the method of extracting heat from (cooling) or adding heat to (heating) the atmosphere or substance to be treated. 5.1.2 Occupancies
Occupancies are classified in respect to the safety of the persons, who may be directly affected in case of abnormal operation of the refrigerating system. 5.1.3 Refrigerants
Refrigerants are classified into groups according to their influence on health and safety.
Table 1: Types of cooling and heating systems
Subclause 5.2.1
Denomination Direct System
Notes
Cooling systems Substance to be cooled
Refrigerating system
Heat pump
Evaporator in direct communication with the substance to be cooled.
Indirect Open System
Condensor
Evaporator cools a heat-transfer medium which is brought into direct communication with the substance to be cooled.
Condenser heats a heat-transfer medium which is brought into direct communication with the substance to be heated. Evaporator
5.2.2.3
Indirect Vented Open System
Similar to 5.2.2.2 but with open or vented tank.
vented
Indirect Closed System
Evaporator cools a heat-transfer medium which passes through a closed circuit in direct communication with the substance to be cooled.
Condensor vented
Evaporator 5.2.2.4
Notes Condenser in direct communication with the substance to be heated.
Evaporator 5.2.2.2
Heating systems Substance to be heated
Evaporator
Liquid expansion (continued)
Similar to 5.2.2.2 but with open or vented tank.
Condensor Condensor
Liquid expansion
Condenser heats a heat-transfer medium which passes through a closed circuit in direct communication with the substance to be heated.
Table 1:
Subclause 5.2.2.5
Denomination Indirect Vented Closed System
Notes
Cooling systems Substance to be cooled
(concluded)
Refrigerating system
Similar to 5.2.2.4 but with open or vented tank.
Double Indirect System
A combination of 5.2.2.2 and 5.2.2.4 where cooled heattransfer medium passes through second heat exchanger.
Pipework containing refrigerant Pipework containing heat-transfer medium - - - - - - - -
Notes Similar to 5.2.2.4 but with open or vented tank.
Evaporator 5.2.2.6
Heat pump
Heating systems Substance to be heated
Evaporator
Condensor
Condensor
A combination of 5.2.2.2 and 5.2.2.4 where heated heattransfer medium passes through second heat exchanger.
Page 19 EN 378-1:2000 5.2 Classification of refrigerating systems 5.2.1 Direct system
The evaporator or condenser of the refrigerating system is in direct communication with the substance to be cooled or heated. 5.2.2 Indirect systems 5.2.2.1
General
The evaporator or condenser of the refrigerating system, located externally to the space where the heat is extracted from or delivered to the substance to be treated, cools or heats a heat-transfer medium which is circulated to cool or heat the substance. 5.2.2.2
Indirect open system
The evaporator cools or the condenser heats the heat-transfer medium which is brought into direct communication with the substance to be treated e.g. by sprays or similar means. 5.2.2.3
Indirect vented open system
This system is similar to that of 5.2.2.2 except that the evaporator or condenser is placed in an open or vented tank. 5.2.2.4
Indirect closed system
The evaporator cools or the condenser heats the heat-transfer medium which passes through a closed circuit in direct communication with the substance to be treated. 5.2.2.5
Indirect vented closed system
This system is similar to that of 5.2.2.4 except that the evaporator or condenser is placed in an open or vented tank. 5.2.2.6
Double indirect system
This system is similar to that of 5.2.2.2 except that the heat-transfer medium passes through a second heat exchanger located externally to the space as described in 5.2.2.4 and cools or heats a second heat-transfer medium fluid which is brought into direct communication with the substance to be treated e.g. by sprays or similar means. 5.3 Classification of occupancies 5.3.1 General
Considerations of safety in refrigerating systems take into account the site, the number of people occupying the site and the categories of occupancy. The occupancies are classified into three categories, given in table 2, which refer to all those areas where an installation would affect safety.
Page 20 EN 378-1:2000 Table 2: Categories of occupancy
Categories
Rooms, parts of buildings, bulding where – people may sleep; A
Examples1)
General characteristics
Hospitals, courts or prisons, theatres, supermarkets, schools, lecture halls, public transport termini, hotels, dwellings, restaurants.
– people are restricted in their movement; – an uncontrolled number of people are present or to which any person has access without being personally acquainted with the necessary safety precautions.
B
Rooms, parts of buildings, buildings where only a limited number of people may be assembled, some being necessarily acquainted with the general safety precautions of the establishment.
Business or professional offices, laboratories, places for general manufacturing and where people work.
C
Rooms, parts of buildings, buildings where only authorized persons have access, who are acquainted with general and special safety precautions of the establishment and where manufacturing, processing or storage of material or products take place.
Manufacturing facilities, e.g. for chemicals, food, beverage, ice, ice-cream, refineries, cold stores, dairies, abattoirs, non-public areas in supermarkets.
1
) The list of examples is not exhaustive.
5.3.2 More than one category of occupancy
Where there is the possibility of more than one category of occupancy, the more stringent requirements apply. If occupancies are isolated, e.g. by sealed partitions, floors and ceilings, in which case the requirements of the individual category of occupancy apply. NOTE: Attention is drawn to the safety of adjacent premises and occupants in areas adjacent to a refrigerating system. Refrigerants heavier than air can cause oxygen deficient pockets at low level (see molar mass in the informative annex E). 5.4 Classification of refrigerants 5.4.1 General
Refrigerants are classified into groups according to their influence on health and safety. NOTE: The classification of some refrigerants is listed in the informative annex E. The classification of refrigerants as defined in Directive 97/23/EC is listed in the European standard on "Pressure equipment for refrigerating systems and heat pumps – Part 1: Vessels – General requirements" which is in preparation, see informative annex G. 5.4.2 Health and safety classification
Refrigerants are classified according to their flammability and toxicity.
Page 21 EN 378-1:2000 5.4.2.1
Flammability classification
Refrigerants shall be assigned to one of the three groups 1, 2 and 3 based on the lower flammability limit at atmospheric pressure and room temperature: – group 1: Refrigerants which are not flammable in vapour form at any concentration in air; – group 2: Refrigerants whose lower flammability limit is equal to or greater than 3,5 % V/V when they form a mixture with air; – group 3: Refrigerants whose lower flammability limit is less than 3,5 % V/V when they form a mixture with air. NOTE: The lower flammability limits are determined in accordance with an appropriate standard e.g. ANSI/ASTM E 681. 5.4.2.2
Toxicity classification
Refrigerants shall be assigned to one of the two groups A and B based on toxicity: – group A: Refrigerants with a time weighted average concentration not having an adverse effect on nearly all workers who may be exposed to it day after day for a normal 8-hour workday and a 40-hour workweek whose value is equal to or above 400 ml/m3 (400 ppm (V/V)); – group B: Refrigerants with a time weighted average concentration not having an adverse effect on nearly all workers who may be exposed to it day after day for a normal 8-hour workday and a 40-hour workweek whose value is below 400 ml/m3 (400 ppm (V/V)). NOTE: Toxic decomposition products may result from contact with flames or hot surfaces under certain conditions. Major decomposition products of group L1 (A1) refrigerants, with the exception of carbon dioxide, are hydrochloric acid and hydrofluoric acid. Although toxic, they provide an automatic and definite warning by their exceedingly irritant smell even at low concentrations.
Page 22 EN 378-1:2000 5.4.2.3
Safety groups
Refrigerants are assigned to safety groups as shown in table 3. Table 3: Safety groups as determined by flammability and toxicity
Safety group Higher flammability
A3
B3
Lower flammability
A2
B2
No flame propagation
A1
B1
Lower toxicity
Higher toxicity →
Increasing toxicity For the purpose of this standard a simplified grouping is made as follows: L1 = A1; L2 = A2, B1, B2; L3 = A3, B3. The refrigerant shall be classified in that group requiring the more stringent precautions where there is doubt under which group a refrigerant is to be classified. 5.4.2.4
Health and safety classification of refrigerant mixtures (blends)
Refrigerant mixtures, whose flammability and/or toxicity characteristics may change as the composition changes during fractionation, shall be assigned a dual safety group classification separated by a slash (/). The first classification listed shall be the classification of the formulated composition of the mixture. The second classification listed shall be the classification of the mixture composition at the "worst case of fractionation". Each characteristic shall be considered independently. Each of the two classifications shall be determined according to the same criteria as a single-component refrigerant. For toxicity, "worst case of fractionation" shall be defined as the composition that results in the highest concentration of the component(s) in the vapour or liquid phase. The toxicity of a specific mixture composition shall be determined on the basis of the single components. NOTE 1: Since fractionation can occur as the result of a refrigerating system leak, the composition of the mixture remaining in the refrigerating system and the composition of the mixture leaking from the refrigerating system should be considered when determining the "worst case of fractionation". The "worst case of fractionation" can be either the formulated composition or a composition that occurs during fractionation. NOTE 2: The "worst case of fractionation" for toxicity might not be the same as the "worst case of fractionation" for flammability. 5.4.2.5
Practical limits
Practical limits shall be as required by national regulations. If national regulations do not exist, informative annex E should be used.
Page 23 EN 378-1:2000 6 Selection of refrigerants 6.1 Refrigerants shall be selected with due regard to their potential influence on the global environment as well as
their possible effects on the local environment and their suitability as refrigerants for the particular system, see informative annex F. The influence of a refrigerant on the global environment is a function of the application and the leak tightness of the system, the type of system, the refrigerant charge, the handling of the refrigerant and the potential of the refrigerant to create or add to hazards to the environment. 6.2 Refrigerants shall be selected with as low an ODP as is reasonably practicable. Refrigerants shall be selected
such that their possible impact on health and safety (toxicity/flammability) are minimized. NOTE: For refrigerants ODP values are determined according to their global environmental influence in respect to their ozone depletion potential which are indicated in the informative annex E. The ODP values are relative to R11. 6.3 Refrigerants shall be selected with as low a GWP as is reasonably practicable whilst at the same time giving
a good energy efficiency. NOTE: For refrigerants GWP values are determined according to their global environmental influence in respect to their global warming potential which are indicated in the informative annex E. The GWP values are relative to carbon dioxide (CO2) and to a time horizon of 100 years. 6.4 Refrigerants shall be selected which give good energy efficiency for the system. 6.5 If it is necessary to use refrigerants with an ODP or a GWP greater than zero (0), the charge shall be
minimized. 6.6 If global warming is the only environmental effect, energy efficiency shall be given preference over low charge,
if both requirements cannot be fulfilled simultaneously. NOTE 1: Be aware that low charges could affect the energy efficiency thus contributing indirectly to the global warming. NOTE 2: Indirect systems reduce the charge of refrigerants and should provide a more leakresistent system, however, the energy efficiency may be lower than with direct systems. 6.7 The system shall be designed and installed to remain leakproof (as tight as possible).
Particular attention shall be paid to the following factors affecting the tightness of the system: – type of compressor; – type of joints; – type of valves. NOTE 1: Where it is technically possible a hermetic compressor should be chosen. NOTE 2: Welding and brazing are preferred to flanged, screwed or other similar joints. NOTE 3: Capped valves are preferred. NOTE 4: Factory-made systems are usually more tight than site erected systems.
Page 24 EN 378-1:2000 6.8 Refrigerants shall be selected with due regard to the ease of their subsequent reuse or disposal.
7 Selection of cooling or heating systems 7.1 General
If a cooling or heating system is to be installed, the refrigerant and the type of refrigerating system shall be selected and applied with regard to the category of occupancy specified in table 2. When refrigerating systems are to be installed in locations adjacent to occupancies categorised in table 2 due regard shall also be paid to the safety of the adjacent locations and their occupants. For each category of occupancy, certain systems and certain locations of refrigerating equipment and piping in combination with certain refrigerants shall be either prohibited or subjected to restriction or permitted without restriction of refrigerant charge. 7.2 Location of cooling or heating systems
The location of cooling or heating systems shall be as required by national regulations. If national regulations do not exist, informative annex C should be used. 7.3 Skating rinks 7.3.1 General
Halocarbon refrigerants with an ODP greater than 0 shall not be used for direct systems in skating rinks, see informative annex E. 7.3.2 Indoor skating rinks
Indoor skating rinks shall comply with 5.3.1 where an adequate, reinforced, tightly sealed concrete floor separates the refrigerating system from the public area. If direct systems with group L2 refrigerant are used, refrigerant receivers shall be provided which can hold the total refrigerant charge. In all cases there shall be adequate means of escape in an emergency. 7.3.3 Outdoor skating rinks and installations for similar sporting activities
Outdoor skating rinks shall comply with 5.3.2. All refrigerating equipment, piping and fittings shall be fully protected against unauthorized interference and so arranged that they are accessible for inspection. There shall be adequate means of escape in an emergency. Refrigerant receivers shall be provided as in 7.3.2.
Page 25 EN 378-1:2000 Annex A (informative) Equivalent terms in English, French and German
Index of the terms defined in the standard
Répertoire des termes définis dans la norme
Verzeichnis der in der Norm definierten Benennungen
Clause number
absorption or adsorption system
système à absorption ou à adsorption
Absorptions- oder Adsorptionsanlage
3.1.5
accessible hermetic [semihermetic] motor compressor
motocompresseur hermétique accessible
Halbhermetischer Motorverdichter
3.4.4.2
air lock
sas
Luftschleuse
3.2.3
block [companion] valves
robinets-vannes [ou contrerobinets] de sectionnement
Trenn-[Verbindungs-]armaturen
3.5.12
brazed joint
joint brasé fort
Hartlötverbindung
3.5.4
bursting disc
disque de rupture
Berstscheibe
3.6.3
canned rotor motorcompressor
motocompresseur à rotor chemisé
Spaltrohr-Motorverdichter
3.4.4.3
changeover device
inverseur
Wechselventil
3.6.8
closed system
système fermé
Geschlossene Anlage
3.1.7
coil
serpentin
Rohrschlange
3.4.12
cold room
enceinte réfrigérée
Kühlraum
3.2.8
comfort air conditioning
conditionnement de l'air de confort
Behaglichkeitsluftkonditionierung
3.8.2
companion [block] valves
contre-robinets [ou robinetsvannes] de sectionnement
Verbindungs-[Trenn-]armatur
3.5.12
competence
compétence
Sachkunde
3.8.1
compressor
compresseur
Verdichter
3.4.3
compressor unit
groupe compresseur
Verdichtersatz
3.4.14
condenser
condenseur
Verflüssiger
3.4.9
condensing unit
groupe de condensation
Verflüssigungssatz
3.4.15
design pressure
pression de conception
Konstruktionsdruck
3.3.3
direct communication
communication directe
Direkte Verbindung
3.2.9
disposal
mise au rebut
Entsorgung
3.7.13
evaporating unit
groupe évaporateur
Verdampfersatz
3.4.16
evaporator
évaporateur
Verdampfer
3.4.11
exit
sortie
Ausgang
3.2.6
exit passageway
passage de sortie
Ausgangskorridor
3.2.7
flanged joint
joint à bride
Flanschverbindung
3.5.6
flared joint
joint évasé
Bördelverbindung
3.5.7
fractionation
fractionnement
Fraktionierung
3.7.5
Page 26 EN 378-1:2000 Index of the terms defined in the standard
Répertoire des termes définis dans la norme
Verzeichnis der in der Norm definierten Benennungen
Clause number
fusible plug
bouchon fusible
Schmelzpropfen
3.6.4
gauge pressure
pression effective
Überdruck
3.3.1
grid
batterie
Rohrregister
3.4.13
hallway
corridor
Durchgang
3.2.5
halocarbon/hydrocarbon
halocarbure/hydrocarbure
Halogenkohlenwasserstoff/ Kohlenwasserstoff
3.7.9
header
collecteur
Sammel- und Verteilstück
3.5.10
heat pump [refrigerating system]
pompe à chaleur [système de réfrigération]
Wärmepumpe [Kälteanlage]
3.1.1
heat-transfer medium
fluide caloporteur
Wärmeträger
3.7.2
hermetic motorcompressor
motocompresseur hermétique
Hermetischer Motorverdichter
3.4.4.1
high pressure side
côté haute pression
Hochdruckseite
3.1.9
human occupied space
espace occupé par des personnes
Personen-Aufenthaltsbereich
3.2.2
hydrocarbon/halocarbon
hydrocarbure/halocarbure
Kohlenwasserstoff/Halogenkohlenwasserstoff
3.7.9
internal gross volume
volume interne brut
Bruttoinhalt
3.4.18
internal net volume
volume interne net
Nettoinhalt
3.4.19
joint
joint
Verbindung
3.5.2
leakage test pressure
pression de l'essai de fuite
Dichtheits-Prüfdruck
3.3.5
limited charge system
système à charge limitée
Anlage mit begrenzter Füllmenge
3.1.4
liquid receiver
réservoir de liquide
Flüssigkeitssammler
3.4.10
lobby
hall d'entrée
Vorhalle
3.2.4
low pressure side
côté basse pression
Niederdruckseite
3.1.10
lower flammability limit
limite inférieure d'inflammabilité
Untere Explosionsgrenze
3.7.4
maximun allowable pressure
pression maximale admissible
Maximal zulässiger Druck
3.3.2
maximum declared pressure
pression maximale déclarée
Höchster angegebener Druck
3.3.6
mobile system
système mobile
Ortsveränderliche Anlage; Kälteanlage
3.1.11
motorcompressor
motocompresseur
Motorverdichter
3.4.4
non-positive displacement compressor
compresseur non volumétrique
Strömungsverdichter
3.4.7
open air
air libre
Im Freien
3.2.10
open compressor
compresseur ouvert
Offener Verdichter
3.4.5
outside air
air extérieur
Außenluft
3.7.8
piping
tuyauterie
Rohrleitung
3.5.1
Page 27 EN 378-1:2000 Index of the terms defined in the standard
Répertoire des termes définis dans la norme
Verzeichnis der in der Norm definierten Benennungen
Clause number
positive displacement compressor
compresseur volumétrique
Verdrängerverdichter
3.4.6
pressure cut out
pressostat à réenclenchement manuel sans outil
Druckbegrenzer
3.6.6.2
pressure limiter
limiteur de pression
Druckwächter
3.6.6.1
pressure relief device
dispositif de surpression
Druckentlastungseinrichtung
3.6.1
pressure relief valve
soupape de sécurité
Druckentlastungsventil
3.6.2
pressure vessel
réservoir à pression
Druckbehälter
3.4.8
quick closing valve
robinet à fermeture rapide
Schnellschlußventil
3.5.13
reclaim
régénération
Wiederaufbereitung
3.7.12
recover
récupération
Rückgewinnung
3.7.10
recycle
recyclage
Recycling
3.7.11
refrigerant
fluide frigorigène
Kältemittel
3.7.1
refrigerant detector
détecteur de fluide frigorigène
Kältemitteldetektor
3.6.9
refrigerating equipment
composants frigorifiques
Kältetechnische Komponenten
3.4.2
refrigerating installation
installation de réfrigération
Kältetechnische Einrichtung
3.4.1
refrigerating system [heat pump]
système de réfrigération [pompe à chaleur]
Kälteanlage [Wärmepumpe]
3.1.1
safety pressure cut out
pressostat de sécurité
Sicherheitsdruckbegrenzer
3.6.6.3
safety switching device for limiting the pressure
dispositif de sécurité de limitation de la pression
Sicherheitsschalteinrichtung zur Druckbegrenzung
3.6.6
screwed joint
joint vissé
Schraubverbindung
3.5.8
sealed system
système scellé
Dauerhaft geschlossene Anlage
3.1.8
secondary cooling or heating system
système secondaire de refroidissement ou de chauffage
Indirektes Kühl- oder Heizsystem
3.1.6
self-contained breathing apparatus
appareil respiratoire
Unabhängiges Atemschutzgerät (Isoliergerät)
3.8.3
self-contained system
système autonome
Kältesatz
3.1.2
semihermetic [accessible hermetic] motorcompressor
motocompresseur hermétique accessible
Halbhermetischer Motorverdichter
3.4.4.2
short exposure time
temps d'exposition maximal
Kurzzeitexposition
3.7.7
shut-off device
dispositif d'arrêt
Absperreinrichtung
3.5.11
soldered joint
joint brasé tendre
Weichlötverbindung
3.5.5
special machinery room
salle des machines spéciale
Besonderer Maschinenraum
3.2.1
Page 28 EN 378-1:2000 Index of the terms defined in the standard
Répertoire des termes définis dans la norme
Verzeichnis der in der Norm definierten Benennungen
Clause number
strength test pressure
pression de l'essai de résistance
Festigkeits-Prüfdruck
3.3.4
sudden major release
émission majeure soudaine
Plötzliche größere Freisetzung
3.7.6
surge drum
réservoir-tampon
Abscheider
3.4.17
taper pipe thread end
joint fileté conique
Rohrende mit konischem Gewinde
3.5.9
temperature limiting device
dispositif de limitation de la température
Temperaturbegrenzungseinrichtung
3.6.5
toxicity
toxicité
Giftigkeit
3.7.3
type tested safety switching device for limiting the pressure
dispositif de sécurité de limitation de pression ayant subi un essai de type
Baumustergeprüfte Sicherheitsgehalteinrichtung zur Druckbegrenzung
3.6.7
ultimate strength of a system
résistance ultime d'un système
Bruchfestigkeit einer Anlage
3.3.7
unit system
système monobloc
Betriebsfertiger Kältesatz
3.1.3
vacuum procedure
tirage au vide
Vakuumverfahren
3.8.4
welded joint
joint soudé
Schweißverbindung
3.5.3
Page 29 EN 378-1:2000 Annex B (informative) Total equivalent warming impact (TEWI)
The total equivalent warming impact (TEWI) is a way of assessing global warming by combining the direct contribution of refrigerant emissions into the atmosphere with the indireat contribution of the carbon dioxide emissions resulting from the energy required to operate the refrigerating system over its operational life. TEWI is designed to calculate the total global warming contribution of the refrigeration process in use. It measures both the direct global warming effect of the refrigerant, if emitted, and the indirect contribution of the energy required to power the unit over its normal operational life. It is only valid for comparing alternative systems or refrigerant options for one application in one location. For a given system TEWI includes: – the direct global warming effect under certain conditions of refrigerant loss; – the direct global warming effect of greenhouse gases emitted from insulation or other components, if applicable; – the indirect global warming effect from the CO2 emitted during generation of the power to run the system.
Figure B.1: Refrigerating system
It is possible to identify the most effective means to reduce the actual global warming impact of a refrigerating system by using TEWI. The main options are: – design/selection of the most suitable refrigerating system – and refrigerant – to meet the demand of a specific cooling application; – optimisation of the system for best energy efficiency (the best combination and arrangement of components and system use to reduce energy consumption); – proper maintenance to sustain optimum energy performance and to avoid refrigerant leaks (e.g. all systems will be further improved with correct maintenance and operation); – recovery and recyling/reclaim of used refrigerant; – recovery and recyling/reclaim of used insulation. NOTE: Energy efficiency is therefore a far more significant target for reducing global warming from refrigeration. In many cases, a very efficient refrigerating system with a refrigerant which has a global warming potential may be better for the environment than an inefficient refrigerating system with a low GWP-refrigerant which increases energy consumption. All the more so if emissions are minimised: no leaks mean no direct global warming.
Page 30 EN 378-1:2000 TEWI is calculated relative to a particular refrigerating system and not only to the refrigerant itself. It varies from one system to another and depends on assumptions made relative to important factors like operating time, service life, conversion factor and efficiency. For a given system or application, the most effective use of TEWI is made by determining the relative importance of the direct and indirect effects. For instance, where the refrigerating system is only an element of a larger system, such as in a secondary circuit/system (e.g. central station air conditioning) then the total energy consumption in use (including the standing and distribution losses of the air conditioning system) has to be taken into account in arriving at a satisfactory comparison of the total equivalent warming impact. The TEWI factor can be calculated by the following formula where the various areas of impact are correspondingly separated. TEWI = [GWP× L×n]+[GWP×m(1 αrecovery)]+[n× E annual×β] GWP× L×n = impact of leakage losses direct GWP GWP×m(1 αrecovery) = impact of recovery losses ×
n E annual
×β = impact of energy consumption
indirect GWP
where: TEWI is the total equivalent warming impact, in kilogrammes of CO2; GWP is the global warming potential, CO2-related; L
is the leakage, in kilogrammes per year;
n
is the system operating time, in years;
m
is the refrigerant charge, in kilogrammes;
αrecovery is the recovery/recycling factor, 0 to 1; E annual
is the energy consumption, in kilowatt-hour per year;
β
is the CO2-emission, in kilogrammes per kilowatt-hour.
NOTE 1: This global warming potential is rated in comparison to CO 2 and it is based on an agreed time horizon of 100 years. GWP-values for different refrigerants, see informative annex E. NOTE 2: The conversion factor β gives the quantity of CO2 produced by the generation of 1 kWh. When greenhouse gases may be emitted by insulation or other components the global warming potential of such gases is to be added: GWPi ×mi(1 – αi) where GWPi
is the global warming potential of gas in the insulation, CO 2-related;
mi
is the gas charge in the insulation system, in kilogrammes;
αi
is the rate of gas recovered from the insulation at the end of life, from 0 to 1;
Page 31 EN 378-1:2000 Important When calculating TEWI it is very important to update GWP CO2-related and CO2-emission per kilowatt – hour from the latest figures. Many of the assumptions and factors in this calculation method are usually specific to an application in a particular location. Comparisons (of results from) between different applications or different locations are therefore unlikely to have much validity. This calculation is of particular importance at the design stage or when a retrofit decision is to be made. EXAMPLE: Comparison of two different refrigerant charges in a medium temperature system with HR 134-a having a capacity of 13,5 kW and operating with an evaporating temperature of 10 °C and a condensing temperature of +40 °C. The leakage is assumed to be 8 % of the charge per year. The other characteristics are as follows: m
10 kg or 25kg
αrecovery 0,75
L
0,8 kg/year or 2,0 kg/year
n
E annual
5 kW×5 000 h/year
β
0,6 kg CO2 /kWh
15 years
GWP 1 300 (CO2 = 1) [time horizon 100 years]
Figure B.2: Comparison of two TEWI figures (Example)
Page 32 EN 378-1:2000 Annex C (informative) Location of refrigerating systems
C.1 General There are three types of location for refrigerating systems. The appropriate location shall be selected in accordance with this European Standard which takes account of possible hazards. The three types of location are: a) a refrigerating system located in a human occupied space which is not a special machinery room; b) a refrigerating system with the high pressure side (except air cooled condensers) located in a special machinery room (see EN 378-3) or in the open air; c) a refrigerating system with all refrigerant containing parts located in a special machinery room (see EN 378-3) or in the open air. NOTE 1: Some heat pumps/air conditioners operate for either heating and cooling by reversing the flow from the compressor to the heat exchangers by means of a special reversing valve. In these cases the high and low pressure sides of the system can change depending on the mode of the unit. Refrigerating systems or parts of systems shall not be installed in or on stairways, landings, entrances or exits used by the public, if free passage is thereby limited. NOTE 2: Table C.1 shows whether combinations are permitted or not. Combinations which are permitted but subject to restrictions are indicated by the number(s) of the clause(s) or subclause(s) specifying the restriction of refrigerant charge. The maximum charge of refrigerant in the refrigerating system shall comply with the requirements in C.2 (see also table C.1). C.2 Maximum charge of refrigerant C.2.1 Group L1 refrigerants C.2.1.1 General
The practical limits for group L1 refrigerants (see informative annex E) are based on the effect of a sudden major release of refrigerant with short exposure time. They do not refer to safe limits for regular day to day exposure. Such limits are given in tables of occupational exposure limits. C.2.1.2 Occupancy category A
A refrigerating system located in a human occupied space which is not a special machinery room shall meet the following requirements: C.2.1.2.1
a) the refrigerant charge, in kilogrammes, contained in a refrigerating system shall not exceed the product of: 1) the practical limit for the refrigerant, in kilogrammes per cubic metre, (see informative annex E); and 2) the volume, in cubic metres, of the smallest human occupied space in which refrigerant containing equipment is located; NOTE 1: The total volume of all the rooms cooled or heated by air from one system is used as the volume for calculation, if the air supply to each room cannot be restricted below 25 % of its full supply.
Page 33 EN 378-1:2000 NOTE 2: If the space has a mechanical ventilation system which will be operating during the occupation of the space, the effect of the air change may be considered in calculating the volume. NOTE 3: Other methods of ensuring safety in the event of a sudden major release of refrigerant are permitted. Such methods should ensure that the concentrations will not rise above the practical limits given in the informative annex E or to give adequate warning to occupant(s) in the space of such a rise so that they may avoid excess exposure time. The alternative method should demonstrate a level of safety at least equivalent to the method described in a). b) occupancies where people may be restricted in their movement and in which open flames or similar hot surfaces are present shall always be sufficiently vented because of possible danger from decomposition products. If this is not done, direct and indirect open systems shall not be used. A refrigerating system with the high pressure side (except air cooled condensers) located in a special machinery room or in the open air shall meet the following requirements: C.2.1.2.2
a) for direct and indirect open systems (see table 1) the restriction of refrigerant charge of C.2.1.2.1 shall apply; b) for indirect vented open, indirect closed, indirect vented closed and double indirect systems (see table 1) there is no restriction of refrigerant charge. A refrigerating system with all refrigerant containing parts located in a special machinery room or in the open air has no restriction of refrigerant charge. C.2.1.2.3
C.2.1.3 Occupancy category B
A refrigerating system located in a human occupied space which is not a special machinery room has no restriction of refrigerant charge except that the use of such systems below ground or on upper floors without adequate emergency exits shall meet the same restriction of refrigerant charge as for occupancy category A (see C.2.1.2.1). C.2.1.3.1
A refrigerating system with the high pressure side (except air cooled condensers) located in a special machinery room or in the open air or with all refrigerant containing parts located in a special machinery room or in the open air has no restriction of refrigerant charge. C.2.1.3.2
C.2.1.4 Occupancy category C
A refrigerating system located in a human occupied space which is not a special machinery room has no restriction of refrigerant charge except that, where direct or indirect open systems are used below ground or on upper floors without adequate emergency exits, taking into account the number of persons normally present, the refrigerating system shall meet the same restriction of refrigerant charge as for occupancy category A (see C.2.1.2.1). C.2.1.4.1
A refrigerating system with the high pressure side (except air cooled condensers) located in a special machinery room or in the open air or with all refrigerant containing parts located in a special machinery room or in the open air has no restriction of refrigerant charge. C.2.1.4.2
C.2.2 Group L2 refrigerants C.2.2.1 General
In general, group L2 refrigerants shall not be permitted in direct, indirect open or indirect vented open systems for air conditioning or heating for human comfort, if people are restricted in their movement.
Page 34 EN 378-1:2000 C.2.2.2 Occupancy category A
A refrigerating system located in a human occupied space which is not a special machinery room or with the high pressure side (except air cooled condensers) located in a special machinery room or in the open air shall be a sealed system and for compression systems the refrigerant charge shall not exceed the amount derived from the practical limits given in the informative annex E and the volume of the space. For sealed sorption systems the refrigerant charge shall not exceed 2,5 kg. C.2.2.2.1
A refrigerating system with all refrigerant containing parts located in a special machinery room or in the open air shall meet the following requirements: C.2.2.2.2
a) for direct, indirect open and indirect vented open systems the refrigerant charge of a refrigerating system shall not exceed 2,5 kg; b) for indirect closed, indirect vented closed and double indirect systems which do not have a direct communication to rooms of category A and which have an exit into the open air there is no restriction of the refrigerant charge. C.2.2.3 Occupancy category B
For a refrigerating system located in a human occupied space which is not a special machinery room the refrigerant charge shall not exceed 10,0 kg. C.2.2.3.1
A refrigerating system with the high pressure side (except air cooled condensers) located in a special machinery room or in the open air shall meet the following requirements: C.2.2.3.2
a) for direct, indirect open and indirect vented open systems the refrigerant charge shall not exceed 25 kg; b) for indirect closed, indirect vented closed and double indirect systems there is no restriction of refrigerant charge. For a refrigerating system with all refrigerant containing parts located in a special machinery room or in the open air there is no restriction of refrigerant charge provided the special machinery room has no direct communication to a human occupied space. C.2.2.3.3
C.2.2.4 Occupancy category C
A refrigerating system located in a human occupied space which is not a special machinery room shall meet the following requirements: C.2.2.4.1
a) where the density of personnel is lower than 1 person per 10 m2 and provided there are a sufficient number of clearly indicated emergency exits for the number of persons normally present the refrigerant charge shall not exceed 50 kg; b) where the density of personnel is not restricted apart from the restrictions imposed by building regulations the refrigerant charge shall not exceed 10,0 kg. A refrigerating system with the high pressure side (except air cooled condensers) located in a special machinery room or in the open air shall meet the following requirements: C.2.2.4.2
a) for direct, indirect open and indirect vented open systems there is no restriction of refrigerant charge provided the refrigerating system does not extend to rooms where the density of personnel is greater than 1 person per 10 m2 and there are clearly indicated emergency exits; b) for indirect closed, indirect vented closed and double indirect systems there is no restriction of refrigerant charge.
Page 35 EN 378-1:2000 For a refrigerating system with all refrigerant containing parts located in a special machinery room or in the open air there is no restriction of refrigerant charge. C.2.2.4.3
C.2.3 Group L3 refrigerants C.2.3.1 General
In general, group L3 refrigerants are highly flammable and explosive. Direct, indirect open and indirect vented open systems shall not be permitted for air conditioning and heating for human comfort. C.2.3.2 Occupancy category A
A refrigerating system not located in a special machinery room or in the open air shall be sealed system with a refrigerant charge calculated from the practical limits given in the informative annex E up to a maximum of 1,5 kg provided there are no sources of ignition associated with the refrigerating system. C.2.3.2.1
A refrigerating system with all refrigerant containing parts located in a special machinery room or in the open air shall meet the following requirements: C.2.3.2.2
a) above ground the refrigerant charge shall be calculated from the practical limits given in the informative annex E up to a maximum of 5,0 kg; b) below ground the refrigerant charge shall be calculated from the practical limits given in the informative annex E up to a maximum of 1,0 kg. C.2.3.3 Occupancy category B
A refrigerating system located in a human occupied space which is not a special machinery room or with the high pressure side (except air cooled condensers) located in a special machinery room or in the open air shall meet the following requirements: C.2.3.3.1
a) above ground the refrigerant charge shall be calculated from the practical limits given in the informative annex E up to a maximum of 2,5 kg; b) below ground the refrigerant charge shall be calculated from the practical limits given in the informative annex E up to a maximum of 1,0 kg. A refrigerating system with all refrigerant containing parts located in a special machinery room shall meet the following requirements: C.2.3.3.2
a) above ground the refrigerant charge shall not exceed 10,0 kg; b) below ground the refrigerant charge shall not exceed 1,0 kg. C.2.3.4 Occupancy category C
A refrigerating system located in a human occupied space which is not a special machinery room shall meet the following requirements: C.2.3.4.1
a) above ground the refrigerant charge shall not exceed 10,0 kg; b) below ground the refrigerant charge shall not exceed 1,0 kg.
Page 36 EN 378-1:2000 A refrigerating system with the high pressure side (except air cooled condensers) located in a special machinery room or in the open air shall meet the following requirements: C.2.3.4.2
a) above ground the refrigerant charge shall not exceed 25 kg; b) below ground the refrigerant charge shall not exceed 1,0 kg. A refrigerating system with all refrigerant containing parts located in a special machinery room or in the open air shall meet the following requirements: C.2.3.4.3
a) above ground there is no restriction of refrigerant charge; b) below ground the refrigerant charge shall not exceed 1,0 kg.
Table C.1: Allowable refrigerant charge of a refrigerating system according to occupancy categories (synoptic chart of C.2)
Occupancy category A Refrigerant Group
Location of refrigerating equipment
Cooling or heating systems
Not in a special machinery room C.1a)
L1 (C.2.1) Direct or indirect open
L2 (C.2.2) Other indirect
Direct, indirect open, indirect vented open
L3 (C 2.3) Other indirect closed
Direct, indirect open, indirect vented open
Other indirect closed
If people are restricted in their movement, open flames or similar hot surfaces are to be avoided in rooms without proper steady ventilation C.2.1.2.1b)
Not for air conditioning for human comfort, if people are restricted in their movement C.2.2.1
Not for air conditioning for human comfort C.2.3.1
Refrigerant charge not exceed the product of practical limit "PL" of the informative annex E and the volume "V" of the smallest human occupied space in which refrigerant containing equipment is located. PL (kg/m3)×V (m3)
Only sealed systems. Sorption systems up to 2,5 kg Otherwise calculated from practical limits C.2.2.2.1
Only sealed systems calculated from practical limits up to 1,5 kg provided there are no sources of ignition. C.2.3.2.1
Not for air conditioning for human comfort, if people are restricted in their movement C.2.2.1 Otherwise up to 2,5 kg C.2.2.2.2a)
Not for air conditioning for human comfort C.2.3.1
C 2.1.2.1a) Compressor, accumulator in a special machinery room or in the open air C.1b) All refrigerant containing parts in a special machinery room or in the open air C.1c)
No restrictions of charge C.2.1.2.2
No restrictions of charge C.2.1.2.3
(continued)
With exit to the open air no restrictions of charge C.2.2.2.2b)
Calculated from practical limits Below ground up to 1,0 kg C.2.3.2.2b) Otherwise up to 5,0 kg C.2.3.2.2a)
Table C.1:
(continued)
Occupancy category B Refrigerant Group Cooling or heating systems
L1 (C.2.1) Direct or indirect open
L2 (C.2.2) Other indirect
Location of refrigerating equipment Not in a special machinery room C.1a)
Below ground or on upper floors without adequate emergency exits like category A Otherwise no restrictions of charge C.2.1.3.1
Direct, indirect open, indirect vented open
L3 (C.2.3) Other indirect closed
Not for air conditioning for human comfort, if people are restricted in their movement C.2.2.1
Direct, indirect open, indirect vented open
Other indirect closed
Not for air conditioning for human comfort C.2.3.1
Up to 10,0 kg C.2.2.3.1 Compressor, accumulator in a special machinery room or in the open air C.1b)
All refrigerant containing parts in a special machinery room or in the open air C.1c)
No restrictions of charge C.2.1.3.2
Not for air conditioning for human comfort, if people are restricted in their movement C.2.2.1 Otherwise up to 25 kg C.2.2.3.2a)
No restrictions of charge C.2.2.3.2b)
Not for air conditioning for human comfort, if people are restricted in their movement C.2.2.1 Without direct communication to a human occupied space; no restrictions of charge C.2.2.3.3 (continued)
Calculated from practical limits Below ground up to 1,0 kg C.2.3.3.1b) Otherwise up to 2,5 kg C.2.3.3.1a)
Not for air conditioning for human comfort C.2.3.1
Below ground up to 1,0 kg C.2.3.3.2b) Otherwise up to 10,0 kg C.2.3.3.2a)
Table C.1:
(concluded)
Occupancy category C Refrigerant Group
Location of refrigerating equipment
Cooling or heating systems
Not in a special machinery room C.1a)
L1 (C.2.1) Direct or indirect open
L2 (C.2.2) Other indirect
Below ground or on upper floors without adequate emergency exits like category A C.2.1.4.1 Otherwise no restrictions of charge C.2.1.4.1
Direct, indirect open, indirect vented open
L3 (C.2.3) Other indirect closed
Not for air conditioning for human comfort, if people are restricted in their movement C.2.2.1
All refrigerant containing parts in a special machinery room or in the open air C.1c)
No restrictions of charge C.2.1.4.2
up to 10,0 kg C.2.2.4.1b)
Not for air conditioning for human comfort, if people are restricted in their movement C.2.2.1 No restrictions, if density of personnel < 1/10 m2 and adequate exits available C.2.2.4.2a)
Other indirect closed
Not for air conditioning for human comfort C.2.3.1
No more than 50 kg, if density of personnel < 1/10m2 and adequate exits available C.2.2.4.1a) Compressor, accumulator in a special machinery room or in the open air C.1b)
Direct, indirect open, indirect vented open
No restrictions of charge C.2.2.4.2b)
Not for air conditioning for human comfort, if people are restricted in their movement C.2.2.1 No restrictions of charge C.2.2.4.3
Below ground up to 1,0 kg C.2.3.4.1b) Otherwise up to 10,0 kg C.2.3.4.1a)
Not for air conditioning for human comfort C.2.3.1
Below ground up to 1,0 kg C.2.3.4.2b) Otherwise up to 25 kg C.2.3.4.2a)
Not for air conditioning for human comfort C.2.3.1
Below ground up to 1,0 kg C.2.3.4.3b) Otherwise no restrictions of charge C.2.3.4.3a)
Page 40 EN 378-1:2000 Annex D (informative) Protection of people who are inside cold rooms
D.1 General In order to minimize the hazard for people who get locked in cold rooms, sometimes along with strong currents of air, measures as described in the following clauses shall be taken. Care shall be taken to ensure that no personnel are locked in cold rooms at the end of the working day. D.2 Operation of doors and emergency exit doors
It shall be possible to leave a cold room at all times. Therefore it shall be possible to open doors both from the inside and the outside. D.3 Emergency switch or signal According to the operating conditions, the following devices shall be provided in cold rooms with a volume of more than 10 m3: a) an alarm switch operated by illuminated push buttons near the floor or by chains hanging near the floor, installed in a suitable place in the cold room, the operation of which initiates an audible signal and a sight signal, in a place where the permanent presence of a person is guaranteed. It shall not be possible to stop this signal except by means of a specific operation; b) signal devices connected to an electric circuit with a voltage of at least 12 V. Batteries for this purpose shall have an operating time of at least 10 h and be connected to a mains supplied automatic charging device. If a transformer is used, it shall be supplied with current from a different circuit to the one used for other equipment in the cold room. Furthermore, the device shall be of such design that it does not cease to function due to corrosion, frost or the formation of ice on contact surfaces; c) a light switch in the cold room in parallel with light switches located outside this room so that the lighting turned on by means of the inside switch cannot be turned off by means of the outside switch; d) a plug switch or other systems giving the same result for the fans located in the cold room in series with the switches located on the outside so that the fans turned off by means of the inside switch cannot be turned on by means of the outside switch; e) light switches shall have permanently illuminated buttons; f) in the event of failure of the lighting, the routes towards the emergency exit (and/or alarm switch) shall be indicated by independent lighting or by other approved means; g) a permanent emergency lighting system. D.4 Cold rooms with a controlled atmosphere In cold rooms with a controlled atmosphere (rooms with an atmosphere in which the concentration of oxygen, carbon dioxide and nitrogen are different from those in normal air) the following additional requirements apply: a) a self-contained breathing apparatus shall be worn when entering these cold rooms; b) if a cold room with a controlled atmosphere is entered, another person shall remain outside the room and in visual contact with those inside through an inspection port. The person outside shall also have a self-contained breathing apparatus at his disposal in case he should have to enter the room in order to rescue the person inside in an emergency. c) doors, hatches and other appliances giving access to the cold room shall be provided with a written warning notice against too low oxygen level in the cold room.
Annex E
(informative)
Information about refrigerants Table E.1: Information about refrigerants1)
Classification Group Safety L group
Description Refrigerant number2)
Formula (composition = % weight)
Molar Practical mass3) limit4),5)
Auto-ignition temperature
(MM) kg/kmol
kg/m3
°C
Flammability Flammability limits concentration in air lower limit upper limit kg/m3 % v/v kg/m3 % v/v
Global warming potential6)
Ozone depletion potenital7)
GWP100
ODP
1
A1
R-11
Trichlorofluoromethane
CCl3F
137,4
0,3
–
–
–
–
–
4000
1
1
A1
R-12
Dichlorodifluoromethane
CCl2F2
120,9
0,5
–
–
–
–
–
8500
1
1
A1
R-12B1
Bromochlorodifluoromethane
CBrClF2
165,4
0,2
–
–
–
–
–
*
3
1
A1
R-13
Chlorotrifluoromethane
CClF3
104,5
0,5
–
–
–
–
–
11700
1
1
A1
R-13B1
Bromotrifluoromethane
CBrF3
148,9
0,6
–
–
–
–
–
5600
10
1
A1
R-22
Chlorodifluoromethane
CHClF2
86,5
0,3
635
–
–
–
–
1700
0,055
1
A1
R-23
Trifluoromethane
CHF3
70
0,68
765
–
–
–
–
12100
0
1
A1
R-113
1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane
CCl2FCClF2
187,4
0,4
–
–
–
–
–
5000
0,8
1
A1
R-114
1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane
CClF2CClF2
170,9
0,7
–
–
–
–
–
9300
1
1
A1
R-115
2-Chloro-1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoroethane
CF3CClF2
154,5
0,6
–
–
–
–
–
9300
0,6
1
A1
R-124
2-Chloro-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane
CF3CHCIF
136,5
0,11
*
–
–
–
–
480
0,022
1
A1
R-125
Pentafluoroethane
CF3CHF2
120
0,39
733
–
–
–
–
3200
0
1
A1
R-134a
1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane
CF3CH2F
102
0,25
743
–
–
–
–
1300
0
1
A1
R-218
Octafluoropropane
C3F8
188
1,84
–
–
–
–
–
7000
0
1
A1
R-C318
Octafluorocyclobutane
C4F8
200
0,81
–
–
–
–
–
9100
0
1
A1
R-500
R-12/152a (73,8/26,2)
CCl2F2 + CF2HCH3
99,3
0,40
*
–
–
–
–
6300
0,74
(continued)
Table E.1:
Classification Group Safety L group
Description Refrigerant number2)
Formula (composition = % weight)
(continued) Molar Practical mass3) limit4),5)
Auto-ignition temperature
(MM) kg/kmol
kg/m3
°C
Flammability Flammability limits concentration in air lower limit upper limit kg/m3 % v/v kg/m3 % v/v
Global warming potential6)
Ozone depletion potenital7)
GWP100
ODP
1
A1
R-501
R-12/22 (25/75)
CCl2F2 + CHClF2
93,1
0,38
*
–
–
–
–
3400
0,29
1
A1
R-502
R-22/115 (48,8/51,2)
CHClF2 + CF3CClF2
111,7
0,45
*
–
–
–
–
5600
0,33
1
A1
R-503
R-13/23 (59,9/40,1)
CClF3 + CHF3
87,3
0,35
*
–
–
–
–
11900
0,6
1
A1
R-507
R-125/143a (50/50)
CF3CHF2 + CF3CH3
98,8
0,49
*
–
–
–
–
3800
0
1
A1
R-508A
R-23/116 (39/61)
CHF3+C2F6
100,1
*
*
–
–
–
–
12300
0
1
A1
R-509
R-22/218 (44/56)
CHCIF2+ C3F8
124
0,56
*
–
–
–
–
4700
0,024
1
A1
R-718
Water
H20
18
–
–
–
–
–
–
0
0
1
A1
R-744
Carbon dioxide
CO2
44
0,1
–
–
–
–
–
1
0
1
A1/A1
R-401A
R-22/152a/124 (53/13/34)
CHClF2 + CHF2CH3 + CF3CHClF
94,4
0,30
681
–
–
–
–
1100
0,037
1
A1/A1
R-401B
R-22/152a/124 (61/11/28)
CHClF2 + CHF2CH3 + CF3CHClF
92,8
0,34
685
–
–
–
–
1200
0,040
1
A1/A1
R-401C
R-22/152a/124 (33/15/52)
101
0,24
*
–
–
–
–
830
0,030
CHClF2 + CHF2CH3 + CF3CHClF
(continued)
Table E.1:
Classification Group Safety L group
Description Refrigerant number2)
Formula (composition = % weight)
(continued) Molar Practical mass3) limit4),5)
Auto-ignition temperature
Flammability Flammability limits concentration in air lower limit upper limit kg/m3 % v/v kg/m3 % v/v
Global warming potential6)
Ozone depletion potenital7)
GWP100
ODP
(MM) kg/kmol
kg/m3
°C
101,5
0,33
723
–
–
–
–
2600
0,021
94,7
0,32
641
–
–
–
–
2200
0,033
1
A1/A1
R-402A
R-125/290/22 (60/2/38)
CF3CHF2 + CH3CH2CH3 + CHClF2
1
A1/A1
R-402B
R-125/290/22 (38/2/60)
CF3CHF2 + CH3CH2CH3 + CHClF2
1
A1/A1
R-403A
R-22/218/290 (75/20/5)
CHClF2 + C3F8 + C3H8
92
0,33
*
–
–
–
–
2700
0,041
1
A1/A1
R-403B
R-22/218/290 (56/39/5)
CHClF2 + C3F8 + C3H8
103,2
0,41
*
–
–
–
–
3700
0,031
1
A1/A1
R-404A
R-125/143a/134a (44/52/4)
CF3CHF2 + CF3CH3 + CF3CH2F
97,6
0,48
728
–
–
–
–
3800
0
1
A1/A1
R-405A
R-22/152a/142b/C318 (45/7/5,5/42,5)
CHCIF2+ CHF2CH3+ CH3CCIF2+C4F8
111,9
*
*
–
–
–
–
4800
0,028
1
A1/A1
R-407A
R-32/125/134a (20/40/40)
CH2F2 + CF3CHF2 + CF3CHF2F
90,1
0,33
685
–
–
–
–
1900
0
1
A1/A1
R-407B
R-32/125/134a (10/70/20)
CH2F2 + CF3CHF2 + CF3CHF2F
102,9
0,35
703
–
–
–
–
2600
0
1
A1/A1
R-407C
R-32/125/134a (23/25/52)
CH2F2 + CF3CHF2 + CF3CHF2F
86,2
0,31
704
–
–
–
–
1600
0
1
A1/A1
R-408A
R-125/143a/22 (7/46/47)
CF3CHF2 + CF3CH3 + CHClF2
87
0,41
*
–
–
–
–
3100
0,026
(continued)
Table E.1:
Classification Group Safety L group
Description Refrigerant number2)
Formula (composition = % weight) CHClF2 + CF3CHCIF + CH3CClF2 CHClF2 + CF3CHClF + CH3CClF2
(continued) Molar Practical mass3) limit4),5)
Auto-ignition temperature
Flammability Flammability limits concentration in air lower limit upper limit kg/m3 % v/v kg/m3 % v/v
Global warming potential6)
Ozone depletion potenital7)
GWP100
ODP
(MM) kg/kmol
kg/m3
°C
97,5
0,16
*
–
–
–
–
1400
0,048
96,7
0,17
*
–
–
–
–
1400
0,048
1
A1/A1
R-409A
R-22/124/142b (60/25/15)
1
A1/A1
R-409B
R-22/124/142b (65/25/10)
1
A1/A1
R-410A
R-32/125 (50/50)
CH2F2 + CF3CHF2
72,6
0,44
*
–
–
–
–
1900
0
1
A1/A1
R-410B
R-32/125 (45/55)
CH2F2 + CF3CHF2
75,5
0,43
*
–
–
–
–
2000
0
1
A1/A1
R-508B
R-23/116 (46/54)
CHF3+C2F6
95,4
*
*
–
–
–
–
12300
0
89,9
0,13
*
–
–
–
–
1800
0,057
2
A1/A2
R-406A
R-22/142b/600a (55/41/4)
CHClF2 + CClF2CH3 + CH(CH3)3
2
A1/A2
R-411A
R-22/152a/1270 (87,5/11/1,5)
CHCIF2 + CHF2CH3 + C3H6
82,4
*
*
–
–
–
–
1500
0,048
2
A1/A2
R-411B
R-22/152a/1270 (94/3/3)
CHCIF2 + CHF2CH3 + C3H6
83,1
*
*
–
–
–
–
1600
0,052
2
A1/A2
R-412A
R-22/218/142b (70/5/25)
CHCIF2 + C3F8 + CClF2CH3
92,2
0,18
*
–
–
–
–
2000
0,055
(continued)
Table E.1:
Classification Group Safety L group
Description Refrigerant number2)
Formula (composition = % weight)
(continued) Molar Practical mass3) limit4),5)
Auto-ignition temperature
(MM) kg/kmol
kg/m3
°C
Flammability Flammability limits concentration in air lower limit upper limit kg/m3 % v/v kg/m3 % v/v
Global warming potential6)
Ozone depletion potenital7)
GWP100
ODP
2
A2
R-32
Difluoromethane
CH2F2
52
0,054
530
0,27
12,7
0,710
33,4
580
0
2
A2
R-50
Methane
CH4
16
0,006
645
0,032
4,9
0,098
15
24,5
0
2
A2
R-141b
1,1-Dichloro-1-fluoroethane
CCl2FCH3
117
0,053
532
0,268
5,6
0,847
17,7
630
0,11
2
A2
R-142b
1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane
CClF2CH3
100,5
0,049
632
0,247
6
0,74
18
2000
0,065
2
A2
R-143a
1,1,1-Trifluoroethane
CF3CH3
84
0,048
750
0,244
7
0,553
16,1
4400
0
2
A2
R-152a
1,1-Difluoroethane
CHF2CH3
66
0,027
455
0,137
5,1
0,462
17,1
140
0
2
A2
R-160
Ethylchloride
CH3CH2Cl
64,5
0,019
510
0,095
3,6
0,39
14,8
*
0
2
B1
R-123
2,2-Dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane
CF3CHCl2
152,9
0,10
730
–
–
–
–
93
0,02
2
B1
R-764
Sulfur dioxide
SO2
64,1
0,00026
*
–
–
–
–
*
0
2
B2
R-30
Methylene chloride
CH2Cl2
84,9
0,017
662
0,417
12
0,764
22
15
0
2
B2
R-40
Methylchloride
CH3Cl
50,5
0,021
625
0,147
7,1
0,382
18,5
*
0
2
B2
R-611
Methylformate
C2H4O2
60
0,012
456
0,123
5
0,687
28
*
0
2
B2
R-717
Ammonia
NH3
17
0,00035
630
0,104
15
0,195
28
0
0
2
B2
R-1130
1,2-Dichloroethylene
CHCl = CHCl
96,9
*
458
0,246
6,2
0,595
15
*
0
(continued)
Page 47 EN 378-1:2000 Annex F (informative) Risk Assessment
When selecting a refrigerant the following factors in respect of risk should be considered: NOTE: Without priority. a) environmental effects (global environment); b) refrigerant charge; c) application of refrigerating system; d) design of refrigerating system; e) manufacture of refrigerating system; f) competence; g) maintenance; h) energy efficiency; i) health and safety, e.g. toxicity, flammability (local environment). This list is not exhaustive.
Page 48 EN 378-1:2000 Annex G (informative) Bibliography
EN 133 Respiratory protective devices – Classification EN 378-3 Refrigerating systems and heat pumps – Safety and environmental requirements – Part 3: Installation site and personal protection EN 736-1 Valves – Terminology – Part 1: Definition of types of valves EN 764 Pressure equipment – Terminology and symbols – Pressure, temperature, volume EN 60204-1 Safety of machinery – Electrical equipment of machines – Part 1: General requirements (IEC 60204-1 : 1997) EN 60335-1 Safety of household and similar electrical appliances – Part 1: General requirements (IEC 60335-1 : 1991, modified) prEN 60335-2-24 : 1997 Safety of household and similar electrical appliances – Part 2: Particular requirements for refrigerators and foodfreezers and ice-makers (IEC 60335-2-24 : 1997) EN 60335-2-34 Safety of household and similar electrical appliances – Part 2: Particular requirements for motorcompressors (IEC 60335-2-34 : 1996) EN 60335-2-40 Safety of household and similar electrical appliances – Part 2: Particular requirements for electrical heat pumps, air-conditioners and dehumidifiers (IEC 60335-3-40 : 1997, modified) ISO 817 Organic refrigerants – Number designation ANSI/ASTM E 681 Test method for concentration limits of flammability of chemicals Pressure equipment for refrigerating systems and heat pumps – Part 1: Vessels – General requirements (WI 00182025)
Page 49 EN 378-1:2000 Annex ZA (informative) Clauses of this European Standard addressing essential requirements or other provisions of EU Directives
This European standard has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association and supports essential requirements of EU Directive 97/23/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 May 1997 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States concerning pressure equipment. WARNING: Other
requirements and other EU Directives may be applicable to the products falling within the scope of this standard. The following clauses of this standard are likely to support requirements of the Directive 97/23/EC. Compliance with these clauses of this standard provides one means of conforming with the specific essential requirements of the Directive concerned and associated EFTA regulations. Table ZA.1: Correspondence between this European Standard and Directive 97/23/EC
Clauses/sub-clauses of this European Standard
Essential requirements (ERs) of Directive 97/23/EC
Qualifying remarks/Notes
3, 4, 5, 6, 7
1.1, 1.2, 1.3
General
