OK]CX_JKA_ LG DLJ][_KX TDNKADK CAO KAINAKKXNAI TXKK DBCN_BCA^C DLFFKIK LG KAINAKKXNAI
K DLJJKXDK
H^ DB.OKK]_BN
CTTNT_CA_ ]XLGKTLX TXKK DBCN_BCA^C DLFFKIK KAINAKKXNAI, @CXNJACICX
LG
H._kdb NW/DTK NNao skjkstkr
_krj5 8=3=-8=33
T^FFCH[T [AN_-35 Natrloudtnla, Kfkdtrland Dljjkrdk Grcjkwlr`, tbk Cactljy lg K-Dljjkrdk
cppfndctnlas, K-Dljjkrdk Dlasujkr cppfndctnlas, K-Dljjkrdk lricanzctnla cppfndctnlas. [AN_-85 Dlasujkr Lrnkatko Cppfndctnlas, jkrdcatnfk prldkss jlokfs, jkrdcatnfk jlokfs grlj
tbk dlasujkr„s pkrspkdtnvk, Jkrdcatnfk grlj tbk jkrdbcat„s pkrspkdtnvk. [AN_-45 _ypks lg Kfkdtrland ]cyjkat Tystkjs, Onintcf _l`ka-Hcsko Kfkdtrland ]cyjkat
Tystkjs, Tjcrt Dcros & Kfkdtrland ]cyjkat Tystkjs, Drkont Dcro- Hcsko Kfkdtrland ]cyjkat Tystkjs, Xns` & Kfkdtrland ]cyjkat Tystkjs, Oksnianai Kfkdtrland ]cyjkat Tystkjs. [AN_-?5 Kfkdtrland Octc Natkrdbcaik, KON Cppfndctnlas na Husnakss, KON njpfkjkatctnla,
JNJK, cao vcfuk cooko aktwlr`s. [AN_-;5 Natrc lricanzctnlacf K-Dljjkrdk, Jcdrl glrdks cao Natkracf Dljjkrdk, Ylr` gflw
cutljctnla cao Dllronactnla, Dustljnzctnla cao Natkracf Dljjkrdk, Tuppfy Dbcna Jcacikjkat(TDJ). [AN_-75 Jc`nai c husnakss dcsk glr c Oldujkat Fnhrcry, Onintcf oldujkat typks, Dlrplrctk Octc wcrkblusks, Covkrtnsnai cao Jcr`ktnai, tbk akw cik lg Naglrjctnla Hcsko Jcr`ktnai, Covkrtnsnai la Natkrakt, dbcrtnai tbk Lafnak jcr`ktnai prldkss, Jcr`kt Xkskcrdb. [AN_-95 Dlasujkr Tkcrdb cao Xkslurdk Onsdlvkry, naglrjctnla skcrdb cao Xktrnkvcf,
Kfkdtrland dljjkrdk dctcflis lr onrkdtlrnks, Naglrjctnla Gnftkrnai. [AN_-25 Juftnjkonc cao Onintcf vnokl, @ky Juftnjkonc dladkpts, Onintcf Wnokl & Kfkdtrland
Dljjkrdk, Oks`tlp Wnokl ]rldkssnai, Oks`tlp Wnokl Dlagkrkadnai.
_kxt Hll`s5 3.Grlatnkrs lg kfkdtrland dljjkrdk —
8. K-Dljjkrdk, T.Ecnswcf — Icfiltnc
@cfc`ltc, Ybnastla, ]kcrsla
[ant- N 3. Natrloudtnla5 •
Nt ns c ikakrcf dladkpt dlvkrnai cay glrj lg husnakss trcascdtnla lr naglrjctnla kxdbcaik kxkdutko usnai naglrjctnla cao dljjuandctnla tkdbalflinks (ND_„s)
•
Nt nadfuoks kfkdtrland trconai lg illos, skrvndks cao kfkdtrland jctkrncf.
•
Nt tc`ks pfcdk hktwkka dljpcanks, hktwkka dljpcanks cao tbknr dustljkrs, lr hktwkka dljpcanks cao puhfnd cojnanstrctnlas.
_bky dca hk dfcssngnko hy cppfndctnla typk5
3. Kfkdtrland Jcr`kts •
]rkskat c rcaik lg lggkrnais cvcnfchfk na c jcr`kt skijkat sl tbct tbk purdbcskr dca dljpcrk tbk prndks lg tbk lggkrnais cao jc`k c purdbcsk okdnsnla. Kxcjpfk5 Cnrfnak Hll`nai Tystkj
8. Kfkdtrland Octc Natkrdbcaik (KON)
•
Nt prlvnoks c stcaocronzko systkj
•
Dlonai trcok trcascdtnlas
•
Dljjuandctko grlj lak dljputkr tl caltbkr wntblut tbk akko glr prnatko lrokrs cao navlndks & okfcys & krrlrs na pcpkr bcaofnai
•
Nt ns usko hy lricanzctnlas tbct c jc`k c fcrik al. lg rkiufcr trcascdtnlas Kxcjpfk5 KON ns usko na tbk fcrik jcr`kt dbcnas glr trcascdtnlas wntb tbknr suppfnkrs
4. Natkrakt Dljjkrdk
•
Nt ns usk tl covkrtnsk & jc`k scfks lg wnok rcaik lg illos & skrvndks.
•
_bns cppfndctnla ns glr hltb husnakss tl husnakss & husnakss tl dlasujkr trcascdtnlas.
Kxcjpfk5 _bk purdbcsk lg illos tbct crk tbka okfnvkrko hy plst lr tbk hll`nai lg tnd`kts tbct dca hk pnd`ko up hy tbk dfnkats wbka tbky crrnvk ct tbk kvkat
8. Tdlpk lg K-Dljjkrdk5 •
Natkrakt k-dljjkrdk ns lak pcrt lg tbk lvkrcff spbkrk lg k-dljjkrdk.
4. Kfkdtrland Dljjkrdk cao tbk trcok dydfk5 •
Nt dca hk cppfnko tl cff, lr tl onggkrkat pbcsks lg tbk trcok dydfk
•
_bk trcok dydfk vcrnlus okpkaonai la
•
_bk acturk lg tbk lricanzctnlas Grkqukady lg trcok hktwkka tbk pcttkras tl tbk kxdbcaik _bk acturk lg illos cao skrvndks hknai kxdbcaiko
_rcok dydfk supplrt
3. Gnaonai illos cao skrvndks (rkgkrrko tl cs c skcrdb & akiltnctnla) 8. ]fcdnai tbk lrokr, tc`nai okfnvkry & jc`nai pcyjkat (kxkdutnla cao skttfkjkat) 4. Cgtkr scfks cdtnvntnks sudb cs wcrrcatkk, skrvndks ktd. _bk tbrkk ikakrnd trcok dydfks dca hk nokatngnko5
3. Xkiufcr, rkpkct trcascdtnlas (rkpkct trcok dydfk) 8. Nrrkiufcr trcascdtnlas, wbkrk kxkdutnla & skttfkjkat crk skpcrctko (drkont trcascdtnlas) 4. Nrrkiufcr trcascdtnlas wbkrk kxkdutnla & skttfkjkat crk dljhnako (dcsb trcascdtnlas)
Kfkdtrland Jcr`kts5
•
Nt nadrkcsks tbk kggndnkady lg tbk jcr`kt
•
Nt rkoudks tbk skcrdb dlst glr tbk huykr & jc`ks nt jlrk fn`kfy tbct huykr wnff dlatnauk tbk skcrdb uatnf tbk hkst huy ns gluao
•
Nt kxnst na dljjlonty, gnacadncf jcr`kts & tbky crk cfsl usko na cnrfnak hll`nai systkj
•
Nt ns nrrkiufcr trcascdtnla trcok
dydfk.
Kfkdtrland Octc Natkrdbcaik5
•
Cppfndctnlas crk skaonai tkst rksufts grlj tbk pctblfliy fchlrctlry tl tbk blspntcf lr onspctdbnai kxcj rksufts grlj kxcj hlcros tl sdbllf
Nt ns usko trcok kxdbcaiks
[skrs crk vkbndfk csskjhfkrs, lrokrnai dljplakats glr tbk supkrjcr`kts
Nt ns usko glr rkiufcr rkpkct trcascdtnlas
Nt tc`ks quntk flt lg wlr` tl skt up systkjs
Nt ns pcrt lg sdbkjks glr eust-na-jcaugcdturk cao qund` rksplask suppfy
Jcturk usk lg KON cfflws glr c dbcaik na tbk acturk lg tbk prloudt lr skrvndk
Jcss Dustljnzctnla ns sudb ca kxcjpfk
Natkrakt Dljjkrdk5
_bk gnrst stcik
Covkrtnsnai cpprlprnctk illos cao skrvndks
Natkrakt sntks lggkr lafy naglrjctnla & cay gurtbkr stkps olwa tbk trcok dydfk crk dlaoudtko la tbk tkfkpblak
_bk Tkdlao stcik
Ca nadrkcsnai al. lg sntks lggkr gcdnfntnks tl kxkdutk & skttfk tbk trcascdtnla
Okfnvkry jcy hk kfkdtrland lr hy bljk okfnvkry okpkaonai la tbk illos cao skrvndks
_bk gnacf stcik
Cgtkr-scfks skrvndk
La-fnak supplrt & La-Fnak skrvndks.
Ikakrnd Grcjkwlr` lg Kfkdtrland Dljjkrdk Kfkdtrland Dljjkrdk Cppfndctnlas
o k v k fl p j k a t ,c a o p rn v c d y ns s u k s
] u h fnd p l fnd y ,fk i c f, k d l a l j nd c f
Tuppfy Dbcna Jcacikjkat ]rldurkjkat & ]urdbcsnai Cuonl cao Wnokl la Okjcao Katkrtcnajkat cao Icjnai
Lafnak Jcr`ktnai cao Covkrtnsnai Lafnak Tblppnai Lafnak Gnacadncf _rcascdtnla Koudctnla cao Xkskcrdb
Dljjla Husnakss Tkrvndks Nagrcstrudturk (Tkdurnty/Cutbkatndctnla, Kfkdtrland ]cyjkat, Onrkdtlrnks/Dctcflis)
Juftnjkonc Dlatkat & Aktwlr` ]uhfnsbnai Nagrcstrudturk (Onintcf Wnokl, Kfkdtrland Hll`s, Y lrfo Ynok Ykh)
Jksscinai & Naglrjctnla Onstrnhutnla Nagrcstrudturk (KON, K-Jcnf, Bypkr_kxt _rcasgkr ]rltl dlf)
Naglrjctnla Tupkrbnibwcy Nagrcstrudturk (_kfkdlj, Dchfk _W, Ynrkfkss, Natkrakt)
tr c a s c d tnl a s ,c a o
a k tw l r` p rl tl d l fs
o l d u j k a ts ,j u ftn j k o nc d l a tk a ts ,h u s na k s s
_ k d b a nd c fs tc a o c r s o gl r k fk d tr l a nd
4. Kfkdtrland Dljjkrdk Grcjkwlr`
•
K-Dljjkrdk cppfndctnla wnff hk hunft la tbk kxnstnai tkdbalfliy nagrcstrudturk
C jyrnco lg dljputkrs
Dljjuandctnla aktwlr`s
Dljjuandctnla slgtwcrk
•
Dljjla husnakss skrvndks glr gcdnfntctnai tbk huynai cao skffnai prldkss
•
Jksscinai & naglrjctnla onstrnhutnla cs c jkcas lg skaonai cao rktrnkvnai naglrjctnla
•
Juftnjkonc dlatkat & aktwlr` puhfnsbnai, glr drkctnai c prloudt & c jkcas tl dljjuandctk chlut nt
•
_bk naglrjctnla supkrbnibwcy- tbk vkry gluaoctnla-glr prlvnonai tbk bnib wcy systkj cflai wbndb cff k-dljjkrdk just trcvkf
•
_bk twl pnffcrs supplrtnai cff k-dljjkrdk cppfndctnlas & nagrcstrudturk
•
Cay suddkssguf k-dljjkrdk wnff rkqunrk tbk N-wcy nagrcstrudturk na tbk scjk wcy tbct rkiufcr dljjkrdk akkos
•
N-wcy wnff hk c jksb lg natkrdlaakdtko octc bnibwcys lg jcay glrjs _kfkpblak,wnrks,dchfk _W wnrk
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Xconl-hcsko wnrkfkss-dkffufcr & sctkffntk Jlvnks:vnokl + cuonl
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Onintcf icjks:jusnd + vnokl + slgtwcrk
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Kfkdtrland hll`s:tkxt + octc + ircpbnds + jusnd + pbltlircpbs + vnokl
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Na tbk kfkdtrland ‒bnibwcy systkj„ juftnjkonc dlatkat ns stlrks na tbk glrj lg kfkdtrland oldujkats
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_bksk crk lgtka onintnzko
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La tbk N-wcy jksscinai slgtwcrk gufgnffs tbk rlfk, na cay al. lg glrjs5 k-jcnf, KON, lr plnat-tl-plnat gnfk trcasgkrs
•
Kadryptnla & cutbkatndctnla jktblos tl kasurk skdurnty
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Kfkdtrland pcyjkat sdbkjks okvkflpko tl bcaofk dljpfkx trcascdtnlas
•
_bksk flinstnds nssuks crk onggnduft na flai-kstchfnsbko trcasplrtctnla
?. Cactljy lg K-Dljjkrdk cppfndctnlas K-Dljjkrdk cppfndctnlas crk5
3. Juftnjkonc Dlatkat glr K-Dljjkrdk Cppfndctnlas 8. Juftnjkonc Ttlrcik Tkrvkrs & K-Dljjkrdk Cppfndctnlas n. Dfnkat-Tkrvkr Crdbntkdturk na Kfkdtrland Dljjkrdk nn. Natkracf ]rldkssks lg Juftnjkonc Tkrvkrs nnn. Wnokl Tkrvkrs & K-Dljjkrdk 4. Naglrjctnla Okfnvkry/_rcasplrt & K-Dljjkrdk Cppfndctnlas ?. Dlasujkr Cddkss Okvndks
Juftnjkonc Dlatkat glr K-Dljjkrdk Cppfndctnlas
•
Juftnjkonc dlatkat dca hk dlasnokrko hltb gukf cao trcggnd glr kfkdtrland dljjkrdk cppfndctnlas.
•
_bk tkdbandcf okgnantnla lg juftnjkonc ns tbk usk lg onintcf octc na jlrk tbca lak glrjct, sudb cs tbk dljhnactnla lg tkxt, cuonl, vnokl, njciks, ircpbnds, aujkrndcf octc, blflircjs, cao canjctnlas na c dljputkr gnfk/oldujkat.
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Juftnjkonc ns cssldnctko wntb Bcrowcrk dljplakats na onggkrkat aktwlr`s.
•
_bk Cddkssnai lg juftnjkonc dlatkat okpkaos la tbk bcrowcrk dcpchnfntnks lg tbk dustljkr.
Juftnjkonc Ttlrcik Tkrvkrs & K-Dljjkrdk Cppfndctnlas5
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K-Dljjkrdk rkqunrks rlhust skrvkrs tl stlrk cao onstrnhutk fcrik cjluats lg onintcf dlatkat tl dlasujkrs.
•
_bksk Juftnjkonc stlrcik skrvkrs crk fcrik naglrjctnla wcrkblusks dcpchfk lg bcaofnai vcrnlus dlatkat, rcainai grlj hll`s, akwspcpkrs, covkrtnskjkat dctcflis, jlvnks, icjks, & R-rcy njciks.
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_bksk okrnvnai tbknr acjk hkdcusk tbky & skrvk naglrjctnla upla rkqukst, just bcaofk skrvkrs, fcrik-sdcfk onstrnhutnla, iucrcatkk skdurnty, dljpfktk rkfnchnfnty
n. Dfnkat-Tkrvkr Crdbntkdturk na Kfkdtrland Dljjkrdk
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Cff k-dljjkrdk cppfndctnlas glfflw tbk dfnkat-skrvkr jlokf
•
Dfnkats crk okvndks pfus slgtwcrk tbct rkqukst naglrjctnla grlj skrvkrs lr natkrcdt `alwa cs jksscik pcssnai
•
Jcnagrcjk dljputnai , wbndb jkcat glr ‖oujp‚
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_bk dfnkat skrvkr jlokf, cfflws dfnkat tl natkrcdt wntb skrvkr tbrluib rkqukst-rkpfy skqukadk ilvkrako hy c pcrconij `alwa cs jksscik pcssnai.
•
_bk skrvkrdfnkats jcaciks tcs`s, stlrcik & skdurnty & prlvnoks coo jlrk caocppfndctnla dfnkat okvndks (fn`k ]krslacf onintcf cssnstcats tl sdcfchnfnty-chnfnty ]d„s. Tkk na gni. tl
nn. Natkracf ]rldkssks lg Juftnjkonc Tkrvkrs
•
_bk natkracf prldkssks navlfvko na tbk stlrcik, rktrnkvcf & jcacikjkat lg juftnjkonc octc lhekdts crk natkircf tl k-dljjkrdk cppfndctnlas.
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C juftnjkonc skrvkr ns c bcrowcrk & slgtwcrk dljhnactnla tbct dlavkrts rcw octc natl uschfk naglrjctnla & tbka onsbks lut.
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Nt dcpturks, prldkssks, jcaciks, & okfnvkrs tkxt, njciks, cuonl & vnokl.
•
Nt just ol tl bcaofk tbluscaos lg snjuftcaklus uskrs.
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Nadfuok bnib-kao syjjktrnd juftnprldksslrs, dfustkrko crdbntkdturk, cao jcssnvk pcrcffkf systkjs.
nnn. Wnokl Tkrvkrs & K-Dljjkrdk
_bk kfkdtrland dljjkrdk cppfndctnlas rkfctko tl onintcf vnokl wnff nadfuok 3. _kfkdljjuandctnai cao vnokl dlagkrkadnai 8. Iklircpbndcf naglrjctnla systkjs tbct rkqunrk stlrcik & acvnictnla lvkr jcps 4. Dlrplrctk juftnjkonc skrvkrs ?. ]lstprloudtnla stuonls ;. Tblppnai `nls`s.
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Dlasujkr cppfndctnlas wnff nadfuok vnokl-la-okjcao.
•
_bk gniurk wbndb ns lg vnokl—la okjcao dlasnst vnokl skrvkrs, ns ca fna` hktwkka tbk dlatkat prlvnokrs (jkonc) & trcasplrt prlvnokrs (dchfk lpkrctlrs)
Naglrjctnla Okfnvkry/_rcasplrt & K-Dljjkrdk Cppfndctnlas
•
_rcasplrt prlvnokrs crk prnadnpcffy tkfkdljjuandctnlas, dchfk, & wnrkfkss naoustrnks.
_rcasplrt Xlutkrs
Naglrjctnla _rcasplrt ]rlvnokrs
Naglrjctnla Okfnvkry Jktblos
•
_kfkdljjuandctnla dljpcanks
flai-onstcadk tkfkpblak fnaks0 fldcf tkfkpblak fnaks
•
Dchfk tkfkvnsnla dljpcanks
Dchfk _W dlcxncf, gnhkr lptnd & sctkffntk fnaks
•
Dljputkr-hcsko la-fnak skrvkrs
Natkrakt0 dljjkrdncf la-fnak skrvndk prlvnokrs
•
Ynrkfkss dljjuandctnlas
Dkffufcr & rconl aktwlr`s0 pcinai systkjs
Dlasujkr Cddkss Okvndks
Naglrjctnla Dlasujkrs
Cddkss Okvndks
•
Dljputkrs wntb cuonl & vnokl
]krslacf/oks`tlp dljputnai dcpchnfntnks
•
Jlhnfk dljputnai _kfkpbland okvndks
•
Dlasujkr kfkdtrlands
•
]krslacf onintcf cssnstcats (]OCs)
Wnoklpblak _kfkvnsnla + skt-tlp hlx Icjk systkjs ]ka-hcsko dljputnai, vlndk-ornvka dljputnai
K-Dljjkrdk Dlasujkr cppfndctnlas5 •
]klpfk akkos katkrtcnajkat la okjcao nadfuonai vnokl, icjks, akws la-okjcao, kfkdtrland rktcnfnai vnc dctcflis ktd.
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Durrkatfy alw wk crk tc`nai tbk vnokl la-okjcao.
•
Yby jlst dljpcanks hkttnai bkcvnfy la tbns<
3. >4 jnffnla bljks bcvk tkfkvnsnla 8. Cjkrndcas spkao akcrfy bcfg tbknr grkk tnjk wctdbnai tkfkvnsnla 4. Kvkry kvkanai, jlrk tbca lak-tbnro lg tbk plpufctnla ns na grlat lg c tkfkvnsnla ?. Tnibt, sluao, cao jltnla dljhnak tl jc`k tkfkvnsnla c plwkrguf jkcas lg jcr`ktnai 3. Dlasujkr Cppfndctnlas cao Tldncf Natkrcdtnla5
•
Fksslas grlj bnstlry naondctk tbct tbk jlst suddkssguf tkdbalflinks crk tblsk tbct jc`k tbknr jcr` sldncf
•
Na 3>?;, na [.T al lak bco _W. Hy 3>7= chlut 27pkrdkat lg bluskblfos ono
•
Alw dlatrcst wntb _kfkpblak. Hkff navkatko tbk tkfkpblak na 3297 cao hy3>?=, ?=% lg [.T. bluskblfos cao hy 3>2= chlut >;->2 pkrdkat lg bluskblfos dlaakdtko
•
]kaktrctnla wcs sflwkr glr _kfkpblak tbca glr _W hkdcusk lg tbk kgglrt akkoko tl skt up tbk wnrnai nagrcstrudturk
_bk njpcdt lg hltb wcs illo la husnakss, sldncf, dlasujkr hkbcvnlr cao katkrtcnajkat bchnts
Xconl hkica na 3>7=, cao hy 3>2>, cfjlst 4 okdcoks fctkr, eust 43> rconl stctnlas glfflwko tbk akws glrjct
Na 3>>?, tbknr aujhkr kxdkkoko 3===
Ybct ol Dlasujkrs rkcffy wcat <
3. _bky wcat qucfnty cao dlst lg skrvndk 8. Ng c akw systkj rkqunrks jlrk stkps tl ol ksskatncffy tbk scjk tbnais, dlasujkrs jcy rksnst nt 4. Tljk pklpfk gnt tbct jlfo, hut jlst lg puhfnd prkgkrs tl fcy hcd` cao eust wctdb tkfkvnsnla cao fkt sljklak kfsk ol tbk wlr` lg gniurnai lut tbk skqukadk lg tkfkvnsnla prlircjjnai
Ybct crk Dlasujkrs wnffnai tl spkao<
3. Cddlronai tl tbk vnokl la-okjcao, dlasujkrs ikt tbk dchfk hnff ct hcsnd dbcrik tbky wnff huy 8. Ng nt ns oluhfko tbky wnff alt huy cao ct tbk skrvndk prlvnokr kdlaljnds wnff nadrkcsko tbka aktwlr` lpkrctlrs jnibt fll` tl covkrtnsks tl gnff tbk icp Okfnvkrnai prloudts tl Dlasujkrs
3. ]cd`nai cao onstrnhutnla just hk dlasnokrko 8. Hfld`hustkr vnokl dlffkdts tbk naglrjctnla cao sblws tbk typndcf dlasujkr 4. Tpkaos $38 c jlatb la bljk vnokl kxpkaonturks ?. Il tl vnokl stlrk tl skfkdt vnokl la fnjntko huoikt cao bcs tnjk tl `nff ;.
Lafy pkrnlondcffy kxpkaos c fcrik suj lg jlaky
Dlasujkr Xkskcrdb cao K-Dljjkrdk
Dlasujkr lpnanla chlut natkrcdtnvk tkfkvnsnla ns
?7% hk wnffnai tl pcy
4>% wcat vnokl pblak dcffs
74% wlufo pcy glr jlvnks la-okjcao
;9% wlufo pcy glr _kfkvnsnla sblws la-okjcao
92% scno tbknr wlrry chlut nt ns tbct tbky wnff pcy glr sljktbnai tbct tbky prkvnlusfy rkdknvko grkk lg dbcrik
7?% crk tbna` nt jc`k nt bcrokr glr vnkwkrs tl prltkdt prnvcdy
?3% crk tkff tbct nt ns tll dlagusnai tl usk
Dbcainai husnakss Kavnrlajkat
3. _bk trcontnlacf husnakss kavnrlajkat ns dbcainai rcpnofy 8. Jcay dljpcanks crk fll`nai lutsnok cao wntbna tl sbcpk husnakss strctkinks 4. _bksk cdtnvntnks nadfuok prnvctk kfkdtrland dlaakdtnlas dustljkrs,suppfnkrs,onstrnhutlrs,naoustry irlups ktd
tl
?. _bk N-supkrbnibwcy wnff kxpcao tbns trkao sl tbct nt cfflw husnakss tl kxdbcaik naglrjctnla.
K-Dljjkrdk cao tbk rktcnf Naoustry
3. Dlaontnlas crk dbcainai na tbk ‖akw kdlaljy‚ wntb rkspkdt tl tbk rktcnf naoustry 8. Dlasujkrs crk okjcaonai flwkr prndks, hkttkr qucfnty, c fcrik skfkdtnla lg na-skcsla illos. 4. Xktcnfkrs crk gnffnai tbknr lrokr hy sfcsbnai hcd`-lggndk dlsts, rkoudnai prlgnt jcrinas, rkoudnai dydfk tnjks. huynai jlrk wnskfy cao jc`nai buik navkstjkats na tkdbalfliy ?. Xktcnfkrs crk na tbk njjkonctk fnak lg gnrk cao wkrk gnrst tl hkcr tbk hruat lg dlst duttnai Jcr`ktnai cao K-Dljjkrdk
3. K-dljjkrdk ns glrdnai dljpcanks tl rktbna` tbk kxnstnai wcys lg olnai tcrikt jcr`ktnai cao kvka kvkat jcr`ktnai. 8. Natkrcdtnvk jcr`ktnai ns na kfkdtrland jcr`kts vnc natkrcdtnvk juftnjkonc dctcflis 4. [skrs gnao jlvnai njciks jlrk cppkcfnai tbca stnff njcik cao fnstkanai jlrk cppkcfnai tbca rkconai tkxt la c sdrkka ?. Dlasujkr naglrjctnla skrvndks crk c akw typk lg dctcfli husnakss Navkatlry Jcacikjkat cao Lricanzctnlacf Cppfndctnlas
3. Yntb hlrokrs lpkanai up cao dljpcanks gcdnai stngg iflhcf dljpktntnla 8. Cocptctnla wlufo nadfuok jlvnai tl dljputkrnzko, ‖pcpkrfkss‚ lpkrctnlas tl rkoudk 4. Ladk tcriktko husnakss prldkss ns navkatlry jcacikjkat, slfutnlas glr tbksk prldkssks il hy onggkrkat acjks ?. Na jcaugcdturnai naoustry tbky„rk `alwa cs eust-na-tnjk navkatlry systkjs, na tbk rktcnf cs qund` rksplask prlircjs, cao na trcasplrtctnla naoustry cs dlasniajkat trcd`nai systkjs
Eust-na-_njk (EN_) Jcaugcdturnai
3. Nt ns vnkwko cs ca natkirctko jcacikjkat systkj dlasnstnai lg c aujhkr lg onggkrkat jcacikjkat prcdtndks okpkaokat la tbk dbcrcdtkrnstnds lg spkdngnd pfcats 8. _bk gnrst prnadnpfk ns kfnjnactnla lg cff wcstk (tnjk,jctkrncfs,fchlur & kqunpjkat) 4. _bk glfflwnai jcacikjkat prcdtndks crk gldusko gcdtlry, rkoudko skt-up tnjks, irlup tkdbalfliy, tltcf prloudtnvk jcnatkacadk, juftnguadtnla kjpflykks, uanglrj wlr`flcos, N_ purdbcsnai,`cahca tltcf qucfnty dlatrlf & qucfnty dnrdfks Sund` Xksplask Xktcnfnai (SX)
3. Nt ns c vkrsnla lg EN_ purdbcsnai tcnflrko glr rktcnfnai 8. _l rkoudk tbk rns` lg hknai lg lut lg stld`, rktcnfkrs crk njpfkjkatnai SX systkjs 4. Nt prlvnoks glr c gfkxnhfk rksplask tl prloudt lrokrnai cao flwkrs dlstfy navkatlry fkvkfs ?. SX rktcnfnai gldusks la jcr`kt rksplasnvkakss wbnfk jcnatcnanai flw fkvkfs lg stld`s ;. Nt drkctks c dflsko fllp dlasnstnai lg rktcnfkr, vkaolr, & dlasujkr dbcna,& cs dlasujkrs jc`k purdbcsks tbk vkaolr lrokrs akw okfnvkrnks grlj tbk rktcnfkr tbrluib nts dljputkr aktwlr`
Tuppfy Dbcna Jcacikjkat
3. SX cao EN_ coorkss lafy pcrt lg tbk lvkrcff pndturk 8. Tuppfy Dbcna Jcacikjkat (TDJ) ns cfsl dcffko ‖kxtkaonai‚, wbndb jkcas natkirctnai tbk jcaugcdturkr natkracf cao kxtkracf pcrtakrs la tbktl suppfy cao prldkss dbcnas tl ikt rcw jctkrncfs tl tbk cao gnansbko prloudts tbk dlasujkr 4. Nt nadfuoks glfflwnai guadtnlas
Tuppfnkr jcacikjkat5 _bk ilcf ns tl rkoudk tbk aujhkr lg suppfnkrs cao ikt tbkj tl pcrtakrs
Navkatlry jcacikjkat5 _bk ilcf ns tl sblrtka tbk lrokr-sbnp-hnff dydfk. Ybka c jcelrnty lg pcrtakrs crk kfkdtrlandcffy fna`ko, naglrjctnla gcxko lr jcnfko
Onstrnhutnla jcacikjkat5 _bk ilcf ns tl jlvk oldujkats (cddurctk octc) rkfctko tl sbnppnai
Dbcaakf jcacikjkat5 _bk ilcf ns tl qund`fy onsskjnactk naglrjctnla chlut dbcainai lpkrctnlacf dlaontnlas ( tkdbandcf, prloudt, cao prndnai naglrjctnla) tl trconai pcrtakrs
]cyjkat jcacikjkat5 _bk ilcf ns tl fna` dljpcay cao tbk suppfnkrs cao onstrnhutlrs sl tbct pcyjkats dca hk skat cao rkdknvko kfkdtrlandcffy
Gnacadncf jcacikjkat5 _bk ilcf ns tl kachfk iflhcf dljpcanks tl jcacik tbknr jlaky na vcrnlus glrknia kxdbcaik cddluats
Tcfks glrdk prloudtnvnty5 _bk ilcf ns tl njprlvk tbk dljjuandctnla gflw lg naglrjctnla cjlai tbk scfks, dustljkr & prloudtnla guadtnlas
Na suj, tbk suppfy dbcna jcacikjkat prldkss nadrkcsnaify okpkaos la kfkdtrland jcr`kts Ylr` irlup Dlffchlrctnla Cppfndctnlas5
3. C natkraktwlr` tbct kachfks kcsy cao nakxpkasnvk dlaakdtnla lg vcrnlus lricanzctnlacf skijkats 8. Nt ns tl njprlvk dljjuandctnlas cao naglrjctnla sbcrnai cao tl ictbkr cao cacfyzk dljpktntnvk octc na rkcf-tnjk 4. Wnokldlagkrkadnai, oldujkat sbcrnai cao juftnjkonc k-jcnf, crk kxpkdtko tl rkoudk trcvkf cao kadlurcik tkfkdljjutnai ?. Njprlvks tbk onstrnhutnla dbcaakf glr oldujkats cao rkdlros tl suppfnkrs, dlffchlrctlrs cao onstrnhutlrs
[ant- NN DLAT[JKX-LXNKA_KO C]FFNDC_NLAT
•
_bk wnok rcaik lg cppfndctnlas kavnsnlako glr tbk dlasujkr jcr`ktpfcdk dca hk hrlcofy dfcssngnko natl5 (n) Katkrtcnajkat (nn) Gnacadncf Tkrvndks cao Naglrjctnla (nnn) Ksskatncf Tkrvndks (nv) Koudctnla cao _rcnanai
Dlasujkr Fngk-Ttyfk Akkos
Dljpfkjkatcry Juftnjkonc Tkrvndks
Katkrtcnajkat
Jlvnks la okjcao, vnokl dctcflinai, natkrcdtnvk Cos, Juftn-uskr icjks, la-fnak onsdussnlas.
•
Gnacadncf Tkrvndks cao Gnacadncf akws.
Bljk Hca`nai, Gnacadncf skrvndks, Naglrjctnla,
•
Ksskatncf Tkrvndks rkjltk oncialstnds.
Bljk Tblppnai, Kfkdtrland Dctcflis, tkfkjkondnak,
Koudctnla cao _rcnanai dlagkrkadnai, la-fnak octchcsks.
Natkrcdtnvk koudctnla, juftnuskr icjks, vnokl
•
•
3. ]krslacf Gnacadk cao Bljk Hca`nai Jcacikjkat (n) Hcsnd Tkrvndks (nn) Natkrjkonctk Tkrvndks (nnn) Covcadko skrvndks 8. Bljk Tblppnai (n) _kfkvnsnla-Hcsko Tblppnai
(nn) Dctcfli-Hcsko Tblppnai 4. Bljk Katkrtcnajkat (n) Tnzk lg tbk Bljk Katkrtcnajkat Jcr`kt (nn) Njpcdt lg tbk Bljk Katkrtcnajkat la _rcontnlacf Naoustrnks ?. Jndrl trcascdtnlas lg Naglrjctnla
3. ]krslacf Gnacadk cao Bljk Hca`nai Jcacikjkat5 •
_bk akwkst tkdbalflinks crk onrkdt okplsnt lg pcyrlff, la-fnak hnff pcyjkat cao tkfkpblak trcasgkrs
•
_bk tkdbalfliy glr pcynai hnffs, wbktbkr hy dljputkr lr tkfkpblak, ns nagnantkfy jlrk slpbnstndctko tbca caytbnai la tbk jcr`kt c gkw ykcrs cil
•
Na 3>2=s wkrk tbk ocys lg ‖stlak cik‚ tkdbalfliy hkdcusk lg tkdbalfliy dblndks glr cddkssnai skrvndks wkrk fnjntko
•
Glr bljk hca`nai, irkctkr okjcaos la dlasujkrs cao kxpcaonai akko glr naglrjctnla, nt„s skrvndks crk lgtka dctkilrnzko cs hcsnd, natkrjkonctk cao covcadko
(n) Hcsnd skrvndks
•
_bksk crk rkfctko tl pkrslacf gnacadk
•
_bk kvlfutnla lg C_J jcdbnaks grlj fnvk tkffkrs cao alw tl bljk hca`nai
•
_bk C_J aktwlr` bcs wntb hca`s cao tbknr cssldnctnlas hknai tbk rlutkrs cao tbk C_J jcdbnaks hknai tbk bktkrlikaklus dljputkrs la tbk aktwlr`.
•
_bns natkrlpkrchfk aktwlr` lg C_Js bcs drkctko ca natkrgcdk hktwkka dustljkr cao hca` tbct dbcaiko tbk dljpktntnvk oyacjnds lg tbk naoustry. Tkk na akxt gniurk
• •
Nadrkcsko C_J uscik cao okdrkcsk na tkffkr trcascdtnlas _bk guturk lg bljk hca`nai fnks wntb ]D„s
(nn) Natkrjkonctk Tkrvndks
•
_bk prlhfkj wntb bljk hca`nai na 3>2= ns, nt ns kxpkasnvk skrvndk tbct rkqunrks c ]D, c jlokj cao spkdncf slgtwcrk
•
Cs tbk kqunpjkat hkdljks fkss kxpkasnvk cao cs hca` lggkrs hrlcokr skrvndks, bljk hca`nai okvkflp natl c dljprkbkasnvk pcd`cik tbct dlufo kvka nadfuok cs nasurcadk katkrtcnajkat
•
Dlasnokr tbk dljputkrnzko la-fnak hnff-pcyjkat systkj
•
Nt akvkr glrikts tl rkdlro c pcyjkat cao `kkps trcd` lg uskr cddluat aujhkr, acjk, cjluat cao tbk octk cao wk usko tl nastrudt wntb pcyjkat nastrudtnlas. Tkk na Gni0
(nnn)Covcadko Tkrvndks
•
_bk ilcf lg covcadko skrnks ns tl lggkr tbknr la-fnak dustljkrs c dljpfktk plrtglfnl lg fngk, bljk, cao cutl nasurcadk cflai wntb jutucf guaos, pkasnla pfcas, bljk gnacadnai, cao ltbkr gnacadncf prloudts
•
_bk Gniurk kxpfcnas tbk rcaik lg skrvndks tbct jcy wkff hk lggkrko hy hca`s na guturk
•
_bk skrvnd4ks rcaik grlj la-fnak sblppnai tl rkcf-tnjk gnacadncf naglrjctnla grlj caywbkrk na tbk wlrfo
•
Na sblrt, bljk hca`nai cfflws dlasujkrs tl cvlno flai fnaks cao invks gfkxnhnfnty
8. Bljk Tblppnai5 •
Nt ns cfrkcoy na wnok usk.
•
_bns kachfk c dustljkr tl ol lafnak sblppnai
(n) _kfkvnsnla-Hcsko Tblppnai5
•
Nt ns fcuadbko na 3>99 hy tbk Bljk Tblppnai Aktwlr` (BTA).
•
Nt prlvnoks c vcrnkty lg illos rcainai grlj dlffkdtnhfks, dfltbnai, sjcff kfkdtrlands, blusk wcrks, ekwkfry, cao dljputkrs.
•
Ybka BTA stcrtko na Gflrnoc na 3>99, nt jcnafy slfo gcdtlry lvkrruas cao onsdlatnauko ntkjs
•
Nt wlr`s cs, tbk dustljkr usks bkr rkjltk dlatrlf ct sblp onggkrkat dbcaakfs wntb tludb lg huttla. Ct tbns tnjk, dchfk sblppnai dbcaakfs crk alt trufy natkrcdtnvk
(nn) Dctcfli-Hcsko Tblppnai
•
Na tbns tbk dustljkr nokatngnks tbk vcrnlus dctcflis tbct gnt dkrtcna pcrcjktkrs sudb cs scgkty, prndk, cao qucfnty
•
_bk la-fnak dctcfli husnakss dlasnsts lg hrldburks , DO-XLJ dctcflis, cao la-fnak natkrcdtnvk dctcflis
•
Durrkatfy, wk crk usnai tbk kfkdtrland hrldburks
4. Bljk Katkrtcnajkat5 •
Nt ns caltbkr cppfndctnla glr k-dljjkrdk
•
Dustljkr dca wctdb jlvnk, pfcy icjks, la-sdrkka dctcflis, sudb cs _W iunok.
•
Na Bljk katkrtcnajkat crkc, dustljkr ns tbk dlatrlf lvkr prlircjjnai
•
Na _chfk tkffs tbk, Ybct wnff hk rkqunrko na tkrjs lg _kfkvnsnla-hcsko tkdbalfliy glr tbns tkfkjcrt tl hkdljk c rkcfnty
_bk _kfkjcrt5 ]rkskat cao Guturk Guadtnlas
•
Dljprkssnai cao okdlonai
_bk trcasntnla tl onintcf sctkffntk
c onintcf sniacf(njciks crk
cao dchfk aktwlr` bkco hrlco
dljprkss tl rkoudk qucatnty
dcstnai navlfvks fna`nai tbk _W
lg naglrjctnla)
tl okdlokr tl rkdlavkrt natl ca cacfli sniacf
•
Okdlonai c sdrcjhfko
sniacf
_bk hrlco dcstnai lg pcy dbcaakf rkqunrks tbk kadryptnla lg tbk sniacf la kjnssnla & uasdrcjhfko
•
Xcpno flconai lg prlircj
la jkjlry
Ca nadrkcsk na tbk al. lg naonvnoucf natkrcdtnvk skrvndks ns plssnhfk lafy ng a/w lvkrflconai ns `kpt jnanjuj
•
Kfkdtrland jlaky lr
dcro pcyjkat tkrjnacf
Ladk skpcrctko grlj tbk tkfkpblak, tkfkjcrt wnff akko c `kyhlcro up tl tbk _W skt na lrokr tl kasurk natkrcdtnvnty. _bk `kyhlcro wnff bcvk c pcyjkat dlaakdtnla tl snjpfngy tbk hnffnai prldkss
Covcadko Tkrvndks Tnzk lg tbk bljk Katkrtcnajkat Jcr`kt5
•
Katkrtcnajkat skrvndks crk pfcy c jcelr rlfk na k-dljjkrdk
•
_bns prkondtnla ns uaokrsdlrko hy tbk dbcainai trkaos na dlasujkr hkbcvnlr.
•
Nt ns sblwa na _chfk
Njpcdt lg Bljk katkrtcnajkat la trcontnlacf naoustrnks5
•
_bns wnff bcvk okvcstctnai kggkdts la tbkctkr husnakss
•
Kdlaljnd nssuks jnibt cfflw tbkctkrs tl jcnatcna ca njplrtcat rlfk na tbk jlvnk naoustry
•
_locy cvkrcik dchfk hnff ns cpprlxnjctkfy $4= c jlatb Naoustry Kstnjctks lg dlasujkr Kxpkaonturks
3>2= ($?.9 hna)
3>>= ($43.= hna)
3>>4 ($49.2 hna)
_bkctkrs
?>.=% $8.4
3?.;% $?.;
34.8% $;.=
Hcsnd dchfk
4;.=% $3.7
4?.;% $3=.9
47.>% $34.>
]rkjnuj dchfk
37.=% $=.2
37.;%
$;.3
3?.=% $;.4
Bljk vnokl
\\
\\
44.2%
$3=.;
4?.2% $34.8
]cy pkr vnkw
\\
\\
=.9%
$=.8
3.3%
$=.?
?. Jndrl trcascdtnlas lg naglrjctnla5 •
Lak dbcaik na trcontnlacf husnakss glrdko hy tbk la-fnak naglrjctnla husnakss ns tbk drkctnla lg c akw trcascdtnla dctkilry dcffko sjcff-gkk trcascdtnlas glr jndrl skrvndks
•
_bk dustljkr hy invnai sljk naglrjctnla cwcy glr grkk cao prlvnok naglrjctnla huaofks tbct dlvkr tbk trcascdtnla lvkrbkco.
•
_bk irlwtb lg sjcff-jlaky trcasgkrs dlufo glstkr c hllj na ltbkr dljpfkjkatcry naglrjctnla skrvndks
•
_bk dljpfkxnty ns cfsl nadrkcsko na jndrl skrvndks wbka ca cdtnvnty acjko, rkvkrngndctnla ns katkrko.
•
Nt jkcas dbkd`nai la tbk vcfnonty lg tbk trcascdtnla cgtkr nt bcs hkka cpprlvko
Oksnrchfk Dbcrcdtkrnstnds lg ca Kfkdtrland jcr`ktpfcdk
•
Drntndcf jcss lg Huykrs cao skffkrs5 _l ikt drntndcf jcss, usk kfkdtrland jkdbcansjs
•
Lpplrtuanty glr naokpkaokat kvcfuctnlas cao glr dustljkr oncfliuk cao onsdussnla5 [skrs alt lafy huy cao skff prloudts, tbky dljpcrk altks la wbl bcs tbk hkst prloudts cao wblsk prndks crk lutrciklus
•
Akiltnctnla cao hcricnanai5 Huykrs cao skffkrs akko tl chfk tl bciifk lvkr dlaontnlas lg jutucf sctnsgcdtnla, jlaky, tkrjs & dlaontnlas, okfnvkry octks & kvcfuctnla drntkrnc
•
Akw prloudts cao skrvndks5 Kfkdtrland jcr`ktpfcdk ns lafy supplrt guff naglrjctnla chlut akw skrvndks
•
Tkcjfkss natkrgcdk5 _bk trconai ns bcvnai pnkdks wlr` tliktbkr sl tbct naglrjctnla dca gflw skcjfkssfy
•
Xkslurdk glr onsiruatfko huykrs5 Nt prlvnok glr rkslfvnai onscirkkjkats hy rkturanai tbk prloudt.
Jkrdcatnfk ]rldkss jlokfs •
Jkrdcatnfk prldkssks okgnak natkrcdtnla jlokfs hktwkka dlasujkrs cao jkrdbcats glr lafnak dljjkrdk
Jkrdcatnfk Jlokfs grlj tbk Dlasujkr's ]krspkdtnvk
(n) ]rk purdbcsk prkpcrctnla5 _bk prk purdbcsk prkpcrctnla pbcsk nadfuok skcrdb cao onsdlvkry glr c skt lg prloudts tl jkkt dustljkr rkqunrkjkats (c) _bk dlasujkr naglrjctnla skcrdb prldkss. (h) _bk Lricanzctnlacf skcrdb prldkss. (d) Dlasujkr skcrdb kxpkrnkadks. (o) Naglrjctnla hrl`krs & hrl`krciks. (nn) ]urdbcsk dlasujjctnla5 _bk purdbcsk dlasujjctnla pbcsk nadfuok jkrdcatnfk prltldlfs (c) Jkrdcatnfk prldkss usnai onintcf dcsb. (h) Jkrdcatnfk trcascdtnla usnai drkont dcros. (d) Dlsts lg kfkdtrland purdbcsnai. (nnn) ]lst purdbcsk natkrcdtnla5 _bk plst purdbcsk natkrcdtnla pbcsk nadfuoks dustljkr skrvndk & supplrt
(n) ]rk purdbcsk ]rkpcrctnla
•
_bk purdbcsk ns olak hy tbk huykrs, sl dlasujkrs dca hk dctkilrnzko natl 4 typks
• •
Njpufsnvk huykrs, wbl purdbcsk prloudts qund`fy ]ctnkat huykrs, purdbcsk prloudts cgtkr jc`nai sljk dljpcrnslas
•
Cacfytndcf huykrs, wbl ol suhstcatncf rkskcrdb hkglrk jc`nai okdnsnla tl purdbcsk prloudts,.
Jcr`ktnai rkskcrdbks bcvk skvkrcf typks lg purdbcsnai5
•
Tpkdngndcffy pfcaako purdbcsks
•
Ikakrcffy pfcaako purdbcsks
•
Xkjnaokr purdbcsk
•
Katnrkfy uapfcaako purdbcsks
_bk dlasujkr naglrjctnla skcrdb prldkss
•
Naglrjctnla skcrdb ns okgnako cs tbk okirkk lg dcrk, pkrdkptnla,& kgglrt onrkdtko tlwcro lhtcnanai octc lr naglrjctnla rkfctko tl tbk okdnsnla prlhfkj
_bk Lricanzctnlacf skcrdb prldkss
•
Lricanzctnlacf skcrdb dca hk vnkwko cs c prldkss tbrluib wbndb ca lricanzctnla cocpts tl sudb dbcaiks na nts kxtkracf kavnrlajkat cs akw suppfnkrs, prloudts, & skrvndks.
Dlasujkr Tkcrdb Kxpkrnkadks
•
_bk onstnadtnla hktwkka dcrrynai lut c sblppnai cdtnvnty ‖tl cdbnkvk c ilcf‚ (utnfntcrnca) cs lpplsko tl olnai nt hkdcusk ‖ u flvk nt‚ (bkoland).
Naglrjctnla Hrl`krs cao Hrl`krciks
•
_l gcdnfntctk hkttkr dlasujkr cao lricanzctnlacf skcrdb, natkrjkoncrnks dcffko naglrjctnla
•
hrl`krs lr hrl`krciks Naglrjctnla hrl`krciks crk akkoko glr 4 rkcslas5 Dljpcrnsla sblppnai, rkoudko skcrdb dlsts, cao natkirctnla
(nn) ]urdbcsk Dlasujjctnla
•
Huykr dlatcdts vkaolr tl purdbcsk
•
Wkaolr stctks prndk
•
Huykr cao Wkaolr jcy lr jcy alt kaicik na akiltnctnla
•
Ng sctnsgnko, huykr cs` tbk pcyjkat tl tbk vkaolr
•
Wkaolr dlatcdts hnffnai skrvndk
•
Hnffnai skrvndk okdrypts cutblrnzctnla cao dbkd` huykrs cddluat hcfcadk
•
Hnffnai skrvndk invks tl tbk vkaolr tl okfnvkr prloudt
•
Wkaolr okfnvkrs tbk illos tl huykr
•
La rkdknvnai tbk illos, tbk huykr snias cao okfnvkrs rkdknpt
•
Ct tbk kao lg tbk hnffnai dydfk, huykr rkdknvks c fnst lg trcascdtnlas
Jkrdcatnfk prldkss usnai Onintcf Dcsb
•
Huykr lhtcnas k-dcsb grlj nssunai hca`
•
Huykr dlatcdts skffkr tl purdbcsk prloudt
•
Tkffkr stctks prndk
•
Huykr skaos k-dcsb tl skffkr
•
Tkffkr dlatcdts bns hca` lr hnffnai skrvndk tl vkrngy tbk vcfnonty lg tbk dcsb
•
Hca` invks l`cy sniacf
•
Tkffkr okfnvkrs tbk prloudt tl huykr
•
Tkffkr tbka tkffs hca` tl jcr` tbk k-dcsb cs ‖usko‚ durrkady
Jkrdcatnfk _rcascdtnlas [snai Drkont Dcros
•
_wl jcelr dljplakats dljprljnsk drkont dcro trcascdtnlas na tbns prldkss5 kfkdtrland cutblrnzctnla cao skttfkjkat
•
Na rktcnf trcascdtnla, c tbnro-pcrty prldksslr (_]]) dcpturks naglrjctnla ct tbk plnat lg scfk, trcasjnts tbk naglrjctnla tl tbk drkont dcro nssukr glr cutblrnzctnla, dljjuandctks c rksplask tl tbk jkrdbcat cao kfkdtrlandcffy stlrks tbk naglrjctnla glr skttfkjkat cao rkplrtnai.
•
_bk hkakgnts lg kfkdtrland prldkssnai nadfuok tbk rkoudtnla na drkont flssks, flwkr jkrdbcat trcascdtnla dlsts, & gcstkr dlasujkr dbkd`lut & jkrdbcat-tl-hca` skttfkjkat
C stkp-hy-stkp cddluat lg rktcnf trcascdtnla glfflws5 •
Ttkp35 C dustljkr prkskats c drkont dcro glr pcyjkat ct c rktcnf fldctnla
•
Ttkp85 _bk plnat-lg-scfk slgtwcrk onrkdts tbk trcascdtnla naglrjctnla tl tbk fldcf aktwlr`
•
Ttkp45 Tystkj vkrngnks tbk slurdk lg tbk trcascdtnla cao rlutks nt.
•
Ttkp?5 Na tbns, trcascdtnla dluat cao gnacadncf tltcfs crk dlagnrjko hktwkka tbk tkrjnacf cao tbk aktwlr`
•
Ttkp;5 Na tbns, tbk systkj ictbkrs cff dljpfktko hctdbks cao prldkssks tbk octc na prkpcrctnla glr skttfkjkat
C jkrdbcat dfnkat tc`ks lak lg twl glrjs5 •
Jkrdbcats crk dbcriko c gfct gkk pkr trcascdtnla glr cutblrnzctnla cao octc dcpturk skrvndks
•
_bk ltbkr glrj lg hnffnai cfflws jkrdbcats tl pcy c ‚huaofko‚ prndk glr cutblrnzctnla, octc dcpturk, & skttfkjkat
Dlst lg Kfkdtrland ]urdbcsnai5
•
Dcsb skkjs tl hk prkgkrchfk tl kfkdtrland pcyjkats, sudb cs, la-fnak okhnt, drkont, cao kfkdtrland dbkd` cutblrnzctnla
•
Dlasujkrs cppkcr tl spkao jlrk wbka usnai dcros tbka wbka spkaonai dcsb
(nnn)]lst purdbcsk Natkrcdtnla
•
Xkturas cao dfcnjs crk ca njplrtcat pcrt lg tbk purdbcsnai prldkss
•
Ltbkr dljpfkx dustljkr skrvndk dbcffkaiks crnsk na dustljnzko rktcnfnai crk5
Navkatlry nssuks5 _l skrvk tbk dustljkr prlpkrfy, c dljpcay sblufo naglrj c dustljkr rnibt cwcy cao ng tbk ntkj ns na stld`, c dljpcay just chfk tl cssnia tbct pnkdk tl dustljkr Octchcsk cddkss cao dljpctnhnfnty nssuks5 Dustljkrs sblufo ikt `nao lg skrvndks hy kcsy nssuks fn`k dcffnai ca 2== aujhkr Dustljkr skrvndk nssuks5 _l dfkcr tbk oluhts lg dustljkr chlut prloudt Jkrdcatnfk Jlokfs grlj tbk Jkrdbcat's ]krspkdtnvk
•
_l hkttkr uaokrstcaonai, nt ns akdksscry tl kxcjnak tbk lrokr jcacikjkat dydfk (LJD).
•
_bk LJD nadfuoks knibt onstnadt cdtnvntnks.
•
_bk cdtucf oktcnfs lg LJD vcry grlj naoustry tl naoustry cao cfsl glr naonvnoucf prloudts cao skrvndks
•
LJD bcs ikakrnd stkps (n) Lrokr pfcaanai & Lrokr ikakrctnla.
(nn) Dlst kstnjctnla & prndnai. (nnn) Lrokr rkdknpt & katry. (nv) Lrokr skfkdtnla & prnlrntnzctnla. (v) Lrokr Tdbkoufnai (vn) Lrokr gufgnffjkat & okfnvkry. (vnn) Lrokr hnffnai & cddluat/pcyjkat jcacikjkat. (vnnn) ]lst scfks skrvndk.
Lrokr pfcaanai & lrokr Ikakrctnla
•
Lrokr pfcaanai fkcos tl lrokr ikakrctnla.
•
Lrokrs crk ikakrctko na c al. lg wcys na tbk k-dljjkrdk kavnrlajkat.
•
_bk scfks glrdk hrlcodcsts cos (onrkdt jcr`ktnai), skaos pkrslacfnzko k-jcnf tl dustljkrs (dlfo dcffs), lr drkctks c YYY pcik
Dlst Kstnjctnla & prndnai
•
]rndnai ns tbk hrnoik hktwkka dustljkr akkos & dljpcay dcpchnfntnks.
•
]rndnai ct tbk naonvnoucf lrokr fkvkf okpkaos la uaokrstcaonai tbk vcfuk tl tbk dustljkr tbct ns ikakrctko hy kcdb lrokr, kvcfuctnai tbk dlst lg gnffnai kcdb lrokr0 & nastntutnai c systkj tbct kachfks tbk dljpcay tl prndk kcdb lrokr hcsko la nts vcfuk & dlst
Lrokr Xkdknpt & Katry
•
Cgtkr ca cddkptchfk prndk Sultk, tbk dustljkr katkrs tbk lrokr rkdknpt & katry pbcsk lg LJD.
•
_bns wcs uaokr tbk purvnkw lg okpcrtjkats vcrnlusfy tntfko dustljkr skrvndk, lrokr katry, tbk nasnok scfks oks`, lr dustljkr fncnsla.
Lrokr Tkfkdtnla & ]rnlrntnzctnla
•
Dustljkr skrvndk rkprkskatctnvks crk cfsl lgtka rksplasnhfk glr dbllsnai wbndb lrokrs tl cddkpt cao wbndb tl okdfnak.
•
Alt, cff dustljkrs„ lrokrs crk drkctko kqucf0 sljk crk hkttkr glr tbk husnakss.
Lrokr Tdbkoufnai
•
Na tbns pbcsk tbk prnlrntnzko lrokrs ikt sflttko natl ca cdtucf prloudtnla lr lpkrctnlacf skqukadk.
•
_bns tcs` ns onggnduft hkdcusk tbk onggkrkat guadtnlacf okpcrtjkats- scfks, jcr`ktnai,, dustljkr skrvndk, lpkrctnlas, lr prloudtnla- jcy bcvk dlagfndtnai ilcfs, dljpkasctnla systkjs, & lricanzctnlacf njpkrctnvks5
]rloudtnla pklpfk skk` tl jnanjnzk kqunpjkat dbcaiklvkrs, wbnfk jcr`ktnai & dustljkr skrvndk rkps criuk glr spkdncf skrvndk glr spkdncf dustljkrs. Lrokr Gufgnffjkat & Okfnvkry
•
Na tbns cdtucf prlvnsnla lg tbk prloudt lr skrvndk ns jcok.
•
Nt navlfvks juftnpfk guadtnlas cao fldctnlas.
Lrokr Hnffnai & Cddluat/]cyjkat Jcacikjkat
•
Cgtkr tbk lrokr bcs hkka gufgnffko & okfnvkrko, hnffnai ns invka hy gnacadk stcgg.
•
_bk hnffnai guadtnla ns oksniako tl skrvk tbk akkos cao natkrksts lg tbk dljpcay, alt tbk dustljkr.
]lst scfks Tkrvndk
•
_bns pbcsk pfcys ca nadrkcsnaify njplrtcat rlfk na cff kfkjkats lg c dljpcay„s prlgnt kquctnla5 dustljkr, prndk, & dlst.
•
Nt dca nadfuok sudb kfkjkats cs pbysndcf nastcffctnla lg c prloudt, rkpcnr & jcnatkacadk, dustljkr trcnanai, kqunpjkat upirconai & onsplscf.
[ant- NNN _ypks lg Kfkdtrland ]cyjkat Tystkjs •
Kfkdtrland pcyjkat systkjs crk prlfngkrctnai na hca`nai, rktcnf, bkcftb dcrk, la-fnak jcr`kts, cao kvka ilvkrajkat‟na gcdt, caywbkrk jlaky akkos tl dbcaik bcaos.
•
Lricanzctnlas crk jltnvctko hy tbk akko tl okfnvkr prloudts cao skrvndks jlrk dlst kggkdtnvkfy cao tl prlvnok c bnibkr qucfnty lg skrvndk tl dustljkrs.
•
_bk kjkrinai kfkdtrland pcyjkat tkdbalfliy fchkfko kfkdtrland guaos trcasgkr (KG_).
•
KG_ ns okgnako cs ‖cay trcasgkr lg guaos nantnctko tbrluib ca kfkdtrland tkrjnacf, tkfkpbland nastrujkat, lr dljputkr lr jciaktnd tcpk sl cs tl lrokr, nastrudt, lr cutblrnzk c gnacadncf nastntutnla
KG_ dca hk skijkatko natl tbrkk hrlco dctkilrnks5 •
•
•
Hca`nai cao gnacadncf pcyjkats —
Fcrik-sdcfk lr wblfkscfk pcyjkats (k.i., hca`-tl-hca` trcasgkr)
—
Tjcff-sdcfk lr rktcnf pcyjkats (k.i., cutljctko tkffkr jcdbnaks)
—
Bljk hca`nai (k.i., hnff pcyjkat)
Xktcnfnai pcyjkats —
Drkont Dcros (k.i., WNTC lr JcstkrDcro)
—
]rnvctk fchkf drkont/okhnt dcros (k.i., E.D. ]kaaky Dcro)
—
Dbcrik Dcros (k.i., Cjkrndca Kxprkss
La-fnak kfkdtrland dljjkrdk pcyjkats —
—
3. _l`ka-hcsko pcyjkat systkjs •
Kfkdtrland dcsb (k.i., OninDcsb)
•
Kfkdtrland dbkd`s (k.i., AktDbkquk)
•
Tjcrt dcros lr okhnt dcros (k.i., Jlaokx Kfkdtrland Durrkady Dcro))
8. Drkont dcro-hcsko pcyjkats systkjs •
Kadryptko Drkont Dcros (k.i., Ylrfo Ynok Ykh glrj-hcsko kadryptnla)
•
_bnro-pcrty cutblrnzctnla aujhkrs (k.i., Gnrst Wnrtucf)
3) Onintcf _l`ka-Hcsko Kfkdtrland ]cyjkat Tystkjs
Kfkdtrland tl`kas crk tbrkk typks5 3. Dcsb lr Xkcf-tnjk
•
_rcascdtnlas crk skttfko wntb kxdbcaik lg kfkdtrland durrkady.
•
Kx5 la-fnak durrkady kxdbcaik ns kfkdtrland dcsb (k-dcsb).
8. Okhnt lr ]rkpcno
•
[skrs pcy na covcadk glr tbk prnvnfkik lg ikttnai naglrjctnla.
•
Kx5 prkpcno pcyjkat jkdbcansjs crk stlrko na sjcrt dcros cao kfkdtrland pursks tbct stlrk kfkdtrland jlaky.
4. Drkont lr ]lstpcno
•
_bk skrvkr cutbkatndctks tbk dustljkrs cao vkrngnks wntb tbk hca` tbct guaos crk cokquctk hkglrk purdbcsk.
•
Kx5 plstpcno jkdbcansjs crk drkont/okhnt dcros cao kfkdtrland dbkd`s.
]rlpkrtnks lg Kfkdtrland Dcsb5
•
_bkrk crk jcay wcys tbct kxnst glr njpfkjkatnai ca k-dcsb systkj, cff just nadlrplrctk c gkw dljjla gkcturks.
•
Tpkdngndcffy, k-dcsb just bcvk tbk glfflwnai glur prlpkrtnks5
3. Jlaktcry vcfuk 8. Natkrlpkrchnfnty 4. Xktrnkvchnfnty ?. Tkdurnty Kfkdtrland Dcsb na Cdtnla
•
Kfkdtrland Dcsb ns hcsko la dryptlircpbnd systkjs dcffko ‖onintcf sniacturks‚.
•
_bns jktblo navlfvks c(_brluib pcnr lg aujkrnd `kys5 lak glr fld`nai uafld`nai (okdlonai). puhfnd `ky cao prnvctk `ky). (kadlonai) cao tbk ltbkr glr
]urdbcsnai K-dcsb grlj Durrkady Tkrvkrs
_bk purdbcsk lg k-dcsb grlj ca la-fnak durrkady skrvkr (lr hca`) navlfvks twl stkps5 •
Kstchfnsbjkat lg ca cddluat cao
•
Jcnatcnanai kaluib jlaky na tbk cddluat tl hca` tbk
purdbcsk.
Tljk dustljkrs jnibt prkgkr tl purdbcsk k-dcsb wntb pcpkr durrkady, kntbkr tl jcnatcna calayjnty lr hkdcusk tbky ola„t bcvk c hca` cddluat. [snai tbk Onintcf Durrkady
•
Ladk tbk tl`kas crk purdbcsko, tbk k-dcsb slgtwcrk la tbk dustljkr„s ]D stlrks onintcf
•
jlaky uaokrsniako hy c hca`. _bk uskrs dca spkao tbk onintcf jlaky ct cay sblp cddkptnai k-dcsb, wntblut bcvnai tl lpka ca cddluat tbkrk lr bcvnai tl trcasjnt drkont dcro aujhkrs.
•
Cs slla cs tbk dustljkr wcats tl jc`k c pcyjkat, tbk slgtwcrk dlffkdts tbk akdksscry cjluat grlj tbk stlrko tl`kas.
Kfkdtrland Dbkd`s
•
Nt ns caltbkr glrj lg kfkdtrland tl`kas.
•
Na tbk invka jlokf sblwa na gni, huykrs just rkinstkr wntb tbnro-pcrty cddluat skrvkr hkglrk tbky crk chfk tl wrntk kfkdtrland dbkd`s.
•
_bk cddluat skrvkr cdts cs c hnffnai skrvndk.
•
_bk covcatciks crk5
3. _bky wlr` na tbk scjk wcy cs trcontnlacf dbkd`s. 8. _bksk crk suntko glr dfkcrnai jndrlpcyjkats 4. _bky drkctk gflct & cvcnfchnfnty lg gflct ns ca njplrtcat glr dljjkrdk ?. Gnacadncf rns` ns cssujko hy tbk cddluatnai skrvkr & jcy rksuft na kcsnkr cddkptcadk
Tjcrt Dcros & Kfkdtrland ]cyjkat Tystkjs
•
Tjcrt dcros bcvk hkka na kxnstkadk snadk tbk kcrfy 3>2=s cao blfo prljnsk glr skdurk trcascdtnlas usnai kxnstnai nagrcstrudturk.
•
Tjcrt dcros crk drkont cao okhnt dcros cao ltbkr dcro prloudts kabcadko wntb jndrlprldksslrs dcpchfk lg blfonai jlrk naglrjctnla tbca tbk trcontnlacf jciaktnd strnpk.
•
_bk sjcrt dcro tkdbalfliy ns wnokfy usko na dluatrnks sudb cs Grcadk, Ikrjcay, Ecpca, cao Tnaicplrk tl pcy glr puhfnd pblak dcffs, trcasplrtctnla, cao sblppkr flycfty prlircjs.
Tjcrt dcros crk hcsndcffy twl typks5
—
Xkfctnlasbnp-Hcsko Tjcrt Drkont Dcros
—
Kfkdtrland ]ursks, wbndb rkpfcdk jlaky, crk cfsl `alwa cs okhnt dcros cao kfkdtrland jlaky.
Xkfctnlasbnp-Hcsko Tjcrt Drkont Dcros
—
Nt ns ca kabcadkjkat lg kxnstnai dcros skrvndks &/ lr tbk coontnla lg akw skrvndks tbct c gnacadncf nastntutnla okfnvkrs tl nts dustljkrs vnc c dbnp-hcsko dcro lr ltbkr okvndk
—
_bksk skrvndks nadfuok cddkss tl juftnpfk gnacadncf cddluats, vcfuk-cooko jcr`ktnai prlircjs, lr ltbkr naglrjctnla dcro blfokrs jcy wcat tl stlrk la tbknr dcro
—
Nt nadfuoks cddkss tl juftnpfk cddluats, sudb cs okhnt, drkont, dcsb cddkss, hnff pcyjkat & juftnpfk cddkss lptnlas ct juftnpfk fldctnlas
Kfkdtrland ]ursks
•
_l rkpfcdk dcsb cao pfcdk c gnacadncf nastrujkat crk rcdnai tl natrloudk ‖kfkdtrland pursks‚, wcffkt-snzko sjcrt dcros kjhkooko wntb prlircjjchfk jndrldbnps tbct stlrk sujs lg jlaky glr pklpfk tl usk nastkco lg dcsb glr kvkrytbnai
•
_bk kfkdtrland pursk wlr`s na tbk glfflwnai jcaakr5
3. Cgtkr pursk ns cflcoko wntb jlaky ct ca C_J, nt dca hk usko tl pcy glr dcaoy na c vkaonai jcdbnak wntb dcro rkcokr. 8. Nt vkrngnks dcro ns cutbkatnd & nt bcs kaluib jlaky, tbk vcfuk ns okoudtko grlj hcfcadk la tbk dcro & cooko tl ca k-dcsb & rkjcnanai hcfcadk ns onspfcyko hy tbk vkaonai jcdbnak. 8) Drkont Dcro-Hcsko Kfkdtrland ]cyjkat Tystkjs
]cyjkat dcros crk cff typks lg pfcstnd dcros tbct dlasujkrs usk tl jc`k purdbcsks5 —
Drkont dcros •
—
Okhnt dcros •
—
Tudb cs c Wnsc lr c JcstkrDcro, bcs c prkskt spkaonai fnjnt hcsko la tbk uskr„s drkont fnjnt.
Xkjlvks tbk cjluat lg tbk dbcrik grlj tbk dcroblfokr„s cddluat cao
trcasgkrs nt tl tbk skffkr„s hca`. Dbcrik dcros •
Tudb cs lak grlj Cjkrndca Kxprkss, dcrrnks al prkskt spkaonai fnjnt.
Covcatciks5 —
]cyjkat dcros prlvnok grcuo prltkdtnla.
—
_bky bcvk wlrfownok cddkptcadk (akcrfy!).
—
_bky crk illo glr lafnak trcascdtnlas.
Onscovcatciks5 —
]cyjkat dcro skrvndk dljpcanks dbcrik jkrdbcats pkr-trcascdtnla gkks cao jlatbfy prldkssnai gkks.
]cyjkat Cddkptcadk cao ]rldkssnai
•
Lpka fllp (sudb cs WNTC) cao dflsko fllp (sudb cs Cjkrndca Kxprkss) systkjs wnff cddkpt cao prldkss pcyjkat dcros.
•
C jkrdbcat hca` lr cdqunrnai hca` ns c hca` tbct olks husnakss wntb jkrdbcats wbl wcat tl cddkpt pcyjkat dcros.
•
Tlgtwcrk pcd`ciko wntb ylur kfkdtrland dljjkrdk slgtwcrk dca bcaofk pcyjkat dcro prldkssnai cutljctndcffy.
•
Kfkdtrland dcsb ns c ikakrcf tkrj tbct oksdrnhks tbk cttkjpts lg skvkrcf dljpcanks tl drkctk vcfuk stlrcik cao kxdbcaik systkj tbct lpkrctks lafnak na judb tbk scjk wcy tbct ilvkrajkat-nssuko durrkady lpkrctks na tbk pbysndcf wlrfo.
•
Dladkras chlut kfkdtrland pcyjkat jktblos nadfuok5 —
]rnvcdy
—
Tkdurnty
—
Naokpkaokadk
—
]lrtchnfnty
—
Dlavkankadk
Kfkdtrland Dcsb Nssuks
•
]rnjcry covcatcik ns wntb purdbcsk lg ntkjs fkss tbca £; •
Drkont dcro trcascdtnla gkks jc`k sjcff purdbcsks uaprlgntchfk
•
Gcdnfntctks Jndrlpcyjkats — ki glr ntkjs dlstnai fkss tbca £3
•
Just hk calayjlus, eust fn`k rkiufcr durrkady
•
Tcgkiucros just hk na pfcdk tl prkvkat dluatkrgkntnai
•
Just hk naokpkaokat cao grkkfy trcasgkrchfk rkicrofkss lg actnlacfnty lr stlrcik jkdbcansj
Kfkdtrland Dcsb Ttlrcik
•
_wl jktblos —
—
La-fnak •
Naonvnoucf olks alt bcvk plsskssnla pkrslacffy lg kfkdtrland dcsb
•
_rustko tbnro pcrty, k.i. k-hca`nai, hca` blfos dustljkrs„ dcsb cddluats
Lgg-fnak •
Dustljkr blfos dcsb la sjcrt dcro lr kfkdtrland wcffkt
•
Grcuo cao oluhfk spkaonai rkqunrk tcjpkr-prllg kadryptnla
Xns`s na Kfkdtrland ]cyjkat systkjs
•
•
•
Dustljkr's rns`s —
Ttlfka drkokatncfs lr pcsswlro
—
Onsblakst jkrdbcat
—
Onsputks lvkr trcascdtnla
—
Nacpprlprnctk usk lg trcascdtnla oktcnfs
Jkrdbcat„s rns` —
Glriko lr dlpnko nastrujkats
—
Onsputko dbcriks
—
Nasuggndnkat guaos na dustljkr„s cddluat
—
[acutblrnzko rkonstrnhutnla lg purdbcsko ntkjs
Jcna nssuk5 Tkdurk pcyjkat sdbkjk
Kfkdtrland pcyjkats Nssuks
•
Tkdurk trcasgkr cdrlss natkrakt
•
Bnib rkfnchnfnty5 al snaifk gcnfurk plnat
•
Ctljnd trcascdtnlas
•
Calayjnty lg huykr
•
Kdlaljnd cao dljputctnlacf kggndnkady5 cfflw jndrlpcyjkats
•
Gfkxnhnfnty5 cdrlss onggkrkat jktblos
•
Tdcfchnfnty na aujhkr lg skrvkrs cao uskrs
Oksnianai Kfkdtrland ]cyjkat systkjs
Nt nadfuoks skvkrcf gcdtlrs5 •
]rnvcdy. C uskr kxpkdts tl trust na c skdurk systkj0 eust cs c tkfkpblak ns c scgk
•
Tkdurnty. C skdurk systkj vkrngnks tbk nokatnty lg twl-pcrty trcascdtnlas tbrluib ‖uskr
cutbkatndctnla‚ & rkskrvks gfkxnhnfnty tl rkstrndt naglrjctnla/skrvndks tbrluib cddkss dlatrlf •
Natuntnvk natkrgcdks. _bk pcyjkat natkrgcdk just hk cs kcsy tl usk cs c tkfkpblak.
•
Octchcsk natkirctnla. Yntb bljk hca`nai, glr kx, c dustljkr wcats tl pfcy wntb cff bns
cddluats. •
Hrl`krs. C ‖aktwlr` hca`kr‚-sljklak tl hrl`kr illos & skrvndks, skttfk dlagfndts, &
‒nacadncf trcascdtnlas kfkdtrlandcffy-just hk na pfcdk •
]rndnai. Lak guaocjkatcf nssuk ns blw tl prndk pcyjkat systkj skrvndks. Glr k.i., grlj
dcsb tl hca` pcyjkats, grlj pcpkr-hcsko tl k-dcsb. _bk prlhfkj ns pltkatncf wcstk lg rkslurdks. •
Ttcaocros. Yntblut stcaocros, tbk wkfonai lg onggkrkat pcyjkat uskrs natl onggkrkat
aktwlr`s & onggkrkat systkjs ns njplssnhfk.
[ant- NW Kfkdtrland Octc Natkrdbcaik
•
Kfkdtrland Octc Natkrdbcaik (KON) - natkrplsks dljjuandctnla lg husnakss naglrjctnla na stcaocronzko kfkdtrland glrj
•
]rnlr tl KON, husnakss okpkaoko la plstcf cao pblak systkjs tbct rkstrndtko dljjuandctnla tl tblsk gkw blurs lg tbk wlr`ocy tbct lvkrfcp hktwkka tnjk zlaks
Yby KON
•
Xkoudtnla na trcascdtnla dlsts
•
Glstkr dflskr rkfctnlasbnps hktwkka trconai pcrtakrs
KON & Kfkdtrland Dljjkrdk
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Kfkdtrland dljjkrdk nadfuoks KON & judb jlrk
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KON glriks hluaocry fkss rkfctnlasbnps hy njprlvnai natkrdbcaik lg naglrjctnla hktwkka trconai pcrtakrs, suppfnkrs, & dustljkrs
KON & Kfkdtrland Dljjkrdk
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Kfkdtrland dljjkrdk nadfuoks KON & judb jlrk
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KON glriks hluaocry fkss rkfctnlasbnps hy njprlvnai natkrdbcaik lg naglrjctnla hktwkka trconai pcrtakrs, suppfnkrs, & dustljkrs
Hkakgnts lg KON
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Dlst & tnjk scvnais, Tpkko, Cddurcdy, Tkdurnty, Tystkj Natkirctnla, Eust-Na-_njk Tupplrt.
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Xkoudko pcpkr-hcsko systkjs, n.k. rkdlro jcnatkacadk, spcdk, pcpkr, plstcik dlsts
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Njprlvko prlhfkj rkslfutnla & dustljkr skrvndk
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Kxpcaoko dustljkr/suppfnkr hcsk lr suppfnkrs wntb al KON prlircj flsk husnakss
KON fcykrko crdbntkdturk
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Tkjcatnd (lr cppfndctnla) fcykr
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Ttcaocros trcasfctnla fcykr
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]cd`nai (lr trcasplrt) fcykr
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]bysndcf aktwlr` nagrcstrudturk fcykr
KON skjcatnd fcykr5
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Oksdrnhks tbk husnakss cppfndctnla
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]rldurkjkat kxcjpfk
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Xkquksts glr qultks
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]rndk qultks
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]urdbcsk lrokrs
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Cd`alwfkoijkats
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Navlndks
Tpkdngnd tl dljpcay & slgtwcrk usko
Ttcaocros trcasfctnla5
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Tpkdngnks husnakss glrj strudturk sl tbct naglrjctnla dca hk kxdbcaiko
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_wl dljpktnai stcaocros —
Cjkrndca Actnlacf Ttcaocros Nastntutk(CATN)R38
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KONGCD_ okvkflpko hy [A/KDK, Ylr`nai ]crty glr tbk Gcdnfntctnla lg Natkractnlacf _rcok ]rldkourks
KON trcasplrt fcykr
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Blw tbk husnakss glrj ns skat, k.i. plst, []T, gcx
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Nadrkcsnaify, k-jcnf ns tbk dcrrnkr
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Onggkrkatnctnai KON grlj k-jcnf —
Kjpbcsns la cutljctnla
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KON bcs dkrtcna fkicf stctus
]bysndcf aktwlr` nagrcstrudturk fcykr
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Oncf-up fnaks, Natkrakt, vcfuk-cooko aktwlr`, ktd.
KON na Cdtnla
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_bk gni sblws tbk naglrjctnla gflw wbka pcpkr oldujkats crk sbuggfko hktwkka lricanzctnlas vnc tbk jcnfrllj
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Ybka tbk huykr skaos c purdbcsk lrokr, tbka rkfkvcat octc kxtrcdtko & rkdlroko la c bcro dlpy.
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_bns bcro dlpy ns glrwcroko tl skvkrcf stkps, ct fcst jcaucffy katkrko natl systkj hy tbk octc katry lpkrctlrs
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_bns prldkss ns sljkwbct lvkrbkco na fchlr dlsts & tnjk okfcys.
KON na Cdtnla
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Naglrjctnla gflw wntb KON crk cs glfflws5
3. Huykr skaos purdbcsk lrokr tl skffkr dljputkr 8. Tkffkr skaos purdbcsk lrokr dlagnrjctnla tl huykr 4. Tkffkr skaos hll`nai rkqukst tl trcasplrt dljpcay ?. _rcasplrt dljpcay skaos hll`nai dlagnrjctnla tl skffkr ;. Tkffkr skaos covcadk sbnp altndk tl huykr 7. _rcasplrt dljpcay skaos stctus tl skffkr 9. Huykr skaos Xkdknpt covndk tl skffkr
2. Tkffkr skaos navlndk tl huykr >. Huykr skaos pcyjkat tl skffkr KON cs c gcst, nakxpkasnvk & scgk jktblo
Hkakgnts lg KON
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Dlst & tnjk scvnais, Tpkko, Cddurcdy, Tkdurnty, Tystkj Natkirctnla, Eust-Na-_njk Tupplrt.
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Xkoudko pcpkr-hcsko systkjs, n.k. rkdlro jcnatkacadk, spcdk, pcpkr, plstcik dlsts
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Njprlvko prlhfkj rkslfutnla & dustljkr skrvndk
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Kxpcaoko dustljkr/suppfnkr hcsk lr suppfnkrs wntb al KON prlircj flsk husnakss
KON Cppfndctnlas na Husnakss
Glur onggkrkat sdkacrnls na naoustrnks tbct usk KON kxtkasnvkfy5 3. Natkractnlacf lr drlss-hlrokr trcok 8. Kfkdtrland guaos trcasgkr 4. Bkcftb dcrk KON glr nasurcadk dfcnjs prldkssnai ?. Jcaugcdturnai & rktcnf prldurkjkat ;. Natkractnlacf lr drlss-hlrokr trcok •
KON bcs cfwcys hkka vkry dflskfy fna`ko wntb natkractnlacf trcok.
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_rcok kggndnkady, wbndb cfflws gcstkr, snjpfkr, hrlcokr & fkss dlstfy trcascdtnlas
Xlfk lg KON na natkractnlacf trcok
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KON gcdnfntctks tbk sjlltb gflw lg naglrjctnla
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Nt rkoudks pcpkr wlr`
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KON hkakgnts glr natkractnlacf trcok crk
3. Xkoudko trcascdtnla kxpkaonturks 8. Sund`kr jlvkjkat lg njplrtko & kxplrtko illos 4. Njprlvko dustljkr skrvndk tbrluib ‖trcd` & trcdk‚ prlircjs ?. Gcstkr dustljs dfkcrcadk & rkoudko lpplrtuantnks glr dlrruptnla, c buik prlhfkj na trcok 8. Natkrhca` Kfkdtrland Guaos _rcasgkr (KG_)
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KG_T ns drkont trcasgkrs hktwkka hca`s wbkrk guaos gflw onrkdtfy grlj tbk pcykr„s hca` tl tbk pcykk„s hca`.
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_bk twl hniikst guaos trcasgkr skrvndks na tbk [antko Ttctks crk tbk Gkokrcf Xkskrvk„s systkj, Gko wnrk, & tbk Dfkcrnai Blusk Natkrhca` ]cyjkats Tystkj (DBN]T) lg tbk Akw ^lr` dfkcrnai blusk
Cutljctko Dfkcrnaiblusk (CDB) _rcasgkrs
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CDB trcasgkrs crk usko tl prldkss bnib vlfujks lg rkfctnvkfy sjcff-olffcr pcyjkats glr skttfkjkat na lak lr twl husnakss ocys
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Nt prlvnoks skrvndks5 prkcutblrnzko okhnts, sudb cs rkpktntnvk hnff pcyjkats0 & dlasujkrnantnctko pcyjkats.
4. Bkcftb dcrk KON glr nasurcadk KON
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]rlvnonai illo & cgglrochfk bkcftb dcrk ns c uanvkrscf prlhfkj
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KON ns hkdljnai c pkrjcakat gnxturk na hltb nasurcadk & bkcftb dcrk naoustrnks cs jkondcf prlvnokr, pctnkats, & pcykrs
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Kfkdtrland dfcnj prldkssnai ns qund` & rkoudks tbk cojnanstrctnvk dlsts lg bkcftb dcrk.
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[snai KON slgtwcrk, skrvndk prlvnokrs prkpcrk tbk glrjs & suhjnt dfcnjs vnc dljjuandctnla fnaks tl tbk vcfuk-cooko aktwlr` skrvndk prlvnokr
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_bk dljpcay tbka konts slrts & onstrnhutks glrjs tl tbk pcykr. Ng akdksscry, tbk nasurcadk dljpcay dca kfkdtrlandcffy rlutk trcascdtnlas tl c tbnro-pcrty glr prndk kvcfuctnla
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Dfcnjs suhjnssnla cfsl rkdknvks rkplrts rkicronai dfcnj stctus & rkqukst glr coontnlacf naglrjctnla
?. Jcaugcdturnai & rktcnf prldurkjkat usnai KON
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_bksk crk bkcvy uskrs lg KON
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Na jcaugcdturnai, KON ns usko tl supplrt eust-na-tnjk.
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Na rktcnfnai, KON ns usko tl supplrt qund` rksplask
Eust-Na-_njk & KON
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Dljpcanks usnai EN_ & KON dcfdufctks blw jcay pcrts crk akkoko kcdb ocy hcsko la tbk prloudtnla sdbkoufk & kfkdtrlandcffy trcasjnt lrokrs.
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Okfnvkry bcs tl hk rksplasnvk, lr nt wnff dlst tll judb na jlaky & tnjk.
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Ikttnai octc tl suppfnkrs qund`fy
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C jcelr hkakgnt lg EN_ & KON ns c strkcjfnako dcsb gflw.
Sund` Xksplask & KON
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Glr tbk dustljkr, SX jkcas hkttkr skrvndk & cvcnfchnfnty lg c wnokr rcaik lg prloudts
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Glr tbk rktcnfkr & suppfnkr, SX jcy jkca survnvcf na c dljpktntnvk jcr`ktpfcdk
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Judb gldus lg SX ns na rkoudtnla lg fkco tnjks usnai kvkat-ornvka KON.
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Na SX, KON oldujkats nadfuok purdbcsk lrokrs, sbnppnai altndks, navlndks, navkatlry plsntnla, dctcflis, & lrokr stctus
KON5 Fkicf, Tkdurnty, & ]rnvcdy Nssuks Fkicf Ttctus lg KON Jkssciks
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_l uaokrstcao tbk fkicf grcjkwlr`, fkt„s tc`k c fll` la tbrkk jloks lg dljjuandctnla typks5 Nastcatcaklus dljjuandctnla, okfcyko dljjuandctnla vnc tbk [.T. ]lstcf Tkrvndk ([T]T), & okfcyko dljjuandctnla vnc ala-[T]T dlurnkrs0
3. Nastcatcaklus. Ng tbk pcrtnks crk gcdk tl gcdk lr usk ca nastcatcaklus dljjuandctnla jkonuj sudb cs tbk tkfkpblak 8. Okfcyko ([T]T). _bk ‖jcnfhlx rufk‚ prlvnoks tbct ca cddkptcadk dljjuandctko vnc [T]T jcnf ns kggkdtnvkfy wbka onspctdbko 4. Okfcyko (ala-[T]T). Cddkptcadks trcasjnttko vnc tkfkircj, jcnfircj, & kfkdtrland jkssciks, crk dljjuandctko & lpkrchfk upla rkdknpt. Onintcf Tniacturks & KON
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Onintcf sniacturks jnibt hk tnjk-stcjpko lr onintcffy altcrnzko tl kstchfnsb octks & tnjks
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Ng onintcf sniacturks crk tl rkpfcdk bcaowrnttka sniacturks, tbky just bcvk tbk scjk fkicf stctus cs bcaowrnttka sniacturks.
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Nt prlvnoks c jkcas glr c tbnro pcrty tl vkrngy tbct altcrnzko lhekdt ns cutbkatnd.
KON & Kfkdtrland Dljjkrdk
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Akw typks lg KON crk trcontnlacf KON & lpka KON
_rcontnlacf KON
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Nt rkpfcdks tbk pcpkr glrjs wntb cfjlst strndt lak-tl-lak jcppnais hktwkka pcrts lg c pcpkr glrj tl gnkfos lg kfkdtrland glrjs dcffko trcascdtnla skts.
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Nt dlvkrs twl hcsnd husnakss crkcs5
3. _rcok octc Natkrdbcaik (_ON) kadljpcssks trcascdtnlas sudb cs purdbcsk lrokrs, navlndk & cd`alwfkoikjkats. 8. Kfkdtrland Guaos _rcasgkr (KG_) ns tbk cutljctnd trcasgkr lg guaos cjlai hca`s & ltbkr lricanzctnlas •
Nt ns onvnoko natl 8 dcjps5 lfo KON & akw KON.
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Lfo KON ns c tkrj drkctko hy tblsk wlr`nai la tbk akxt ikakrctnla lg KON stcaocros na lrokr tl onggkrkatnctk hktwkka tbk prkskat & tbk guturk.
Lfo KON
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Cutljctnai tbk kxdbcaik lg naglrjctnla pkrtnakat tl husnakss cdtnvnty
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Nt ns rkgkrrko cs tbk durrkat KON-stcaocronzctnla prldkss wbkrk nt cfflws kvkry dljpcay tl dbllsk nts lwa, uanquk, prlprnktcry vkrsnla
Akw KON
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Nt ns rkgldusnai lg tbk stcaocronzctnla prldkss.
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Na tbns, tbk strudturk lg tbk natkrdbcaiks ns oktkrjnako hy tbk prlircjjkr wbl wrntks c prlircj.
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Nt rkjlvks flai stcaocronzctnla prldkss.
Lpka KON
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Nt ns c husnakss prldkourk tbct kachfks k-dljjkrdk tl lddur hktwkka lricanzctnlas wbkrk tbk natkrcdtnla ns lg sblrt ourctnla.
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Nt ns prldkss lg olnai KON wntblut tbk upgrlat trconai pcrtakr cirkkjkat tbct ns durrkatfy sniako hy tbk trconai pcrtakrs
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_bk ilcf ns tl sustcna co bld husnakss lr sblrt-tkrj trconai rkfctnlasbnps usnai snjpfkr fkicf dloks.
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Nt ns c fcw lg dlatrcdt wntbna tbk dlatkxt lg k-dljjkrdk wbkrk trcascdtnlas crk alt rkpkctko lvkr flai pkrnlo lg tnjk.
Ttcaocronzctnla & KON Ttcaocros trcasfctnla
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Tpkdngnks husnakss glrj strudturk sl tbct naglrjctnla dca hk kxdbcaiko
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_wl dljpktnai stcaocros —
Cjkrndca Actnlacf Ttcaocros Nastntutk (CATN) R38
—
KONGCD_ okvkflpko hy [A/KDK, Ylr`nai ]crty glr tbk Gcdnfntctnla lg Natkractnlacf _rcok ]rldkourks
Ttrudturk lg KON trcascdtnlas
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_rcascdtnla skt ns kqunvcfkat tl c husnakss oldujkat, sudb cs c purdbcsk lrokr
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Octc Tkijkats crk flindcf irlups lg octc kfkjkats tbct tliktbkr dlavky naglrjctnla
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Octc kfkjkats crk naonvnoucf gnkfos, sudb cs purdbcsk lrokr al.
Dljpcrnsla lg KONGCD_ & R.38 Ttcaocros
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_bksk crk dljprnsko lg strnais lg octc kfkjkats dcffko skijkats.
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C trcascdtnla skt ns c skt lg skijkats lrokrko cs spkdngnko hy tbk stcaocro.
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CATN stcaocros rkqunrk kcdb kfkjkat tl bcvk c vkry spkdngnd acjk, sudb cs lrokr octk lr navlndk octk.
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KONGCD_ skijkats, cfflw glr juftnusk kfkjkats, sudb cs octk.
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KONGCD_ bcs gkwkr octc kfkjkats & skijkats & lafy lak hkinaanai skijkat (bkcokr), hut nt bcs jlrk dljplsntks.
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Nt ns ca kvkr-kvlfvnai pfctglrj
KON Tlgtwcrk Njpfkjkatctnla
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KON slgtwcrk bcs ? fcykrs5
3. Husnakss cppfndctnla 8. Natkracf glrjct dlavkrsnla 4. KON _rcasfctlr
?. KON kavkflpk glr oldujkat jksscinai •
_bksk ? fcykrs pcd`cik tbk naglrjctnla & skao nt lvkr tbk vcfuk-cooko aktwlr` tl tbk tcrikt husnakss, wbndb tbka rkvkrsks tbk prldkss tl lhtcna tbk lrninacf naglrjctnla
KON Husnakss Cppfndctnla Fcykr
3. Nt drkctks c oldujkat, ca navlndk. 8. Tkaos tl KON trcasfctlr, rkglrjcts tbk navlndk natl ca KON stcaocro. 4. Ng tbkrk crk la tbk scjk typk lg dljputkr, tbk octc jlvk gcstkr
KON Kavkflpk glr Jksscik _rcasplrt _bk R.?== & R.?4; Kavkflpks
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_bk R.?== stcaocro wcs jkcat tl tbk uanvkrscf caswkr tl k-jcnf natkrdlaakdtnvnty
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Nt prljnsks judb & tl octk, okfnvkrs fnttfk.
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_bk wlr` la R.?== hkica na3>2=
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Nt ns tbk lpka stcaocro glr jcnf natkrdbcaik
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_bk stcaocro kxnsts na 4 vkrsnlas5 3>2?, 3>22, & 3>>8.
KON Tlgtwcrk Njpfkjkatctnla
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_bk R.?4; naskrts c spkdncf gnkfo na ca R.?== kavkflpk tl nokatngy ca KON jksscik
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Nt nadfuoks octc kadryptnla0 natkirnty0 altngndctnla lg jksscik okfnvkry & alaokfnvkry0 & alarkpuonctnla lg okfnvkry
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Nt ns skdurk, rkfnchfk wcy tl skao KON & cddljpcaynai gnfks wntbna tbk scjk jksscik.
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]urdbcsk lrokrs, navlndks, orcwnais, k-jcnf- cff dlufo hk skat wntb kao-tl-kao cd`alwfkoijkat lg jksscik rkdknpt.
Wcfuk-Cooko Aktwlr`s (WCAs)
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C WCA ns c dljjuandctnla aktwlr` tbct typndcffy kxdbcaiks KON jkssciks cjlai
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trconai pcrtakrs. Nt prlvnoks skrvndks, nadfuonai blfonai jkssciks na ‖kfkdtrland jcnfhlxks‚, natkrgcdnai wntb ltbkr WCAs
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Onscovcatcik ns KON-kachfnai WCAs ns tbct tbky crk sflw & bnib-prndko, dbcrinai hy tbk al. lg dbcrcdtkrs trcasjnttko
Natkrakt-Hcsko KON
Tkvkrcf gcdtlrs jc`k natkrakt uskguf glr KON5 •
Gfct-prndnai tbct ns alt okpkaokat la tbk cjluat lg naglrjctnla trcasgkrrko
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Dbkcp cddkss wntb flw dlst lg dlaakdtnla- lgtka c gfct jlatbfy gkk glr fkcsko fnak =r oncfup cddkss
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Dljjla jcnf stcaocros & prlvka aktwlr`nai & natkrlpkrchfk systkjs
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Tkdurnty--puhfnd-`ky kadryptnla tkdbanquks crk hknai nadlrplrctko na vcrnlus kfkdtrland jcnf systkjs
[ant-W NA_XCLXICANUC_NLACF KFKD_XLAND DLJJKXDK
Natkracf dljjkrdk ns tbk cppfndctnla lg kfkdtrland dljjkrdk tl prldkssks lr lpkrctnlas.
Tpkdngndcffy, wk okgnak natkracf dljjkrdk cs usnai jktblos cao pkrtnakat tkdbalflinks glr supplrtnai natkracf husnakss prldkssks hktwkka naonvnoucfs, okpcrtjkats, cao dlffchlrctnai lricanzctnlas.
Nt ns lg twl typks 3. ]rnvctk dljjkrdk 8. ]uhfnd dljjkrdk
Na c ikakrcf skask, tbk tkrj Naglrjctnla Tystkj (NT) rkgkrs tl c systkj lg pklpfk, octc rkdlros cao cdtnvntnks tbct prldkss tbk octc cao naglrjctnla na ca lricanzctnla, cao nt nadfuoks tbk lricanzctnla's jcaucf cao cutljctko prldkssks.
Na c acrrlw skask, tbk tkrj naglrjctnla systkj (lr dljputkr-hcsko naglrjctnla systkj) rkgkrs tl tbk spkdngnd cppfndctnla slgtwcrk tbct ns usko tl stlrk octc rkdlros na c dljputkr systkj cao cutljctks sljk lg tbk naglrjctnla-prldkssnai cdtnvntnks lg tbk lricanzctnla.
_bksk glrdks crk dljjcaonai c rktbna`nai lg tbk njplrtcadk lg tbk aktwlr`s-dljputkrs cao dljjuandctnlas cao tbknr rlfk na tbk hkttkr utnfnzctnla lg dlrplrctk naglrjctnla na lpkrctnlacf cao cacfytndcf okdnsnla jc`nai.
& & K-DLJJKXDK
; ;
Naglrjctnla crdbntkdturk (NC) ns tbk crt lg kxprkssnai c jlokf lr dladkpt lg naglrjctnla
usko na cdtnvntnks tbct rkqunrk kxpfndnt oktcnfs lg dljpfkx systkjs.
Cjlai tbksk cdtnvntnks crk fnhrcry systkjs, dlatkat Jcacikjkat Tystkjs, wkh okvkflpjkat, uskr natkrcdtnlas, octc hcsk okvkflpjkat, prlircjjnai, tkdbandcf wrntnai, katkrprnsk crdbntkdturk, cao drntndcf systkj slgtwcrk oksnia.
Jlst okgnantnlas bcvk dljjla qucfntnks5 c strudturcf oksnia lg sbcrko kavnrlajkats, jktblos lg lricanznai cao fchkffnai wkhsntks, natrcakts, cao lafnak dljjuantnks, cao wcys lg hrnainai tbk prnadnpfks lg oksnia cao crdbntkdturk tl tbk onintcf fcaosdcpk Ybct Ns Drlss-guadtnlacf Jcacikjkat<
Drlss-guadtnlacf jcacikjkat (DGJ) jcaciks husnakss prldkssks cdrlss tbk
trcontnlacf hluaocrnks lg tbk guadtnlacf crkcs.
DGJ rkfctks tl dllronactnai cao sakkrnai tbk cdtnvntnks lg onggkrkat uants glr rkcfnznai tbk supkr lronactk drlss-guadtnlacf ilcfs cao plfndy okpflyjkat.
Nt ns dladkrako wntb hunfonai c hkttkr systkj glr cdbnkvnai glr cdbnkvnai sudb drlssguadtnlacf ilcfs cs naalvctnla, qucfnty, dlst, cao okfnvkry.
JCDXLGLXDKT CAO NA_KXACF DLJJKXDK
Jcdrl glrdks cao natkracf dljjkrdk bnibfnibts tbk dbcaiks tc`nai pfcdk na lricanzctnla strudturk cao kxpflrks blw tkdbalfliy cao ltbkr kdlaljnd glrdks crk jlfonai crrcaikjkats wntbna gnrjs.
_bk dljjla gldus na jlst lg tbksk jlokra jcacikjkat pcrtndfks ns tbk usk lg tkdbalfliy glr njprlvnai kggndnkady cao kfnjnactnai wcstkguf tcs`s na husnakss lpkrctnlas.
Kggndnkat lpkrctnlas lg tbk jcdrl glrdks cao natkracf dljjkrdk crk5
_ltcf qucfnty jcacikjkat
Husnakss prldkss njprlvkjkat lr husnakss prldkss rkkainakkrnai.
_bk wlros njprlvkjkat cao rkkainakkrnai crk lgtka usko natkrdbcaikchfy, drkctnai dlagusnla.
Cftbluib tbk ilcf lg tbksk twl crk scjk N.k. prloudtnvnty icnas, dlst scvnais, qucfnty cao skrvndk njprlvkjkats, dydfk-tnjk rkoudtnla.
Lak jcna rkcsla glr rkkainakkrnai ns tl hkttkr dljpfktk na iflhcf jcr`kts.
Iflhcf Jcr`kts5 Okgnantnla cao Dbcrcdtkrnstnds Okgnantnla5
_bk Lxglro [anvkrsnty ]rkss okgnaks iflhcf jcr`ktnai cs ‖jcr`ktnai‚ la c wlrfownok sdcfk rkdladnfnai lr tc`nai dljjkrdncf covcatcik lg iflhcf lpkrctnlacf onggkrkadks, snjnfcrntnks cao lpplrtuantnks na lrokr tl jkkt iflhcf lhekdtnvks.‚
Iflhcf jcr`ktnai5
Ybka c dljpcay hkdljks c iflhcf jcr`ktkr, nt vnkws tbk wlrfo cs lak jcr`kt cao drkctks prloudts tbct wnff lafy rkqunrk wkk`s tl gnt natl cay rkinlacf jcr`ktpfcdk. Jcr`ktnai okdnsnlas crk jcok hy dlasuftnai wntb jcr`ktkrs na cff tbk dluatrnks tbct wnff hk cggkdtko. _bk ilcf ns tl skff tbk scjk tbnai tbk scjk wcy kvkrywbkrk.
_bk Glur kfkjkats lg iflhcf jcr`ktnai lg jcr`ktnai5 ]rloudt5
C iflhcf dljpcay ns lak tbct dca drkctk c snaifk prloudt cao lafy bcvk tl twkc` kfkjkats glr onggkrkat jcr`kts. Glr kxcjpfk dldc-dlfc usks twl glrjufcs (lak wntb suicr, lak wntb dlra syrup) glr cff jcr`kts.
]rndk5
]rndk wnff cfwcys vcry grlj jcr`kt tl jcr`kt. ]rndk ns cggkdtko hy jcay vcrnchfks5 dlst lg prloudt okvkflpjkat (prloudko fldcffy lr njplrtko), dlst lg nairkonkats, dlst lg okfnvkry (trcasplrtctnla, tcrnggs, ktd.), cao judb jlrk.
]fcdkjkat5
Blw tbk prloudt ns onstrnhutko ns cfsl c dluatry-hy-dluatry okdnsnla nagfukadko hy blw tbk dljpktntnla ns hknai lggkrko tl tbk tcrikt jcr`kt. [snai Dldc-Dlfc cs ca kxcjpfk cicna, alt cff dufturks usk vkaonai jcdbnaks.
]rljltnla5
Cgtkr prloudt rkskcrdb, okvkflpjkat cao drkctnla, prljltnla ns ikakrcffy tbk fcrikst fnak ntkj na c iflhcf dljpcay„s jcr`ktnai huoikt. Ct tbns stcik lg c dljpcay„s okvkflpjkat, natkirctko jcr`ktnai ns tbk ilcf.
_bk iflhcf dlrplrctnla skk`s tl rkoudk dlsts, jnanjnzk rkouaocadnks na pkrslaakf cao wlr`, jcxnjnzk spkko lg njpfkjkatctnla, cao tl spkc` wntb lak vlndk.
Iflhcf jcr`ktnai Covcatciks cao Onscovcatciks Covcatciks5
Kdlaljnks lg sdcfk na prloudtnla cao onstrnhutnla
]lwkr cao sdlpk
Dlasnstkady na hrcao njcik
Chnfnty tl fkvkrcik illo nokcs qund`fy cao kggndnkatfy
[anglrjnty lg jcr`ktnai prcdtndks
Bkfps tl kstchfnsb rkfctnlasbnps lutsnok lg tbk "plfntndcf crkac‖
Onscovcatciks5
Onggkrkadks na dlasujkr akkos, wcats, cao uscik pcttkras glr prloudts
Onggkrkadks na dlasujkr rksplask tl jcr`ktnai jnx kfkjkats.
Onggkrkadks na hrcao cao prloudt okvkflpjkat cao tbk dljpktntnvk kavnrlajkat.
Onggkrkadks na cojnanstrctnvk prldkourks cao Onggkrkadks na prloudt pfcdkjkat.
Jcr`ktnai Xkskcrdb5
Nt navlfvks tbk nokatngndctnla, dlffkdtnla, cacfysns, cao onsskjnactnla lg naglrjctnla . Kcdb pbcsk lg tbns prldkss ns njplrtcat.
Gnacffy, tbk gnaonais, njpfndctnlas cao rkdljjkaoctnlas crk prlvnoko na c glrjct tbct cfflws tbk naglrjctnla tl hk usko glr jcacikjkat okdnsnla jc`nai cao tl hk cdtko upla onrkdtfy.
Nt sblufo hk kjpbcsnzko tbct jcr`ktnai rkskcrdb ns dlaoudtko tl cssnst jcacikjkat na okdnsnla jc`nai cao ns alt5 c jkcas lr ca kao na ntskfg.
Jcr`ktnai Xkskcrdb Dbcrcdtkrnstnds5
Gnrst, jcr`ktnai rkskcrdb ns systkjctnd. _bus systkjctnd pfcaanai ns rkqunrko ct cff tbk stciks lg tbk jcr`ktnai rkskcrdb prldkss.
_bk prldkourks glfflwko ct kcdb stcik crk jktblolflindcffy sluao, wkff oldujkatko, cao, cs judb cs plssnhfk, pfcaako na covcadk.
Jcr`ktnai rkskcrdb usks tbk sdnkatngnd jktblo na tbct octc crk dlffkdtko cao cacfyzko tl tkst prnlr altnlas lr bypltbksks.
Jcr`ktnai rkskcrdb ns lhekdtnvk. Nt cttkjpts tl prlvnok cddurctk naglrjctnla tbct rkgfkdts c truk stctk lg cggcnrs. Nt sblufo hk dlaoudtko njpcrtncffy.
Ca lricanzctnlacf strudturk ns c jlstfy bnkrcrdbndcf dladkpt lg suhlronactnla lg katntnks tbct dlffchlrctk cao dlatrnhutk tl skrvk lak dljjla cnj.
Lricanzctnlas crk c aujhkr lg dfustkrko katntnks. _bk strudturk lg ca lricanzctnla ns usucffy skt up na lak lg c vcrnkty lg styfks, okpkaokat la tbknr lhekdtnvks cao cjhnkadk.
Lricanzctnlacf strudturk cfflws tbk kxprkssko cffldctnla lg rksplasnhnfntnks glr onggkrkat guadtnlas cao prldkssks tl onggkrkat katntnks.
Dljjla suddkss drntkrnc glr lricanzctnlacf strudturks crk5
-Okdkatrcfnzko rkplrtnai -Gfct bnkrcrdby -Bnib trcasnkat spkko -Bnib trcaspcrkady Wkrtndcf Lricanzctnla5
Bnkrcrdbndcffy strudturko lricanzctnla wbkrk cff jcacikjkat cdtnvntnks crk dlatrlffko hy c dkatrcfnzko jcacikjkat stcgg.
Wkrtndcf lricanzctnla bcs twl prlhfkjs5
Gnrst, nt drkctks hluaocrnks tbct onsdlurcik kjpflykks na onggkrkat okpcrtjkats grlj natkrcdtnai wntb lak caltbkr.
Tkdlao, okpcrtjkatcf ilcfs crk typndcffy skt na c wcy tbct dlufo dcusk grndtnla cjlai okpcrtjkats.
C vkrtndcf jcr`kt ns c irlup lg snjnfcr husnakssks cao dustljkrs wbndb kaicik na trcok hcsko la spkdngnd cao spkdncfnzko akkos.
Ca kxcjpfk lg tbns slrt lg jcr`kt ns tbk jcr`kt glr plnat-lg-scfk tkrjnacfs, wbndb crk lgtka oksniako spkdngndcffy glr snjnfcr dustljkrs cao crk alt cvcnfchfk glr purdbcsk tl tbk ikakrcf puhfnd.
C vkrtndcf jcr`kt ns c jcr`kt wbndb jkkts tbk akkos lg c pcrtndufcr naoustry5 glr kxcjpfk, c pnkdk lg kqunpjkat usko lafy hy skjndlaoudtlr jcaugcdturkrs. Nt ns cfsl `alwa cs c andbk jcr`kt.
Wkrtndcf jcr`kt slgtwcrk ns slgtwcrk cnjko ct coorkssnai tbk akkos lg cay invka husnakss wntbna c onsdkranhfk vkrtndcf jcr`kt.
Blrnzlatcf lricanzctnla5
C blrnzlatcf jcr`kt ns c jcr`kt wbndb jkkts c invka akko lg c wnok vcrnkty lg naoustrnks, rctbkr tbca c spkdngnd lak.
Kxcjpfks
Na tkdbalfliy, blrnzlatcf jcr`kts dlasnst lg dustljkrs tbct sbcrk c dljjla akko tbct kxnsts na jcay lr cff naoustrnks.
Glr kxcjpfk, dustljkrs tbct akko tl purdbcsk dljputkr skdurnty skrvndks lr slgtwcrk kxnst na sudb vcrnko naoustrnks cs gnacadk, bkcftbdcrk, ilvkrajkat, ktd.
Blrnzlatcf jcr`ktnai pcrtndnpcats lgtka cttkjpt tl jkkt kaluib lg tbk onggkrkat akkos lg vkrtndcf jcr`kts tl icna c prkskadk na tbk vkrtndcf jcr`kt.
Ca kxcjpfk dlufo hk slgtwcrk tbct jcaciks skrvndks na bltkfs - cjkantnks slfutnlas.
Wkrtndcf lricanzctnla Dljpcrnsla wntb blrnzlatcf lricanzctnla5
C vkrtndcf jcr`kt ns c jcr`kt wbndb jkkts tbk akkos lg c pcrtndufcr naoustry5 glr kxcjpfk, c pnkdk lg kqunpjkat usko lafy hy skjndlaoudtlr jcaugcdturkrs.
C blrnzlatcf jcr`kt ns c jcr`kt wbndb jkkts c invka akko lg c wnok vcrnkty lg naoustrnks, rctbkr tbca c spkdngnd lak5 glr kxcjpfk, wlro prldkssnai slgtwcrk.
Akw glrjs lg lricanzctnlacf strudturk5
_wl akw glrjs lg lricanzctnlacf strudturks crk5 ]rljnakat-vnrtucf lricanzctnlacf strudturk5
Na rkdkat ykcrs, vnrtucf katkrprnsks bcvk icnako judb cttkatnla cs jlrk cao jlrk gnrjs grlj dljputkr dbnp jcaugcdturnai tl cnrdrcgt jcaugcdturnai.
Wnrtucf lricanzctnla ns okgnako cs hknai dflskfy dlupfko upstrkcj wntb nts suppfnkrs cao olwastrkcj wntb nts dustljkrs.
Wnrtucf lricanzctnla bcs hkka vcrnlusfy rkgkrrko tl cs aktwlr` lricanzctnlas, lricand aktwlr`s, byhrno aktwlr`s cao vcfuk-coonai pcrtakrsbnp.
Hrl`krciks lricanzctnlacf strudturk5
_bk jcna ilcf lg kfkdtrland hrl`krciks lricanzctnla ns tl nadrkcsk tbk kggndnkady lg tbk natkracf jcr`ktpfcdk.
Natkracf jcr`kts crk hkinaanai tl cppkcr alt lafy na dlrplrctnlas hut kvka na ala husnakss nastntutnlas fn`k tbk ilvkrajkat.
_bky crk drkctko nasnok lricanzctnlas, cfflwnai gnrjs, suppfnkrs, ilvkrajkat cikadnks tl jkkt tbk akw dbcffkaiks lg tbk gcst-dbcainai kavnrlajkat.
&
&
K-DLJJKXDK
8?8?
YLX@ GFLY C[_LJC_NLA CAO DLLXONAC_NLA
Na fcst okdcok, c vnsnla lg spkkonai up lr cutljctnai rlutnak husnakss tcs`s bcs dljk tl hk `alwa cs ‖wlr`-gflw cutljctnla.
_bns vnsnla bcs nts rllt na tbk navkatnla lg tbk csskjhfy fnak cao tbk cppfndctnla lg _cyflr's sdnkatngnd jcacikjkat prnadnpfks.
_locy, c snjnfcr trkao ns kjkrinai na tbk cutljctnla lg `alwfkoik-hcsko husnakss prldkssks dcffko wlr`-gflw cutljctnla.
_bk ilcf lg wlr`-gflw cutljctnla ns tl lggkr jlrk tnjkfy, dlst-kggkdtnvk,cao natkirctko wcys tl jc`k okdnsnlas.
_ypndcffy, wlr`-gflws crk okdljplsko natl stkps lr tcs`s, wbndb crk tcs` lrnkatko.
Ylr`-gflws dca hk snjpfk lr dljpfkx.
Tnjpfk wlr`-gflws typndcffy navlfvk lak lr twl stkps lr tcs`s.
Caltbkr wcy lg fll`nai ct wlr`-gflw ns tl oktkrjnak tbk cjluat lg drlss-guadtnlacf cdtnvnty.
Na ltbkr wlros, dljpcanks just colpt ca natkirctko prldkss vnkw lg cff tbk husnakss kfkjkats
Lricanzctnlacf natkirctnla ns kxtrkjkfy dljpfkx cao typndcffy navlfvks tbrkk stkps
Njprlvnai kxnstnai prldkssks hy utnfnznai tkdbalfliy wbkrk cpprlprnctk.
Natkirctk cdrlss tbk husnakss guadtnla lggkr nokatngynai tbk naglrjctnla akkos glr kcdb prldkss.
Natkirctnai husnakss guadtnlas, cppfndctnla prlircj natkrgcdk, cao octchcsk cdrlss okpcrtjkats cao irlups.
Dljpfkx wlr`-gflws navlfvk skvkrcf ltbkr wlr`-gflws, sljk lg wbndb Kxkdutks snjuftcaklusfy.
Ylr`-Gflw Dllronactnla5
_bk `ky kfkjkat lg jcr`kt-ornvka husnakss ns tbk dllronactnla lg tcs`s cao ltbkr rkslurdks tbrluiblut tbk dljpcay tl drkctk vcfuk glr dustljkr.
_l tbns kao, kggkdtnvk dljpcanks bcvk okvkflpko blrnzlatcf strudturks crluao sjcff juftnguadtnlacf tkcjs tbct dca jlvk jlrk qund`fy cao kcsnfy tbca husnakssks tbct usk tbk trcontnlacf guadtnla-hy-guadtnla, skqukatncf cpprlcdb.
Tljk lg tbk snjpfkst wlr`-gflw dllronactnla tllfs crk kfkdtrland glrjs rlutnai cppfndctnlas sudb cs fltus altks.
Cs tbk aujhkr lg pcrtnks na tbk wlr` gflw nadrkcsks, illo dllronactnla hkdljks drudncf.
Ylr`-gflw rkfctko tkdbalflinks5
_kdbalfliy just hk tbk ‖kainak‚ glr ornvnai tbk nantnctnvks tl strkcjfnak cao trcasglrj husnakss natkrcdtnlas.
Fcrik lricanzctnlas crk rkcfnznai tbct tbky bcvk c jnoofk-jcacikjkat lggkr cff tbk orcwa snznai cao rklricanzctnla lg gcst gkw ykcrs.
]rkssurks glr jlrk dljprkbkasnvk wlr`-gflw systkjs crk hunfonai rcpnofy.
Ylr`-gflw systkj crk fnjntko tl gcdtlry fn`k wlr` prldkss.
Jnoofkwcrk ns jcturnai5
Hy tbns uskrs lr tbnro-pcrty prlvnokrs akko tl fkcra blw tl okvkflp wlr`-gflw cppfndctnlas wntbna jnoofkwcrk kavnrlajkat.
Lricanzctnlacf jkjlry ns hkdljnai prcdtndcf5
_bk akw tllfs glr jkjlry hkdljnai covcadnai tlwcros wbct dca hk dcffko tbk ‖dlrplrctk onintcf fnhrcry‚.
D[T_LJNUC_NLA CAO NA_KXACF DLJJKXDK
_kdbalfliy ns trcasglrjnai dlasujkr dblndks, wbndb na tura trcasglrj tbk oyacjnds lg tbk jcr`ktpfcdk cao lricanzctnlas tbkjskfvks.
_kdbalfliy kjhlonks cocptchnfnty, prlircjjchnfnty, gfkxnhnfnty, cao ltbkr qucfntnks sl ksskatncf glr dustljnzctnla.
Dustljnzctnla ns kxpfcnako cs 5
Jcss dustljnzctnla, na jcr`ktnai, jcaugcdturnai, cao jcacikjkat, ns tbk usk lg
gfkxnhfk dljputkr-cnoko jcaugcdturnai systkjs tl prloudk dustlj lutput.
_blsk systkjs dljhnak tbk flw uant dlsts lg jcss prloudtnla prldkssks wntb tbk gfkxnhnfnty lg naonvnoucf dustljnzctnla
"Jcss Dustljnzctnla" ns tbk akw grlatnkr na husnakss dljpktntnla glr hltb jcaugcdturnai cao skrvndk naoustrnks.
Njpfkjkatctnla5
Jcay njpfkjkatctnlas lg jcss dustljnzctnla crk lpkrctnlacf tlocy, sudb cs slgtwcrkhcsko prloudt dlagniurctnlas wbndb jc`k nt plssnhfk tl coo cao/lr dbcaik guadtnlacfntnks lg c dlrk prloudt lr tl hunfo guffy dustlj kadflsurks grlj sdrctdb.
Dljpcanks wbndb bcvk suddkkoko wntb jcss-dustljnzctnla husnakss jlokfs tkao tl suppfy purkfy kfkdtrland prloudts.
Blwkvkr, tbksk crk alt truk "jcss dustljnzkrs" na tbk lrninacf skask, snadk tbky ol alt lggkr ca cftkractnvk tl jcss prloudtnla lg jctkrncf illos.
Glur typks lg jcss dustljnzctnla5
Dlffchlrctnvk dustljnzctnla - Gnrjs tcf` tl naonvnoucf dustljkrs tl oktkrjnak tbk
prkdnsk prloudt lggkrnai tbct hkst skrvks tbk dustljkr's akkos.
Cocptnvk dustljnzctnla - Gnrjs prloudk c stcaocronzko prloudt, hut tbns prloudt ns
dustljnzchfk na tbk bcaos lg tbk kao-uskr.
_rcaspcrkat dustljnzctnla - Gnrjs prlvnok naonvnoucf dustljkrs wntb uanquk prloudts,
wntblut kxpfndntfy tkffnai tbkj tbct tbk prloudts crk dustljnzko.
Dlsjktnd dustljnzctnla - Gnrjs prloudk c stcaocronzko pbysndcf prloudt, hut jcr`kt nt
tl onggkrkat dustljkrs na uanquk wcys.
Jlst lg tbk wrnttka jctkrncfs cao tbna`nai chlut dustljnzctnla bcs akifkdtko tkdbalfliy.
Nt bcs hkka chlut jcacikjkat cao oksnia lg wlr` prldkssks.
_locy tkdbalfliy ns sl pkrvcsnvk tbct nt ns vnrtucffy njplssnhfk tl jc`k dfkcr onstrnhutnlas cjlai jcacikjkat, oksnia lg wlr`, cao tkdbalfliy na cfjlst cff glrjs lg husnakss cao naoustry.
_kdbalfliy bcs jlvko natl prloudts, tbk wlr`pfcdk, cao tbk jcr`kt wntb cstlansbnai spkko cao tblrluibakss.
Jcss dustljnzctnla, alt jcss prloudtnla.
_locy tbk wcffs tbct skpcrctko guadtnlas na jcaugcdturnai cao skrvndk naoustrnks cfn`k crk hkinaanai tl gcff fn`k oljnalks.
Dustljnzctnla akko alt hk usko lafy na tbk prloudtnla lg dcrs, pfcaks, cao ltbkr trcontnlacf prloudts.
Nt dca cfsl hk usko glr tkxtnfks cao dfltbnai.
_kdbalfliy ns cfsl kachfnai akw glrjs lg dustljnzko prloudtnla na cppcrkf naoustry.
Ybct ns Tuppfy dbcna<
Dlasnsts lg cff pcrtnks navlfvko, onrkdtfy lr naonrkdtfy na gufgnffnai c dustljkr rkqukst.
T[]]F^ DBCNA JCACIKJKA_ (TDJ)
Tuppfy dbcna jcacikjkat (TDJ) ns tbk jcacikjkat lg c aktwlr` lg natkrdlaakdtko
husnakss navlfvko na tbk uftnjctk prlvnsnla lg prloudt cao skrvndk pcd`ciks rkqunrko hy kao dustljkrs.
Tuppfy Dbcna Jcacikjkat spcas cff jlvkjkat cao stlrcik lg rcw jctkrncfs, wlr`-naprldkss navkatlry, cao gnansbko illos grlj plnat-lg-lrnina tl plnat-lg-dlasujptnla.
Tuppfy Dbcna Jcacikjkat dca cfsl rkgkr tl suppfy dbcna jcacikjkat slgtwcrk wbndb ns tllfs lr jloufks usko na kxkdutnai suppfy dbcna trcascdtnlas, jcacinai suppfnkr rkfctnlasbnps cao dlatrlffnai cssldnctko husnakss prldkssks.
_bk Jcacikjkat Dljplakats lg TDJ
_bk fntkrcturk la husnakss prldkss rk-kainakkrnai, huykr-suppfnkr rkfctnlasbnps, cao TDJ suiiksts vcrnlus plssnhfk dljplakats tbct just rkdknvk jcacikrncf cttkatnla wbka jcacinai suppfy rkfctnlasbnps.
Fcjhkrt cao Dllpkr (8===) nokatngnko tbk glfflwnai dljplakats wbndb crk5 -]fcaanai cao dlatrlf -Ylr` strudturk -Lricanzctnla strudturk -]rloudt gflw gcdnfnty strudturk -Naglrjctnla gflw gcdnfnty strudturk -Jcacikjkat jktblos
-]lwkr cao fkcokrsbnp strudturk -Xns` cao rkwcro strudturk -Dufturk cao cttntuok
Xkvkrsk Tuppfy Dbcna Xkvkrsk flinstnds ns tbk prldkss lg pfcaanai, njpfkjkatnai cao
dlatrlffnai tbk kggndnkat, kggkdtnvk nahluao gflw cao stlrcik lg skdlaocry illos cao rkfctko naglrjctnla lpplsntk tl tbk trcontnlacf suppfy dbcna onrkdtnla glr tbk purplsk lg rkdlvkrnai
[ant-WN _BK DLX]LXC_K ONIN_CF FNHXCX^
ONJKATNLAT LG _BK NA_KXACF KFKD_XLAND DLJJKXDK T^T_KJ JCX@K_NAI C H[TNAKTT DCTK GLX C OLD[JKA_ FNHXCX^
_^]KT LG ONIN_CF OLD[JKA_T NTT[KT HKBNAO OLD[JKA_ NAGXCT_X[D_[XK
DLX]LXC_K OC_C YCXKBL[TKT
ONJKATNLAT LG _BK NA_KXACF KFKD_XLAND DLJJKXDK T^T_KJ
_bksk crk tbk glfflwnai onjkasnlas glr natkracf kfkdtrland dljjkrdk lricanzctnla5 [skr jlokfnai cao natkrcdtnla5
[skr jlokfs crk natkrplsnai hktwkka tbk uskr natkrgcdk cao naglrjctnla slurdks tl gnftkr tbk cvcnfchfk naglrjctnla cddlronai tl tbk akkos lg tbk tcs` cao uskr. Nt cssldnctks wntb kcdb tcs` lr kcdb pkrsla ns c uskr cikat lr skt lg uskr cikats. _cs`s lg uskr cikats crk5 - Jcnatcnanai lg jlokf & durrkat stctk lg tbk tcs` - Oktkrjnanai lg naglrjctnla glr kcdb stkp lg tbk tcs` - Cpprlprnctk dljhnanai lg naglrjctnla wntb uskr.
Coorkssnai tbk nssuk lg onspfcynai naglrjctnla tl tbk uskr.
Dlasnokrnai lg wnok rcaik lg onspfcy okvndks.
Oktkrjnanai tbk jlst cpprlprnctk jktblos glr onspfcy.
Na tbns uskr cikat tcd`fk twl nssuks5 3. Ikakrctnla lg oldujkats 8. ]rkskatctnla lg oldujkats.
Kggkdtnvk utnfnzctnla lg naglrjctnla
Lricanzctnla okdnsnla jc`nai dcaalt hk supplrtko wntb c snaifk tllf, c skt tkdbalfliy tllfs crk rkqunrko glr kggkdtnvk utnfnzctnla lg naglrjctnla.
Lricanzctnla akkos lafnak —trcascdtnlas glr oksnia, prloudtnla, flinstnds cao prlgntchnfnty.
_ypks lg La-fnak trcascdtnla5
_wl typks lg la-fnak trcascdtnla crk 5 3. La-fnak trcascdtnla prldkssnai (LF_]). 8. La-fnak cacfytndcf prldkssnai (LFC]).
LF_] navlfvks tbk oktcnfko, ocy-tl-ocy prldkourks sudb cs lrokr katry & lrokr jcacikjkat.
LFC] rkgkrs tl tbk cdtnvnty navlfvko na skcrdbnai tbk wkcftb lg octc rksnonai tbrluiblut ca katkrprnsk glr trkaos, lpplrtuantnks.
Acvnictnai tbk nagl spbkrk
Nt navlfvks twl kfctko cdtnvntnks5 - Naglrjctnla skcrdb, onsdlvkry cao rktrnkvcf. - ]rkskatctnla lg rktrnkvko Naglrjctnla.
Tkcrdb, Onsdlvkry cao Xktrnkvcf5
_bns vnkw ns dbcainai na tbrkk wcys. 3. Dbcrcdtkrnzctnla lg cddkssnhfk naglrjctnla 8. Tkcrdb dladkpts grlj tbns naglrjctnla. 4. Okvkflpjkat lg naglrjctnla gnftkr
]rkskatctnla lr vnsucfnzctnla5
Nt ns usko glr kcsy uaokrstcaonai lg naglrjctnla.
Lricanzctnla just prkokgnak rufks glr vnsucfnzctnla.
_bns prldkss wnff bnibfnibt tbk trluhfk splts cao crkc lg lpplrtuantnks. ]rkskatctnla nadrkcsks tbk gcfflwnai tcs`s lg naglrjctnla 5 3. Cddkssnai chnfnty lg naglrjctnla. 8. Dlffkdtnai lg naglrjctnla. 4. Sukuk lg naglrjctnla. ?. Lricanznai lg naglrjctnla.
Onintcf Fnhrcry Fcykr
Jcay lricanzctnlas jcacik tbknr naglrjctnla tbrluib dlrplrctk fnhrcry, ng nt prlvnok tbk crdbntkdturk tl jlokf, jcp, natkirctk & naglrjctnla na onintcf oldujkats ns dcffko onintcf fnhrcry.
Nt prlvnoks naglrjctnla strudturks hy tbns lricanzctnlas &wlr`krs cddkss vcst cjluat lg octc kadloko na juftnjkonc glrjcts.
Onintcf fnhrcrnks crk lg twl typks5 3. Kfkdtrland oldujkat-hcsko onintcf fnhrcrnks. 8. Octc-hcsk lrnkatko wcrkblusks.
Oldujkat onintcf fnhrcry5
_bk tkrj oldujkat ns usko tl okaltk cff ala octc rkdlros N.k. hll`s, rkplrts, k-gnfks, vnokls cao cuonls.
Onintcf fnhrcry ns snjpfy c onstrnhutko aktwlr` lg natkrfna`ko naglrjctnla.
Octc wcrkblusks5
Nt ns c dkatrcf rkplsntlry glr dljhnanai cao stlrnai vcst cjluat lg octc grlj ongg slurdks.
Tlurdks crk jcna grcjk octchcsk, fnat-skrvkr octchcsk, tkxt rkplrts….ktd.
JC@NAI C H[TNAKTT DCTK GLX OLD[JKA_ FNHXCX^
_bns skdtnla bnibfnibts tbk rlfk tbct oldujkats pfcy na tlocy„s lricanzctnla cao blw husnakss dca hkttkr jkkt tbknr dustljkrs„ akkos hy njprlvnai oldujkat jcacikjkat supplrt.
& &
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Onintcf Oldujkat Jcacikjkat Nssuks cao Dladkras
Co bld oldujkats5 Fkttkrs, gnacadk rkplrts, jcaucfs crk dcffko co bld oldujkats,
wbndb crk prkpcrko hy jcacikrs &prlgkssnlacfs.
]rldkss-spkdngnd oldujkats5 navlndks cao purdbcsk lrokrs wbndb crk drkctko,
dlastrudtko cao onstrnhutko hy supplrt pkrslaakf. tbksk crk glrj hcsko.
@alwfkoik-lrnkatko 5 tbksk crk tkdbandcf oldujkats, dctcflis lg prloudt naglrjctnla, cao oksniaoldujkats oldujkats.
_ypks lg Onintcf Oldujkats
Glur typks lg onintcf oldujkats crk5
Ttrudturnai cppfndctnlas crluao c oldujkat natkrgcdk
Ttrudturnai natkrfna`ko tkxtucf & juftnjkonc Oldujkats.
Ttrudturnai cao kadlonai naglrjctnla usnai oldujkat-kadlonai stcaocros
Tdcaanai oldujkats glr stlrcik cao gcxnai.
Oldujkat Njcinai
Oldujkat njcinai kjufctks jndrlgndbk cao jndrlgnfj.
Ca njcinai systkj pcssks cppkcr oldujkat tbrluib c sdcaakr tbct rkaokrs nt onintcf cao tbka stlrks tbk onintcf octc cs c hnt-jcppko njcik lg oldujkat.
_bk prlhfkj wntb tbk njcinai cpprlcdb ns tbct tbk lutput dlatcnas lafy njciks alt tkxt.
_bk glfflwnai njcinai stcaocros crk prljnakatfy usko5
_NGG (tci njcik gnfk glrjct)5 glrjct glr natkrdbcaik lg hnt-jcppko njciks.
N_[-_TT (natkractnlacf tkfkdljjuandctnla uanla-tkfkdljjuandctnla stcaocronzctnla
skdtlr) Irlup NW _.7 gcdsnjnfk5 tbns stcaocro ns usko glr dljprkssnla cao kxdbcaik lg hnt-jcppko gnfks. Ttrudturko Oldujkats
C strudturko oldujkat prlvnoks dfkcr oksdrnptnla lg oldujkat dlatkat.
Ttrudturko oldujkats cppfy octc-hcsk strudturnai dcpchnfntnks tl naonvnoucf oldujkats cao oldujkat dlffkdtnlas.
Ttcaocro glr strudturko oldujkats crk5 TIJF (Ttcaocro Ikakrcfnzctnla Jcr`up Fcaiucik)5
Nt ns ca NTL stcaocro glr natkrdbcaik & juftn glrjcttnai oksdrnptnla lg tkxt oldujkat na tkrjs lg flindcf strudturk.
LOC (Lggndk Oldujkat Crdbntkdturk)5
Nt ns ca CATN & NTL stcaocro glr natkrdbcaik lg dljpluao lggndk oldujkats.LOC spkdngnks hltb dlatkat & glrjct.
DOC (Dljpluao Oldujkat Crdbntkdturk)5
Nt okgnaks skt lg rufks glr dlatkat cao glrjct .Nt okgnaks skrvndks glr dljpluao oldujkats.
X_G (Xndb —_kxt Glrjct)5
Nt ns okvkflpko hy Jndrlslgt glr natkrdbcainai lg oks` tlp oldujkats.
Bypkr _kxt Oldujkats
Bypkr tkxt ns c wcy lg jc`nai oldujkat-hcsko naglrjctnla jlrk jlhnfk.
Xkcslas glr jlhnfnty lg naglrjctnla crk5
Naglrjctnla na katkrprnsks ns skfolj fldctko la skrvkr hut ns onstrnhutko tbrluiblut tbk lricanzctnla.
Cddkssnai & rktrnkvnai fcrik jlalfntbnd oldujkat ns tnjk dlasujnai.
Xkusk lg oldujkat glr dljplsnai akw oldujkats ns onggnduft tcs`.
Na tbns rkfctnlasbnps hktwkka oldujkats dca hk rkprkskatko tbrluib bypkrjkonc fna`s n.k. bypkrfna`s.
Ttcaocros lg Bypkrjkonc5
By_njk5 nt coos tnjk hcsko rkfctnlasbnps fn`k syadbrlanzctnla, nt ns kxtkasnla lg TIJF.
B_JF5 okvkflpko hy YYY tl supplrt onstrnhutko bypkrjkonc.
JBKI(juftnjkonc /bypkrjkonc kadlonai/kxplrtnai Irlup)5stcaocro glr prkskatnai lhekdts na juftnjkonc
Cdtnvk oldujkats
Cdtnvk oldujkat rkprkskats wbct ns `alwa cs oldujkat lrnkatko dljputnai.
Cdtnvk oldujkat prlvnok ca natkrcdtnvk natkrgcdk hktwkka oldujkats.
Cdtnvk oldujkats crk kspkdncffy plwkrguf hkdcusk tbky dljhnak dljplsntnla lg naglrjctnla wntb tbk onstrnhutko acturk lg naglrjctnla.
Kx5 sprkcosbkkt, wlro-prldkssnai..ktd
Nssuks hkbnao Oldujkat Nagrcstrudturk
Oldujkat nagrcstrudturk coorkssko tbksk qukstnlas5
Ybct ns tbk prlpkr crdbntkdturk glr tbk dlrplrctk onintcf fnhrcry<
Ybct crk cpprlprnctk jlokf<
Ybct prltldlfs rkqunrko<
Ybct crk tbk hkst bujca natkrgcdks<
Blw olks lak rkprkskat cao jcanpufctk tbk naglrjctnla prldkssnai cdtnvntnks lddurrko na tbk onintcf fnhrcry<
Oldujkat Dlastntukadnks5
_bk kjkrinai oldujkat prldkssnai & jcacikjkat strctkinks just coorkss tbksk dlastntukadnks.
_bky akko systkj tl cddkss onstrnhutko rkplsntlrnks& tl jcanpufctk tbkj na c aujhkr lg wcys.
Oldujkat-lrnkatko prldkssks
Dljplakats lg Oldujkat-lrnkatko prldkssks crk5
Oldujkat drkctnla
Oldujkat jkonc dlavkrsctnla(nt cddkpt juftnpfk glrjs lg naput)
Oldujkat prloudtnla cao onstrnhutnla
Oldujkat stlrcik cao rktrnkvcf
Oldujkat-hcsko grcjkwlr` gflws5
_bk glfflwnai Glur cdtnvntnks jc`k up tbk oldujkat-hcsko grcjkwlr` gflw5
Oldujkat jlokfnai5 nt okgnaks tbk strudturk cao prldkssks tbk oldujkat.
_rcasglrjctnla5 drkctks jloufks glr dcpturnai cao vcfnoctnai.
Tyatbksnznai5 drkctk vcfuk-cooko naglrjctnla grlj tbk dljhnactnla lg twl lr jlrk
oldujkats. Husnakss jlokfnai5 okgnaks tbk strudturk cao prldkssks lg tbk husnakss kavnrlajkat.
5
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Octc wcrkblusk ns usko stlrk naglrjctnla lg tbk lricanzctnla.
Octc wcrkblusk ns akkoko cs katkrprnsk wnok tl nadrkcsk octc na vlfujk cao dljpfkxnty.
Dbcrcdtkrnstnds lg octc wcrkblusk crk5
Ca naglrjctnla-hcsko cpprlcdb tl okdnsnla jc`nai.
Navlfvkjkat na bnibfy dljpktntnvk & rcpnofy dbcainai jcr`kts.
Octc stlrko na jcay systkjs cao rkprkskatko onggkrkatfy.
Guadtnlas pkrglrjko hy octc wcrkblusk crk5
Cfflw kxnstnai trcascdtnlas cao fkicdy systkjs tl dlatnauk na lpkrctnla.
Dlaslfnoctks octc grlj vcrnlus trcascdtnla systkjs natl c dlbkrkat skt.
Cfflws cacfysns lg vnrtucf naglrjctnla chlut durrkat lpkrctnlas lg okdnsnla supplrt.
_ypks lg octc wcrkblusks
_bkrk crk glur typks lg octc wcrkblusks5 ]bysndcf octc wcrkblusk5 Nt ictbkrs dlrplrctk octc cflai wntb tbk sdbkjcs cao tbk prldkssnai
flinds. Flindcf octc wcrkblusk5 Nt dlatcnas cff tbk Jktc octc cao husnakss rufks. Octc fnhrcry5 _bns ns suh skt lg tbk katkrprnsk wnok octc wcrkblusk. Okdnsnla supplrt systkj (OTT)5 _bksk crk tbk cppfndctnlas hut jc`k usk lg octc wcrkblusk
Jcacinai octc _l jcacik octc gcfflwnai stkps crk akkoko5
_rcasfctnla
Tujjcrnznai
]cd`cinai
Onstrnhutnai
Icrhcik dlffkdtnla
Covcatciks lg octc wcrkblusk5
_njkfy cao cddurctk naglrjctnla hkdljk ca natkircf pcrt lg tbk okdnsnla-jc`nai prldkss.
[skr dca jcacik cao cddkss fcrik vlfujks lg na lak dlbksnvk grcjkwlr`.
Octc wcrkblusnai bcs wnok sprkco cppfndchnfnty.
Nt prlvnoks plnat-lg-scfks rkplrts nastkco lg kao-lg —ocy rkplrts.
Covkrtnsnai cao Jcr`ktnai la tbk Natkrakt
_bk akw cik lg naglrjctnla-hcsko jcr`ktnai.
Covkrtnsnai la tbk natkrakt.
Jcr`ktnai rkskcrdb.
_bk Akw Cik lg Naglrjctnla-Hcsko Jcr`ktnai
_bk akw cik lg naglrjctnla-hcsko jcr`ktnai onggkrkatnctk natkrcdtnvk jcr`ktnai natl glur crkcs5
Xktcnfkrs vs jcaugcdturkrs
_crikt cao jndrljcr`ktnai
Tjcff husnakss vs fcrik husnakss
Xkiufctlry cao fkicf njpfndctnlas lg dyhkrspcdk jcr`ktnai.
Xktcnfkrs„ vs Jcaugcdturkrs5
_bk rlfk lg Xktcnfkrs cao jcaugcdturkrs crk gcst rkvkrsnai na kfkdtrland dljjkrdk.
Xktcnfkr„s vs Jcaugcdturkrs bcvk tbk gcfflwnai jktblos5
Jcr`kt rkskcrdb cao dustljkr prlspkdtnai.
Jcr`kt prkskadk jktblo
]rloudt lr skrvndks hunfonai jktblo
Naglrjctnla-hcsko prloudts prndnai cao prnlrnty jktblo.
_crikt cao Jndrljcr`ktnai5
Kfkdtrland dljjkrdk, tkdbalfliy bcs put tcrikt cao jndrljcr`ktnai wntbna tbk rkskcrdb lg sjcff husnakss.
Nt invks naglrjctnla tl tbk jndrl jcr`ktkrs alt lafy chlut nts lwa husnakss hut cfsl dlasujkr„s naglrjctnla.
Dlasujkr tcrikt ns twl-wcy gflw lg dljjuandctnla hktwkka skffkr cao huykr.
Onrkdt jcnf cao tkfkjcr`ktnai crk twl gcst irlwnai wcys tl jndrl jcr`kt.
_kdbalfliy ns ca ksskatncf tllf na jndrljcr`ktnai.
_bkrk crk twl jcna typks lg jndrljcr`ktnai5
Onrkdt-rkfctnlasbnp jndrljcr`ktnai5 ns cnjko ct stnjufctnai scfks ct rktcnf kstchfnsbjkats tbrluib onrkdt dlatcdts wntb dlasujkrs.
Onrkdt-lrokr jndrljcr`ktnai5 ns gldusko la skffnai prloudts onrkdtfy tl dlasujkrs na tbknr bljks lr husnakssks.
Tjcff vs fcrik5 _brkco cvlno vs ilfnctb syaorljk
_bk `ky onstnadtnla hktwkka sjcff cao fcrik husnakss rkjcnas cddkss tl actnlacf cao natkractnlacf jcr`ktnai glr covkrtnsnai purplsks.
_locy, kxlrhntcat covkrtnsnai dlst rkprkskats tbk hcrrnkr tl rkcdbnai tbk dustljkr kggkdtnvkfy. Natkrakt cao ltbkr aktwlr`s pfcys illo rlfk na covkrtnsnai.
_bk jcelr onggkrkadk hktwkka tbk natkrakt cao ltbkr N-wcy covkrtnsnai jkonc crk lwakrsbnp cao jkjhkrsbnp gkks.
Ouk tl tbk kjplwkrnai kggkdt lg natkrakt-gcdnfntctko covkrtnsnai blwkvkr, tbk hcfcadk lg plwkr hktwkka fcrik cao sjcff dljpcanks jcy dbcaik na guturk.
Covkrtnsnai la tbk Natkrakt
_bk altnla lg covkrtnsnai cao jcr`ktnai hkdcjk nakvntchfk cgtkr 3>>3 wbka tbk natkrakt wcs lpkako glr dljjkrdncf trcggnd.
_bkrk crk vkry illo rkcslas glr kjhrcdnai tbk nakvntchnfnty lg irlwnai lg dljjkrdncf covkrtnsnai la tbk natkrakt5 - Covkrtnsnai dlavkys judb akkoko naglrjctnla
- Covkrtnsnai ikakrctks sniangndcat rkvkauk @ky dljplakats glr jc`nai natkrakt covkrtnsnai kggkdtnvkfy crk5
Covkrtnsnai prldkss
Dlrk dlatkat
Tupplrtnai dlatkat
Jcr`kt cao dlasujkr rkskcrdb
Xkpkct dustljkrs
La-fnak covkrtnsnai pcrconijs5
_wl onggkrkat covkrtnsnai pcrconijs crk kjkrinai na tbk la-fnak wlrfo, tbky crk5 3. Cdtnvk lr pusb-hcsko covkrtnsnai 8. ]cssnvk lr puff-hcsko covkrtnsnai
Cdtnvk lr pusb-hcsko covkrtnsnai5
Cdtnvk lr pusb-hcsko covkrtnsnai ns lg twl typks tbky crk 5 _bk hrlcodcst jlokf5
Hrlcodcstnai jksscik prlvnoks c jkcas glr rkcdbnai c irkct aujhkr lg pklpfk na sblrt pkrnlo lg tnjk.
Nt jnjnds tbk trcontnlacf jlokf, na wbndb dustljkr no kxplsko tl tbk covkrtnskjkat ournai _W prlircjjnai.
Nt hcsndcffy usks onrkdt jcnf, splt tkfkvnsnla, dchfk tkfkvnsnla.
_kxt-hcsko hrlcodcst jkssciks cfsl usko na covkrtnsnai na [skakt akws irlups.
_bk eua` jcnf jlokf5
Onscovcatcik lg tbk onrkdt jcnf nadfuok rkfctnvkfy bnib dlst pkr dlatcdt.
Eua` jcnf ns tbk eust pllrfy tcriktko onrkdt jcnf.
Nt ns jlst natrusnvk lg cff glrjs lg natkrakt covkrtnsnai, hkdcusk nt ns kcsnfy njpfkjkatko
usnai kfkdtrland jcnf. Eua` jcnf drkctks uawcatko kxpkask cs wkff cs ca caalycadk.
]cssnvk lr puff-hcsko covkrtnsnai
]uff-hcsko covkrtnsnai prlvnok c gkkohcd` fllp, dljpcay cao dustljkrs.
La-fnak puff-hcsko covkrtnsnai nadfuoks tbk glfflwnai5
Hnffhlcros
Dctcflis lr ykfflw pciks onrkdtlrnks5
kaolrskjkats
Hcsko la tbk chlvk tbrkk wk bcvk tbk gcfflwnai jlokfs5 _bk hnffhlcros lr www jlokf5
Hnffhlcro covkrtnsnai ns lgtka usko tl rkjnao tbk dustljkr lg tbk covkrtnsnai jkssciks dljjuandctko tbrluib ltbkr jkonc.
_bk covcatcik lg tbns jlokf ns al dustljkr dbcriks.
Na tbns jksscik just hk snjpfk, onrkdt.
Dctcfli cao ykfflw pciks onrkdtlry jlokf5
_rcontnlacffy, tbk jlst vnsnhfk onrkdtlry skrvndk lg covkrtnsnai ns tbk ykfflw pciks.
Dctcfli jlokf ns tbk fkcst natrusnvk jlokf hut rkqunrks cdtnvk skcrdb la tbk pcrt lg dustljkr.
^kfflw pciks crk flw na dlst na tkrjs lg prloudtnla cao pfcdkjkat.
Onscovcatcik lg ykfflw pcik nadfuok fcd` lg tnjkfnakss cao fnttfk drkctnvk gfkxnhnfnty.
Dustljkr kaolrskjkat jlokf5
Na kaolrskjkats pklpfk tkff tbknr kxpkrnkadks wntb prloudts cao skrvndks.
_bksk crk na qukstnla cao caswkr glrjct.
Jcr`ktnai Xkskcrdb
Jcr`kt rkskcrdb ns kxtrkjkfy njplrtcat glr dljpcanks na tkrjs lg blw tbky cffldctk tbknr covkrtnsnai olffcrs na scfks prljltnlas, blw tbky natrloudk akw prloudts, blw tbky tcrikt akw jcr`kts.
Hrlcofy jcr`ktnai rkskcrdb ns onvnoko natl tbrkk gcdks5
Octc dlffkdtnla
Octc lricanzctnla
Octc cacfysns cao skask jc`nai
Octc dlffkdtnla5
Jcr`kts jcnafy rkfnko la slurdk octchcsk glr uaokrstcaonai dlasujkr hkbcvnlr.
Tlurdk octc hcsk jcnafy dljprnsk lg aujkrnd naglrjctnla.
Okfnvkry lg slurdk octchcsk skrvndks gcfflws twl jcna pcttkras.
Octc dlffkdt cao dlffctk octc, jc`nai nt cvcnfchfk hy octc hcsk prloudkrs.
Octc dlffkdt cao dlffctk octc, jc`nai nt cvcnfchfk hy dkatrcf blsts fn`k DljpuTkrvk, Cjkrndca lafnak..ktd.
Octc lricanzctnla5
Kvkrylak ns dlffkdtnai octc grlj kfkdtrland dljjkrdk, hut vkry gkw crk lricanznai nt kggkdtnvkfy glr okvkflpnai c jcr`ktnai strctkiy.
_bk `ky chnfntnks na tbknr kavnrlajkat crk5
Fkvkrcik nts kstchfnsbko octchcsk natl dustljnzko lggkrnais hy cuonkadk cao jcr`kts. Fkvkrcik nts kstchfnsbko octchcsk na tkrjs lg blrnzlatcf irlwtb.
Octc cacfysns cao skask jc`nai5
_bk chnfnty tl fna` octchcsk tl cacfytnd tllfs fn`k kdlaljktrnd prlircjs cao glrkdcstnai jlokfs ns dcffko octc cacfysns.
Jcr`kt rkskcrdb ns uaokrilnai jcelr dbcaiks0 tbk akxt ikakrctnla lg slurdk octchcsk wnff okgnantkfy nadfuok juftnjkonc naglrjctnla.
[ant-WNN TKCXDB CAO XKTL[XDK ONTDLWKX^ ]CXCONIJT
_brkk naglrjctnla skcrdb cao rkslurdk onsdlvkry pcrconijs crk na usk5
Naglrjctnla skcrdb cao rktrnkvcf Kfkdtrland onrkdtlrnks & dctcflis. Naglrjctnla gnftkrnai.
Naglrjctnla skcrdb cao rktrnkvcf5
Tkcrdb cao rktrnkvcf hkinas wbka c uskr prlvnoks c oksdrnptnla lg tbk naglrjctnla hknai tl ca cutljctko onsdlvkry systkj.
[snai tbk `alwfkoik lg tbk kavnrlajkat, tbk systkj cttkjpts tl fldctk tbk naglrjctnla tbct jctdbks tbk invka oksdrnptnla.
Ca naglrjctnla rktrnkvcf jktblo okpkaos la tbk fnhrcrnks.
_bk dbcffkaik ns tl okvkflp uskr na oljcnas sudb cs kfkdtrland sblppnai.
Tkcrdb cao rktrnkvcf jktblos tbct rkgnak qukrnks tbrluib vcrnlus dljputnai tkdbanquks sudb cs akcrkst aknibhlrs, tbkj vcrncats lg lrninacf qukry.
Kfkdtrland dctcflis cao onrkdtlrnks5
Naglrjctnla lricanznai cao hrlwsnai ns cddljpfnsbko usnai onrkdtlrnks lr dctcflis‒
Lricanznai rkgkrs tl blw tl natkrrkfctk naglrjctnla, hy pfcdnai nt na sljk bnkrcrdby.
Jcnatcnanai fcrik cjluat lg octc ns onggnduft.
Naglrjctnla gnftkrnai5
Ilcf lg naglrjctnla gnftkrnai ng skfkdtnai lg octc tbct ns rkfkvcat, jcacikchfk cao uaokrstcaochfk.
Gnftkrs crk lg twl typks 3. Fldcf gnftkr 8. Xkjltk gnftkr
Fldcf gnftkrs5 fldcf gnftkrs wlr` la nadljnai octc tl c ]D, sudb cs akws gkkos.
Xkjltk gnftkrs5 rkjltk gnftkrs crk lgtka slgtwcrk cikats tbct wlr` la hkbcfg lg tbk uskr cao rlcj crluao tbk aktwlr` grlj lak octc hcsk tl caltbkr.
DLAT[JKX TKCXDB CAO XK_XNWCF
TKCXDB CAO XKTL[XDK ONTDLWKX^ ]CXCONIJT
NAGLXJC_NLA TKCXDB CAO XK_XNKWCF
KFKD_XLAND DLJJKXDK DC_CFLIT LX ONXKD_LXNKT
NAGLXJC_NLA GNF_KXNAI
NAGLXJC_NLA TKCXDB CAO XK_XNKWCF
Naglrjctnla skcrdb ns sngtnai tbrluib fcrik vlfujks lg naglrjctnla tl gnao sljk tcrikt naglrjctnla.
Tkcrdb & rktrnkvcf systkj crk oksniako glr uastrudturko & skjn strudturcf octc.
_bk prldkss lg skcrdbnai dca hk onvnoko natl twl typks5
_bk kao-uskr rktrnkvcf pbcsks5 dlasnsts lg tbrkk stkps
Gnrst ns, tbk uskr glrjufctks c tkxt hcsko qukry tl skcrdb octc.
Tkdlao ns, tbk skrvkr natkrprkts uskrs qukry, pkrglrjs tbk skcrdb cao rkturas tbk uskr c fnst lg oldujkats.
_bnro ns, tbk uskr skfkdts oldujkats grlj tbk bnt fnst cao hrlwsks tbkj, rkconai cao pkrbcps prnatnai skfkdtko plrtnlas lg rktrnkvko octc.
. _bk puhfnsbkr naokxnai pbcsk5
Nt dlasnsts lg katkrnai oldujkats na tl tbk systkj cao drkctnai naokxks cao plnatkrs tl gcdnfntctk suhskqukat skcrdbks.
_bk prldkss lg flconai c oldujkat cao upoctnai naokxks ns alrjcffy alt c dladkra tl tbk uskr.
_bksk twl pbcsks crk bnibfy natkrokpkaokat
YCNT (Ynok Crkc Naglrjctnla Tkrvndk)5
Nt kachfks uskrs tl skcrdb tbk dlatkat lg tbk gnfks glr cay strnai lg tkxt tbct tbky suppfy.
YCNT bcs tbrkk kfkjkats5 Dfnkat
Tkvkr
Naokxkr
Nt usks ca Kaifnsb fcaiucik qukry grlat kao c fcrik csslrtjkat lg octc hcsks tbct dlatcnas tkxt hcsko oldujkats.
Nt cfflws uskrs skcrdb tbk guff tkxt lg cff tbk oldujkats la tbk skrvkr.
[skrs la ongg pfctglrjs dca cddkss pkrslacf, dljpcay, cao puhfnsbko naglrjctnla grlj lak natkrgcdk N.k. tkxt, pndturk, vlndk, lr glrjcttko oldujkat.
Caylak dca usk tbns systkj hkdcusk nt usks acturcf fcaiucik qukstnlas tl gnao rkfkvcat oldujkats.
_bka tbk skrvkrs tc`k tbk uskr qukstnlas cao ol tbknr hkst tl gnao rkfkvcat oldujkats.
_bka YCNT rkturas c fnst lg oldujkats grlj tblsk uskrs skfkdts cpprlprnctk oldujkats.
_locy, tbk Aktsdcpk lr ADTC jlscnd hrlwskr wntb tbk glrjs dcpchnfnty ns lgtka usko cs c grlat-kao tl tcf` tl YNCT skvkr.
Tkcrdb Kainaks5
YCNT ns c slpbnstndctko skcrdb kainak.
_bk purplsk lg tbk skcrdb kainak na cay naokxnai systkj ns snjpfk
_l gnao kvkry ntkj tbct jctdbks c qukry, al jcttkr wbkrk nt ns fldctko na tbk gnfk systkj.
Tkcrdb kainaks crk alw hknai oksniako tl il hkylao snjpfk, hrlcohcao
Tkcrdbks glr wbndb YNCT ns sl plpufcr.
Nt usks hltb `kywlros cao naglrjctnla skcrdbnai tl rca` tbk rkfkvcadk lg kcdb oldujkat.
Ltbkr cpprlcdbks tl octc skcrdbnai la tbk wkh lr la ltbkr wnok crkc aktwlr`s crk cvcnfchfk.
Naokxnai jktblos5
_l cddljpfnsb cddurcdy cao dlaskrvk ons` spcdk, twl typks lg naokxnai jktblos crk usko hy skcrdb kainaks.
_bky crk5 3. Gnfk-fkvkf naokxnai 8. Ylro-fkvkf naokxnai Gnfk-fkvkf naokxnai5
Nt cssldnctks kcdb naokxko wlro wntb c fnst lg cff gnfks na wbndb tbct wlro cppkcr ct fkcst ladk.
Nt olks alt dcrry cay naglrjctnla chlut tbk fldctnla lg wlros wntbna tbk gnfk.
Ylro-fkvkf naokxnai5
Nt ns jlrk slpbnstndctko cao stlrks tbk fldctnla lg kcdb nastcadk lg tbk wlro.
_bk onscovcatcik lg tbk wlro-fkvkf naokxnai ns tbct cff tbk kxtrc naglrjctnla tbky dlatcna ilhhfks up c flt lg ons` spcdk, nt ns 4;-3== pkrdkat lg tbk lrninacf octc.
_bk prldkss lg naokxnai octc ns snjpfk lak ,nt bcs fcrik aujhkr lg naokxnai pcd`ciks5
_bksk naokxnai pcd`ciks crk dctkilrnzko natl tbrkk typks, tbky crk5
3. _bk dfnkat-skrvkr cpprlcdb 8. _bk jcnagrcjk-hcsko cpprlcdb 4. _bk pcrcffkf-prldkssnai cpprlcdb Tkcrdb cao akw octc typks 5
Yk bcvk tbk glfflwnai skcrdb tkdbalflinks glr kggkdtnvk skcrdb5 Bypkrtkxt5 rndbfy natkrwlvka fna`s cjlai ntkjs na onspfcys cfflw uskrs tl jlvk na rkfctnvkfy co
bld skqukadks grlj onspfcy tl onspfcy wntb na juftnjkonc. Tluao5 spkkdb naput cao lutput, jusnd cao wnok vcrnkty lg cdlustnd duks nadfuok rkcfnstnd sluaos
tbct suppfkjkat cao rkpfcdk vnsucf dljjuandctnla. Wnokl5 cacfli crk onintcf vnokl naput grlj juftnpfk jkonc, nadfuonai vnokl tcpks, DO-XLJ,
nadlrplrctko hrlcodcst vnokls turakrs, dchfks cao sctkffntks.
4O-njciks5 vnrtucf rkcfnty onspfcys lggkr c 4O kavnrlajkat na wbndb cff plrtnlas
lg tbk uskr
natkrgcdk crk 4O. Tkcrdbnai usnai tbksk akw typks lg naglrjctnla plsks natkrkstnai dbcffkaiks tbct akko tl hk coorkssko slla.
Yww Xlhlts, wcaokrkr, cao Tpnokrs
Xlhlts, Ycaokrkr, Cao Tpnokrs crk cff prlircjs tbct trcvkrsk tbk www cutljctndcffy ictbkrnai naglrjctnla.
KFKD_XLAND DLJJKXDK DC_CFLIT LX ONXKD_LXNKT
C onrkdtlry pkrglrjs ca ksskatncf supplrt guadtnla tbct iunoks dustljkrs na c jczk lg lptnlas hy kachfnai tbk lricanzctnlas lg tbk naglrjctnla spcdk.
Onrkdtlrnks crk lg twl typks5 3. _bk wbntk pciks 8. ^kfflw pciks
_bk wbntk pciks crk usko tl pklpfk lr nastntutnlas cao ykfflw pciks crk usko tl dlasujkrs cao lricanzctnlas.
Kfkdtrland wbntk pciks5
Cacfliuks tl tbk tkfkpblak wbntk pciks, tbk kfkdtrland wbntk pciks prlvnok skrvndks grlj c stctnd fnstnai lg k-jcnf coorkssks tl onrkdtlry cssnstcadk. Ybntk pciks onrkdtlrnks, cfsl gluao wntbna lricanzctnlas, crk natkircf tl wlr` kggndnkady. _bk prlhfkjs gcdnai lricanzctnlas crk snjnfcr tl tbk prlhfkjs gcdnai naonvnoucfs.
C wbntk pciks sdbkjc ns c octc jlokf, spkdngndcffy c flindcf sdbkjc, glr lricanznai tbk octc dlatcnako na katrnks na c onrkdtlry skrvndk, octchcsk, lr cppfndctnla, sudb cs ca coorkss hll`.
C wbntk pciks sdbkjc typndcffy okgnaks, glr kcdb rkcf-wlrfo lhekdt hknai rkprkskatko5
Ybct cttrnhutks lg tbct lhekdt crk tl hk rkprkskatko na tbk katry glr tbct lhekdt.
Ybct rkfctnlasbnps lg tbct lhekdt tl ltbkr lhekdts crk tl hk rkprkskatko<
Lak lg tbk kcrfnkst cttkjpts tl stcaocronzk c wbntk pciks sdbkjc glr kfkdtrland jcnf usk wcs na R.;8= cao R.;83, pcrt lg tbk R.;== c spkdngndctnla tbct wcs okrnvko grlj tbk coorkssnai rkqunrkjkats lg R.?==.
Na c wbntk pciks onrkdtlry, kcdb katry rkprkskats ca lrnaonvnoucf jc`ks tbk usk lg aktwlr` rkslurdks, sudbtypndcffy cs hy rkdknvnai kjcnf bcvnai capkrsla cddluattbct tl fli natl c systkj.
Na
sljk kavnrlajkats, tbk sdbkjc jcy cfsl nadfuok tbk rkprkskatctnla lg lricanzctnlacf onvnsnlas, rlfks, irlups, cao okvndks.
_bk tkrj ns okrnvko grlj tbk wbntk pciks, tbk fnstnai lg naonvnoucfs na c tkfkpblak onrkdtlry, typndcffy slrtko hy tbk naonvnoucf's bljk fldctnla (k.i. dnty) cao tbka hy tbknr acjk.
Ybntk pciks tbrluib x.;==5
Lak lg tbk gnrst ilcf lg tbk R.;== prlekdt bcs hkka tl drkctk c onrkdtlry glr `kkpnai trcd` lg naonvnoucf kfkdtrland jcnf coorkss la tbk natkrakt.
R.;== lggkrs tbk glfflwnai gkcturks5 -Okdkatrcfnzko jcnatkacadk -Kcdb sntk ruaanai x.;== ns rksplasnhfk lafy glr nts fldcf pcrt
lg tbk onrkdtlry.
Tkcrdbnai dcpchnfntnks5 x.;== prlvnoks plwkrguf skcrdbnai dcpchnfntnks n.k. na tbk wbntk pciks0
ylu dca skcrdb slfkfy glr uskrs na lak dluatry. Grlj tbkrk ylu dca vnkw c fnst lg lricanzctnlas, tbka okpcrtjkats, tbka naonvnoucf acjks.
_bns rkprkskats tbk trkk strudturk.
Tnaifk iflhcf acjk spcdk5 x.;== prlvnoks snaifk acjk spcdk tl uskrs.
Ttrudturko naglrjctnla grcjkwlr`5 R.;== okgnaks tbk naglrjctnla grcjkwlr` usko na
tbk onrkdtlry, cfflwnai fldcf kxtkasnlas.
Ttcaocros-hcsko onrkdtlry5 R.;==
dca hk usko tl hunfo onrkdtlry cppfndctnlas tbct
rkqunrks onstrnhutko naglrjctnla. Fkdturk ?
.
.
K-DLJJKXDK
.
8282
KFKD_XLAND ^KFFLY ]CIKT5
_bk tkrj ^kfflw ]ciks rkgkrs tl c tkfkpblak onrkdtlry lg husnakssks, dctkilrnzko cddlronai tl tbk prloudt lr skrvndk prlvnoko.
_bk trcontnlacf tkrj ^kfflw ]ciks ns alw cfsl cppfnko tl lafnak onrkdtlrnks lg husnakssks.
_l cvlno tbk nadrkcsnai dlst lg ykfflw pcpkr, tbk ykfflw hcd`irluao lg tbk pciks ns durrkatfy prnatko la wbntk pcpkr usnai na`. ^kfflw pcpkr ns al flaikr usko.
_bk acjk cao dladkpt lg "^kfflw ]ciks" dcjk chlut na 3224, wbka c prnatkr na Dbkykaak, Yyljnai wlr`nai la c rkiufcr tkfkpblak onrkdtlry rca lut lg wbntk pcpkr cao usko ykfflw pcpkr nastkco.
Na 3227 Xkuhka B.Olaakffky drkctko tbk gnrst lggndncf ykfflw pciks onrkdtlry, navkatnai ca naoustry.
_locy, tbk kxprkssnla ^kfflw ]ciks ns usko iflhcffy, na hltb Kaifnsb-spkc`nai cao alaKaifnsb spkc`nai dluatrnks.
Na tbk [T, nt rkgkrs tl tbk dctkilry, wbnfk na sljk ltbkr dluatrnks nt ns c rkinstkrko acjk cao tbkrkglrk c prlpkr alua.
_bnro-pcrty onrkdtlrnks dca hk dctkilrnzko vcrnlusfy5
Hcsnd ykfflw pciks5 _bksk crk lricanzko hy bujca-lrnkatko prloudts cao skrvndks.
Husnakss onrkdtlrnks5 _bns tc`ks tbk kxtkaoko naglrjctnla chlut dljpcanks, gnacadncf-
bkcftb, cao akws dfnppnais.
Ttctk husnakss onrkdtlrnks5 tbns typk lg onrkdtlry ns uskguf na husnakssks tbct lpkrctk la c
stctk lr iklircpbnd hcsns. Onrkdtlrnks hy TND 5( stcaocro naoustrncf dfcssngndctnla) onrkdtlrnks crk dljpnfko hy tbk ilvkrajkat.
Jcaugcdturkr„s onrkdtlrnks5 ng ylur ilcf ns tl skff ylur prloudt lr skrvndk tl
jcaugcdturkrs, tbka tbns typk lg onrkdtlry ns usko.
Hni-husnakss onrkdtlry5 _bns onrkdtlry fnsts dljpcanks lg 3== lr jlrk kjpflykks.
Jktrlplfntca crkc husnakss onrkdtlry 5 Nt okvkflps scfks cao jcr`ktnai tllfs glr spkdngnd
dntnks.
Drkont rkgkrkadk onrkdtlry5 tbns onrkdtlry prlvnoks drkont rctnai dloks glr jnffnlas lg [T
dljpcanks.
Ylrfo Ynok Ykh onrkdtlry 5 tbns fnsts tbk vcrnlus bypkrfna`s lg tbk vcrnlus skrvkrs
sdcttkrko crluao tbk natkrakt. NAGLXJC_NLA GNF_KXNAI
Ca Naglrjctnla gnftkrnai systkj ns c systkj tbct rkjlvks rkouaocat lr uawcatko naglrjctnla grlj ca naglrjctnla strkcj usnai (skjn)cutljctko lr dljputkrnzko jktblos prnlr tl prkskatctnla tl c bujca uskr.
Nts jcna ilcf ns tbk jcacikjkat lg tbk naglrjctnla lvkrflco cao nadrkjkat lg tbk skjcatnd sniacf-tl-alnsk rctnl. _l ol tbns tbk uskr's prlgnfk ns dljpcrko tl sljk rkgkrkadk dbcrcdtkrnstnds.
C altchfk cppfndctnla dca hk gluao na tbk gnkfo lg kjcnf spcj gnftkrs.
_bus, nt ns alt lafy tbk naglrjctnla kxpflsnla tbct akdkssntctks sljk glrj lg gnftkrs, hut cfsl nacovkrtkatfy lr jcfndnlusfy natrloudko pskuol-naglrjctnla.
La tbk prkskatctnla fkvkf, naglrjctnla gnftkrnai tc`ks tbk glrj lg uskr-prkgkrkadks-hcsko akwsgkkos, ktd.
Xkdljjkaokr systkjs crk cdtnvk naglrjctnla gnftkrnai systkjs tbct cttkjpt tl prkskat tl tbk uskr naglrjctnla ntkjs (jlvnks, jusnd, hll`s, akws, wkhpcik) tbk uskr ns natkrkstko na.
Naglrjctnla gnftkrnai oksdrnhks c vcrnkty lg prldkssks navlfvnai tbk okfnvkry lg naglrjctnla tl pklpfk wbl akko nt.
_bns tkdbalfliy ns akkoko cs tbk rcpno cddujufctnla lg naglrjctnla na kfkdtrland octchcsks.
Naglrjctnla gnftkrnai ns akkoko na k-jcnfs, juftnjkonc onstrnhutko systkj cao kfkdtrland lggndk oldujkats.
_bk gkcturks lg tbk naglrjctnla gnftkrnai crk5
Gnftkrnai systkjs navlfvks fcrik cjluats lg octc (inichnts lg tkxt). Gnftkrnai typndcffy navlfvks strkcjs lg nadljnai octc, kntbkr hknai hrlcodcst hy rkjltk slurdks lr skat onrkdtfy hy ltbkr slurdks fn`k k-jcnfs.
Gnftkrnai bcs cfsl hkka usko tl oksdrnhk tbk prldkss lg cddkssnai cao rktrnkvnai naglrjctnla grlj rkjltk octchcsk.
Gnftkrnai ns hcsko la oksdrnptnlas lg naonvnoucf lr irlup naglrjctnla prkgkrkadks, lgtka dcffko prlgnfks.
Gnftkrnai systkj okcf prnjcrnfy wntb tkxtucf naglrjctnla.
Kjcnf gnftkrnai5
Nt ns tbk prldkssnai lg k-jcnf tl lricanzk nt cddlronai tl spkdngnko drntkrnc.
Jlst lgtka tbns rkgkrs tl tbk cutljctnd prldkssnai lg nadljnai jkssciks, hut tbk tkrj cfsl tl cppfnks tl tbk natkrvkatnla lg tblsk bujca natkffnikadk cao lutilnai kjcnfs cs wkff cs hknai rkdknvko.na coontnla tl catn-spcj tkdbanquks,
Kjcnf gnftkrnai slgtwcrk naputs kjcnf.
Glr nts lutput, nt jnibt pcss tbk jksscik tbrluib uadbcaiko glr okfnvkry tl tbk uskr's jcnfhlx, rkonrkdt tbk jksscik glr okfnvkry kfskwbkrk, lr kvka tbrlw tbk jksscik cwcy.
Tljk jcnf gnftkrs crk chfk tl kont jkssciks ournai prldkssnai.
Dljjla usks glr jcnf gnftkrs nadfuok rkjlvcf lg spcj cao lg dljputkr vnrusks.
C fkss dljjla usk ns tl naspkdtnai lutilnai k-jcnf ct sljk dljpcanks tl kasurk tbct kjpflykks dljpfy wntb cpprlprnctk fcws.
[skrs jnibt cfsl kjpfly c jcnf gnftkr tl prnlrntnzk jkssciks, cao tl slrt tbkj natl glfokrs hcsko la suhekdt jcttkr lr ltbkr drntkrnc
Jcnf-gnftkrnai cikats5
[skrs lg jcnfnai-gnftkrnai cikats dca nastrudt tbkj tl wctdb glr ntkjs lg natkrkst na k-jcnf na-hlxks, la-fnak akws skrvndks, kfkdtrland onsdussnla glrujs, cao tbk fn`k.
_bk jcnf cikat wnff puff tbk rkfkvcat naglrjctnla cao put nt na tbk uskrs pkrslacfnzko akwspcpkrs ct prkoktkrjnako natkrvcfs.
Kxcjpfk lg Cppfk„s Cppfk Tkcrdb slgtwcrk. Jcnf gnftkrs dca hk nastcffko hy tbk uskr, kntbkr cs skpcrctk prlircjs (skk fna`s hkflw), lr cs pcrt lg tbknr k-jcnf prlircj ( k-jcnf dfnkat).
Na k-jcnf prlircjs, uskrs dca jc`k pkrslacf, "jcaucf" gnftkrs tbct tbka cutljctndcffy gnftkr jcnf cddlronai tl tbk dblska drntkrnc.
Jlst k-jcnf prlircjs alw cfsl bcvk ca cutljctnd spcj gnftkrnai guadtnla. Natkrakt skrvndk prlvnokrs dca cfsl nastcff jcnf gnftkrs na tbknr jcnf trcasgkr cikats cs c skrvndk tl cff lg tbknr dustljkrs. Dlrplrctnlas lgtka usk tbkj tl prltkdt tbknr kjpflykks cao tbknr naglrjctnla tkdbalfliy csskts.
Akws-gnftkrnai cikats5
_bksk okfnvkr rkcf-tnjk la-fnak akws.
[skrs dca naondctk tlpnds lg natkrkst, cao tbk cikat wnff cfkrt tbkj tl akws stlrnks la tblsk tlpnds cs tbky cppkcr la tbk akwswnrk.
[skrs dca cfsl drkctk pkrslacfnzko akws dfnppnai rkplrts hy skfkdtnai grlj akws skrvndks.
Dlasujkrs dca rktrnkvk tbknr akws grlj tbrluib tbk okfnvkry dbcaakf lg tbknr dblndk fn`k gcx, k-jcnf, www pcik, lr fltus altks pfctglrj.
[ant-WNNN J[F_NJKONC CAO ONIN_CF WNOKL
@K^ J[F_NJKONC DLADK]_T
ONIN_CF WNOKL CAO KFKD_XLAND DLJJKXDK
OKT@_L] WNOKL ]XLDKTTNAI OKT@_L] WNOKL DLAGKXKADNAI
@K^ J[F_NJKONC DLADK]_T Juftnjkonc5 tbk usk lg onintcf octc na jlrk tbca lak glrjct, sudb cs tbk
dljhnactnla lg tkxt,
cuonl cao njcik octc na c dljputkr gnfk. _bk tbklry hkbnao juftnjkonc ns onintnznai trcontnlacf jkonc fn`kwlros, sluaos, jltnla cao jnxnai tbkj tliktbkr wntb kfkjkats lg octchcsk. Juftnjkonc octc dljprkssnla5
Octc dljprkssnla cttkjpts tl pcd` cs judb naglrjctnla cs plssnhfk natl c invka cjluat lg stlrcik. _bk rcaik lg dljprkssnla ns 853 tl 8==53. Dljprkssnla Jktblos5
Tkdtlr-lrnkatko ons` dljprkssnla (natkirctko natl tbk lpkrctnai systkj, tbns
dljprkssnla ns navnsnhfk tl kao uskr)
Hcd`up lr crdbnvk-lrnkatko dljprkssnla(Dljprkss gnfk hkglrk tbky crk olwaflcoko
lvkr tkfkpblak fnaks)
Ircpbnd & vnokl-lrnkatko dljprkssnla(Dljprkss ircpbnds & vnokl gnfk hkglrk tbky crk
olwaflcoko)
Dljprkssnla lg octc hknai trcasjnttko lvkr flw-spkko aktwlr` (tkdb usko na
jlokjs, rlutkrs) Octc dljprkssnla na cdtnla5
Octc dljprkssnla wlr`s hy kfnjnactnai rkouaocady.
Na ikakrcf c hfld` lg tkxt octc dlatcnanai 3=== hnts jcy bcvk ca uaokrfynai naglrjctnla
dlatkat lg 3== hnts, rkjcnanai ns tbk wbntk spcdk. _bk ilcf lg dljprkssnla ns tl jc`k tbk snzk lg tbk 3===-hnt tl 3==-hnt (snzk lg uaokrfynai naglrjctnla).tbns ns cfsl cppfndchfk tl cuonl cao vnokl gnfks cfsl.
Dljprkssnla _kdbanquks5
Dljprkssnla tkdbanquks dca hk onvnoko natl twl jcelr dctkilrnks5
Flssy5
Flssy dljprkssnla jkcas tbct nt invka c skt lg octc wnff uaokril c flss lg cddurcdy lr rkslfutnla cgtkr c dydfk lg dljprkssnla cao okdljprkssnla. nt ns jcnafy usko glr vlndk, cuonl cao vnokl octc.
_bk twl plpufcr stcaocros glr flssy tkdb ns J]KI, E]KI.
Flssfkss5
Flssfkss dljprkssnla prloudks dljprkssko lutput tbct ns scjk cs tbk naput. Nt ns jcnafy usko glr tkxt cao aujkrndcf octc.
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Juftnjkonc Tkrvkr5
C skrvkr ns b/w & s/w systkjs tbct turas rcw octc natl uschfk naglrjctnla cao prlvnok tbct tl uskrs wbka tbky akkoko.
K-dljjkrdk cppfndctnla wnff rkqunrk c skrvkr tl jcacik cppfndctnla tcs`s, stlrcik, skdurnty, trcascdtnla jcacikjkat cao sdcfchnfnty.
_l jcacik juftnjkonc naglrjctnla wk akko tbk gcfflwnai. Juftnprldkssnai5
Durrkat kxkdutnla lg skvkrcf tcs`s la juftnpfk prldksslrs. tbns njpfnks tbct tbk chnfnty tl usk jlrk tbca lak D][ glr kxkdutnai prlircjs. prldksslrs dca hk tnibtfy lr fllskfy dlupfko.
Tyjjktrnd juftnprldkssnai5
Tyjjktrnd juftnprldkssnai trkcts cff prldksslrs cs kqucf N.k. cay prldksslr dca ol tbk wlr` lg cay ltbkr prldksslr. Nt oyacjndcffy cssnias wlr` tl cay prldksslr.
Juftntcs`nai5
Juftntcs`nai jkcas tbct tbk skrvkr lpkrctnai systkjs dca rua juftnpfk prlircjs cao invk tbk nffustrctnla tbct tbky crk ruaanai snjuftcaklusfy hy swntdbnai dlatrlf hktwkka tbkj.
_wl typks lg juftntcs`nai crk5 3. ]rkkjptnvk 8. Ala prkkjptnvk
Juftntbrkconai5
Juftntbrkconai ns c slpbnstndctko glrj lg juftntcs`nai cao rkgkr tl tbk chnfnty tl supplrt skpcrctk pctbs lg kxkdutnla wntbna c snaifk coorkss spcdk. Na tbns c prldkss hrl`ka natl naokpkaokat kxkdutchfk tcs`s dcffko tbrkcos
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Juftnjkonc Ttlrcik _kdbalfliy
Ttlrcik tkdbalfliy ns hkdljnai c `ky pfcykr na kfkdtrland dljjkrdk hkdcusk tbk stlrcik rkqunrkjkats lg jlokra-ocy naglrjctnla crk kalrjlus.
Ttlrcik tkdbalfliy dca hk onvnoko natl twl typks5 3. Aktwlr`-hcsko (ons` crrcys) 8. Oks`tlp-hcsko (DO-XLJ)
Ons` crrcys5
Ons` crrcys stlrk kalrjlus cjluats lg naglrjctnla cao crk hkdljnai ca njplrtcat stlrcik tkdbalflinks glr gnrkwcff skrvkrs cao fcrik skrvkrs.
Xcaik prlvnoko glr sjcff crrcys ns ;-3= inichytks.
Xcaik prlvnoko glr fcrik crrcys ns ;=-;== inichytks
_kdbalfliy hkbnao ons` crrcy ns XCNO(rkouaocat crrcy lg nakxpkasnvk ons`)
XCNO lggkrs c bnib okirkk lg octc dcpcdnty, cvcnfchnfnty, cao rkouaocady.
Durrkat XCNOs usk juftnpfk ;3/8 —nadb ons`s.
DO-XLJ5
DO-XLJ ns prkjnkrk oks`tlp stlp stlrcik.
Nt ns c rkco lafy jkjlry, tl rkco DO-XLJ c spkdncf ornvk DO-XLJ ornvk ns rkqunrko.
_bk jcnf covcatcik ns tbk nadrkonhfk stlrcik okasnty.
_bct cfflws c snaifk do-rlj onsd dlatcnas ;4=JH glr cuonl DO.
_bct cfflws c snaifk do-rlj onsd dlatcnas ?.2 IH glr vnokl DO.
DO-XLJ _kdbalfliy Kxbnhnts _bk Glfflwnai5 Bnib naglrjctnla okasnty5 Nt ns wntb lptndcf kadlonai, tbk DO dca dlatcna sljk 7==-2== JH lg octc. Flw uant dlst5
[ant dlst na fcrik qucatntnks ns fkss tbca twl olffcrs, hkdcusk DOs crk jcaugcdturko hy wkff-okvkflpko prldkss.
Xkco lafy jkjlry5
DO-XLJ ns rkco lafy jkjlry sl nt dcaalt hk wrnttka lr krcsko.
Jlokst rcaolj cddkss pkrglrjcadk5
]krglrjcadk lg tbk DOs ns hkttkr tbca gflppnks hkdcusk lg lptndcf kadlonai jktblos.
_bk ]rldkss lg DO prldkkos cs glfflws5
DO-XLJ spnrcf surgcdk dlatcnas sbcfflw okprkssnlas dcffko pnts. _bksk pnts usko tl sdcttkr fnibt.
DO-XLJ spnrcf surgcdk dlatcnas spcdks hktwkka naokatctnlas dcffko fcaos .tbksk fcaos crk usko tl rkgfkdt fnibt.
_bk fcskr prlekdts c hkcj lg fnibt, wbndb ns gldusko hy tbk gldusnai dlnfs.
_bk fcskr hkcj pkaktrctks c prltkdtnvk fcykr lg pfcstnd & strn`ks tbk rkgfkdtnvk cfujnauj fcykr la tbk surgcdks
Fnibt strn`nai c fcao rkgfkdts hcd` tl tbk oktkdtlr.
Fnibt pufsks crk trcasfctko natl sjcff kfkdtrndcf vlftcik tl ikakrctk =„s & 3„s.
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Dbcrcdtkrnstnds lg Onintcf Wnokl5
Tkvkrcf Dbcrcdtkrnstnds lg onintcf vnokl onggkrkatnctk nt grlj trcontnlacf cacfli vnokl.
Nt dca hk jcanpufctko, trcasjnttko cao rkprloudko wntb al onsdkranhfk njcik ikakrctnla.
Nt cfflws jlrk gfkxnhfk rlutnai pcd`kt swntdbnai tkdbalfliy.
Okvkflpjkat lg onintcf vnokl dljprkssnla tkdbalfliy bcs kachfko tbk lg akw cppfndctnlas na dlasujkr kfkdtrlands, juftnjkonc dljputkrs cao dljjuandctnlas jcr`kt.
Nt plsks natkrkstnai tkdbandcf dbcffkaiks0 tbky crk dlastcat rctk cao dlatnaulus tnjk jkonc nastkco lg tkxt, njcik, cuonl cao vnokl.
Dljprkssnla rctk crk 3= jh /jna lg vnokl.
Onintcf vnokl dljprkssnla/okdljprkssnla5
Onintcf vnokl dljprkssnla tc`ks tbk covcatcik lg tbk gcdt tbct c suhstcatncf cjluat lg rkouaocadnks kxnst na vnokl. _bk blur-flaikr vnokl tbct wlufo rkqunrk 3== DOs wlufo lafy rkqunrko lak DO ng vnokl ns dljprkssko.
_bk prldkss lg dljprkssnla & okdljprkssnla ns dljjlafy rkgkrrko tl cs eust dljprkssnla, hut nt navlfvks hltb prldkssks.
Okdljprkssnla ns nakxtkasnhfk hkdcusk ladk dljprkssko, c onintcf vnokl dca hk stlrko cao okdljprkssko jcay tnjk.
_bk cocptctnlas lg natkractnlacf stcaocros crk dcffko dlokd.
Jlstfy usko dlokd tlocy's crk flss dljprkssnla.
_ypks lg Dlokd's5
Jlst dlokd sdbkjks dca hk dctkilrnzko natl twl typks5 3. Byhrno 8. Tlgtwcrk-hcsko.
Byhrno5 byhrno dlokd usk dljhnactnla lg okondctko prldksslrs cao slgtwcrk. spkdncfnsko coo-la bcrowcrk.
Nt rkqunrks
Hkst kxcjpfks lg byhrno dlokd crk
J]KI (jlvnai pndturk kxpkrt irlup)
E]KI(elnat pbltlircpbnd kxpkrt irlup)
J]KI (jlvnai pndturk kxpkrt irlup)5
Jlvnai ]ndturk Kxpkrt Irlup ns ca NTL irlup0 tbk purplsk lg tbns ns tl ikakrctk bnib qucfnty dljprkssnla lg onintcf vnokls.
J]KI N (Jlvnai ]ndturk Kxpkrt Irlup N)5
J]KI N okgnaks c hnt stkcj glr dljprkssko vnokl cao cuonl lptnjnzko tl c hcaownotb lg 3.; Jhps, nt ns tbk octc rctk lg cuonl DOs & OC_s.
_bk stcaocro dlasnsts lg tbrkk pcrts cuonl, vnokl, cao systkjs. C systkj cfflws tbk syadbrlanzctnla lg vnokl & cuonl.
J]KI N njpfkjkatko na dljjkrdncf dbnps .rkslfutnla lg tbk grcjks na J]KI N ns 4;8R8?= pnxkfs ct 4= grcjks pkr skdlao.
_bk vnokl dljprkssnla rctnl glr tbns ns 8753
J]KI NN (Jlvnai ]ndturk Kxpkrt Irlup NN)5
J]KI NN spkdngnks dljprkssnla sniacfs glr hrlcodcst-qucfnty vnokl. Nt okgnaks c hnt stkcj glr bnib-qucfnty ‖katkrtcnajkat-fkvkf‚ onintcf vnokl.
J]KI-8 supplrts trcasjnssnla rcaik lg chlut 8-3; Jhps lvkr dchfk, sctkffntk cao ltbkr trcasjnssnla dbcaakfs.
_bk stcaocro dlasnsts lg tbrkk pcrts cuonl, vnokl, cao systkjs. C systkj cfflws tbk syadbrlanzctnla lg vnokl & cuonl.
J]KI NN njpfkjkatko na dljjkrdncf dbnps.
Xkslfutnla lg tbk grcjks na J]KI N ns 98=R?2= pnxkfs ct7= grcjks pkr skdlao.
C octc rctk lg tbk J]KI-8 ns ? tl 2 Jhps.
Guturk prljnsnai lg tbns ns rcpno kvlfutnla lg dchfk _W„s akws dbcaakfs.
_wl ltbkr J]KI stcaocros crk J]KI-4(3>8=R3=2= cao octc rctks crk 8= tl ?=) J]KI-?(dlasnstnai lg spkkdb cao vnokl syatbksns)
E]KI (Elnat ]bltlircpbnd Kxpkrt Irlup)5
E]KI ns c stnff-njcik dljprkssnla cfilrntbj okgnako hy tbk elnat pbltlircpbnd kxpkrt irlup cao skrvks cs tbk gluaoctnla glr onintcf vnokl.
E]KI ns usko na twl wcys na onintcf vnokl wlrfo5 3. cs cpcrt lg J]KI 8. cs jltnla E]KI
E]KI stcaocro bcs hkka wnokfy colptko glr vnokl skqukadks.
E]KI dljprkssnla ns gcst cao dca dcpturk guff-sdrkka, guff-rctk vnokl.
E]KI wcs oksniako glr dljprkssnai kntbkr guff-dlflr lr ircy-sdcfk Onintcf njciks lg rkcfwlrfo sdkaks.
E]KI ns c bnibfy slpbnstndctko tkdbanquk tbct usks tbrkk stkps5
_bk gnrst stkp, c tkdbanquk `alwa cs OD_ (onsdrktk dlsnak trcasglrjctnla). Akxt, c prldkss dcffko qucatnzctnla jcanpufctks tbk octc cao dljprkssks strnais lg nokatndcf pnxkfs hy rua fkaitb kadlonai jktblo. Gnacffy, tbk njcik ns dljprkssko usnai c vcrncat lg Buggjca kadlonai.
C usk guff prlpkrty lg tbk E]KI ns tbk okirkk lg fllskakss.
OKT@_L] WNOKL ]XLDKTTNAI
Wnokl la tbk oks`tlp ns c `ky kfkjkat na turanai c dljputkr natl c truk juftnjkonc pfctglrj.
]D bcs stkconfy hkdljk c bnibfy suntchfk pfctglrj glr vnokl.
OKT@_L] WNOKL ]XLDKTTNAI nadfuoks upircok `nts, sluao dcros, vnokl pfcyhcd` cddkfkrctlr hlcro, vnokl dcpturk bcrowcrk cao kontnai slgtwcrk.
Jndrlpblaks, spkc`krs, elystn`, cao ltbkr pkrnpbkrcfs crk cfsl akkoko.
Oks`tlp vnokl bcrowcrk glr pfcyhcd` cao dcpturk5
Oks`tlp vnokl rkqunrk c suhstcatncf cjluats lg ons` spcdk cao dlasnokrchfk D][ blrskplwkr.
Nt cfsl rkqunrks spkdncfnzko bcrowcrk tl onintnzk cao dljprkss tbk nadljnai cacfli sniacf grlj vnokl tcpks.
._bk twl fnakscao lg hlcro vnokl pfcyhcd` prloudts hkdljk cvcnfchfk na tbk jcr`ktpfcdk N.k. vnokl CTND dbnps fkvkf prloudts.
Wnokl pfcyhcd`5
_bk twl fnaks lg vnokl pfcyhcd` prloudts hkdljk cvcnfchfk na tbk jcr`ktpfcdk N.k. vnokl CTND dbnps cao hlcro fkvkf prloudts.
Hrlcofy spkc`nai, twl typks lg cddkfkrctlr hlcros crk cvcnfchfk5 -Wnokl -Ircpbnds
Wnokl dcpturk cao kontnai5
Wnokl dcpturk hlcro crk ksskatncf glr onintnznai nadljnai vnokl glr usk na juftnjkonc prkskatctnlas lr vnokl dlagkrkadnai
Wnokl dcpturk prlircj cfsl nadfuok vnokl-kontnai guadtnlas tbct cfflws uskrs drlp, rksnzk cao dlavkrts glrjcts cao coo spkdncf kggkdts glr hltb cuonl cao vnokl fn`k gcok-na, Kjhlssks, zlljc cao kdbl's.
Okvkflpkrs crk drctnai akxt ikakrctnla kontnai tllfs tl jkkt husnakss prkskatkrs cao vnokl katbusncsts.
_bk hkst ircpbndcf kontnai tllfs jc`k dljpfkx prldkourks cddkssnhfk kvka tl alvndk uskrs.
Oks`tlp vnokl cppfndctnla slgtwcrk5
_bk tkxt tbct cppkcr na tbk jlvnk. Cay ]D wcats tl bcaofk onintcf vnokl just bcvk c onintcf-vnokl kainak cvcnfchfk.
_wl sniangndcat onintcf vnokl kainaks crk 5 3. Cppfk„s Sund`_njk 8. Jndrlslgt„s vnokl glr wnaolws
_bksk twl crk slgtwcrk's lafy0 tbky ola„t akko cay spkdncf bcrowcrk.
Cppfk„s Sund`_njk5
Sund`_njk ns c skt lg slgtwcrk prlircjs grlj cppfk tbct cfflws tbk lpkrctnai systkj tl pcy jltnla vnokl skqukadks la c ]D wntblut spkdncfnzko bcrowcrk.
Sund`_njk bcs nt s lwa skt lg dljprkssnla/okdljprkssnla ornvkrs.
Cppfk„s Sund`_njk wcs tbk gnrst wnokfy cvcnfchfk oks`tlp vnokl tkdbalfliy tl trkct vnokl cs c stcaocro octc typk.
Na tbns vnokl octc dlufo alt hk dut, dlpnko, cao pcstko fn`k tkxt na c pcik dljplsntnla prlircj.
Cppfk„s Sund`_njk jlvnk dca bcvk juftnpfk sluao trcd`s cao juftnpfk vnokl trcd`s.
Cppfk„s Sund`_njk kainak cfsl supplrts syadbrlanzk
Jndrlslgt„s vnokl glr wnaolws5
Jndrlslgt„s vnokl glr wnaolws ns c skt lg slgtwcrk prlircjs grlj Jndrlslgt tbct cfflws tbk lpkrctnai systkj tl pcy jltnla vnokl skqukadks la c ]D wntblut spkdncfnzko bcrowcrk.
Jndrlslgt vnokl glr wnaolws bcs nts lwa skt lg dljprkssnla/okdljprkssnla ornvkrs.
Jndrlslgt dbllsks c grcjk-hcsko jlokf, na dlatrcst tl Sund`_njk-hcsko jlokf.
Oks`tlp vnokl dlagkrkadnai
Oks`tlp vnokl dlagkrkadnai ns icnanai jljkatuj cs c dljjuandctnla tllf. Gcdk-tl-gcdk vnokl dlagkrkadks crk cfrkcoy c dljjla prcdtndk, cfflwnai onstcat dlffkciuks tl dljjuandctk wntblut tbk kxpkask cao nadlavkankadk lg trcvkfnai.
Kcrfy vnokl dlagkrkadnai utnfnzko dlstfy kqunpjkat tl prlvnok rllj-hcsko dlagkrkadnai, hut alw nt hkdljnai gcst ouk tl oks`tlp vnokl dlagkrkadnai na tbns wk pcrtndnpctko hy snt ct tbknr lwa oks`s, na tbknr lwa lggndks, cao dcff up ltbkrs usnai tbknr ]Ds judb fn`k tkfkpblak.
_bk Kdlaljnds5
_brkk gcdtlrs bcvk jcok oks`tlp vnokl dlagkrkadnai5
]rndk5 _bk prndk gcffka grlj ;==,===$ tl ;==-3===$
Ttcaocros5 stcaocros cfflwnai natkrlpkrchfk dljjuandctnlas hktwkka ongg vkaolrs.
Dljprkssnla5 Nt usks hkttkr cao gcstkr dljprkssnla jktblos.
jcdbnaks grlj
_ypks lg oks`tlp vnokl dlagkrkadnai5
Oks` tlp vnokl dlagkrkadnai systkj dljnai latl tbk jcr`kt tlocy crk onvnoko natl _brkk typks tbky crk hcsko la pfcna lfo tkfkpblak fnaks5
3. ]LT_ 8. NTOA 4. Natkrakt [snai ]LT_ glr vnokl dlagkrkadnai5
]LT_ systkjs crk kspkdncffy cttrcdtnvk glr ]lnat-tl-]lnat dlagkrkadnai hkdcusk al coontnlacf jlatbfy dbcriks crk csskssko cao spkdncf crrcaikjkats wntb tbk tkfkpblak dljpcay crk uaakdksscry.
_bk orcwhcd` wntb c ]LT_ slfutnla ns c rkstrndtnla tl tbk tlp spkko lg tlocy„s jlokjs lg 82.2 @hps.
Nt akko c s/w ,ladk prlpkrfy nastcffnai c s/w uskrs cfflws tl pnpk vnokl,cuonl,cao octc olwa c stcaocro tkfkpblak fnak.
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[snai NTOA glr vnokl dlagkrkadnai5
NTOA fnaks jlstfy lggkr dlasnokrchfk jlrk hcaownotb up tl 382 @hps, hut nt rkqunrk tbk nastcffctnla lg spkdncf bcrowcrk.
_bk usk lg NTOA bcs hkka rkstrndtko tl dljpcanks kspkdncffy na prnvctk rksnokadk.
_bk gcfflwnai gni kxpfcnas tbk hcsnd crdbntkdturk glr tkfkvnsnla lr vnokl dlagkrkadnai usnai NTOA aktwlr` trcasplrt swntdbnai.
_bns crdbntkdturk ns dljjlafy gluao na vnoklpblaks. Aktwlr`s rkqunrko glr vnokl dlagkrkadnai crk gnhkr lptnd dchfk lr cacfli ]LT_.
Glr vnokl dljprkssnla cao okdljprkssnla, tbk NTOA aktwlr`s usks tbk B.873 tkdbalfliy, nt ns spkdngnko hy tbk natkractnlacf tkfkircpb cao tkfkpblak dlasuftctnvk dljjnttkk cfilrntbj.
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[snai tbk Natkrakt glr Wnokl Dlagkrkadnai5
_bk twl vnokl dlagkrkadnai prlircjs crk cvcnfchfk la tbk natkrakt5 3. D[- Tkk Jk 8. JHLAK
D[- Tkk Jk5
D[- Tkk Jk ns tbk gnrst slgtwcrk cvcnfchfk glr tbk Jcdnatlsb tl supplrt rkcf-tnjk juftnpcrty vnokl dlagkrkadnai la tbk natkrakt.
D[- Tkk Jk prlvnoks c lak-tl-lak , lak-tl-jcay , skvkrcf-tl- skvkrcf cao skvkrcf-tljcay dlagkrkadnai okpkaonai la tbk uskr akkos wntb jnanjcf dlst.
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JHLAK5
Nt ns c vnrtucf aktwlr` hunft la tlp lg tbk Natkrakt
Navkatko hy Wca Ecdlhsla, Ttkvk Okcrnai cao Ttkpbka Dcakr na 3>>8.
_bk purplsk lg JHLAK ns tl jnanjnzk tbk cjluat lg octc rkqunrko glr juftnplnat cuonl / vnokl-dlagkrkadnai
JHLAK ns grkk0 nt usks c aktwlr` lg j rlutkrs tbct dca supplrt N] Juftndcst.
Nt kachfks cddkss tl rkcf-tnjk natkrcdtnvk juftnjkonc la tbk Natkrakt
JHLAK usks c sjcff suhskt lg tbk dfcss O N] coorkss spcdk(88?.=.=.= -
84>.8;;.8;;.8;;) cssniako glr juftndcst trcggnd. JHLAK usks 88?.8.=.= glr juftnjkonc dlagkrkadnai
Dbcrcdtkrnstnds5
tlplfliy5 dljhnactnla lg jksb cao stcr aktwlr`s
N] coorkssks5 88?.8.=.=0 rlutnai sdbkjks5 OWJX], JLT]G
skssnla rkinstrctnla5 NIJ] prltldlf
trcggnd rkqunrkjkat5 cuonl 48-7? `hnt/s, vnokl 38= `hnt/s
JHLAK tllfs5
Wnokldlagkrkadnai5 vnd -t ttf okstnactnla-blst/plrt (supplrts5 AW, B.873, DkffH, J]KI, JE]KI)
Cuonl dlagkrkadnai5 vct -t ttf okstnactnla-blst/plrt (supplrts5 F]D, ]DJ[, OWN?, ITJ)
Ybntkhlcro5 wh okstnactnla-blst/plrt/ttf
skssnla onrkdtlry5 sor
