Drill and Blast

Copyri ght © 2007 Gemcom Gemcom Softw are Internatio Internatio nal Inc. (Gemcom (Gemcom ).

This This sof software are and and docu ocument entatio ation n is prop proprriet ietary ary to Gemco Gemcom m and, and, except cept where ere exp expressl essly y prov rovided ided otherwise, does not form part of any contract. Changes may be made in products or services at any time without notice. Gemcom publishes this documentation for the sole use of Gemcom licensees. Without written permission you may not sell, reproduce, store in a retrieval system, or transmit any part of the documentation. For such permission, or to obtain extra copies please contact your local Gemcom office or visit www.gemcomsoftware.com.

While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this manual, we assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. Neither is any liability assumed for damage resulting from the use of the information contained herein. Gemcom Software International Inc. Gemcom, the Gemcom logo, combinations thereof, and Whittl e, Surpac, GEMS, GEMS, Minex, Minex, Gemcom InSite and PCBC are are trademarks of Gemcom Softw are International International Inc. or its wholly-owned subsi diaries.

Contributors

P eter eter Esdal Es dale e Rowdy Bristol P hil hil J ackson ackson Kiran Kumar Product

Gemcom Surpac 6.0

Tabl Table e of Cont ents Introduction ................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................4 4 Requirements......................................................................................................................................... Requirements.........................................................................................................................................4 Objectives .............................................................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................................................4 Workflow ................................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................4 Concepts ..................................................................................................................................... .....................................................................................................................................5 5 Drilling .................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................................5 Blasting Blas ting ..................................................................................................................................................8 Gettin Gettin g Started Started ............................................................................................................................9 ........................................................................................................................... 9 Task Task: Sett Setting ing the Wo Worrk Dir Direct ectory ory...........................................................................................................9 Task Task: Open Openin ing g the Blas Blastt Desi Desig gn Prof Profile ile............................................................................................... ...............................................................................................10 Modifying Blast Design Design Defaults Defaults ............................................................................................. .............................................................................................11 11 Drilling Defaults Tab ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................11 Charging Defaults Tab ......................................................................................................................... .........................................................................................................................12 Rock Classifications Tab ..................................................................................................................... .....................................................................................................................12 F iring Default Defaults s Tab T ab .............................................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................................13 Rock Mass Classification (RMC) Polygons ......................................................................................... .........................................................................................14 Designi Designi ng a Blast Pattern Pattern Using RMC Polygons ................................................................... ...................................................................15 15 Task Task: Desi Desig gn a Blast Blast Patt Pattern ern Usin Using Aut Auto Spaci Spacin ng and and Bur Burden from Polyg Polygons ons .................................. ..................................1 15 Task Task: Clip Clip Blast Blast Patt Pattern ern to Area Area on the Top Top Ben Bench............................................................................. .............................................................................2 22 Task Task: Save Save the Str String ing File File and and Load Load Hole Holes s to to the Blas Blastt Dat Databa abase...................................................... ......................................................2 23 Task Task: Desi Design gn a Blast Blast Patt Pattern ern Wit With Mo Morre than one one Bur Burden and and Spaci Spacin ng............................................. .............................................2 25 Load and Tie in a Firi ng Pattern .............................................................................................. ..............................................................................................28 28 Task Task: Unlo Unload ad a blast last patt attern ern from rom the blast last dat databas abase e......................................................................... .........................................................................2 28 Task Task: Charg Charge e All All Hole Holes s ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................29 Task Task: Tie in a Diag Diagon onal al Firin Firing g Patt Pattern ern ................................................................................................. .................................................................................................30 Task Task: Uplo Upload ad Tie in Patt Pattern ern to the Blast Blast Dat Databas abase. e... ............................................................................. ...........................................................................32 Task Task: Tie in a V Fir Firing ing Patt Pattern ern ............................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................34 Task Task: Tie in a Cust Customis omised ed Firin Firing g Patt Pattern ern ............................................................................................ ............................................................................................36 Create Create a Blast Boundary and Blast Solid ............................................................................... ...............................................................................38 38 Task Task: Unlo Unload ad a Blas Blastt Patt Pattern ern from the Blas Blastt Dat Databas abase e ....................................................................... .......................................................................3 38 Task Task: Cre Creat ate e Blas Blastt Bou Boundary ary Stri Strin ng .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................39 Task Task: Cre Creat ate e Blas Blastt Solid Solid ...................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................40 Create Create a B last Repor Repor t ............................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................41 41 Task Task: Recal Recalll the Pit Picku Pickup Str String ing File File and and Blas Blastt Patt Pattern ern.................................................................... ....................................................................4 41 Task Task: Gener Generat ate e a Blas Blastt Summ Summary ary Repor Reportt............................................................................................ ............................................................................................42 Task Task: Gener Generat ate e a Blas Blastt Wo Work rk Ord Order Repor Reportt ........................................................................................ ........................................................................................43 Pre-split Holes .......................................................................................................................... .. ........................................................................................................................45 45 Task Task: Cre Creat atin ing g Pre-sp Pre-spli litt Hole Holes s Alon Along a Segm Segment ent ................................................................................ ................................................................................4 46 Task Task: Cre Creat atin ing g Pre-sp Pre-spli litt Hole Holes s Alo Alon ng a Str Straig aight Line Line .......................................................................... ..........................................................................5 56 Blast Database Concepts ........................................................................................................ .. ......................................................................................................66 66 Table Tables s and and Field Fields s in in a Dril Drilll & Blast Blast Dat Databas abase e ..................................................................................... .....................................................................................66 Task Task: Cre Creat atin ing g a new Dril Drilll & Blas Blastt Dat Databas abase e....................................................................................... .......................................................................................67 Task Task: Upg Upgradin ading g a v5.0 Blas Blastt Dat Databas abase e .............................................................................................. ..............................................................................................69 Loading the Blast Database .................................................................................................... .. ..................................................................................................70 70 Task Task: Load Loadin ing g Samp Sample Int Interv ervals als in into a Dat Databas abase e ................................................................................ ................................................................................70

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Introduction The drill and blast module allows you to create and charge vertical and inclined holes in rectangular patterns, along segments, or in a straight line between any two points digitised on the screen.

Requirements Prior to proceeding with this tutorial, you will need: • • •

Surpac 6.0 installed The drill and blast tutorial data set. A good understanding of the basic Surpac concepts of strings, segments, DTMs, and string tools.

Objectives The objective of this tutorial is to allow you to create a blast design from start to finish, including all the intermediate steps needed to produce the final report. It is not intended to be exhaustive in scope, but will show the workflow needed to achieve a result. You can then refine and add to this workflow to meet your specific requirements.

Workflow The process described in this tutorial is outlined below: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Open blast design profile Set up blast design defaults Design blast hole collar pattern Prime and load blast holes Design the tie in pattern for firing Up-load the blast design into the blast database Create a true blast outline, using a blast destruction cone Create a blast solid Produce a blast report

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Concepts There are several terms and concepts particular to this tutorial which will be explained here. Note that not all terms are the same in all countries, and you may need to apply your preferred terminology where applicable. Much of the terminology associated with this document is specific to the mining and quarrying industries.

Drilling Drilling parameters which are customisable include: Bearing - also referred to as azimuth. Burden – the distance between rows. Collar - the starting point of a drill hole. Diameter – the diameter of drill hole in units of measure (ie. metres or feet). Dip – the angle of a hole above or below the horizontal. Pattern - a set of blast holes which will be collectively drilled, sampled, charged, and blasted.

An example of a pattern is shown below. Each dot represents one blasthole.

Spacing – the distance between holes in a row. Subdrill distance - extra drilling length to add to each hole. Toe - the bottom or ending point of a drill hole is referred to as the toe. A line defining the base point of a

slope may also be referred to as a toe.

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Concepts

Drilling

Presplit Holes

Often holes are drilled at relatively close spacing along a planned fracture plane. These holes are referred to in Surpac as presplit holes. Surpac can create presplit holes along a straight line or along a segment. The example below shows presplit holes created along a segment, and in a straight line. One set of holes are created from one segment, the crest of a bench, to another segment, the toe of the ramp. The horizontal holes, which could be used as drains in a pit wall, or for sampling, were created along a straight line. An example of presplit holes is shown:

Blast Boundary

A blast boundary can be generated for a designed pattern using blast cones around each drill hole. The outermost segments of each cone are joined up to create the blast boundary.

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Concepts

Drilling

Blast Solid

A blast solid can be generated by using the blast boundary and projecting it down to a design elevation or to a DTM surface.

Tie in patterns

A tie in pattern can be generated using one of the standard templates, or you can select holes/tie in lines individually to generate a customised pattern.

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Concepts

Blasting

Blasting Charging parameters which are customisable include: Booster name –may be selected from Anzomex G (PG), Anzomex H (PH), Anzomex K (PK), Anzomex P

(PP E), Anzomex PP D (PPD), Anzomex PP P (PP PE), J umbo prime (PJ ) or Stopeprime (PSP DL). Charge depth - can be automatically adjusted to hole depth. Charge interval - multiple charge intervals separated by stemming are allowed. Database - All of the drilling and blasting information for each hole can be saved to a database. Surpac

supports MS-Access(TM), and any database connectable via ODBC (Open DataBase Connectivity). The recommended database type is MS-Access(TM). Delay time (in milliseconds) - defaults to 400 milliseconds. Depth of stemming - rock chips, dirt, or other non-explosive material placed on top of the charge. Detonator name -, may be selected from Excel LP, Nonel LP, Nonel MS, connectadet or enduradet. Detonator positi on in the hole –may be selected from top, middle or bottom of the hole. Explosive - may be selected from ANFO 0.8, 0.9 or 1.0, Power Gel, air or stemming.

Reports and Volume Calculations

The drill and blast module can generate three report types: •

Blast summary - The blast summary report gives a rundown of all the blast design and costing

details, including such things as total drilling length, explosive products, mass of explosive down each hole, powder factor, blast volume, drilling cost and explosive cost. •

Pattern setout - The pattern setout report contains a list of hole numbers and their coordinates

•

Work order - The work order report gives details of the total number of explosive products to be

used in a blast, including such things as number and type of detonators in the blast, total mass of explosive, kilograms of explosive per hole and number of boosters required.

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Getting Started Overview

The following will be presented in this chapter: •

Setting the work directory

•

Opening the blast design profile.

A work directory is the default directory for saving Surpac files. Files used in this tutorial are stored in the folder: \demo_data\tutorials\drill_and_blast

where is the directory in which Surpac was installed.

Task: Settin g the Work Directory 1. 2.

In the Surpac Navigator, right-click the drill_and_blast folder. From the popup menu, select Set as work directory.

The name of the work directory is displayed in the title bar of the Surpac window.

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Getting Started

Task: Opening the Blast Design Profile

Task: Opening the Blast Design Profile Open Surpac and it will start either in the no profile mode, or in a previously set default profile. 3.

Right click in the area immediately to the right of the Help menu and choose Profiles, and then blastdesign .

4.

If you wish to set this as your default profile every time you start Surpac, right click in the area immediately to the right of the Help Menu and choose Profiles then Set current as default .

For more information on setting up profiles and customising menus and toolbars, see the Introduction to Surpac tutorial.

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Modifying Blast Design Defaults Overview

The following concepts will be presented in this chapter: •

Setting up and adding to the blasting design defaults.

•

Setting up string polygons for different rock mass classifications. Note:

The blasting.ssi file should be backed up regularly as it contains all your default blast design and cost parameters. Accidental overwriting or deletion of this file will require manual re-input of all the information.

Drilling Defaults Tab 1.

Choose Blast design > Drill and Blast Settings . The Blast Design Defaults form will open on the Drilling Defaults tab as shown:

Notice the panel for Drill Rigs . By right clicking the row number and selecting Add , you can add the names of any drill rigs you have on site to this list. The drill rig can then be assigned to a blast pattern when designing a blast.

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Modifying Blast Design Defaults

Charging Defaults Tab

Charging Defaults Tab 1.

Click the Charging Defaults tab. This is the area where you enter all your explosives product information. You can then select any of these products when charging the holes in a blast design.

Rock Classific ations Tab 1.

Click the Rock Classifications tab. This is the area where you enter all the Rock Mass Classification (RMC) information.

2. 3.

Right click on one of the row numbers and select Add , to create a new record. Enter the rock classification details in the following columns – Rock Name Rock Description

-

Basalt Fresh FreshBas

SG

-

2.8

Powder Factor

-

0.8

Sub Drill

-

Burden

0.6 -

2.5

Spacing

-

2.5

Blast cone angle

-

50

Drilling cost per unit length

-

30

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Firing Defaults Tab

Note: The “Rock Name” and “Rock Description” entries are case sensitive.

The values entered in the previous form are used in various other parts of the tutorial. For example, when reporting on a blast with the Rock name of “Basalt Fresh”, the mass of blasted material will be calculated using a specific gravity (SG) of 2.8. Other values will be explained as you progress through the tutorial. Note:

You may see different data if the drill and blast tutorial has already been run on your computer. If so, leave the data alone and simply Appl y the form.

The burden value for oxide has been filled in incorrectly. Look at the fields Rock name and Burden . 4.

Change the burden value to 6.

Firing Defaults Tab 1.

Click the Firing defaults tab. This tab contains template details for the three most common firing patterns.

If you have a blast design that is suited to using one of these firing patterns, then you can generate a firing sequence with minimal effort, using of one of these standard templates. This is best illustrated by an example (which is covered in a later section of this tutorial) so for now just check that each entry for “No. of rows” is 1. “No. of rows” refers to the number of rows that will be connected together to fire on the same time delay.

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Rock Mass Classification (RMC) Polygons

Rock Mass Classifi cation (RMC) Polygons Next, you are going to use string maths to modify some string polygon files so they are in a suitable format to use the “Modify burden and spacing by polygon” option when designing a blast pattern. 1. 2.

Choose File tools > String maths . Enter the information as shown, and then click Apply .

3. 4.

Choose File tools > String maths . Enter the information as shown, and then click Apply .

Note:

The data entered is case sensitive.

You have now set up two RMC polygon files that can be used to automatically set burden and spacing when designing a blast pattern. This will be covered in a later chapter of this tutorial. If you want to see all of the steps performed in this chapter, run 01_data_setup.tcl

Note:

Whenever the macro pauses, displaying the prompt “Click in graphics to continu e” in the message window, you will need to click in graphics. Also, you will need to click Appl y on any forms presented.

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Designing a Blast Pattern Using RMC Polygons Overview


Creating blast patterns using the auto spacing and burden from polygons option.

•

Saving the blast pattern and loading the holes to the blast database.

Task: Design a Blast Pattern Using Aut o Spacing and Burd en from Polygons 1. 2.

Open bench960_950.str . Open rmc_960.str . Note:

The polygon file must be in the currently active layer to use the auto spacing and burden from polygons option ie. drag the polygon file into graphics last.

For this chapter of the tutorial you are going to design a blast pattern for the upper bench in the pit pickup, and align it with one section of the “free face”. 3.

Choose Blast Design > Create blast p attern . You are prompted to Select area for blasting holes . In this case, you will select an area larger than you wish to blast and then trim the blast.

4.

Click and drag an area similar to that shown.

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Task: Design a Blast Pattern Using Auto Spacing and Burden from Polygons

Designing a Blast Pattern Using RMC Polygons

5.

By holding down the right mouse button to rotate the selected area, and holding down the left mouse button to move the selected area, orientate the blast pattern to align with the longest section of the free face as shown.

6. 7. 8.

Press ENTER to accept the selected area. Click the tab Pattern Settings . Enter the information as shown.

Note: The coordinates of the Blasting Grid Origin, Grid Height, Width and Angle will be different for you, but should be of similar magnitude. Page 16 of 79



9. 10.

Click the Hole Settings tab. Enter the information as shown, and then click Apply .

A blast pattern will be generated. A detailed explanation of each field on this form follows:

Origin X

The X coordinate of the origin of the grid.

Origin Y

The Y coordinate of the origin of the grid.

Grid Height

The length of the grid along the axis labelled "Burden".

Grid Width

The length of the grid along the axis labelled "Spacing".

Grid Angle

Grid angle may be set to any value from 0 to 360. The grid angle is the azimuth, or bearing of the axis labelled "Burden".

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Layout

Either rectangular or staggered . Below is an example of each: Rectangular

Order

Staggered

Either Regular or Zig-Zag . Below is an example of each: Regular

Zig-Zag

In these examples, the rows are ordered from south to north. It is possible to order the rows from north to south or east to west or west to east by rotating the grid to an angle of 90, 180, or 270 degrees respectively.

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Spacing input

You have three choices: •

Modify burden and spacing by polygo n will use the burden and spacing defined in the blast

design defaults file. Setting up these polygons and the blast design defaults has already been explained in the chapter Modify Blast Design Defaults. •

•

Under the section Manual Burden/Spacing, you have the choice of either Burden and Spacing or Number of holes . If you select Burden and Spacing , you will be prompted for the burden (distance between rows) and the spacing (distance between holes in a row). The number of holes in each direction is calculated based on the grid height and grid width, and is displayed on the Blast pattern design form. For example, if the grid height is 120, and the burden is 10, the number of rows is 13 (120/10 +1). If the grid width is 60, and the burden is 7.5, the number of columns (or holes per row) is 9 (60/7.5 +1).

In the example below, a burden of 10 and a spacing of 7.5 has been used.

If you select Number of holes , you will be prompted for the number of holes per row, and the number of holes per column. The spacing between holes in each direction is calculated based on the grid height and grid width, and displayed on the form. If the grid height is 120, and the burden is 10, the number of rows is set to 11, the burden (spacing between rows) will be 12 ( 120 / (11 - 1) ). If the grid width is 60, and the number of columns is set to 21, the spacing (distance between holes in a row) will be 3 ( 60 / (21-1) ).

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Collar Elevation

May be either Fixed , DTM layer , or DTM fil e. •

•

If Fixed is selected, you will be prompted to enter an elevation (Z value). The collar elevations of all holes in the pattern will be set to this value. If DTM layer is selected, you will be prompted to enter the name of another existing layer which contains a DTM. Note:

This layer must contain a DTM that is numbered object 1, trisolation 1. This DTM must be a DTM surface and no t a 3D solid model. In other words, the DTM must have been created using the function CREATE DTM, and not with any of the solids modelling tools.

The collar elevation of each hole will be set to the elevation of the DTM where the hole intersects the DTM. •

If DTM fil e is selected, you will be prompted to enter the name of an existing DTM file, and whether or not you wish for the DTM to be displayed. The collar elevation of each hole will be set to the elevation of the DTM where the hole intersects the DTM.

Toe Elevatio n

May be either Set Length , Set Elevatio n , DTM layer , or DTM fil e.

•

•

•

If Set Length is selected, you will be prompted to enter a hole length. The length of all holes in the pattern will be set to this value. If Set Elevatio n is selected, you will be prompted to enter an elevation (Z value). The elevation of the toes (end, or bottom point) of all holes in the pattern will be set to this value. If DTM layer is selected, you will be prompted to enter the name of another existing layer which contains a DTM. The toe elevation of each hole will be set to the elevation of the DTM where the hole intersects the DTM.

Note: This layer must contain a DTM that is numbered object 1, trisolation 1. This DTM must be a DTM surface and no t a 3D solid model. In other words, the DTM must have been created using the function CREATE DTM, and not with any of the solids modelling tools. •

If DTM fil e is selected, you will be prompted to enter the name of an existing DTM file, as well as whether or not you would like to see this DTM file displayed on the screen. The toe elevation of each hole will be set to the elevation of the DTM where the hole intersects the DTM.

Hole Bearing

Hole bearing may be set to any value from 0 to 360. The bearing (also known as azimuth) of all holes in this pattern will be set to this value. For vertical holes, hole bearing may be set to any value. Zero is commonly used for the bearing of vertical holes. The bearing is measured as the azimuth in plan view from the collar to the toe, or end of the hole. Hole Dip

Hole dip may be set to any value from -90 to 0. The dip of all holes in this pattern will be set to this value. For vertical holes drilled down, hole dip should be set to -90. For horizontal holes, the dip should be set to zero. The dip is measured as the angle from the horizontal plane to the toe, or end of the hole. Hole Diameter

The hole diameter is to be entered in units of measure. If you are using the metric system, this is in meters. For example, a 76mm hole would be entered as 0.076 (meters). If you are using the imperial system, enter this value as feet. For example, a 6 inch hole would be entered as 0.5 (feet). The diameter is written to the D4 field of the first point of the segment which represents the hole.

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Clip to Boundary

After you apply this form, if CLIP TO BOUNDARY is set to Yes, then you will be prompted to select a closed segment. All holes that would have fallen outside this boundary will be deleted. Direction of the boundary segment is ignored. In other words, if the segment is anticlockwise, it is treated as if it was clockwise for determining if a hole is inside or outside the segment. Pattern Identifier

The pattern identifier is a string of text and/or numbers that will be written to the field blast pattern if the data is written to a database. The pattern identifier is written to the D2 field of the first point of the segment which represents each hole. Hole ID Prefix

All holes will be created with a numeric hole name (hole ID). Any characters which you wish to precede the numeric portion of the hole name can be entered here. For example, if you wanted the holes to be numbered 940-1, 940-2, 940-3, etc., you would enter "940-" as the hole ID prefix. The hole ID prefix may be left blank. If it is blank, the holes will be numbered 1, 2, 3, etc. Hole ID Suffi x

All holes will be created with a numeric hole name (hole ID). Any characters which you wish to come after the numeric portion of the hole name can be entered here. For example, if you wanted the holes to be numbered 1rc, 2rc, 3rc, etc., you would enter "rc" as the hole ID suffix. The hole ID suffix may be left blank. If it is blank, the holes will be numbered 1, 2, 3, etc. Starting Value

All holes will be created with a numeric hole name (hole ID), starting at the number specified here. For example, if you wanted the first hole number to be 1000, the second hole to be numbered 1001, the third hole to be numbered 1002, etc, then you would enter a starting value of 1000. Sequence Rows, and Row Increment

It is possible to commence each row of blast holes with an ID number that is incremented from a base value. For example, each row might commence with an even hundred value, i.e. 100 for the first row, 200 for the second row, etc. If this option is selected the incremental value that defines the starting hole ID for each new row should be entered in the row increment field. Obviously, the increment chosen must be greater than the number of columns in each row. Pad Hole id, Length, and Character

To insure that holes are presented in order when viewing them in a database table, you may want to "pad" the numeric portion of the hole with a character. For example, if you wanted holes numbered ABC001, ABC-002, ABC-003, etc, you would say "Yes" to Pad Hole_id, set Pad Length to 3, and set Pad Character to "0".

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Task: Clip Blast Pattern to Area on the Top Bench

Below are some examples:

Hole ID

Hole ID

Starting

Pad

Pad

Pad Examples

Prefix

Suffix

Value

Hole_id

1

No

1, 2, 3

1

No

A1, A2, A3

1

No

940-1rc, 940-2rc, 940-3rc

bh-

1

Yes

3

0

bh-001, bh-002, bh-003

N_

201

Yes

4

x

N_x201, N_x202, N_x203

8

Yes

2

0

08bh, 09bh, 10bh

901

No

A 940-

rc

bh RC

Length

Character

RC901, RC902,RC903

Task: Clip Blast Pattern to Ar ea on th e Top Bench 1.

Choose Delete > Outs ide boun dary . You will be prompted to Select a clo sed segment .

2.

Click any point on the top bench outline. You will see an image like the one shown.

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Task: Save the String File and Load Holes to the Blast Database


Task: Save the String Fil e and Lo ad Holes to th e Blast Database 1. 2.

Choose File > Save > stri ng/DTM Enter the information as shown, and then click Apply .

Note:

3.

After loading a blast pattern to the database, the string layer is deleted and holes from the database displayed. This is to avoid having two copies of the blast pattern in graphics at the one time, which could potentially contain conflicting information after an editing operation. You do not have to save the string file, because it is possible to download a pattern from a blast database back into string file format.

Choose Database > Upload bl ast hol es into database . Note:

Make sure you are using the Blast Database menu as shown, and no t the one from the Geological Database menu.

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Task: Save the String File and Load Holes to the Blast Database


4.

Enter the information as shown, and then click Apply .

5.


You will notice that there are two panels at the top of this form, labelled Duplicate holes in database and Extra holes in database respectively. These two panels warn you when a blast pattern with the same identification already exists in the blast database, and gives you the option of what to do in this case. There are two situations where you would have a duplicate blast pattern. The first situation is when you mistakenly type in a duplicate Pattern Identifier on the Blast Pattern Desig n form. In this case, you should cancel the Load Blast Holes to Database form and edit the Pattern Identifier before continuing the Load Blast Holes to Database operation.

•

Tip: •

Use string maths to change the d2 field to a unique Pattern Identifier, before proceeding.

The second situation is where you have modified an existing pattern and now wish to overwrite the original pattern stored in the blast database with the new information.

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Task: Design a Blast Pattern With More than one Burden and Spacing


Task: Design a Blast Pattern With More than one Burden and Spacing 1. 2. 3. 4.

Click the Reset graphics icon . Open bench960_950.str. Open multiple_rmc_zones.str . Choose Blast design > Create blast pattern . You are prompted to Select area for blasting holes .

5.

Create an area similar to that shown.

6.

Press ENTER or F2 to accept the selected area.

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7.


Enter the information as shown.

Note: The coordinates of the Blasting Grid Origin, Grid Height, Width and Angle will be different, but should be of similar

magnitude.

8. 9.

Click the Hole Settings tab. Enter the information as shown, and then click Apply .

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10.

Choose Delete > Outs ide boun dary . You will be prompted to Select a clo sed segment .

11.

Click any point on the top bench outline. You will see an image like the one shown.

Note:

Some editing of holes will be required at the contact zone between different RMC areas, as the burden and spacing conditions can not be met in all cases at these locations.

If you want to see all of the steps performed in this chapter, run 02_auto_rmc_patterns.tcl Note:


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Load and Tie in a Firing Pattern Overview


Unload a blast pattern from the blast database into a string file format.

•

Charging blast holes.

•

Tie in a firing pattern.

•

Upload firing pattern to blast database.

Task: Unload a blast p attern from the blast database 1. 2. 3. 4.

Click the Reset graphics icon . Open bench960_950.str . Choose Database > Download blast holes from database . Enter the information as shown, and then click Apply .

5.


You should now have a display that looks like the image below:

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Load and Tie in a Firing Pattern

Task: Charge All Holes

Task: Charge All Hol es 1. 2.

Choose Charge > All holes . Enter the information as shown, and then click Apply

You will now get a charge report called charging.log .

3.

Close charging.log once you have inspected it.

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Task: Tie in a Diagonal Firing Pattern

Task: Tie in a Diagonal Firing Pattern 1. 2.

Choose Firing sequence > Generate firing sequence . Enter the information as shown, and then click Apply .

3.

Define the first row of the pattern by clicking and dragging to identify the tie in for the first row. See the image below.

Page 30 of 79


Task: Tie in a Diagonal Firing Pattern

You should end up with a display like the image shown.

The tie in delay information is written into the description fields of each of the blast holes, so the information can be saved and uploaded to the blast database. The tie in lines have been created in the new layer, in this case called “tie_in”. You should switch to that layer and save the file if you wish to keep a copy for plotting, later recall, visualising etc., as this string file is not saved when uploading the tie in information to the blast database. There are also functions to animate and step through the blast firing sequence. 4.

Double click on the tie-in layer in the layer chooser to make it the active layer.

5. 6.

Choose Firing sequence >Firing animation to animate the blast. Enter the information as shown, and then click Appl y .

Page 31 of 79


Task: Upload Tie in Pattern to the Blast Database

Task: Upload Tie in Pattern to the Blast Database 1. 2.

Choose Database >Upload bl ast hol es into database . Enter the information as shown, and then click Apply .

Note:

Make sure you tick the option to Overwrite with new blast holes , as you now wish to replace the original data with the new pattern, including the firing sequence information.

Page 32 of 79


Task: Upload Tie in Pattern to the Blast Database

3.

Click Appl y on the blank Draw Holes form as shown.

4.

Click Appl y on the blank Define Query Constraints form as shown.

The firing sequence information will now be loaded to the blast database and the holes contained within the database displayed in graphics.

Note: You can view a single blast hole by selecting the Database menu, then select Display followed by View a blast hole. You can change the display styles for such things as explosive, stemming etc. by selecting the Database menu, then select Display followed by Blast hole display styles.

Page 33 of 79


Task: Tie in a V Firing Pattern

Task: Tie in a V Firin g Pattern 1. 2. 3. 4.


5.


6. 7.

Choose Firing sequence > Generate firing sequence . Enter the information as shown, and then click Apply .

Page 34 of 79


8.

Task: Tie in a V Firing Pattern

Define the apex of the V pattern, and the two sides of the V, by clicking and dragging each line as shown.

You will see a blast pattern like the following:

Page 35 of 79


Task: Tie in a Customised Firing Pattern

Task: Tie in a Custo mised Firin g Pattern 1. 2. 3. 4.


5.


6. 7.

Choose Firing sequence > Customised f iring sequence . Enter the information as shown, and then click Apply .

Note: For this example, no template has been used and you are able to tie in the holes in any order or pattern that you

select.

Page 36 of 79


8.

Task: Tie in a Customised Firing Pattern

Select some holes to define the holes in the first row as shown.

Note: The holes for row 1 are selected by clicking on the end points of the row, and then pressing ESCAP E.

9. 10. 11.

Choose Firing sequence > Increment row number . Select the next row in the firing sequence by clicking on either the start point, any inflection points or the end point. Continue defining rows using the above process until you have completed all the rows as shown.

Note: Once you have finished a tie in row, press ESCAPE and you will be prompted to start the next row. When you have completed all rows in the firing sequence, press ESCAPE twice to finish the operation.

If you want to see all of the steps performed in this chapter, run 03a_load_&_tie_pattern1.tcl 03b_v_pattern.tcl 03c_custom_pattern.tcl Note:


Page 37 of 79

Create a Blast Boundary and Bl ast Solid Overview


Unload a blast pattern from the blast database into a string file format

•

Create a blast boundary, using a destruction cone around every blast hole

•

Create a blast solid using the blast boundary

Task: Unload a Blast Pattern from the Blast Database 1. 2. 3. 4.


5.


You should now have a graphics display that looks like the image shown.

Page 38 of 79

Create a Blast Boundary and Blast Solid

Task: Create Blast Boundary String

Task: Create Blast Bound ary String 1. 2.

Choose Blast Design > Create blast boundary string . Enter the information as shown, and then click Apply .

Note:

The option to Overwrite cone angle has been ticked. Normally the value you enter as cone angle in the blast design defaults is used, but in this case the option to temporarily override the value has been selected.

You should now have a graphics display that looks like the image shown.

3. 4.

Choose Blast design > Clip blast boundary by crest str ing . Follow the prompts to clip the blast boundary.

Prompts:

1. Select the crest segment of the free face to clip with. 2. Select the true blast boundary segment. 3. Select a point which lies on a part of the blast boundary to retain.

Page 39 of 79

Create a Blast Boundary and Blast Solid

Task: Create Blast Solid

Task: Create Blast Solid 1. 2.

Choose Blast design > Create blast s olid . Enter the information as shown, and then click Apply .

3.

Use the mouse to select a point on the blast boundary segment. You should now have a blast solid displayed in graphics that looks similar to the image below.

4.

Choose File > Save > stri ng/DTM and name the file solid_bp1.dtm. If you want to see all of the steps performed in this chapter, run 04_blast_boundary_&_solid.tcl

which will run through all the steps in this chapter of the tutorial. Note:

Whenever the macro pauses, displaying the prompt “Click in graphics to continu e” in the message window, you will need to click in graphics. Also, you will need to click Appl y on any forms presented. Page 40 of 79

Create a Blast Report Overview

The following concept will be presented in this chapter: •

Generate a blast report using a blast design and a solid created from the blast pattern.

Task: Recall th e Pit Pick up Strin g File and Blast Pattern 5. 6. 7. 8.

Click the Reset graphics icon . Open bench960_950.str . Choose Display > Display loaded blastholes . Enter the following information, and then click Appl y .

9.


10.


You should now have the blast pattern and pit pickup displayed in graphics.

Page 41 of 79

Create a Blast Report

Task: Generate a Blast Summary Report

Task: Generate a Blast Summary Repor t 1. 2.

Choose Report > Bl ast summary . Enter the information as shown, and then click Apply .

Note:

There are three options for the report type. Generally, the consolidated report is the best option to select, as it will still produce a report in most situations even if some information is not available. For example, if the blast pattern contains two rock classifications but the blast solid contains only one object/trisolation, then a detailed report cannot be produced because there is no way to determine what proportion of the volume belongs to which rock classification. In this case the consolidated report will still produce a report using the total combined volume.

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3.

Task: Generate a Blast Work Order Report


You should now have a blast summary report, bp1.not , displayed. Note:

The option Override blast s olid details allow you to temporally override the blast solid details when producing a blast report. The idea here is that the blast solid detail entries for Blast pattern, and Rock mass Classification, must match the information stored in the database for the specified blast pattern, in order that a complete blast report can be generated. By ticking this option, a second panel is enabled, from which you can select values to temporarily use to generate the blast report.

Task: Generate a Blast Work Order Report 1. 2.

Choose Report > Work order . Enter the information as shown, and then click Appl y .

Page 43 of 79


3.

Task: Generate a Blast Work Order Report


You should now have a blast work order report, work_order_bp1.not , displayed. If you want to see all of the steps performed in this chapter, run 05a_blast_report.tcl and 05b_blast_work_order.tcl



Page 44 of 79

Pre-split Holes Overview


What are Pre-split Holes?

•

Creating Pre-split Holes along a segment

•

Creating Pre-split Holes along a straight line

Often holes are drilled at relatively close spacing along a planned fracture plane. These holes are referred to in Surpac as presplit holes. Surpac can create presplit holes along a straight line, or along a segment. The example below shows presplit holes created along a segment, and in a straight line. One set of holes are created from one segment, the crest of a bench, to another segment, the toe of the ramp. The horizontal holes, which could be used as drains in a pit wall, or for sampling, were created along a straight line.

Page 45 of 79

Pre-split Holes

Task: Creating Pre-split Holes Along a Segment

Task: Creating Pre-split Holes Along a Segment 1. 2. 3. 4.

Click the Reset graphics icon . Open bench940.str . Choose Display > Strings > With string numbers . Enter the information as shown, and then click Apply .

You should see the following:

Notice that the following string numbers are used: String

Description

1

ramp strings

940

940 elevation design toe

950

950 elevation design toe and crest

960

960 elevation design crest

Page 46 of 79

Pre-split Holes


You will create a pattern near the ramp from the 950 elevation to the toe of the ramp. These holes are shown below:

5. 6.

Click the icon put the data in plan view. Zoom in on the ramp area, as shown below:

7.

Choose Blast design > Pre-split holes along a segment .

Page 47 of 79

Pre-split Holes

8.


Click the 950 crest as shown, drag to the top of the ramp, and then release the mouse button.

Note: If, as you were dragging, any other segment was highlighted, you may have selected a different string. If any other string was selected, press ESCAPE and try again.

9.

Enter the information as shown, and then click Apply :

Page 48 of 79

Pre-split Holes


A detailed explanation of each field on the Pre-spli t Parameters form follows:

Spacing input

Either Spacing or No holes (i.e., "Number of holes"). If you select Spacing , you will be prompted to enter the spacing distance between holes. The number of holes is calculated based on the line length, and displayed on the form. As shown on the Pre-split Parameters above, if the line length is 112.283, and the spacing is 5, the number of holes is 23 (truncated integer value of (112.3/5 +1) ). If you select No holes , you will be prompted for the number of holes you want drilled between the first and last points. The spacing between holes is calculated based on the line length, and displayed on the form. If the line length is 112.283, and you enter number of holes as 11, the spacing between holes will be 11.228 (112.283/ (11 - 1) ).

Collar Elevation

Either Fixed , Selected Segment , DTM layer , or DTM fil e. If Fixed is selected, you will be prompted to enter an elevation (Z value). The collar elevations of all presplit holes created will be set to this value. If you select Selected Segment , the collar elevations of all holes will be set to the elevation of the selected segment at the specified distance along the segment. If you select DTM layer , you will be prompted to enter the name of another existing layer which contains a DTM. The collar elevation of each hole will be set to the elevation of the DTM at the XY coordinates of the collar location. Note:


If you select DTM fil e, you will be prompted to enter the name of an existing DTM file, and also whether or not you wish for this file to be displayed. The collar elevation of each hole will be set to the elevation of the DTM at the XY coordinates of the collar location.

Toe Elevatio n

Either Set Length , Set Elevatio n , DTM layer , DTM fil e, or Set to Segment . If Set Length is selected, you will be prompted to enter a hole length. The length of all holes created will be set to this value. If Set Elevatio n is selected, you will be prompted to enter an elevation (Z value). The elevation of the toes (end, or bottom point) of all holes created will be set to this value. If DTM layer is selected, you will be prompted to enter the name of another existing layer which contains a DTM. This layer must contain a DTM that is numbered object 1, trisolation 1. This DTM must be a DTM surface and not a 3D solid model. In other words, the DTM must have been created using the function CREATE DTM, and not with any of the solids modelling tools. The toe elevation of each hole will be set to the elevation of the DTM where the hole intersects the DTM. If DTM fil e is selected, you will be prompted to enter the name of an existing DTM file, and whether or not you would like to see the DTM file displayed. The nominated DTM must be numbered object 1, trisolation 1, and it must be a DTM surface - not a 3D solid model. In other words, the DTM must have been created using the function CREATE DTM, and not with any of the solids modelling tools. The toe elevation of each hole will be set to the elevation of the DTM where the hole intersects the DTM. If Set to Segment is selected, after the form is applied, you will be prompted to enter a Segment offset , and a Fix Value. You will then be prompted to select a segment, and, if the segment offset amount is not zero, you will be prompted to select which side of the segment you wish the toes to be extended. Where possible, the holes will be extended to the segment at the nominated offset distance. In some cases, Page 49 of 79

Pre-split Holes


such as interior corners shown below, you must choose between maintaining the bearing or the offset of the hole.

If you set Fix Value to Bearing , the orientation of the holes will remain perpendicular to the collar segment, but the offset will not be honoured. If you set Fix Value to Offset , the offset distance will be honoured, but the bearing of the hole will not be perpendicular to the collar segment.

Bearing

Offset

Bearing and Hole Bearing

If Hole Length is Set to Segment , hole bearing and dip will be determined by the geometry of the selected segment so the bearing, hole bearing, and dip will not require input. If Hole Length is anything else, you must enter the method for calculating the bearing of the hole as either Set Bearing or Perp. t o Segment . If you select Set Bearing , you must enter a value for Hole Bearing (from 0 to 360 if the angular unit are set to degrees, and 0 to 400 if the angular units are set to grads). The bearing (also know as azimuth) of all holes in this pattern will be set to this value. For vertical holes, hole bearing may be set to any value. Zero is commonly used for the bearing of vertical holes. The bearing is measured as the azimuth in plan view from the collar to the toe, or end of the hole. The value entered for Hole Bearing will be used for all holes, regardless of the orientation of the segment. If you select Perp. t o Segment , all holes will be created perpendicular to the segment. Hole Dip

If Hole Length is Set to Segment , hole bearing and dip will be determined by the geometry of the selected segment, and bearing, hole bearing, and dip will not require input. Hole dip may be set to any value from -90 to +90 if the angular units are set to degrees, and -100 to +100 if the angular units are set to grads. The dip of all holes in this pattern will be set to this value. For vertical holes drilled down, hole dip should be set to -90. For horizontal holes, the dip should be set to zero. The dip is measured as the angle from the horizontal plane to the toe, or end of the hole. Hole Diameter

The hole diameter is to be entered in units of measure. If you are using the metric system, this is in meters. For example, a 76mm hole would be entered as 0.076 (meters). If you are using the imperial

Page 50 of 79

Pre-split Holes


system, enter this value as feet. For example, a 6 inch hole would be entered as 0.5 (feet). The diameter is written to the D4 field of the first point of the segment which represents the hole.

Page 51 of 79

Pre-split Holes


Clip to Boundary

After you apply this form, if CLIP TO BOUNDARY is set to Yes , you will be prompted to select a closed segment. All holes whose collar location would have fallen outside this boundary will be deleted. Direction of the boundary segment is ignored. In other words, if the segment is anticlockwise, it is treated as if it was clockwise for determining if a hole is inside or outside the segment. Pattern Identifier

The pattern identifier is a string of text and/or numbers that will be written to the field blast_pattern if the data is written to a database. The pattern identifier is written to the D1 field of the first point of the segment which represents each hole. Hole ID Prefix

All holes will be created with a numeric hole name (hole ID). Any characters which you wish to precede the numeric portion of the hole name can be entered here. For example, if you wanted the holes to be numbered 940-1, 940-2, 940-3, etc., you would enter "940-" as the hole ID prefix. The hole ID prefix may be left blank. If it is blank, the holes will be numbered 1, 2, 3, etc. Hole ID Suff ix


All holes will be created with a numeric hole name (hole ID), starting at the number specified here. For example, if you wanted the first hole number to be 101, the second hole to be numbered 102, the third hole to be numbered 103, etc, then you would enter a starting value of 101. Pad Hole_id, Length, and Character

To ensure that holes are presented in order when viewing them in a database table, you may want to "pad" the numeric portion of the hole with a character. For example, if you wanted holes numbered ABC001, ABC-002, ABC-003, etc, you would say "Yes" to Pad Hole_id, set Pad Length to 3, and set Pad Character to "0". Below are some examples: Hole ID

Hole ID

Starting

Pad

Pad

Pad

Prefix

Suffix

Value

Hole_id

Length

Character

1

No

1, 2, 3

1

No

A1, A2, A3

1

No

940-1rc, 940-2rc, 940-3rc

bh-

1

Yes

3

0

bh-001, bh-002, bh-003

N_

201

Yes

4

x

N_x201, N_x202, N_x203

8

Yes

2

0

08bh, 09bh, 10bh

901

No

A 940-

rc

bh RC

Examples

RC901, RC902,RC903

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Pre-split Holes


After applying the form, you will be prompted to select a segment which will be used as the toe position. 10.

Select the ramp string as shown.

You will see the presplit holes created. 11. 12.

Choose Display > Point > Attributes . Enter the information as shown, and then click Apply .

You will see an image like that shown.

Page 53 of 79

Pre-split Holes


Notice that the holes are numbered with the prefix 940-, suffix of "ps", and are drilled from the 950 crest down to the ramp toe. The result will be a series of two-point segments in the layer blast hole layer which represent individual holes. The first point of the segment is at the collar, and the second point of the segment is the toe, or end of the hole. If the layer blast hole layer does not exist, it gets created. If there are no strings in the blast hole layer, or if the blast hole layer does not exist, the string number used for the holes will be the design string number. If there are strings in the blast hole layer, the string number assigned to the holes will be one greater than the maximum string number. 13. 14.

Choose Display > Hide point > Attributes . Enter the information as shown, and then click Apply .

15.

Spin the data around on the screen. You should see something like the image shown.

16.

Choose Inquire > Point properties . Click on the collars and toes of some holes. Notice that the following data is present in the string file:

Collar (start of segment) Toe (end of segment)

D1

D2

DrillBlast1.1

Hole ID

blank

blank

Page 54 of 79

D3

D4

Hole Number Hole Length blank

blank

D5 Diameter blank

Pre-split Holes

Task: Creating Pre-split Holes Along a Straight Line

In this example, you want to ensure that you only create holes which are at least 1.5 meters long as anything shorter is not worth blasting. 17. 18.

Choose Display > Point > Attributes . Enter the information as shown, and then click Apply.

19. 20.

Click the icon to return to plan view. Zoom in on the southern end of the presplit holes. You should see that at least one hole is less than 1.5 meters in length.

Note:

21. 22. 23.

Your hole lengths will not be exactly the same as what is displayed.

Choose Delete > Single hol e. Click all holes less than 1.5 meters in length, and then press ESCAPE. Save the file as pattern940-2.str

Page 55 of 79

Pre-split Holes


Task: Creating Pre-spli t Holes Al ong a Straight Line 1. 2. 3. 4.

Click the Reset graphics icon . Open bench940.str . Choose Display > Strings > With string numbers . Enter the information as shown, and then click Apply .

You should see the following:

5.

Click and drag in graphics to become familiar with the contents of the file. Notice that the following string numbers are used: String

Description

1

ramp strings

940

940 elevation design toe

950

950 elevation design toe and crest

960

960 elevation design crest

Page 56 of 79

Pre-split Holes


In this example, you will create horizontal drain holes on the pit wall. The holes you will create are shown below.

You will use a DTM of the pit wall in this area to set the elevation of the holes. 6. 7.

Choose Surfaces > DTM File functions > Create DTM from string file . Enter the information as shown, and then click Apply .

Note:

8.

It is not necessary to display this file in graphics in order to use it to create holes.

Close the log file

Page 57 of 79

Pre-split Holes


9. 10.

Click the icon to return to plan view. Zoom in on the northern end of the two ramps, as shown.

11.

Choose Blast design > Pre-split holes along a line ,

Click a point approximately halfway between the 960 crest and the 950 toe as shown, drag to a point just south of there, then release the mouse button. Note: If you have any problems, press ESCAPE and try again.

Page 58 of 79

Pre-split Holes



Note: The coordinates of the Presplit Line Origin, Line Length and Bearing will be different, but should be of similar magnitude.

Notice that you are nominating a DTM file to set the collar elevations. The elevation of the holes created will be equal to the elevation of the DTM at the given XY coordinates of each hole. You are setting the Bearing of the holes to be Perp. t o Segment (ie. perpendicular to the line you created). After applying the form, you will be prompted to select which side of the line you created to create the holes. By setting the hole dip to zero degrees, you will be creating horizontal holes. The holes will be numbered 950-701d, 950-702d, 950-703d, etc.

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Pre-split Holes


A detailed explanation of the fields on the form follows: Line Origin

The X (easting) and Y (northing) of the first point clicked with the mouse will be displayed. These coordinates can be edited on the form. Line Length

The length of the line (from the first point the mouse was clicked to the point where the mouse was released) is displayed. The length of this line can be edited on the form. Bearing (of the line)

The bearing of the line (from the first point the mouse was clicked to the point where the mouse was released) is displayed. This bearing can be edited on the form. Spacing Input

Either Spacing or No holes (i.e., "Number of holes"). If you select Spacing , you will be prompted to enter the spacing distance between holes. The number of holes is calculated based on the line length, and displayed on the form. As shown on the Pre-split parameters form above, if the line length is 40, and the spacing is 4, the number of holes is 11 ( (40/4 + 1) ). If you select No holes (i.e., "Number of holes"), you will be prompted for the number of holes you want drilled between the first and last points. The spacing between holes is calculated based on the line length, and displayed on the form. If the line length is 40, and you enter number of holes as 9, the spacing between holes will be 5 ( 40 / (9 - 1) ). Collar Elevation

Either Fixed, DTM layer, or DTM file. If Fixed is selected, you will be prompted to enter an elevation (Z value). The collar elevations of all presplit holes created will be set to this value. If you select DTM layer , you will be prompted to enter the name of another existing layer which contains a DTM. The toe elevation of each hole will be set to the elevation of the DTM where the hole intersects the DTM. Note:


The collar elevation of each hole will be set to the elevation of the DTM at the XY coordinates of the collar location. If you select DTM fil e, you will be prompted to enter the name of an existing DTM file, and also whether or not you wish for this file to be displayed. The collar elevation of each hole will be set to the elevation of the DTM at the XY coordinates of the collar location. Toe Elevatio n

Either Set Length , Set Elevatio n , DTM layer , DTM fil e or Set to Segment . If Set Length is selected, you will be prompted to enter a hole length. The length of all holes created will be set to this value. If Set Elevatio n is selected, you will be prompted to enter an elevation (Z value). The elevation of the toes (end, or bottom point) of all holes created will be set to this value. If DTM layer is selected, you will be prompted to enter the name of another existing layer which contains a DTM. The toe elevation of each hole will be set to the elevation of the DTM where the hole intersects the DTM.

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Pre-split Holes


If DTM fil e is selected, you will be prompted to enter the name of an existing DTM file, and whether or not you would like to see the DTM file displayed. The toe elevation of each hole will be set to the elevation of the DTM where the hole intersects the DTM. If Set to Segment is selected after the form is applied, you will be prompted to enter a Segment offset , and a Fix Value. You will then be prompted to select a segment, and, if the segment offset amount is not zero, you will be prompted to select which side of the segment you wish the toes to be extended. Where possible, the holes will be extended to the segment at the nominated offset distance. In some cases, such as interior corners shown below, you must choose between maintaining the bearing or the offset of the hole. If you set Fix Value to Bearing , the orientation of the holes will remain perpendicular to the collar segment, but the offset will not be honoured. If you set Fix Value to Offset , the offset distance will be honoured, but the bearing of the hole will not be perpendicular to the collar segment.

Bearing

Offset

Bearing and Hole Bearing

If Hole Length is Set to Segment , hole bearing and dip will be determined by the geometry of the selected segment, and bearing, hole bearing, and dip will not require input. If Hole Length is anything else, you must enter the method for calculating the bearing of the hole as either Set Bearing or Perp. t o Segment . If you select Set Bearing , you must enter a value for Hole Bearing

(from 0 to 360 if the angular unit are set to degrees, and 0 to 400 if the angular units are set to grads). The bearing (also known as azimuth) of all holes in this pattern will be set to this value. For vertical holes, hole bearing may be set to any value. Zero is commonly used for the bearing of vertical holes. The bearing is measured as the azimuth in plan view from the collar to the toe, or end of the hole. The value entered for Hole Bearing will be used for all holes, regardless of the orientation of the segment. If you select Perp. to Segment , all holes will be created perpendicular to the segment.

Page 61 of 79

Pre-split Holes


Hole Dip

If Hole Length is Set to Segment , hole bearing and dip will be determined by the geometry of the selected segment, and bearing, hole bearing, and dip will not require input. Hole dip may be set to any value between -90 to +90 if the angular units are set to degrees, and -100 to +100 if the angular units are set to grads.. The dip of all holes in this pattern will be set to this value. For vertical holes drilled down, hole dip should be set to -90. For horizontal holes, the dip should be set to zero. The dip is measured as the angle from the horizontal plane to the toe, or end of the hole. Hole Diameter

The hole diameter is to be entered in units of measure. If you are using the metric system, this is in meters. For example, a 76mm hole would be entered as 0.076 (meters). If you are using the imperial system, enter this value as feet. For example, a 6 inch hole would be entered as 0.5 (feet). The diameter is written to the D4 field of the first point of the segment which represents the hole. Clip to Boundary

After you apply this form, if CLIP TO BOUNDARY is set to Yes , then you will be prompted to select a closed segment. All holes whose collar location would have fallen outside this boundary will be deleted. Direction of the boundary segment is ignored. In other words, if the segment is anticlockwise, it is treated as if it was clockwise for determining if a hole is inside or outside the segment. Pattern Identifier

The pattern identifier is a string of text and/or numbers that will be written to the field blast_pattern if the data is written to a database. The pattern identifier is written to the D1 field of the first point of the segment which represents each hole. Hole ID Prefix

All holes will be created with a numeric hole name (hole ID). Any characters which you wish to precede the numeric portion of the hole name can be entered here. For example, if you wanted the holes to be numbered 940-1, 940-2, 940-3, etc., you would enter "940-" as the hole ID prefix. The hole ID prefix may be left blank. If it is blank, the holes will be numbered 1, 2, 3, etc. Hole ID Suff ix


All holes will be created with a numeric hole name (hole ID), starting at the number specified here. For example, if you wanted the first hole number to be 101, the second hole to be numbered 102, the third hole to be numbered 103, etc, then you would enter a starting value of 101. Pad Hole_id, Length, and Character

To insure that holes are presented in order when viewing them in a database table, you may want to "pad" the numeric portion of the hole with a character. For example, if you wanted holes numbered ABC001, ABC-002, ABC-003, etc, you would say "Yes" to Pad Hole_id, set Pad Length to 3, and set Pad Character to "0".

Page 62 of 79

Pre-split Holes


Below are some examples:

Hole ID

Hole ID

Starting

Pad

Pad

Pad

Prefix

Suffix

Value

Hole_id

Length

Character

1

No

1, 2, 3

1

No

A1, A2, A3

1

No

940-1rc, 940-2rc, 940-3rc

bh-

1

Yes

3

0

bh-001, bh-002, bh-003

N_

201

Yes

4

x

N_x201, N_x202, N_x203

8

Yes

2

0

08bh, 09bh, 10bh

901

No

A 940-

rc

bh RC

Examples

RC901, RC902,RC903

After applying the Pre-spl it Parameters form, you will be prompted to select the direction to which the holes will be drilled. 12.

Select a point to the east of the line as shown.

Page 63 of 79

Pre-split Holes


13.

Choose Display > Point > Attributes .

14.


You should see the presplit holes as shown.

Notice that the holes are numbered with the prefix 950-, suffix of "d", start at hole 701, and are horizontal. The result will be a series of two-point segments in the layer "blast hole layer" which represent individual holes. The first point of the segment is at the collar, and the second point of the segment is the toe, or end of the hole. If the layer "blast hole layer" does not exist, it gets created. If there are no strings in the blast hole layer, or if the blast hole layer does not exist, the string number used for the holes will be the design string number. If there are strings in the blast hole layer, the string number assigned to the holes will be one greater than the maximum string number.

Page 64 of 79

P re-split Holes

15.

Task: Tas k: Creating P re-split Holes Along a Straight Line

S pin the data around on the screen. You shou should ld see see som someth ething ing lik like the imag image e show shown n:

16.

S ave the file as pattern940-3.str

If you want to see all of the steps performed in this chapter, run 06a_presplit_holes_segment.tcl and and 06b_presplit_holes_line.tcl


Whenever the macro pauses, displaying the prompt “Click in graphics to continu e” in the message window, you will will need to click in graphics. graphics. Also, you will will need to click Ap pl y on any forms presented.

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Blast Bl ast Database Database Conc Concepts epts Overview

The The follo ollow wing ing con concep cepts wil willl be presen esentted in this his cha chapter pter:: •

Tables and Fields F ields in a Drill & Blast Database Database

•

Creating a New Database for Drill & Blast

•

Upgrading an Existing Blast Database

Tables Ta bles and Fields i n a Dril Dril l & Blast Da Database tabase The The table ables s an and field ields s for for a drill ill and and blas blastt datab ataba ase are are as show shown n. TABLES

Collar

Survey

Translation

Sample Sample

Styles

Charging

hole_id

hole_id

table_ table_nam name e

hole_id

code

hole_id

y

depth

field_nam field_ name e

samp_id samp_id

field_nam field_ name e

samp_id samp_id

x

dip

code

depth_ depth_ from

from_ from_ value

depth_ depth_from from

z

azimuth azimuth

num_ num_ equiv

depth_ depth_ to

graphics_colour graphics_ colour

depth_ depth_to to

max_depth

FIELDS

description

graphics_patt graphics_ pattern ern explosive

hole_path

line_colour

detonator

blast_pattern

line_style

delay

blasting_method

line_weight

booster

delay

marker_size

det_position

drill_rig

marker_style arker_style

Num_of_ Num_of_ boosters

ground_water_level

plotting_ plotting_colour colour

Num_of Num_of dets

hole_diameter

plotting_pattern plotting_ pattern

rock_class

style_type

subdrill

table_name

surface_delay

to_value

Page 66 of 79

Blast Database Concepts

Task: Tas k: Creating a new Drill & Blast Database

Task Ta sk:: Creatin Creatin g a new new Drill Dril l & Blast Da Database tabase 1. 2.

Click the Reset graphics icon . Choose Database > Open database . Note:

Make sure you are using the Blast Database menu, and no t the one from the Geological Database menu.

3.

pl y . E nter the information information as shown, and then click Ap ply

4.

Ap pl y . Click Appl

5.

E nter the information information as shown, and then click Ap ply pl y .

6.

E nter the information information as shown, and then click Ap ply pl y .

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7.

Task: Creating a new Drill & Blast Database


At this point a database is created and a connection is made to the database as shown in the status bar at the bottom of the screen.

8.

Choose Database > Clos e database to disconnect from the database.

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Task: Upgrading a v5.0 Blast Database

Task: Upgradi ng a v5.0 Blast Database 1.

Choose Database > Upgrade bl ast database . Note:

Make sure you are using the Database menu from the Drill and Blast menu bar and not from the Geological Database menu.

2.


3.


4.

Click Yes

Page 69 of 79

Loading the Blast Database Overview

The following concept will be presented in this chapter: •

Loading Sample Intervals into a Database

Task: Loading Sample Intervals into a Database 1.

Choose Database > Open database . Note:

Make sure you are using the Database menu from the drill and blast menu bar and not from the geological database menu.

2.


3. 4.

Choose File > Open > str ing/DTM file Enter the information as shown, and then click Apply .

Page 70 of 79

Loading the Blast Database

5. 6.

Task: Loading Sample Intervals into a Database

Choose Database > Upload bl ast hol es into database . Enter the information as shown, and then click Apply .

Page 71 of 79



Following is an explanation of each field on the form:

Overwrite wit h new blast holes

If one or more holes in the blast hole layer have exactly the same hole id (name) as holes already in the database, then you can select whether or not to overwrite the existing data in the database with this data. If duplicate holes exist and Overwrite is set to "Y", all data in any table in the database with a hole id which is listed under "Duplicate Blast Holes" will be deleted. Collar and survey information (and optionally, sample and charging data) for the new holes will be loaded into the database.

If duplicate holes exist and Overwrite is set to "N", the database will be left untouched, and none of the data from the blast hole layer will be loaded to the database. As an example, if a hole named 950-801 exists in the database, with data in the collar, survey, and sample table, and you select to overwrite it, all of the data pertaining to hole 950-801 in the collar, survey, and sample tables will be deleted.

Load sample data

If you select "Y", you will be prompted to enter the name of an interval table. Sample intervals will be created in the nominated table

If you select "N", you will not be prompted to enter a table name. No new sample intervals will be created in any table in the database.

(Sample) Table name

The sample table selected here must be an interval type of table (i.e., the table must contain the following fields as a minimum: TABLE NAME

SAMPLE hole_id samp_id

FIELD NAMES depth_from depth_to

It is not necessary to have sample element fields in order to create sample intervals. In the example immediately above, the SAMPLE table only contains hole_id , samp_id, depth_from, and depth_to . It does not contain any sample element fields, such as gold, silver, copper, ash_content, DDT_ppm, etc., and yet it is acceptable to load sample intervals into such a table. Fields may be added afterward with the ADD FIELD option.

Additional rows of data will be written to the nominated table. The hole_id will be taken from the string data in the blast hole layer. The samp_id will be taken from the sample prefix, suffix, and sample id method chosen. The fields depth_from and depth_to will be calculated from the sampling method selected.

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Sample prefix

All samples will be created with an incrementing alphanumeric (letters or numbers) sample name (sample ID). Any characters which you wish to precede the alphanumeric portion of the sample name can be entered here. You can use the characters "%ID%" to represent the hole ID.

For example, if the hole ID was 940, and you wanted the samples to be numbered 940-1, 940-2, 940-3, etc., you would enter "%ID%-" as the sample prefix. The sample prefix may be left blank. If it is blank, the samples will be numbered 1, 2, 3, etc. or A, B, C, etc.

Increment start

All samples will be created with an incrementing alphanumeric (letters or numbers) sample name (sample ID), starting at the number or letter specified here. For example, if you wanted the first sample number to be 101, the second sample to be numbered 102, the third sample to be numbered 103, etc, then you would enter a starting value of 101.

Sample Suffix

All samples will be created with an incrementing alphanumeric (letters or numbers) sample name (sample ID). Any characters which you wish to come after the alphanumeric portion of the sample name can be entered here. For example, if you wanted the samples to be numbered 1rc, 2rc, 3rc, etc., you would enter "rc" as the sample suffix. The sample suffix may be left blank. If it is blank, the samples will be numbered 1, 2, 3, etc. or A, B, C, etc.

Padding Length and Padding Character

To insure that samples are presented in order when viewing them in a database table, you may want to "pad" the numeric portion of the hole with a character. For example, if you wanted samples numbered ABC-001, ABC-002, ABC-003, etc, you would set Pad Length to 3, and set Pad Character to "0".

Increment method

Either continuous or reset at each ho le . If you want your samples to start incrementing at each new hole, use reset at each ho le . If you want your sample numbers at the start of each hole to be one greater than the value at the end of the previous hole, use continuous For example, if you were taking two samples per hole, and set Increment method to reset at each ho le , Sample prefix to %ID%-, Increment start to "A", and were starting with hole ID DH5, you would get sample ids of: DH5-A, DH5-B, DH6-A, DH6-B, DH7-A, DH7-B.

If you were taking two samples per hole, and set Increment method to "continuous", Sample prefix to %ID%-, Increment start to "A", and were starting with hole ID DH5, you would get sample ids of: DH5-A, DH5-B, DH6-C, DH6-D, DH7-E, DH7-F.

Page 73 of 79



Below are some examples of sample ids:

Hole ID

Sample Increment Prefix

950-8 950-8

A

950-8 %ID%_

Start

Pad

Pad

Sample Increment

Length Character Suffix

Method

Example Sample ID

1

0

0

continuous

1

0

0

continuous A1, A2, A3, A4, A5

0

950-8_1, 950-8_2, continuous 950-8_3, 950-9_1, 950-9_2

1

0

1, 2, 3, 4, 5

950-8 %ID%-

A

0

0

950-8-A, 950-8-B, continuous 950-8-C, 950-9-A, 950-9-B

DH3

98

3

0

continuous

BM098, BM099, BM100, BM101, BM102

reset

DH3_1, DH3_2, DH3_3, DH4_1, DH4_2

reset

DH04-1a, DH04-2a, DH04-3a, DH05-1a, DH05-2a,

DH3

DH04

BM

%ID%

%ID%-

1

1

2

0

_

0

a

Sampling method and Sample length(s)

Either fixed length , varying lengths , or single s ample. If you select fixed length , sample increments will be created at the sample length specified down the hole. If you enter a sample length shorter than the hole length, multiple samples per hole are possible. If you enter a sample length equal to the hole length, you will get one sample per hole. If you enter a sample length longer than the hole length, the sample length will be equal to the hole length.

If you select varying lengths , sample increments of uneven length will be created at the set of sample lengths entered. The sample lengths must be separated by semicolons. For example, if you wanted samples from 0 to 1, 1 to 4, and 4 to 9, you would enter 1;4;9.

If you select single sample, you will get one sample per hole. If you leave sample length(s) blank, the sample will be equal to the length of the hole. If you enter a sample length equal to or shorter than the hole length, the sample will be set to that length. If you enter a sample length longer than the hole length, the sample length will be set equal to the length of the hole.

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End sample method

The end sample method allows you to select how to deal with the last sample in a hole, in the case where the depth_to value of the last sample is not equal to the hole length. Where the depth_to value of the last sample is equal to the end of the hole, the End sample method is irrelevant.

The options for End sample method are: ignore partial sample, include partial sample, extend to hole length, extend on tolerance, or include if min length .

If you select ignore partial sample , then any part of the hole after the last full sample will be ignored. For example if you specified fixed samples of 10m and your actual hole depth was 53m, then the remaining 3m after the last full sample (40m to 50m) would be ignored.

Hole depth: 53 Fixed sample length: 10

IGNORE PARTIAL SAMPLE hole_id samp_id depth_from depth_to

DH3

DH3_1

0

10

DH3

DH3_2

10

20

DH3

DH3_3

20

30

DH3

DH3_4

30

40

DH3

DH3_5

40

50

If you select include partial sample , then any part of the hole after the last full sample will be included as a partial sample. For example if you specified fixed samples of 10m and your actual hole depth was 53m, then the remaining 3m after the last full sample (40m to 50m) would be included as a sample of 3m.

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IGNORE PARTIAL SAMPLE hole_id samp_id depth_from depth_to

DH3

DH3_1

0

10

DH3

DH3_2

10

20

DH3

DH3_3

20

30

DH3

DH3_4

30

40

DH3

DH3_5

40

50

DH3

DH3_6

50

53

If you select extend to hole length , then any part of the hole after the last full sample will be included as part of the last sample. For example if you specified fixed samples of 10m and your actual hole depth was 53m, then the last sample in the hole would be adjusted to be from 40m to 53m.


EXTEND TO HOLE LENGTH hole_id samp_id depth_from depth_to

DH3

DH3_1

0

10

DH3

DH3_2

10

20

DH3

DH3_3

20

30

DH3

DH3_4

30

40

DH3

DH3_5

40

53

Page 76 of 79



If you select extend on tolerance, then any part of the hole after the last full sample will be included as part of the last sample if it is with the specified end of hole tolerance value. For example if you specified fixed samples of 10m and your actual hole depth was 53m, then the last sample in the hole would be adjusted to be from 40m to 53m if the end hole tolerance was greater than 3m, otherwise the over drill would be ignored with the last sample being from 40m to 50m.

Hole depth: 53 Fixed sample length: 10 End hole tolerance distance: 5 EXTEND ON TOLERANCE hole_id samp_id depth_from depth_to

DH3

DH3_1

0

10

DH3

DH3_2

10

20

DH3

DH3_3

20

30

DH3

DH3_4

30

40

DH3

DH3_5

40

53

Hole depth: 53 Fixed sample length: 10 End hole tolerance distance: 2 EXTEND ON TOLERANCE hole_id samp_id depth_from depth_to

DH3

DH3_1

0

10

DH3

DH3_2

10

20

DH3

DH3_3

20

30

DH3

DH3_4

30

40

DH3

DH3_5

40

50

If you select include if min length , then any part of the hole after the last full sample will be included as a partial sample if it is of at least the specified minimum length for a sample. For example if you specified fixed samples of 10m and your actual hole depth was 53m, then the remaining 3m after the last full sample (40m to 50m) would be included as a sample of 3m providing the specified minimum distance for a sample was greater than 3m.

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Hole depth: 53 Fixed sample length: 10 Minimum distance: 1

INCLUDE IF MIN LENGTH 1 hole_id samp_id depth_from depth_to

DH3

DH3_1

0

10

DH3

DH3_2

10

20

DH3

DH3_3

20

30

DH3

DH3_4

30

40

DH3

DH3_5

40

50

DH3

DH3_6

50

53

Hole depth: 53 Fixed sample length: 10 Minimum distance: 7 INCLUDE IF MIN LENGTH 7 hole_id samp_id depth_from depth_to

DH3

DH3_1

0

10

DH3

DH3_2

10

20

DH3

DH3_3

20

30

DH3

DH3_4

30

40

DH3

DH3_5

40

50

After the database is loaded, you will see a text file pop up with the results of loading the database. An example report is shown below:

Page 78 of 79

Drill and Blast

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