Elements and Notes in Criminal Law Book II by RENE CALLANTA

Elements and Notes in Criminal Law Book II by RENE CALLANTA TITLE ONE CRIMES AGAINST NATIONAL SECURITY Crimes against national security

!Treason "Art! #$ #$ %! Cons&ira'y and &ro&osal to 'ommit treason "Art! ($) *!Mis&rision o+ treason "Art! ,$) and #!Es&iona-e "Art! .$! Crimes against the law of nations !In'itin- to war or -i/in- moti/es +or re&risals "Art! 0$)

%!1iolation o+ ne2trality "Art! 3$) *!Corres&ondin- wit4 4ostile 'o2ntry "Art! %5$) #!6li-4t to enemy7s 'o2ntry "Art! %$) and (!8ira'y in -eneral and m2tiny on t4e 4i-4 seas "Art! %%$! T4e 'rimes 2nder t4is title 'an be &rose'2ted e/en i+ t4e 'riminal a't or a'ts were 'ommitted o2tside t4e 84ili&&ineterritorial 92risdi'tion! :owe/er; &rose'2tion 'an &ro'eed only i+ t4e o++ender is wit4in 84ili&&ine territory or bro2-4tto t4e 84ili&&ines &2rs2ant to an e
 !bree'4 o+ alle-ian'e %!a't2al assemblin- o+ men *!+or t4e &2r&ose o+ e
!bree'4 o+ alle-ian'e % !ad4eren'e *!-i/in- aid or 'om+ort to t4e enemy Reuirements of le!ying war  $ A't2al assemblin- o+ men)

%$ To e4at matters is t4e a't2al assembly o+ men and t4e e
a!s of proving treason" a.2 witnesses testif!ing to same overt act 

T4e testimonies m2st re+er to t4e same a't; &la'e and moment o+ time! Treason 'annot be &ro/ed by 'ir'2mstantial e/iden'e or by eill @  Y be s2++i'ient witnesses to 'on/i't  Answer? NO! Be'a2se t4e law re2ires t4at % witnesses see t4e SAME O1ERT ACT!

b! #onfession of the acc$sed in open co$rt   Arrai-nment; &re=trial; trial D O! !I+ 4e 4as &leaded NOT -2ilty already d2rin- arrai-nment; 4e 'an still 'on+ess in o&en 'o2rt bystatin- t4e &arti'2lar a'ts 'onstit2tin- treason! %!F2rin- trial; sim&ly sayin- IHm -2ilty is not eno2-4!

*!>it4drawin- &lea o+ not -2ilty d2rin- arrai-nment not ne'essary #!I+ d2rin- arrai-nment 4e &leads -2ilty; 'o2rt will ask i+ t4e a''2sed 2nd ersta nds is &le a! S2 bmission o+ a++ida/it d2rin- trial; e/en i+ assisted by 'o2nsel is not eno2-4! Treason" brea'4 o+ alle-ian'e to t4e -o/ernment; 'ommitted by a &erson w4o owes alle-ian'e to it! Alle-ian'e ?obli-ation o+ +idelity and obedien'e! It is &ermanent or tem&orary de&endin- on w4et4er t4e &erson is a 'itiJen or an alien!

KE/ident &remeditation; s2&erior stren-t4 and trea'4ery are 'ir'2mstan'es inherent  in treason; and are; t4ere+ore ;not a--ra/atin-! K Treason 'annot be 'ommitted in times o+ &ea'e; o n l y i n t i m e s o f w a r  D a't2 al 4ost ili tie s ! B2t no need +or de'laration o+ war!

%ot Treasono$s"

a! A''e&tan'e o+ &2bli' o++i'e and dis'4ar-e o+ o++i'ial d2ties 2nder t4e enemy does not 'onstit2te &er set4e +elony o+ treason " exception: :w4en it is &oli'ydeterminin-$ b! Ser/in- in a &2&&et -o/ernment "ministerial +2n'tions$ and in order to ser/e t4e &o&2la'e is NOTtreasono2s! But it is treason if ? a$ t4ere is dis'retion in/ol/ed) b$ in+li'ts 4arm on 6ili&inos) '$ it is disad/anta-eo2s to t4em! '!82r&ose o+ o++ender? to deli/er t4e 84ili&&ines to enemy 'o2ntry) i+ merely to '4an-e o++i'ials D not treason &n #iti'enship a!6ili&ino 'itiJens 'an 'ommit treason o2tside t4e 84ili&&ines! B2t t4at o+ an ali en m2s t b e ' ommi tted in t4e 84ili&&ines! b!Only 6ili&ino 'itiJens or &ermanent resident aliens 'an be 4eld liable '! Alien"  wit4 &ermanent resident stat2s +rom t4e BIF D it is neit4er t4e len-t4 o+ stay in t4e 84il i&&i ne snor t4e marria-e wit4 a 6ili&ino t4at matters! KA't2al 4ostilities may determine t4e date o+ t4e 'ommen'ement o+ war  KNo s2'4 t4in- as attem&ted treason) mere attem&t 'ons2mmates t4e 'rime

K Giving aid or comfort  D material element; en4an'es +or'es o+ t4e enemy 'o2ntry!A' ts w4i'4 stren-t4en or tend to stren-t4en t4e enemy in t4e 'ond2't o+ war a-a ins t t4e traitor Hs 'o2 ntry or t4a t w4i'4 weaken and tend to weaken t4e &ower o+  t4e same! Example? 6inan'in- arms &ro'2rement o+ enemy 'o2ntry! B2t -i/in- o+ s4elter is not ne'essarily -i/in- aid and 'om+ort!

K Adherence and giving aid or comfort must concur together ! K Adherence" w4en a 'itiJen intelle't2ally or emotionally +a/ors t4e enemy and 4arbors 'on/i'tions disloyal to 4is 'o2ntryHs &oli'y! B2t members4i& in t4e &oli'e +or'e d2rin- t4e o''2&ation is NOT treason! Example? Gi/in- in+ormation to; or 'ommandeerin- +oodst2++s +or t4e enemy!

K Adh ere nc e ma ! be pr ov ed b! ?  "$ one witness)  "%$ +rom t4e nat2re o+ t4e a't itsel+ ) "*$ +rom t4e 'ir'2mstan'es s2rro2ndin- t4e a't! >4en t4is ad4eren'e or sym&at4ies are 'on/erted into aid and 'om+ort; only t4en t4ey take material +orm! T4 is m a t e r i a l + o r m i s n o w w 4 a t i s m a d e & 2 n i s 4 a b l e ! I t i s 2 s 2 a l l y man i+e ste d b y t4 e o ++e nde r i n - i/i n- in+ orm ati on ; 'ommandeerin+oodst2++s; ser/in- as s&y and s2&&lyin- t4e enemy wit4 war materials! KTreason is a CONTN!N" C#$E% E/en a+ter t4e war; o++ender 'an be &rose'2ted! Treason is a 'ontin2in- o++ense! It 'an be 'ommitted by a sin-le a't or by a series o+ a'ts! It 'an be 'ommitted in one sin-le time or at di++erent times and only one 'riminal intent! In 'onstr2in- t4e &ro/isions relatin- to t4e 'ommission o+ se/eral a'ts; t4e same m2st be done in &2rs2an'e or +2rt4eran'e o+ t4e a't o+ treason! No matter 4ow many a'ts o+ treason are 'ommitted by t4e o++ender; 4e will be liable +or only one 'rime o+ treason! KI+ yo2 'on/i't a &erson +or treason by reason o+ irresistible +or'e or 2n'ontrollable +ear; yo2 may 2se Art!%! No treason through negligence In t4e im&osition o+ t4e &enalty +or t4e 'rime o+ treason; t4e 'o2rt may disre-ard t4e &resen'e o+ miti-atin- and a--ra/atin- 'ir'2mstan'es! It may 'onsider only t4e n2mber; nat2re and -ra/ity o+ t4e a'ts establis4ed d2rin- t4e trial!T4e im&osition o+ t4e &enalty rests lar-ely on t4e e