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CHAPTER I
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Ellen G. White said that the school is the place to stay next to your home but what if the school has poor facilities? How can one stay there? Going to school in a clean and healthy school environment is every student's right. Many students in developing countries, however, do not have access to safe and clean sanitation facilities on school. Schools too often suffer from nonexistent or insufficient sanitation and hand-washing facilities. Schools are not safe for children due to neglect of the operation and maintenance of facilities. It is believed that the conduciveness of the school facilities greatly affects its students. A research done in 2007 by the Department of Education in California demonstrated that school facilities affect learning and health. Thus, environmental factors of schools are very important on how the students learn effectively, on how students do their health practices and to have a good health as well. It has been firmly established that people are influenced and affected by their environment from the research made by b y Linda M. Frazier (2005) in America. An article also released in 2010 by Microsoft Philippines states that the environment is a primary determinant of health and environmental health hazards.
Indoor and outdoor
environment in the school can affect the student’s health. Ramos (2010) added that the environment is a primary determinant of health and environmental health hazards. Indoor and outdoor environment in the school can affect the student’s health. The researchers realized that the school they are studying at are having some deficiencies in the facilities. That’s why this study was conducted for the benefit of the school- its
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administrators, faculty and staff, students and researchers as well. It was done not to enumerate the lacks of the school but rather improve it for the sake of the health h ealth of its students.
Purpose of the Study
The purpose of the study is to determine if there exists a relationship between the school facilities and the way the nursing students practice good health. It merely focuses on how the school facilities affect the health practices of the students. It aims that the people responsible for the changes will be aware that the facilities are needed to be increased in its efficiency or to be improved.
Significance of the Study
The study may be useful to the th e following: Nursing Students. This study will help the nursing students to clearly understand on how the
school facilities affect their health practices. The study will help the researchers appreciate the importance of these practices in relation to efficiency school facilities, therefore, enabling the researchers to provide proper health teaching to the students, thereby, thereby, enhancing the student’s knowledge regarding the relationship of facilities and health, and for the students to know the interventions and alternative measures in practicing good he alth.
3
School Administration . The result of the study will enable the school administration to identify
the needs of the students, with regards to the health practices, enabling the school administration to revise a plan towards proper modification. Faculty and Academe . The result of this study will provide information regarding a real picture
of the situation of a school that can help the faculty and the academe in the provision of new ideas regarding health practices. The study will also give the faculty and academe a concrete example of the relationship between the school facilities and the health of a person that can be a basis for the enhancement of the clinical teaching regarding health and environment.
Statement of the Problem
This study intends to determine the effects of school facilities in the health practices of students in Manila Adventist Colleges (MAC). Furthermore, the researchers endeavour to identify and evaluate the facilities that need improvements that may contribute to the health practices. Specifically, the researchers vividly hope to find answers to the following questions: 1. What is the profile of the respondent based on: a. Age? b. Gender? c. Year level? 2. Do the students able to do their their health practices with with regard to the school facilities in terms of: a. toilet facilities? b. garbage disposal?
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c. drinking fountain? d. classroom condition? e. cafeteria food? 3. Are the school facilities efficient for maintaining the health practices of students? 4. What are the effects of school facilities in health practices of students? 5. Is there a significant relationship between the school facilities and the health practices of
the students?
Null Hypothesis
There is significant relationship between the school facilities of MAC and the health practices of the students.
Scope and Limitations
The study aims to assess the effects of school facilities in the health practices. School facilities are limited to toilet facilities, garbage disposal, drinking fountain, classroom condition
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and food and eating habits. The study will be held at Manila Adventist and Colleges, College of Nursing. The study will start on April to May 2011. The target populations are BSN students of juniors and seniors. The researchers will randomly select forty (40) students from third year and another forty (40) students from fourth year level. Hence, the total sample is eighty (80).
Operational Definition of Terms
College of Nursing. It pertains to college where the respondents belong.
Environment. It pertains to school atmosphere of the nursing students.
Health Practices- Practices of students to maintain their health.
Nursing Students. This refers to the students taking up Bachelor of Science in Nursing at
Manila Adventist College.
Practice. An act or an exercise that an individual does.
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School Environmental Health Factors. This focuses on the toilet facilities, garbage disposal
system, water supply, classroom conditions, ventilation, and food sanitation in the school environment.
School Facilities. It pertains to the provision of amenities of the school that satisfy the needs of
nursing students.
School Administrators. This refers to the governing body of the Manila Adventist College.
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
This chapter includes the review of related literature and studies both foreign and local which are relevant to the study being done. It is also through these literatures and past studies that the researchers got the insight and inspiration to pursue this research. Before embarking on the conduction of this study, inquiries were made to see if there were any other studies that contain any similarities to the present study.
Global Literature and Studies
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Health was traditionally defined in terms of presence or absence of a disease. In 1948, World Health Organization (WHO) defined health as ―a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity‖. Though Health itself is a highly individual perception, one can say that it is necessary to promote it in any circumstances. The school is the best place to advertise it next to our homes. A research made by Linda M. Frazier (2005) reported that in many American schools, students and teachers find themselves in a physical environment that adversely affects their morale, and, in some cases, their health. It has been firmly established that people are influenced and affected by their environment. Deferred maintenance can create an environment of peeling paint, crumbling plaster, non-functioning toilets, poor lighting, inadequate ventilation, and inoperative heating and cooling systems. This, of course, affects both the health and the morale of staff and students. She also included in her research though not rigorously studied, the relationship between student achievement and building facilities. Anderson (2006) released an article regarding ―Effective School Health PromotionTowards Health Promoting Schools. The Health Promoting Schools Working Party was established to assess the most effective ways to create healthy environments in schools. The concept of linking 'health promotion' and 'environment' has emerged over the past two decades. It is now widely recognised that the health status of individuals and populations is greatly influenced by the economic, social and physical environments in which they live, work and play.
A research done by Moore, et al. (2007) for the Department of Education in California demonstrated that school facilities affect learning and health. Research tells that school facilities affect learning through the following: 1.) Facility conditions: Indoor air quality, thermal comfort, acoustics, lighting, and maintenance; 2.) Facility design: Building size, day lighting, specialty spaces, common areas, relationship of spaces to each other, aesthetic, environmental quality; 3.)
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Facility utilization: Crowding, community access, joint and shared use. A review of 167 literature sources indicated clear evidence that improving poor school environments have significant impacts. Jackson (2010) from the Environment Protection Agency (EPA) of the United States of America (USA) launched Indoor Air Quality Tools (IAQ) for Schools Program. The IAQ Tools for Schools Program is a comprehensive resource to help schools maintain a healthy environment in school buildings by identifying, correcting, and preventing IAQ problems. According to their study, poor indoor air quality can impact the comfort and health of students and staff, which, in turn, can affect concentration, attendance, and student performance. In addition, if schools fail to respond promptly to poor IAQ, students and staff are at an increased risk of short-term health problems, such as fatigue and nausea, as well as long-term problems like asthma. The study also revealed that exposure to indoor pollutants and inadequate management of indoor temperature and relative humidity can affect student, teacher, and staff health and performance. Poor indoor air quality (IAQ) can cause illnesses requiring school absences and can cause acute health symptoms that decrease performance while at school. Statistics also demonstrated that poor IAQ can reduce a person’s ability to perform specific mental tasks requiring concentration, calculation, or memory. Research suggests that students cannot concentrate as well, and report more health symptoms, in classrooms with low ventilation rates. Low ventilation rates can be a sign of high indoor pollutant levels because adequate ventilation is required to remove pollutants from indoor environments. In other studies, people experienced decreased performance in arithmetic, logical reasoning, memory, and creative thinking tasks when exposed to a pollutant source. They also reported more headaches during tasks requiring concentration, suggesting that part of the effect on performance is from pollution-related adverse health symptoms. Lochner (2010) from the American Public Health Association (APHA) recognized the importance of including all children in all environmental policy-making and the need to support global and local policies that promote healthy environments for them that prevent exposures to environmental hazards. They have noted that schools are purchasers of a wide array of hazardous
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cleaning and instructional supplies that can contribute to indoor pollution affecting health. Therefore, the APHA proposed that every child and school employee should have a right to an environmentally safe and healthy school that is clean and in good repair and that federal, state, and local entities must work together to use resources effectively and efficiently to address school sitting, construction, maintenance, and other practices to ensure the provision of an environmentally safe and healthy school. APHA also support the program ―School Environmental Protection Act (SEPA)‖ that would require schools to follow least-toxic pesticide practices and provide prior notice to parents and personnel of certain pesticide applications, and as appropriate, supports other federal legislation designed to promote environmentally responsible purchasing by schools. Environmental Condition. Environmental health is a branch of public health that deals with the
study of preventing illnesses by managing the environment and changing people’s behavior to reduce exposure to biological and non-biological agents of disease and injury. This involves environmental sanitation that is defined as the stud y of all factors in man’s physical environment, which may exercise a deleterious effect on his health well-being survival. This includes: water sanitation, food sanitation, refuse and garbage disposal, excreta disposal, insect vector and rodent control, housing, air pollution, noise, radiological protection, institutional sanitation, and stream pollution. Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene in Schools. UNICEF (2009) mentioned that factors related to
water, sanitation and hygiene affect children’s right to education in many ways. In an atmosphere of poor health, children are unable to fulfil their education potential. Schools partly determine children's health and well-being by providing a healthy or unhealthy environment. Although water and sanitation facilities in schools are increasingly recognized as fundamental for promoting good hygiene behaviour and children's well-being, many schools have very poor facilities. Conditions vary from inappropriate and inadequate sanitary facilities to the outright lack of latrines and safe water for drinking and hygiene. This situation contributes to absenteeism and the high drop-out rates of girls. Schools can also be a key factor for initiating change by helping to develop useful life skills on health and hygiene. New hygiene behaviour learned at school can lead to life-long positive habits. Teachers can
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function as role models new hygiene behaviour learned at school can lead to life-long positive habits not only for the children but also within the community.
Local Literature and Studies
Formoso (2006) conducted a study for Microsoft Philippines ; she concluded that there are a number of factors that work against students acquiring a good education: poor health, lack of school facilities, lack of an adequate supply of books and other quality learning materials. They have recognized that in order to concentrate in their classes, children need to be healthy and need to have school facilities that are conducive to learning. The ability of students to cope with the demands of school depends to a significant degree on their health status. The state of a school's facilities affects the children's learning capability, particularly the water supply system, classroom ventilation, and classroom lighting. These also need to be in good status for optimum learning conditions.
In 2009, a research entitled ―Review and Enhancement of the School Construction Guidelines/ Educational Status of the Philippines‖ was started by Nestor Arabejo for the Department of Education. The following were the data gathered during the study. Thermal Comfort. Natural ventilation should be preferred. Active solutions such as electric fans
or air-conditioning should only be a back-up solution. Specify minimum and maximum indoor temperature range and specify minimum and maximum humidity range for thermal comfort. Visual Comfort. Natural day lighting should be preferred. Artificial day lighting is only a back -
up for cloudy or overcast sky conditions.
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Location/Environment. Natural Habitat. Protect and restore existing ecosystem in the school
site. Do not build on sites where it is an established habitat for endangered species.
In supplement for this research, Mijares (2010) released an article in the Bacolod City National High School Journal that states, ―Without water available for flushing, wastes are often left stinking in the toilet bowl, leaving students holding every inch of their breath. How will the students be affected by this filth? Diseases are definitely the taxes of pleasure. The neglect of the ongoing problem on comfort rooms would undoubtedly affect the health of the students. In an environment where everything is left dirty, microorganisms would never refuse to dwell. Considering the fact that not all students in the campus are nutritionally shielded from diseases, doesn’t the dilemma scream for an immediate solution? Recently, dengue cases are on the rise and many pupils have been victims, damaging both their vigour and mental acuity. How can someone expect too much from their skills, when their physical needs are not much given consideration? All comes down to that. The CR is promptly shouting for maintenance — for repair. Leave it that way and the consequences are obvious. All it needs is action — action that will change what began and what is to follow. Wanting the school to be uplifted in glory, it has to be given a proper measure of glory. It doesn’t take a lot of muscle to give the heart a lift.‖
Ramos (2010) added that the environment is a primary determinant of health and environmental health hazards. Indoor and outdoor environment in the school can affect the student’s health. Children spend their time in many different settings, at home, in early learning and child care facilities, outdoors in their communities and in the school environment. In response to a growing awareness of the need to enhance occupational and environmental health content, nurses have great responsibility of preventing the students from having health problems.
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Synthesis
Everywhere in the world, may it be International or Local it is now widely recognized that the health status of individuals and populations is greatly influenced by the economic, social and physical environments in which they live, work, play and learn. It is the same as the schools; its facilities greatly influence the health of its students and the other people around it as well. These literatures clearly cited that the environment we have greatly influences our health as a whole. Many researches were done and revealed the effects of school facilities not only in the learning of the students but also in their health. There are a lot of factors such as water supply system, classroom ventilation, and classroom condition that interferes with the student’s learning capability and health. A lot of problems can arise once the school’s facilities do not meet the needs of its students. Some of this even causes absences of students that can affect their grades. School facilities should not be ignored by the administration and must be improved in every way since the school is a place where health should be promoted to each of its students.
The researchers use the school facilities to assess whether they help in the promotion of health among nursing student. Unlike the other studies, the researchers’ study focuses on the combination and the relationship of student’s health promotion and school facilities in achieving optimum health. The researchers’ study is unique in terms of its approach on the specificity of the school facilities and health promotion. The researchers deal with the most basic approach in determining whether the school facilities affect the student’s health promotion.
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Theoretical Framework
Florence Nightingale defined nursing as ―the act of utilizing the environment of the patient to assist him in his recovery‖. And with these words, she linked health with five environmental factors namely: 1) pure or fresh air, 2) pure water, 3) efficient drainage, 4) cleanliness, and 5) light. According to Nightingale, once any of these factors had deficiency it may result to lack of health or illness. This study falls under Nightingale’s Environmental theory which clearly defines the connection between health and the environment. Since the environment affects the health of the students, it is merely reliable that we should consider this theory in relation with this research. The environment in which the respondents move in inside the school influence their health practices which in return may produce either positive or negative effects. This theory’s concepts about ventilation, cleanliness, diet and warmth reflects the school’s facilities which the researchers wish to consider.
RESEARCH PARADIGM
School Facilities a. Toilet facilities b. Garbage disposal c. Drinking fountain d. Classroom condition e. Cafeteria food
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Nursing Students Health Practices
Fig. I
The Paradigm consists only of two boxes. It identifies the effects of school facilities in terms of toilet facilities, garbage disposal, drinking fountain, classroom condition and food and eating habits in the health practices of students.
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CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
This chapter deals with the method of research used, respondents to the study, research tools and instruments, procedure followed and the statistical treatment of data.
Research Design
The researcher used in this study is non-experimental descriptive design. In this study, the researchers would like to determine the efficiency of school facilities that affect nursing students in the promotion of health.
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Population and Sample
The total number of Nursing students in MAC is ----. The researchers chose eighty (80) students as sample, forty (40) from third year and forty (40) from fourth year. Instrumentation
In order to gather the essential data, the researchers constructed a questionnaire as an instrument for this research. The instrument used is a self-constructed questionnaire. The formulation of the structures questionnaire (Appendix B) was based on the objectives of the study. The two-page questionnaire contained two (2) categories. The first part of the questionnaire contained the respondents’ demographic profile. It covered the age, gender and year level. The second part consisted of the effects of school facilities in the health practices of students, divided into five (5) terms such as toilet facilities, garbage disposal, drinking fountain, and cafeteria foods. After doing the pilot study given to twenty (20) respondents, the statistician tested the reliability of the study. The reliability coefficient of the instrument is .8445. The researchers then proceeded to the final data gathering.
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Data Gathering Procedure
For the pilot study, the researchers submitted a letter to the Dean of MAC to secure permission to distribute questionnaires to junior and senior nursing students of MAC. A letter also was provided for the CON. During the actual study, the researchers conduct their survey during the free time of students. The collection was done from April 2011 to May 2011. The collected data were recorded, tabulated, computed and analysed for transparency.
Statistical Treatment
Pearson’s r-
the Pearson ―Product Moment‖ Correlation, or Pearson r for short, allows
you to determine if two sets of observations, on a single randomly selected sample, are co-related (correlated) with each other such that high and low values on the other or vice versa. The Pearson r calculates the degree of linear association (correlation) between the variables on a s cale from – 1.00 to + 1.00. To use the Pearson r, the variables being measured must not depart significantly from normality, they must be measured at the interval or ration level, the variation
19
in both variables must be similar (i.e.,homoscedastic), and their relationship must presumably be linear (curvilinear relationships cannot be assessed by the Pearson r).
√ ( )
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CHAPTER IV
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table 1A. Age of the Respondents
Frequency Percent
Valid
Cumulative
Percent
Percent
18 and below 25
31.2
31.2
31.2
above 18
68.8
68.8
100.0
55
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Frequency Percent
Valid
Cumulative
Percent
Percent
18 and below 25
31.2
31.2
31.2
above 18
55
68.8
68.8
100.0
Total
80
100.0
100.0
Analysis: Table 1A is the distribution of age of the respondents. It shows that out of 80 respondents, 31.2% are 18 and below while 68.8% are above 18 years old. Interpretation: The table above shows that majority of respondents of this study are above 18 years old while the minority are 18 years old and below. This is because the respondents are senior and junior students whose age ranges from 18-19 and above.
Table 1B. Gender of the Respondents
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Frequency Percent
Valid
Cumulative
Percent
Percent
Female 54
67.5
67.5
67.5
Male
26
32.5
32.5
100.0
Total
80
100.0
100.0
Analysis: This table shows the gender of the respondents for this study. It demonstrates that out of 80 respondents, 67.5% are female while 32.5% are male. Interpretation: Shown above is the profile of respondents in terms of gender. It plainly shows that more females have attended to the survey questionnaire than the males which indicate that the majority of the junior and senior respondents of this study were mostly feminine. More females had attended to the research since the scope and limitation of this study is limited to the nursing students in which the majority are female. In an article released in September 2010, it stated that ―All educational materials were oriented to the female gender. Open discrimination against men is fast disappearing from schools of nursing but remains imbedded in the school fabric. A survey stated that roughly 13% of students enrolled in nursing schools are men.‖
Table 1C. Year Level of the Respondents
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Frequency Percent
Valid
Cumulative
Percent
Percent
Third Year 40
50.0
50.0
50.0
Fourth Year 40
50.0
50.0
100.0
Total
100.0
100.0
80
Analysis: Table 1C illustrates the year level of this study’s respondents. It explains that out of 80 respondents, 50% are third year students while the remaining 50% are fourth year students. Interpretation: This table presents the profile of the respondents in terms of year level. It shows that the survey questionnaire was equally divided into two among the third year and fourth year students of MAC.
Table 2A. Descriptive Statistics of Toilet Practice of the Respondents
Std. N
Minimum Maximum Mean
Deviation
Interpretation
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I flush the toilet after using.
80
2
5
4.58
.632
I use dipper since there
Strongly agree
Agree
is no available toilet 80
1
5
3.79
1.240
flush.
I wash my hands using available
soap
Agree
and 80
1
5
3.84
1.195
water.
I use hand sanitizer because available
there soap
is
no and
agree 80
1
5
4.14
1.088
water.
Analysis: Table 2A Descriptive statistics of toilet practice of the respondents. Respondents are strongly agree that they flush the toilet after using with a mean of 4.58 and they agree on the following; they use dipper when there is no available flush, wash hands using available soap and water and on they use hand sanitizer because there is no available soap and water with a mean value between 3.40 to 4.19. Interpretation: Students are taught by their parents at home of how important health is. They are being educated on how to make themselves healthy and get rid of diseases by proper health practices.
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Some of the good health practices are flushing the toilet and hand washing, in which study shows that they strongly agree of this practice, meaning they are all health conscious. Because of proper education, students still find ways to continue their practice by looking for alternatives such as dipper to flush the toilet whenever toilet flush is under repair, and using sanitizers whenever soaps are not available or lack of supply. In the article, ―Toilets are an important part of achieving good sanitation‖, but without proper public understanding about wh y sanitation matters, and what is necessary to a chieve good sanitation, toilets are not enough to break the cycle of disease. Good sanitation is achieved when everyone in a community understands the health importance of safe excreta disposal, and takes the necessary practical steps and other alternatives to promote good personal hygiene and public health. This includes access to, and consistent use of a safe and h ygienic toilet.
Table 2B. Descriptive Statistics of Throwing Garbage Practice of the Resp ondents
Std. N
Minimum Maximum Mean
Interpretation
Deviation
I dispose my garbage
Strongly
properly in the available 80
1
5
4.40
.908
agree
trash bin.
I place my garbage on
Fairly agree
my bag because there is 80
1
5
3.51
1.253
1
5
2.14
1.290
no available trash bin.
I throw my garbage anywhere.
Analysis:
80
Disagree
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Table 2B is the descriptive statistics of throwing garbage practice of the respondents. It shows that respondents strongly agree that they throw garbage properly in the available trash bin with a mean of 4.40. Respondents fairly agree that they place their garbage on their bag in case there is no available trash bin with a mean of 3.51. Whereas, respondents disagree that they throw garbage anywhere with a mean of 2.14.
Interpretation: Students strongly agreed of proper disposal of garbage in the available trash bin because they believed that whenever garbage is thrown improperly, this may cause blockage to some corners of the school and may lead to floods. Microorganisms may live to all the scattered garbage that may be a carrier of diseases that students may acquire. Garbage is not thrown anywhere according to students and only a few of them agreed that they place their garbage on their bags whenever trash bins are not available, this means that they really look for available trash bins provided b y the school to properly dispose garbage.
As what says in the article ― Help Save Mother Earth‖, proper garbage and trash collection are beneficial to the community. It discards health hazards. The cleanliness of the surrounding prevents spread of diseases. More garbage collecting businesses are needed to keep the community sanitized and clean. They do not only prevent pollution, they make the surrounding
free
from
disease
carrying
virus
and
bacteria.
http://www.abcarticledirectory.com/Article/Help-Save-Mother-Earth---Throw-Your-GarbageProperly/921979
Table 2C. Descriptive Statistics of Drinking Water Practice of the Respondents
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Std. N
Minimum Maximum Mean
Interpretation
Deviation
I drink water on the
Fairly agree
available purified water 80
1
5
3.17
1.348
fountain.
I am sure that the water
Fairly agree
on the drinking fountain 80
1
5
2.90
1.279
is safe.
I drink 8-10 glasses of water a day.
80
1
5
3.49
1.191
Agree
Analysis: Table 2C is the descriptive statistics of drinking water practice of the respondents. It shows that the respondents fairly agree that they drink on the available purified water fountain with a mean of 3.17. Respondents fairly agree that they are sure the water on the drinking fountain is safe with a mean of 2.90. Whereas, respondents agree that they drink 8-10 glasses of water a day with a mean of 3.49. Interpretation: Water is important for students to be rehydrated in school. Eight to ten glasses of water is the suggested amount of water that an individual must drink in which the respondents strongly agreed. But according to the result of the study, students failed to meet these needs because drinking fountains may not be adequately supplied by the school, another reason is that they lack trust on the safety of water supply.
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One way of solving this problem is by providing adequate and safe water source by means of purified water fountain. Based on http://www.ehow.com/facts_7480167_drinking-fountain-safety.html ―A lack of drinking fountain cleanliness is a concern because it can lead to disease, including influenza and bacterial infections. Because of this threat, efforts should be made to keep drinking fountains clean,
thus
reducing
the
risk
of
infection.‖
To remain healthy we need to take in enough to replace the amount we lose daily through exertion, perspiration and other bodily function, but that amount can vary widely from person to person, based upon variety of factors such as age, physical condition, activity level, and climate. The ―8-10 glasses of water per day‖ is a rule of thumb, not an absolute minimum, and not all of our water intake need come in the form of drinking water. http://www.snopes.com/medical/myths/8glasses.asp
Table 2D. Descriptive Statistics of Toilet Practice of the Respondents
Std. N
I eat foods from the cafeteria.
I find the foods in the cafeteria safe to eat.
I cook my own food.
Minimum Maximum Mean
Interpretation
Deviation
80
1
5
4.10
.976
80
2
5
4.30
.770
80
1
5
3.05
1.431
Agree
Strongly agree
Fairly agree
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Analysis: Table 2D descriptive statistics of toilet practice of the respondents. It shows that the respondents agree that they eat foods from the cafeteria with a mean of 4.10. Respondents strongly agree that they find the foods in the cafeteria are safe to eat with a mean of 4.30. Whereas, respondents fairly agree that they cook t heir own food with a mean of 3.05 Interpretation: Being a healthy wellbeing is vital to every individual, to achieve this; adequate nutritional foods must be consumed. This equips their body to do their daily activities. Few of the respondents cook food for themselves maybe due to being busy from school, but because they aware that they have to consume adequate foods to sustain their nutritional needs, they eat in school cafeteria. They continuously eat in the cafeteria rather than cook foods for themselves because they trust the safety and c leanliness of the foods being served. Based on http://www.livestrong.com/article/81934-eat-college-cafeteria/ ―College is a period of adjustment -- new friends, a packed courseload and lifestyle changes. Food habits vary during college; classes interfere with mealtimes, home-cooked meals are a distant memory, and there is unparalleled access to unhealthy (yet tasty) food choices. Step into a college cafeteria and witness the variety of food options and frequently unregulated portions. Cafeteria eating does not have to mean weight gain. You can maintain a healthy diet throughout college if you learn about the school's food choices; educate yourself about healthy eating habits and practice portion control and moderation.
Facilities
Table 3A. Descriptive Statistics on Toilet Facilities of the Respondents
30
Std. N
There is available water 80 for flushing.
There is an available soap and water in toilet.
80
Minimum Maximum Mean
Deviation
1
5
3.60
1.208
1
5
2.72
1.263
Interpretation
Agree
Fairly agree
Analysis: Table 3A is the Descriptive Statistics on Toilet Facilities of the respondents. With a mean of 3.60 the respondents agree that there is available water for flushing the toilet bowl and with a mean of 2.72 the respondents fairly agree that water and soap are readily available.
Interpretation: A lot of students agreed that there is available water for flushing and fairly agreed that soaps are available for hand washing, this means that school facilities regarding water supply has an adequate supply but still needs improvement because there will be a tendency that this facilities may be ignored and lack its maintenance and supplies. In the article, Toilet Trouble, it is said that, ―sanitation conditions and hygiene practices alone are responsible for nearly one-quarter of all reported diseases and six percent of all reported deaths in the country‖ and that soap and water should be readily available in the comfort rooms and rest rooms so that after a person finished doing his/her business in the cubicle, they could immediately wash their hands to prevent microorganisms from invading their system. They first line of defense against infection and diseases is hand washing. Health and sanitation
31
experts say this basic hygiene practice after a pee or poo can keep one away from several diseases, diarrhea and worm infections being among the most common and fatal. Also, studies have found that human feces are the primary sources of diarrheal pathogens. Therefore, water should always be available for flushing the toilet in order for safety and satisfaction of the next user. Valderama, T., Toilet Trouble. Retrieved from: http://pcij.org/stories/toilet-trouble/
Table 3B. Descriptive Statistics on Garbage Disposal Facilities of the Respondents
Std. N
Minimum Maximum Mean
Deviation
There is an available trash bin within the 80
Interpretation
Agree 1
5
4.18
.911
campus.
Analysis: Table 3B is the descriptive statistics on garbage disposal facilities of the respondents and with a mean of 4.18, the respondents agree that there are available trash bins within the campus.
Interpretation: The respondents agreed that there is available trash bins within the campus. This may mean that there is unstable provision of trash bins and still needs an improvement so that students will be able to segregate garbage properly. Because when these are always available, students will be encouraged to proper segregate the garbage. Through this, diseases will be prevented and health practices will be effective.
32
One should always get the habit of throwing their trash in the proper respective bins. But one could not throw their trash properly if there are no trash bins within the campus. This is the first step in helping save mother Earth, by simply throwing our trash properly. The school is currently practicing the proper waste segregation in order to preserve and save mother Earth. By having different trash bins like the biodegradable, non-biodegradable and infectious bins, we can easily segregate and reduce the trash of our school. http://www.articlesnatch.com/Article/Help-Save-Mother-Earth---Throw-Your-GarbageProperly/1277602
Table 3C. Descriptive Statistics on Drinking Water Facilities of the Respondents
Std. N
Minimum Maximum Mean
Deviation
There is an available water fountain around 80
Interpretation
Fairly agree 1
5
3.02
1.263
the campus.
Analysis: In table 3C, the descriptive statistics on drinking water facilities of the respondents, with a mean of 3.02, the respondents fairly agree that there is an available water fountain within the campus. Interpretation: Students fairly agreed that drinking fountains are available within the campus. This means that there is still unstable provision regarding this facility. They can see drinking fountain
33
but very limited and usually they are placed very far from where students usually go within the campus and sometimes these are seen dirty which leads to students to doubt its safety. Drinking fountains are essential in every school. Every school must be able to provide their students with safe drinking water for it is a vital in our everyday life. Water is very important in our daily lives. One is already on the process of making one’s self healthy by just drinking 8-10 glasses of water a day. Water is the universal solvent and it can help in flushing and absorbing the toxins in our body. Dr. Donald Robertson says the body will not function properly without enough water and discusses the importance of drinking plenty of water for permanent weight loss: "Drinking enough water is the best treatment for fluid retention; the overweight person needs more water than the thin one; water helps to maintain proper muscle tone; water can help relieve constipation; drinking water is essential to weight loss . http://www.aomega.com/mpure/water.htm
Table 3D. Descriptive Statistics on Food and Eatin g Facilities of the Respondents
Std. N
There
are
Minimum Maximum Mean
Deviation
available
healthy foods in the 80
Interpretation
Strongly 1
5
4.43
.792
agree
cafeteria.
Analysis Table 3D shows the descriptive statistics on food and eating facilities of the respondents where the respondents strongly agree that the food served in the cafeteria are healthy and has a mean of 4.43.
34
Interpretation: The cafeteria in MAMC offers a wide variety of food that is healthy and nutritious because they only serve vegetables, tofu and vegiemeat. As an Adventist institution, the cafeteria promotes a Vegan diet because of certain beliefs and principles of the Adventist faith. Also, they believe
that
by
being
a
vegetarian,
one
can
be
holistically
healthy.
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/vegetariandiet.html
Table 4A. Correlation of Toilet Facilities and Toilet P ractice of the Respondents
Toilet Facilities
Toilet
Practice Pearson
Mean
Correlation
Interpretation
**
.311
Sig. (2-tailed)
.005
N
80
Significant
Analysis: Table 4A is the correlation between school toilet facilities and toilet practice of the respondents. It shows that there is a significant relationship between them with a correlation coefficient of 0.311 and a p-value of 0.005. Results suggest that the better the toilet facilities the better the toilet practice of the respondents.
Interpretation:
35
School must provide adequate toilet facilities for the students, by this, students will continue to apply their knowledge how to prevent diseases by flushing toilet with the available water and soap for handwashing. According to Sue Vernon(2002), if schools were treated as workplaces for students and equivalent standards were applied, school toilets would be significantly improved. Every school should have available water for flush. It is because the better the toilet facilities the better the toilet practice of the students. A flush toilet is a toilet that disposes of human waste by using water to flush it through a drainpipe to another location. If the school has better toilet facilities, the students tend to practice properly. It is likely that when toilets are in a poor state and in need of refurbishment and more frequent cleaning that the toilets will attract poor behavior Table 4B. Correlation of Garbage Disposal Facilities and Garbage Disposal Practice of the Respondents
There is an available trash
bin
within
the
campus.
Garbage Practice Mean
Analysis:
Disposal Pearson Correlation
Interpretation
*
.240
Sig. (2-tailed)
.032
N
80
Significant
36
Interpretation is the same as interpretation of table 4A that there is significant relationship between garbage disposal practice and availability of trash bin with a coefficient value of 0.240 and p-value of 0.032. This suggest that availability of trash bin is related to better disposal practice of the respondent. Interpretation: Trash bins must always be available within the campus, these allow the students to continue the practices of proper segregation of garbage. The more the trash bins are found, the lesser the garbage will scatter around that may cause microorganism to live, that carries diseases and contribute to flood. Another reason for this, some students that are unaware regarding garbage disposable will be encouraged to do proper disposal. According to Lackney (2005. School is one such public place where lot of biodegradable waste is generated and which can be disposed off effectively by proper enforcement alone. To implement proper segregation and disposal of garbage, schools should have available trash bin around the campus. It is a container for temporarily storing waste, and is usually made out of metal or plastic. Properly disposing of waste is not just a personal responsibility according to Lewis ( 2000). It is under Environmental Protection Agency, which enforces and regulates most of the
law related to waste disposal, that every school should have garbage bin around the campus. That’s why if there are available trash bins around the campus, students are oblige to throw their wastes there.
Table 4C. Correlation of Drinking Water Facilities and Drinking Water Practice of the Respondents
37
There is an available water fountain around campus.
Drinking Practice Mean
Water Pearson Correlation
the interpretation
**
.486
Sig. (2-tailed)
.000
N
80
Significant
Interpretation: There is a significant relationship between drinking water practice and availability of fountain around the campus with a coefficient value of 0.486 and p-value of 0.000. This suggests that drinking fountain must be readily available within the campus to help maintain drinking habits. Analysis: According to the article ―Water to Rehydrate‖ students do not drink enough during the school day - and the resulting dehydration contributes to continence problems. It has been noticed that one of the factors that affect the encouragement for students to drink is that drinking fountains are obviously seen unsafe due to its improper placement and the worse is that, no drinking fountains are seen within the campus. One important part of treating these problems is a provision of adequate drinking water facilities to help students be hydrated and take the required fluid intake.
38
If these facilities are seen safe and readily available within the campus, they are also encouraged to try drinking on it until they found out that they maintain themselves hydrated by frequent using of facilities. http://watertherapy.com/article/art2.html
Table 4D. Correlation of Food and Eating Facilities and Practice of the Respondents
Correlations
There
are
available healthy
foods
in the cafeteria. Interpretation
Food and Eating Practice Pearson Correlation .557** Mean Sig. (2-tailed)
.000
N
80
Significant
Interpretation: Table 4C shows that there is a significant relationship between food and eating practice and availability of food in the cafeteria with a coefficient value of 0.557 and p-value of 0.000. This table suggests that healthy foods must be readil y available in the cafeteria.
Analysis:
According to the article ―students in school‖, students consume a large portion of their daily food intake at school, the school food environment can have an important influence on their
39
diets of foods and beverages provided through school breakfast, lunch, and afterschool, snack programs must meet certain nutritional requirements to receive federal reimbursement. This is to emphasize that students do not usually eat breakfast at home due to early time of class. In order to still meet their nutritional status, healthy and safe foods must be prepared by school cafeteria to prevent them from starving or skipping meals.
40
CHAPTER V
SUMMARY Findings:
The following results were acquired based on the questions from the statement of the problem, The distribution of age of the respondents shows that out of 80 respondents, 31.2% are 18 and below while 68.8% are above 18 years old. It consists of 67.5 % female and 32.5 % male. The total population of nursing students in MAC is 210. The researchers just got equal population of fifty percent from third year and fourth year level with the total of 80 students. These highlights explained that the respondents were female and males ages 18 and above, and their college level. There are different effects of school facilities in the health practices of students: toilet flushing, hand washing, garbage disposal, drinking water and food and eating habits. There is significant relationship between the school facilities of MAC and the health practices of the students. The results show that the students are able to practice their health practices though the school facilities are not sufficient. There is an available trash bin, available water fountain around the campus and available healthy foods in the cafeteria however, they are not adequate because the students are still making an alternative maintain their health practices. Therefore, we reject the null hypothesis. The researchers recommend that the school administrators and students must be aware of the importance of the health so that proper supplies and maintenance may be provided and the students may be able to apply or practice their knowledge regarding health through these facilities.
41
Conclusion
Manila Adventist Colleges’ facility does not merely affect the health practices of its junior and senior students. Though some deficiencies such as availability of soap and water for the comfort rooms are present, this does not hinder them to not meet the needs for their health. This just proves that MAC students are health conscious and cannot be easily affected by the several flaws on availability of water and soap on comfort rooms, garbage disposal, drinking water and food from the cafeteria. In one way, the researchers may say that the knowledge being shared by the faculty to their students to value health as a whole is practiced by mostly of its students.
Recommendation
School is the second home of students. This means that how they are treated at home should be the same with how they are treated in school. And what they have learned and practiced at home is the same that they will be having in school. One of the things that students are concerned with, is the practice of health. Health is practice is the process of enabling people to exert control over the determinants of health and thereby improve their health. School plays a major role in providing the needs of the students especially when it comes to health practice. This can be in the form of education and providing necessary materials or facilities. These two must work hand in hand because when one failed, the efficiency of health practices will be affected. Based on the findings and conclusions of the study, the following recommendations are given. Students
Students have the right to become physically healthy, in order to achieve this; they are responsible to take good care of themselves. One of a lot of ways to become healthy is availing the facilities rendered by the school.
42
They must be aware of the school facilities that are being rendered and to evaluate and report to the school administrators or persons in charge about the efficiency or complaints in the school facilities and how they are being affected by it. It is also recommended that they should take good care of the facilities they are using, as courtesy to other students who also have the right to avail. This is to maintain the efficiency of these facilities and also to decrease the risk of some students to think of some negative impression in these facilities. School Administration
School facilities are provided for the students to enhance the learning and continue their health practices. The researchers recommend to the school administrators to review the necessary facilities that a school should have, look closely to attitudes of the students toward the facilities the needs of students and the factors that hinders the students to take use of the facilities provided, by this, they are able to plan for the provision of facilities that a school must have or the things they are lacking, so they are able to develop more and come up of ideas that may encourage more the students for continuous health practices. They may also conduct discussion for the students about the importance of health practices with the use of the facilities they are providing for them. It is also recommended to have a weekly inspection to each facility or assign people to watch on it so that anything that may needs repair, development and providing supplies shall be given. Supplies such as soaps and sanitizers must always be available in every comfort rooms. Trash bins and drinking fountains must be placed on areas where most students are, to provide convenience to them. Future researchers
Continuous participation in research is the key to identify the effects of school facilities in the health practices of students because the researchers believed that results of its effects varies in the students from time to time. This is also to further know he needs of development of facilities that may increase the practice of students to make themselves healthy.
43
44
APPENDIX A CORRESPONDENTS April 21, 2011
Dr. Ofelia M. Osorio, RN,MSN,Dr. P.H Dean College of Nursing Manila Adventist Medical Center and colleges, Inc.
Dear Madam As a fulfillment for the requirements of the subject, Introduction to Nursing Research, we would like to conduct a study on the “Effects of School Facilities in the Health Practices of Students”. In connection with this, may we therefore ask permission from your good office to conduct our study here in Manila Adventist Medical Center and colleges. We highly appreciate your kind consideration and assistance in our pursuit of this study.
Respectfully yours,
Galanza, Frances Ann I.
Lego, Renalyn T.
Malimban, Vina Marie R.
Padilla, Rissian Joy M.
Noted by:
Mrs. Janet Faigao,RN Thesis adviseR
Macaraeg, mara Dianne
Sardea, Marjeannette S.
45
April 21, 2011 Mrs. Janet Faigao, RN Level IV Chairman Manila Adventist Medical Center and Colleges, Inc.
Dear Madam As a fulfillment for the requirements of the subject, Introduction to Nursing Research, we would like to conduct a study on the “Effects of School Facilities in the Health Practices of Students”. In connection with this, may we therefore ask permission from your good office to conduct our study here in Manila Adventist Medical Center and colleges. We highly appreciate your kind consideration and assistance in our pursuit of this study.
Respectfully Yours,
Galanza, Frances Ann I.
Lego, Renalyn T.
Malimban, Vina Marie R.
Padilla, Rissian Joy M.
Macaraeg,mara Dianne
Sardea, Marjeannette
46
APPENDIX B SURVEY QUESTIONAIRE Dear Respondents, The undersigned senior students of Manila Adventist Colleges are currently working on a research study entitled EFFICIENCY OF SCHOOL FACILITIES IN THE PROMOTION OF HEALTH AMONG NURSING STUDENTS AT MANILA ADVENTIST COLLEGES
as a partial fulfillment of the requirements in the subject Introduction to Nu rsing Research. In view of this, the undersigned are requesting for your full support and cooperation in answering the enclosed questionnaire. Rest assured that your answers would be treated with utmost confidentiality. Thank you and God bless! Respectfully, The Researchers Galanza, Frances Ann
Malimban, Vina-Marie
Lego, Rena Lyn
Padilla, Rissian Joy
Macaraeg, Mara Dianne
Sardea, Marjeannette
Instruction: Put a check mark on the appropriate box on how often you practice the following
activities. Response
Numerical Value
Always
4 (8 - 10 out of 10 situations)
Frequent
3 (4 – 7 out of 10 situations)
Seldom
2 (1 – 3 out of 10 situations)
47
Never
1 (never)
4 3 2 1
(Toilet Facilities)
Flushing
1. I flush the toilet because there’s an available toilet flush.
2. I do not flush the toilet even if there’s an available toilet flush.
3. I do not flush the toilet because there’s no available toilet flush.
4. I flush the toilet using dipper since there’s no avai lable toilet flush.
Hand washing
1. I wash my hands using available soap and water
2. I do not wash my hands even if there are available soap and water
3. I do not wash my hands because there are no available soap and water
4. I use sanitizer because there’s no available soap and water.
(Refuse Disposal)
48
Waste Segregation
1. I dispose my garbage properly because there’s an available non biodegradable and biodegradable disposal.
2. I do not dispose my garbage properly even there’s an available non biodegradable and biodegradable disposal.
3. I do not dispose my garbage properly because there’s no available non biodegradable and biodegradable disposal.
4. I place my garbage on my bag because there’s no available non biodegradable and biodegradable disposal.
(Water Supply)
Drinking Water
1. I drink water because there’s available purified water.
2. I do not drink water even if there’s available purified water.
3. I do not drink water because there’s no available purified water.
4. I bring my own bottled water because there’s no available purified water.
49
(Classroom Condition)
Ventilation
1. I find the classroom conducive for learning because there’s an adequate ventilation
2. I do not find the classroom conducive for learning even if there’s an adequate ventilation
3. I do not find the classroom conducive for learning because there’s no adequate ventilation.
4. I open the doors and windows to make the classroom conducive for learning because there’s no adequate ventilation.
Adequate space
1. I can move freely and comfortably because there’s enough space within the classroom
2. I cannot move freely and comfortably even if there’s enough space within the classroom
3. I cannot move freely and comfortably because there’s no enough space within the classroom.
4. I go to other rooms with enough space because there’s no enough space within
50
the classroom.
(Food Preparation)
Eating Habits
1. I eat foods when I’m hungry because there’s a readily available healthy food in the cafeteria
2. I do not eat food when I’m hungry even if there’s a readily available healthy food in the cafeteria
3. I do not eat food when I’m hungry because there’s no readily available healthy food in the cafeteria.
4. I bring packed snacks because there’s no readily available healthy food in the cafeteria.
Food Safety
1. I find the foods in the cafeteria safe to eat because the cafeteria utilizes clean facilities and proper food preparation done b y the staffs
2. I do not find the foods in the cafeteria safe to eat even if the cafeteria utilizes clean facilities and proper food preparation done b y the staffs
3. I do not find the foods in the cafeteria safe to eat because the cafeteria does not utilize clean facilities and proper food preparation done by the staff.
51
4. I bring packed snacks because the cafeteria does not utilize clean facilities and proper food preparation done by the staffs.
(Crowd)
Stress Control
1. I avoid cigarette smoking because my friends are n ot cigarette smokers
2. I do not avoid cigarette smoking even if my friends are not cigarette smokers
3. I do not avoid cigarette smoking because my friends are cigarette smokers.
4. I chew gums whenever I feel the urge of smoking even if my friends are cigarette smokers.
Alcohol Consumption
1. I avoid drinking alcohol because my friends are not alcohol drinkers
2. I do avoid drinking alcohol even if my friends are not alcohol drinkers
3. I do not avoid drinking alcohol because my friends are alcohol drinkers.
4. I drink water, fruit juices and non alcoholic b everages even if my friends are alcohol drinkers.
Drug Consumption
52
1. I avoid taking illegal drugs because my friends are not drug users
2. I do not avoid taking illegal drugs even if my friends are not drug users
3. I do not avoid taking illegal drugs because my friends are drug users.
4. I divert my attention whenever I feel the urge of taking illegal drugs even if my friends are drug users.
53
APPENDIX C
RELIABILITY RESULTS
R E L I A B I L I T Y
A N A L Y S I S
-
S C A L E
(A L P H A)
Item-total Statistics
Scale Mean
Scale
Corrected
Variance
Item-
Alpha
if Item
if Item
Total
if Item
Deleted
Deleted
Correlation
Deleted
F1
72.7000
162.7474
.4439
.8368
F2
71.7000
169.5895
.4510
.8382
F3
72.6000
173.0947
.1419
.8493
H1
73.5000
157.1053
.6139
.8292
H2
72.6000
161.8316
.4453
.8367
H3
72.2000
169.8526
.2724
.8434
G1
71.9000
171.7789
.3464
.8409
G2
72.1500
164.1342
.4971
.8351
G3
73.3000
164.1158
.3257
.8430
G4
74.2500
171.4605
.1780
.8483
D1
73.4000
165.0947
.3308
.8421
D2
73.3000
158.5368
.5812
.8308
D3
72.8500
163.0816
.4853
.8352
D4
72.9500
170.6816
.2411
.8446
V1
73.2000
159.9579
.6604
.8292
V2
73.0000
158.4211
.8331
.8251
V3
72.9500
163.7342
.4488
.8366
54
A1
73.0500
164.1553
.5061
.8349
A2
72.8500
162.9763
.5903
.8324
FE2
72.5000
162.6842
.5173
.8341
FE3
72.0500
171.2079
.2288
.8450
FE4
73.3000
166.7474
.2439
.8476
Reliability Coefficients
N of Cases =
Alpha =
.8445
20.0
N of Items = 22
55
APPENDIX D
56
APPENDIX E MATRIX
re sp
gen der
1
0
2
0
3
1
4
1
5
1
6
1
7
0
8
1
9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 2 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0
a g e 1 9 1 9 2 0 1 9 1 9 1 9 1 9 1 9 1 9 2 0 1 8 1 8 1 8 1 8 1 8 1 8 2 0 1 8 1 9 1 8
y l
f e 1
f e 2
f e 3
f e 4
f 1
f 2
f 3
h 1
h 2
h 3
g 1
g 2
g 3
g 4
d 1
d 2
d 3
d 4
v 1
v 2
v 3
a 1
a 2
4 3
5
4
3
3
4
4
5
5
1
4
4
3
5
3
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4 3
3
3
3
5
5
5
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
3
5
3
5
1
4 5
4
4
3
4
4
5
5
5
5
2
5
4
4
5
5
5
5
4
5
5
5
5
4 5
5
1
1
5
5
5
1
1
1
1
1
3
3
3
3
1
3
3
5
5
5
5
4 3
5
1
1
1
5
5
4
1
3
3
3
4
3
4
3
5
3
5
5
5
5
5
4 3
5
4
3
5
4
4
4
4
1
2
2
2
4
1
3
3
1
1
5
4
5
4
4 2
5
5
2
5
5
3
4
1
4
1
5
4
5
4
5
5
4
4
4
3
5
5
4 5
5
5
5
5
4
5
4
1
1
5
3
4
5
5
4
1
2
5
5
5
5
5
4 1
4
5
1
3
5
3
4
3
1
3
1
3
2
2
2
3
2
3
4
4
5
5
4 5
5
5
2
5
2
5
5
5
1
3
4
5
3
2
3
5
2
2
5
3
2
5
3 4
5
2
1
1
5
5
5
1
1
3
4
5
3
2
2
3
3
3
5
3
5
3
3 4
5
3
4
4
3
5
5
2
1
5
3
5
5
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3 3
5
4
3
3
5
3
5
4
1
1
3
3
2
3
3
3
5
4
5
5
5
4
3 5
5
2
3
3
2
4
3
2
2
4
2
3
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
3 4
5
5
3
3
5
5
5
4
1
1
1
1
1
3
3
4
4
4
5
2
5
3
3 2
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
3
3
2
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
2
3 1
2
5
1
1
1
3
3
2
4
1
1
1
3
2
2
2
3
2
2
1
1
4
3 5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
4
5
3
5
2
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
4
4
3 5
5
3
5
5
5
5
5
3
2
5
3
3
5
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
3 4
5
4
3
4
4
5
5
5
1
3
5
5
4
3
3
3
4
4
5
5
5
4
