1.
Diag Diagra ram m 1 shows shows ste stem m cell cell cul culti tiva vati tion on in in prod produc ucin ing g diff differ eren entt type typess of cell cellss in hum human body. Rajah 1 menunjukkan penyediaan sel stem dalam membentuk pelbagai jenis sel dalam badan manusia.
1
$
P
0
'
+
n vitro fertilied egg / Telur yang disenyawa secara in vitro *orula stage (+,- days old) / Peringkat morula ( !" hari# Sekumpulan nner stem cell mass / Sekumpulan sel ultured undifferentiated stem cell / $ultur sel %tem yang tidak membe&a pecialied cells / %el!sel khusus
! "
Diagram 1 / Rajah / Rajah 1
(a) (a)
Expl Explai ain n how how the the stem stem cell cellss are are able able to to bec becom omee tis tissu suee P P ! and and ". Terangkan Terangkan bagaimana sel stem boleh menjadi tisu P, Q dan R.
P1 : through differentiation/specialization P2 : the stem cell becomes specialized cells
#$ mar%s&
(b) (b)
Expl Explai ain n how how stru struct ctur uree in in sta stage ge $ and and ' are are diff differ eren ent. t. 1
Terankag bagaimana struktur dalam aras ' dan berbe&a P1 : Structure in stage 2 has fewer number of cells than structure in stage 3 P2 : Structure in stage 2 is a solid ball of cells however structure in stage 3 has fluid filled cavity #$ mar%s&
(c)
tem tem cell cellss can can be be used used to trea treatt a condit condition ion such such as paraly paralysis sis.. upport upport the statem statement ent with with more information %el stem boleh digunakan untuk merawat sesuatu sesuatu keadaan seperti paralisis. paralisis. %okong pernyataan ini dengan lebih maklumat P1 : Paralysis is loss of the ability to move one or more muscles P2: Caused by damage to nervous system esp spinal cord! P3: Stem cells differentiate P": Produce new! nerve and muscle tissues
#$ mar%s& (c )
During During preg pregnan nancy cy an umbil umbilica icall cord and and placen placenta ta oin oin the the embryo embryo to the the mothe mother. r.2t 2t birth birth the umbilical cord is cut. tem cells can be obtained from from the umbilical cord . *any people thin% stem cells for treating human condition should be obtained form umbilical cord rather than human embryos. uggest one reason why. $etika hamil, tali pusat dan plasenta menghubungkan )etus dan ibu. $etika kelahiran, tali pusat dipotong. %el!sel stem stem boleh diperolehi diperolehi daripada tali pusat. $ebanyak orang ber)ikiran bahawa sel stem untuk merawat keadaan manusia perlu diperolehi dari tali pusat bukannya embrio manusia. *adangkan satu sebab mengapa .
Can cause amage to the embryo
#1 mar%& (d)
Discuss how stem cell research is beneficial to human h ealth +incangkan bagaimana penyelidikan sel stem ber)aedah kepada kesihatan manusia P1 P2 P2 P3 P" P%
: : : : : :
#mportant in medicinal field Stem cell therapy used for treatment of diseases such as heart disease and diabetes stem cell as anti$aging stem cell is used in bone marrow marrow transplant as a treatment treatment for cancer such as leu&aemia
#' mar%s&
2
$.
Diagr Diagram am $ show showss cel celll P P ! and and " from from thre threee part partss of of the the pla plant nt whi which ch are are form formed ed by by a process called cell differentiation. differentiation. "aah $ menunu%%an sel P ! dan " daripada tiga bahagian tumbuhan yang terhasil daripada proses pembeaan sel.
ells P
ells !
ell "
Diagram $ / Rajah / Rajah '
(a) (a)
Expl Explai ain n how cell cell(s (s)) P P ! and and " are are adapt adapted ed to to carr carry y out out its its func functi tion on.. 3erang%an 3erang%an bagaimana sel P P ! dan " disesuai%an disesuai%an untu% menalan%an fungsi mere%a.
P1 : Cells P guard cells! contain chloroplasts P2 : 'o carry out photosynthesis P3 : 'he inner wall is thic&er than the outer wall P" : (nables the cells to bend outwards and inwards P% : Cells ) *ylem vessel! are hollow tube P+ : to transport water from root to shoots continuosly! P, : the wall is lignified P- : to give mechanical support to the plants 3
P. : Cell oot hair! forms a pro0ection P1 : increase surface area for water absorption P11: P11: the wall is not covered by cuticles P12 : to facilitate the osmosis process
#14 mar%s&
(b) (b)
Expl Explai ain n the the role role of tree treess in in mai maint ntai aini ning ng a bal balan ance ce ecosy ecosyst stem em.. Terangkan Terangkan peranan pokok dalam mengekalkan ekosistem ekosistem seimbang . P1 : P2 : P3 : P" : P% : P+ : P, : P- : P. : P1 P11: P11: P12: P13 : P1"$
'.
Producer trees ! carry out photosynthesis produce glucose / organic food for the consumer in food chain/food web produce oygen for respiration of organism ensure a balanced in the carbon cycle 'he roots of the trees hold the soil structure avoid soil erosion/any suitable disaster 'rees 'r ees is a natural water catchment area Provides habitat // breeding places for organisms Contributes to biodiversity of flora / fauna Source of ma0or sources sources of food / traditional herbs / edicinal plants4 'rees 'r ees carry out transpiration/water loss to the environment (nsure a balance water cycle 'rees 'r ees provide canopy for the forest which provide provide shades to prevent prevent direct sunlight #14 mar%s&
Para Parame meci cium um are are so so tiny tiny tha thatt you you need need a micr micros osco cope pe to to see see them them.. 3hey 3hey live live in in wate waterr including la%es ponds and rivers Paramecium adalah sangat kecil dimana kamu memerlukan mikroskop untuk melihatnya. a tinggal di dalam air termasuk tasik, kolam dan sungai 2 student student collected collected a sample of pond water and observe it under a light microsc microscope. ope. he wanted to to investigate investigate the rate rate of contracti contraction on of contractil contractilee vacuole of paramecium of paramecium sp. 5 and 6. 6. he he placed them them in sodium sodium chloride chloride solutions solutions of different different concentra concentrations tions.. he recorded the rate of contraction of the contractile vacuole of both paramecium both paramecium sp. 5 and 6. 3able 3able 1 shows the results of the experiment. %eorang %eorang pelaja pelajarr mengum mengumpul pul sampel sampel air kolam kolam dan membuat membuat pemerhati pemerhatian an di bawah bawah mikr mikros osko kop p cahay cahaya. a. +eli +eliau au hend hendak ak meng mengkaj kajii kadar kadar penge pengecu cuta tan n vakuo vakuoll menge mengecu cut t paramecium sp. - dan . +eliau meletakkannya ke dalam larutan sodium klorida pada kepkatan yang berbe&a. +eliau merekodkan merekodkan kadar pengecutan vakuol mengecut kedua!dua paramecium sp. - and . /adual 1 menunjukkan keputuan kajian
4
oncentration of sodium chloride solution (7) $epekatan larutan sodium klorida (0#
4
4.1
4.$
4 .'
4 .0
4 .+
"ate of contraction of paramecium of paramecium sp. 5 ( number of 10 contractions per minute) $adar pengecutan paramecium sp. - ( bilangan pengecutan dalam satu minit#
8
+
$
4
4
"ate of contraction of paramecium of paramecium sp. 6 ( number of 14 contractions per minute) $adar pengecutan paramecium sp. ( bilangan pengecutan dalam satu minit#
9
0
1
4
4
3able 1/ /adual 1/ /adual 1 Discuss how the rate of contraction of the contractile vacuole of paramecium sp. 5 and 6are different. +incangkan bagaimana kadar pengecutan vakuol men gecut paramecium sp. - dan berbe&a. P1 : P2 : P3 : P" : P% : P+ :
(a)
'he rate of contraction of contractile vacuole of paramecium paramecium sp4 * is higher than parameci than paramecium um sp4 y m sp4 * is smaller than parameciu m sp4 5 'he size of parameciu of paramecium than paramecium 'he 'S6/7 ratio of parameciu of paramecium m sp4 * is bigger than parameciu than paramecium m sp4 5 ore diffusion of water into the contractile vacuole of paramecium paramecium sp4 * ore contraction of contractile vacuole 'o epel the ecess water #0 mar%s&
Dense Dense grow growths ths (over (over $+7 $+7 of of the the surf surface ace area) area) of of algae algae and other other wate waterr plan plants ts can can seriously interfere with with pond recreation and threaten a:uatic life. life. 3his can be controlled with the used of pesticide. 3he herbicide causes the 23Pase enyme in the cell to denature . ;owever the use of pesticide can affect the of paramecium sp. in in the pond. Explain what the effect is. P1 : P2 : P3 : P" : P% :
'he paramecium 'he parameciu m sp4 in the pond will die 8ithout 6'Pase 6'Pase enzymes9 enzymes9 no energy can be produced Contractile vacuole cannot contract 'o epel ecess water 'he parameciu 'he paramecium m sp4 burst
#0 mar%s& 0.
2 group of students carried out an experiment to study succession process by bread moulds. 2 piece of wet bread is %ept in in a dar% room for $ wee%s. Diagram ' shows shows how :uadrat sampling sampling techni:ue is used to calculate the percentage of bread mould . 5
%ekumpulan pelajar telah menjalankan satu eksperimen untuk mengkaji proses sesaran oleh kulat roti. %ekeping roti lembap disimpan dalam bilik gelap selama ' minggu. Rajah menunjukkan bagaimana teknik persampelan kuadrat digunakan untuk menghitung peraus litupan kulat roti
Day
?ame of mould
1 st
,
,
$nd
@hite
'
0th
@hite
$8
9th
@hite
+4
8th
@hite
-$
6ellow
$8
@hite
'8
6ellow
+$
14
@hite
19
6ellow
94
'4
6ellow
'4
'$
14th
Scale of s;uare:
1$th
1c m
Skala grid: grid:
Percentage of cover (7)
1c
ey: Kekunci
m @hite mould
$ulapuk
10th
Diagram ' / Rajah / Rajah
(a) (a)
8hite mould
>irst successor / Penyesar pertama= pertama= 5ellow mould #$ mar%s& (b)
3he sie of eac each sma small s:ua :uare is inc increase ased to $cm$. Explain the effect of this to the accuracy of the percentage coverage estimation. 6
%ai& %ai& seti setiap ap segi segiem empa patt kecl kecl dita ditamb mbah ah kepad kepada a ' cm'. ketepatan penganggaran peratus litupan
Terangkan rangkan kesa kesan n ini kepada kepada
P1: 'he estimation will be less accuarate P2:
#$ mar%s& (c) (c)
Expl Explai ain n why why perc percen enta tage ge cover coverag agee of of yel yello low w moul mould d decr decrea ease sed d on on day day 10 A Terangkan Terangkan mengapa peratus litupan kulat k ulat kuning berkurangan 2ada hari ke 13 4 P1$ 5ellow mould has changed the environment P2$ 'o become less moist / drier P3$ 'he environment is not suitabe anymore for yellow mould P"$ ore suitable for blac& mould
#$ mar%s& (d) (d)
Expl Explai ain n why why bread bread moul mould d can can grow grow on on the the brea bread d even eventh thoug ough h it was was %ept %ept in a dar% dar% room roomAA /elaskan bagaimana kulat roti boleh tumbuh di atas roti roti walaupun ianya disimpan di dalam bilik gelap P1$ et nutrients from the bread
#$ mar%s& (e) (e)
3he 3he exper experim imen entt is repe repeat ated ed by usin using g bread bread tha thatt has bee been n spray sprayed ed with with p; + solu soluti tion on.. Explain the effect to the growth of bread mould. 5ksperimen ini diulang dengan menggunakan roti yang telah disembur d isembur dengan larutan pada p6 . Terangkan Terangkan kesannya kepada pertumbuhan kulat roti tersebut P1$ 'he growth of the bread mould increases P2$ ould prefer acidic/p? % condition
#$ mar%s& +.
*itral stenosis is a condition where the mitral valve (bicuspid valve) in your heart is narrow. 3he mitral valve is between the left ventricle and left atrium of your heart. @hen the mitral valve is narrowed the flow of oxygenated blood through your heart may decrease. 3he damaged vavle can be replaced with artificial valve. 7itral stenosis adalah keadaan dimana injap mitral ( injap bicuspid# di dalam jantung yang telah menyempit. njap mitral terletak di antara ventrikel kiri dan atrium kiri. 8pabila injap ini menyempit, aliran darahberoksigen melalui jantung akan berkurangan. njap yang rosak boleh digantikan dengan injap buatan
7
Diagram Diagram 0.1 shows a normal normal heart and heart with mitral mitral valve stenosis stenosis and diagram 0.$ shows the two types of artificial valve that can be used to replace the damaged valve Rajah 3 menunjukkan jantung yang sihat dan jantung yang mengalami mitral stenosis dan rajah 3.' menunjukkan dua jenis injap buatan yang boleh digunakan untuk menggantikan injap yang telah rosak
Diagram 0.1 / Rajah / Rajah 3.1
*echanical valve / njap / njap mekanikal
2nimal tissue valve / njap / njap tisu haiwan
Diagram 0.$ / Rajah / Rajah 3.' (a) (a)
ugge uggest st the the imp impact act of the the mit mitra rall ste steno nosi siss to some someon oneB eBss heal health th.. *adangkan impak mitral stenosis kepada kesihatan seseorang. P1 : 8hen the mitral valve is narrowed ) blood flow through the heart may decrease . P2 :
#0 mar%s& (b)
3he scie scienti ntist st %nows %nows that that the the mechan mechanica icall valve valve must must be be the the correc correctt sie sie to to fit fit in the hear heart. t. uggest uggest two other other factors factors that need to be consid considere ered d so that the newly newly design designed ed mechanical valve wor%s effectively in the heart 8hli saintis mengetahui bahawa injap mekanikal perlu mempunyai sai& yang betul untuk untuk jantun jantung g terseb tersebut. ut. *adangk *adangkan an dua )aktor )aktor lain yang yang perlu perlu di ambil ambil kira kira untuk untuk membol membolehk ehkan an injap injap mekani mekanikal kal yang baru baru ber)un ber)ungsi gsi lebih lebih e)ekti e)ekti)) di dalam dalam sesuat sesuatu u jantung . P1: P2: P3: P": P%:
#t doesnBt cause an immune response #t isnBt re0ected / damaged by white blood cells // #t is a long lasting material / doesnBt decompose // #t is strong to withstand pressure! // #t doesnBt lea& / can prevent bac&flow
#$ mar%s& (c )
uggest uggest one advanta advantage ge and and one disadva disadvanta ntage ge of of usin using g mecha mechanic nical al and and animal animal tissue tissue valve / *adangkan stu kebaikan dan satu keburukan penggunaan injap mekanikal dan injap tisu haiwan
2dvantage / $ebaikan
*echanical Calve njap mekanikal
2nimal 3issue Calve njap tisu haiwan
@ong lasting // 'he need for a further operation is low4
@ow ris& of blood clot
Disadvantage / $eburukan 9.
(a) (a)
is& of infection / e0ected by Short lasting // e;uire further the recipientBs immune system // mitral valve surgery4 ?igh ris& to have blood clot 3he 3he heal healtth prob proble lem m that hat can can be suff uffered ered by mount ountai ain n cl climber mberss is ;ypo ;ypoxi xia a 3his his may happen after they reached $+44 m or 8$44 ft altitude. ome of the symptoms including headache the feeling of exhausted and breathlessness . n contrast to lowland people highlanders seldom experience hypoxia.
7asalah kesihatan yang boleh dhidapi oleh pendaki gunung g unung adalah hipoksia. ni boleh berlaku selepas mereka berada pada ketinggian '99 m atau :'99 kaki . 8ntara simtomnya termasuklah sakit kepala, kepenatan k epenatan dan kesukaran berna)as . +erlainan dengan mereka di kawasan tanah rendah, mereka yang tinggal di kawasan tingg jarang menghadapi masalah hipoksia.
9
uggest modifications of the circulatory and respiratory systems that might help people that live for many years at high altitude *adangkan pengubahsuaian pada sistem penngangkutan dan respirasi yang boleh membantu manusia yang tinggal bertahun!tahun di altitud tinggi Circulatory system P1: ?igher heart rate P2: 'o increase the transport of oygen to body cells P3: #ncrease number of red blood cells // haemoglobin P" : ore oygen can be transported espiratory system P% : ?igher her br breathi thing rate P+ : ore oygen inta&e P, : #ncrease the volume of lung P-: 'o occupy mo more o oygen
#0 mar%s& (b) (b)
eal ealss are are divi diving ng mam mamma mals ls that that live live in cold cold envi enviro ronm nmen ents ts.. 3he 3he sea seals ls can can rem remai ain n underwater for long periods of time 8njing laut adalah mamalia penyelam yang tinggal dalam persekitaran yang sejuk. 8njing laut boleh berada di dalam air untuk tempoh yang panjang.
10
Diagram Diagram + shows the rate of blood flow to different different organs organs of a seal before before and during its stay underwater. Rajah menunjukkan me nunjukkan kadar pengaliran darah pada organ yang berlainan seekor anjing laut sebelum dan sewaktu berada di dalam air
1. 2 1.
"ate of blood flow to organ / cm' per gram of tissue per minute
During/ %ewaktu
0 0. 8 0. 6
$adar aliran darah ke organ ; cm per gram tisu se minit
0. 4 0. 2 0
ung s Diagram + / Rajah / Rajah
;eart
Describe the changes in the rate of blood flow to the different organs before and during its stay underwater. /elaskan perubahan dalam kadar aliran darah ke organ yang berbe&a sebelum dan sewaktu ia berada di dalam air. air. P1 : o change in the rate of blood flow in brainD but others fall P2 :
(c )
2n athlet athletee can run a marat marathon hon in $ hours hours 1+ minu minutes tes on a dry dry day in outs outside ide tempe temperat rature uress up to '+. f the air is dry dry his body will not overheat. ;owever in humid conditions if 11
the the outsi outside de temp temper erat atur uree goes goes over over 18 18 then then his his body body will will overhe overheat. at. uggest uggest an explanation for the athlete overheating in humid conditions %eoran atlet boleh berlari dalam satu pertandingan marathon selama ' jam 1 minit sewaktu hari yang kering dengan suhu persekitaran mencecah '+. /ikalau udara adalah kering, badannya tidak akan terlalu panas. Tetapi Tetapi dalam keadaan lembap, jika suhu meningkat ke 1:<*, badannya akan mengalami kepanasan melampau. *adangkan satu penerangan bagaimana keadaan panas melampau berlaku dalam keadaan yang lembap P1 : Sweat produced produced cannot be released released because of high humidity P2 : @ess heat released
-.
12
(a)
Five Five your your sugge suggesti stion on on on how how the virus virus can be spre spread ad to to dif differ ferent ent countr countries ies.. +erikan cadangan anda bagaimana virus ini boleh tersebar ke =egara!negara berlainan P1: #nfected person travels to other country P2 os;uito in the new country! bites the infected person P3: 'he virus in his blood enters the mos;uitoBs system P2 : 'he mos;uito then bites other person in the new country! P3: and infect them
#$ mar%s&
(b)
;ow Gi%a is similar to Dengue / +agaimana >ika adalah sama dengan denggi A denggi A P1:
#$ mar%s& (c )
an you explai explain n what what will will happen happen to someon someoneB eBss immune immune system system when he or she is infected by Gi%a virus +olehkah anda terangkan apa yang akan be rlaku kepada sistem imun seseorang apabila dijangkiti oleh virus >ika P1: virus is pathogen P2: when it enters the blood!9 it stimulates lymphocyte will produce produce antibody P3 : to fight against the pathogen/virus P" : the amount of antibody must achieve the immunity level
13
(d)
Gi%a Gi%a virus virus can can lead lead to to death death of of a fetu fetus. s. upport upport the statem statement ent with with more more inform informati ation on ?irus ?irus >ika boleh menyebabkan kematian kematian kepada )etus. %okong pernyataan ini dengan lebih maklumat P1: the virus can pass through placenta P2: transported to fetal blood P3: cause brain damage to the fetus
#' mar%s& (e) (e)
s ther theree a bette betterr sol solut utio ion n to to eli elimi minat natee the the Gi%a Gi%a viru virusA sA 8dakah terdapat penyelesaian yang lebih baik untuk menghapuskan virus >ika4 P1: eliminate environmental factors that promote promote the growth growth of 6edes 6egypti P2: eliminating pools of stagnantwater P3: spray insecticide P" : use mos;uito repellent P% : educate public #' mar%s&
8.
Diagr Diagram am 9.1 9.1 sho shows ws a sch schedu edule le of immu immuni nisa sati tion on given given in *ala *alays ysia ia / Rajah @ menunjukkan jadual immunisasi yang di beri di 7alaysia
Diagram 9.1 / /adual / /adual @.1 (a)
Explai Explain n why why ever every y paren parentt must must follow follow strict strictly ly to the the schedul schedulee of immun immunia iatio tion. n. /elaskan mengapa setiap ibu bapa perlu patuh kepada jadual immunisasi 14
P1: #mmunisation is given to prevent infection from pathogens that caused diseases diseases li&e 'ubercul 'uberculosis9 osis9 ?epatitis ?epatitis <9 Polio9 diphtheria9 whooping whooping cough9 tetanus4 >erman measles state at least 3 example ! P2: ew borns are in0ected with vaccines to get 6rtificially 6ctive #mmunity P3: Airst dose are given to induce baby lymphocytes to produce antibodies which are specific against the antigens / bacteria / virus P": 2nd and 3rd dose are booster dose to increase the production of antibodies at a faster rate4 P%: 6chieved immunity level // antibodies remained in the blood for a long time and provide permanent immunity / protect them from the net infection
#0 mar%s&
*easles is a dangerous disease caused by a virus. ?ormally ?ormally **" vaccinations are given at 1 year old and again at 0 years old. n 2pril 2pril $41' there were 9'4 cases of measles in children aged 0 and over in *alaysia. *alaysia. Hf these cases +40 children children had not been vaccinated against **" at all and only a few had been given a second vaccination. Penyakit campak adalah penyakit merbahaya yang disebabkan oleh virus. $ebiasaanynya, vaksin 77R akan diberi kepada pada umur 1tahun dan sekali lagi pada umur 3 tahun. Pada 8pril '91, sebanyak @9 kes penyakit campak dikalangan kanak! kanak berumur 3 tahun di 7alaysia. 7alaysia. Aaripada itu, 93 kanak!kanak tidak memperolehi memperolehi langsung vaksin menentang 77R dan hanya sebilangan kecil yang mendapat vaksin
(b)
2ntibi 2ntibioti otics cs can can only only be be used used to to trea treatt some some infect infection ion but not measle measles. s. Do you agree agree wit with h the statement. 8ntibiotik hanya boleh diguna untuk merawat sesetengah penyakit tetapi bukannya demam campak. 8dakah anda bersetuju bersetuju dengan pernyataan ini. P1 : # agree P2 : 7iruses have different structures and replicate in a different way compared to bacteria4 P3 : virus / pathogen lives inside cells P" : 6ntibiotics act on an actual organism bacteria! but cannot act on the infected cells #0 mar%s& 15
(c )
Five Five two possib possible le reason reasonss why some some pare parents nts choose choose not to ta%e ta%e vaccina vaccinati tion on for their their children. +erikan dua alasan munasabah mengaa sebahagian ibubapa memilih untuk tidak mengambi pemvaksinan untuk anak mereka 'oo busy // concerned about side effects // allergic to vaccines // epensive // religion #$ mar%s&
I.
i%e i%e other other living living organi organism sms s pea pea plants plants show show vari variati ation on in in chara characte cteris ristic ticss such such as the shape shape of the pod. 2 group of students carried out an experiment to study study the ratio between the flat flat and constricted pod of $+ pea plants. %eperti kebanyakan organisma organisma hidup, pokok kacang menunjukkan variasi dalam pelbagai ciri seperti bentuk . %ekumpulan pelajar telah menjakankan satu eksperimen untuk mengkaji nisbah antara lenggai yang rata dan berlekuk pada ' pokok kacang. Diagram 1(a) shows the two types of pod of pea plants Rajah 1 (a# menunjukkan dua jenis lenggai pokok kacang
>lat pod Benggai rata
ontricted pod Benggai berlekuk
3able 3able 1 shows the result of the e%sperimen /adual 1 menunjukkan keputisan eksperimen tersebut
16
Plant 1 Pokok 1
Plant $ Pokok '
Plant ' Pokok
Plant 0 Pokok 3
Plant + Pokok
Plant 9 Pokok @
Plant Pokok "
Plant 8 Pokok :
Plant I Pokok C
Plant 14 Pokok 19
Plant 11 Pokok 11
Plant 1$ Pokok 1'
Plant 1' Pokok 1
Plant 10 Pokok 3
Plant 1+ Pokok
Plant 19 Pokok 1@
Plant 1 Pokok 1"
Plant 18 Pokok 1:
Plant 1I Pokok 1C
Plant $4 Pokok '9
Plant $1 Pokok '1
Plant $$ Pokok ''
Plant $' Pokok '
Plant $0 Pokok '3
Plant $+ Pokok '
17
3able 1 / /adual / /adual 1 (a)
ample amplete te tabl tablee $ by by stat stating ing the number number of flat flat and constr constrict icted ed pod pod as shown shown in in tabl tablee 1 Bengkapkan jadual ' dengan menyatakan jumlah +erdasarkan jadual 1, rekodkan >lat pod / Benggai rata
onstricted pod / Benggai / Benggai berlekuk
1.
+
?umber of pods +ilangan lenggai
3able $ / /adual / /adual ' (b) (i)
Hbservation / Pemerhatian / Pemerhatian 1 1 'he number of flat pod is 1.
Hbservation / Pemerhatian / Pemerhatian $ $ 'he number of constricted pod is 1.
(b) (ii) tate the inference inference for each observation observation in 1(b)(i). 1(b)(i). =yatakan in)erence untuk setiap pemerhatian di (b#(i# (b#(i# nference / n)eren / n)eren 1 14 Alat Alat pod pod is is dom domin inant ant trait trait 24 Contro Controlle lled d by dominan dominantt allele allele / gene gene
nference / n)eren / n)eren $ 1. Constricted pod is recessivet trait 2. Controlled by recessive allele / gene
3able $ based on the experiment / Bengkapkan / Bengkapkan jadual ' berdasarkan 3. omplete 3able eksperimen
Cariable / Pembolehubah / Pembolehubah
Hperating the variable / 7engoperasi pembolehubah
*anipulated variable Pembolehubah manipulasi 18
'ype of pod
Ebserved flat and constricted pod
"esponding variable Pembolehubah bergerakbalas 'he number of pod / 'he percentage of
Count and record the number of flat and constricted pod // Calculate the percentage of flat and constricted pod using a formula umber of flat and constricted! pods * 1
ontrolled variable Pembolehubah dimalar 'ype of plant
'he number of all pods 2%! Ai / use similar plant which is pea plant
4. tate the hypothesis for this experiment / =yatakan / =yatakan hipotesis bagi eksperimen ini 'he number // the percentage of flat pod is more// higher than the constricted pod
table to record the the result of the study by using the criteria criteria given below=, 5. (i) onstruct a table +ina satu jadual untuk merekodkan keputusan kajian dengan menggunakan kriteria dibawah 3he type of pod / /enis / /enis lenggai / +ilangan lenggai • 3he number of pod / +ilangan • "atio of pod / =isbah lenggai •
'ype of pod
umber of pods
Alat pod
1.
Constricted pod
+
atio of pod
3 Alat : 1 Constricted
(e) (ii) (ii) Jsing the data in 1(e)(i) draw a bar chat of the number of pods against the type type of pods Aengan menggunakan data di 1(e#(i#, lukiskan satu carta bar bagi bilangan melawan jenis lenggai.
(e)(iii)
P1 : 'he type of variation is discontinuous variation P2 : Produces discrete distribution P3 : o intermediate character
6.
7. 3he experiment is repeated by using 84 pea plants. Predict the number of flat and constricted pods. Explain your answer. 5ksperimen ini diulang dengan mengunakan :9 pokok kacang. Ramalkan bilangan lenggai rata dan berlekuk. Terangkan Terangkan jawapan anda P1 : Alat pod F + 9 constricted pod F 2 P2 : 'he phenotypic ratio is 3 flat:1 constricted P3 : Alat pod is dominant to constricted pod
8.
2 group of students carried out a field wor% study to determine the population sie of two plants species 7imosa species 7imosa pudica and pudica and mperata mperata cylindrica in the school field by using the :uadrat sampling techni:ue. %ekumpulan pelajar telh menjalankan kajian lapangan untuk mengkaji sai& populasi dua jenis spesies tumbuhan iaitu 7imosa pudica and pudica and mperata mperata cylindrical di padang sekolah mereka dengan menggunakan teknik persampelan kuadrat
20
1.
2im / Tujuan
'o determine determine the population size of two plants species Mimosa pudica and pudica and mperata mperata c!lindric c!lindrica a in the school field
$
Problem tatement / Pernyataan masalah
14 8hat is the population size / percentage coverage / density / fre;uency of Mimosa of Mimosa pudica pudica and and mperata mperata c!lindrica c!lindrica in in the school fieldG 2
=oes the type of plant species affects the population size / percentage coverage / density / fre;uency of the plantsG
pudica or 34 8hich type of the plant species/ species Mimosa pudica or mperata c!lindrica c!lindrica has has the highest percentage coverage/ population sizeG
'
;ypothesis / 6ipotesis
14
'he populat population ion size / perc percenta entage ge cove coverage rage / densit density y/ pudica plant fre;uency of species Mimosa species Mimosa pudica plant is higher than species mperata species mperata c!lindrica in the school field4 24 =ifferent plant species have different population size / percentage coverage / density / fre;uency4 34
0
Cariables / Pembolehubah
Plant Plant specie speciess Mimosa pudica is pudica is more dominant than species mperata c!lindrica c!lindrica in this habitat4
Mimosa anipulated variable: 'ype 'ype of plant species/ species species Mimosa pudica and pudica and mperata mperata c!lindric c!lindrica a / two eample of plant species esponding variable: Population size / percentage coverage / density / fre;uency of plants Controlled variable : )uadrat size9 school s chool field4
+
2pparatus K *aterials / 8latan
aterials : Plant species Mimosa species Mimosa pudica pudica and and mperata mperata c!lindrica <4 c!lindrica <4 21
D Radas
6pparatus : 8ooden 8ooden // Plastic ;uadrat9 Pen
22
9
Procedure / Prosedur
1
School field was chosen as the field study
P1!
2
1! )uadrats of size 1m 1m wa was used4
P2!
3
pudica and mperata 'wo plant lantss spe speccies ies Mimosa pudica and c!lindrica was identified
P3!
"
'hee ;ua 'h ;uadr drat atss wer weree thro thrown wn at rand random om in the the sch schoo ooll fie field ld
P1! P1!
%
'he area area of cov covera erage! ge! each each plant plant speci species es was was count counted ed c!lindrica percentage coverage! // the number of individual individu al plant species in each ;uadrat // density! density! / the number of ;uadrats containing the plant spesies fre; fre;uen uency cy ! was counted
P"!
+
#f more more than than half half of of the the s;uar s;uares es in in the the ;uadra ;uadratt are are covered9 the area area of plant species will be counted4 'he area is not counted if only less than half is covered4
P%!
,
Steps % to , was repeated for the other .! ;uadrats
P1!
-
'he area area covere covered d by by plan plantt speci species es / spec species ies Mimosa Mimosa pudica and pudica and species mperata species mperata c!lindrica perc percent entage age coverage! / number of individual plant species studied in each ;uadrat ;uad rat density! density ! / the number of ;uadrats containing containi ng the plant spesies fre;uency fre;uen cy !were recorded and tabulated in a table4
P"!
.
'he per percen centag tagee cover coverage age / dens density ity / fre;u fre;uenc ency y of plant plant species / species Mimosa species Mimosa pudica and pudica and species mperata c!lindrica were calculated calculated by using this formula: formula:
P"!
Percentage coverage of plant species : F 'otal 'otal area covered plant species in all ;uadrats * 1H 'otal 'otal number of ;uadrats * area of a ;uadrat // Are;uency of of species F umber of ;uadrat containing plant species * 1H 'otal 'otal number of ;uadrats // =ensity of plant species F total number of individual species in all ;uadrats 'otal 'otal number of ;uadrats ;uadrat s * area of a ;uadrat
23
-
"esult / $eputusan Plant species
6rea coverage m2! // number of plant spesies in the ;uadrat // number of ;uadrat with the plant species 1 2 3 " % + , - . 1
M.pudica #4cylinda
24
Percentage coverage area H! // =ensity // Are;uency
