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physics project 1. 1. Submitted BY:SAURAVPANDEYCLASS:XII-A 2. 2. Guided By :- Class :- XII – A Year :- 2012- 2013 Roll No :- 9185574 School :Balwantray Mehta Vidya BhawanCertified to be the bonafide work is done byMaster ___Saurav Pandey___ of class XII-A in thePhysics Lab during the year 2012-2013.Date :-20-012013Submitted for Central Board of SecondaryEducation.Examination held in Physics lab at BalwantrayMehta Vidya Bhawan SchoolEXAMINERDate :-_________ 3. 3. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTI wish to express my deep gratitude and sincere thanksto the Principal,Mr. A.K Tripathi, Balwantray MehtaVidya Bhawan School for his encouragement and for allthe facilities that he provided for this project work. Isincerely appreciate this magnanimity by taking me intohis fold for which I shall remain indebted to him. I extendmy hearty thanks to Mrs.Aradhna Goyal, Physicsteacher,who guided me to the successful completion ofthis project. I take this opportunity to express my deepsense of gratitude for her invaluable guidance, constantencouragement , immense motivation , which hassustained my efforts at all the stages of thisproject work…I can’t forgot to offer my sincere thanks to Mr.Sunil,labassistant and also to my classmates who helped me tocarry out this project work successful and for theirvaluable advice and support , which I received fromthem time to time…. 4. 4. 1-- Introduction2-- Objective3-- Material required4-- Theory5-- Procedure6-- Observation7-Conclusion8-- Bibliography…… 5. 5. OBJECTIVETHE OBJECTIVE OF THIS EXPERIMENT IS TODETERMINE THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ONTHE STRENGTH OF A MAGNET. HYPOTHESISIt is believed that the colder the magnet, the stronger themagnetic force. Graphically, the results will resemble anexponential curve, with magnetic force decreasing as temperatureincreases. Our independent variable is temperature. Ourdependent variable is magnetism; this will be calculated using theamount of paperclips that the magnet is able to collect at eachmeasured temperature 6. 6. MATERIAL REQUIRED• Safety glasses• 3-4 permanent bar magnets• Tongs for magnet• Ice• Water• Insulating container• Three strong bowls• Small pot• Burner for heating water or oven• http://www.slideshare.net/sauravpandey17/saurav-phy
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Paper clips(1000) 7. 7. Magnets are frequently used in daily life. For example, magnets are used inmanufacturing, entertainment, security, and they play a crucial role in thefunctioning of computers. Even the earth itself is a magnet. A magnet is any object that produces a magnetic field . Some magnets,referred to as permanent, hold their magnetism without an external electriccurrent. A magnet of this nature can be created by exposing a piece of metalcontaining iron to a number of situations (i.e. repeatedly jarring the metal,heating to high temperature). Soft magnets, on the other hand, are thosethat lose their magnetic charge properties over time. Additionally,paramagnetic objects are those that can become magnetic only when in thepresence of an external magnetic field. A magnetic field is the space surrounding a magnet in which magnetic force isexerted. The motion of negatively charged electrons in the magnetdetermines not only the polarity, but also the strength of the magnet (Coldmagnet). Magnets are filled with magnetic lines of force . These lines originateat the north pole of the magnet and continue to the south pole. The northpole is positive. Magnetic lines of force do not intersect one another. Magnetism is created by the alignment of small domains within aspecific set of metal. These domains function as all atoms do, thus thetemperature affects the movement. The higher the heat, the greater theenergy, and as such the movement of the particles. In contrast, coldtemperature slows the movement (magnetic Field Strength and LowTemperatures). Slower movement leads to more fixed directions in terms ofthe domains. In the 1800’s, Pier4re Curie discovered that there exists a temperatureat which objects that were previously permanently magnetic lose thischaracteristic . The temperature at which this demagnetization occurs iscalled the “Curie point”. As the temperature of the magnet approaches thispoint, the alignment of each domain decreases. As such, the magnetismdecreases until the Curie point is reached, at which time the materialbecomes paramagnetic. 8. 8. THEORYA magnet is a material or object that produces a magnetic field. Thismagnetic field is invisible but is responsible for the most notable propertyof a magnet: a force that pulls on other ferromagnetic materials, such asiron, and attracts or repels other magnets.A permanent magnet is an object made from a material that ismagnetized and creates its own persistent magnetic field. An everydayexample is a refrigerator magnet used to hold notes on a refrigeratordoor. Materials that can be magnetized, which are also the ones that arestrongly attracted to a magnet, are called ferromagnetic (orferrimagnetic). These include iron, nickel, cobalt, some alloys of rareearth metals, and some naturally occurring minerals such as lodestone.Although ferromagnetic (and ferrimagnetic) materials are the only onesattracted to a magnet strongly enough to be commonly consideredmagnetic, all other substances respond weakly to a magnetic field, byone of several other types of magnetism.Ferromagnetic materials can be divided into magnetically "soft" materialslike annealed iron, which can be magnetized but do not tend to staymagnetized, and magnetically "hard" materials, which do. Permanentmagnets are made from "hard" ferromagnetic materials such as alnicoand ferrite that are subjected to special processing in a powerfulmagnetic field during manufacture, to align their internal microcrystallinestructure, making them very hard to demagnetize. To demagnetize asaturated magnet, a certain magnetic field must be applied, and thisthreshold depends on coercivity of the respective material. "Hard"materials have high coercivity, whereas "soft" materials have lowcoercivity.The overall strength of a magnet is measured by its magnetic moment or,alternatively, the total magnetic flux it produces. The local strength ofmagnetism in a material is measured by its magnetization. 9. 9. PROCEDURECold Process1. Place paperclips in bowl.2. Situate scale near bowl.3. Weigh magnet and record.4. Place magnet and freezer thermometer in freezer set to lowest temperature possible.5. Wait approximately 20 minutes for the magnet to reach the temperature of the freezer.6. Record temperature read by freezer thermometer.7. Place magnet in bowl filled with paperclips.8. Remove magnet and attached paperclips and place on scale.9. Record temperature of magnet and grams attracted.10. Subtract the weight of the magnet from the weight of the magnet and the paperclips combined.11. Remove paperclips and place back in bowl.12. Set freezer to 5-Celsius http://www.slideshare.net/sauravpandey17/saurav-phy
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degrees higher than previous temperature. (Note: freezer accuracy is dubious. Use temperature read by freezer thermometer)13. Repeat steps 4-12 until freezer and magnet have reached zero degrees Celsius.. 10. 10. Hot Process1. Place paperclips in the bowl.2. Situate scale near bowl.3. Weigh magnet and record.4. Place magnet in oven set to highest temperature possible.5. Wait approximately 20 minutes for the magnet to reach the temperature of the oven.6. Place magnet in bowl filled with paperclips.7. Remove magnet and attached paperclips and place on scale.8. Record temperature of magnet and grams attracted.9. Subtract the weight of the magnet from the weight of the magnet and the paperclips combined.10. Remove paperclips and place back in bowl.11. Allow magnet to rest for 5 minutes undisturbed.12. Repeat steps 6-11 until magnet reaches room temperature. 11. 11. OBSERVATIONMAGNETS UNDER EXTREME HEATTime after removal from oven Weight attracted (minutes) (in grams) 0 200 5 200 10 240 20 210 25 230 30 220 35 206 40 204 45 200 50 185 12. 12. MAGNETS UNDER EXTREME COLDTemperature Weight attracted(degree celsius) (in grams) -21.3 275 -19.4 275 -18.1 265 -15.3 270 -13.7 260 -6.7 245 -4.6 220 -1.7 200 0 225 13. 13. conclusion Magnetic materials should maintain a balance between temperature and magnetic domains (the atoms’ inclination to spin in a certain direction). When exposed to extreme temperatures, however, this balance is destabilized; magnetic properties are then affected. While cold strengthens magnets, heat can result in the loss of magnetic properties. In other words, too much heat can completely ruin a magnet. Excessive heat causes atoms to move more rapidly, disturbing the magnetic domains. As the atoms are sped up, the percentage of magnetic domains spinning in the same direction decreases. This lack of cohesion weakens the magnetic force and eventually demagnetizes it entirely. In contrast, when a magnet is exposed to extreme cold, the atoms slow down so the magnetic domains are aligned and, in turn, strengthened.Ferromagnetism The way in which specific materials form permanent magnets or interact strongly with magnets. Most everyday magnets are a product of ferromagnetism.Paramagnetism A type of magnetism that occurs only in the presence of an external magnetic field. They are attracted to magnetic fields, but they are not magnetized when the external field is removed. Thats because the atoms spin in random directions; the spins aren’t aligned, and the total magnetization is zero. Aluminum and oxygen are two examples of materials that are paramagnetic at room temperature.Curie Temperature Named for the French physicist Pierre Curie, the Curie Temperature is the temperature at which no magnetic domain can exist because the atoms are too frantic to maintain aligned spins. At this temperature, the ferromagnetic material becomes paramagnetic. Even if you cool the magnet, once it has become demagnetized, it will not become magnetized again. Different magnetic materials have different Curie Temperatures, but the average is about 600 to 800 degrees Celsius. 14. 14. BIBLIOGRAPHY www.icbse.com www.sciencebuddies.com www.technopedia.com www.wikipedia.com NCERT Physics book www.howmagnetswork.com Recommended
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