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F~n~ brldgt::wark
ENGll'\lE
TR,ANSMLSSK)N
ELECTRONiCS·
:c~{.!pter6·
U SP EN S
ND
E £R , N G
106
Drulr:lp(!n.~d!lrdO~jr
BRi\J(ES
12.2
Dj ~c cckeys
TYRE.S
DO
nlyhgh1; r u b b e r y
P RO V N G
T H E BH..EED
1.40
QltaHty street
155
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:;n~,~Cr::rrt.u.ry
Jptl-';.
it m l , 1 :h . b e d e s c r i b e d
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,\l
comb~~,a ion ()fth~. 'Ino~j:.llp~~,atedt~'(:h:. rhe r I ! . o s t . s n u e - E l , o l { ) g ~ - e 3 , . A cOl.1fectwn wll::bio.'l G f - T h e ' b r t t tt:chmqll~ an es rc eate sent iht6 tj111~st':al(eth~t;ifrin~'~vit~Hy ~ i1 or t ~\;filt wn hc ITrpe~i~i6n is nb respit till f'il i:eH~olr', w h i c h is aeu m i gQnt'
'.
'~"'i2n tb.r~e"
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March
kiek-off
viewed
QUI"
anOw-.::Is,sbli
dev
the pf;'rf()rm.:an(,r:
t,h,~ id
ui
i~ 'I,v~
ktnof,"
1'i.(~{)
vi
that
order
manage
embarked
ment prog mnlu
!§,.,!ng~.,. ,U;f=pbce:m.
1:.J'~
en
.:ls tI rning,
UBi2
was
,[611o'Viing'Nh"tC'r,
;fill}'
'e'.
Tb~U& fi'lMBrawn
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H an d fig st 1 - A s .s3y~., 'J y m - l do'
aU.S,
fJil'I'\r die, d~~loptl}eht·
Q~tillMe
~ce:;S' T h e r e
;j!tm,JlI r'!;lL't~[w~io!J::lII(~de
car is
rules from
PAutom{)lllilt,
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on~y
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8ped:l~:atioT1l
tliatM~cLa.rei1'S
umountedelmcst MPAili illl5~¢1r,,1clf~rn~ihe _s:h.fisili ':ase ssentially the t l c ! '( tc lD j 5 u e h
u[
It t;
il. SM1(;:
rt · I ' i ; o n ~ e n C I . < i l ; t i n n . t(;,l ~"tl ~fy~,{}tjust " jr ,d ~~ :t - ~ .b :r t h e F Ip ,: ~ . R u t .'Y'lID~t the bd9:f; tbe. d e s i g n ia~ b(;ctl :Jgrted of Qffi n~~ ~ e t I D : I p,reNriiigto b~~nd he cnnlpnnent,} i m , L tJ~h 1 : l ~ ~ e I I f b l e :them,th~ d ! e 5 i g l ~ 1 ; [dread}' i,;
tin tlFMt'Gd.,id.ltw,sw lrl~Qil'PQratc
6~a~t
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l'!C!J t!.tlYFt1n.
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:JPpeared
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110t
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j,
p er -
Fcrnl;ri,;:>.nd
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needed declslonto
Wi,::
th" ~nb,fn e. :m
h~~ k < ; . i K n CQm:pl~tely
\'\l really
Hew,
1.:0
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"n
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he
to
ld
MP4/l
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eugine,
very 5ubttanti~1~
h in d g h w e
Ml'4!I7D l}~c.fWfj':;:..cfMf(!d
W~
d eN e Q P
1.1PGJ1
and. for the
risk
wi!i lf i'iu,be'li!~I~."'ll)l
I.Ee:~'€,' r<1";Oid..
[uk·
of
er es ma ed
he
think
every-
2!)02 th.~lL~g}rt that Ferr".·.,] W(~lielj.n~:;Ltdlablr:'_ dw ua ha m pe r g_ n. ~al' th t" m p as f.mnt.nm"1ir"'g!~~lm ' H m r i n g set set u r e l e s u p b~ f w d0h.'t:.'!chkv-e sei O.l;lFst:ive,. up wllrobl,e(Ctiy~,~. And witn vt:'l""/ well. P C 'P p h ~ e S '" i m . w ~ d lj;he i'ig,1jf~~squandesed on
MP4! 18
le
m.blrtder~toQd
th
proc
~s that' ~ukst:Hrlial Vl.:fy ng (.'it NkL~teni 3nd~t Meft':oeaes-Bem>: in Bdx\'\'91'th an Stuttgart, ""hole r a n g e ·~f
~u~rt~'.MjnTl, .tin: p.rlg~n(:" ',M:rodynamks, UOlditlonR llyir is an easier r O . L ' t :: ' p k c . s L < aL is ,e h r fQ gt :e s~ im l t:ec:hn:~llog} hy v~:hidl' dG:signation Here i~ ,'\.:hicl~ one, vehicl l'WO, reality
d~".~'IC)pnu~llitprogramme::;;
t h .{ ! - c h as s is ,
J!
$Hl;g~(' !'IKe vse Irrlod,.fy th
11.',,[Ije6:S;.
M'C!Ib[ern ~ , I V 1 T ~ . 1 '
t :1 i" f
in in lt hl w h e n YOiI ~r{:trying to take l~ p, th .~lJ.heh':llt : ; ; h i m ( i!~tu it. In ] 5 (~
h;.work d e s i g n e r '~·(l~I~d;0])1 l e the! ffl!.rit~ of h i " I . i lo u r dWlil~t~l'il\1fiij:i;l;t~r. .'d r · W : I 9 m Euw'p (::~1' races, h l l i l · ~n~tim:t· \ Y m t ff i w . : c ' I ' t i 1 i ' T ~ ; l : r I ; h t m l ! M 8 r~ ,h t 1 j h ~ ' l . " " m l l d m'lt s€'rmu~l)'
~ecl-~W.l
11
on course
;'
fJ~fu~lIiJl.,ce.
b~in .d
pfo~ra:unm e s ,
o pr ne n
oo th deciskm l'lt b i s te p fl)~ward 10 co rpete,
wlnmng
1,11
it
1;0
e"
take'
M23
~dV8
the World A: form.ula C'1J~trrrptnn~hjp+ McLm:n m J n i i g l n g dirr~(w!' " v 1 . a r t l . I l 8a failed, Whi't.m:!i::sh €K:pb:i:L'l(~dwhy th MP4i18 nd hi n~ 1l L[ we an iI~un"in;!ting T n ~ l g h , , -nto iw;t T T l H c h i n ' ! ,: $ ~:vul'i.i:in tnt. nrvdtm e r a . mu "Ilrree-quarters ( ' J f d'le \ " ' · J y t h r O " ~ ; - g h 2002 w: re-
its:
O;
s~CC~S~.flL1. ad c h i s the il"a'C~ H f u u 1 l ' l 1 l X f~'71-lo 1 9 7 7 " H(H....ver of-~dHnl)lQ,gi!lal de~'~'1opment these .d~,:ys·that W~lS 1 J 1 i t i $ o i l l imM~La:r:cI1'sM!lJ4I17 ~o c~iu in 2.002 irnJ. m ; ) n ~r'Q\'~ i t ~ h l - c ap a b l lf d oi n. . H k e w i, ~f ' a n ~ 'h < ! I B l ' I t i l ' ! ! ! 1M!'!h~'~:()rld ch8Jmpif}nship : 1 . 1 ' 1 the foHo:wing ·~'O.H~!i'3_ mu C! dr ra es Ttl'; is due !'l'Hl ah~'161,m,en't, but ,1b.l' to the cnntiJ~ual ~' iIT~61 lq layout :a its ttl optimise 3., Cd.r.',<; 1:11
IU
c~~i\"~{f lw
1;R.~llCl~
jrlw'.il l 1 e ~ ., ·S E as o n , p e r i: n lp s
ppea!:ea
V(
'.hkk
beGlU'5e it is :!II r-elntive.ly i m rr lO fU r work On ·the !'eiiabllity M'Ii we th
e 'h w le Fm -
;~<:h circu:it,.
1Ind.
ang(:'s
c :o nc -~ p ·~;nd
optlnlbe th~~1:!i
. ,, , ~ r
a~s()
s t il l d e v el op in g
"Norking " O n ,
i~.
flf ·~t~erini'l linuously ittrprovjng them, S o h e e t g in ce :r i n g team a : ; ; ''''f;: tncremenra leade:r iinpr()vem~nt. do Y"e.c:haf!g~ that 'rO!· the ' 1 , e : x ' t race ~r ~ . 8 : J ~ , tha
devd{'trm~'111I.
waic~nd
c(JI,h:'ct U-p·;J :'je.ri,c~ of-niodific.atirm8
u p g r ~ d ~pacbg-e
:.I'I:!d"bring
ste'ering
fm"t':tl ~uKp.erl~·u~)I~2
'thel1r1l
and ]Jl-nil on b) th~Tl!C~t ~:I!r? 1 : 0 " 1 : o f h e < !e m d yn ar rt ic s 8na the t8 't he en pac k a g e s atMor17~IU
a~together
uc ur
h. nk ng
w a s ] n :c ar po fa .{ e d irtto ,' T h e ' ]att~.r l W : i i ; L l r . r ] ,l y bore very dose f~n1l1y resentn1iUC: c:iFthe process been CQlhpleteJ.,it
__lIa
mntl:'nd.f'r
JS
be unveiled, There w e r d r n i f l g : between W h f m m H to
that they could still h r n g u r h e u p di l. l : e o n - st re ar n well before 'sn]ttt~cl
t h e n th upgrad thp ye.a W(!,~~,!Iso programme v,'ff!! ~mbody dl PQ~11!ve1-1ndil')~S· in OUI' r;;::~,f a~ vanoos '1 t . ag ~ ~ S , t'!> ! 1 0 ~ as N t cam clA~".igl'lthe ;f w e . ' use itwe have waste-d . a t ha t df9rt. 9U an be sure were: f- w. $po5it:iye on Or dth(~r~ady fir 'lateron ' li n , g . Lo
ha
Adrian N Q : V i I : V , btt0t.would ~l~waY8IJI 0~/lOI"lg " l . . S possib Ie be f~~fle allsin d b i @ T L '\:VhitFn!Jr~h a]"gm~ that in t h i s particular instanre, giveN-the fate of rheM.P4/18, it wa 'wjjc~ to .o;.t;t'rt t~~'1;jHj;; th CJl sooner fElth.I.!'"' that ~hC~i ( ; u 1 . 1 J d pr!)p(C!d,; u : n d: ~~ 's ,: an d : m d h c m ' ( ; 1 iit,:,jt1d
Htk me
rvldb~)llm[~ the
di
rc
rolio'Aii,ng
lh t-
cdmtrred in December 10m d~,~t th01:l.l!:ht McLaren no creste car that COI)."lpNi.thp" ll~ked.: 'H
W~~
l!iqw th,~t. w.~,. h
competitive 0., wlth tremendous dc:velopmellt ywe Jf~~ e n J .W e ap I'LUtlu~M' reSflurce~ ,. l'lll'd. 'WE" e n 1 " ; ) u g h F eb r r 1 Ul t h r o u g h . s[lb$trinti111 tl..lltil h e n d h an ge s n d ~ m p O v n en t th Wl,I, bt~cv~i.he .,t7g:r.mb,ly
lUlJ)
(J
(he
f t m 1 1 1 : I \ I . n . 1 ~@m:;e,r
hn
modifications $Inc! the 20.04 ~:ec{lSOL1
5t~4W,..;'ist5 ofrelx:tl.
iltrli!l~tt!:s
aii('l
hjst"Ol'jl/
Ro-;l-~'S Jl",cwm
.1lfJ.d "t(irl~an
l\.ewry, ()dlhk Ti\ot!~11$OJJ!Gc~tljju:!¥esJ
q ' k i 8 ' ~tjnl~e"t..iti\ft
now, ~nd] b d i c v , G : 'Wt~ali! g6!~[1g to ar befc1ft~ ~ " 'e g o t u A u st ra li a. '
m h w . it"liJl:uk:ket H'~t:\!IlTI.tT,l~~[lr.~ h(:>u:l 'mmmgl i~~ tl
l'
~!;j
'~M~elfl s s e c proje~t i~;!
![
manin IS
t·
JA}<."!!O.f
ng
H'ITIl1!:1
r-
Toduy, m L I M g i n : g undertaking that rcq ..ures
t ; 'h : . r r g e t o JLl~:gh
[;~)mp.lp}i;
which
y,.e~one more m c
th;", t"isk'
'Time is p~rh~p;:;rhl great~st restraim. (c:~r,pin~y fQl:"" [ ;h t b i ·~c:.:!imJ, bUl lht..: prlJjc(,:~ ~J1U.'l.t Lt '-~jnpld.t:"d ~pl~hty (per'F()l'm(j!n[~/ ~!(Ithin rh{> ddil1f'rl t:.1tge.B nJi~lbi1ity) mw
,~ch(:'d.ul~:_
sport mirrors
wlml~I~.".'ii]~'I1tl HS.l ddi.m.:1>l1ii..:
PWil:d
th
hu
,H ir.t>lww
hilt
In(:vit
1w lUiI'h'llYr::l1t n ; t " th~ ffi_J'.!~ cmnrOm'tl,t:~ tb:n!!::et~e'li an deitgned (o ourced ut th .tight tim W i !th~n et er to eate t! un~,ql,lt proJ.lLCL 'l'ht r l . ' . i i ; ) J J r i t l l l ! ' l l f):(\t nlliy h t : " tlw b<'~t~p~'l'Fol'tnil'igiU-, n ie v this se~·t'-+dgrt:!\lp~ ~tJt l~ thO~ h:l~~bl~. T o mlCJif}~,;n;eV41.~finjHio'l:!sly. H i c i nd
Slf(":: flt :r
beV,;;:Jopment ~tiear(,I, A$':!lip~nanlks
nl~.h::(mjq;. L J & ~ 1 : g ; t ) Or:hc~
C ! r i il fu t g y , "wfi.. ti;Oi'i.
I b r l l' l
()pt!m
bp time
"o po:ent18.l
One,1} brainstorming bet y,'C er tb t, tt:"d lfl~;:
lwarl
a.e.mJynjn~in;
{1~
~t lctum[
Dhj:irttrtntnb
analysis and
strat cgi~
I.:
then
Qf'fl:nt'>
C(:lst
the
. 6 . 1 1 l)F the-a~r-:J.Ttmet1t5 answer
IJj ti ~ c : J t r i i r n l d . f ; r e . £ " t m : , whlch gt\l.I;'~ }QU s o m e why tI'"l~[iI ar th .lu~hesi p a l e ! peopl(; tn Fcrmula 'Jt1ahk th'~ ddlleflj andl;B;lm pnnr:ip315:. T h e y ~end to dJig nt ve ur ef men .'.'Itt ith: tanJ pr ssur nc to TWlUagC eMllJ:cl~ " D o J . l l t , j
l~i-r0't,
S(~d
t"Oi
gjll
ItHK-
tien ;;l ndwithln give,,_fratn~'NQrk Jl~ Jrn p,~ct50 ; : 1 1 ! ph:, cr 2004 t~,D;Ins l.h~ U~~l: .\)nl~, f'nl~in~ pe ffi~'f' ~ 'e pk en d ,J f1 d w e -n : limited -."h\'f,~.wit.h only ~WOf'Jf'n1.e'nts. ( ; : r i : h e l - 1 ; . h · , n 1 the lti- le ts th ,~l~{l.prtt"vi:Gl1sJy been allowed. T he n h < : ' ~sth qU(:·StJ~)l1 I~f:lny neW. tedHl~l.:J.I. or pp l: ~lerO"dyn~ to S"oh:rtion,; that ar l1>,'lV 'pr~·d.ously been dt'mifie:: the. R& depart ent. Per+arm u s u lly expressed 1T1 term
~tlllt'ct.tl.rnJ nN Iy:ili V e h l d t > ' rly~:!n:tic,.;
cal' i~ s(')
'!!KOrpOfflre
u.
~~.~l]ficmn u l chang,e~?' These knock-on dfcd~ because I1ffch
m:
the::r.Jterosp;Ii;;-e
c~
> . :m l ll .: :: n
lmprovernent. !>.es~Lon~
c h ie
de signer th
;;tad the desigrl vehicle
R &D ,
dynfl.!1Ti~s. 1l1tlnag(~I:s,
n;irg~: lW~l B-1. Th t: ,gpmr iT'! pl ~.n thf;' t~r-(jjeq In t e r m s ( " I t 1;it'ne, qU.'l.hry an
pp'5jecL.
o n c ep t
t"
evolves
lb.}
re· d!fthtc~ secti orrs:
e l o p rn f '1 " i
Design .Pr('lUUL:l],On
Each, il
t l1 f :' .~ < ec a
gIv
d : if fe . ,r < ,: n t
n:7slil~~flepenJifig
on
e x~unrt: U,~~~mg~l" ~l1ir,l ihfuj'i.-:tt~, concepr ig ~Olo OU £t~p ~llL ~@jfh".·W·:a.:greatEr Qf lesser e~tel"lt dependin fOf"INf,lrd in t e r m s -(if performgn.m6 wllQ~, Fo d( dg nd ~11dl~IJM g~.l:!lI~ 11 str1tegi.;: pianning ,111Ci.~, btl~ tlwt. J.[~vt:. I\"s>s liri1'~ pi'(ldw:h0n le:Jt~~ any rltf.ca a~~J:: or pn:lbtetrJ SI rand genen) re solc!tiClM lht: .span p@oplc lik.e ttl t h i n k cmnpn.EBbe d u e s .lIe' ~ th e e . h n ~ ~ d lr ec lA l n "U l h e ,hilS ~iialie~ tt l ' h l . ! , _ . b g ~ s On 13xi.::;t, 1)[ W~tSr.;: h~ d tn L
s:t§.aI.1~d~ciS!o~~.Tht ;~@."~·a~:
t1m:C'"\.'~r~abk.> th~
mu~t
Lh~
th
Si eve lopment
t.[m:e-~,,-:-a]
g r 1 _ d i ! . H ~ d~fE
th 'Ou,:tr,~ u,lm_l1:rT
Pt0t"r2S0 of
deLi JL:J
nlaking
Il
c.-at
L:nl1;;~~toL iI] :;(:l,~UL:n~t:" w h i L h t~
~i'lV;;"~
engine
it
lYE'
canfigut<1'tioil
rJ[ t:~)1,]rse
why r~~wi~J dechL(,lt"lS, .;ud~ ilnd
that ih
~5
p;1dn.gj~lg.
be
nul
fml.J up th.e
L:
Th;J.! is
OJ\c;'
reason
~l
("hang .:: of
Eq ullil 7'.. the as rrrv.. at l>.arl}" thouJ;h u e tl stops. I;in~-l UT1tlg n e v c r $U b s On.("f' .th(-',~l"areas h:ave bCl:II addressed, pjanning t~ gr')Ur,~: fpI" h e n c lvi "I com pi'ln .,f'It.~
d}'n
11
flig
nic definitiOn
is
1,!,SUfi
'1
.EngiJi'e Ele;:;tn;lTiics
Ch~ls~m Aerodyna nucs an will)l.s Transm kqo Systems ( fu d . h vd r u h cs , co(~lint;} S U S C p e n M ( 'I t l ~t",eriI1:;!; an V o . . . hcJls l'Jr.ilkes er :u ce ar d te l w i hl i' is also . F L A mundatcrv an string<"llt crash f a i t : ; to Ja,~these, it w i l l not IA
to the
l, th c on ce p d e 1 'u t ne~1 arrangement; ttht;, physl(:;aJ laycur (I.j· th ("..1!. 1." rhe m a i nd c or np on e n s ] e r d yn am i d, nH' io
ale£
SC'L:
Chassis iretu definition
Cnls structures aero defi!lidom; Suspensior
aero d!'fini'~ion
V'o''inIl;e r o d ~ fi ni ti on s B od yw or k e r d e n l o n tb~._.rnain components such
Then
ns
hodywoOr.kI :;;usper;si<:u1 set, Tlierhird c l e f i l 1 < ' the pnduction timIng It 11 po cc et cr qu th~ ~h3$,$!S,
a~M:,n1bly.
iI.I?!Wi~; : z . 1 : i e .
h e e n defin ,J
he
b ee n m a
ed
Lnc
lh executio fol.loiAied ~Ild m p m e of the projec pla [1 I]{lW the "e~1 m' i~C.L tollow the nilkaj palll t.he criti(,~.~activities an dlLl$ M g h ~ i g J l { p o t e n t ! , , 1 P m h l ~ 'm , ~ h e f u fe - th~j ise, an t h u s to find SDlut]ol1~ ellrly on. creating rlus phl1 rhte ~ngint:x!rs d( h e necessary overview of detall when necessary, Along -~he
10
g" o;.~~{!l ia.vmH
,1~(ma.lllr.~.i).()4 24 slw J, lou...~r p n , m
IVh}i'lnm('~;
;~r/~:p!!m,km
Z.. ((lUiI 3,
(.jjJttl",iyj4m#~
5, )'I '
tn
J.
P,((.t.h S.~T"~:!~"-....;
raafalors;
Rig/r!c: Cm,~' tl!'~tili.1l'
all""(l}'s it
W,:l~
bt~~;;.~t.l"jftgO?·llt ~·jllC.1!t
.ijtti'(Jdu~~d.am g('J~
u m ~ f i l ~ e a c l : : r v( U ; 1~ is
llpfer
_~IMpefi~~m,'aU/f.~Mj!1ne; ~IW ,d'(II'(try
,r
..~ :~
i:!
1i'W q,I'r /(If.!(l1
~'" dJ,,~
J.'~r;e~'()pmf!!'1/'
pm"8.~c~, lJ0hu
Til·wllSt~rtd
6.. or!
il o?~jfi.H~;
.t·Mff..,<,;mil>l>i'.o.r.l .. i V ( J « <
rJwl t!(,~
illll.'s ~uufl:,1Ii ,io~s j~Q; iJ{;.. ",ly.;tI7r!i£
dellices.
!c{!l£lR.
I'j nlll)
!. rvrll DOUe
0',
way'
Mi~tY'8!3qd_oseJy. necessary, change tr :,edtn ep ev ry in ta et :plam:f\OH;aho"keepv e r y o n e with ar intere tlme~'i that everyone l~ fully at §tatus 1ille
im le
tr egic
MP4/19\
update
th
that is unusual. \Vbile allQf
engine department at
(;{Jllabiltati(rll,
team ·spi'!:i!, r119l'e crJfkaJ when ·emp~0¥:.ee§
but even
company
nextevolution
power unit
Ge'
gruW!;
thus
1j ncip lo bes~dt:eJmbWp/eryone
twic
en th
te hn ca
personall y. on
1 i S · t ~ o f as '(jeJ'iiiediJ1 !\Iiay, lRe m a e as in g ible'. itJ:slam:eiw il the designer 'want alongrtudinal lu iniu i l he ca ng lr transverse gearbox? titalll:um
that
re to
is
chclces
itit%riblltion,grtJeral : t h ( j ' ta§ngis p<,\rtcifthe F I A r ea r e n d cras test also very significant influence lta f; ll ignf ea en ro amic he ofher ai ll.t!ro1iynaffif efinitions ar made in July an August asth en ar
er
P J oc es s b e gi w .
··the"
eliv ed
an
go
,$e.ptel'q\;J.e:r; 'fitt~ISS:ft.(1nis
11
the FINs .t
rather stabilit
whistles
strategi
On ould -allow it to
'90s and te es io planners have
was strongly competitiveat
circuit. weU
new project.
2003 Ferrari fl003·GA indicate
th need.for
older
MP4j18 in May
.M
Below: Early testing of the
he ch ll ng we'll.
drivers' an
an
win
th ai
both. the
construe ton'
Malaysia 2004, Jaguar
Right: Testing isojten referred
to
as th
'Wij,ter
Worl Championship',
further development
titles. (Cliv~ Mason/Getr
is only th
Th
Images)
thatcounts. Here in
am responde ably to
the
bu it
"summer' series
al os
atch in qu lifying
fo Ferrari' i lh a
et
('2004 cpau] I ma g s )
J\TRODU
CTlON
strth0t It ,shovtrl pevt'on:nance and reliability(.a,j-)
in
As
and Qars",,;hich had:takenbigge
step fQfWar
~rr J;lf~forn:fance) (though
ih term
record
they
phl':Ssid~
constructors
fi th
ec ti
championship,' why
1:\,,0
~t;&€ll1g!y .$etlSDl1.
both t ~ ' k e R ; i 1 : l 'd'ou)Jliilg ,~tirl ti s~ppliers·, The :data supplied depar;l'm'ent eS l1 C;eSandx ditu
it;.;. ~eG.j.sion. In 2 0 0 2 sU]i~fbly, ~viJ:htheF2001
it
an id
ad -Qpp;os}f1o:rr 2003 ;ifrtjQst}eopai:disedthings, but a'
Mc
th
'If
!}1'3fm
F20QZ
why vVilliams
'all
th
its
it
F2002
racing!"
13
Aerodynamics
'11
generate
more or than J i 1 § rivaffi/iS'_goingtobew0rth in real term chumacher. ! tH e $ G f fr n pjusthat Ferrar pays Michae ''1'hGEltare:the si pl fact of Formul design. 0I1.ce,
Chaparral
fl~~,"s1im
the
th ~ntrL
l'! d8t bh
he
eg te
ft
whic
C{If.
time
As it
wasn't
on; ~h W~y Ji irrat JiIsl,qg'1}nveneaing to generate downforc p eed wa al about. Th first what J"e%:1 '11r!!GarioI.Lsjy' ounted stilts J i l Q U n t e 8 directly all he ca
Again,
(L-
becomes
C<1T
low
track.
wa
1983),
in turn were io ig that
81)&1};
\:\,~"ebi!nrr~djri w l l i 2 l J : ~)'et,e.
pan
:t:1f~l~ss! tney<[ ()utinuedto pu th with 1 h e ' FOJO:i. which ,madethe ca corner faster
tyre
into contac
shaped bodywork veta l,th ae
OppO$ite:The scale
nici
are held. in. place by an ov rhead 'sting', throug
which all th Iorce acting on it
ae of l,
wElrk,s,t!)J,ts:
ea ro
the
ape,
od lare
rneasur
ch
ee
wi
he ca bu
th side o/th
tunnel. (IPAj
pFindpJe,'%lPlied
or
,ij{}w ii Tt,'it'tkte-d
pI~S)1iEe 'W'illdr:bp,The ai flowin
oftue et:{5p an \~i: 7m:@.airJClamourihg
Il
on th ng at
undersid te
Or
300kph. ffi\laaS
Wl:d,~ie
p.:a hJ:tS,fh,~~, Nti'i\~,apply the: !ra:~JilenSJF0r, : s ~tJjil:lg'lher sioe is to th'e.bi!ltiem 6f o-ccuf,Sbiiow b<;iin;g ' r l l ! s c c i b E ; d 'in.a~roplan parlance as negative ift; toda it~s: s im 1 t L ' ) ( 1 s : n o \ y r i design. 'n::il'is~w n p G i :t t3 1 i f (1 , c tO i : In Formula .!),.Q.a
DESIGN
re
to spin on stalks
ount
1i\;~rT f l e fralle'L !l1i"Sjs~where'thetheory expres ed long ag by ]B scHm(t,i;t he icia ci t' 18th Gellturx ,ratiher-ikan;tirflQw.)
..Th
whe ls ar not. actually
ilk t l O < l : \ ' s t t l ! ? bott;OlTi'!has c $ M r 1 'a ~
odel
roll stability.
to
win
end aerod yn arnics, it
ic h;
to be srnaller bu we wanted
use is
tu
$0
suu. mounseduiingsfirst.
afte
(lppeare.d. in Formula
1968 Firs they were fitted at th rear Oll/y,
hut
T2
he
fitted at th Font,too
16
accident
1969 Spanish' GP
by l\-:kll1za
(above on Jack Brabham' on mous
tw seriou
in
here 'r
out .Afri a)
he
were banned overnigh Monaco. [Sutton]
A,.ERO])Y NAMJCS'
~low;
lo
}l,. rl!JlTeSl!!J1aliOIl
oj
'*
.jfi$/uding.lhe
ay e . .o .o ve ve r h a w u 1 l l t > ' l ay
a ' twi
el:enrent~e;nlling. (PioJa)
Zasulvoort with
Below, "After "After s'llver s'llverill ill .s .seas easims ims
i n w l r l c h hody-mounted wi1lgsprovideil all d ~ l /!/! n f? f? r G e , L O l u s thief Colin
Peterson)
Cijdpman elJR~rihlimted
th
with
is
i'f_,(d£'r"Gaf~'kfoimd
Ii//?ctiit
19l7,..
)I1'a1' later
hi e[e/iiltlt e[e/iiltlt Lot)ls' 79 (seen
$:crE~f,QF
dominated.
spor sport. t. Ground effect
stil stil
majo majo
cont contri ribu buto to
to daumi daumioro oro today. (Sutton)
17
Th bett better er-f -fin inan ance ce ir 00
team team
t un un n
gu bl
more more than than 50 mill millio ion. n. doll dollar ars. s.
n.
Here Here team team prin princi cipa pa
he
Saub Sauber er an
adva advanc nced ed wa Saub Sauber er
ne
belt,
tech techni nica ca dire direct ctor or
IVilly Ramp)"pose with
h~
t-,ILTS
Peter
their
in
1)10re
baby baby (Sutton)
el acil ty b a s i c acil
tw b u i l d i n g s
an ll
el
ated ated at
because it
er es
it to al bene beneat at thing i s v iiss ib ib l
it except
ic io
it
also
'Model
control
th
ta
is io
ti
tec, tec,
in
overall building
5m
wi
and 1 7
11 gh
of noise. There
is on diff diff rent rent
enable proj proj ct
for
Sauber's
Oa circ circul ular ar tunn tunnel el w o u l d
of
'A
if you
diflercnt
As
confidentiality. er PO\Ner 3,OOOk'vV
aero aerody dyna nami mi
18
engi engine neer ers, s,
ver
e f fifi ci c i e n t.t. '
hrll
oa is
are absolutely
Wind tunnel tunnel de rigu rigu placed
la
in
today Scale Scale
odel odels. s. are
plane so airfl airflow ow-ca -ca si ulat ulat
nt
be
as accu accura rate tely as
in
an
Saub Saub r's tunn tunn l,
whic ca acce accept pt full-sc full-scal al
moving grourul
01
poss possibl ibl
user user highly
cars cars
se
cate cate st
ry soph sophis is band band for it
rolling rolling roa jor maximum
(Sutto to accuracy. (Sut
ef ci nt
ae
an
na ic
modern
to ',Villy
enables flrscertha't). flrscertha't). Ferrari's t u n n e l ) ~e t @ ! i t section. This
~ f u th th c l
IPA) IPA)
tica tica ly
to m e a s u r e
thes thes
infl influe uenc nces es
Formula
c ar ar i n c t o n o n
enhancing
dlftIl8ccillac;y.
TH:e t @ s t section is h e h e tunnel, 15 s q t W . T e metre metre Saube Sauber' r' is lO~F J:oflihg Formula f a G i l i t y , T)lere is iz ground nd plan plan an O R t l k T I 1 C \ v i n g grou test results. Though S a u b e r will of th test te&_trnnaIi1y\~'jth 60 scal scal models, the tunnel can ac(';el~tfulP;cal(l
DE$!CiN
driver's helmet.' under test, cl d- al es
converted
ig lt
ti
tted tted
co
from r-
Left an tunn
iddl
Saub r's
ca acco
full-siz
r,
odat
ke {act
in
to
its aerodynamics. (IPA)
Besi
he bili
"t{Jllingroa
sk
turntabl
he
to
JU
Sauber's tunne also allows scal
od ls to be test
tand
ill
Ultimat ly this coul
he oj significant assistance in facilitating
he design of
tha; ca run. in turbulent
ri
l'
ir without losing
it own down{orc
(IPA)
·Compurationalfluid jler.o.4yni1~i~';r~searc!i today. T h i s s , ,! e e n ; J m d g e
shows th
nd
/ ! } g l L ; p r e s § U r e (red)
J
ateilsas ai flows o v e r
gr,ee,ti)
t y p ic a l li o r m u il l
car.
(Sutton)
correlatio
steering,fockand
betwee
OUl'
wind tunnel
measurements
lJPper says, form 'h enable us
aepat1;nJ_ent. $_ca1i> prtlvides thir
'All of
'If you avenue of
successful
cross-check
want
and particularly
furtner.
you
It
Formula,I before it will
new facility we
j,t
says 20 ,) ou personne that ar im it' something clfort into It's
if
~Jiltl'; considerably,'
involved with
tunnel
cfd,
will
signHlc<111tg_aills.
in 1 1 ' i : l f 0 1 v l a · 1 Th
r es ou rc e
qtiite huge.. You
cfd ef ct ve
do.
the
ar ob-
ow ea en ti na 90
ac ag
viotlsIW :l:o::run·accurate simulations. \\"e are certainly p u t t ir t g 'a lo t ·o f e f f o r thing, in i: hitend to <1 Investing facility an increasing ou capacity with del, al it
into
tLl@
work last of \111Now
tr
The
TH
idea area
sa \NOrry
R~mpf f~ciHty, ' W e ' r e
to e n h a n c e
That's
most efficien
car,
body-
an depart-
Front w i n g
make
that profile.
it
aerodynamics
an be
is
odifie
maximum it will generate' eight
560kg
around
d u r i n g testing
it is behind
figure
n d p r b ab l ll d o w n f o r c e . area of greate perimentation,
00
M P 41 19 . Crinld
25
ta
often see
taking attempt. ov
wi'ngs weie al th
ot
also the entlpla!e
nd de
nd
element. (Piola)
co they
late '60s.
a,
BMW
al
in
et in
'I they
illiams
less
downforce, something we
ho gh ne wa fo
the evolutionary
4 -1 9 retaine
influences:
20 3.
McLaren's J'vlP4-18pavedthe
OUf
on
in
00 this
la te ry co ple
(Piola)
RO
N AM I
Above In 2003 Willia variet
o If r n t w i
ndpl ie refine ndplate width, plate ,"ingle[ lip, II/ing
underetrak
second
c,OIi1rast,
le
nts.
tried an is he
the endthe fron an
4.the
nt tiplet. [Piela]
Ferrari's [ront
wing was almost convenuonal. [PioJa)
DESIG;>I
23
Front w in g
n d p la t are 'the vertical
'fen~es' the
Over
wing,
its
effectiveness,
significant role in
but
wing,
vair
in
of thos
sport's
components
Above: Endplates
serve two
purp ses. On heir inne si
they
,;;If thef r ou
iii,,;
reuen. in
while their
side is sh pe
channe air 'aroundthe f r o n t tyres.
24
(Piola)
AERQDY.'lAKllCS
Above: This is the fron
Below:
ieinglet detail on th fron
it
wing of th Williams nV24.
(Author)
{n
2003 Jordan gave
ndplate
nh dr
on
degre of
thei lowe
edge. (Pi()la)
25
Renault
ls ha
so
comple 'endplat shape in
2003 (abo ),
di
Ferrari
in 2 0 Q 4 (below), (Piola)
AERODYNl'dvlJCS
Nose I '- l. lg hn o s e s w e r e almost universa '90s! Tyrrell's Ha bving b e e n introduced ean little I l _ Q W they ar underslung. to c h a n n e l ai roun 'desJgn nc he : w i n ~ a n d direct it nt ba traj an diffuser. A g a i n , Mcl.aren introduced some s\\btle c h a n g e s A i l Q ' o w , d r o o p i n g nose.
The.di tinctiue l 00 41 f l li am s If~W
5a stubby
stopped
al
the tu
-shape
en
It gave the car
trak
an
co
al
ta
to
110.1
FW2
grOIl.)1.d
broke e ar c
or
greiller aerodynamic
B f ) t e il ty , b u s o a r n o bo d
else hai follOwed suit. (Piola)
1 ' B E ? "C : E NC E O F P OR M L A
DESIGK
27
Suspension The large
dynami
efficiency was \>
\<,'8$
:h
that Car.
is
The jury
l.ar its
ce
it
it
extremely
P4 17 chas is as
fe in or
p hi l o ph i ha 03
FW26,
00
a gu a
op ed
t h R3 bu reverted
es ai
n se t
pl ur
to
he
single-heel
(Piola)
AER.ODYN
1C
B a r g e boards/guide vanes li ietb al si rr
at
te
it in th
he ba
boards-o
Ferrari'
0 H wit understeer
which
ro
first 3pP'e'51red
withinWilliamsover
18::~4 They
it
te iall tr lu nc
influence and to
up
boar
th complete barg
is
assembly [rom
Ferrari'
title-winnin
F2003-GA. (Piola)
had.a slightly
ImKgebbayiis.
T:Jl'E'
shape to its
(Piola)
FO
F\V25's
it ll
This
more distinctiu
to
or
1I:ertit:al;and < ll r f lo \v in g o ve r bef0fe
2V04)s-11iOQ4
whether
W
30
_~EROOYNAMICS
These were th barge board offering from a.Sauber, h. Ferr ri..c Minard
nd
d. Renaul resp ctiv ly in 2003.
(Pioln)
HE
fCN
31
Sidepods
quite
In
high th
nd
was providin
deformable
th
runawa
er
ROTY
nd C3f'S
have.
fiT;;t
uccess
ft
ar
nd
to
fo
more curvaceous sidepods ha
it
al
ho
FlU03-GA ar also tapere at th ir le in
Right: On bi nt
circuits
g e (Piela]
where
nd tr ck
temperatures ar very high
learns will often. run chimneys
on the i d
help' extract radi or
possible
hOI
as quickl
This is what
Renault used in 1003. (Fiola)
ICS
