PREPARING PREPARING FOR “IESO 2008” Unit 1: Earth's Materials Chapter 1: Introduction to Earth Science Chapter 2: Minerals Chapter 3: Rocks Chapter 4: Earth's Resources Unit 2: Sculpturing Earth's Surface Chapter 5: Weathering Soil and Mass Mo!e"ents Chapter #: Running Water and $round%ater Chapter &: $laciers eserts and Wind Unit 3: Forces Within Chapter (: Earth)uakes and Earth's Interior Chapter *: +late ,ectonics Chapter 1-: .olcanoes and /ther Igneous 0cti!it Chapter 11: Mountain uilding Chapter 110: Earth Sste" +roile Unit 4: Historical Geology Chapter 12: $eologic ,i"e Chapter 13: Earth's istor Unit : !ceanography Chapter 14: ,he /cean loor Chapter 15: /cean Water and /cean 6ie Chapter 1#: ,he na"ic /cean Unit ": Meteorology Chapter 1&: ,he 0t"osphere: Structure and ,e"perature Chapter 1(: Moisture Clouds and +recipitation Chapter 1*: 0ir +ressure and Wind Chapter 2-: Weather +atterns and Se!ere Stor"s Chapter 21: Cli"ate Unit #: $strono%y Chapter 22: /rigin o Modern 0strono" Chapter 23: ,ouring /ur Solar Sste" Chapter 24: Studing the Sun Chapter 25: eond /ur Solar Sste"
SELF-ASSESSMENT &hapter 1: ntro(uction to Earth Science 17 or a7 87 c7 d7
a scientiic theor to 8e !alid it "ust 8e %ell ell tes tested7 ted7 8e %id %idel el acce accept pted ed77 e9pla e9plain in the the o8se o8ser!a r!a8le 8le acts acts77 all all o o the the a8o! a8o!e e
27 6ines o longitude are "easured in degrees a7 east east or or %est %est o the the e)ua e)uator tor77 87 north north or or south south o the e)uator e)uator77 c7 north north or or south south o the pri"e pri"e "erid "eridian7 ian7 d7 east or %est %est o the pri"e "eridian "eridian77 37 ,he sun's energ dri!es %hich o the ollo%ing processes or e!ents a7 !olc !olcan anic ic eru erupt ptio ions ns 87 hurric rrica anes c7 earth rth)uakes d7 "oun "ounta tain in 8uil 8uildi ding ng 47 0 group o interacting parts that or" a co"ple9 %hole is a7 a the theor7 r7 87 a sste"7 c7 a hpo hpoth thes esis is77 d7 the pla plate te tect tecton onic ic theo theor r77 57 What science deals %ith the histor and origin o the uni!erse
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geolog ocea oceano nogr grap aph h astron rono" "ete "eteo orolo rolog g
#7 Which o the ollo%ing is an e9a"ple o o a nonrene%a8le resource a7 cott cotton on or or clot clothi hing ng 87 tree trees s or or pape paperr c7 so8eans d7 cop copper ore &7 Earth's crust "antle and core "ake up the a7 geosph sphere7 re7 87 8ios iosphere7 re7 c7 at"o t"osphere7 re7 d7 lith lithos osph pher ere7 e7 (7 ,he hpothesis that proposes that the solar sste" or"ed ro" a s%irling cloud o gases is called a7 the ne8u ne8ula larr hp hpoth othesi esis7 s7 87 the Earth Earth;ce ;cente ntered red hpo hpoth thesi esis7 s7 c7 plat plate e tect tecton onic ics7 s7 d7 the uni!e uni!erse rse hpo hpothe thesis sis77 *7 ,o na!igate a sail8oat across the
&hapter 2: Minerals 117 What is the s"allest particle o "atter that contains the characteristics o an ele"ent a7 an ion 87 a "ol "olecul cule c7 an ato" d7 an el electro ctron n 127 ,he tendenc o a "ineral to 8reak along lat e!en suraces is kno%n as a7 hardn rdness7 ss7 87 cle clea!ag !age7 c7 racture7 d7 streak7 137 ,he total "ass o an ato" e9pressed in ato"ic "ass units is kno%n as the a7 "ass "ass nu"8 nu"8er er77 87 ato" ato"ic ic nu" nu"8e 8err7 c7 isot isotop opic ic nu"8 nu"8er er77 d7 co!a co!ale lent nt nu"8 nu"8er er77 147 I the ato"ic nu"8er o potassiu" is 1* ho% "an protons occur in the nucleus o a potassiu" ato" a7 3( 87 1* c7 * d7 1157 $round%ater that contains dissol!ed calciu" car8onate and drips ro" a ca!ern roo %ould or" "inerals as the result o a7 crsta crstalli lli>at >atio ion n ro" ro" "ag"a "ag"a77 87 prec precip ipit itat atio ion7 n7 c7 changes changes in te"p te"perat erature ure and pressure pressure77 d7 the cooling cooling o hdro hdrothe ther"al r"al solution solutions7 s7
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1#7 ,he %a in %hich light is relected ro" a "ineral's surace is kno%n as a7 luster7 87 streak7 c7 clea!age7 d7 crstal or"7 1&7 Which o the ollo%ing %ould not 8e classiied as a "ineral a7 a )uart> crstal 87 a salt crstal c7 a sugar crstal d7 a calcite crstal 1(7 Co"pounds that are ductile and e9cellent conductors o electricit ha!e a7 co!alent 8onds7 87 ionic 8onds7 c7 isotopic 8onds7 d7 "etallic 8onds7 1*7 Which o the ollo%ing "inerals %ill 87 orthoclase eldspar c7 topa> d7 luorite 2-7 ,he "ineral >ircon ?@rSi/ 4A is a?nA a7 o9ide7 87 car8onate7 c7 silicate7 d7 sulate7
&hapter 3: )oc*s 217 eat ro" Earth's interior pro!ides energ or processes that or" a7 igneous and "eta"orphic rocks7 87 igneous and sedi"entar rocks7 c7 "eta"orphic and sedi"entar rocks7 d7 sandstones and conglo"erates7 227 What is the te9ture o igneous rocks that cool !er rapidl a7 coarse;grained 87 porphritic c7 glass d7 oliated 237 0 ossilierous li"estone %ould 8e classiied as a a7 clastic sedi"entar rock7 87 8ioche"ical sedi"entar rock7 c7 che"ical "eta"orphic rock7 d7 8ioche"ical igneous rock7 247 Which o the ollo%ing is ation c7 ce"entation and rapid cooling d7 co"paction and ce"entation 2&7 What are the "ain agents o "eta"orphis" a7 co"paction ce"entation and heat
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heat pressure and hdrother"al solutions heat pressure and erosion heat %eathering and erosion
2(7 Rocks that or" ro" cooling "ag"a deep %ithin Earth are classiied as a7 sedi"entar rocks7 87 "eta"orphic rocks7 c7 e9trusi!e igneous rocks7 d7 intrusi!e igneous rocks7 2*7 Mar8le is an e9a"ple o a a7 oliated "eta"orphic rock7 87 nonoliated sedi"entar rock7 c7 nonoliated "eta"orphic rock7 d7 intrusi!e igneous rock7 3-7 Igneous rocks are classiied 8 a7 co"position and age7 87 co"position and te9ture7 c7 te9ture and si>e7 d7 te9ture and presence o ossils7
&hapter 4: Earth's )esources 317 What is one o the dra%8acks to the use o solar energ or generating electricit a7 Solar energ is e9pensi!e7 87 Solar energ can't 8e con!erted to electricit7 c7 ,he needed e)uip"ent is e9pensi!e7 d7 Solar energ produces large a"ounts o air pollution7 327 $eother"al energ is used to generate electricit 8 harnessing a7 alling %ater7 87 ocean tides7 c7 %ind7 d7 underground stea" and hot %ater7 337 What la% %as passed that re)uires co"panies to properl dispose o ha>ardous %astes a7 Clean 0ir 0ct 87 Sae rinking Water 0ct c7 Resource Conser!ation and Reco!er 0ct d7 Co"prehensi!e En!iron"ental Response Co"pensation and 6ia8ilit 0ct 347 Which o the ollo%ing is one 3&7 0 rene%a8le resource is one that a7 takes "illions o ears to replace7 87 has inite supplies7 c7 can ne!er 8e replaced7 d7 can 8e replaced in a relati!el short ti"e7 3(7 What la% is the "ost i"portant legislation that protects the air )ualit a7 Clean 0ir 0ct 87 Superund act
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Sae 0ir 0ct Resource Conser!ation and Reco!er 0ct
3*7 What is the largest source o air pollution a7 po%er plants 87 transportation c7 solid %aste disposal d7 industrial processes 4-7 0 useul "etallic "ineral that can 8e "ined at a proit is kno%n as a?nA a7 "etal7 87 ore7 c7 industrial "ineral7 d7 placer deposit7
&hapter : Weathering+ Soil+ an( Mass Mo,e%ents 417 What actor usuall has the greatest eect on soil or"ation a7 cli"ate 87 ti"e c7 parent "aterial d7 slope 427 What occurs %hen a rock is 8roken into s"aller pieces %ithout a change in the rock's "ineral co"position a7 che"ical %eathering 87 erosion c7 phsical %eathering d7 "ass "o!e"ent 437 ,he slo%est tpe o "ass "o!e"ent is kno%n as a7 creep7 87 a slu"p7 c7 a rockall7 d7 a "udslide7 447 What tpe o "ass "o!e"ent occurs %hen rocks all reel through the air a7 creep 87 a rockslide c7 a rockall d7 an earthlo% 457 ,he part o the laer o rock and "ineral rag"ents at Earth's surace that supports the gro%th o plants is kno%n as a7 regolith7 87 sedi"ent7 c7 hu"us7 d7 soil7 4#7 What orce is responsi8le or all "ass "o!e"ents a7 "o!ing %ater 87 earth)uakes c7 steep slopes d7 gra!it 4&7 In %ell;de!eloped soil proiles %hich hori>on contains partiall %eathered parent "aterial a7 0 hori>on 87 hori>on c7 C hori>on d7 topsoil hori>on 4(7 What is the "ost i"portant agent o che"ical %eathering a7 a steep slope 87 %ater c7 car8on dio9ide d7 o9gen 4*7 Which o the ollo%ing "inerals or rocks %ould 8e "ost resistant to %eathering a7 calcite 87 "ar8le
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c7 )uart> d7 oli!ine 5-7 Which o the ollo%ing areas %ould 8e "ost likel to ha!e a thick %ell;de!eloped soil a7 steep slope in an arid area 87 strea" !alle in a %ar" area %ith a8undant rainall c7 !alle in a cold polar area d7 area o 8are granite on the top o a "ountain
&hapter #: Glaciers+ -eserts+ an( Win( 17 Where do cre!asses or" on a glacier a7 along the 8otto" laer o a glacier 87 in the upper"ost 8rittle >one o a glacier c7 in the part o a glacier that lo%s plasticall d7 %ithin a glacier near its 8ase 527 What tpes o sand dunes or" parallel to the %ind direction %here sand supplies are "oderate and the pre!ailing %ind direction !aries slightl a7 8archan 87 trans!erse c7 longitudinal d7 star 537 ine;grained %ind8lo%n silt is called a7 sand7 87 rock lour7 c7 till7 d7 loess7 547 What are the t%o %as that %ind erodes in deserts a7 a8rasion and delation 87 a8rasion and plucking c7 delation and plucking d7 8asal slip and plastic lo% 557 What agent or process causes the "a=orit o erosion in desert en!iron"ents a7 glacial ice 87 running %ater c7 %ind d7 che"ical %eathering 5#7 0 rock surace laer or"ed 8 delation in a desert is called a7 desert pa!e"ent7 87 an allu!ial an7 c7 a plaa7 d7 an out%ash plain7 5&7 Sedi"ent deposited directl 8 glacial ice is called a7 unsorted till7 87 sorted glacial drit7 c7 stratiied drit7 d7 rock lour7 5(7 0 dr lat lake 8ed in a desert is kno%n as a?nA a7 out%ash plain7 87 allu!ial an7 c7 plaa7 d7 desert pa!e"ent7 5*7 Which o the ollo%ing is
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the ice "elts slo%er than it accu"ulates7
&hapter .: Earth/ua*es an( Earth's nterior # 17 What tpe o seis"ic %a!es cause "aterial to !i8rate at right angles to the direction in %hich the %a!es tra!el a7 S %a!es 87 surace %a!es c7 trans!erse %a!es d7 + %a!es #27 What "aterial "akes up Earth's outer core a7 peridotite 87 8asalt c7 a li)uid iron;nickel allo d7 a solid iron;nickel allo #37 What tpe o seis"ic %a!es ha!e the highest !elocit a7 S %a!es 87 surace %a!es c7 trans!erse %a!es d7 + %a!es #47 S"aller earth)uakes that precede a "a=or earth)uake are called a7 atershocks7 87 tsuna"is7 c7 oreshocks7 d7 + %a!es7 #57 0 trace produced during an earth)uake that records the ground "otion is called a a7 seis"ogra"7 87 seis"ograph7 c7 Richter scale7 d7 seis"ologist7 ##7 When rocks are under stress energ is stored in the or" o a7 che"ical energ7 87 elastic energ7 c7 earth)uakes7 d7 plastic energ7 #&7 What is a ault a7 the point inside Earth at %hich an earth)uake occurs 87 the point on Earth's surace directl a8o!e the earth)uake ocus c7 a racture in Earth along %hich "o!e"ent has occurred d7 a racture in Earth along %hich
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"agnetic "inerals in the rocks "elted7 non"agnetic "inerals in the rocks cooled7 "agnetic "inerals in the rocks cooled7 non"agnetic "inerals in the rocks "elted7
&27 ,he rigid crust and upper"ost "antle or"s the a7 asthenosphere7 87 continental crust7 c7 oceanic crust7 d7 lithosphere7 &37 Which o the ollo%ing %as >le;like it o 0rica and South 0"erica c7 "atching rock tpes and structures on separate continents d7 ancient cli"ate e!idence &47 What orce ulti"atel dri!es plate "otion in the theor o plate tectonics a7 the sun's energ 87 ridge;push c7 sla8;pull d7 une)ual distri8ution o heat %ithin Earth &57 o% does the age o sealoor sedi"ents change %ith respect to the ocean ridges a7 /cean sedi"ents are oldest close to the ridges7 87 /cean sedi"ents are oungest close to the ridges7 c7 /cean sedi"ents are oungest arther ro" the ridges7 d7 ,here is no pattern to the age o sealoor sedi"ents7 What is thought to 8e the "a=or "echanis" in!ol!ed in con!ecti!e lo% do%n%ards into the "antle a7 sla8;pull 87 ridge;push c7 "antle plu"es d7 transor" aulting &&7 What tpes o plate 8oundaries or" %here t%o plates grind past each other %ithout constructing or destroing lithosphere a7 con!ergent 8oundaries 87 transor" ault 8oundaries c7 di!ergent 8oundaries d7
ones7 87 along transor" ault 8oundaries7 c7 at ocean ridges7 d7 at continental;continental con!ergent 8oundaries7 (-7 Which o the ollo%ing are produced at oceanic;oceanic con!ergent 8oundaries a7 continental !olcanic arcs 87 !olcanic island arcs c7 ocean ridges d7 transor" aults &hapter 1: olcanoes an( !ther gneous $cti,ity (17 Which tpes o !olcanoes are or"ed 8 the eruption o luid 8asaltic la!as a7 cinder cones 87 co"posite !olcanoes c7 strato!olcanoes d7 shield !olcanoes (27 Where does "ost "ag"a originate
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at the core;"antle 8oundar in the inner core in the crust and upper "antle %here rock partiall "elts ro" the cooling o dr rock
(37 ,he largest intrusi!e igneous 8odies are called a7 stocks7 87 dikes7 c7 sills7 d7 8atholiths7 (47 What sheetlike intrusi!e igneous 8odies cut across pree9isting rock laers a7 la!a lo%s 87 dikes c7 sills d7 !olcanic necks (57 Which o the ollo%ing !olcanoes or"ed at a con!ergent 8oundar a7 Dilauea in a%aii 87 a !olcano in Iceland c7 Dili"an=aro in the East 0rican Rit d7 Mount St7 elens (#7 What is the plate tectonic setting or the !olcanoes in the a%aiian islands a7 intraplate !olcanis" 87 a di!ergent plate 8oundar c7 oceanic;oceanic con!ergent plate 8oundar d7 oceanic;continental con!ergent plate 8oundar (&7 What tpe o "ag"a has the highest !iscosit a7 8asaltic "ag"a 87 rholitic "ag"a c7 andesitic "ag"a d7 lo%;silica "ag"a ((7 Which o the ollo%ing is e o !olcano and location o !olcano 87 "ag"a co"position "ag"a age and "ag"a color c7 "ag"a co"position "ag"a te"perature and a"ount o dissol!ed gases in "ag"a d7 a"ount o dissol!ed gases in "ag"a age o !olcano and "ag"a co"position &hapter 11$: Earth Syste% rofile *17 What actors deter"ine %hether a !olcanic eruption is e9plosi!e or relati!el )uiet a7 age o !olcano si>e o !olcano and location o !olcano 87 "ag"a co"position "ag"a age and "ag"a color c7 "ag"a co"position "ag"a te"perature and a"ount o dissol!ed gases in "ag"a d7 a"ount o dissol!ed gases in "ag"a age o !olcano and "ag"a co"position *27 What sheetlike intrusi!e igneous 8odies cut across pree9isting rock laers a7 la!a lo%s 87 dikes c7 sills d7 !olcanic necks *37 Where does "ost "ag"a originate a7 at the core;"antle 8oundar
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in the inner core in the crust and upper "antle %here rock partiall "elts ro" the cooling o dr rock
*47 Which tpes o !olcanoes are or"ed 8 the eruption o luid 8asaltic la!as a7 cinder cones 87 co"posite !olcanoes c7 strato!olcanoes d7 shield !olcanoes *57 What is the plate tectonic setting or the !olcanoes in the a%aiian islands a7 intraplate !olcanis" 87 a di!ergent plate 8oundar c7 oceanic;oceanic con!ergent plate 8oundar d7 oceanic;continental con!ergent plate 8oundar *#7 Which o the ollo%ing !olcanoes or"ed at a con!ergent 8oundar a7 Dilauea in a%aii 87 a !olcano in Iceland c7 Dili"an=aro in the East 0rican Rit d7 Mount St7 elens *&7 ,he largest intrusi!e igneous 8odies are called a7 stocks7 87 dikes7 c7 sills7 d7 8atholiths7 *(7 Which o the ollo%ing is
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olded "ountains !olcanic "ountains uplited "ountains ault;8lock "ountains
1-57 0 high;angle ault that or"s %hen the hanging %all "o!es do%n relati!e to the oot%all is called a a7 re!erse ault7 87 thrust ault7 c7 strike;slip ault7 d7 nor"al ault7 1-#7 What is the pri"ar tpe o stress in!ol!ed in the or"ation o olded "ountains a7 tensional stress 87 co"pressional stress c7 shear stress d7 8rittle stress 1-&7 What is a do"e a7 an up%arped structure %ith the oungest rocks in the center 87 an up%arped structure %ith the oldest rocks in the center c7 a do%n%arped structure %ith the oungest rocks in the center d7 a do%n%arped structure %ith the oldest rocks in the center 1-(7 What tpe o old is or"ed %hen rock laers are olded into an arch a7 anticline 87 8asin c7 sncline d7 re!erse old 1-*7 Which o the ollo%ing "ountain 8elts %ere or"ed 8 continental;continental con!ergence a7 0ndes Mountains 87 Mid;0tlantic Ridge c7 i"alaas d7 !olcanoes o the a%aiian islands 11-7 ,he change in shape or !olu"e o a rock 8od during deor"ation is kno%n as a7 stress7 87 strain7 c7 conining pressure7 d7 elasticit7 &hapter 12: Geologic i%e 1117 Which era "eans recent lie a7 +reca"8rian 87 +aleo>oic c7 Meso>oic d7 Ceno>oic 1127 What principle or la% states that in an undistur8ed se)uence o sedi"entar rocks the oungest rocks are at the top o the se)uence a7 superposition 87 cross;cutting relationships c7 original hori>ontalit d7 inclusions 1137 0n unconor"it separating older "eta"orphic rocks ro" ounger sedi"entar rocks is called a?nA a7 angular unconor"it7 87 nonconor"it7 c7 disconor"it7 d7 angular disconor"it7 1147 What are the three eras that "ake up the +hanero>oic eon a7 +aleo>oic Meso>oic and Ceno>oic 87 +reca"8rian +aleo>oic and Meso>oic c7 Meso>oic +aleo>oic and uaternar d7 Meso>oic +rotero>oic and 0rchean
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1157 ,he state"ent the present is the ke to the past "ost closel represents %hat geologic principle a7 cross;cutting relationships 87 superposition c7 radio"etric dating d7 unior"itarianis" 11#7 Which o the ollo%ing is an e9a"ple o a trace ossil a7 petriied %ood 87 insect in a"8er c7 dinosaur ootprint d7 "old o a cla" shell 11&7 ,he ele"ent that results ro" the deca o a radioacti!e ele"ent is called a7 the hal;lie7 87 the parent isotope7 c7 the daughter product7 d7 car8on;147 11(7 What conditions are "ore likel to preser!e an organis" as a ossil a7 organis" %ith hard parts and slo% 8urial 87 sot;8odied organis" and rapid 8urial c7 organis" %ith hard parts and e9posure to erosion and sca!engers d7 organis" %ith hard parts and rapid 8urial 11*7 ,he e!onian period is a unit %ithin the a7 Ceno>oic era7 87 +aleo>oic era7 c7 Meso>oic era7 d7 Furassic era7 12-7 Which o the ollo%ing radioacti!e isotopes %ould 8e "ost useul in dating an Egptian "u"" a7 car8on;14 87 lead;2-# c7 uraniu";23( &hapter 13: Earth's History 1217 What periods "ake up the Meso>oic era a7 uaternar and ,ertiar 87 Cretaceous Furassic and ,riassic c7 adean 0rchean and +rotero>oic d7 +er"ian Mississippian and +ennsl!anian 1227 When did the +reca"8rian end a7 54- "illion ears ago 87 54- 8illion ears ago c7 475 8illion ears ago d7 24( "illion ears ago 1237 ,he Ceno>oic era is so"eti"es called the a7 age o ishes7 87 age o g"nosper"s7 c7 age o insects7 d7 age o "a""als7 1247 What %ere the do"inant land plants in the Ceno>oic era a7 scale trees 87 g"nosper"s c7 seed erns d7 angiosper"s 1257 When %as the or"ation o +angaea co"pleted a7 8 the e!onian period 87 8 the Mississippian period c7 8 the Cretaceous period d7 8 the +er"ian period
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12#7 What adaptation %as i"portant in helping reptiles 8eco"e the do"inant group o ani"als on land o!er a"phi8ians a7 shell;co!ered egg 87 %ings c7 ar"or;plating d7 lungs 12&7 Wh %as iron o9ide not ound on Earth until appro9i"atel 275 8illion ears ago a7 Iron %as not deposited until 2 8illion ears ago7 87 ,here %as no car8on dio9ide in the at"osphere7 c7 ,here %as no ree o9gen in the at"osphere7 d7 ,here %as no %ater !apor in the at"osphere7 12(7 What tpe o organis" %as do"inant in the seas during the Ca"8rian period a7 dinosaurs 87 trilo8ites c7 a"phi8ians d7 ish 12*7 ,he largest "ass e9tinction e!ent occurred at the end o the a7 Ca"8rian period7 87 +er"ian period7 c7 Cretaceous period7 d7 /rdo!ician period7 13-7 Which o the ollo%ing units o geologic ti"e spans the largest a"ount o ti"e a7 Meso>oic 87 +aleo>oic c7 +reca"8rian d7 Ceno>oic &hapter 14: he !cean Floor 13 17 ,he "easure"ent o ocean depths and the charting o the topograph o the ocean loor are called a7 oceanograph7 87 geolog7 c7 8ath"etr7 d7 "o%ing the la%n7 1327 Energ resources associated %ith ocean 8asins include a7 sand and gra!el7 87 "anganese nodules and gas hdrates7 c7 oil natural gas and e!aporati!e salts7 d7 oil natural gas and gas hdrates7 1337 Radiolarians and diato"s are organis"s that "ake up sedi"ents on the ocean loor kno%n as a7 calcareous oo>e7 87 siliceous oo>e7 c7 hdrogenous sedi"ent7 d7 terrigenous sedi"ent7 1347 Which ocean 8asin is the deepest on a!erage a7 0tlantic /cean 87 0rctic /cean c7 Indian /cean d7 +aciic /cean 1357 What tpe o sealoor sedi"ent is eroded ro" the continents a7 calcareous oo>e 87 siliceous oo>e c7 hdrogenous sedi"ent d7 terrigenous sedi"ent 13#7 Satellites "easure the shape o the ocean surace using a7 light %a!es7 87 radar7 c7 ultra!iolet radiation7
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te"perature pro8es7
13&7 ,he longest "ountain range on Earth is or"ed 8 the a7 ocean trench sste"7 87 ocean ridge sste"7 c7 continental shel!es7 d7 continental rises7 13(7 e 87 siliceous oo>e c7 hdrogenous sedi"ent d7 terrigenous sedi"ent 1447 ,he longest "ountain range on Earth is or"ed 8 the a7 ocean trench sste"7 87 ocean ridge sste"7 c7 continental shel!es7 d7 continental rises7 1457 Radiolarians and diato"s are organis"s that "ake up sedi"ents on the ocean loor kno%n as a7 calcareous oo>e7 87 siliceous oo>e7 c7 hdrogenous sedi"ent7 d7 terrigenous sedi"ent7 14#7
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c7 d7
ultra!iolet radiation7 te"perature pro8es7
14(7 ,he largest percentage o the ocean loor consists o a7 the ocean 8asin loor7 87 "id;ocean ridges7 c7 the continental shel!es7 d7 the continental slopes7 14*7 Which ocean 8asin is the deepest on a!erage a7 0tlantic /cean 87 0rctic /cean c7 Indian /cean d7 +aciic /cean 15-7 Mineral resources ound on the ocean loors that are rich in "anganese nickel iron and co8alt are kno%n as a7 guots7 87 sea"ounts7 c7 "anganese nodules7 d7 e!aporati!e salts7 &hapter 1": he -yna%ic !cean 1517 0 structure 8uilt 8 people at right angles to a 8each to trap sand is kno%n as a a7 sea%all7 87 groin7 c7 8reak%ater7 d7 to"8olo7 1527 Salinit increases in the ocean around 0ntarctica %hen a7 e!aporation decreases7 87 sea ice or"s7 c7 te"peratures increase7 d7 sea ice "elts7 1537 ,ides are dail changes in the ele!ation o the ocean surace caused 8 a7 under%ater earth)uakes7 87 the gra!itational attraction o the sun alone on Earth7 c7 the gra!itational attraction o the "oon and sun on Earth7 d7 the Coriolis eect7 1547 ,he cli"ate o the ritish Isles is %ar"er than %ould 8e e9pected ro" their latitude7 What causes this a7 coastal up%elling 87 the %ar" $ul Strea" and ontal distance 8et%een ad=acent %a!e troughs is called the a7 %a!elength7 87 %a!e period7 c7 %a!e height7 d7 etch7 15(7 Which o the ollo%ing is an e9a"ple o a depositional shoreline eature a7 sea stack 87 sea arch
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c7 d7
%a!e;cut plator" to"8olo
15*7 0 longshore current lo%ing south%ards along a coast %ill pri"aril transport sedi"ent perpendicular to the shoreline7 a7 north%ards parallel to the shoreline7 87 south%ards parallel to the shoreline7 c7 to the east out to sea7 1#-7 ,he densit o ocean %ater can 8e decreased 8 a a7 te"perature decrease7 87 salinit increase7 c7 te"perature decrease or salinit decrease7 &hapter 1#: he $t%osphere: Structure an( e%perature 1#17 ,he date o Septe"8er 22 or 23 is the a7 su""er e)uino97 87 %inter solstice7 c7 autu"nal e)uino97 d7 autu"nal solstice7 1#27 ,he state o the at"osphere at a gi!en ti"e and place is kno%n as a7 cli"ate7 87 %eather7 c7 "eteorolog7 d7 cli"atolog7 1#37 0t %hich o the ollo%ing locations %ould a cit generall ha!e a higher a!erage te"perature throughout the ear a7 lo% latitude and lo% altitude 87 lo% latitude and high altitude c7 high latitude and lo% altitude d7 high latitude and high altitude 1#47 I clouds co!ered "ost o the sk during 8oth the da and night hours %hat %ould 8e the "ost likel result co"pared to a clear da and night a7 ,he dati"e "a9i"u" te"perature %ould 8e higher on the cloud da7 87 ,he dati"e "a9i"u" te"perature %ould 8e lo%er on the cloud da7 c7 ,he nightti"e "ini"u" te"perature %ould 8e lo%er on the cloud night7 d7 ,he dail te"perature range %ould 8e greater on the cloud da and night7 1#57 ,he energ transerred ro" a hotter o8=ect to a cooler o8=ect is a7 te"perature7 87 heat7 c7 con!ection7 d7 scattering7 1##7 ,he transer o heat 8 circulation %ithin a luid or gas is kno%n as a7 con!ection7 87 radiation7 c7 te"perature7 d7 conduction7 1#&7 o% does te"perature change in the "esosphere a7 It increases %ith increasing altitude7 87 It decreases %ith increasing altitude7 c7 It re"ains constant to a8out 2- k" then decreases7 d7 It re"ains constant throughout the laer7 1#(7 ,he upper laer o the at"osphere is the a7 troposphere7 87 "esosphere7 c7 stratosphere7 d7 ther"osphere7 1#*7 What is the raction o total radiation that is relected 8 an surace called a7 the greenhouse eect 87 scattering c7 al8edo
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d7
conduction
1&-7 Which pri"ar pollutant has the highest concentration 8 %eight in the at"osphere a7 nitrogen o9ides 87 !olatile organic co"pounds c7 car8on "ono9ide d7 sulur dio9ides &hapter 1.: Moisture+ &lou(s+ an( recipitation 1&17 Sta8le air %ill a7 8e %ar"er and less dense than the surrounding air7 87 rise easil7 c7 resist hori>ontal "o!e"ent7 d7 resist !ertical "o!e"ent7 1&27 0t %hich te"perature %ould an air "ass at saturation 8e capa8le o holding the "ost %ater !apor a7 15GC 87 1-GC c7 H1-GC d7 25GC 1&37 .iolent thunderstor"s are "ost likel to or" ro" %hat tpe o clouds a7 cirrus clouds 87 cu"uloni"8us clouds c7 cu"ulus clouds d7 altostratus clouds 1&47 Which o the ollo%ing is
cirro nimbo strato alto-
1 What process is pri"aril responsi8le or the or"ation o precipitation in %ar" clouds a7 collision;coalescence process 87 ergeron process c7 su8li"ation process d7 %et adia8atic process 1&&7 What instru"ent is used to "easure relati!e hu"idit a7 8aro"eter 87 ther"o"eter c7 rain gauge d7 sling pschro"eter 1&(7 ,he heat that "elts ice %ithout producing an increase in the te"perature is kno%n as a7 heat o !apori>ation7 87 latent heat7 c7 adia8atic heat7 d7 orographic heat7 1&*7 When air rises it a7 is co"pressed and %ar"s7 87 is co"pressed and cools7 c7 e9pands and cools7 d7 e9pands and %ar"s7 1(-7 ,he process o changing a li)uid to a gas is called a7 condensation7 87 e!aporation7 c7 precipitation7 d7 su8li"ation7
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&hapter 10: $ir ressure an( Win( 1(17 Where are the trade %inds located a7 at 3-G< and 3-GS latitudes 87 at *-G< and *-GS latitudes c7 8et%een the e)uator and the su8tropical highs d7 8et%een the su8tropical highs and the polar ronts 1(27 What is the ulti"ate cause o %ind on Earth a7 riction 87 the Coriolis eect c7 une)ual heating o Earth 8 the sun d7 une)ual heating o the land and the oceans 1(37 air %eather is usuall associated %ith a7 anticclones7 87 cclones7 c7 lo%;pressure centers7 d7 surace con!ergence7 1(47 ,he condition that occurs %hen there is an area o unusuall %ar" surace %ater in the eastern +aciic /cean along the coasts o +eru and Ecuador is called a7 6a e occurs %hen %inds 8lo% a7 ro" the ocean to%ards a "ountain7 87 up the sides o a "ountain ro" a !alle7 c7 do%n the sides o a "ountain into a !alle7 d7 ro" the land to%ards the ocean7 1*-7 What instru"ent is used to "easure %ind speed a7 %ind !ane 87 ane"o"eter c7 "ercur 8aro"eter d7 aneroid 8aro"eter &hapter 2: Weather atterns an( Se,ere Stor%s 1*17 In the "id%estern Jnited States a "iddle;latitude cclone is a a7 tropical hurricane7 87 e9ceptionall large tornado7 c7 large center o high pressure7
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d7
large center o lo% pressure7
1*27 0n air "ass that or"s o!er northern Canada is a a7 "ariti"e tropical air "ass7 87 "ariti"e polar air "ass7 c7 continental polar air "ass7 d7 continental tropical air "ass7 1*37 In a hurricane the highest %ind speeds and hea!iest rainall occur a7 inside the ee7 87 in the ee %all7 c7 along the hurricane's leading edge7 d7 along the hurricane's trailing edge7 1*47 Indian su""er in ed 8 %ar" and dr air a7 "ariti"e tropical air "ass 87 "ariti"e polar air "ass c7 continental polar air "ass d7 continental tropical air "ass 1**7 In %hat direction do "ost %eather sste"s "o!e across the continental Jnited States a7 ro" %est to east 87 ro" east to %est c7 ro" north to south d7 ro" south to north 2--7 What conditions are necessar or the or"ation o a thunderstor" a7 cold dr unsta8le air 87 %ar" dr sta8le air c7 %ar" hu"id unsta8le air d7 cold hu"id sta8le air &hapter 21: &li%ate 2-17 ,he increase in Earth's a!erage surace te"peratures during the t%entieth centur is kno%n as a7 the greenhouse eect7 87 El
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a7 87 c7 d7
increasing solar acti!it7 decreasing the a"ount o solar radiation that reaches Earth's surace7 increasing the a"ount o solar radiation that reaches Earth's surace7 changing the shape o Earth's or8it around the sun7
2-47 0reas that ha!e %ar" cli"ates are located a7 at high latitudes7 87 near the poles7 c7 at high ele!ations7 d7 at lo% latitudes7 2-57 In all dr cli"ates a7 precipitation e)uals e!aporation7 87 precipitation is greater than e!aporation7 c7 e!aporation is less than precipitation7 d7 precipitation is less than e!aporation7 2-#7 Mountain ranges such as the Rock Mountains and 0ndes Mountains ha!e large areas o %hat cli"ate a7 polar 87 tropical %et and dr c7 highland d7 hu"id su8tropical 2-&7 Which o the ollo%ing actors %ould e a7 0ristotle 87 Eratosthenes c7 ipparchus d7 0ristarchus 2127 Sir Isaac e o Earth7 d7 la%s o planetar "otion7 2137 In %hat solar sste" "odel %as the sun proposed as the center o the solar sste" a7 geocentric "odel 87 +tole"aic "odel c7 heliocentric "odel d7 retrograde "odel 2147 ,he oungest eatures on the lunar surace are
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a7 87 c7 d7
highlands7 "aria7 raed craters7 rilles7
2157 What scientist %as the irst to use a telescope in astrono" %hich %as used to disco!er the "oons o Fupiter and sunspots a7 Fohannes Depler 87
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a7 87 c7 d7
rock relati!el s"all in si>e and airl dense rock large in si>e and lo% densit co"posed "ainl o gases and ice and large in si>e ar ro" the sun rock and large in si>e
22#7 ,he Fo!ian planets include a7 Fupiter Mars Saturn and Jranus7 87 Fupiter .enus Saturn and Jranus7 c7 Fupiter Saturn Jranus and one7 2327 In dierent situations light 8eha!es like a7 %a!es onl7 87 particles onl7 c7 %a!es or particles7 d7 photons onl7 2337 Which o the ollo%ing tpe o telescopes "ust 8e a8o!e Earth's at"osphere to unction a7 a relecting telescope 87 an L;ra telescope c7 a radio telescope d7 a reracting telescope 2347 ,he irst telescope used 8 $alileo %as a a7 reracting telescope7 87 relecting telescope7 c7 radio telescope7 d7 Cassegrain telescope7 2357 Ma=or solar lares cause a7 sunspots7 87 solar eclipses7 c7 spectacular aurora displas on Earth7 d7 the solar %ind7 23#7 In the electro"agnetic spectru" %hat tpe o radiation has the longest %a!elengths a7 ga""a ras 87 L ras
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c7 d7
!isi8le light radio %a!es
23&7 0strono"ers deter"ine %hether a star is "o!ing to%ard or a%a ro" Earth 8 using a7 L;ras7 87 the oppler eect7 c7 ga""a ras7 d7 "icro%a!es7 23(7 Relecting telescopes use a7 a lens to 8end light7 87 an o8=ecti!e lens and an eepiece lens7 c7 large "esh dishes to relect light7 d7 large "irrors to relect light7 23*7 ,he sun's energ is produced %hen a7 heliu" nuclei are split 8 nuclear ission7 87 heliu" nuclei are split to or" hdrogen7 c7 hdrogen nuclei are split to or" heliu" 8 nuclear ission7 d7 our hdrogen nuclei co"8ine to or" heliu" 8 nuclear usion7 24-7 ark cooler patches on the surace o the sun are called a7 sunspots7 87 auroras7 c7 granules7 d7 pro"inences7 &hapter 2: 5eyon( !ur Solar Syste% 2417 What tpe o gala9 is the Milk Wa a7 elliptical gala9 87 irregular gala9 c7 Cepheid gala9 d7 spiral gala9 2427 ,he ert>sprung;Russell diagra" sho%s the relationship 8et%een the a7 apparent "agnitude and te"perature o stars7 87 a8solute "agnitude and te"perature o stars7 c7 a8solute "agnitude and si>e o stars7 d7 apparent "agnitude and si>e o stars7 2437 Stars that ha!e luctuating "agnitudes are called a7 pulsars7 87 no!as7 c7 neutron stars7 d7 Cepheid !aria8les7 2447 What tpe o stars go superno!a and possi8l or" 8lack holes a7 lo%;"ass "ain se)uence stars 87 "assi!e stars7 c7 "ediu";"ass "ain se)uence stars7 d7 red giants7 2457 What is a light;ear a7 the a!erage distance 8et%een the sun and Earth 87 the a!erage distance 8et%een the sun and +luto c7 the distance light tra!els in a ear d7 the distance light tra!els in ten ears 24#7 ,he uni!erse is currentl a7 e9panding aster than in the past7 87 e9panding at a constant rate7 c7 contracting at a constant rate7 d7 contracting aster7 24&7 Which o the ollo%ing is
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24(7 What is a %hite d%ar a7 a s"all %hite "ain se)uence star 87 the re"ains o a 8lack d%ar c7 the re"ains o a "ediu";"ass "ain se)uence star d7 the re"ains o a superno!a 24*7 ,he slight shit in the apparent position o a star caused 8 Earth's or8ital "otion is called a7 paralla97 87 the oppler shit7 c7 the ert>sprung;Russell eect7 d7 apparent "agnitude7 25-7 What o8=ects in the uni!erse are thought to ha!e the highest densities a7 %hite d%ars 87 8lack holes c7 8lack d%ars d7 neutron stars
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