49 CITIES CIT IES WORKac
KEY tO dIAGRAmS
49 cItIES
Fear Faor
SlumS + OVERcROwdING
dISORGANIzEd tRAFFIc
FOREIGN INVASION
SpRAwl
uRbAN chAOS
INFlEXIbIlItY
pOllutEd AIR
wAStE OF RESOuRcES
For
lI NE AR
GR Id
R AdI Al
uNb uIlt
pAR tI tI AllY buIlt, OR INFluENtIAl ON OthER buIlt pROjEctS
wAllEd cItY
mOdERAtE GROwth
I RR EGu lAR
Reaiaion
cOmplEtElY buIlt
Exanaiiy
uNlImItEd GROwth
wIldERNESS
lAwN
wAtER
hOuSING
pEdEStRIAN dEcK
pARKlANd
AGRIcultuRE
INduStRY
publIc/ cOmmERcIAl
ROAdS/ INFRAStRuctuRE
OthER INFRAStRuctuRE
49 CITIES WORKac
SCalE ComparISonS
49 CITIES In ChronologICal orDEr
6 8 10
1:25,000 1:133,000 1:250,000
12
Fear Timeline
14
Introduction Aa Adas ad Da Wd
18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66
Roman City Latin American City Neuf-Brisach Savannah Royal Salt Works Phalanstère Jeffersonville Paris (1850) Marienburg Garden City Roadtown Cité Industrielle Rush City Reformed Broadacre City Radiant City Chicago Communitas 1 Communitas 2 Levittown Fort Worth Brasilia Hauptstadt Agricultural City Bridge City Dome over Manhattan
ComparaTIvE DaTa
68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 100 102 104 106 108 110 112 114
Mesa City New Babylon Ocean City Tokyo Bay Helix City Clusters in the Air Toulouse-Le Mirail Frankfurt Mound Plug-in City Fun Palace Ratingen-West Satellite City Tetrahedral City Linear City Continuous Monument No-Stop City Noahbabel Earthships Convention City Exodus Handloser Zarzis Resort Masdar
116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125
Population Density Total Population % Greenspace % Parkland Density by Land Use Density by Surface Use Floor Area Ratio: 3D Area/2D Area Site Area Density vs. Built Area Density vs. Greenspace
126
Sources
FeaR TimeLine 0 0 6 1
0 0 6 -
0 5 -
0 4 -
y t i C n a m o R
0 3 -
y t i C n a c i r e m A n i t a L
0 2 - -
h c a s i r B f u e N
foreign invasion
0 1 -
h a n n a v a S
-
s k r o
W t l a S l a y o R
0 1 6 1
1 -
e r è t s n a l a h P
e l l i v n o s r e e J
) 0 5 8 1 ( s i r a P
FeaR TimeLine 0 0 7 1
1
g r u b n e i r a M
0 2 6 1
y t i C n e d r a G
slums + overcrowding
0 1 3 6 1 1
n w o t d a o R
0 4 6 1 1
e l l e i r t s u d n I é t i C
0 5 6 1 1
d e m r o f e R y t i C h s u R
0 6 6 1 1
y t i C e r c a d a o r B
0 7 6 1 1
0 8 6 1 1
y t i C t n a i d a R
o g a c i h C
0 9 6 1 1
1
1 s a t i n u m m o C
2 s a t i n u m m o C
7 1 0 1 7 1 1
0 2 7 1
h t r o
a i l i s a r B
W t r o F
urban chaos
polluted air
Ludwg Hlbrsr
Vctor Gru
0 1 3 7 1 1
0 4 7 1 1
n w o t t i v e L
t d a t s t p u a H
0 5 7 1 1
y t i C n a e c O
0 6 7 1 1
y t i C a s e M
1 1
11
0 7 7 11
y t i C l a r u t l u c i r g A
1
0 8 7 1
y a B o y k o T
0 0 8 1 0 9 1 7 1 1
y t i C e g d i r B
1
n o l y b a B
w e N
disorganized traff ic
Schdrch Woods
0 0 9 1
1 0 1 8 1 1
n a t t a h n a M r e v o e m o D
0 2 8 1 1
y t i C x i l e H
0 3 8 1 1
0 4 8 1 1
r i A e h t n i s r e t s u l C
0 5 8 11
l i a r i M e L e s u o l u o T
t r u f k n a r F
sprawl
0 6 8 1 1
d n u o M
0 7 8 11
y t i C n i g u l P
0 8 8 1
t s e W n e g n i t a R
0 9 1 8 1 1
y t i C l a r d e h a r t e T
1
e c a l a P n u F
0 1 9 1 1
0 2 9 1 1
y t i C r a e n i L
l e b a b h a o N
0 3 9 1 1
0 4 9 1 1
y t i C p o t S o N
inflexibility
0 5 9 11
t n e m u n o M s u o u n i t n o C
0 6 9 11
s p i h s h t r a E
0 7 9 11
y t i C e t i l l e t a S
0 8 9 1
y t i C n o i t n e v n o C
s u d o x E
Schdrch Woods
LudwgHlbrsr
Chrs Zlov Pul d Prcvl Good
L Corbusr Frk Lloyd Wrght Schdrch Woods
L Corbusr
mchlRyolds Polo Solr
Ludwg Hlbrsr
Ro Sculptur of Hus
Ludwg Hlbrsr
12
L Corbusr
C. myhw & R. So L Corbusr
r e s o l d n a H
wa ste of resources
L Corbusr
Ludwg Hlbrsr
0 0 0 2
0 9 1 9 1
L C orbusr
13
0 1 0 2
t r o s e R s i z r a Z
0 2 0 2
r a d s a M
0 3 0 2
INTRODUCTION
Thughut hsty, ahtts ad as hav dad “btt” ad dt ts— xb, tab, dsb, ft, uta, ga, ta, ds, sas g. Wth vy a, ada vss w sd, s that bdd t y th dss but as, ad t, th as ad axts th t. Wth th au th sububa xt ad th g d th wd dts— gba wag t st ak- gy ss ad utd wd ubazat— ahtts ad ubasts fd thsvs at a ssads, t vsay thkg. Tday’s tg ts fd vta as wth th gba bakdw assz-a atas has dud a w kd aud, that s ady t susd dsb ad gag atast jts t aday thk th way w v. rgzg th ut atu u vta uats ad th at shag utas, 49 Cities sbs u t wth a ag hsta txt, -adg sa jts ad vsay ts th ast thugh a ga s th st that gs byd th dad dgy t a ad tast th hythta ga tt. Ad wh bth ts sttutg th sah—that “ty” ad that “gy”— a usuy dud ast t aïvté, thy a st wu ugh th sty t va that ay ths ada sts a s tha w a tday bdy atuatg th hags w a ad g sg ssbts t t th. B ut u “-ubas” sah sa at pt Uvsty’s Sh Ahttu, 49 Cities gd as a as t -gag thkg abut th ty ad a ahtts’ agat twads -vtg bth uba ad ua . Wh tay usd th st dt, aayzg ut tds g ahttu ad ubas, u tst gaduay gavtatd bak t, twads th g tadt f vsay thkg abut th ty that was st st th d-1970s. euagd by th “aatu-a” status ths wh dad th st uta as—
FINDINGS
Fak lyd Wght ad l cbus, wh w ahtts, t ebz Hwad, wh was a stgah—ad uvd by t ssa asts suh as that th nw Ubasts, w st usvs t fd ways t v byd ag u “uba-sd” dt ad dsv atat ds t -jt th ty. Th 49 ts w std agst tw hudd ass studd, basd th abty t atu a t ad a abt, by th bst stg th tas by bg aday ahad th t. S ts w but ath, but st th ad a. Ad yt tday, ay hav dby ud u gba uba adsa. Wh th usss radat cty, Bada cty ad Gad cty hav b wdy akwdgd, t s tstg t a t dvts cha ad th UAe t s ths vsay as, agg th uttaa t th xubat. Ths aas st at : wh tday’s uba dvts a ast aways shad by ata ws, th 49 ts w a shad by dgy ad a abt t ast sty’s ds bg ad at, a abt that dud wdy vayg suts ddg th t ad a. Byd th atuats ad sf uats, th a tw haatsts that st th 49 ts sha. Th fst s th ba sa ad ada abstat t qust th at th at as a wh. A btt ty th utu aways ss t y a dfd atsh t “atu” ad th vt, a atsh whs — whth t qus saw t ba wdss ss t z at—dds th bad dgy t bds. Th sd s that ah th 49 ts s b as a at t th uba dts ad uats th t—vuat, saw, has, sus, ut wa. Wth tday’s hghtd a ug vta dsasts, “ga ubas” ss th atua fst uta th 21st tuy. pjtg tday’s qusts abut what sttuts a da “ga ty” t th dazd ts th ast, 49 Cities xas a ub
14
atshs— th atsh t dgy t that t a— gatg a sh utk ad a w awk whh t -gag th dsus th ty tday.
49 Cities s gazd hgay, atgzd ts th ts’ va (a, gddd, ada gua) ad “a at”—th dat dts that ah ty s agd t v avat (g vass, saw, uba has, sus, xbty, ut wast). eah ty has b auy -daw. Th s a ky t th dagas th sd t v th bk. Usg ths dawgs ad avaab at, ah ty s subjtd t a quattatv aayss, auatg th va aa, uat, aut gsa, wat ad astutu as w as aa at ad bth tw-dsa (tt) ad thdsa (sua aa) dsts. Th ts a th akd a ub atgs— 1 t 49— d t a ad tast th dt aahs.
form Th utat xss ubaty, th gd, aas aga ad aga, gzab as th dat uba 22 th 49 ts, ad usd as th bass dsgs at t bat vythg ut t xbty. Th gd tasds t ad ggahy, svg jts as dvs as Wght’s Bada cty ad l cbus’s radat cty. i a utdd syty at, th wst th 49 ts, Fst’s masda, taks ay ts uba dsg us th dst, th ra ty. Th gd s th y usd wh th a at s g vas waa, ts aua t ad gazat datg bak t th ra e. Th dvsty uss ad xsss gddd ts hwv, th cqustads lat Aa t Ahz, s tstat t th gd’s utat xbty, sutg th ds bth asts ad adas. T th 49 ts tak gua s, Ktutak’s oa cty, sd by ga stutus, t Haussa’s tvts pas, whh w th ty’s a hst dvt. Gv th dtfat gua s wth aty ad -ddss, t s that ast a th auths ths ts vd th as atdts t vd uba has saw. may
th gt tghty gazd ts hav a gat dsty tta t xad, hwv, shwg has th dag bg sdud by th ga wh sahg a baad stat uba xst wth atu. Ath t ts a gazd ay. 1910’s radtw s th ast xa ad ay ways st th st vutay, dsgd as a tuus t w-huss, a s ad a adway stthg Bat t Washgt. lat xas, suh as th mtabsts’ jts us th a wth a ga agut, gazg th ty by “tuk,” “bah,” “st” ad “avs.” la ts a hty xb, xadab y ds ad sgua xss, yt a th sha a as at wth astutu, akg th tta ds utu ga ts whs astutua systs w qu vt. Th ada s th ast usd, aag sv th ts studd. Hwv, ldux’s Satwks t th cutas jts pau ad pva Gda, t vds has th st g “vsay” , that bs th stutu ad xbty a gd wth th uvd ga s atu. Th t t dss ada xas a s ss b a bft, awg w sttts t b saatd by sa, agutu wdss suh as was gay sd by Hwad hs Gad cts.
DEnSITy n uba quaty ts th ga s vsay ts btt tha dsty. As ad wd th at—ad v t ts—t s atv t fd vatv ways t uy ss sa wth . Uba vsas Dxads t mVrDV, ad ay th auths th 49 ts hav tutd ds ts as th sut t ay ub sta ad ga s. Th dsts th 49 ts hav b auatd usg th th statd uat gas by statg th ub sdta uts. F th u jts that ass a xstg a aa hwv (cads Wd’s Fakut, th Sthss’ Hautstadt,
15
Bukst Fu’s D v mahatta ad Vt Gu’s Ft Wth), th ub uss/ uts s statd stad, whh skws ths ubs hgh tha th uat dsty auatd th ths. Tg th st th dsst, ad tu t , s Fu’s Ttahda cty 1965. Fu stuatd that a yada stutu 200-sts ta wth a gat ub ak sd wud t y b ab t hus 300,000 aatts, but that th stutu wud as b ght ugh t at. (H sd ths bth Tky ad Sa Fas bays.) cd p’s Fu paa s th xt st ds, wd by Ahga’s pug- cty. Bth ths jts had th Hgh Th vt by atg sa, ft dus that a ab t adat gat ubs a dud tt. rudg ut th t fv a Sustud’s ctuus mut ad Ahz’s n-St cty, bth hghy thta jts at t tas th vs vast ubs v—Sustud statd that th ctuus mut shud hus th gba uat—ad ath v, at as sa tqu tha uba ag. n th 1960s ad 1970s had th vta ty ad th ts dsty tha pa S. H tdud hs bk Arcology: City in the Image o Man (1969) wth th statt “atuz d.” Aayzg th tw S jts udd 49 Cities , nahbab ad msa cty, t s th susg that th jt s atuay ds. msa cty, at, s th ast ds ts sua aa.
far F aa at, FAr, sts th ub ts th t uba tt s duatd tta but aa. cts wth a hgh FAr as hav a hgh 3-D dsty. F th jts that a gastutus—suh as pt ck’s mud cd p’s Fu paa—th FAr s sy qua t th ub s; ths jts hav th hghst FArs. (Ttahda cty, aga, ts th st—t s had t bat a 200-sty yad.) exstg ts k Ft Wth D v mahatta as s hghy
roman CITy
r Eie, 500 b.C.–500 Unknown
Tot al Site Area (2-D; in m²)
1, 493 ,168
Tot al Greenspace ( m² )
1,029,135
Aa: Aa: Aa: Aa:
G sa : G sa : G sa : G sa :
agutu aw ak wd ss
1,007,394 0 21,741 0
Area of Water (m²) Area of Infras tructure (m²)
1, 484 166, 874
Tot al Built Area [foot print ; m²)]
295 ,675
Aa: Husg (tt) Aa: idusta (tt) Aa: pub (t t)
262,412 0 285,675
Tot al Population Tta ub h usg uts nub husg ut
50,0 00
Tot al Area (3-D ; in m² ) nub Fs: Husg nub Fs: idusta nub Fs: pub Area: Total Built Aa: Husg (3-D ) Aa: idusta (3-D) Aa: pub (3-D) Aa: o Sa (Gsa + Wat + iastutu) (3-D) FAR: 3-D Area / 2-D Area (x) DENSITY: total population / site area (2-D) (people per km²) DENSITY: total population / total area (3-D) (people per km²) 2-D Percentages G sa Agutu l aw pak Wdss Wat iastutu But Aa Husg idusta pub Tta % ad us (a xd 100%)
14,286 3.50 2 ,401, 609
4 0 1 1,204 ,116 918,441 0 285,675 1,197,493
Th ra cty, dvd v tus thughut th ra e as a utst a u, was day a wad, gddd sttt. estabshd tay wth thsuth ad ast-wst axa stts, kw as th cardo ad decamanus , th ty was ad ut as a gd, wth sds’ tts gvg way t at stutus ag th gd stts v t. eah bk, insula , was vsd as a gaab st ad was xd-us, tag aatts, huss, shs ad wkshs, atg a ds ty suudd by th wa. Btw th ubazd z ad ty wa was th pomerium , a bu z, ad byd th wa ay agutua ads. Uba ats suh as ubg, svs, daag ad sws, dsta sdwaks ad taf ag asus w yd thughut th ty, ag wth ub ats k akts, ub baths ad tts, thats, ad gus ad gvta budgs.
1.61
2D DEnSITy rankIng
far rankIng
grEEnSpaCE rankIng
populaTIon rankIng
3D DEnSITy rankIng
33,486
10/49
25/49
20/49
25/49
8/49
20,819
69% 67% 0% 1% 0% 0% 11% 20% 18% 0% 19% 100%
iastutu 7%
iastutu 11% But Aa 20%
But Aa 50%
Gsa 43%
Gsa 69%
SurfaCE uSE 3D
lanD uSE 2D pak 2%
3-D Percentages
G sa Agutu l aw pak Wdss Wat iastutu But Aa Husg idusta pub Tta % ad us (a xd 100%)
43% 42% 0% 1% 0% 0% 7% 50% 38% 0% 12% 100%
pub 52%
Husg 48%
Agutu 98%
buIlT SpaCE
grEEnSpaCE 1 = 5
18
50
250 25 k
royal SalT workS
ac-et-Ses, fce, 1775 Claude-NicolasLedoux
Tot al Site Area (2-D; in m²)
752 ,781
Tot al Greenspace ( m² )
526, 077
Aa: Aa: Aa: Aa:
G sa : G sa : G sa : G sa :
agutu aw ak wd ss
Area of Water (m²) Area of Infras tructure (m²)
416,529 29,951 79,597 0 0 205, 958
Tot al Built Area [foot print ; m²)]
20,746
Aa: Husg (tt) Aa: idusta (tt) Aa: pub (t t)
13,245 6,682 820
Tot al Population Tta ub husg uts nub husg ut Tot al Area (3-D ; in m²) nub Fs: Hu sg nub Fs: idusta nub Fs: pub Area: Total Built Aa: Husg (3-D) Aa: idusta (3-D) Aa: pub ( 3-D) Aa: o Sa (Gsa + Wat + iastutu) (3-D)
Th dsg ldux’s Sat Wks at chaux was gudd by a attt t ataz dusta dut ad t t a t-at hahy ab. id by Jy Btha’s pat, th Sat Wks ad a a attt t u th bhav ts uats: th quats th wks w ad a s- aud th a dt’s budg, akd by dusta budgs; stsby ths atd a atsh “bg wathd,” stg bd uats.
500
167 3.00 766,025
2 1 1 33, 990 26,489 6,682 820 732,035
FAR: 3-D Area / 2-D Area (x)
1.02
2D DEnSITy rankIng
far rankIng
grEEnSpaCE rankIng
populaTIon rankIng
3D DEnSITy rankIng
DENSITY: total population / site area (2-D) (people per km²) DENSITY: total population / total area (3-D) (people per km²)
664
47/49
47/49
17/49
48/49
46/49
2-D Percentages G sa Agutu l aw pak Wdss Wat iastutu But Aa Husg idusta pub Tta % ad us ( a xd 100%)
653
70% 55% 4% 11% 0% 0% 27% 3% 2% 1% 0% 100%
3-D Percentages
G sa Agutu l aw pak Wdss Wat iastutu But Aa Husg idusta pub Tta % ad us ( a xd 100%)
69% 54% 4% 10% 0% 0% 27% 4% 3% 1% 0% 100%
But Aa 4%
But Aa 3%
iastutu 27% Gsa 69%
iastutu 27% Gsa 70%
SurfaCE uSE 3D
lanD uSE 2D
pub 4%
law 6% idusta 32%
Husg 64%
pak 15%
Agutu 79%
buIlT SpaCE
grEEnSpaCE 1 = 3.5
26
35
25 k 175
raDIanT CITy
g, 1935 Le Corbusier
Tot al Site Area (2-D; in m²)
114 ,290, 621
Tot al Greenspace ( m² )
114 ,290, 621
Aa: Aa: Aa: Aa:
G sa : G sa : G sa : G sa :
agutu aw ak wd ss
Area of Water (m²) Area of Infras tructure (m²)
0 0 54,689,799 59,600,822 737,602 12, 854 ,154
Tot al Built Area [foot print ; m²)]
8, 479,819
Aa: Husg (tt) Aa: i dusta (tt) Aa: pub (t t)
2,066,675 5,618,460 794,684
Tot al Population Tta ub h usg uts nub husg ut Tot al Area (3-D ; in m² ) nub Fs: Husg nub Fs: idusta nub Fs: pub Area: Total Built Aa: Husg (3-D ) Aa: idusta (3-D) Aa: pub (3-D) Aa: o Sa (Gsa + Wat + iastutu) (3-D) FAR: 3-D Area / 2-D Area (x) DENSITY: total population / site area (2-D) (people per km²) DENSITY: total population / total area (3-D) (people per km²) 2-D Percentages G sa Agutu l aw pak Wdss Wat iastutu But Aa Husg idusta pub Tta % ad us (a xd 100%)
2, 073,6 00
829,440 2.50 255, 324 ,701
13 8 70 127,4 42 ,324 26,866,770 44,947,684 55,627,870 127,882,377
l cbus’s radat cty atttd t th ty t ght, a ad atu, wh sutausy ahvg xty hgh sdta dsts. Th ak-k gud a th ty was ty t th dsta, ssssd by vatd hghways ad dttd wth tws ts. Hztay, th ty was zd t sf aas s dta, adstatv/busss ad dusta uts. rsdts habtd subks, s-tad sdta ghbhd-budgs 2,700 sdts that had ua ats ad ata ats. cu f budgs th busss z th ty w t b ty-sts ta, husg 3,200 wks budg. Th a was hghy uta sdta ad a ag dads at t was tdud.
2.23
2D DEnSITy rankIng
far rankIng
18,143
16/49
17/49
grEEnSpaCE rankIng
1/49
populaTIon rankIng
3D DEnSITy rankIng
5/49
15/49
8,121
100% 0% 0% 48% 52% 1% 11% 7% 2% 5% 1% 119%
But Aa 7%
iastutu 11% Wat 1% But Aa 50%
Gsa 45% Gsa 100%
Wat iastutu .05% 5%
SurfaCE uSE 3D
lanD uSE 2D
3-D Percentages
G sa Agutu l aw pak Wdss Wat iastutu But Aa Husg idusta pub Tta % ad us (a xd 100%)
45% 0% 0% 21% 23% 0% 5% 50% 11% 18% 22% 100%
pub 9%
Husg 24% Wdss 52%
idusta 67%
buIlT SpaCE
pak 48%
grEEnSpaCE 1 = 60
46
1 k
3 k
lEvITTown
ne y, 1947 Levitt & sons
Tot al Site Area (2-D; in m²)
15,36 0,918
Tot al Greenspace ( m² )
10, 605, 870
Aa: Aa: Aa: Aa:
G sa : G sa : G sa : G sa :
agutu aw ak wd ss
0 7,263,969 3,341,901 0
Area of Water (m²) Area of In fras tructure (m²)
208,740 2 ,143,149
Tot al Built Area [foot print ; m²)]
2, 403,159
Aa: Husg (tt) Aa: idusta (tt) Aa: pub (t t) Tot al Population Tta ub h usg uts nub husg ut Tot al Area (3-D ; in m²) nub Fs: Hu sg nub Fs: idusta nub Fs: pub Area: Total Built Aa: Husg (3-D ) Aa: idusta (3-D) Aa: pub ( 3-D) Aa: o Sa (Gsa + Wat + iastutu) (3-D) FAR: 3-D Area / 2-D Area (x) DENSITY: total population / site area (2-D) (people per km²) DENSITY: total population / total area (3-D) (people per km²) 2-D Percentages G sa Agutu l aw pak Wdss Wat iastutu But Aa Husg idusta pub Tta % ad us ( a xd 100%)
2,172,034 141,399 89,726 70,0 00
31,275 2.24 17,532 ,952
2 1 1 4, 575,193 4,344,068 141,399 89,726 12,957,759
1.14 4,557
lvttw, nw Yk, but 1947 t 1951 t adat tug sds statg as, was th fst ass-dud subub. csd sx ds huss but t sab udats, lvttw vdd a adab ty t sububa vg thusads watg t av nw Yk cty. lvttw was dvdd t ast bks ughy squa , whh w tu subdvdd t “sts,” ah tag 300 t 500 huss. eah ghbhd had a ub sh, ad a thugh -as atud huhs, ub ats ad shg. rsdta stts w dsgd as “taf-ag:” uva ad wthut u-way tsts; a ub gbts w tssd thughut th ghbhds. Wh tay ddd as x ty hgus, th sdts lvttw hav dfd ad addd t th hs s xtsvy that w uatd huss a.
2D DEnSITy rankIng
far rankIng
grEEnSpaCE rankIng
populaTIon rankIng
3D DEnSITy rankIng
28/49
37/49
19/49
22/49
22/49
3,992
69% 0% 47% 22% 0% 1% 14% 16% 14% 1% 1% 100%
But Aa 16%
But Aa 26% Gsa 61%
iastutu 12% Wat 1%
iastutu 14% Gsa 69%
Wat 1%
SurfaCE uSE 3D
lanD uSE 2D
3-D Percentages
G sa Agutu l aw pak Wdss Wat iastutu But Aa Husg idusta pub Tta % ad us (a xd 100%)
60% 0% 41% 19% 0% 1% 12% 26% 25% 1% 1% 100%
pub 20%
pak 32% Husg 80%
law 68%
buIlT SpaCE
grEEnSpaCE 1 = 40
54
1 k
2 k
1 = 10
100
500 25 k
braSIlIa
bi, 1957 Lucio Costa
Tot al Site Area (2-D; in m²)
69,037, 902
Tot al Greenspace ( m² )
57,064, 934
Aa: Gsa: agutu Aa: Gsa: aw Aa: G sa : ak Aa: G sa : wd ss
14,149,328 42,915,606
Area of Water (m²) Area of Infras tructure (m²)
9,918, 503
Tot al Built Area [foot print ; m²)]
2 ,0 54 ,4 65
Aa: Husg (tt) Aa: idusta (tt) Aa: pub (t t) Tot al Population Tta ub husg uts nub husg ut Tot al Area (3-D ; in m²) nub Fs: Husg nub Fs: idusta nub Fs: pub Area: Total Built Aa: Husg (3-D ) Aa: idusta (3-D) Aa: pub ( 3-D) Aa: o Sa (Gsa + Wat + iastutu) (3-D) FAR: 3-D Area / 2-D Area (x) DENSITY: total population / site area (2-D) (people per km²) DENSITY: total population / total area (3-D) (people per km²) 2-D Percentages G sa Agutu l aw pak Wdss Wat iastutu But Aa Husg idusta pub Tta % ad us ( a xd 100%)
1,134,097 181,238 739,131 140,0 00
lu csta ad osa ny’s Basa was stutd 1956 t 1960 as Baz’s w ata ty, a attt t ty ga quats. csy wg th s th Aths chat (ciAmAm), th radat cty-sd a was susd th jug a dsa th sha a -w gd bd. Th nth-Suth uta adstatv axs at th t th ty was akd th sd by sdta bks. Ths subdvss, kw as Superquadras , uy tad sva mdst d-s aatt budg sabs, a a tss k as ad shs ad ub ats k shs.
82 ,331,731
8 2 8 15, 348, 294 9,072,773 362,476 5,913,046 66,983,437
1.19
2D DEnSITy rankIng
far rankIng
grEEnSpaCE rankIng
populaTIon rankIng
3D DEnSITy rankIng
2,028
43/49
33/49
12/49
17/49
37/49
1,700
83% 0% 0% 20% 62% 0% 14% 3% 2% 0% 1% 100%
iastutu 14%
But Aa 3%
But Aa 19%
iastutu 12%
Gsa 69% Gsa 83%
SurfaCE uSE 3D
lanD uSE 2D
3-D Percentages
G sa Agutu l aw pak Wdss Wat iastutu But Aa Husg idusta pub Tta % ad us ( a xd 100%)
69% 0% 0% 17% 52% 0% 12% 19% 11% 0% 7% 100%
pak 25%
pub 36% Husg 55%
Wdss 75%
idusta 9%
buIlT SpaCE
grEEnSpaCE 1 = 85
58
850
4.25 25 k
DomE ovEr manhaTTan Tot al Site Area (2-D; in m²) Tot al Greenspace ( m² )
Aa: Aa: Aa: Aa:
G sa : G sa : G sa : G sa :
agutu aw ak wd ss
ne y, 1960 Buckminster Fuller
3 ,557, 353 333, 360
0 58,178 275,182 0
Area of Water (m²) Area of In fras tructure (m²)
5, 074 1,279,641
Tot al Built Area [foot print ; m²)]
1,939, 277
Aa: Husg (tt) Aa: idusta (tt) Aa: pub (t t)
1,163,566 193,928 1,357,494
Tot al Population Tta ub h usg uts nub husg ut
1,00 0,0 00
Tot al Area (3-D ; in m² ) nub Fs: Husg nub Fs: idusta nub Fs: pub Area: Total Built Aa: Husg (3-D ) Aa: idusta (3-D) Aa: pub (3-D) Aa: o Sa (Gsa + Wat + iastutu) (3-D)
17,714, 074
FAR: 3-D Area / 2-D Area (x) DENSITY: total population / site area (2-D) (people per km²) DENSITY: total population / total area (3-D) (people per km²) 2-D Percentages G sa Agutu l aw pak Wdss Wat iastutu But Aa Husg idusta pub Tta % ad us (a xd 100%)
o Bukst Fu’s uus dd jts, th D v mahatta was a attt t ty th wastu atu th uba vt. Th d wud k wath sd, ad vt a ad sw tg th busss th ty. Fu was bsssd wth th fy a at- ty, tg th us savgs ts suh as sw va t t ts suty v tadta uba dvt.
400,000 2.50
10 2 3 16, 095,9 97 11,635,661 387,855 4,072,481 1,618,076
4.98
2D DEnSITy rankIng
far rankIng
grEEnSpaCE rankIng
populaTIon rankIng
3D DEnSITy rankIng
281,108
4/49
14/49
42/49
8/49
2/49
56,452
9% 0% 2% 8% 0% 0% 36% 55% 33% 5% 38% 100%
Gsa 2% iastutu 7%
Gsa 9%
But Aa 55%
But Aa 91%
SurfaCE uSE 3D
iastutu 36%
lanD uSE 2D
3-D Percentages
G sa Agutu l aw pak Wdss Wat iastutu But Aa Husg idusta pub Tta % ad us (a xd 100%)
2% 0% 0% 2% 0% 0% 7% 91% 66% 2% 23% 100%
law 17% pub 50%
Husg 43% pak 83% idusta 7%
buIlT SpaCE
grEEnSpaCE 1 = 35
66
875
1750
Tokyo bay Tot al Site Area (2-D; in m²) Tot al Greenspace ( m² )
Aa: Aa: Aa: Aa:
Gsa : Gsa : Gsa : Gsa :
agutu aw ak wd ss
T, 1960 Kenzo Tange
1,047, 313, 950 31,341, 294
0 0 31,341,294 0
Area of Water (m² ) Area of Infras tructure (m²)
76 4,456 ,587 47,123 ,465
Tot al Bui lt A re a [ foot pr n i t; m ²) ]
2 04 ,3 92 ,6 04
Aa: Husg (tt) Aa: idusta (t t) Aa: pub (tt) Tot al Population Tta ub husg uts nub husg ut Tot al Area (3-D ; in m²) nub Fs: Hu sg nub Fs: idusta nub Fs: pub Area: Total Built Aa: Husg (3-D ) Aa: idusta (3-D) Aa: pub ( 3-D) Aa: o Sa (Gsa + Wat + iastutu) (3-D) FAR: 3-D Area / 2-D Area (x) DENSITY: total population / site area (2-D) (people per km²) DENSITY: total population / total area (3-D) (people per km²) 2-D Percentages G sa Agutu l aw pak Wdss Wat iastutu But Aa Husg idusta pub Tta % ad us ( a xd 100%)
52,738,456 149,018,069 2,636,079 5,00 0,0 00
1,467,932, 538
6 2 4 625 ,011,192 316,430,739 298,036,138 10,544,315 842,921,346
1.40
2D DEnSITy rankIng
far rankIng
grEEnSpaCE rankIng
populaTIon rankIng
3D DEnSITy rankIng
4,774
27/49
30/49
43/49
3/49
28/49
3,406
3% 0% 0% 3% 0% 73% 4% 20% 5% 14% 0% 100%
3-D Percentages
G sa Agutu l aw pak Wdss Wat iastutu But Aa Husg idusta pub Tta % ad us ( a xd 100%)
Kz Tag’s assvy-sad a xadg Tky ag mtabst s td atg a us ta, astutua s juttg t Tky Bay. Ths s wud ta a v axs gvta ad busss dstts ad wud gw th ty a ut th xstg uba aggat. Th s wud b akd by hgh-sd ads wthut tsts, ad th sads thsvs wud atu budgs ts, t aw th gud a t b usd uay. Husg bahs wud xtd at 90-dg ags th ta s, ad b td t th by a a syst. idusta aas wud b atd adf a th xstg sh. lk st th mtabst jts, th Tky Bay xas ud adat th addt bth dvdua uts ad ag sts a “t”-k a.
2% 0% 0% 2% 0% 52% 3% 43% 22% 20% 1% 100%
Gsa 2%
But Aa 43%
Wat 52%
Gsa 3% But Aa 20% iastutu 4% Wat 73%
iastutu 3%
SurfaCE uSE 3D
lanD uSE 2D
pub 1%
Husg 26% pak 100%
idusta 73%
buIlT SpaCE
grEEnSpaCE 1 = 100
74
1 k
25 5 k
hElIx CITy Tot al Site Area (2-D; in m²) Tot al Greenspace ( m² )
Aa: Aa: Aa: Aa:
G sa : G sa : G sa : G sa :
agutu aw ak wd ss
u, 1961 Kisho Kurokawa
49, 068 ,419 7,914 ,552
0 0 0 7,914,552
Area of Water (m²) Area of In fras tructure (m²)
20,759,381 3, 017,093
Tot al Built Area [foot print ; m²)]
17, 377,393
Aa: Husg (tt) Aa: idusta (tt) Aa: pub (t t)
15,895,036 0 1,482,358
Tot al Population Tta ub h usg uts nub husg ut Tot al Area (3-D ; in m² ) nub Fs: Husg nub Fs: idusta nub Fs: pub Area: Total Built Aa: Husg (3-D ) Aa: idusta (3-D) Aa: pub (3-D) Aa: o Sa (Gsa + Wat + iastutu) (3-D)
Ksh Kukawa’s Hx cty was a ub mtabst uba vss that was t gw a xstg ty utwad th sua a bdy wat. Th ha gastutus sg th ty aw a ug- sty uat th vs; th ty xads bth by addg uts wth ah hx ad by addg w tws. Th vs th hxs w sd t b ty vd gads, awg a axa g sua.
48 0,0 00
120,000 4.00 673, 421, 878
40 0 4 641,730, 852 635,801,421 0 5,929,431 31,691,026
FAR: 3-D Area / 2-D Area (x)
13.72
2D DEnSITy rankIng
far rankIng
grEEnSpaCE rankIng
populaTIon rankIng
3D DEnSITy rankIng
DENSITY: total population / site area (2-D) (people per km²) DENSITY: total population / total area (3-D) (people per km²)
9,782
20/49
2/49
38/49
13/49
45/49
2-D Percentages G sa Agutu l aw pak Wdss Wat iastutu But Aa Husg idusta pub Tta % ad us (a xd 100%)
713
16% 0% 0% 0% 16% 42% 6% 35% 32% 0% 3% 100%
iastutu 1% But Aa 2%
iastutu 1%
Wat 2%
Wat 2%
But Aa 12%
Gsa 85%
Gsa 95%
SurfaCE uSE 3D
lanD uSE 2D Agutu 10% law 1%
3-D Percentages
G sa Agutu l aw pak Wdss Wat iastutu But Aa Husg idusta pub Tta % ad us ( a xd 100%)
1% 0% 0% 0% 1% 3% 0% 95% 94% 0% 1% 100%
pak 15%
Husg 41% pub 59%
Wdss 74%
buIlT SpaCE
grEEnSpaCE 1 = 100
76
1 k
25 5 k
TETrahEDral CITy
T, 1965 Buckminster Fuller
Tot al Site Area (2-D; in m²)
4,48 6,024
Tot al Greenspace ( m² )
2 ,768 ,724
Aa: G sa : agutu Aa: Gsa: aw Aa: G sa : ak Aa: G sa : wd ss Area of Water (m²) Area of Infras tructure (m²) Tot al Built Area [foot print ; m²)]
Aa: Husg (tt) Aa: idusta (tt) Aa: pub (t t) Tot al Population Tta ub h usg uts nub husg ut Tot al Area (3-D ; in m² ) nub Fs: Husg nub Fs: idusta nub Fs: pub Area: Total Built Aa: Husg (3-D ) Aa: idusta (3-D) Aa: pub ( 3-D) Aa: o Sa (Gsa + Wat + iastutu) (3-D) FAR: 3-D Area / 2-D Area (x) DENSITY: total population / site area (2-D) (people per km²) DENSITY: total population / total area (3-D) (people per km²)
0 2768724.04 0 0 366366 4, 600, 556
1,831,832 0 2,768,724 1,00 0,0 00
15,000 66.7 252 ,246, 346
200 0 4 249,111, 255 241,801,824 0 7,309,431 3,135,090
56.23 222,915
psd by Bukst Fu ut ats, udg Sa Fas ad Tky, Tta cty was t b a atg ad-basd sdta yad that ud gw t adat habtats. Th budg was t hav “th tagua was 5,000 vg uts a,” 200-sts ta wth tw- g was at ts bas. lag gs th stutu wud u vy fty sts, awg sught t t th ub gad at th btt th t. Th ty ts wud th stutu at dt vs. eah ths atud “a uty ak, t wth ag, as ad shg t gds ds.” Fu yd th ttahd sha du t ts havg th st sua vu aa a yhda, ad th ts abty t vd th st vg sa wth u ass t th utds.
2D DEnSITy rankIng
1/49
far rankIng
1/49
grEEnSpaCE rankIng
populaTIon rankIng
3D DEnSITy rankIng
23/49
9/49
23/49
3,964
2-D Percentages G sa Agutu l aw pak Wdss Wat iastutu But Aa Husg idusta pub Tta % ad us ( a xd 100%)
62% 0% 0% 62% 0% 0% 8% 103% 41% 0% 62% 172%
3-D Percentages G sa Agutu l aw pak Wdss Wat iastutu But Aa Husg idusta pub Tta % ad us ( a xd 100%)
1% 0% 0% 1% 0% 0% 0% 99% 96% 0% 3% 100%
Gsa 1%
But Aa 103%
But Aa 99%
SurfaCE uSE 3D
Gsa 62%
lanD uSE 2D
iastutu 8%
Husg 40% pub 60%
pak 100%
buIlT SpaCE
grEEnSpaCE 1 = 35
94
875
1750
ConTInuouS monumEnT Tot al Site Area (2-D; in m²) Tot al Greenspace ( m² )
Aa: Aa: Aa: Aa:
G sa : G sa : G sa : G sa :
agutu aw ak wd ss
g/nyC, 1969 Superstudio
11, 856, 518 2 ,96 4,130
741,032 741,032 741,032 741,032
Area of Water (m²) Area of In fras tructure (m²)
2 ,96 4,130 2 ,96 4,130
Tot al Built Area [foot print ; m²)]
2 ,9 6 4,130
Aa: Husg (tt) Aa: idusta (tt) Aa: pub (t t) Tot al Population Tta ub h usg uts nub husg ut Tot al Area (3-D ; in m²) nub Fs: Hu sg nub Fs: idusta nub Fs: pub Area: Total Built Aa: Husg (3-D ) Aa: idusta (3-D) Aa: pub ( 3-D) Aa: o Sa (Gsa + Wat + iastutu) (3-D) FAR: 3-D Area / 2-D Area (x) DENSITY: total population / site area (2-D) (people per km²) DENSITY: total population / total area (3-D) (people per km²) 2-D Percentages G sa Agutu l aw pak Wdss Wat iastutu But Aa Husg idusta pub Tta % ad us ( a xd 100%)
988,043 988,043 988,043 1,00 0,0 00
122,400 8.17
Th ctuus mut was a at t th p-utu ad hy-satuatd jts th 1960s by th itaa “ada ahttu” gu Sustud. Th ath-sag gddd twk ad dtat ata was t ta th t hua uat ad t t th ky xsss huaty aud th wd—ag uts k th cssu, th Kaaba ad th Taj maha. i a at tt t bth mds ad gastutua ahttu, th ft gd xtds ad uds th susdy ata systs l cbus ad th itata Sty. H, as th gd us thugh mahatta, bts th xstg ty a suudd ad tatd as hsta atats a musu-k sttg.
32,60 5,425
8 8 8 23,713 ,036 7,904,345 7,904,345 7,904,345 8,892,389
2.75
2D DEnSITy rankIng
far rankIng
grEEnSpaCE rankIng
populaTIon rankIng
3D DEnSITy rankIng
84,342
6/49
13/49
34/49
10/49
5/49
30,670
25% 6% 6% 6% 6% 25% 25% 25% 8% 8% 8% 100%
Gsa 9% Wat 9% iastutu 9%
But Aa 73%
SurfaCE uSE 3D
But Aa 25%
Gsa 25%
iastutu 25%
Wat 25%
lanD uSE 2D
3-D Percentages
G sa Agutu l aw pak Wdss Wat iastutu But Aa Husg idusta pub Tta % ad us ( a xd 100%)
9% 2% 2% 2% 2% 9% 9% 73% 24% 24% 24% 100%
pub 33%
Wdss Agutu 25% 25%
Husg 34%
pak 25%
idusta 33%
buIlT SpaCE
law 25%
grEEnSpaCE 1 = 35
98
875
1750
DenSiTY: BY lAnD USe 10
100
1.0 00
DenSiTY: BY SUrFAce USe 10.0 00
100 .00 0
10
1.0 00. 000
Chicago
Chicago
Broadacre City
Mesa City
Royal Salt Works
Broadacre City
Earthships
Royal Salt Works
Roadtown
100
1. 000
10.0 00
100. 000
1. 000 .00 0
Helix City
Handloser
Earthships
Brasilia
Ratingen-West
Ratingen-West
Mound
Communitas 2
Roadtown
Jeffersonville
Zarzis Resort
Neuf-Brisach
Handloser
Ocean City
Cité Industrielle
Mesa City
Brasilia
Cité Industrielle
Neuf-Brisach
Zarzis Resort
Communitas 2
Phalanstère
Marienburg
Marienburg
Phalanstère
Clusters in the Air
Jeffersonville
Convention City
Ocean City
Agricultural City
Clusters in the Air
Masdar
Satellite City
Levittown
Tokyo Bay
Tokyo Bay
Rush City Reformed
Garden City
Masdar
Rush City Reformed
Bridge City
Mound
Agricultural City
Satellite City
Tetrahedral City
Savannah
Levittown
Bridge City
Convention City
Helix City
Paris (1850)
Paris (1850)
Garden City
Hauptstadt
Noahbabel
Toulouse-LeMirail
Savannah
Radiant City
Linear City
Communitas 1
Radiant City
Exodus
Toulouse-LeMirail
Linear City
Hauptstadt
Noahbabel
Fort Worth
Latin American City
Exodus
Roman City
Latin American City
New Babylon
Communitas 1
No-Stop City
Roman City
Fort Worth
Fun Palace
ContinuousMonument
No-Stop City
Dome over Manhattan
ContinuousMonument
Plug-in City
New Babylon
Fun Palace
Plug-in City
Frankfurt
Dome over Manhattan
Tetrahedral City
Frankfurt
DEnSITy (2-D)
120
DEnSITy (3-D)
DEnSITy (2-D)
121
DEnSITy (3-D)
SOURCES
roman CITy
parIS (1850)
CommunITaS 2
nEw babylon
raTIngEn-wEST
ExoDuS
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braSIlIa
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raDIanT CITy
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ChICago
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JEffErSonvIllE
CommunITaS 1
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maSDar www.asdaua. www.stadats./nws/291/Daut.asx www.wdahttuws./dx.h?usat=waa. jtvw&uad_d=10064
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