KEY LITERARY ELEMENTS Setting
The novel is set in the 19the century, principally in Longbourn, the Hertfordshire country town that is a mile from Meryton and twenty-four miles from London. t is a well-ordered, provincial town, filled with landed gentry and oblivious to the sweeping changes occurring outside the fringes of its narrow, circumscribed vision.
CHARACTERS Major Characters Mrs. Bennet -The match-ma!ing mother of five daughters. The wife of Mr. "ennet and #a woman of mean understanding, little information, and uncertain temper,# who embarrasses her older daughters with her lac! of class and entertains her husband with her ignorance. Mr. Bennet -$ country gentleman, who is the sometimes irresponsible father of five daughters and the husband of Mrs. "ennet. He is fond of boo!s and can be witty and amusing. Jane Bennet -The eldest daughter of the "ennets who is pretty, shy, calm, gentle and good-natured% she falls in love with and marries Mr. "ingley. Elizabeth Bennet (Lizzy) -The second daughter of the "ennets who is lively, intelligent, witty and sensible% she at first strongly disli!es Mr. &arcy and then falls in love with him. Marry Bennet -The third daughter, who is pedantic, tasteless, plain, vain, silly, and affected. Catherine Bennet (Kitty) -The fourth daughter, who is almost a non-entity in the novel e'cept for chasing soldiers.
Lydia Bennet -The youngest daughter who is silly, thoughtless, stupid, unprincipled, flirtatious, loudmouthed and scatter brained% not surprisingly, she is Mrs. "ennet(s favorite daughter. )he elopes with George Wickham -$ handsome, militia officer e!. Mr. Collins -Mr. "ennet(s cousin who is to inherit Mr. "ennet(s property. He is a pompous, undignified mi'ture of servility and self-importance. Charles Bingley -$ wealthy country gentleman who is !ind and charming. He falls in love with and marries *ane "ennett and is &arcy(s best friend. "itz#illiam $arcy -The wealthy, best friend of +harles "ingley who at first is proud, rude, and unpleasant% after falling in love with liabeth, he is shown to be discreet, shrewd, generous, and magnanimous% in the end, he wins liabeth(s love. Minor Characters Georgiana $arcy -The younger sister of itwilliam &arcy who is shy, reserved, and warm-hearted. Mrs. eynolds -The trusted house!eeper of Mr. &arcy. Colonel "itz#illiam -The cousin of Mr. &arcy who is handsome and well-mannered.
Lady Catherine de Bo%rgh
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Mr. &arcy
(
s aunt who is arrogant, over-bearing, domineering, interfering,
vulgar and affected% she cannot tolerate any opposition. &nn de Bo%rgh -Lady +atherine(s daughter who is sic!ly and coddled by her mother and who has no mind of her own. Mrs. Jenkinson -$nn de "ourgh(s teacher. Caroline Bingley -Mr. "ingley(s unmarried sister, who is snobbish,
conceited, scheming and /ealous. Mrs. '%rst -"ingley(s married sister who lives a lay, purposeless life. Mr. '%rst -"ingley(s brother-in-law, who is lay and purposeless, li!e his wife. George Wickham -$ seemingly
charming man with attractive manners, who is really selfish, unprincipled,
e'travagant and prone to gambling% he is the villain of the novel, who elopes with Lydia "ennet ir William and Lady L%cas - 0eighbors and friends of the "ennet family and parents of +harlotte. Charlotte L%cas -The eldest
daughter in the Lucas family who is plain, practical, intelligent and absolutely unromantic% she is a very close friend of liabeth. Mr. and Mrs. Gardiner -Mrs. "ennet(s brother and his wife who are sensible and refined% Mrs. ardiner is a
confidante of *ane and liabeth "ennet. Mrs. hili*s -Mrs. "ennet(s sister, who is as vulgar and ridiculous as her sister% her husband is an attorney. Mary King -$n ac2uaintance of the "ennet family.
CONFLICT +here are t#o ma,or con-licts in the no!el #hich de!elo* the *lot. The first pot centers aro!n" Mrs# $ennet%s "esperate atte&pts to fin" s!ita'e h!s'an"s for her &arriagea'e "a!ghters# (rotagonist -The 3rotagonist is Mrs. "ennet, whose 4business of life( is to get her daughters married. To this end, she is assiduously devoted throughout the novel. )he presses her husband to develop an ac2uaintance with Mr. "ingley 5a promising catch6% she encourages the sic! *ane to prolong her stay at 0etherfield% she is an'ious that liabeth should consent to Mr. +ollins( proposal and is crestfallen when she does not% she promotes the flippancy of Lydia and 7itty and their red-coat chasing. Antagonist -Mrs. "ennet(s antagonist is the problem she encounters in getting her daughters married, especially the eldest two. "ingley(s abrupt departure from 0etherfield interrupts her plans. This and liabeth(s denial to marry the odious Mr. +ollins seems to thwart her matrimonial scheme of things. Lydia(s elopement and the conse2uent stigma also stri!es at the heart of her scheme% ironically, she does not comprehend its fatality.
Ci&a) -The clima' of this plot is the engagement of liabeth to &arcy. Lydia has already eloped with 8ic!ham, and *ane has accepted "ingley(s proposal. $ll three of her eldest daughters are to be married. O!tco&e -The outcome of the conflict is a happy one. Mrs. "ennet(s match-ma!ing problems are solved, for her eligible daughters are either engaged or married at the point of clima'.
The secon" pot re*o*es aro!n" +arc, tr,ing to in Ei.a'eth
%
s o*e#
(rotagonist -itwilliam &arcy, a handsome and proud aristocrat, falls in love with liabeth. He is attracted by her fine eyes, elegant figure, buoyancy of spirit, 2uic! wit, and intelligence. Antagonist -&arcy(s antagonist is the various 4obstacles( he has to overcome in order to win the love of liabeth, including her vulgar and indiscreet mother, 8ic!ham(s false accounts of him, and liabeth(s own pre/udice against him. liabeth finds him e'ceedingly proud and at first strongly disli!es him. Ci&a) -$ high point in the rising action is Lydia(s elopement, for it threatens to thwart the relationship between &arcy and liabeth% but, on the contrary, it gives &arcy an opportunity to prove his love for liabeth by using his influence to get 8ic!ham to marry Lydia. n turn, liabeth realies the true worth of &arcy. 8hen &arcy proposes to her a second time, he has lost his pride and she has given up her pre/udice. The clima' occurs when she eagerly accepts his proposal. O!tco&e -This plot ends in comedy for &arcy accomplishes his goal, winning the love of liabeth and her hand in marriage.
(LOT/S,nopsis0 Pride and Prejudice is the story of Mr. and Mrs. "ennet and their five unmarried daughters. They live in the estate of Longbourn in Hertfordshire, a rural district about thirty miles from London. The family is not rich. Their property is 4entailed( to pass to the nearest male heir in the family, in this case to Mr. +ollins. The main concern of Mrs. "ennet(s life is to see that all her daughters are married, preferably to men with large fortunes. )he sees an opportunity for her eldest daughter *ane when Mr. +harles "ingley, a wealthy gentlemen from the city, occupies the nearby estate of 0etherfield 3ar!. n her e'citement, she urges her husband to visit Mr. "ingley on the very first day of his arrival, before any of the other neighbors. Mr. "ennet complies to his wife(s re2uest and visits Mr. "ingley, but withholds information about his visit from the family.
$t the ne't social gathering in Meryton, "ingley brings along his two sisters, +aroline "ingley and Louisa Hurst. "ut more importantly, he brings his closest friend, Mr. itwilliam &arcy. "ingley, who is charming and social, is immediately attracted to the modest and gentle *ane "ennet. &arcy, in contrast to "ingley, is proud, rude, and disagreeable. 8hen "ingley suggests that &arcy dance with liabeth "ennet, he refuses and negatively comments on her loo!s. liabeth overhears the comment and develops a strong pre/udice against &arcy. $t the ne't ball in 0etherfield, &arcy feels an attraction for liabeth and as!s her for a dance. )he refuses to dance with him, thereby avenging the earlier insults. *ane and "ingley continue to be attracted to one another. +aroline "ingley invites *ane to 0etherfield for a visit. 8hile at 0etherfield, *ane falls ill and liabeth comes to loo! after her sister. 8hile at 0etherfield, liabeth is forced to confront &arcy. )he approaches him with wit and sarcasm. )ince &arcy has !nown only flattery from others, he is charmed by liabeth(s fran!ness. &uring her short stay at 0etherfield, liabeth realies +aroline is very contemptuous of her family, its social status, and Mrs. "ennet(s vulgarity. liabeth concludes that +aroline(s friendship and cordiality towards *ane is only a pretense. The male relative to whom the Longbourn estate is 4entailed( is ev. 8illiam +ollins of Hunsfort. Mr. +ollins pays a visit to Longbourn with the intention of proposing marriage to one of the "ennet daughters. His pompous manners and his bloated rhetoric disgust everyone, e'cept Mrs. "ennet, who loo!s upon him as a prospective sonin-law. +ollins is attracted to *ane, but Mrs. "ennet informs him that she is about to be engaged. He then turns his attention to liabeth and ma!es a ridiculous proposal of marriage to her. 8hen liabeth re/ects him, he proposes to her friend +harlotte Lucas, who, to everyone(s shoc!, accepts him. Mrs. "ennet is distressed by liabeth(s re/ection of Mr. +ollins because it is the one opportunity she has of
!eeping the Longbourn estate in the family.
"ingley and his companions soon depart for London. "oth "ingley and +aroline write to *ane to say that they have closed 0etherfield and have no plans of returning to it in the near future. *ane is very disappointed. $s *ane feels frustration over "ingley, liabeth finds a new attraction. )he meets Mr. 8ic!ham and is foolishly and magnetically drawn to him. They have a friendly conversation in which she reveals her disli!e of &arcy. Ta!ing advantage of this information, 8ic!ham concocts a story and tells liabeth that he has been cheated by &arcy. liabeth ta!es pity on him and almost falls in love. Mrs. ardiner, however, warns liabeth about 8ic!ham, who soon marries Miss 7ing. $t the invitation of the ardiners, *ane goes to London for some rest and change of air. )he hopes that she sees "ingley, even accidentally. *ane ma!es many attempts to get in touch with him, but +aroline does not even inform her brother about *ane(s presence in London. *ane is heart bro!en, but grows to accept her re/ection.
liabeth goes to Hunsford to visit Mr. +ollins and his new wife +harlotte, who is liabeth(s dear friend. &uring liabeth(s stay in Hunsford, &arcy happens to visit his aunt, who also lives there, and attempts to build a relationship with liabeth. To her surprise, &arcy proposes marriage to her in a language so arrogant that liabeth turns him down indignantly. )he as!s him how he dares to propose to her after separating *ane and "ingley, who were in love with each other, and after victimiing 8ic!ham. )he ends her tirade by saying that she would not marry him even if he were the last man on the earth. &arcy is upset and leaves in a huff. The ne't morning he meets liabeth when she goes out for a wal! and hands her a long letter that answers all her accusations. He e'plains to her that he did not believe that *ane was really in love with "ingley. He also tells her the truth about 8ic!ham. liabeth is shoc!ed by his answers. There is also another shoc! awaiting her. Her youngest sister Lydia has been invited to "righton by a young officer(s wife. Lydia is very e'cited about the trip% but liabeth !nows how stupid, scatter brained, and flirtatious Lydia is. )he tries to persuade her father not to allow Lydia to go to "righton. Her father, however, dismisses liabeth(s fears. Mr. and Mrs. ardiner plan a tour of the La!e &istrict and ta!e liabeth with them. $t the last minute, however, the tour is cut short and the ardiners decide to restrict their trip to &erbyshire, where &arcy has his vast estate in 3emberley. liabeth ma!es sure that &arcy is away on business and then agrees to visit 3emberley, out of sheer curiosity. 3emberley is one of the most beautiful places she has ever visited, and &arcy(s elegant tastes are evident everywhere. To top it all, Ms. eynolds, the house!eeper who has !nown &arcy since his childhood, spea!s very highly of him, saying he is /ust and fair. liabeth cannot believe that she has made such a mista!e in /udging his character. $s liabeth is loo!ing over 3emberley(s lovely grounds, &arcy himself appears, returning a day before he is e'pected. He loo!s surprised to see liabeth, and she is intensely embarrassed. He is polite to her and the ardiners, and liabeth notices that there is no trace of pride in him.
The following day, "ingley calls on liabeth, and his an'ious in2uiries about *ane indicate that he is still in love with her. &arcy and his beautiful sister, eorgiana, also call on liabeth at the inn to invite her and the ardiners to dinner. liabeth accepts the dinner invitation. &uring the dinner, +aroline tries her best to destroy the friendly relationship between &arcy and liabeth by running down liabeth(s family, but she does not succeed. &arcy is fond of liabeth. 0ews comes that Lydia has eloped with 8ic!ham, so liabeth leaves &erbyshire with the ardiners to return home. $ll attempts at tracing the runaway couple have failed. &arcy, touched by liabeth(s distress over Lydia, see!s to find her and catches up with the couple in London. &arcy convinces 8ic!ham to marry
Lydia, gives him ten thousand pounds, pays up his debts, and persuades him to settle in the 0orth of London. &arcy then re2uests that the ardiners not reveal his help to the "ennet family. liabeth, however, finds out the truth about &arcy
(
s assistance. )he is impressed with his !indness.
"ingley ma!es an unannounced reappearance at 0etherfield 3ar!, and renews his courtship of *ane. They are soon engaged. Lady +atherine also arrives unannounced and acts very haughty towards the "ennet family. )he threatens liabeth with dire conse2uences if she marries &arcy, but liabeth refuses to promise that she will not accept a proposal from &arcy. $ few days later, &arcy comes to visit and ma!es a second proposal of marriage to liabeth. This time she accepts wholeheartedly. He than!s liabeth for teaching him the lesson of humility.
The two couples, *ane and "ingley and liabeth and &arcy, are married on the same morning. Mrs. "ennet is over/oyed at having three of her daughters married, two of them to very rich young men. $fter a year(s stay at 0etherfield 3ar!, "ingley purchases an estate in &erbyshire. His mother-in-law(s tiresome company and her vulgar behavior are too much even for his calm temperament. The novel finally ends on a note of reconciliation with all of the characters trying to forgive and forget past insults.
THEMES Major The&es
The pivotal theme is that marriage is important to individuals and society. Throughout the novel, the author describes the various types of marriages and reasons behind them. Marriage out of economic compulsions can be seen in +harlotte(s marriage to +ollins. Marriage due to sensual pleasure can be seen in Lydia(s marriage. The marriage of *ane and liabeth are the outcome of true love between well-matched persons. $nother ma/or theme is that pride and pre/udice both stand in the way of relationships, as embodied in the persons of &arcy and liabeth respectively. 3ride narrows the vision of a person and causes one to underestimate other mortals. 3re/udice blinds the vision and leads to false perceptions about others. &arcy(s pride and liabeth(s pre/udice come in the way of understanding each other and !eep them apart. :nly when &arcy becomes more humble and liabeth becomes more accepting can they relate to one another and find happiness together.
Minor The&es
$ minor theme found in the novel is appearance versus reality, with $usten stressing that a person cannot be /udged by his;her outer being. &uring the course of the boo!, several characters are not properly /udged, for good conduct does not necessarily mean good character, /ust as a pretty face does not indicate a pure soul. $nother theme stressed by the author is that in order to display good sense, a vitally important characteristic, a person must possess intelligence, sensitivity, and responsibility. ach of the ma/or characters in the novel is /udged against these three important criteria.
MOO+ The mood throughout the novel is formal and realistic to its nineteenth century setting. ven though it is a novel about love and marriage, it is not romantic and emotional, but realistic and practical.
$ACK1RO2N+ INFORMATION
*ane $usten was born in 1<<= at )teventon, Hampshire in southern ngland, where her father was a minister. )he was the si'th child in a family of seven children. The family was very close, and *ane had a particular
closeness to her sister +assandra. $lthough she attended boarding school for a short while, she was mostly educated at home. "oth she and +assandra were attractive and attended country parties% neither of them married, although *ane had several proposals. Much of *ane
(
s life is captured in the letters that she wrote to her sister, but +assandra cut out any references there might have been about *ane
(
s intimate, private life and her innermost thoughts. n spite of the missing information, the letters retain flashes of sharp wit and occasional coarseness.
*ane began to write at a young age. Pride and Prejudice, her most popular novel, was the first to be written, although not the first published. )he wrote on it for several years and finally completed it as First Impressions in 1<9<. t, however, was not accepted for publication until 1>1?, when it appeared with its current version with its new title. $s a result, Sense and Sensibility was published first, in 1>11. Her other four novels, Mansfield Park, Emma, Northanger Abbey, and Persuasion were all published between 1>1@ and 1>1>. )he also wrote si' minor wor!s and one unfinished novel. "ecause she wanted to avoid attention, most of her wor! was not published under her name. 8hen Mr. $usten retired in 1>A1, the family moved to "ath, where they lived until Mr. $usten(s death. The family then moved to )outhampton in 1>AB, to +hawton in 1>A9, and then again to Hampshire. $ few days before her sudden death in 1>1<, she lodged in 8inchester.
THE SOCIAL $ACK1RO2N+ $ general !nowledge of the social and cultural setting in which a novel is written is important, for most novels mirror the customs and values of a particular society, often criticiing it. The Hertfordshire country town where the greater part of the novel is set is Longbourn, only a mile from the mar!et town of Meryton and C@ miles from London. The neighborhood around the "ennets is large, for they dine with twenty-four different families, only three of which are named. The "ennet(s society is drawn largely from Meryton 5which is the mother(s bac!ground6 rather than from the country 5which is the father(s6, for she is more sociable than her husband. Mrs. "ennet, however, is without social ambition e'cept for her desire to have her daughters marry rich men.
Pride and Prejudice is, thus, set among the rural middle and upper classes who are landowners. 0one of the ma/or characters wor!s, for these moneyed classes live entirely on their income from rents and inheritances. There are, however, petty distinctions among the landed classes, determined by the amount of wealth possessed by the members. or instance, Miss "engali and her sister loo! down on the "ennets because they are not as wealthy. +lass distinctions in *ane $usten(s time were in fact very rigid. The land-owning aristocracy belonged to the highest rung of the social ladder, and all power was in their hands. 0e't in ran! came the gentry. The new, prosperous industrialists and traders 5li!e Mr. ardiner6 were gradually rising as a class, but had still not won the right to vote. The lowest in nglish society were the wor!ers and laborers. or the women of the time, life was largely restricted to the home and the family. or the poor and the lower-class women, there was ample wor! in the home and in the fields to !eep them busy. "ut for the ladies of the landed upper-classes, life was one big round of dances, dinners, cards, and visits to friends and relatives. They were not re2uired to do any household wor!. #Ladies,# thus, lived a life of ease and leisure, mainly concerned with society, children, and marriage. "y the nineteenth century, the upper classes no longer arranged marriages. nstead, a girl was introduced to society 5and eligible bachelors6 at a reception hosted by a married woman who had herself been presented. enerally, a girl #came out# only after her elder sister was married. 50o wonder Lady +atherine is shoc!ed when she hears that all of liabeth(s sisters have started dating before she is wed.6
8omen(s education in the nineteenth century was restricted to the daughters of a few families of the upper
classes. n most cases, it was thought to be a waste of time to educate girls. ich and noble families 5li!e that of Lady +atherine de "ourgh6 engaged governesses for educating their daughters or sent them away to boarding school, but most women were self-educated at home.
Traveling in *ane $usten(s time was accomplished in horse-drawn carriages, and a family(s social status was determined by its !ind of carriage. "ecause carriages were slow, travel was limited. +ommunication of mail and news was also slow, and there were no daily newspapers. $s a result, the outside world does not play a part in $usten(s novels. nstead, she turns her attention in entirety to the things she !newD family and values.
THE LITERARY $ACK1RO2N+ *ane $usten(s Pride and Prejudice appeared on the nglish literary scene in 1>1?. The author had wor!ed on its realistic style and content for more than fifteen years, for she was a perfectionist in her approach to writing. Her first novel was unli!e any of the hundreds of others written at the time, which were mainly omantic 5filled with emotion and passionate6 or othic 5filled with horror6. $usten was the first novelist to portray realistic characters by using the direct method of telling a story in which dialogue and comment ta!e an important place. )he used the method to dissect the hypocrisy of individuals and the society in which they played their games of love and courtship. rom the beginning, $usten(s literature centered on character studies, where a person(s common sense 5or lac! of it6 was developed in detail. The chosen setting was always limited to a small social group of the upper classes and composed of a few families. amily life was always central to her wor!s. Her novels also portrayed traditional values and a belief in rationality, responsibility, and restraint. "ut she often viewed the human condition, with its many wea!nesses, through humor, irony, and sarcasm, with her undesirable characters portrayed as ignorant, proud, or silly human beings, not evil villains.
Chapter S2MMARIES 3ITH NOTES Chapter 4 S!&&ar, The novel opens with an ironic statement about marriage, which is the a'is around which the world of Longbourn turnsD #t is a truth universally ac!nowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife#. 3resently everyone in Longbourn, Hertfordshire, is e'cited about the fact that Mr. "ingley, an unmarried, rich young man, is to settle at 0etherfield 3ar!, a fine estate nearby. Mrs. "ennet(s e'citement is e'traordinary, for she has five daughters that she wants to have married, especially the older ones. Her mind is fired with matrimonial speculations, and she tries to persuade her husband to pay a visit to Mr. "ingley as soon as he arrives. Mr. "ennet po!es fun at his wife(s impetuosity and /o!es that he will give the newcomer a carte blanche so that he can marry any one of their daughters, including the little Liy. Mrs. "ennet is nettled and accuses her husband of having no compassion for her poor nerves. Notes The first sentence of this chapter is one of the famous ones in nglish literature because of its masterful irony, its humorous tone, and its foreshadowing of the entire novel. t would appear from the formal opening words, #it is a truth universally ac!nowledged#, that the novel is going to dedicate itself to lofty ideals. The second half of the sentence, however, reveals that the #universal truth# is nothing more than a social truth, which ironically is not a truth at all, but a misrepresentation of social facts. $ man with a fortune does not need a wife nearly so much as a th
woman, who has no means of outside support in the 19 century, is greatly in need of a wealthy husband. The entire novel is really an e'planation of how women and men pursue each other prior to marriage.