French Troop Gendarmes
Type
Attack
Range
Hits
3
N/A
3
4+
3
3
5+
3
5+
3 -/2 -/2 -/2 -/1 1/3 -/2 -/3 -/2 1/3 -/1 -/2 -/2 -/2
60 60 60 70 60 45 55 50 35 45 75 50 50
Cavalry
Armour Command Unit Size Min/Max 1/3
Points 135
Archers
Cavalry
3
110
Archers, with crossbow
Cavalry
3
15
3
Cavalry Cavalry Cavalry Infantry Infantry Infantry Infantry Infantry Infantry Infantry Artillery Artillery Artillery
2 2 2 3 3 2 2 3 2 2 1 1 1
15 15 15 N/A N/A 30 20 N/A 30 20 3x60 2x40 D6x15
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2
6+ 6+ 6+ 5+ 6+ 6+ 6+ 6+ N/A N/A N/A
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 2 1
3 3 3 3
4+ 6+ 6+ -
3 3 3 3
-/2 -/2 -/1 -/3
135 60 60 60
1 1 1
1 -/1 -/2
125 80 40
1/6 Stradiotti Argoulets Mtd Handgunners Mercenary Pike Mercenary Pike Mercenary Crossbowmwen Mercenary Handgunners French Pike French Crossbowmwen French Handgunners Heavy Cannon Cannon Organ Gun
Italian Allies - must be brigaded together under own commander Men at Arms Cavalry 3 N/A Mtd Crossbowmen Cavalry 2 15 Pike Infantry 3 N/A Crossbowmwen Infantry 2 30 General Lord Captain
+2 +1 +1
9 8 8
115
Note Knights Shock (Total number of archers to be no more than double no. of gendarmes) Skirmish Skirmish Skirmish Phalanx Phalanx Handgunner Phalanx, Unreliable Unreliable Handgunner, Unreliable Cannon Cannon/Slow Organ Gun
Knights +1 first charge of game Skirmish Phalanx
France Gendarmes Archers Archers, with crossbow Stradiotti Argoulets Mtd Handgunners Mercenary Pike Mercenary Crossbowmwen Mercenary Handgunners French Pike French Crossbowmwen French Handgunners Heavy Cannon Cannon Organ Gun
The main combatant of the ordonnace "lance" the Gendarme was heavily armoured in full plate with an aroured warhorse armed with a heavy 18 foot lance By the time of King Charles VIII's invasion of Italy the "archer" had developed from the armoured mounted infantry into a heavy armoured man at arms fighting in a similar fashion to the Gendarmes, many of them maintaining their crosbows Mercenary light cavalry predominately javlin armed, recruited by from areas now in Albania and Greece. The stradiot’s weapons and dress were modeled after the Turkish; instead of a turban, however, the stradiot wore a light helmet. Crossbow armed mounted skirmishers, often Italian mercenaries Handgun armed mounted skirmishers, often Italian mercenaries The French used Swiss and Landskneckts in large numbers during the Italian Wars, often in the same forces. These include French, Italian, Swiss and German troops, later replaced by arquebusiers These include French, Italian, Swiss and German troops, later replaced by arquebusiers The French infantry in the early wars were never impressive, hence the reliance on Swiss and German mecenaries, in later years the arquebus replaced the crossbow and the handgun as principle missile weapon, although a little slower than other forces Charles VIII of France invaded Italy in 1494 with a huge siege train, and artillery began to play a larger role on the battlefield than in previous years
Italian Allies - must have own commander (captain) Men at Arms Mtd Crossbowmen Pike Crossbowmwen
The French were allied with many different Italian states during these wars, in 1494 they were allied to Milan and the Papacy, yet a year later they were facing these on the battlefield of Fornova, these troops were armed and fought in the same manner as their french counterparts, they normally fought in a distinct division under their own commanders
For later armies upgrade all handguns and all crossbows apart from french infantry crossbows to arquebus: Arquebus. The arquebus is an early form of shoulder fired matchlock musket and represented a considerable improvement in firepower over the handgun. During the late fifteen and early sixteenth century the arquebus became the dominate missile weapon on the renaissance battlefield, especially in Imperial armies which seem to have abandoned the crossbow before most other European armies, possibly a result of the landskneckts being a new concept and consciously adopting the latest weapons and tactics The Arquebus combines the hitting power of the crossbow and the handgun, targets hit by arquebus count their saving throws as one worse than normal, (4 becomes 5, 5 becomes 6 and 6 becomes no save) and when rolling for drive backs the shooter rolls an extra die. However, due to their relatively slow rate of fire these special rules do not apply when an arquebus unit is being charged or has moved during the movement phase. Arquebus units down graded to skirmishers loose all their special abilities and are regarded as normal skirmish infantry as per WMA.
Spanish Troop
Gendarmes Archers Archers, with crossbow Genitors Stradiotti Mtd Handgunners Spanish Pike Spanish Pike Spanish Swordsmen Spanish Crossbowmen Spanish Handgunners Heavy Cannon Cannon
Type
Attack
Cavalry Cavalry Cavalry Cavalry Cavalry Cavalry Infantry Infantry Infantry Infantry Infantry Artillery Artillery
3 3 3 2 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 1 1
Range Hits Armour Command Unit Size Min/Max Points
15 15 15 15 N/A N/A N/A 30 20 3x60 2x40
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2
4+ 5+ 5+ 6+ 6+ 5+ 5+ 6+ 6+ 6+ 6+ N/A N/A
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 2
1/3 -/1 -/1 -/2 1/4 -/2 2/4 2/4 -/2 -/3
135 110 115 60 60 60 70 60 60 55 55 75 50
Italian Allies - must be brigaded with own commander Men at Arms Cavalry 3 N/A Mtd Crossbowmen Cavalry 2 15 Pike Infantry 3 N/A Handgunners Infantry 2 20
3 3 3 3
4+ 6+ 6+ -
3 3 3 3
-/1 -/1 -/1 -/2
135 Knights +1 first charge of game 60 Skirmish 60 Phalanx 60
1 1 1
1 -/1 -/2
125 80 40
General Lord Captain
+2 +1 +1
N/A
9 8 8
-/1
Note
-/2
Knights Shock Skirmish Skirmish Skirmish Phalanx Phalanx
Handgunner Cannon Cannon/Slow
Spanish Gendarmes
The Spanish never had quite the same reliance on the Gendarme as the French, although they were just as heavily armoured in full plate with an aroured warhorse armed with a heavy 18 foot lance as their Frence counterparts
Archers, Archers, with crossbow
Again as with the French, though not in the same numbers, the "archer" had developed from the armoured mounted infantry into a heavy armoured man at arms fighting in a similar fashion to the Gendarmes, many of them maintaining their crossbows
Genitors Stradiotti Mtd Handgunners Spanish Pike
Spanish Swordsmen
Spanish Crossbowmen Spanish Handgunners Heavy Cannon Cannon
These were the typical Spanish light cavalry of the 15th and early 16th Century, they carried the heart-shaped Moorish leathercovered shield, and used Moorish tactics—feigned retreats and so on. Mercenary light cavalry predominately javlin armed, recruited by from areas now in Albania and Greece. The stradiot’s weapons and dress were modeled after the Turkish; instead of a turban, however, the stradiot wore a light helmet. Handgun armed mounted skirmishers, often Italian mercenaries The Spanish pikemen earned a reputation as good solid infantry during the Italian wars, though in later years Landsknechts were hired as well The Spanish sword and buckler men of the early 1500s are among the best known proponents of the weapons. They wreaked havoc up and down the battlefields of Europe, even against the famed Swiss pikemen. A favored tactic was to close against pike formations and try to roll under the polearms then pop up among their clustered opponents where their shorter weapons could wreak havoc. By 1500, the Spanish infantry of Gonsalvo de Cordova used short thrusting swords and bucklers, wore steel caps, breast and back plates, and greaves. The Spanish adopted the arquebus en mass earlier than the French so these only apply for the early wars in Italy, and should be replaced by arquebus for armies post 1512, also in later wars Italian and German mercenaries were also used In the earlier wars the Spanish did not have the same numbers of battlefield cannon as the French, though as the wars progressed this was evened out
Italian Allies - must be brigaded with own commander Men at Arms The Spanish were allied with many different Italian states during these wars, Naples being a principle ally, these troops were Mtd Crossbowmen armed and fought in the same manner as their Spanish counterparts, they normally fought in a distinct division under their own Pike commanders Handgunners For later armies upgrade all handguns and all crossbows to arquebus: Arquebus. The arquebus is an early form of shoulder fired matchlock musket and represented a considerable improvement in firepower over the handgun. During the late fifteen and early sixteenth century the arquebus became the dominate missile weapon on the renaissance battlefield, especially in Imperial armies which seem to have abandoned the crossbow before most other European armies, possibly a result of the landskneckts being a new concept and consciously adopting the latest weapons and tactics The Arquebus combines the hitting power of the crossbow and the handgun, targets hit by arquebus count their saving throws as one worse than normal, (4 becomes 5, 5 becomes 6 and 6 becomes no save) and when rolling for drive backs the shooter rolls an extra die. However, due to their relatively slow rate of fire these special rules do not apply when an arquebus unit is being charged or has moved during the movement phase. Arquebus units down graded to skirmishers loose all their special abilities and are regarded as normal skirmish infantry as per WMA.
Holy Roman Empire Troop
Type
Attack
Range
Hits
Cavalry Cavalry Cavalry Cavalry Cavalry Infantry Infantry Infantry Infantry Artillery Artillery
3 3 2 2 2 3 3 2 2 1 1
N/A N/A 15 15 15 N/A N/A 30 20 3x60 2x40
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2
4+ 5+ 6+ 6+ 6+ 5+ 6+ 6+ N/A N/A
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 2
1/2 1/2 -/2 -/2 -/2 1/2 1/4 1/2 1/2 -/2 -/2
135 110 60 60 60 70 60 45 55 75 50
Knights Shock Skirmish Skirmish Skirmish Phalanx Phalanx
Italian Allies - must have own commander Men at Arms Cavalry Mtd Crossbowmen Cavalry Pike Infantry Crossbowmwen Infantry
3 2 3 2
N/A 15 N/A 30
3 3 3 3
4+ 6+ 6+ -
3 3 3 3
-/2 -/2 -/1 -/2
135 60 60 60
Knights +1 first charge of game Skirmish Phalanx
General Lord Captain
+2 +1 +1
1 1 1
1 -/1 -/2
125 80 40
Gendarmes/Knights Lesser Men at Arms Stradiotti Genitor Mtd Handgunners Landschnekt Pike Landschnekt Pike Landschnekt Crossbowmwen Landschnekt Handgunners Heavy Cannon Cannon
ArmourCommandUnit Size Min/Max Points
9 8 8
Note
Handgunner Cannon Cannon/Slow
Holy Roman Empire Gendarmes/Knights
The late medieval "universal soldier" the Gendarme as with the French, were heavily armoured in full plate with an aroured warhorse armed with a heavy 18 foot lance used as the shock troops of the army
Lesser Men at Arms
Although not as heavily armoured as the gendarmes they were still heavily armoured in full plate often with an aroured warhorse, armed with a heavy 18 foot lance
Stradiotti
These were the typical Spanish light cavalry of the 15th and early 16th Century, they carried the heart-shaped Moorish leather-covered shield, and used Moorish tactics—feigned retreats and so on.
Genitor
Mercenary light cavalry predominately javlin armed, recruited by from areas now in Albania and Greece. The stradiot’s weapons and dress were modeled after the Turkish; instead of a turban, however, the stradiot wore a light helmet.
Mtd Handgunners Landschnekt Pike Landschnekt Crossbowmwen Landschnekt Handgunners
Handgun armed mounted skirmishers, often Italian mercenaries Large infantry regiments were the heart of the Imperial armies and at their core were landskneckt pike units. Raised in direct imitation of the Swiss a bitter rivalry soon developed between the two groups and any conflict where they met was notable for the savagery and ruthlessness of its combat with quarter neither given nor expected. These mercenary troops were in later wars replaced by arquebusiers
Italian Allies - must have own commander Men at Arms The Imperialists were allied with many different Italian states during these wars, Milan being a principle ally, these troops Mtd Crossbowmen were armed and fought in the same manner as their counterparts, they normally fought in a distinct division under their Pike own commanders Crossbowmwen For later armies upgrade all handguns and all crossbows apart from french infantry crossbows to arquebus: Arquebus. The arquebus is an early form of shoulder fired matchlock musket and represented a considerable improvement in firepower over the handgun. During the late fifteen and early sixteenth century the arquebus became the dominate missile weapon on the renaissance battlefield, especially in Imperial armies which seem to have abandoned the crossbow before most other European armies, possibly a result of the landskneckts being a new concept and consciously adopting the latest weapons and tactics The Arquebus combines the hitting power of the crossbow and the handgun, targets hit by arquebus count their saving throws as one worse than normal, (4 becomes 5, 5 becomes 6 and 6 becomes no save) and when rolling for drive backs the shooter rolls an extra die. However, due to their relatively slow rate of fire these special rules do not apply when an arquebus unit is being charged or has moved during the movement phase. Arquebus units down graded to skirmishers loose all their special abilities and are regarded as normal skirmish infantry as per WMA.
Florentine 1495 - 1506 Troop Gendarmes/Knights Lesser Men at Arms Mtd Crossbowmwen Militia Pike Militia Pike Militia Halberdiers Militia Swordsman Militia Handgunners Militia Crossbowmwen Peasants Cannon Organ Gun General Lord Captain
Type
Attack
Range
Hits
Cavalry Cavalry Cavalry Infantry Infantry Infantry Infantry Infantry Infantry Infantry Artillery Artillery
3 3 2 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 1 1
N/A N/A 15 N/A N/A N/A N/A 20 30 N/A 2x40 D6x15
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2
+2 +1 +1
Armour Command Unit Size Min/Max Points 4+ 5+ 6+ 5+ 6+ 6+ 6+ 6+ N/A N/A 8 8 8
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 1
-/1 -/1 -/2 2/4 4/8 -/1 -/1 1/4 -/2 -/4 -/1 -/1
135 110 60 70 60 60 60 55 45 20 50 50
1 1 1
1 -/1 -/2
100 80 40
Note Knights Shock Skirmish Phalanx Phalanx
Handgunner Unreliable Cannon/Slow Organ Gun
During Florence's war with Pisa 1495-1506 the Florentine army had 10,000 infantry, trained by professional officers, and composed of 70 percent pikemen, ten percent arquebusiers and 20 percent halberdiers, crossbowmen and sword and buckler men.
Gendarmes/Knights Lesser Men at Arms Mtd Crossbowmwen Militia Pike Militia Halberdiers Militia Swordsman Militia Handgunners Militia Crossbowmwen Peasants
The late medieval "universal soldier" the Gendarmes were heavily armoured in full plate with an armoured warhorse armed with a heavy 18 foot lance used as the shock troops of the army Although not as heavily armoured as the gendarmes they were still heavily armoured in full plate often with an aroured warhorse, armed with a heavy 18 foot lance Crossbow armed mounted skirmishers, often Italian mercenaries later adopting the arquebus Would not be as flamboyantly dressed as their Swiss and Landsknecht counterparts Similar to their Spanish counterparts, superseded in later years by pikemen Can be re-graded to skirmishers losing all special rules concerning range, targets saving throw and drive back dice, reverting to the same stats as skirmish infantry in WMA. Armed peasants were used in the wars against Pisa
Naples Troop Casa/Lanze Spezzate Condottiere Men at Arms Mounted Crossbowmen Turks Militia Bill/Spearmen Militia Handgunners Militia Crossbowmen Mercenary Crossbowmen Mercenary Handgunners Mercenary Swordsman Mercenary Pikemen Mercenary Pikemen Cannon Organ Gun General Lord Captain
Type
Attack
Cavalry Cavalry Cavalry Cavalry Infantry Infantry Infantry Infantry Infantry Infantry Infantry Infantry Artillery Artillery
3 3 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 1 1
Range Hits Armour Command Unit Size Min/Max Points N/A N/A 15 15 N/A 20 20 30 20 N/A N/A N/A 2x40 D6x15
4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2
4+ 4+ 6+ 6+ 5+ 6+ 6+ 6+ 6+ 6+ 5+ N/A N/A
+2 +1 +1
8 8 8
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 1
1/2 2/4 1/3 -/1 -/2 -/1 -/2 -/2 2/4 -/1 -/1 -/1 -/1 -/1
145 135 60 60 60 55 40 55 45 60 60 70 50 50
1 1 1
1 -/1 -/2
100 80 40
Note Knights Knights Skirmish Skirmish Unreliable Handgunners, Unreliable Unreliable Handgunners Phalanx Phalanx Cannon/Slow Organ Gun
Naples, in later years formed a smaller part of the Spanish?Imperial armies Gendarmes/Knights Mounted Crossbowmen Turks Militia Bill/Spearmen Militia Handgunners Militia Crossbowmen Mercenary Crossbowmen Mercenary Handgunners Mercenary Swordsman Mercenary Pikemen
The late medieval "universal soldier" the Gendarmes were heavily armoured in full plate with an armoured warhorse armed with a heavy 18 foot lance used as the shock troops of the army Crossbow armed mounted skirmishers, often Italian mercenaries later adopting the arquebus Lightly armoured bow and javelin armed Turkish mercenaries appeared in some Neapolitan armies Most Italian militia was poorly armed and motivated, hence the reliance upon mercenary troops These include were predominantly Itallian, but could include French, Swiss and German troops, later replaced by arquebusiers Similar to their Spanish counterparts, superseded in later years by pikemen Not always Landsnecht, often Italian mercenary pikemen were hired
Milanese Troop Gendarmes/Knights Mounted Crossbowmen Provisionati Bill/Spearmen Provisionati Handgunners Militia Bill/Spearmen Militia Crossbowmen Militia Handgunners Mercenary Pikemen Cannon General Lord Captain
Type
Attack
Cavalry Cavalry Infantry Infantry Infantry Infantry Infantry Infantry Artillery
3 2 3 2 3 2 2 3 1 +2 +1 +1
Range Hits Armour Command Unit Size Min/Max Points N/A 15 N/A 20 N/A 30 20 N/A 2x40
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2
4+ 6+ 5+ 6+ 6+ 6+ 6+ N/A 8 8 8
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2
1/5 1/5 -/4 1/4 -/2 1/2 1/2 -/2 -/2
135 60 60 55 35 40 45 60 50
1 1 1
1 -/1 -/2
100 80 40
Note Knights Skirmish Handgunner Unreliable Unreliable Handgunner, Unreliable Phalanx Cannon/Slow
The PROVISIONATI were garrison units called this as they received a provisione (commission, or ―regular‖ salary), from the public authority. Throughout the 15th century, the number of provisionati kept growing relentlessly, until eventually their units became permanently ruled, managed and paid by ―state‖ men – or by authorities not involved in the condotta system. In Milan as well as in Venice, from ―simple‖ professional mercenaries, provisionati would slowly paved the way for the establishment of an actual permanent army when they acquired the status of soldiers officially enlisted, armed, paid and managed by the state.
Venitian Troop Gendarmes/Knights Mounted Crossbowmen Stradiotti Turks Provisionati Bill/Spearmen Provisionati Handgunners Militia Bill/Spearmen Militia Crossbowmen Militia Handgunners Romagnol Pikemen Cannon General Lord Captain
Type
Attack
Cavalry Cavalry Cavalry Cavalry Infantry Infantry Infantry Infantry Infantry Infantry Artillery
3 2 2 2 3 2 3 2 2 3 1 +2 +1 +1
Range Hits Armour Command Unit Size Min/Max Points N/A 15 15 15 N/A 20 N/A 30 20 N/A 2x40
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2
4+ 6+ 6+ 6+ 5+ 6+ 6+ 6+ 6+ N/A 8 8 8
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2
1/4 1/4 -/3 -/1 -/2 -/2 -/2 2/4 2/4 -/2 -/2
135 60 60 60 60 55 35 40 45 60 50
1 1 1
1 -/1 -/2
100 80 40
Note Knights Skirmish Skirmish Skirmish Handgunners Unreliable Unreliable Handgunners, Unreliable Phalanx Cannon/Slow
The PROVISIONATI were garrison units called this as they received a provisione (commission, or ―regular‖ salary), from the public authority. Throughout the 15th century, the number of provisionati kept growing relentlessly, until eventually their units became permanently ruled, managed and paid by ―state‖ men – or by authorities not involved in the condotta system. In Milan as well as in Venice, from ―simple‖ professional mercenaries, provisionati would slowly paved the way for the establishment of an actual permanent army when they acquired the status of soldiers officially enlisted, armed, paid and managed by the state.
Papal States Troop Gendarmes/Knights Mounted Crossbowmen Mounted Handgunners Militia Bill/Spearmen Militia Handgunners Militia Crossbowmen Mercenary Crossbowmen Mercenary Handgunners Mercenary Pikemen Mercenary Pikemen Cannon Organ Gun General Lord Captain
Type
Attack
Cavalry Cavalry Cavalry Infantry Infantry Infantry Infantry Infantry Infantry Infantry Artillery Artillery
3 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 1 1 +2 +1 +1
Range Hits Armour Command Unit Size Min/Max Points N/A 15 15 N/A 20 20 30 20 N/A N/A 2x40 D6x15
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2
4+ 6+ 6+ 5+ 6+ 6+ 6+ 6+ 5+ N/A N/A 8 8 8
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 1
2/4 1/3 -/1 -/2 -/1 -/2 -/2 2/4 -/1 -/1 -/1 -/1
135 60 60 60 55 40 55 45 60 70 50 50
1 1 1
1 -/1 -/2
100 80 40
Note Knights Skirmish Skirmish Handgunners Unreliable Handgunners, Unreliable Phalanx Phalanx Cannon/Slow Organ Gun
Swiss Troop
Type
Captain Nobles Mtd Crossbowmen
Attack
Range
Hits
Armour
+1 Cavalry Cavalry
Command
Unit Size
8/9 N/A 15
3 3
4+ 6+
3 3
Points
1/-
90 135 60
Count as Command of 9 if attached to unit Knights +1 first charge of game Skirmish
80
Phalanx
70 60 45 45 50 50
Phalanx Phalanx
80 135 60
Auszug Pike
Infantry
3
N/A
4
5+
3
Landwehr Pike Landstrum Pike Crossbowmen Handgunners Cannon Organ Gun
Infantry Infantry Infantry Infantry Artillery Artillery
3 3 2 2 1 1
N/A N/A 30 20 2x40 D6x15
3 3 3 3 2 2
6+ 5+ N/A N/A N/A N/A
3 3 3 3 2 1
-/1 -/2 - / up to half of Landwehr can be upgraded 4/4/-/2 -/4 -/2 -/1
+1 3 2
N/A 15
3 3
4+ 6+
1 3 3
-/1 -/2 -/2
Allies:- must have own commander Lord Gendarmes/Knights Cavalry Mtd Crossbowmen Cavalry
3 2
Min/Max
8
Note
Handgunner Cannon/Slow Organ Gun
Knights Skirmish
Landskneckt Pike. Large infantry regiments were the heart of the Imperial armies and at their core were landskneckt pike units. Raised in direct imitation of the Swiss a bitter rivalry soon developed between the two groups and any conflict where they met While infantry (see below) may be drawn from many sources most pike units seem to have been raised in the many Germanic states and been termed landskneckt, however for simplicities sake pike units raised from other sources are included under this Arquebus. The arquebus is an early form of shoulder fired matchlock musket and represented a considerable improvement in firepower over the handgun. During the late fifteen and early sixteenth century the arquebus became the dominate missile weapon on the renaissance battlefield, especially in Imperial armies which seem to have abandoned the crossbow before most other European armies, possibly a result of the landskneckts being a new concept and consciously adopting the latest weapons and tactics The Arquebus combines the hitting power of the crossbow and the handgun, targets hit by arquebus count their saving throws as one worse than normal, (4 becomes 5, 5 becomes 6 and 6 becomes no save) and when rolling for drive backs the shooter rolls an
Infantry. Any non-pike armed infantry fighting for the Imperial cause, by the last quarter of the fifteenth century this generally means professional (mercenary) soldiers relatively well trained and fighting for pay rather than feudal obligation. They may be true (German) landkneckts or mercenaries from almost anywhere in Europe. Later armies may upgrade up to half their infantry to Cavalry Upgrade. Any units of cavalry may be upgraded to heavy cavalry. Pike Upgrade. Relative poverty and the development of gunpowder weaponry saw a decline in the use of personal armour by many troops, nevertheless some, especially those who fought in the foremost ranks retained a degree of armour protection. This Swordmen Upgrade. Up to half the infantry may be upgraded to Swordsmen, this covers any troops who may be considered to fight better than the average rather than those armed with a specific weapon and covers such troops as halberdiers, two handed Dopple Soldaten. Landskneckts armed with both close combat (halberds and two handed swords) and distance weapons (arquebus or crossbows). They were the bravest and most experienced men, paid at double the normal rate and expected to Doppel soldaten units should include both melee and missile armed troops and may be depicted with arquebuses and/or crossbows they do not enjoy any of the arquebus or crossbow special rules, are limited to 15cm range and the standard infantry Spanish Infantry Upgrade. When Maximillian died his grandson Charles V became Emperor, later armies may upgrade up to half their infantry to Spanish with an increase in armour protection. Spanish Cavalry. The long wars against the Moors in Spain had left Spanish armies with a stronger Light Cavalry tradition, which had developed from the jinettes of previous times, later armies may therefore include extra Light Cavalry to reflect this. Crossbow and Arquebus Skirmishers. Upto half the arquebus and crossbow units may be re-graded to skirmishers with stats as shown. Note that both crossbows and arquebus units re-graded to skirmishers loose all special rules concerning range, targets
