El Delirio Del Imperialismo (1885-1906) - Mommsen

EL DELIRIO DEL IMPERIALISMO (1885-1906) Wolfgang J. Mommsn MOMMSE!" Wolfgang J." n La #$o%a &l 'm$'al'smo" $$. 1*-161. +a%'a l ,n & los aos o%n/a &l s'glo I s 'n'%'a na /ansfoma%'2n /ansfoma%'2n $ofn&a n las la%'ons n/ las $o/n%'as o$as. La ,3 &l 'm$'al'smo s a&a & los ga3'n/s o$os $ogs'4amn/  s'n  s &n a$nas %n/a los $o$'os $ol7/'%os. A $sa &l %ons4a&'smo & la &'$loma%'a & /o&os los Es/a&os o$os"  %ons'&a3a l %lamo $o$la $o %olon'as  n4os m%a&os n l/ama" n gnal" %omo na &saga&a3l 'n/om's'2n n las saga&as /a&'%'ons &l a/ &'$lom/'%o" fon a/an&o %a&a 4 ms l 'n/#s $:3l'%o los $o3lmas %olon'als  los $o3lmas & la Wl/$ol'/';" $aa /'l'a n /#m'no  m$a3a a $ons & mo&a n Alman'a" m'n/as  los gan&s $o3lmas & la $ol7/'%a o$a $asa3an a n sgn&o $lano" s'n $& $o llo s $so  s 'm$o/an%'a. La s%la 's/2'%a almana n%'a & las '&olog7as &om'nan/s" &s%'3 s/ $o%so %omo l $aso &l s's/ma & Es/a&os o$os al s's/ma mn&'al"  %on%l  /am3'#n Alman'a s/a3a llama&a a ll4a a %a3o na 4'goosa $ol7/'%a 'n/na%'onal. S'n m3ago" n los :l/'mos &%n'os an/s & 191? no @'s/7a" a:n" l s's/ma n'4sal & Es/a&os  3's $o&'&o gaan/'a na 4ol%'2n $a%7,%a n Eo$a  n l mn&o a /a4#s & n 'l'3'o & fas %omo l  a37a man/n'&o &an/ %as' n s'glo l s's/ma & Es/a&os o$o. El s's/ma o$o & $o/n%'as nl  las gan&s na%'ons %omo Ingla/a" an%'a" l R'% almn" As/'a-+ng7a  Rs'a &sm$a3an l $a$l $'n%'$al s'g'2 @'s/'n&o  %on l los $o3lmas /a&'%'onals & la $ol7/'%a o$a s'n sol4 o mal sl/os. En/ s/os" la %s/'2n &l f/o &l 'm$'o o/omano  a37a s'&o sal4a&o &an/ l s'glo I n 4a'as o%as'ons $o las gan&s $o/n%'as   a37a s'&o %ons4a&o a/',%'almn/B n sgn&o lga" la &'s%/'&a %s/'2n &l %' & los s/%os &l C2sfoo a los 3s & ga & /o&as las na%'ons" sg:n lo a37an a%o&a&o las na%'ons o$as &s$#s & la ga & 'ma" as7 %omo l $o3lma & la ogan'a%'2n & los Cal%ans"  &s& l ongso & Cl7n &l ao 18*8 no a37a &a&o & $o%$a a los Es/a&os 'n/sa&os. Fam3'#n los $ol7/'%os & Eo$a sg7an $nsan&o sg:n los %on%$/os /a&'%'onals & la gan &'$loma%'a %ls'%a. %ls'%a. Ss ng7as s %n/a3an n $'m lga n l s/a3l%'m'n/o & n 'l'3'o & $o&s n la $o$'a Eo$a" 'l'3'o " s'n m3ago" 'n/n/a3an mo&',%a %on/'namn/ n 3n,%'o &l $o$'o 3lo & al'anas. Po %omo %ons%n%'a & la /ans'%'2n a na a%/'4a $ol7/'%a & a&'s'%'ons %olon'als" gnalmn/ gnalmn/ ll4a&a a %a3o $o las $o/n%'as o$as a $a/' & 1890" s $o%/aon las /ns'ons @'s/n/s n Eo$a" n %'/o mo&o" a los am$l'os /'/o'os & l/ama. G las &'s$/as sg'&as n/ &/m'na&as $o/n%'as $o /'/o'os & Hf'%a o As'a"  %on

f%n%'a an a&ms la/'4amn/ $o%o 'm$o/an/s" /4'on $%s'ons & @/ao&'na'a /as%n&n%'a &n/o &l $o$'o s's/ma o$o & $o/n%'as. La l%a f3'l & las $o/n%'as %olon'al's/as $o los /'/o'os & l/ama &'o a las la%'ons & los Es/a&os na &a as/a n/on%s &s%ono%'&a. S'n m3ago" no an :n'%amn/ las gan&s $o/n%'as las  %o%a3an na  o/a 4 $o %s/'ons 'n/na%'onalsB 'n/na%'onalsB /am3'#n las $o/n%'as & sgn&o ango fon &om'na&as $o las /n&n%'as 'm$'al's/as & la #$o%a  fon a#llas" so3 /o&o" las  $o4o%aon l &smoonam'n/o &l s's/ma & las $o/n%'as o$as n la P'ma a Mn&'al. Algnos Es/a&os o$os" %omo Ingla/a  an%'a" a a%7a /'m$o  ll4a3an a %a3o na $ol7/'%a & @$ans'2n %olon'al. %olon'al. +a%'a 1885 s/ $o%so & @$ans'2n & la %'4'l'a%'2n o$a $o /o&o l glo3o sf na 4'oln/a a%la%'2nB n $o%os aos s %on4'/'2 n na a/#n/'%a %aa & las $o/n%'as o$as /as los /'/o'os & l/ama a:n '%/os $o s/as %s/'ons" ll4an&o n 4a'as o%as'ons a Eo$a al 3o& & na ga gnal. Los %om'nos & s/a 4ol%'2n s mon/an al $'n%'$'o &los aos o%n/a. En 1881" an%'a s s/a3l% n F:n" &os aos ms /a& n Annam" l a%/al K'/nam" as7 %omo n l ongo  n Somal'a" n l olfo & A&#n. En 188  188? a&' C'sma%; n na a%%'2n $o so$sa los

$o/%/oa&os & Hf'%a &l s&s/  s&os/" as7 %omo Fogo  am:n. na 'm$o/an%'a m%o mao /4o" s'n m3ago" la o%$a%'2n & Eg'$/o $o Ingla/a n l ao 188. Es/a a37a s'&o $nsa&a n n $'n%'$'o $o la&s/on %omo na @$&'%'2n & %as/'go"  a&ms a37a '&o ll4a a %a3o n/o %on an%'a" $aa asga los 'n/ss & los a%&os o$os n Eg'$/o" amnaa&os $o l l4an/am'n/o na%'onal's/a & Am& Aa3'. La no 'n/4n%'2n & an%'a" 'm$s/a $o l Palamn/o" &'o a la o%$a%'2n & Eg'$/o l %a%/ & na a%%'2n n'la/al &l 'm$'al'smo 3'/n'%o" algo  l $o$'o la&s/on a37a /a/a&o & 4'/a. En an%'a s a%%'on2 %on &a  'n/ans'gn%'a an/ s/ $aso & Ingla/a  $on7a n $l'go la $o$'a /a&'%'onal s$ma%7a %l/al n l !'lo  s @'g'2 la 'nm&'a/a /'a&a & los 'nglss. Fam$o%o n Don'ng S// s a37a $/n&'&o n n $'n%'$'o na o%$a%'2n $mann/ & Eg'$/o  s $o%/a3a a na $on/a /'a&a $aa 4'/a  las $o/n%'as o$as /4'sn n a&lan/ n %2mo&o $/@/o $aa &',%l/a %ons/an/mn/ la $ol7/'%a 'nglsaB a  a#llas $os7an n la a'ss & la D// P3l' l 'ns/mn/o a&%a&o $aa % s 'n>n%'a so3 los asn/os 'n/nos & Eg'$/o. Ingla/a /a/a3a & 'm$on &os%on&'%'ons a la /'a&a & ss /o$as & Eg'$/oN  los 'n/ss & los a%&os o$os n l Es/a&o g'$%'o %on/'nasn s'n&o s$/a&os  " n %aso & na n4a %'s's" an C/aa o3/4's & las o/as gan&s $o/n%'as o$as l &%o & ll4a a %a3o na n4a 'n/4n%'2n m'l'/a. El /mo a  an%'a $&'s 'ns/alas n Eg'$/o %ons/'/2 n fa%/o &%'s'4o. S'n m3ago" al ass'na los &4'%s & a/m n 1885 a o&on"  a37a 'n'%'a&o na %am$aa" no a/o'a&a $o Lon&s" %on/a l 'm$'o &l Ma&'" s 4'on fs/a&os los $lans & la&s/onB na ola & ag'/a%'2n na%'onal's/a s a$o&2 & la o$'n'2n $:3l'%a 3'/n'%a"  $&7a la 4ngana  no la /'a&a. El a3an&ono & Eg'$/o" &on& s a37a 'ns/ala&o %onfo/a3lmn/ n $o/%/oa&o 'ngl#s (an la &om'na%'2n 'nglsa %a%'s &l s$al&o 7&'%o 'n/na%'onal)" a %a&a 4 mnos $o3a3l" al /a/a n 4ano la&s/on  s s%so Sal's3 & o3/n &l sl/n -l so3ano nom'nal &l ;&'4 g'$%'o-"  & las gan&s $o/n%'as" allas gaan/7as  la $ol7/'%a 'm$'al 'nglsa %ons'&a3a" $o aons s/a/#g'%as" 'm$s%'n&'3ls $aa a3an&ona Eg'$/o. La %s/'2n g'$%'a s %on4'/'2 n n %on>'%/o $mann/" so3 /o&o n/ Ingla/a  an%'a. C'sma%; s$o a/'a %on m%a a3'l'&a& l fgo g'$%'o. Ds& 1885 C'sma%; /a/2 $o /o&os los m&'os & fomn/a las as$'a%'ons & las o/as gan&s $o/n%'as n l /no $ol7/'%o-%olon'al  & &s4'a & s/a mana las /ns'ons &l s's/ma o$o & $o/n%'as ala $'f'a. El  C'sma%; %on/'3s %on /o&as ss fas a  an%'a  Ingla/a s ngaasn n na l%a $o las %s/'ons %olon'als" a na s/a/g'a  a37a & 4ol4s a la laga %on/a la $o$'a Alman'a. El 'n/#s & las gan&s $o/n%'as $o los @$'mn/os %olon'als 4l4" s'n m3ago" a &%a na 4 ms a $a/' & 1885. En Ingla/a s 4ol4'2 a la an/'ga $%/'%a & &a $fn%'a a las a/& om$an's $a/'%las" %omo la Im$'al C'/'s

Eas/ Af'%a om$an (1889)  la C'/'s So/ Af'%a om$an (1889)" n la @$lo/a%'2n & /'/o'os %olon'als - s /a/2 /am3'#n & llga a n a%&o %on Rs'a a%%a & Afgan's/n. En an%'a" &s$#s & la %a7&a & Jls  n 1885" s3'on & momn/o al $o& $ol7/'%os  o3s4a3an %on &s%on,ana %al' $ol7/'%a %olon'al  &'s/as a la na%'2n fan%sa &l
&sa%&'/a la $ol7/'%a almana. La &'m's'2n & C'sma%; n mao & 1890 f s'n &&a n a%on/%'m'n/o & /as%n&n%'a o$aB %on C'sma%; &sa$a%7a &l s%na'o &'$lom/'%o & Eo$a n om3 & Es/a&o  a37a /a/a&o & %ons4a &an/ n %a/o & s'glo l %ls'%o s's/ma & 'l'3'o n/ las $o/n%'as o$as. La 'n/n%'2n & C'sma%; a37a s'&o 4'/a" $o m&'o & na $&n/ $ol7/'%a & al'ana &fns'4a  al m'smo /'m$o %ons4a&oa"  la an/'ga Eo$a s n&'s n la 4og'n & los na%'onal'smos '4als. Po l s's/ma &'$lom/'%o & C'sma%; s 3asa3a n  los $ol7/'%os & Eo$a $&'an a%/a sg:n na a2n & Es/a&o a&a  %al%la&a" s'n $o%$as &mas'a&o & la o$'n'2n & ss $3los. S'n m3ago" s/o a %a&a 4 mnos $os'3l. P%'samn/ losgo3'nos & los Es/a&os sm'%ons/'/%'onals o 'n%lso a/o%/'%os & Eo$a" a&ms & ss an/agon's/as &mo%/'%os" an aas/a&os %a&a 4 ms $o na o$'n'2n $:3l'%a %aga&a & na%'onal'smo. En allas %'%ns/an%'as las la%'ons $sonals n/ los fs & Es/a&o" n las  a37a $s/o /an/o m$o C'sma%;" fon $&'n&o s sol'&. n anl's's o3/'4o & los %os &ms/a  los m#/o&os & C'sma%; n $ol7/'%a @/'o a a37an al%ana&o los l7m'/s & ss $os'3'l'&a&s n l momn/o & s %a7&a. Fam$o%o l %om$l'%a&o s's/ma & al'anas %a&o $o C'sma%; $o&7a %on/'na 'n&,n'&amn/" $o l %o &  la 4'goosa &'nm'%a & los 'm$'al'smos & las &'s/'n/as $o/n%'as o$as s &a3a 'n/ga %a&a 4 mnos n s/ o&n %'&a&osamn/ %ons/'&o. La no no4a%'2n &l /a/a&o & %on/asgo $o l s%so & C'sma%;" Lo 4on a$'4'" n l ao 1890" a s'&o 'n/$/a&a s'm$ %omo n g'o &%'s'4o n l &saollo & los s's/mas o$os & al'anas an/s & 191?"  & %o lo f" an n o/o sn/'&o  l  's'on 4 los %on/m$onos  C'sma%; ms /a&. Fam$o%o la ,ma &l /a/a&o & %on/asgo a37a $o&'&o &/n n al'&a& l m$oam'n/o & las la%'ons gmano-sas $o&%'&o $o la %s/'2n 3:lgaa. a$'4'  ss %onsos" so3 /o&o +ols/'n" '&InW%/  S%l'n'/" no an $a/'&a'os & $ooga s/ /a/a&o" %on/a'o al s$7'/ & la F'$l Al'ana" $o n %aso &  fs no4a&o" s /m7an %ons%n%'as nga/'4as nla a%/'/& & As/'a-+ng7a" I/al'a  Ingla/a. Sg:n s o$'n'2n" s/ /a/a&o $on7a n manos & Rs'a la $os'3'l'&a& & $s'ona a los almans %on/'namn/ n la $ol7/'%a @/'o. a$'4' a&m'/7a a&ms  s sn/7a 'n%a$a & ga al m'smo /'m$o %on %'n%o 3olas" %omo a37a %o C'sma%;. S 'n/n%'2n a ll4a a %a3o n l f/o na $ol7/'%a @/'o %/a" %laa"  'ns$'as %on,ana  " llga&o l %aso" no /4's  /m la l & la $3l'%'&a&. En al'&a&" n' $aa a$'4'" n' $aa Mas%all -l n4o s%/a'o & Es/a&o $aa asn/os E@/'os-" n' $aa +ols/'n - a n/on%s la $sonal'&a& ms 'n>n/ n l m'n's/'o &l E@/'o-" l $o3lma s/'3a3a n %o/a n $o%o l am',%a&o 3ol & la $ol7/'%a @/'o & C'sma%;" $o l %on/a'o" $/n&7an %on/'na %ons%n/mn/ la $ol7/'%a & la F'$l Al'ana" $o al m'smo /'m$o as$'a3an a /a a lla a Ingla/a %on ms fa a:n  C'sma%;. Q7an &a n go na $a/

& las %a/as &l s's/ma & al'anas & C'sma%;  a$a/a las  no %on%o&asn %on #l. Es/a a la m/a  $sg7a l Fa/a&o & +lgolan&an73a &l o/oo & 1890" $o l  l R'% a&'7a la 'sla & +lgolan& a %am3'o & nn%'a a 'm$o/an/s &%os n Hf'%a &l S -n a%&o  s &a a/a%a&o ms /a& %on &a $o la All&/s% K3an& (L'ga $angmana)  la olon'al K3an& (n'2n olon'al)" $o s'gn',%a3a na nn%'a a al'a n4as a&'s'%'ons %olon'als. Po%o &s$#s" n 1891" a$'4' %on%l7a na n4aF'$l Al'ana %on I/al'a" s$an&o  s7a &l m@'mo 4alo %omo $n/ a%'a Ingla/a. En %am3'o l go3'no almn s ng2 a $ooga s'g'n&o %ons%n/mn/ na o'n/a%'2n o%%'&n/al- l /a/a&o & %on/asgo" a $sa & la 4s'2n %ons'&a3lmn/ a/na&a  $sn/a3a l m'n's/o &l E@/'o so 's" m$an&o & s/a mana a los sos a los 3aos & los fan%ss. S'n m3ago" s/ $o%so a s a37a 'n'%'a&o n 188* %an&o C'sma%; s ng2 a %on%& m$#s/'/os al Es/a&o so" o3l'gan&o as7 a #s/ a a%&' al m%a&o & %a$'/al fan%#s. Los sos man/4'on al $'n%'$'o na a%/'/& m s4a&a an/ la 'n/nsa sol'%'/& & la &'$loma%'a fan%sa. La $ol7/'%a @/'o o,%'al sa"  so3 /o&o l a" sn/7an na f/ a4s'2n a%'a la an%'a $3l'%anaB  no 7an n's 'n%on&'%'onalmn/ a lla $o /m7an s aas/a&os a na ga gnal $o AIsa%'a-Lona. La $ol7/'%a sa s/a3a 'n/sa&a n asga s $o$'a fon/a o%%'&n/al &s& 1890" ao n l  s a37a 'n'%'a&o s's/m/'%amn/ la %olon'a%'2n & los @/nsos /'/o'os & S'3'a  &l Lano O'n/. an%'a /am$o%o $o&7a $s/a &mas'a&o a$oo a la am3'%'osa $ol7/'%a sa n los Cal%ans  $o o/o la&o /n7a  %on/a %on  l R'% s$al&as la s$a&a s's/n%'a & As/'a-+ng7a n %aso & n%on/as n l %am$o a&4sa'o. on $o%o n/s'asmo s &'s$so l go3'no so a ,ma n a%&o $ol7/'%o %on an%'a $aa s$l' la fal/a & n /a/a&o %on Alman'a. A la %on4n%'2n m'l'/a &l ao 189s'g'2" &s$#s & na &mos/a/'4a 4's'/a & la >o/a sa &l M&'/no a Folon"  $o4o%2 na ola & n/s'asmo n la o$'n'2n $:3l'%a fan%sa a %om'nos & 189?" na al'ana fomal. Am3as $a/s $sg7an %on s/a al'ana &'s/'n/os o3/'4osB m'n/as  an%'a 47a n ama &''g'&a @%ls'4amn/ %on/a Alman'a" la &'$loma%'a sa s$a3a  la al'ana %on an%'a l $o$o%'onas" $o lo mnos 'n&'%/amn/" n s$al&o fn/ a Ingla/a" l gan an/agon's/a & Rs'a. Paa la $ol7/'%a @/'o almana la ,ma & la al'ana fan%o-sa"  n %aso & ga n%a3a l 'nm&'a/o $l'go & na o ga n &os fn/s" /4o na 'm$o/an%'a ga4. '/amn/" %ons'&an&o la $os/a %ons/an/mn/ os/'l & Rs'a la $ol7/'%a almana &37a $4  & /o&as fomas a37a & /nla %omo nm'gaB $o" s'n m3ago" la sal'&a & an%'a &l a'slam'n/o n l  C'sma%; a37a sa3'&o man/n l $a7s &an/ &os &#%a&as" s'gn',%2 n %ons'&a3l m$oam'n/o & la s'/a%'2n & las $o/n%'as %n/als. Es/o a s$%'almn/ ga4 a  a$'4' 47a &fa&a&as ss s$anas & a/as %on ms fa a Ingla/a a la F'$l Al'ana" s'n %om$om/s %on Rs'a  an%'a & mana $l'gosa. Los

'nglss no s &a3an %on4n% $aa ss%'3' m&'&as %on%/as" so3 /o&o &s$#s &  n 189 s a37a %o Lo& Ros3 %ago &l o'gn OT%. D %o la $ol7/'%a almana no $o&7a s/a 'n/sa&a n a% a Rs'a %on%s'ons ms o mnos &'%/as n los Cal%ans o n la %s/'2n &los Es/%os %omo lo $/n&7an los 'nglss. Fal 4 3's s'&o $os'3l s/a3l% ,nalmn/ na la%'2n ms s/%a n/ Ingla/a  la F'$l Al'ana" s' +ols/'n no 3's s/a&o o3ss'ona&o $o la '&a &  Ingla/a $/n&7a :n'%amn/  l R'% l sa%as las %as/aas &l fgo. Paa l R'% sl/a3a fa/al %o%a %on la $ol7/'%a 'nglsa $o %s/'ons $ol7/'%as & s%asa 'm$o/an%'a" a la 4  fa%asa3an /o&os los 'n/n/os & $aa la fal/a %om/'&a so%a4an&o la Do3l Al'ana" s/a3l%'n&o la%'ons %on an%'a o Rs'a. Es/o s/a3a &'%/amn/ la%'ona&o %on l n4o 3o/ & ,3 'm$'al's/a n las %a$'/als & Eo$a. Ga a ,nals & los aos o%n/a a37a &s%a&o Lo& Sal's3 &,n'/'4amn/ la '&a & a3an&ona & n4o Eg'$/o  a37a 'n'%'a&o na $ol7/'%a & am$l'a%'2n  s/a3'l'a%'2n &l Em$'. S s%so l'3al" Ros3" s'g'2 s/a $ol7/'%a" a $sa & la o$os'%'2n & la mao7a & los m'n's/os l'3als" %on mao a7n%o  & mana ms 'm$ls'4a. La &%'s'2n" $$aa&a n 189  ll4a&a a %a3o &,n'/'4amn/ n 189?" & asm' la n%'a & la a'na&a Im$'al C'/'s Eas/ Af'%aom$an  & an@'ona gan&a" s'gn',%a3a l %om'no & na n4a fas n la $ol7/'%a 'm$'al 3'/n'%a & allas &#%a&as. A $a/' & n/on%s l go3'no 3'/n'%o s &'s$so /o $g o/ %la'ms fo $os/'/" %on o/as $ala3as" /a/2 & asgas /'/o'os & f/a 'm$o/an%'a s/a/#g'%a o %on2m'%a a$o&n&os &'%/amn/ & llos o a /a4#s & a%&os %on o/as $o/n%'as. El 'm$lso $'n%'$al &l 'm$'al'smo 'ngl#s s/a3a &''g'&o a la g'2n &l Al/o !'loB & s/a mana s s$a3a s/a3'l'a la &om'na%'2n n Eg'$/o. En 1895" s' E&a&  $o%lama n la %maa 3aa 3'/n'%a al S&n %omo /'/o'o & 'n/#s 'ngl#s  a&4'/  %al' 'n/n/o" $o $a/ & o/as $o/n%'as" & 'ns/alas all7 s7a %ons'&a&o %omo n a%/o & os/'l'&a&. Po /am$o%o s ol4'&a3an o/as g'onsB n 189? /a/2 Ros3" n n /a/a&o $o s$aa&o %on Lo$ol&o II" & asga a Ingla/a na s/%a faa & /'/o'o n l 'n/'o &l Hf'%a o'n/al almana" &s& l lago Fangan'%a a%'a l no/"  3's s$aa&o la %olon'a almana &l ongo 3lga" s/a3l%'n&o a %am3'o n $n/ n/ gan&a  S&f'%a 3'/n'%a -'s'/o 'n&'s$nsa3l $aa la %ons/%%'2n &l fo%a'l &l a3o al a'o" $o%/a&o n/on%s $o %'l Ro&s. Es/a $ol7/'%a %o%2 n $'m lga %on la o$os'%'2n & an%'a"  &s& 1890  3ao la &'%%'2n &l n4o m'n's/o & %olon'as +ano/a@" a%7a gan&s sfos $o am$l'a ss $oss'ons n l E@/mo O'n/  n Hf'%a %n/al  o%%'&n/al. Ga n 189 a37an llga&o am3as $o/n%'as al 3o& & na ga $o l f/o & S'am"  los fan%ss /a/a3an & 'n%l'" al mnos n $a/" a s 'm$'o %olon'al &l E@/mo O'n/. Fam3'#n $o/s/2 an%'a n#g'%amn/ $o l /a/a&o $o s$aa&o & Ingla/a %on l ongo" n l  s a&&'%a3an am$l'os /'/o'os & Af'%a %a/o'al a Lo$ol&o II. El R'%" $o s $a/" a%%'on2 n

l m'smo sn/'&o" $sa37a s'&o $asa&o $o al/o n s/ /a/a&o " a&ms" Cl7n no $o&7a a%$/a  l Hf'%a almana &l Es/ &as o&a&a & /'/o'o 3'/n'%o. El go3'no almn no s/a3a &'s$s/o a %& an/ los 'nglss n s/a %s/'2n"  m%o mnos" &s$#s &l 4'oln/o nfn/am'n/o  a37a /n'&o lga %on los 'nglss $o na %on%s'2n $aa la %ons/%%'2n &l fo%a'l & Cag&a&  $o la %s/'2n & Samoa. an%'a  Alman'a 'm$s'on $o llo la anla%'2n & s/ a%&o. El go3'no almn a$o4%2 s/a o%as'2n $aa /a/a & %on4/' los 'n/ss %omns & Alman'a  an%'a fn/ a Ingla/a n $ol7/'%a %olon'al" n la 3as & na al'ana %on/'nn/al  3's &%'&o %ons'&a3lmn/ l $l'go &l /a/a&o fan%o-so. Los fan%ss s$on&'on s'n m3ago %on f'al&a& al go3'no almn" %omo %a/o aos ms /a& %on mo/'4o & la %s/'2n 3o. a%asa3a" $s" l 'n/n/o & a$o4%a las @/mas &'fn%'as n/ an%'a  Ingla/a n $ol7/'%a %olon'al $aa moa la s'/a%'2n &'$lom/'%a & Alman'a. Pa7s %ono%7a & so3a las 4&a&as 'n/n%'ons & la $ol7/'%a almana. En l /no & la $ol7/'%a 'n/na%'onal l R'% s n%on/a3a a%'a la m'/a& & los aos no4n/a $l'gosamn/ a'sla&o. An I/al'a s a37a asga&o l a$oo &'$lom/'%o & las $o/n%'as %n/als $aa ss am3'%'osos $o%/os %olon'als n l M&'/no" a a7 & la no4a%'2n &l /a/a&o &  F'$l Al'ana & 1891" no s/a3a n a3sol/o &'s$s/a" a$a/ & s &mas'a&o 'l" a $s/a a&a,%a a s al'a&o almn n las %s/'ons & $ol7/'%a 'n/na%'onal. As/'a-+ng7a s/a3a sm'&a n &',%l/a&s 'n/nas  n los $o3lmas & los Cal%ans  s2lo $o&7a ga&a l'm'/a&amn/ la s$al&a &l al'a&o almn. El %on/a%/o %on Rs'a" %on l  s $o&7a a3 'm$s'ona&o /al 4 a la $ol7/'%a 'nglsa" s a37a o/o. !o %a3 &&a  los $ol7/'%os almans %a%7an & $ogamas %olon'als %on%/osB s2lo $aa sa/'sfa% a la o$'n'2n $:3l'%a almana" a37an 'n/n/a&o n 189? a&'' Samoa $aa Alman'a. An/ la &%$%'onan/ 'n/ans'gn%'a & Ingla/a n %s/'ons %olon'als" los almans s &&'%aon a o3s/' la &'$loma%'a 'nglsa s'm$  s/o fs $os'3l ( s/o lo a so3 /o&o n la %s/'2n g'$%'a) $aa a%la 4  no s $o&7a $asa $o n%'ma & los lg7/'mos 'n/ss almans 'm$nmn/. Es/a /%/'%a %ons'g'2 n al'&a& lo %on/a'o & lo  s a37a $o$s/o" so3 /o&o $o no a a$l'%a&a %on la a3'l'&a& & C'sma%;" s'no %on la /o$a & +ols/'n. Al magn & s/o s /a/2 $o /o&os los m&'os & s/a3l% l %on/a%/o %on San P/s3go" a  'llmo II s/a3a m 'n/sa&o n man/n 3nas la%'ons %on Rs'a $o aons &'ns/'%as. El /a/a&o %om%'al ,ma&o %on Rs'a n 189? s/a3a &s/'na&o a an&a la%'ons ms s/%asB s'n m3ago" los sos %ons'&aon @%s'4amn/ &as las %on%s'ons  a37an /n'&o  a% a los almans. D s/a mana no s %ons'g'2 & momn/o $%/'%amn/ na&a n Cl7n n %an/o a na moa & las la%'ons %onRs'a. Rs$%/o a las la%'ons n/ Alman'a  Ingla/a" la aogan/  'm$&n/ &'$loma%'a & lo& Ros3" n'&a a la ss%$/'3'l'&a& o3s/'na&a & +ols/'n" %ons'g'2  /an/o Cl7n %omo Lon&s s/4'sn &om'na&as

$o na &s%on,ana %a&a 4 ms $ofn&a a%'a las 'n/n%'ons & la o/a $a/. En Alman'a m$a3a a @/n&s la '&a &  Ingla/a 3o'%o/a3a %ons/an/mn/ los sfos  al'a3a Alman'a n $ol7/'%a @/'o"   Solamn/ /a/a3a & ngan%a a Alman'a al %ao & s $o$'a $ol7/'%a. Es/o lo $&o %om$o3a lo& Sal's3 %an&o" a a7 & las masa%s & amn'os n Ana/ol'a" $sn/2 n 1895 a las gan&s $o/n%'as n $lan a&a & $a/'%'2n & F7a $aa a% &sa$a% a&'%almn/ s/ %ons/an/ fo%o & %'s's & la $ol7/'%a o$a. La &'$loma%'a almana sos$%a3a  Sal's3 /a/a3a :n'%amn/ & @%'/a los n'mos & la F'$l Al'ana %on/a Rs'a" $o lo  'o fa%asa s 'n'%'a/'4a s'n a3la s/&'a&o s'a  o3/'4amn/. Po o/o la&o" l $lan & $a/'%'2n 'ngl#s no %on%o&a3a &l /o&o %on los 'n/ss almans"  $/n&7an na $n/a%'2n @%ls'4amn/ %on2m'%a n F7a" ga%'as al $o%/o &l fo%a'l & Cag&a&"  s alla3a n/on%s a:n n s $'n%'$'o. Las la%'ons gmano-'nglsas s/a3an a 3as/an/ &/'oa&as" $o n 1896 al%anaon s $n/o %7/'%o. El mo/'4o f la %s/'2n 3o" $o3lma %a&a 4 ms 'm$o/an/ $aa la $ol7/'%a 'm$'al 'nglsa &s& l &s%3'm'n/o & oo  &'aman/s n l Ran&. En $o%osaos Joanns3go s a37a %on4/'&o n l %n/o %on2m'%o  'n&s/'al & /o&a Hf'%a &l s. Paa l 'm$'o 3'/n'%o a aoa n $o3lma a%%'an/ 'n%mn/a & n4o la 'n>n%'a 3'/n'%a n l Fans4aal  'n/ga a #s/  a la $:3l'%a & !a/al & n4o n l 'm$'o. on s/ ,n %'I Ro&s" & %om:n a%&o %on Jos$ am3la'n" ll42 a %a3o a ,nals & 1895 l
o%%'&n/al" $aa &a na sol%'2n &,n'/'4a a s/os $o3lmas. La /ns'2n n/ las &os $o/n%'as al%an2 s $n/o %7/'%o n la $gna $o l S&n. M'n/as n 1896 l %a$'/n fan%#s Ma%an& a4ana3a" %on n $o #%'/o  $asan&o $n'as 'n&s%'$/'3ls" &s& l Hf'%a o%%'&n/al fan%sa a%'a as%o&a (s'/a&a n l Al/o !'lo)" %on la 'n/n%'2n & /oma $oss'2n & alla /'a $aa an%'a n 4'/& &l &%o & %on's/a" lo& '/%n" n %al'&a& & f s$mo &l #%'/o g'$%'o" $o & %o %omo @$onn/ &l 'm$'o 3'/n'%o" s &''g7a &s& l no/ a%'a l Al/o !'lo $aa a% 4al las an/'gas $/ns'ons & Eg'$/o so3 S&n  fs/a as7 la m$sa & Ma%an&. n %on>'%/o ga4 %on an%'a a 'nm'nn/. Al m'smo /'m$o s %n7an os%as n3s so3 S&f'%aB n amnaa&o %on>'%/o m'l'/a s faga3a all7 /as l fa%aso & los 'n/n/os & foa $o 47a 'n&'%/a la an@'2n &l Fans4aal al 'm$'o 3'/n'%o. En alla s'/a%'2n" ma&2 n/ los om3s & Es/a&o 'nglss la &%'s'2n & a3an&ona la $ol7/'%a /a&'%'onal & la s$ln&'&'sola/'on"  & 3s%a al'a&os a&%a&os. Po/a4o & s/a n4a o'n/a%'2n n $ol7/'%a @/'o f" so3 /o&o" Jos$ am3Ia'n " 'n>n%'a&o $o la '&a &  la aa anglosaona  la //ona s/a3an llama&as a &''g' n/as l mn&o" $sn/2 n mao & 1898 n $o%/o & al'ana a los almans a $sa & no a3 s'&o n%aga&o & llo @$samn/ $o s $m'. El o3/'4o 'nm&'a/o & s/a of/a so$n&n/ &37a s l & foa la $os'%'2n & Ingla/a n las ngo%'a%'ons %on an%'a so3 las %s/'ons & Hf'%a o%%'&n/al. Al m'smo /'m$o /a/a3a & asgas la 4al'osa a&a & Alman'a %on 4's/as al 'nm'nn/ %on>'%/o $o l S&n  n las %s/'ons la/'4as a S&f'%a. As7" s l $sn/a3a 'ns$a&amn/ al go3'no almn la $os'3'l'&a& & $aal'a ,%amn/ la n/n/ fan%o-sa" 4'n%lan&o a Ingla/a a la F'$l Al'ana"  al m'smo /'m$o & al'a &s& aoa na $ol7/'%a %olon'al a$on&os n Ingla/a -&os o3/'4os  ms /a& la &'$loma%'a almana n 4ano s sfoa7a n al%ana. S'n m3ago" l go3'no almn" s'g'n&o ss/an%'aImn/ los &sos & +ols/'n" %a2 la of/a 'nglsa"  no s2lo $o &&a3a" no s'n a2n" & la s'n%'&a& & la of/a" s'no" so3 /o&o" $o $nsa3a  Ingla/a /a/a3a :n'%amn/ & ganas n al'a&o %on/'nn/al %on/a Rs'a. CUlo" l n4o s%/a'o & Es/a&o almn & Asn/os E@/'os" $a/7a & la fns/a '&a & " a la laga" Ingla/a no $o&7a 4'/a la
%omn&2 n %am3'o sg' na $ol7/'%a & l'3 a%%'2n n /o&as las &'%%'ons" %onsoln&os %on l agmn/o & 
a%&o %on Ingla/a n las %s/'ons %olon'als. El /a/a&o &l S&n &l ao 1899 f l $'m f/o & s/a $ol7/'%a. En #s/" an%'a nn%'a3a a %al' 'n>n%'a $ol7/'%a so3 Eg'$/o  S&n" o3/n'n&o %omo %om$nsa%'2n n /o/al &om'n'o so3 Hf'%a o%%'&n/al. Alman'a s &) %on n $almo & na'%s. Aoa a no a n%sa'o s$/a l /a/a&o & Angola"  a37a s'&o %on%l'&o a &sgana $o $a/ & los 'nglss. El 1? & o%/3 & 1899 lo& Sal's3 no42 las gaan/7as 'nglsas  &a/a3an &l s'glo KI $aa las $oss'ons %olon'als $o/gsas" o3/n'n&o as7 & los $o/gss na3n#4ola n/al'&a& n la ga 'nm'nn/ %on/a l  Fans4aal. S' la $ol7/'%a  Alman'a a37a $sg'&o n Hf'%a" /al 4 ll4a&a %on s%aso n/s'asmo" %on%l7a %on n %om$l/o fa%aso" fon %oona&as %on mao fo/na ss /n/a/'4as n la o/a gan a &l %olon'al'smo & la #$o%aN l E@/mo O'n/. El $o3lma ms 'm$o/an/ a l la/'4o al f/o & 'na. All7 s/a3a &s& 189* l R'% n $'ma l7na. El a'n&o fooso" $o $a/ & Alman'a" & Fs'ng/ao" o3/n'&o $o la fa a ,nals & 189*" &'o la sal $aa la $a/'%'2n &l /'/o'o %'no n/ las gan&s $o/n%'asB al m'smo /'m$o" %ons/'/2 l $l&'o & la $ol7/'%a %olon'al & Alman'a" a la  CUlo n &'%'m3 & 189* &a3a n l R'%s/ag la s'g'n/ o'n/a%'2nN o/a &l E@/mo O'n/)" /am3'#n las 'l'$'nas. S2lo na $a/ & Samoa  las aol'nas $asaon a Alman'aB n sl/a&o 3'n $o3 %om$aa&o %on las 'm$o/an/s ganan%'as  a37an o3/n'&o ss '4als n la %aa & los :l/'mos aos $o los s%asos /'/o'os a:n %olon'a3ls. La 4ol%'2n n E@/mo O'n/" s$%'almn/ l a4an% so n Man%'a" a4'42 l %on/as/ n/ Rs'a  Ingla/a"  Sal's3 a37a /a/a&o & a% &sa$a%. Al m'smo /'m$o s/all2 la ga anglo-3o" na ga  los 'nglss a37an $$aa&o" &s& lgo" %on ,nam'n/o &'$lom/'%o. El R'% almn"  a n 1898 a37a nn%'a&o n gan m&'&a a 'n>' n la %s/'2n 3o" &%'&'2 aoa" %on la s$ana &  los 'nglss s a%o&aan n n f/o &l fa4o  %'37an" man/ns n na s/'%/a n/al'&a&" an la o$'n'2n $:3l'%a /omas a$as'ona&amn/ $a/'&o $o

los 3os. A&ms" n no4'm3 & 1899" 'llmo II" a%om$aa&o $o CUIo" m$n&'2 na 4's'/a o,%'al a Ingla/a" a $sa & la a/m2sfa %laamn/ an/'-'nglsa  'na3a n Alman'a. El a's f %'3'&o %on na %o&'al'&a& 'ns2l'/a. Las $os'3'l'&a&s & n a%%am'n/o anglo-gmano $a%7an & n4o ms %%anas. an C/aa s n%on/a3a n al momn/o n na s'/a%'2n @/ma&amn/ %7/'%a n $ol7/'%a 'n/na%'onal. En S&f'%a los 3os o$on7an a las /o$as 'nglsas" %on/a /o&o $on2s/'%o" na s's/n%'a /na  ,%a"  las o$a%'ons m$a3an" ms & lo $4's/o" las fas m'l'/as & an C/aa. Al m'smo /'m$o" n l E@/mo O'n/" Ingla/a s/4o a $n/o & n/a n ga %on/a Rs'a"  %on /na o3s/'na%'2n 'n/n/a3a a&as & /o&a Man%'a  ,nalmn/ /am$o%o fal/a3an aoa 4o%s n an%'a  $&7an <4ngana $o as%o&a=" s' 3'n l $o$'o go3'no fan%#s mos/a3a s%aso 'n/#s n /oma $a/'&o $o la %asa & los 3os. Po so l R'% almn $a%7a a m%os 'nglss l al'a&o '&al & la $ol7/'%a 'nglsa" an l $'m m'n's/o Sal's3 no a m $o$nso a &as a/a las manos $o a%&os %on o/as $o/n%'as. am3la'n no42 s $o$s/a & n $a%/o anglo-almn"  $o%o ms /a& /a/2 & %a" n n s'gn',%a/'4o &'s%so n L'%s/" n am3'n/ fa4oa3l n la o$'n'2n $:3l'%a 'nglsaN Ingla/a" Alman'a  los Es/a&os n'&os & Am#'%a" $3los & aa af7n -as7 o$'na3a-" s/a3an llama&os a &''g' n/os l mn&o"  $o llo &37an & %ola3oa n la s'/a%'2n $ol7/'%a a%/al. A$a/ &  la &'$loma%'a almana /am$o%o $o&7a % aoa n la s'&a& & la of/a 'nglsa & na al'ana"  f%/'4amn/ no a a:n &,n'/'4a" s /m7a no s'n a2n" a/as la 'a & Rs'aB  n f%/o" n l %aso & n %on>'%/o ama&o" Alman'a 3's /n'&o  afon/a la $'ma l $so & n a/a so. Al m'smo /'m$o" s a37a %on4n%'&o &  s$an&o a:n n $o%o" la s'/a%'2n $ol7/'%o mn&'al & Alman'a moa7a  " n/on%s" s $o&7an o3/n & Ingla/a maos %on%s'ons. En %am3'o" fon a%og'&as fa4oa3lmn/ las sgn%'as & la &'$loma%'a 'nglsa & %on%l'" & momn/o" a%&os so3 %s/'ons $a/'%las" %omo $o m$lo so3 'na" l fo%a'l & Cag&a&  Ma%os. Po las 3nas la%'ons angloalmanas s n/3'aon n no & 1900 %on la %a$/a 'ns/',%a&a & algnos 3s almans n agas s&af'%anasB a s/ 'n%'&n/ so34'no n ga4 %on>'%/o &'$lom/'%o"  so3 /o&o na ola & $o/s/as & la o$'n'2n $:3l'%a almana %on/a la a%/'/& 'nglsa"  l go3'no &l R'% s$o a$o4%a $'&amn/ a%'n&o a$o3a $o l $alamn/o n n4o $o%/o na4al. La %ons/%%'2n a%la&a & na gan >o/a almana & ga" %laamn/ n fn%'2n an/'3'/n'%a" no aln/a3a $%'samn/ a los 'nglss a %ons'&a los 'n/ss $ol7/'%os &l R'% almn n mao m&'&a  as/a n/on%s" an F'$'/" %on s o/a ss%'/2" so3 /o&o n la o$'n'2n $:3l'%a 'nglsa" na &s%on,ana %a&a 4 mao a%'a los o3/'4os & la $ol7/'%a almana" &%'n&o la 4oln/a&" a & $o s7 no &mas'a&o f/" & llga %on l R'% almn a n a%&o & gan al%an%. D s/a

mana &aon $o aoa s'n sl/a&os %on%/os los $om/&os %om'nos & n a%%am'n/o angloalmn"  a a37an n%on/a&o na $'ma @$s'2n n las %on4sa%'ons so3 na 4n/al$a/'%'2n & Ma%os  so3 na $a/'%'$a%'2n &l %a$'/al 'ngl#s n la %ons/%%'2n &l fo%a'l & Cag&a&. D %al' mo&o" Alman'a n al momn/o no /n7a n &so m f/ & 'ns/alas $ol7/'%amn/ n la $a/ m'&'onal & Ma%os. Los almans s2lo an 'm$'al's/as a m&'as"  n l fon&o &sa3an :n'%amn/ &a $os'3'l'&a&s a3'/as $aa l f/o" n 4 & a$o4%a n#g'%amn/ lo  n/on%s s/a3a al al%an% & s mano. En mao & 1900 las la%'ons gmano-'nglsas s nf'aon a:n ms" a  n Lon&s s sos$%2  l go3'no almn no s2lo no a37a %aa&o l $o%/o & na 'n/4n%'2n %om:n n la ga anglo-3o ($o%/o $o$s/o $o los sos a Alman'a  a an%'a)" s'no  lo a37a a%$/a&o  &saolla&o. Es/a sos$%a %a%7a & fn&amn/os  s &37a a 'n&'s%%'ons 'n/n%'ona&as fan%sasB $o aoa l go3'no 'ngl#s a no s/a3a &'s$s/o a a% %on%s'ons & n'ng:n g#no a Alman'a %omo %om$nsa a s n/al'&a& n la %s/'2n 3o. La 4ol%'2n & los a%on/%'m'n/os n 'na o3l'g2" s'n m3ago" a los 'nglss a 3s%a & n4o la am's/a& & Alman'a. En l 4ano & 1900" 'na f sa%&'&a $o ga4s ag'/a%'ons %on/a los 'n4asos o$os -los %on/m$onos a3laon" &ogma/'an&o 'ngnamn/ s $n/o & 4's/a & am3os %olon'als" & la <'ns%%'2n & los 32@s=. S' 3'n l mo4'm'n/o & los 32@s f a$las/a&o la/'4amn/ $on/o $o n #%'/o 'n/na%'onal" %o %oman&an/ n f" l almn %on& Wal&s" a$a%'2 &mas'a&o /a& nl %am$o & 3a/alla %omo $aa a3 $o&'&o 'n%'&'" /o&a47a &%'s'4amn/" n l %so & los a%on/%'m'n/os" s $o&on a:n %ons'&a3ls %om$l'%a%'ons 'n/na%'onals. Rs'a a$o4%2 la o%as'2n $aa foa s $os'%'2n n Man%'a  man'fs/2 %laamn/ la /n&n%'a & som/ a s 'n>n%'a $ol7/'%a  %on2m'%a /o&a la 'na s$/n/'onal. Es/o ''/2 a la &'$loma%'a 'nglsa" la %al 7a 4'/a $o /o&os los m&'os n l/'o &smm3am'n/o & 'na"  a37a &/m'na&o la $ogs'4a l'm'na%'2n &l %om%'o 'n/na%'onal"  n $a/'%la &l 'ngl#s. En allas %'%ns/an%'as s s/'$l2" n o%/3 & 1900" n/ Alman'a  Ingla/a" l llama&o /a/a&o &l Gang/s" $o l %al am3as $o/n%'as s %om$om/7an a s$/a n ss s$%/'4as sfas & 'n>n%'a l $'n%'$'o & la <$/a a3'/a="  a
CUlo s ng2 a a%$/a s/a'n/$/a%'2n"  as7 3as/aon $o%os mss $aa %on4/' l /a/a&o n l/a m/a. D $a/ almana s /n7a l @aga&o /mo & s/a sa%an&o las %as/aas &l fgo a Ingla/a"  n las %s/'ons la/'4as al E@/mo O'n/ no s 7an /oma %om$om'sos %on/a Rs'a. Po so3 /o&o no s 7a nn%'a a la 4n/aa s/a/#g'%a & la '%/o %on Rs'a" Ingla/a s/a7a o3l'ga&a" /a& o /m$ano" a $sn/a a Alman'a na of/a m%o ms 'n/san/"  n Cl7n s sos/n7a " n /al %aso" na al'ana &fns'4a n/ Alman'a  Ingla/a no s7a s,%'n/B Ingla/a /n7a  a&'s" %on /o&as las %ons%n%'as" a la F'$l Al'ana -na @'gn%'a  l go3'no 'ngl#s no 3's $o&'&o a%$/a f%'lmn/. an&o Lan&s&on %a2 n &'%'m3 & 1901 la '&a & n a%&o & %a%/ gnal" $o$on'n&o a s 4 a%&os so3 %s/'ons %on%/as" s a%%'on2 n Cl7n %on asom3o  al'4'o. '/amn/" la &'$loma%'a almana a37a %om/'&o n ga4 o & %l%lo. CUIo  +ols/'n so34aloaon & mana @%s'4a la fa & la $os'%'2n almana n l s's/ma & $o/n%'as. Ellos %7an " an/ l aga4am'n/o &l %on/as/ n/ Ingla/a  Rs'a" l /'m$o /a3aa3a n fa4o & Alman'a. D s/a mana la $ol7/'%a almana s'g'2 %a3algan&o $o las n3s  %a2 f7amn/" $o%o ms /a&" %al' /n/a/'4a & al'ana & $a/ sa" 'gal  anlogas 'n'%'a/'4as & $a/ fan%sa. Paa Alman'a" n las a%/als %'%ns/an%'as
& $ol7/'%a %olon'al /o&a na s' & a%&os 3'la/als n los  no s /n7a n %n/a a Alman'a"  sol7a s la $a/ ms $&'%a&a $ol7/'%amn/. Mnos &s4n/aoso $aa la $os'%'2n & Alman'a f l $a%/o  ,m2 Ingla/a n 190" &s$#s &l fa%aso & las ngo%'a%'ons gmano'nglsas %on l Ja$2n" n ss/'/%'2n &l s$al&o almn" ''/a&a a&ms $o los &'s%sos angl2fo3os  CUlo a%7a n l R'%s/ag" los %als s/a3an s'n m3ago &s/'na&os @%ls'4amn/ al %onsmo &l m%a&o 'n/no. Ms $o%$an/s $aa Alman'a fon los %on/a%/os  an%'a loga3a aoa s/a3l% /an/o %on I/al'a %omo %on Ingla/aB s/as la%'ons s/a3an &s/'na&as n n $'n%'$'o @%ls'4amn/ a la $$aa%'2n &'$lom/'%a & na ga&al /oma & $oss'2n & Ma%os" $o n ss sl/a&os ,nals /m'naon $o $&'%a /am3'#n las $os'%'ons & las $o/n%'as %n/als &n/o &l s's/ma o$o. Ga n l ao 190  an fa &l s$7'/ & la F'$l Al'ana" I/al'a a37a %on%l'&o %on an%'a n a%&o s%/o $o l  o3/n7a mano l'3 $aa la f/a %on's/a &  F7$ol' a %am3'o & l'3/a& & a%%'2n $aa an%'a s$%/o a Ma%os. +a%'a l ,nal &l o/oo & 190" la &'$loma%'a '/al'ana ll4a3a s &o3l go al @/mo" no4an&o la F'$l Al'ana %on Alman'a As/'a-+ng7a"  asgan&o al m'smo /'m$o a an%'a" a /a4#s & n 'n/%am3'o & no/as &'$lom/'%as"  I/al'a %ons4a7a na s/'%/a n/al'&a& n l %aso &  an%'a fa a/a%a&a $o na o ms $o/n%'as" o  s" 4's o3l'ga&a a &%laa na ga a a7 & na $o4o%a%'2n o $aa &fn& s ono o s sg'&a&. An s/os &os a%&os" s' s /oma3an al $' & la l/a" no an %on/a&'%/o'os" s a37a a3'/o n la F'$l Al'ana na $'ma 3%a. D mana" mnos &'%/a" $o ms &a&a" la $os'%'2n & Alman'a &2 &3'l'/a&a $o la %on%ls'2n & la En/n/ o&'al" n 190?" n/ Ingla/a  an%'a. En %an/o a s %on/n'&o #s/a f ms 3'n na &#/n/" a  & $a/ 'nglsa s/a3a &''g'&a @%ls'4amn/ a la l'm'na%'2n & los %on/as/s a:n @'s/n/s n las %s/'ons %olon'als. En l fon&o" la En/n/ o&'al no 'o o/a %osa  %on/'na l a%&o & 1899. Ingla/a $om/'2 a$oa &'$lom/'%amn/ las as$'a%'ons  an%'a /n7a n Ma%os" a %am3'o &l %ono%'m'n/o & s s/a/s $ol7/'%o n Eg'$/o. An s/ a%&o no a%7a mn%'2n a las %s/'ons & $ol7/'%a o$a " $o /an/o" no $o&7a %ons'&as & mo&o algno %omo na man'o3a &''g'&a %on/a Alman'a" s'gn',%a3a n &o gol$ %on/a l R'% almn"  s2lo $o%os aos an/s a37a $&'&o a Ingla/a l %ono%'m'n/o & s &%o & $a/'%'$a%'2n a%/'4a n na 4n/al glamn/a%'2n &,n'/'4a & la %s/'2n mao7. O,%'almn/ l go3'no almn s @$s2 n /#m'nos mo&a&os"m'n/as  n l 'n/'o a%%'on2" so3 /o&o +ols/'n" & mana @/ma&amn/ $o%$a&aN <Cna la mos ama&oX S &'f7%'l  Ingla/a  an%'a nos a/an (...)" $o no $o&mos a% %on's/as n l/ama. !o so o l  $'& /als %on's/as" $o na gan masa &l $3lo las $'& a 4o%s  s maa4'lla &  no & na&a $aa Alman'a (...). Fn'n&o nfn/ a Ingla/a  an%'a" no s $& $sg' na $ol7/'%a & l/ama=. El %o

& " &s& 190 n a&lan/" al mnos l $o%/o &l fo%a'l & Cag&a& 3's %o no/a3ls $ogsos" %ons/'/7a n s%aso %onslo" an s %o%a3a %a&a 4 ms %on/a la s's/n%'a & Rs'a" amn/an&o & s/a mana las &',%l/a&s $ol7/'%as $aa Alman'a. La %on%ls'2n & la En/n/ o&'al &s$/2 3s%amn/ a la &'$loma%'a almana & la a/o%om$la%n%'a  a37a os/n/a&o as/a al momn/o. D $on/o &s%3'2  la $ol7/'%a & o/a sa n la ga %on/a l Ja$2n  n Alman'a" n %am3'o" s @/n&'2 n &s%on/n/o %a&a 4 mao $o la $ol7/'%a 'nglsa" a la  s $o%a3a & $asa & n4o $o al/o &s%aa&amn/ los 'n/ss & Alman'a n las /'as & l/ama. En am3as $a/s %%7a la ''/a%'2n  s a/'37a n %a&a o%as'2n a la na%'2n '4al la %l$a $'n%'$al & las $o$'as &',%l/a&s. Los 'nglss o3s4a3an la >o/a almana %on %%'n/ $o%$a%'2n  l $o$'o alm'an/ 's %ons'&o la 4n/al'&a& & s' no a mo /= an/s &  fs &mas'a&o /a&. D am3as $a/s &l anal s &'fn&'2 l m'&o a n a/a $o so$sa" llgan&o 'n%lso a $o%$a a la $ol7/'%a o,%'al. As7" a na/al  l go3'no &l R'% a$o4%as las $ofn&as /ns'ons @'s/n/s n/ Rs'a  Ingla/a" $aa $o$on al go3'no so la %on%ls'2n & na al'ana %on/'nn/al n/ Alman'a" Rs'a  an%'a" %on l o3/'4o $'n%'$al & a'sla l %on>'%/o so a$on#s  s%s'4amn/ & $'4a a la al'ana so-fan%sa & 189? & s %a%/ amnaan/. Ds$#s &l 'n%'&n/ n l ma &l !o/ (n Dogg Can;) &l 1 & o%/3 & 190? (n la s$sa n'3la la >o/a sa &l Cl/'%o" n /a a%'a l E@/mo O'n/" a37a /oma&o a algnos $sos 'nglss $o n'&a&s a$onsas  los a37a n&'&o)" las /ns'ons n/ Rs'a  Ingla/a a37an &sn%a&na&o %as' n %on>'%/o mn&'al. Po las ngo%'a%'ons n/ Alman'a  Rs'a no ll4aon a n'ng:n sl/a&o%on%/o" a  los sos s ngaon a 'm$on a an%'a na al'ana sman/" m'n/as  los fan%ss a%7an /o&o lo $os'3l $o 'm$&' s al'a%'2n. R%aa&o n San P/s3go  n Pa7s" l go3'no almn s &%'&'2 a na ofns'4a &'$lom/'%a" %on la  'n/n/a3a om$ las al'anas &''g'&as %on/a Alman'a  al m'smo /'m$o &mos/a  no s $o&7a man/nIa al magn 'm$nmn/ n las %s/'ons & $ol7/'%a mn&'al. omo $n/o & $a/'&a s l'g'2 Ma%os" &on& an%'a" n 4'/& & ss /a/a&os %on I/al'a"  & n a%&o s$lmn/a'o %on Es$aa" a37a %omna&o a 'ns/alas %2mo&amn/" an no $os7a n'ng:n /7/lo 7&'%o (/am$o%o sg:n l /@/o

& la En/n/ o&'al)"  a&ms l sl/n & Ma%os %on/'na3a s'n&o %ons'&a&o l :n'%o so3ano &l $a7s. La %om3'na%'2n fan%o-'nglsa &37a s a/a%a&a n s $n/o 'l"  n n momn/o n  Rs'a" al'a&a & an%'a  ga4mn/ %om$om/'&a $o l &sfa4oa3l %so & la ga %on/a l Ja$2n" no $o&7a $s/a a&a m'l'/a. !o f n al'&a& $o mo/'4os & $ol7/'%a %olon'al" s'no so3 /o&o $o mo/'4os & $s/'g'o  & a%&o %on %ons'&a%'ons & $ol7/'%a & al'anas" $o lo  +ols/'n  CUlo s%n',%aon l &sm3a%o & 'llmo II n Fng l 1 & mao & 1905. Es/a os/ns'3l 4alo'a%'2n & la so3an7a &l Sl/n & Ma%os $/n&7a &s3aa/a ,%amn/ los $lans fan%ss. El go3'no &l R'% almn s/a3a ,mmn/ &%'&'&o a no &a %og a an%'a los f/os & la En/n/ o&'al. S %on/a3a /am3'#n %on l%o &  las la%'ons fan%o'nglsas no a37an $o&'&o so34'4' a s/a $3a   la n'2n fan%o-sa sf'7a na &3'l'/a%'2n. omalmn/" la 'n/4n%'2n & Alman'a n fa4o &l s/a/ o n Ma%os s/a3a 3'n s/',%a&a" a sa n l $lano &'$lom/'%o o n l &l &%o 'n/na%'onal" /an/o ms %an/o  an%'a" al $asa $o al/o %om$l/amn/ la $os'%'2n & Alman'a n la %s/'2n mao7" a37a &a&o al &s%3'/o. D s/a mana Alman'a" s' 3'n s2lo %on la amnaa & %' a m&'&as m'l'/as" $&o o3/n & an%'a %on%s'ons $a%'als"  s$%'almn/ 'm$on $o la fa la %a7&a &l m'n's/o &l E@/'o fan%#s" Dl%ass#" @$onn/ n l Qa' &YOsa & na $ol7/'%a ,lo'nglsa. En $lna fo'a" Alman'a no s %on/n/2 %on s/ /'nfo $a%'al  'so a% /o/al la m'lla%'2n & an%'a. La $ol7/'%a mao7 & an%'a &37a som/s al '%'o & na %onfn%'a %om$s/a $o /o&as las $o/n%'as  a37an ,ma&o l /a/a&o & Ma&'& & 1880. CUlo %on,a3a %on o$/'m'smo n  la gan mao7a & las $o/n%'as o$as. G so3 /o&o los Es/a&os n'&os" a$oa7an la /s's almana sg:n la %al /o&as las na%'ons o$as &'sf/a3an & los m'smos &%os %on2m'%os  $ol7/'%os n Ma%os"  la so3an7a &l Sl/n no &37a s &%'&a n fa4o & na sola na%'2n. Las @'gn%'as almanas fon" s'n m3ago" %ons'&a&as $o%o s'n%as $o la mao7a & las o/as $o/n%'as"  lo an f%/'4amn/" a  la 'n/4n%'2n n fa4o &l Sl/n no /n7a o/o ,n  l &/n na $/a a3'/a $aa $o& $on ms a&lan/ las manos so3 la $sa mao7. So3 /o&o" Ingla/a a%%'on2 %on gan os/'l'&a& a la /%/'%a m'na  ma'a4#l'%a m$la&a $o la &'$loma%'a almana. En lga & a% sal/a la En/n/ o&'al" %omo a37a s$a&o +ols/'n" la $ol7/'%a almana $o&o l f%/o %on/a'o" /ansfomn&ola n n a%&o  a3a%a3a 'n%lso las %s/'ons & la $ol7/'%a o$a. Po $'ma 4 /4'on lga a%&os m'l'/as n/ an%'a  Ingla/a a%%a & o$a%'ons %onn/as n l %aso & na ga %on/a las $o/n%'as %n/als. S' E&a& " m'n's/o &l E@/'o n l ga3'n/ l'3al & am$3ll-Cannman" a$nas llga&o al $o&" &&2 n ll4a a %a3o a%&os $ol7/'%os & mana o,%'al %on an%'a" $o" $o o/a $a/" &''g'2 %laa  s's/m/'%amn/ la $ol7/'%a @/'o 'nglsa n sn/'&o $ofan%#s. Ga n/on%s m$2 a &'3as la %on,ga%'2n $ol7/'%a

& las al'anas"  n 191? a37a & sl/a fa/al $aa las $o/n%'as %n/alsN la al'ana & Ingla/a %on an%'a  -a /a4#s & Pa7s- /am3'#n %on Rs'a. En s/a s'/a%'2n /an $o%o aln/a&oa" 'llmo II n $sona /a/2 & %on%l' %on Rs'a na al'ana &fns'4a. on mo/'4o & n n%n/o %on !'%ols II n la 3a7a & CZ;Z $&o o3/n la ,ma &l a n n &o%mn/o/a/a&o  /n7a &s& n $'n%'$'o n 4alo &%'&o" $o s/a s 4al'& l'm'/a&a al /'/o'o o$o. Fan/o la &'$loma%'a sa %omo la almana '%'on n l f/o %aso om'so &l /a/a&o & CZ;Z"%omo s' #s/ no 3's @'s/'&o nn%a" /an/o ms $o %an/o  l go3'no fan%#s s ng2 a a&'s a sman/ a%&o. Es/ m$lo & &'$loma%'a $sonal  a/o%/'%a" l :l/'mo n la 's/o'a & Eo$a" /m'na n n fa%aso" &an&o n na  o/a $a/ n $ofn&o &s%on/n/o. Q Alman'a" $o %l$a & s &'$loma%'a" os%'lan/ n/ los &'s/'n/os %am$os  'n%a$a & &as n 3an' & %&'3'l'&a&" a37a /m'na&o n n %all2n s'n sal'&a" s $so & man',s/o %on /o&a %la'&a& %on mo/'4o & la %onfn%'a 'n/na%'onal so3 Ma%os"  s %l32 n no & 1906 n Alg%'as $o &so & Alman'a. En %om$l/o %on/as/ %on las @$%/a/'4as o$/'m's/as &l $7n%'$ CUlo" l R'% almn s n%on/2 ,nalmn/ n n a'slam'n/o %as' %om$l/oB solamn/ As/'a-+ng7a l &'o s a$oo 'n%on&'%'onal. Po l momn/o s $&o %ons4a fomalmn/ l s/a/s o n Ma%os" $o la %on%s'2n & los &%os & $ol'%7a a an%'a " n la sfa & 'n>n%'a s$aola" a Es$aa" &'o a am3as $o/n%'as n 'ns/mn/o ,%a $aa na ga&al an@'2n $ol7/'%a  %on2m'%a &l $a7s. El 'n/n/o & Alman'a & 'n/f' los a%&os n/ las o/as $o/n%'as n ma/'a & $ol7/'%a %olon'al" s'n s/a n %on&'%'ons a" $o aons %on2m'%as" & $sg' n al momn/o na $ol7/'%a s's/m/'%a & %on's/as %olon'als" s %on%l as7 %on s @%ls'2n &l %7%lo & las o/as gan&s $o/n%'as. an&o al ao s'g'n/ Ingla/a  Rs'a s &'4'&'on Ps'a n onas & 'n>n%'a" &2 3'n %lao lo 'lso'a  a37as'&o la $4's'2n & +ols/'n & " n 4's/a & la 'nsal4a3l os/'l'&a& n/ l l2n 3'/n'%o  l oso so" na $ol7/'%a & la
algo $a%'&o"  a&ms las o/as $o/n%'as /am$o%o an $a/'&a'as & llo. S'n m3ago" la a%/'/& &l R'% no a /an 'ns/',%a&a" s' s /'n n %n/a  Alman'a s a37a 4's/o ms $&'%a&a  las o/as $o/n%'as $o na %ongla%'2n &l amamn/o n 190*  $o la %ons'g'n/ %'s/al'a%'2n & las $os'%'ons & $o& &las gan&s $o/n%'as. M'n/as las o/as $o/n%'as /a/a3an & %onsol'&a ss 'm$'os %olon'als" nn%'an&o a am$l'a&os l/'omn/" $aa Alman'a l $aso a gan $o/n%'a %olon'al a a3an&ona&o al f/o. El $o3lma %ons's/7a n sa3 s' s/o s7a $os'3l m$lan&o s2lo m&'os $a%7,%os. En Cl7n s a a:n o$/'m's/a n s/ sn/'&o" $o l $o$'o CUlo /n7a  a&m'/'  la s'/a%'2n $ol7/'%a gnal s a37a &s$laa&o alaman/mn/ n %on/a & Alman'a"  $o llo %omn&2 llga a n a%&o %on Ingla/a so3 la &%%'2n &l amamn/o na4al & am3os $a7ss" %on l ,n & l'm'na" al mnos" n lmn/o $o/n%'al & %on>'%/o. Po la &s%on,ana & las o/as $o/n%'as %on s$%/o a la $ol7/'%a almana a37a amn/a&o @/ao&'na'amn/  l a & a%%'2n $aa na $ol7/'%a %olon'al & Alman'a s a37a &%'&o al m7n'mo. Es/a s/'%%'2n & la l'3/a& & mo4'm'n/o af%/a3a na/almn/ /am3'#n" n %'/a m&'&a" a las o/as gan&s $o/n%'as. En l %so & &os &%n'os & l%a n%an'a&a $o la a&'s'%'2n & /'/o'os & l/ama" las /ns'ons &n/o &l s's/ma & las $o/n%'as o$as  la $s'2n  las %lass m&'as %7an so3 ss go3'nos" a37an al%ana&o n ga&o /an @/mo  %al' 'n/n/o & mo&',%a las la%'ons & $o& @'s/n/s n/aa3a l 'sgo & n %on>'%/o o$o gnal. Po a:n @'s/7a la s$ana &  Eo$a s &/4's a /'m$o n s/ %am'no an/s & %a n l a3'smo.