COLEGIO JOSEFINO ALUMNOS: CATHERINE CATHERINE MELANY GIRON SALINAS JENNIFER CAROLINA FUNES FUNES AQUINO ALEJANDRA MARIA DIAZ Hernández NORMA JULISSA RAMIREZ CASOVERDE Step!n"e #e!$"%et R&'z R&'z (e)"n A%e#!ndr* A+,en,"* p!%!,"*+
MATERIA: CIENCIAS NATURALES
TEMA: M-t*d*+ de e%e,tr"z!,".n e%e,tr"z!,".n
GRADO: +e/&nd* A0O DE 1ACHILLERATO
A0O:
2345 INDICE
6á/7
Objetivos Gener!%e+ 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 E+pe,',*+ 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9
Justifcación 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 88 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 ;
Marco teórico M-t*d*+ de e%e,tr"z!,".n 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
8 8 < M-t*d* de ,*nt!,t* 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 5 M-t*d* e%e,tr*%"+"+ e%e,tr*%"+"+ 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 = E>e,t* ter$*".n",* ter$*".n",* 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 ? E>e,t* >*t*e%-,tr",* 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 @ E>e,t* p"ez*e%-,tr",* p"ez*e%-,tr",* 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 43 E>e,t* ter$*e%-,tr",* ter$*e%-,tr",* 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 44 M-t*d* de "nd&,,".n 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 42 M-t*d* de >r*t!$"ent* >r*t!$"ent* 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 49
Conclusiones 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 4;
Recomenaciones 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 4<
!iblio"ra#$a 8 8 8
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
45
%ne&os
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
8 8 4=
IN'ROD(CCION E+te pre+ente tr!!#* ,*$prende e% e+t&d"* de %*+ d">erente+ $-t*d*+ de e%e,tr"z!,".n e%e,tr"z!,".n B&e p*de$*+ *+er)!r eper"$ent!r eper"$ent!r en n&e+tr* n&e+tr* d"!r"* )")"r %! "$p*rt!n,"! de +!er den"r e#e$p%",!r ,!d! &n* de e%%*+ e+te te$! ! +"d* ,*n+"der!d* ,*$* &n* de %*+ $á+ "$p*rt!nte+ de %! "+t*r"! de +er &$!n*7 Entr Entre e %*+ %*+ $-t* $-t*d* d*++ B&e B&e e+ e+t& t&d" d"!$ !$*+ *+ tene tene$* $*++ de ,*nt ,*nt!, !,t* t* "nd& "nd&,, ,,". ".n n >r*t!$"ent* e>e,t* p"ez*e%-,tr",* e>e,t* >*t*e%-,tr",* e>e,t* ter$*".n",* e>e,t* ter$*e%-,tr",*7 De %*+ e+t&d"*+ B&e e$*+ re!%"z!d*+ re,*%e,t!$*+ &n! re)e den",".n ,!r!,ter'+t",!+ &n*+ e#e$p%*+ B&e p*de$*+ e#e,&t!r en e% $ed"* B&e n*+ r*de! d'! ,*n d'! %! "$p*rt!n,"! de p*der !n!%"z!r ,*n,"ent"z!r * de +!er $á+ +*re %! $!ter"! ,*n re+pe,t* ! %! >'+",!7 1"*%*/'! B&'$",!7 A ,*nt"n&!,".n en e+te tr!!#* de$*+tr!re$*+ de$*+tr!re$*+ ep%",!re$*+ %* B&e e$*+ entend"d* de ,!d! &n* de %*+ ,*n,ept*+ de %*+ $-t*d*+ de e%e,tr"z!,".n e%e,tr"z!,".n B&e +e n*+ pre+ent!r*n pre+ent!r*n +*re e+te $& "$p*rt!nte te$! p!r! ,!d! &n* de n*+*tr*+7
O!JE'I)OS* O#et")* Gener!%:
An!% An!%"z "z!r !r %*+ %*+ $-t* $-t*d* d*++ de e%e, e%e,tr tr"z "z!, !,". ".n n +& den den", ",". ".n n &+* &+* +&
,%!+",!,".n ,%!+",!,".n +e/n +e! %! den",".n de ,!d! $-t*d*7 Or"en Or"ent!r t!r ! ,er,! ,er,! de %*+ $-t*d* $-t*d*++ de e%e,tr" e%e,tr"z!, z!,".n ".n ! %*+ #.)ene+ #.)ene+ ed&,!r +*re %* &en* de %*+ $-t*d*+ de e%e,tr"z!,".n7 e%e,tr"z!,".n7
O#et")*+ E+pe,',*+7
C*$p C*$p!r !r!r !r %*+ %*+ d"+t d"+t"n "nt* t*++ t"p* t"p*++ de $-t* $-t*d*+ d*+ de e%e, e%e,tr tr"z "z!, !,". ".n n +&+ +&+
t-,n",!+ de >&n,"*n!$"ent*+7 D"+t"n/&"r ,!d! t"p* de %*+ $-t*d*+ de e%e,tr"z!,".n p*r e% &+* de %*+
d"+t"nt*+ $!ter"!%e+ de tr!n+$"+".n de ener/'!7 De+,&r"r $á+ !,er,! de %*+ $-t*d*+ de e%e,tr"z!,".n ,*$* >&n,"*n! ,!d! t"p* de $-t*d*+ de e%e,tr"z!,".n7
J(S'IFIC%CION* De"d* !% n$er* de $-t*d*+ de e%e,tr"z!,".n B&e e"+ten en n&e+tr* $ed"* $ed"* n*+*tr*+ n*+*tr*+ e$*+ %%e/!d* %%e/!d* ! %! ,*n,%&+".n ,*n,%&+".n B&e e+ &n* de %*+ te$!+ te$!+ $á+ "$p*rt!nte+ p*r %! ne,e+"d!d de re%!,"*n!r+e ,*n %!+ n!%"d!de+ B&e t"e t"enen nen e+ e+t* t*++ en %! )"d! "d! ,*t"d *t"d""!n! n! p!r p!r! p*de p*derr &t"% &t"%""z!r %*+ *# *#et*+ t*+ "n+tr&$ent*+ de &n! >*r$! ,*rre,t! !de,&!d! +"ntet"z!re$*+ %! te*r'! de >*r$! ,*$pre+")! pre,"+! ten"end* en ,&ent! %*+ $-t*d*+ e+tr!te/"!+ re+p* +p*n+! n+!"%" "%"d! d!de de++ B&e B&e t"en t"ene e e+t!r +t!r tr! tr!!# !#!nd* !nd* ,*n ,*n e%e,t %e,trr"," ","d!d d!d ene,"!d* ! n&e+tr!+ >!$"%"!+ ,*$p!er*+ de% !&%! ,*n re+pe,t* ! %* "$p*rt!nte B&e e+ %! e%e,tr",!,".n %*+ d"+t"nt*+ $-t*d*+ ,re!d* &n! >*r$! !de,&!d! de pen+!r 7
ME'ODOS DE ELEC'RI+%CION Electri,ación: e+ e% e>e,t* de /!n!r * perder ,!r/!+ e%-,tr",!+
n*r$!%$ente n*r$!%$ente e%e,tr*ne+ pr*d&,"d* p*r &n ,&erp* e%-,tr",!$ente ne&tr*7 L! d"+tr" d"+tr"&, &,".n ".n de %!+ ,!r/!+ ,!r/!+ e%-,tr e%-,tr", ",!+ !+ en &n ,&erp* ,&erp* p*r %! !,,".n !,,".n ! d"+t!n,"! de &n ,!$p* e%-,tr",* ,re!d* p*r *tr* ,&erp* e%e,tr"z!d*7 C!r/!r * e%e,tr"z!r e%e,tr"z!r &n ,&erp* ,&erp* p&eden e"+ten $&,!+ >*r$!+ >*r$!+ de tr!n+$"t"r %! ener/'! ener/'! !+' *tr* ,&erp* ,&erp* %*+ ,&!%e+ +*n %*+ +"/&"ente+:
M-t*d* p*r ,*nt!,t*7 M-t*d* p*r e%e,tr*%"+"+7 e%e,tr*%"+"+7 E>e,t* ter$*".n",*7 E>e,t* >*t*e%-,tr",*7 >*t*e%-,tr",*7 E>e,t* p"ez*e%-,tr",*7 p"ez*e%-,tr",*7 E>e,t* ter$*e%-,tr",*7 M-t*d* p*r "nd&,,".n7 M-t*d* p*r >r*t!,".n7 > r*t!,".n7
C!d! C!d! $-t*d $-t*d* * t"en t"ene e $&, $&,!+ !+ d">er d">eren," en,"!+ !+ per* per* !%
"/&! "/&!%% B&e B&e $&, $&,!+ !+
+"$"%"t&de+ ,*$* %* +*n B&e p*r $ed"* de e+t*+ $-t*d*+ +e tr!n+$"te ener ener/' /'! ! de &n ,&er ,&erp* p* ! *tr *tr* per per* n* t*d* t*d*++ +e d!n d!n p*r p*r %*+ %*+ $"+$ $"+$*+ *+ e%e$ent*+ B&e +e tr!n+$"te7 L*+ $-t*d*+ ! /ener!d* &n /r!n ,!$"* ! %! p*%!,".n de &n! $!ner! &en! B&e !&d! ! n&e+tr* $ed"* !$"ente ,*n +&+ n&$er*+*+ "n)ent*+ B&e B&e >!)* >!)*rre,en e,en %! )"d! )"d! ,*t" ,*t"d" d"!n !n! ! de ,!d! ,!d! per+ per+*n *n! ! B&e B&e %*+ %*+ &t"% &t"%"z "z! ! +&+ +&+ "ntent*+ de &+!r ,&!%B&"er t"p* de $-t*d* de e%e,tr"z!,".n depende de +!er t*$!r &n! "$p*rt!nte re+p*n+!"%"d!d p!r! !&d!rn*+ ! n*+*tr*+ $"+$*+ ,*$* ! n&e+tr* $ed"* !$"ente7
ME'ODO DE CON'%C'O CON'%C'O C&!nd* +e #&nt! &n ,&erp* ,*n &n *#et* e%e,tr"z!d* e% ,&erp* +e ,!r/! e%-,tr",!$ente +e d",e B&e e% *#et* +e ,!r/! p*r ,*nt!,t*7 E+te pr*,e+* +e pr*d&,e p*r tr!n+>eren,"! de e%e,tr*ne+ de &n ,&erp* ! *tr* ! B&e ,&!nd* e% *#et* ,!r/!d* ne/!t")!$ente +e !pr*"$! ! *tr* ne&tr.n p!rte de %! ,!r/! ne/!t")! de &n ,&erp* ,!r/!d* +e tr!n+ere !% ,&erp* ne&tr*7 E+t* +e dee ! B&e !rá tr!n+>eren,"! de e%e,tr*ne+ %"re+ de+de e% ,&erp* B&e %*+ p*+e! en $!*r ,!nt"d!d !,"! e% B&e %*+ ,*nten/! en $en*r pr*p*r,".n $!nten"-nd*+e e+te K&#* !+t! B&e %! $!/n"t&d de %! ,!r/! +e! %! $"+$! en !$*+ ,&erp*+7 L! e%e,tr"z!,".n p*r ,*nt!,t* +e d! ent*n,e+ ,&!nd* +e p*ne en ,*nt!,t* &n ,&erp* pre)"!$ente ,!r/!d* ,*n *tr* "n","!%$ente ne&tr* de+p&-+ de% ,*nt!,t* !$*+ ,&erp*+ B&ed!n ,!r/!d*+ ,*n e% $"+$* +"/n*7 En *tr!+ p!%!r!+ $á+ +en,"%%* de ,*$prender +e p&ede ,!r/!r &n ,&erp* ne&tr* ,*n +*%* t*,!r%* ,*n *tr* pre)"!$ente ,!r/!d*7 ,!r/!d*7 E#e$p%*+: Un"end* &n d"+,* de ,*re *tr* de ,"n, +ep!r!d*+ p*r &n p%!,! de $",! +e pr*d pr*d&, &,e e e%e, e%e,tr tr", ","d "d!d !d e+ e+tá tát" t",! ,! de +"/n +"/n* * p*+" p*+"t" t")* )* +*r +*re e e% ,*r ,*re e ne/!t")* +*re e% ,"n,7 L! e%e,tr"z!,".n +e p&ede de$*+tr!r >á,"%$ente >r*t!nd* %"/er!$ente ! %! p"e% &n /%** "nK!d* !,er,ánd*%e &n! )!r"%%! de e*n"t! %! ,&!% ! +"d* >r*t!d! p*r &n ped!z* de %!n! +e *+er)! B&e e% /%** e+ repe%"d* p*r %! )!r"%%!7 Un /%** >r*t!d* en &n! te%! de %!n! * >r!ne%! p*r ,*n+"/&"ente p*ner%* en &n! +&per,"e de )"dr"* +e p&ede *+er)!r %! e%e,tr"z!,".n7
ME'ODO -OR ELEC'ROLISIS L! e%e,tr.%"+"+ e+ &n $-t*d* de +ep!r!,".n de %*+ e%e$ent*+ B&e >*r$!n &n ,*$p ,*$p&e &e+t +t* * !p%" !p%",! ,!nd nd* * e%e, e%e,tr tr", ","d "d!d !d:: +e pr*d pr*d&, &,e e en pr"$ pr"$er er %&/! %&/!rr %! de+, de+,*$ *$p* p*+" +"," ,".n .n B&'$ B&'$", ",! ! de &n! &n! +&+t +&+t!n !n," ,"! ! +e pr*d pr*d&, &,e e pr"$ pr"$er er* * %! de+, de+,*$ *$p* p*+" +"," ,".n .n en "*ne "*ne+ + +e +e/& /&"d "d* * de e>e, e>e,t* t*++ d")e d")er+ r+*+ *+ * re!,, e!,,"* "*ne ne++ +e,& +e ,&nd nd!r !r"! "!++ +e +e/ /n n ,!d! ,!d! ,!+* ,!+* p*r p*r e% p!+* p!+* de &n! &n! ,*rr ,*rr"e "ent nte e e%-, e%-,tr tr", ",! ! ,*nt"n&!7 E%e, E%e,tr tr.% .%"+ "+"+ "+ pr*, pr*,ed ede e de d*+ d*+ r!d" r!d",! ,!%e %e+ + e%e, e%e,tr tr* * B&e B&e !,e !,e re>er e>eren en," ,"! ! ! e%e,tr","d!d %"+"+ B&e B&"ere de,"r r*t&r!7 E#e$p%*+:
S&$er/"end* &n! p%!,! de ,!r.n $"ner!% * de ret*rt! #&nt* ! &n! p%!,! de ,"n, +&$er/"d! en !/&! !,"d&%!d! +e de+!rr*%%! e%e,tr","d!d de +"/n* p*+"t")* +*re e% ,!r.n ne/!t")* +*re e% ,"n,7
Met"en Met" end* d* %"$! %"$!d& d&r! r!++ de "er "err! r! en &n >r!+ >r!+,* ,* ,*n ,*n !/&! !/&! !,"d !,"d&% &%!d !d! ! ,*%* ,*%*,! ,!nd nd* * d*+ d*+ ,!% ,!%e+ e+ de ,*r ,*re e ,er ,er,! de %!+ %!+ %"$! %"$!d& d&r! r!++ +&$e +&$err/"d* /"d* t!$"-n +e de+!rr*%%! e%e,tr","d!d7
EFEC'O 'ERMOINICO E+ %! "*n"z!,".n pr*d&,"d! p*r e% ,!%*r7 A !%t!+ te$per!t&r!+ %*+ e%e,tr*ne+ B&e )"r!n ,!d! )ez $á+ >&erte p&eden e+,!p!r de% ,&erp* e+te B&ed!rá p*r t!nt* p*+"t")*7 E+ %! perd"d! de e%e,tr*ne+ en &n ,&erp* ,!%"ente >en.$en* B&e +e d! en %*+ $et!%e+ %! ,!nt"d!d de e%e,tr*ne+ B&e +e de+prende de %! +&per,"e de &n $et!% $et!% p*r e$"+" e$"+".n .n ter$*" ter$*".n" .n",! ,! depend depende e de %! n!t&r n!t&r!%e !%ez! z! de %! +&per,"e e$"+*r! de %! te$per!t&r!7 L! $!*r p!rte de %*+ $et!%e+ p&r*+ e$"ten e%e,tr*ne+ +.%* ! te$per!t&r!+ $& e%e)!d!+7 S"n e$!r/* +" %*+ %*+ $et!% et!%e e+ e+tá +tán re,&" ,&"e ert*+ t*+ ,*n &n! ,!p! de ."d* d* p&ed p&ede en e$"t"r e%e,tr*ne+ ! te$per!t&r!+ re%!t")!$ente )!r"!+7 De"d* ! %! !/"t!,".n t-r$",! %*+ e%e,tr*ne+ +e $&e)en t!n )"/*r*+!$ente B&e !%/&n*+ e+,!p!n7 E+te >en.$en* +e !p%",! en %! ,*n+tr&,,".n de t&*+ !% )!,'* B&e >&er*n $& &+!d*+ en %*+ !p!r!t*+ e%e,tr.n",*+ !nte+ de %! "n)en,".n de %*+ tr!n+"+t*re+ tr!n+"+t*re+ %*+ ,"r,&"t*+ e%-,tr",*+ "nte/r!d*+7 Un e#e$p%* de e%%* +er'!: %! +*%d!d&r! de "err* p!r! !,er p&ert!+ p*%"ne+ +"%%!+ et,7
EFEC'O FO'OELEC'RICO F*r$! *r$!,". ,".n n %"er %"er!," !,".n .n de p!rt', p!rt',&%! &%!++ e%-,tr e%-,tr",! ",!$en $ente te ,!r/!d ,!r/!d!+ !+ B&e +e pr*d pr*d&, &,e e en %! $!te $!ter" r"! ! ,&!n ,&!nd* d* e+ "rr! "rr!d" d"!d !d! ! ,*n ,*n %&z %&z & *tr! *tr! r!d" r!d"!, !,". ".n n e%e,tr*$!/n-t",!7 E% t-r$"n* E>e,t* F*t*e%-,tr",* de+"/n! )!r"*+ t"p*+ de "nter! "nter!,," ,,"*ne *ne++ +"$"%! +"$"%!re re+7 +7 En e% e>e,t* e>e,t* >*t*e% >*t*e%-,t -,tr", r",* * eter etern* n* +e %"er %"er!n !n e%e,tr*ne+ e%e,tr*ne+ en %! +&per,"e de &n ,*nd&,t*r $etá%",* !% !+*rer ener/'! de %! %&z B&e "n,"de +*re d",! +&per,"e7 E+te e>e,t* +e e$p%e! en %! ,-%&%! >*t*e%-,tr",! d*nde %*+ e%e,tr*ne+ %"er!d*+ p*r &n p*%* de %! ,-%&%! e% >*t*,át*d* +e $&e)en !,"! e% *tr* p*%* e% án*d* !#* %! "nK&en,"! de &n ,!$p* e%-,tr",*7 E+te pr"n,"p"* >&n,"*n! en %!+ ,e%d!+ +*%!re+7 De+prend"$"ent* de e%e,tr*ne+ en &n ,&erp* $etá%",* de"d* ! %! !,,".n de %! r!d"!,".n e%e,tr*$!/n-t",! ,*$* %! %&z7 E#e$p%*+: L! r!d"!,".n +*%!r en p!ne%e+ /ener! ener/'! L!+ *#!+ de %!+ p%!nt!+ ár*%e+ pr*d&,en &n! d-"% ,*rr"ente e%-,tr",! $"entr!+ e% +*% %!+ "%&$"n! d&r!nte e% pr*,e+* %%!$!d* >*t*+'nte+"+7
EFEC'O -IE+OELEC'RICO Fen.$en* >'+",* p*r e% ,&!% !p!re,e &n! d">eren,"! de p*ten,"!% e%-,tr",* entr entre e %!+ %!+ ,!r! ,!r!++ de &n ,r"+ ,r"+t! t!%% ,&!n ,&!nd* d* -+ -+te te +e +*$e +*$ete te ! &n! &n! pre+ pre+". ".n n $e,án",!7 E% e>e,t* >&n,"*n! t!$"-n ! %! "n)er+!: ,&!nd* +e !p%",! &n ,!$p ,!$p* * e%-, e%-,tr tr", ",* * ! ,"er ,"ert! t!++ ,!r! ,!r!++ de &n! &n! >*r >*r$!," $!,".n .n ,r"+ ,r"+t! t!%" %"n! n! -+t! +t! eper"$ent! d"+t*r+"*ne+ $e,án",!+7 6"erre C&r"e +& er$!n* J!,B&e+ de+,&r"er*n e+te >en.$en* en e% ,&!rz* %! +!% de R*,e%%e en 4??3 %* den*$"n!r*n e>e,t* p"ez*e%-,tr",* de% /r"e/* p"eze"n: pre+"*n!r7E% e>e,t* p"ez*e%-,tr",* +e pr*d&,e en )!r"!+ +&+t!n,"!+ ,r"+t!%"n!+ ,*$* e% !r"* E% t"t!n"* * %! t&r$!%"n!7 E% e>e,t* +e ep%",! p*r e% de+p%!z!$"ent* de "*ne+ en ,r"+t!%e+ B&e t"enen &n! ,e%d! &n"t!r"! !+"$-tr",!7 C&!nd* +e ,*$pr"$e e% ,r"+t!% %*+ "*ne+ de %!+ ,e%d!+ +e de+p%!z!n pr*)*,!nd* %! p*%!r"z!,".n e%-,tr",! de %! $"+$!7 E+ de," de,"r r %! e%e, e%e,tr tr"z "z!, !,". ".n n de &n ,r"+ ,r"+t! t!%% de" de"d* d* !% e>e, e>e,t* t* de %! pre+ pre+". ".n n $e,án",! !dB&"eren &n! p*%!r"z!,".n e%-,tr",! en +& $!+! !p!re,"end* &n! d">eren,"! de p*ten,"!% ,!r/!+ e%-,tr",!+ en +& +&per,"e7 E#e$p%*+: En,ended*re+ * $e,er*+ $e,er*+ e%-,tr",*+ U%tr!+*n"d*+
EFEC'O 'ERMOELEC'RICO E+ %! ,*n)er+".n d"re,t! de %! d">eren,"! de te$per!t&r! ! )*%t!#e e%-,tr",* )",e)er+!7 Un d"+p*+"t")* ter$*e%-,tr",* ,re! &n )*%t!#e ,&!nd* ! &n! d">eren,"! de te$per!t&r! ! ,!d! %!d*7 6*r e% ,*ntr!r"* ,&!nd* +e %e !p%",! &n )*%t!#e ,re! &n! d">eren,"! de te$per!t&r!7 S"end* %! e%e,tr","d!d /ener!d! p*r %! !p%",!,".n de ,!%*r ! %! &n".n de d*+ $!ter"!%e+ d">erente+7 S" +e &nen p*r !$*+ etre$*+ d*+ !%!$re+ de d"+t"nt* $!ter"!% &n! de %!+ d*+ &n"*ne+ +e $!nt"ene ! &n! te$per!t&r! +&per"*r ! %! *tr! +&r/e &n! d">eren,"! de ten+".n B&e !,e K&"r &n! ,*rr"ente e%-,tr",! e%-,tr",! entre %!+ &n"*ne+ ,!%"ente+ >r'!+7 E#e$p%*+: L! p"%! ter$*e%-,tr",! de Seee, tr!n+>*r$! e% ,!%*r !p%!,!d* ! )!r"!+ +*%d!d&r!+ de d*+ $et!%e+ d">erente+ d"re,t!$ente en e%e,tr","d!d7 Otr* e#e$p%* !&nB&e +&ene etr!* +er"! %! e)!p*r!,".n de %!+ !/&! de $!re+ r'*+ +e de$*+tr. B&e /ener!r! e%e,tr","d!d %! ,&!% +e dep*+"t! en %!+ n&e+7
ME'ODO DE IND(CCION C&!nd* &n ,&erp* ,*n ,!r/! e%-,tr",! +e !pr*"$! ! *tr* ne&tr* ,!&+!nd* &n! red"+tr"&,".n en %!+ ,!r/!+ de -+te7 6!r! ,*$p%et!r e% pr*,e+* de ,!r/! p*r "nd&,,".n +e dee ,*ne,t!r re)e$ente e% *#et* ! t"err! %&e/* ret"r!r e% ,&erp* ,!r/!d*7 L! "nd&,,".n e+ &n pr*,e+* de ,!r/! de &n *#et* +"n ,*nt!,t* d"re,t*7 Un ,&erp* ,!r/!d* e%-,tr",!$ente p&ede !tr!er ! *tr* ,&erp* B&e e+tá ne&tr*7 C&!nd* +e !,er,! &n ,&erp* e%e,tr"z!d* ! &n ,&erp* ne&tr* +e e+t!%e,e &n! "nter!,,".n e%-,tr",! entre %!+ ,!r/!+ de% pr"$er* %!+ de% ,&erp* ne&tr*7 C*$* re+&%t!d* de e+t! "nter!,,".n %! d"+tr"&,".n "n","!% +e !%ter!: e% ,&erp* e%e,tr"z!d* pr*)*,! e% de+p%!z!$"ent* de %*+ e%e,tr*ne+ %"re+ de% ,&erp* ne&tr*7 En e+te pr*,e+* de red"+tr"&,".n de ,!r/!+ %! ,!r/! net! "n","!% n* ! )!r"!d* en e% ,&erp* ne&tr* per* en !%/&n!+ z*n!+ +e ,!r/! p*+"t")!$ente en *tr!+ ne/!t")!$ente7 ne/!t")!$ente7 E#e$p%*+: S" &n! per+*n! +e ,!r/! e%-,tr",!$ente p*r >r",,".n ,*n e% !"re * ,*n !%/n t"p* t"p* de $!te $!ter" r"!% !% +e !,er !,er,! ,! ! *tr! *tr! per+ per+*n *n! ! %e e$"t e$"te e &n! &n! de+, de+,!r !r/! /! e%-,tr",! de"d* ! %! d">eren,"! de ,!r/!+ entre %*+ d*+ e+t! de+,!r/! +e d! !nte+ de B&e %!+ per+*n!+ +e t*B&en7 L* $"+$* +&,ede ,&!nd* +e !,er,! ! &n !r!nd!% * &n! p"ez! $etá%",! B&e e+t- en ,*nt!,t* ,*n %! t"err!7 C&!nd* %%&e)e %!+ n&e+ *t"enen &n! ,!r/! ne/!t")! de"d* ! %! >r",,".n ,*n e% !"re ,&!nd* -+t! e+ %* +&,"ente$ente /r!nde p!+! de %!+ n&e+ !,"! %! t"err! B&e t"ene ,!r/! ne&tr! pr*d&,"end* r!*+7
ME'ODO DE FRO'%MIEN'O L*+ át*$*+ de !%/&n*+ $!ter"!%e+ t"enen e%e,tr*ne+ e%e,tr*ne+ d-"%$ente &n"d*+ !% n,%e* p&eden +er %"er!d*+ * +er tr!n+>er"d*+ ! *tr* *#et*7 E+t! pr*p"ed!d per$"te per$"te B&e &n ,&erp* +&>r! e% pr*,e+* de e%e,tr"z!,".n p*rB&e p&ede /!n!r * perder e%e,tr*ne+ e%e,tr*ne+ !% +er >r*t!d* ,*n *tr* ,&erp*7 E+ %! >r*t >r*t!, !,". ".n n de d*+ d*+ ,&er ,&erp* p*++ e%-, e%-,tr tr", ",!$ !$en ente te ne&t ne&trr*+ n$ n$er er* * de e%e, e%e,tr tr*n *ne+ e+ P n$e n$er* r* de pr*t pr*t*n *ne+ e+ !$* !$*++ +e ,!r ,!r/!n /!n &n* &n* ,*n ,*n ,!r ,!r/! p*+"t")! e% *tr* ,*n ,!r/! ne/!t")!7 E#e$p%*+: Un /%** %* >r*t!+ > r*t!+ en %! ,!ez! de &n !$"/* ,*$p!er* * t $"+$* ,!e%%* * ,!ez! %&e/* %* p*ne+ ,er,! de %! ,!ez! de *tr* ,*$p!er* ,*$p!er* * !$"/* )er!+ B&e e% ,!e%%* +e %e)!nt!7 A% >r*t!r &n ,&erp* >&erte$ente ,*n &n p!* e+te +e + e ,!r/! p*+"t")! * ne/!t")!$ente depend"end* de +& tenden,"! ! perder * /!n!r e%e,tr*ne+ re+pe,t")!$ente7 6*r e#e$p%* !% >r*t!r &n! !rr! de )"dr"* -+t! +e ,!r/!rá p*+"t")!$ente7
CONCL(SIONES.
E"+ten d">erente+ t"p*+ de $-t*d*+ de e%e,tr"z!,".n B&e ,!d!
$-t*d* t"ene +&+ pr*p"!+ p r*p"!+ ,!r!,ter'+t",!+ ,!r!,ter'+t",!+ den","*ne+7 C!d! C!d! $-t* $-t*d* d* t"en t"ene e +& >*r >*r$! de tr! tr!!# !#!r !r+e +e e eper per"$ "$en ent! t!rr+e
depend"end* !+t! d*nde de +& !n,* de "n)e+t"/!,".n7 E"+ten d">erente+ "n)ent*+ de %*+ B&e %*+ $-t*d*+ de e%e,tr"z!,".n
!&d!r*n ! +& ,re,"$"ent* L! )"d! ,*t"d"!n! de ,!d! per+*n! en e% $ed"* B&e +e re%!,"*n!
eper per"$ "$en ent! t! $-t* $-t*d*+ d*+ de e%e, e%e,tr tr"z "z!, !,". ".n n ! B&e B&e e% ,&er ,&erp* p* ,!r ,!r/! +"e$pre ener/'!7 T*d*+ +*$*+ ,!p!,e+ de ,re!r &n $-t*d* de e%e,tr"z!,".n e%e,tr"z!,".n p*r $ed"* T*d*+
de &n eper"$ent* +"$p%e7 E+ "ntere+!nte *+er)!r %*+ eper"$ent*+ re%!,"*n!d*+ ,*n e% te$! ! B&e ,*n e+t* p*de$*+ !prender $á+ +*re %! $!ter"! de B&'$",! >'+",! "*%*/'!7
RECOMEND%CIONES.
•
Tener Tener ,&"d!d* ! B&e n&e+tr* ,&erp* +"e$pre +"e$pre ,!r/! ener/'! !% t*,!r t*,!r &n *#et* *#et* p*d!$*+ tener t*B&e+ de ,*rr"en ,*rr"ente te ,*n e% *#et* de
•
d"+t"nt! $!/n"t&d Q&e Q&e +" en !%/ !%/n n ,!+* ,!+* +e t"en t"enen en &n p!ne p!ne%% +*%! +*%!rr ! ! B&e B&e tene tenerr
•
pre,!&,"*ne+ pre,!&,"*ne+ ,&!nd* +e e+t- ,erd! de e+te *#et*7 S"n "$p*rt!r%!+ "$p*rt!r%!+ ,"r,&n+t!n,"!+ ,"r,&n+t!n,"!+ +"e$pre ! B&e +!er B&e %! ener/'! ener/'! p&ede ,!&+!r d!*+ ! %!+ per+*n!+ depend"end* e% t"p* de $-t*d*
•
de e%e,tr"z!,".n * ener/'! n*r$!% +e t*$e7 C&!nd &!nd* * +e e+ e+te te epe per"$e "$ent* nt* n* &t" &t"%"z! %"z!rr *# *#et*+ et*+ B&e B&e +e +e!n !n ,*nd&,t*re+ *r* ,*re p%!t! *tr*+7
!I!LIOGR%FI%. C"en,"!+ n!t&r!%e+ de+!rr*%%e$*+ de+!rr*%%e$*+ ,*$peten,"!+ L&"+ H7 J*)e% ed",".n 23497 ttp:7!$+,**%7ed&7+)p!e++," ttp:7!$+,**%7ed&7+)p!e++,"en,ee%e,tr en,ee%e,tr*+tC9A4t",!7t *+tC9A4t",!7t$ $ ttp:7&en!+t!re!+7,*$en+!*+E%e,tr"z!,"*nF*r$!+De E%e,tr"z!,"*n;@43<=<7t$% ttp:e+7+,r"d7,*$d*,==29;=4< ttp:e+7+,r"d7,*$d*,= =29;=4<;EFECTO ;EFECTOTERMOIONICO+,r"d TERMOIONICO+,r"d ttp:e+7+,r"d7,*$d*,==29;=4< ttp:e+7+,r"d7,*$d*,= =29;=4<;$et*d*e%e,tr"z! ;$et*d*e%e,tr"z!,"*n+,r"d ,"*n+,r"d
%ne&os
