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?#@%.+/8% 0 M*+%24"+/'* For this objective I use the following resources: •
vSphere Security Guide
•
VMware vCenter Server 6.0 Deployment Guide Technical White Paper
•
List of recommended topologies for VMware vSphere 6.0.x (2108548)
•
vCenter Server 6 Deployment Topologies and High Availability
•
VMware Platform Services Controller 6.0 FAQs (2113115)
!"#$%&'(& 6+2*$&'1)Q4525&) K;.$D) :$1);.+1C K'.#)2.$;5.$ +2 Configuration of the VMware Single Sign-On service can only be completed via the vSphere Web Client, the settings are not exposed/present in the vSphere “thick” client. •
From within the vSphere Web Client Home screen, click Administration in the left hand navigation menu
•
In the left hand pane under Single Sign-On select Configuration
•
In the right hand pane select the Identity Sources tab
•
Click the Green Plus Sign to add a new identity source
•
Select the Identity Source Type and complete the remaining fields. (Example below is using Active Directory (Integrated Windows Authentication)
18
6+2*$&'1)Q4525&) 7,5.*+1? E)1D$;)% 6+2.1+,,)1 _7E6` New to vSphere 6.0 is the Platform Services Controller (PSC), though some of the components should be familiar for those who have worked with vSphere 5.x. The PSC is comprised of the following services: •
vCenter Single Sign-On
•
vSphere License Service
•
VMware Certificate Authority (new to vsphere 6.x)
Deploying vCenter Server with PSC is supported in one of two deployment methods and with varying topologies: •
vCenter Server with an embedded PSC – All services bundled with the Platform Services Controller are
deployed on the same virtual machine or physical server. •
vCenter Server with an external PSC – The services bundled with the PSC and vCenter Server are
deployed on different virtual machines or physical servers. You first must deploy the PSC on one virtual machine or physical server and then deploy vCenter Server on another virtual machine or physical server. NOTE - You cannot switch the models after deployment, which means that after you deploy vCenter Server with an
embedded Platform Services Controller, you cannot switch to
vCenter Server with an external Platform Services
Controller, and the reverse. Advantages of installing vCenter Server with an embedded PSC : •
The connection between vCenter Server and the Platform Services Controller is not over the network, and vCenter Server is not prone to outages because of connectivity and name resolution issues between vCenter
•
Server and the Platform Services Controller. If you install vCenter Server on Windows virtual machines or physical servers, you will need fewer Windows licenses.
•
You will have to manage fewer virtual machines or physical servers.
•
You do not need a load balancer to distribute the load across Platform Services Controller.
Disadvantages of installing vCenter Server with an embedded PSC: •
There is a Platform Services Controller for each product which might be more than required. This consumes more resources.
•
The model is suitable for small-scale environments.
Advantages of installing vCenter Server with an external PSC: •
Less resources consumed by the combined services in the Platform Services Controllers enables a reduced footprint and reduced maintenance.
•
Your environment can consist of more vCenter Server instances.
Disadvantages of installing vCenter Server with an external PSC: •
The connection between vCenter Server and Platform Services Controller is over the network and is prone to connectivity and name resolution issues.
19
•
If you install vCenter Server on Windows virtual machines or physical servers, you need more Microsoft Windows licenses.
•
You must manage more virtual machines or physical servers.
For additional details, FAQ’s, supported topologies,etc, have a look at the following VMware KB articles and blog posts: •
List of recommended topologies for VMware vSphere 6.0.x (2108548)
•
vCenter Server 6 Deployment Topologies and High Availability
•
VMware Platform Services Controller 6.0 FAQs (2113115)
6+2*$&'1)Q4525&) 34-51) 6)1.$*$;5.) K'.#+1$.C _346K` In vSphere 6 and moving forward the VMware Certificate Authority (VMCA) provisions each new ESXi host with a signed certificate using the VMCA as the root authority. If you are upgrading your environment from a previous version (vsphere 5.5 or older) the upgrade process will replace the default self-signed certificates with VMCA signed certificates (if using custom third party certificates, those certificates will be maintained).
There are three certificate modes supported in vSphere 6.x: •
VMCA - By default, the VMware Certificate Authority is used as the CA for ESXi host certificates.
VMCA is the root CA by default, but it can be set up as the intermediary CA to another CA. In this mode, users can manage certificates from the vSphere Web Client. Also used if VMCA is a subordinate certificate. •
Custom Certificate Authority - Some customers might prefer to manage their own external certificate
authority. In this mode, customers are responsible for managing the certificates and cannot manage them from the vSphere Web Client. •
Thumbprint Mode - vSphere 5.5 used thumbprint mode, and this mode is still available as a fallback
option for vSphere 6.0. Do not use this mode unless you encounter problems with one of the other two modes that you cannot resolve. Some vCenter 6.0 and later services might not work correctly in thumbprint mode. If you want to the change the Certificate Mode from the default VMCA mode to either Custom or Thumbprint complete the following: •
From within the vSphere Web Client Home screen, click Hosts and Clusters in the right hand pane
•
In the left hand pane select the vCenter Server at the root of the tree
•
In the right hand pane select the Manage tab and select Settings
•
Under Settings select Advanced Settings click Edit
•
In the Filter box type in certmgmt to display only certificate management keys
•
•
Scroll down till you see the setting vpxd.certmgmt.mode , here you can change the value to custom or thumbprint (you will see the default setting of vmca ) Click OK after changing the key value
20
•
Restart the vCenter Server Service for the changes to be applied
=25/,)Q:$%5/, ) E$2&,) E$&2ZM2 _EEM` L%)1% Remember, anything having to do with configuring Single Sign-On (SSO) you will need to use the vSphere Web Client to complete the work. Add a SSO User •
Log into the vSphere Web Client with administrative privileges (either [email protected] or a user account with SSO administrative rights)
•
From the Home screen in the vSphere Web Client , select Administration in the left hand navigation
•
Expand Single Sign-On and select Users and Groups
•
In the right hand navigation pane select the Users tab
•
Click the Green Plus Sign to add a new user
•
Provide the User Name and Password
•
(Optional) Provide First name, Last name, email address, and Description
•
Click OK to complete
21
With the user account created we will need to add him/her to a SSO Group: •
Log into the vSphere Web Client with administrative privileges (either [email protected] or a user account with SSO administrative rights)
•
From the Home screen in the vSphere Web Client , select Administration in the left hand navigation
•
Expand Single Sign-On and select Users and Groups
•
In the right hand navigation pane select the Groups tab
•
Select a Group from the list and click the Add Member icon
•
In the Add Principals dialog will be displayed, from the Domain drop down menu select vSphere.local
•
In the Users and Groups list search for the newly created account
•
Highlight the account and click Add followed by OK to complete
22
To disable a SSO user account: •
Log into the vSphere Web Client with administrative privileges (either [email protected] or a user account with SSO administrative rights)
•
From the Home screen in the vSphere Web Client , select Administration in the left hand navigation
•
Expand Single Sign-On and select Users and Groups
•
In the right hand navigation pane select the Users tab
•
Select the user you wish to Disable from the list
•
Click the Disable User icon (red circle with a slash) to disable the account
23
B()2.$*C KD5$,5/,) K'.#)2.$;5.$ +2 4).#+(% -$.# 34-51) D6)2.)1 This seems a bit repetitive as we covered adding Active Directory as an authentication source earlier in this objective. So the process is similar to above, though you could choose other authentication methods that are supported, such as: •
Active Directory (Integrated Windows Authentication)
•
Active Directory as an LDAP Server
24
•
Open LDAP
•
Local OS
For completeness, below are the steps to access the Add Identity Sources dialog: •
From within the vSphere Web Client Home screen, click Administration in the left hand navigation menu
•
In the left hand pane under Single Sign-On select Configuration
25
•
In the right hand pane select the Identity Sources tab
•
Click the Green Plus Sign to add a new identity source
•
Select the Identity Source Type and complete the remaining fields.
26
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For this objective I used the following resources: •
vSphere Upgrade Guide
•
vSphere Virtual Machine Administration Guide
•
vSphere Networking Guide
!"#$%&'(& B()2.$*C L0&15() F)c'$1)?)2.% *+1 =EH$ J+%.% Minimum hardware and system resources for ESXi 6.0: •
Supported server platform (Refer to VMware Compatibility Guide)
•
At least two CPU CORES
•
64-bit x86 processor released after September 2006
•
Requires the NX/XD bit to be enabled for the CPU in the BIOS
•
Minimum of 4GB of physical memory (RAM). Recommended at least 8GB
•
To support 64-bit virtual machines, support for hardware virtualization (Intel VT-x or AMD RVI) must be enabled on x64 CPUs
•
•
One or more Gigabit or faster Ethernet interfaces SCSI disk or a local, non-network, RAID LUN with unpartitioned space for the virtual machines
•
For SATA a disk connected through supported SAS controllers or supported on-board SATA controllers
•
Minimum storage resources: o
1GB (or larger) boot device
o
5.2GB (or larger) when booting from local disk, SAN or iSCSI LUN (4GB is used for scratch partition)
•
If smaller disk or LUN is used, the installer attempts to allocate a scratch region on a separate lock disk. If a local disk cannot be found the scratch partition, /scratch , is located on the ESXi host ramdisk.
L0&15() 5 DE0#)1) :$%.1$/'.)( E-$.;# Supported upgradeable versions of the vSphere Distributed Switch or version 5.x or later (sorry vSphere 4.x folks). The upgrade to version 6.0 allows the vDS to take advantage of new features: •
Network I/O Control - Support for per-VM Distributed vSwitch bandwidth reservations to guarantee
isolation and enforce limits on bandwidth.
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The upgrade to an existing vDS is non-disruptive requiring no outages for ESXi hosts or VM’s. As a prerequisite the vCenter Server needs to have been upgraded to version 6.0 as well as all hosts connected to the vDS need to be running ESXi 6.0. •
Log into the vSphere Web Client with administrative privileges
•
From the Home screen in the vSphere Web Client , select Networking in the right hand navigation
•
In the left hand pane select the vSphere Distributed Switch you want to upgrade
•
Right click on the vSphere Distributed Switch and select Upgrade , then Upgrade Distributed Switch
•
From the Upgrade wizard select the version of vSphere Distributed Switch you want to upgrade to (in the pic below I have version 5.0 vDS that I am upgrading to version 6.0)
•
Review host compatibility
•
Complete the upgrade configuration and click Finish
L0&15() 34-51) "++,% VMware Tool upgrades can be completed either manually, configure virtual machines to check for new versions, or use VMware Update Manager to automate and “bulk” update virtual machines to the latest version. Section 12 in
74
the vSphere Virtual Machine Administration guide covers the install/upgrade process for Windows, Linux, Mac OS X, and finally Solaris virtual machines. The below screenshots are quick grabs of how you can configure an individual virtual machine to check for VMware Tools upgrades on power on, as well as the pre-defined VMware Update Manager virtual machine baseline, VMware Tools Upgrade to Match Host . Virtual Machine Settings
75
VMware Update Manager
L0&15() 3$1.'5, 45;#$2) J51(-51) Virtual machine hardware determines the compatibility and “hardware” presented to the virtual machine. The virtual hardware includes the BIOS, virtual PCI slots, maximum number of CPU’s, maximum amount of memory, and additional settings. The table below breaks down the current virtual machine compatibility levels (newest to oldest): Compatibility
Description
ESXi 6.0 and later
This virtual machine (hardware version 11) is compatible with ESXi 6.0.
ESXi 5.5 and later
This virtual machine (hardware version 10) is compatible with ESXi 5.5 and 6.0.
ESXi 5.1 and later
This virtual machine (hardware version 9) is compatible with ESXi 5.1, ESXi 5.5, and ESXi 6.0.
ESXi 5.0 and later
This virtual machine (hardware version 8) is compatible with ESXi 5.0, ESXi 5.1, ESXi 5.5, and ESXi 6.0.
ESX/ESXi 4.0 and later
This virtual machine (hardware version 7) is compatible with ESX/ ESXi 4.0, ESX/ ESXi 4.1, ESXi 5.0, ESXi 5.1, ESXi 5.5, and ESXi 6.0.
ESX/ESXi 3.5 and later
This virtual machine (hardware version 4) is compatible with ESX/ESXi 3.5, ESX/ ESXi 4.0, ESX/ ESXi 4.1, ESXi 5.1, ESXi 5.5, and ESXi 6.0. It is also compatible with VMware Server 1.0 and later. ESXi 5.0 does not allow creation of virtual machines with ESX/ESXi 3.5 and later compatibility, but you can run such virtual machines if they were created on a host with different compatibility.
ESX Server 2.x and later
This virtual machine (hardware version 3) is compatible with ESX Server 2.x, ESX/ESXi 3.5, ESX/ESXi 4.x, and ESXi 5.0. You cannot create, edit, turn on, clone, or migrate virtual machines with ESX Server 2.x compatibility.
76
You can only register or upgrade them. Procedure •
Log into the vSphere Web Client with administrative privileges
•
From the Home screen in the vSphere Web Client , select VMs and Templates in the right hand navigation
•
Select the virtual machines (either individually or by object, Datacenter, Folder, etc)
•
Power off the selected virtual machines
•
•
Select Actions –> All vCenter Actions –> Compatibility –> Upgrade VM Compatibility Click Yes to confirm the upgrade
•
Select the ESXi version for the virtual machine to be compatible with (screen shot below)
•
Click OK
L0&15() 52 =EH$ J+%. L%$2& D6)2.)1 L0(5.) 4525&)1 E.5&) 4',.$0,) =EH$ J+%. L0&15()%
77
For ease of this write up I am combing both of these objectives together. While the process for leveraging VMware Update Manager to update your ESXi hosts hasn’t changed much between vSphere 5.x to 6.0, be sure to review Section 9, Upgrading Hosts in the vSphere Upgrade documentation. Below is quick list of things to keep in mind: •
Both vCenter Server and vSphere Update Manager must have already been upgraded to vSphere 6.0
•
You can upgrade ESXi 5.0.x, ESXi 5.1.x, and ESXi 5.5.x hosts directly to ESXi 6.0
•
You cannot use VUM to upgrade hosts to ESXi 5.x if the host was previously upgraded from ESX 3.x or ESX 4.x
•
Hosts must have more than 350MB of free space in the /boot partition to support the Update Manager upgrade process
The following vSphere components are upgraded by VUM: •
ESX and ESXi kernel (vmkernel)
•
Virtual machine hardware
•
VMware Tools
•
Virtual Appliances
Import Host Upgrade Image •
Log into the vSphere Client (not Web) with administrative privileges
•
From the Home screen in the vSphere Client , select Update Manager under the Solutions and Applications section
•
On the ESXi Images tab click Import ESXi Image
•
On the Select ESXi Image page of the Import ESXi Image wizard, browse to the location of the ESXi image
•
Click Next
•
Wait for the ISO upload to complete, click Next
•
(Optional) Create a host upgrade baseline
•
Click Finish
Create a Host Baseline Group •
Log into the vSphere Client (not Web) with administrative privileges
•
From the Home screen in the vSphere Client , select Update Manager under the Solutions and Applications section
•
On the Baselines and Group tab, click Create above the Baseline Groups pane
•
Enter a unique name for the baseline group and an optional description
•
Under Baseline Type , select Host Upgrade and click Next
•
Select the uploaded ESXi image
•
Click Finish
Below is a screen shot of my completed Host Upgrade baseline:
78
:).)1?$2) \#).#)1 52 B2Z7,5;) L0&15() $% K001+01$5.) $2 5 G$D)2 L0&15() E;)251$+ As mentioned above, you can upgrade an ESXi 5.0.x, ESXi 5.1.x, ESXi 5.5.0, or ESXi 5.5.x host directly to vSphere 6.0. For additional details for supported upgrade options review the tables below, provided by Section 8, Before Upgrading Hosts in the vSphere Upgrade documentation.
79
80
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For this objective I used the following resources: •
vSphere Upgrade Guide
•
The following VMware KB Articles o
Update Sequence for vSphere 6.0 and its Compatible VMware Products (2109760)
o
Important Information Before Upgrading to vSphere 6.0 (2110293)
o
Upgrading to vCenter Server 6.0 Best Practices (2109772)
o o
Supported Host Operating Systems for VMware vCenter Server Installation (2091273) List of Recommended Topologies for VMware vSphere 6.0 (2108548)
o
Location of VMware vCenter Server 6.0 Log Files (2110014)
!"#$%&'(& B()2.$*C E.)0% F)c'$1)( .+ L0&15() 5 DE0#)1) B?0,)?)2.5.$+2 While the list of steps required to upgrade vCenter Server is pretty short (see below) there are few things to keep in mind before starting the process. First is the outline of the steps, taken from Section 1, vSphere Upgrade Process of the vSphere Upgrade documentation: •
Read the vSphere release notes
•
Verify that your system meets vSphere hardware and software requirements
•
Verify that you have backed up your configuration
•
•
If your vSphere system includes VMware solutions or plug-ins, verify that they are are compatible with the vCenter Server or vCenter Server Appliance version to which you are upgarding Upgrade vCenter Server
Seems pretty simple right?
For additional details I would also suggest taking a looking at the following VMware
KB articles, both for the exam as well prior to doing a production vSphere 6 upgrade. •
Update Sequence for vSphere 6.0 and its Compatible VMware Products (2109760)
•
Important Information Before Upgrading to vSphere 6.0 (2110293)
•
Upgrading to vCenter Server 6.0 Best Practices (2109772)
I would suggest reading that last one twice.
B()2.$*C L0&15() F)c'$1)?)2.% *+1 D6)2.)1 vCenter Server for Windows Requirements •
•
Synchronize the clocks on all machines running the vCenter Server 5.x services Verify that the system network name of the machine running vCenter Server 5.x services are valid, and are reachable from other machines in the network
81
•
Verify that the host name of the virtual machine or physical server that you are installing or upgrading vCenter Server on complies with RFC 1123 guidelines
•
If your vCenter Server service is running in a user account other than the Local System account, verify that the user account in which the vCenter Server service is running has the following permissions: o
•
Member of the Administrators Group
o
Log on as a service
o
Act as part of the operating system (if the user is a domain user)
Verify that the LOCAL SERVICE account has read permission on the folder in which vCenter Server is installed and on the HKLM registry
•
Verify that the connection between the virtual machine or physical server ad the domain controller is working
vCenter Server for Windows Hardware Requirements
Resources PSC 10 Hosts/10 VMs (Tiny)
100 Hosts/1000 400 Hosts/4000 1,000 VMs (Small)
VMs (Medium) Hosts/10,000 VMs (Large )
# of
2
2
4
8
16
2GB
8GB
16GB
24GB
32GB
CPU’s Memory
"#$%&$' ($'"$' )*' +,%-*./ (*)&.0'$ 1$23,'$4$%&/ •
Supported operating system (See VMware KB Supported Host Operating Systems for VMware vCenter Server Installation (2091273) )
•
64-bit system DSN for vCenter Server to connect to the external database
vCenter Server for Windows Database Requirements •
vCenter Server requires a database to store and organize server data
•
For environments with up to 20 hosts and 200 virtual machines you can use the bundled PostgresSQL database. Larger installations require a supported database
•
vCenter Server supports Oracle and MS SQL Server. Check the VMware Product Interoperability Matrixes for supported DB versions
vCenter Server Appliance Requirements •
vCenter Server Appliance can be deployed on an ESXi host 5.0 or later
•
Before you deploy the vCenter Server Appliance, synchronize the clocks of all virtual machines on the vSphere network
•
Use Fully Qualified Domain Names
82
vCenter Server Appliance Hardware Requirements Resources
PSC
400 Hosts/4000 VMs
1,000 Hosts/10,000 VMs
(Tiny)
(Medium)
(Large)
(Small)
2
1
4
8
16
2GB
8GB
16GB
24GB
32GB
# of CPU’s
Memory
10 Hosts/10 VMs 100 Hosts/1000 VMs
Software Included in the vCenter Server Appliance •
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 11 Update 3 for VMware, 64-bit edition
•
vCenter Server 6.0 and vCenter Server 6.0 components
•
PostgresSQL (supports up to 1,000 hosts and 10,000 virtual machines)
If the environment will surpass the supported number of hosts and virtual machines (or if you would just prefer), the vCenter Server Appliance supports ONLY Oracle for external connected databases. NOTE – For vCenter Server with an embedded Platform Services Controller ( either Windows or Appliance ), you
must add the hardware requirements for Platform Services Controller (PSC column in the tables) to the hardware requirements for vCenter Server depending on the size of your environment.
L0&15() D6)2.)1 E)1D)1 K00,$52;) _36K` •
In the software installer directory, double-click vcsa-setup.html
•
Allow the Client Integration Plug-In to start and on the Home page, click Upgrade
•
In the Supported Upgrade warning message, click OK to start the vCenter Server Appliance upgrade wizard
•
Read and accept the license agreement, and click Next
•
Connect to the Target ESXi host on which you want to deploy the vCenter Server Appliance and click Next
•
(Optional) Accept the certificate warning, if any, by clicking Yes
•
Enter a name for the vCenter Server Appliance 6.0
•
On the Connect to source appliance page enter the details of the appliance that you want to upgrade
•
(Optional) Accept the warning message, if any, by click Yes
•
Set up the vCenter Single Sign-On setting fro the newly deployed appliance and click Next
•
On the Select appliance size page of the wizard, select the vCenter Server Appliance size for the vSphere inventory size and click Next
•
From the list of available Datatores, select the location where all the virtual machine configuration files and virtual disks will be stored and, optionally, enable thin provisioning by selecting Enable Thin Disk Mode
•
Select the temporary network for communication between the vCenter Server Appliance that you want to upgrade and the newly deployed vCenter Server Appliance, select the vCenter Server Appliance IP allocation method and click Next
83
•
(Optional) Select the Enable SSH check box to enable SSH connections to the vCenter Server Appliance
•
On the Ready to complete page, review the settings for the vCenter Server Appliance upgrade and click Finish to complete the process
B()2.$*C .#) 4).#+(% +* L0&15($2& D6)2.)1 Your current vCenter Server deployment/configuration has a direct impact on the options available to you when upgrading to vCenter Server 6.0. Below are the highlights of the options available to you: •
vSphere 5.5 and earlier using Simple Install option : Machines will be upgraded to vCenter Server with
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embedded Platform Services Controller. vSphere 5.5 and earlier using Custom Install option : o
If vCenter Single Sign-On was on a different machine than vCenter Server, the upgrade will be an external deployment model. Machines running Single Sign-On will become external Platform Services Controllers. Machines running vCenter Server will become vCenter Server with external Platforms Services Controllers.
o
If vCenter Single Sign-On was on the same node as vCenter Server, the upgrade will product an embedded deployment model. Machines will be upgraded to v Center Server with embedded Platform Services Controller
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If the custom installation included multiple replicating vCenter Single Sign-On servers, the upgrade will product an external deployment model with multiple replicating Platform Services Controller instances. Machines running Single Sign-On will become external Platform Services Controllers. Machines running vCenter Server will become vCenter Server with external Platforms Services Controllers.
The below diagrams illustrate the options listed above.
Simple Install Upgrade
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Custom Upgrade, external Single Sign-On
Custom Upgrade, all remote components
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The above diagrams provided by VMware in Section 1, vCenter Server Example Upgrade Paths in the vSphere Upgrade documentation. Review for additional upgrade topologies. Also have a look at the following VMware KB
articles: •
Upgrading to vCenter Server 6.0 Best Practices (2109772)
•
List of Recommended Topologies for VMware vSphere 6.0 (2108548)
B()2.$*CQ"1+'/ ,)%#++. D6)2.)1 L0&15() =11+1% Logs, logs, and more logs. Section 12, Collecting Logs for Troubleshooting a vCenter Server Installation or Upgrade in the vSphere Upgrade documentation covers this in detail. Below is a break down of the cliff notes
version Log location for Windows Based vCenter Server •
%PROGRAMDATA%\VMware\CIS\logs directory, usually C:\ProgramData\VMware\CIS\logs
•
%TEMP% directory, usually C:\Users\username\AppData\Local\Temp
Log Collection for vCenter Server Appliance !
Access the appliance shell
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Enter a user name and password that the appliance recognizes
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In the appliance shell, run the pi shell command to access the Bash shell
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In the Bash shell, run the vc-supporrt.sh script to generate a support bundle
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The above command will generate a .tgz file in /var/tmp
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Export the generated support bundle to the [email protected]:/tmp folder
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Determine which firstboot script failed o
cat /var/log/first boot/firstbootStat us.json
For additional log file details review the following VMware KB article: •
Location of VMware vCenter Server 6.0 Log Files (2110014)
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•
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?#@%.+/8% ;<0 )'*(/234% "*5 657/*/,+%4 " 8-9:%4% C".Q39SA%,+'4%SA%9$/."+/'* -'$3+/'* For this objective I used the following resources: •
vSphere Data Protection Administration Guide
•
VMware vSphere Data Protection 6.0 Technical Overview
•
VMware vSphere Replication Administration
•
Understanding Virtual Machine Snapshots in VMware ESXi and ESX (KB Article 1015180)
•
Delete all Snapshots and Consolidate Snapshots (KB Article 1023657)
•
Consolidating Snapshots in vSphere 5.x/6.x (KB Article 2003638)
!"#$%&'(& B()2.$*C E250%#+. F)c'$1)?)2.% 61)5.)Q:),).)Q6+2% +,$(5.) 3$1.'5, 45;#$2) E250%#+.% For these two topics I am going to group other them together with a list of VMware KB articles that easily cover the topics and provide a deeper level of the how’s and why’s of VMware snapshots. But for an overview a VMware snapshot is: •
Represents the state of a virtual machine at the time it was taken
•
Include the files and memory state of a virtual machine’s guest operating system
•
Includes the settings and configuration of a virtual machine and its virtual hardware
•
Is stored as a set of files in the same directory as other files that comprise a virtual machine
•
Should be taken when testing something with unknown or potentially harmful effects
•
Can take up as much disk space as the virtual machine itself. If multiple snapshots are possible, the amount of disk space used increases with the number of snapshots in place
For a complete run down of VMware snapshots, have a look at the following VMware KB articles: •
Understanding Virtual Machine Snapshots in VMware ESXi and ESX (KB Article 1015180)
•
Delete all Snapshots and Consolidate Snapshots (KB Article 1023657)
•
Consolidating Snapshots in vSphere 5.x/6.x (KB Article 2003638)
B()2.$*C 34-51) :5.5 71+.);.$+2 F)c'$1)?)2.% Software Requirements •
Minimum requirement is vCenter Server 5.1, while vCenter Server 5.5 or later is recommended
•
VDP 6.0 supports the Linux-based vCenter Server Virtual Appliance and the Windows based vCenter Server
•
VDP .1 is not compatible with vCenter 5.5 or later
93
•
Web browsers must be enabled with Adobe Flash Player 11.3 or later to access the vSphere Web Client and VDP functionality
•
Deploy VDP appliances on shared VMFS5 or later datastores to avoid block size limitations
•
Make sure that all virtual machines are running hardware version 7 or later to support Change Block Tracking (CBT) functionality
•
Install VMware Tools on each virtual machine that VDP will backup
Unsupported Virtual Machine Disk Types •
Independent
•
RDM Independent – Virtual Compatibility Mode
•
RDM Physical Compatibility Mode
System Requirements VDP is deployed based disk capacity. The options are: •
.5TB
•
1TB
•
2TB
•
4TB
•
6TB
•
8TB
Based on the disk/repository sizing the CPU/Memory resources minimum requirements are: .5TB
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6TB
8TB
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Up to 400 virtual machines supported per VDP appliance
•
Up to 20 VDP appliances supported per vCenter
•
Available storage size of 8TB’s
•
Number of protected virtual machines and the dataset size
•
Types of data being backed up (OS files, documents, databases, etc)
•
Backup data retention period (daily, weekly, monthly, or yearly)
•
Data change rates
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94
This is an interesting objective as of vSphere 6.0 there is only a single version offering product. Just note that earlier versions of VDP (5.x days) there were two versions of the product, VDP and VDP Advanced. With the release of vSPhere 6 it appears VMware has consolidated the “Advanced” edition of the product into one. Let’s review some of the features in the product: •
Agentless virtual machine backup
•
Integration with EMC Data Domain for additional scale, efficiency, and reliability
•
Agent support for application consistent backup and restores of Microsoft Exchange, SQL and Sharepoint (used to be in the “Advanced” version)
•
Granular File Level Restores (FLR)
•
Deployment of external proxies, enabling as many as 24 parallel backup operations
For a deeper dive into the functions of features of VDP 6.0 have a look at the VMware vSphere Data Protection 6.0 Technical Overview whitepaper.
:)%;1$/) DE0#)1) F)0,$;5.$+2 K1;#$.);.'1) vSphere Replication is an included feature with VMware vSphere that provides hypervisor-based virtual machine replication. vSphere Replication is an alternative over using storage-based replication technologies and allows for replicating to unlike storage (FC to NFS for example). vSphere Replication supports replicating between sites in the following configuration.
From a source site to a target site:
95
Within a single site from one cluster to another:
From multiple source sites to a shared remote target site:
96
vSphere replication supports both the Linux-based vCenter Appliance as well as the standard vCenter Server Windows installation. Combinations of both are supported, IE Windows based vCenter at your primary site and the Linux-based appliance at the DR target location. Bundled with the vSphere Replication appliance are all the needed components required: •
Plug-in for the vSphere Web Client
•
Embedded database that stores replication configuration and management information
•
vSphere Replication management server o
Configures the vSphere Replication server
o
Enables, manages, and monitors replications Authenticates user and checks their permissions to perform vSphere Replication operations
o •
vSphere Replication server that provides the core of the vSphere Replication infrastructure
97
B2%.5,, 52( 6+2*$&'1) 34-51) :5.5 71+.);.$+2 Prior to installing VDP there are few house cleaning items that need to be taken care of first: •
Both forward and reverse DNS entries need to be configured
•
Configure NTP settings on both your vCenter Server and ESXi hosts
•
Minimum requirement is vCenter Server 5.1, vCenter Server 5.5 or later is recommended
Now, on with the show. •
• •
Log into the vSphere Web Client with administrative privileges From the Home screen in the vSphere Web Client , select Hosts and Clusters in the right hand navigation In the left hand pane select expand your Datacenter object and select the vSphere Cluster you wish to deploy VMware Data Protection to
•
Right click on the vSphere Cluster and select Deploy OVF Template
•
Provide the Source location for the installation. Options are either URL or Local File
•
Review the virtual appliance settings/details and click Next
•
Accept the EULA and click Next
•
Provide a Name and Location for the virtual appliance. Click Next
•
Select the Virtual Disk Format and Datastore location. Click Next
•
Provide the needed Networking information: o
Management Network Portgroup
o
IP Protocol
o
Manual IP addressing
o
Select the check box to Power On the virtual appliance after deployment and click Finish
With the deployment of the appliance complete, if you pop open a console connection you will see a listing for the next steps to complete the configuration of the device:
98
•
From a web browser open :8543/vdp-configure/”>:8543/vdp-configure/”>:8543/vdpconfigure/”>https://:8543/vdp-configure/
•
Type root in the User field and changeme in the Password field, and then click Login
•
On the VDP Welcome screen click Next
•
•
Verify/Complete the Network Settings options, click Next Select the appropriate Time Zone , click Next
•
Provide a Password for the VDP Credentials , click Next
•
For the vCenter Registration provide a Username and Password and related vCenter Server information. Use the Test Connection to validate the settings. Click Next when completed
•
For Create Storage select either Create New Storage or Attach Existing VDP Storage . If using new storage, select from the available storage capacities. Click Next
•
Provide the storage location/locations on the Device Allocation window. Click Next
•
For CPU and Memory assign the needed amount of RAM to the appliance. Click Next
•
Choose to enable the Product Improvement feed back. Click Next
•
On the Ready to Complete dialog choose to run the Run Performance Analysis on Storage Configuration. Note, this is optional. Click Next
•
Finally, from the Complete screen click Restart Appliance
61)5.) 5 V5;S'0 W+/ -$.# 34-51) :5.5 71+.);.$+2 •
Log into the vSphere Web Client with administrative privileges
•
From the Home screen in the vSphere Web Client , select VDP in the right hand navigation
99
•
Click the Backup tab
•
From the Backup Job Actions menu, select New to begin the Create a new backup job wizard
•
On the Job Type page, select the job type. For this example we are going to to select Guest Images. Click Next
•
For the Data Type select either Full Image or Individual Disks
•
On the Backup Sources dialog select the vCenter object or objects you wish to schedule in the backup job. These can be Datacenter, Clusters, groups of virtual machines, or individual virtual machines
•
On the Schedule page, select the schedule for the backup job and click Next
•
From the Retention Policy page, select a retention period and click Next
•
Provide a Name for the backup job
•
Review the settings on the Ready to Complete screen. Click Finish when ready
B2%.5,,Q6+2 *$&'1)QL0&15() DE0#)1) F)0,$;5.$+ 2 •
Log into the vSphere Web Client with administrative privileges
•
From the Home screen in the vSphere Web Client , select Hosts and Clusters in the right hand navigation
•
In the left hand pane select expand your Datacenter object and select the vSphere Cluster you wish to deploy vSphere Replication to
•
Right click on the vSphere Cluster and select Deploy OVF Template
•
Provide the Source location for the installation. Options are either URL or Local File
•
Review the virtual appliance settings/details and click Next
•
Accept the EULA and click Next
•
Provide a Name and Location for the virtual appliance. Click Next
•
Select the Configuration size of the appliance (Either 2 or 4 vCPU). Click Next
•
Select the Virtual Disk Format and Datastore location. Click Next
•
Provide the needed Networking information: o
Management Network Portgroup
o
IP Protocol
o
DHCP or Static-Manual IP addressing
•
Provide a Root password for the appliance. Click Next
•
Review the binding to the vCenter Extension vService and click Next
•
Select the check box to Power On the virtual appliance after deployment and click Finish
•
One the deployment has succeeded Log Out and then back into the vSphere Web Client
•
The vSphere Replication icon will be presented on the Home screen
•
Complete the above steps on your secondary/DR site and vSphere Replication is ready for use!
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By default the vSphere Replication appliance will use self-signed certificates for authentication purposes. If you wish to upload your own certificates for stronger security you will need to access and log into the virtual appliance management interface (VAMI) of your replication appliance and complete the following: •
Connect to the VAMI of the vSphere Replication appliance in a web browser (default URL is :5480 >:5480 >:5480 >https://:5480) !
!
!
•
Type the root user name and password for the appliance
•
Click the VR tab and click Security to review the currentl SSL certificate
•
Click Configuration
•
To enforce verification of certificate validity, select the Accept only SSL certificates signed by a trusted Certificate Authority check box.
•
Generate or install a new SSL certificate
•
Click Save and Restart Service to apply the changes
Configure Replication for Single/Multiple VM’s •
Log into the vSphere Web Client with administrative privileges
•
From the Home screen in the vSphere Web Client , select VMs and Templates in the right hand navigation
•
In the left hand pane select a Datacenter object, click the Related Objects tab in the right hand navigation
•
Click the Virtual Machines tab under Related Objects
•
Either select a Single virtual machine or Multiple virtual machines using the Ctrl and Shift keys
•
Right-Click the virtual machine/virtual machines and click All vSphere Replication Actions > C onfigure Replication from the menu
•
Acknowledge the number of virtual machines to replicate
•
Verify the virtual machine validation and click Next
•
Select the Target replication site
•
Select the target location Datastore
•
Use the RPO slider or enter a value to configure the maximum amount of data that can be lost in the case of a site failure
•
Select a Guest OS Quiescing configuration, if applicable to the source virtual machine operating system
•
Review the settings and click Finish to establish replication
B()2.$*C DE0#)1) F)0,$;5.$+2 6+?01)%%$+2 4).#+(% Data compression is supported for vSphere Replication if the envirionment meets certain requirements. For full support of end to end compression both the Source and Target ESXi hosts need to be running ESXi 6.x. If you have a “mixed” environment of 6.x hosts and earlier the ability to compress data will be limited. Refer to the chart below:
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F);+D)1 5 34 '%$2& DE0#)1) F)0,$;5.$+ 2 Recovering a virtual machine by using vSphere Replication is a manual task. Prior to attempting the steps to recover a virtual machine, insure that the virtual machine at the source site is powered off. If the virtual machine is powered on and running an error message will be displayed reminding you to power it down. •
Log into the vSphere Web Client with administrative privileges
•
From the Home screen in the vSphere Web Client , select vSphere Replication in the right hand navigation
•
Select the appropriate site/vCenter Server. Click on Monitor in the navigation bar
•
Choose the Incoming Replication tab, right-click the virtual machine to recover and select Recover
•
Select whether to recover the virtual machine with all the latest data, or to recover the virtual machine with the most recent data from the target site
•
Select the recover folder and click Next
•
If the virtual machine contains hard disks for which you have not enabled replication, select a target destination for the disk or detach the disk, and click Next
•
(Optional) Select Power on after recovery
102
•
Click Finish
7)1*+1? 5 T 5$,/5;S M0)15.$+2 L%$2& DE0#)1) F)0,$;5.$+ 2 After performing a successful recovery on the target vCenter Server site, you can perform failback. You log in to the target site and manually configure a new replication in the reverse direction, from the target site to the source site. The disks on the source site are used as replication seeds, so that vSphere Replication only synchronizes the changes made to the disk files on the target site.
103
?#@%.+/8% \<0 1 !4'3#$%,:''+ 8)%*+%4 -%48%4G E-F/ [',+,G "*5 H/4+3"$ I".:/*%, For this objective I used the following resources: •
vSphere Troubleshooting documentation
•
VMware KB Article 2000988 – Troubleshooting vSphere Auto Deploy
•
VMware KB Article 653 – Collecting Diagnostic Information for VMware ESX/ESXi
•
•
VMware KB Article 1008360 – Troubleshooting Virtual Machine Performance Issues VMware KB Article 2001003 – Troubleshooting ESX/ESXi Virtual Machine Performance Issues
•
VMware KB Article 1003908 – Troubleshooting a Failed VMware Tools Installation in a Guest Operating System
•
VMware KB Article 1003999 – Identifying Critical Guest OS Failures Within Virtual Machines.
!"#$%&'(& Identify General ESXi Host Troubleshooting Guidelines
The vSphere Troubleshooting guide is the one stop shop for this section Identify General vCenter Troubleshooting Guidelines
The vSphere Troubleshooting guide is the one stop shop for this section Troubleshoot Common Installation Issues
Refer to Objective 1.3 and make sure your hosts meet the hardware requirements as well as the VMware HCL. If using AutoDeploy refer to pages 20 thru 26 of the vSphere Troubleshooting guide and also VMware KB 2000988 (Troubleshooting vSphere Auto Deploy). Monitor ESXi System Health
With the release of ESXi back in the VI 3.5 days it provided a new way to manage your hosts, the Common Information Model (CIM). CIM allows for a standard framework to manage computing resources and presents this information via the vSphere Client. For further information read the VMware White Paper “The Architecture of VMware ESXi” as well as this VMware Support Insider blog post. Locate and Analyze vCenter and ESXi Logs
ESXi Log Files and Locations Log
Description
/var/log/auth.log
ESXi Shell authentication success and failure
104
/var/log/dhclient.log
DHCP client service, including discovery, address lease requests and renewals
/var/log/esxupdate.log
ESXi patch and update installation logs
/var/log/lacp.log
Link Aggregation Control Protocol logs
/var/log/hostd.log
Host management service logs, including virtual machine and host Task and Events, communication with the vSphere Client and vCenter Server vpxa agent, and SDK connections
/var/log/hostd-probe.log
Host management service responsiveness checker
/var/log/rhttproxy.log
HTTP connections proxied on behalf of other ESXi host webservices
/var/log/shell.log
ESXi Shell usage logs, including enable/disable and every command entered
/var/logsysboot.log
Early VMkernel startup and module loading
/var/log/boot.gz
A compressed file that contains boot log information
/var/log/syslog.log
Management service initialization, watchdogs, scheduled tasks and DCUI use
/var/log/usb.log
USB device arbitration events, such as discovery and passthrough to virtual machines
/var/log/vobd.log
VMkernel Observation events
/var/log/vmkernel.log
Core VMkernel logs, including device discovery, storage and networking device and driver events, and virtual machine startup
/var/log/vmkwarning.log A summary of Warning and Alert log messages excerpted from the VMkernel logs /var/log/vmksummary.log A summary of ESXi host startup and shutdown, and an hourly heartbeat with uptime, number of virtual machines running, and service resource consumption /var/log/Xorg.log
Vide acceleration
105
vCenter Log Files and Locations vCenter running on windows the log files will be located in C:\ProgramData\VMware\VMware VirtualCenter\Logs vCenter running on virtual appliance the log files will be located in /var/log/vmware/vpx Log
Description
vpxd.log
The main vCenter Server log, consisting of all vSphere Client and WebServices connections, internal tasks and events, and communication with the vCenter Server Agent ( vpxa) on managed ESXi/ESX hosts.
vpxd-profiler.log
Profiled metrics for operations performed in vCenter Server. Used by the VPX Operational Dashboard ( VOD) accessible at https:// VCHostnameOrIPAddress /vod/index.html .
vpxd-alert.log
Non-fatal information logged about the vpxd process.
cim-diag.log and
Common Information Model monitoring information, including
vws.log
communication between vCenter Server and managed hosts' CIM interface.
drmdump
ctions proposed and taken by VMware Distributed Resource Scheduler (DRS), grouped by the DRS-enabled cluster managed by vCenter Server. These logs are compressed.
ls.log
Health reports for the Licensing Services extension, connectivity logs to vCenter Server.
vimtool.log
Dump of string used during the installation of vCenter Server with hashed information for DNS, username and output for JDBC creation.
stats.log
Provides information about the historical performance data collection from the ESXi/ESX hosts
sms.log
Health reports for the Storage Monitoring Service extension, connectivity logs to vCenter Server, the vCenter Server database and the xDB for vCenter Inventory Service
eam.log
Health reports for the ESX Agent Monitor extension, connectivity
106
logs to vCenter Server catalina.date .log
Connectivity information and status of the VMware Webmanagement Services.
jointool.log
Health status of the VMwareVCMSDS service and individual ADAM database objects, internal tasks and events, and replication logs between linked-mode vCenter Servers
Export Diagnostic Information
Covered in Objective 7.3 – Troubleshoot vSphere upgrades, located HERE. But for reference read VMware KB Article 653 – Collecting Diagnostic Information for VMware ESX/ESXi Identify Common Command Line Interface (CLI) Commands
Here is a list of command that I use on a daily basis: •
esxtop – used for real time performance monitoring and troubleshooting
•
vmkping – Works like a ping command but allows for sending traffic out a specific vmkernel interface
•
esxcli network name space – Used for monitoring or configuring ESXi networking
•
esxcli storage name space – Used for monitoring or configuring ESXi storage
•
vmkfstools – Allows for the management of VMFS volumes and virtual disks from the command line
Troubleshoot Common Virtual Machine Issues Identify/Troubleshoot Virtual Machines Various States (e.g, Orphaned, Unkown, etc)
For these two sections refer to Section 2 of the vSphere Troubleshooting documentation. This section covers the following topics: •
Troubleshooting Fault Tolerant Virtual Machines
•
Troubleshooting USB Passthrough Devices
•
Recover Orphaned Virtual Machines
•
Virtual Machine Does Not Power On After Cloning or Deploying From Template
Troubleshoot Virtual Machine Resource Contention Issues Identify Virtual Machine Constraints
For these two sections review the following VMware KB articles: • •
VMware KB Article 1008360 – Troubleshooting Virtual Machine Performance Issues VMware KB Article 2001003 – Troubleshooting ESX/ESXi Virtual Machine Performance Issues
Identify Fault Tolerant Network Latency Issues
107
Fault Tolerance requirements are covering in Objective 7.5 – Troubleshoot HA and DRS Configurations and Fault Tolerance. For the latency portion remember the following: •
Use a dedicated 10-Gbit logging network for Fault Tolerance traffic
•
Use the vmkping command to verify low sub-millisecond network latency
Troubleshoot VMware Tools Installation Issues
Have a look at VMware KB Article 1003908 – Troubleshooting a Failed VMware Tools Installation in a Guest Operating System Identify the Root Cause of a Storage Issue Based on Troubleshooting Information
The vSphere Troubleshooting document covers several issues that you may run into. See Pages 45 thru 51. Identify Common Virtual Machine Boot Disk Errors
Have a look at VMware KB Article 1003999 – Identifying Critical Guest OS Failures Within Virtual Machines.
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vSphere Troubleshooting 6.0
•
SAN System Design and Deployment Guide
•
VMware Information Guide – VMware Virtual Networking Concepts
•
VMware KB Article 1003893 – Troubleshooting Virtual Machine Connection Issues
•
VMware KB Article 1001938 – Host Requirements for Link Aggregation for ESXi and ESX
•
VMware KB Article 1004048 – Sample Configuration of EtherChannel/Link Aggregation Control Protocol with ESXi/ESX and Cisco/HP Switches
•
VMware KB Article 1005577 – What is Beacon Probing
•
VMware KB Article 1008205 – Using ESXTOP to Identify Storage Performance Issues for ESX/ESXi
!"#$%&'(& 3)1$*C R).-+1S 6+2*$&'15.$+ 2 Refer to each objective under Section Two. Focus on the core concepts and configuration of both vNetwork Standard Switches and vNetwork Distributed Switches: •
Port/dvPort Groups
•
Load Balancing and Failover Policies
•
VLAN Settings
•
Security Policies
•
Traffic Shaping Policies For additional information read the VMware Information Guide “VMware Virtual Networking Concepts”. This document is based on VI3 but still does a good job with the core functions of a vStandard Switch.
3)1$*C 5 G$D)2 3$1.'5, 45;#$2) $% ;+2*$&'1)( -$.# .#) 6+11);. R).-+1S F)%+'1;)% Instead of duplicating work, refer to VMware KB 1003893, “Troubleshooting Virtual Machine Network Connection Issues”. More than enough information listed there.
"1+'/,)%#++. 7#C%$;5, R).-+1S K(50.)1 6+2*$&'15.$+2 B%%')% This is pretty straight forward as there is not a lot of configuration done at the physical network layer. Be sure that your physical nics that are assigned to a virtual switch (vSwitch or dvSwitch) are configured the same (speed, vlans, etc) on the physical switch. If using IP Hash as your load balancing method make sure on the physical switch side link aggregation has been enabled. Refer to VMware KB 1001938 and VMware KB 1004048 for further details as well as examples. If using beacon probing for network failover detection it standard practice to use a minimum of three (or more) uplink adapters. See VMware KB 1005577 for further details.
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"1+'/,)%#++. 3$1.'5, E-$.;# 52( 7+1. G1+'0 6+2*$&'15.$+2 B%%')% One key aspect to remember is when setting up Port Groups or dvPort Groups, spelling counts (as well as upper/lower case)! If a Port Group is spelled Test on one host and is spelled test on a second host vMotion will fail. Same holds true with Security Policies, if one vSwitch on a host is set to accept Promiscuous Mode and it is set to Reject on the other host, again vMotion will fail. Also, refer to the objectives under Section Two to be sure your switches are configured correctly.
"1+'/,)%#++. 6+??+2 R).-+1S B%%')% Using the above notes as well as the linked VMware KB articles one should be able to isolate issue to one of four areas: •
Virtual Machine
•
ESX/ESXi Host Networking (uplinks)
•
vSwitch or dvSwitch Configuration
•
Physical Switch Configuration
"1+'/,)%#++. 34TE 4).5(5.5 6+2%$%.)2;C Use the vSphere On-disk Metadata Analyser (VOMA) to identify and fix incidents of metadata corruption that affect file systems or underlying logical volumes. VOMA is executed from the CLI of an ESXi host and can be used to check and fix metadata inconsistency issues for a VMFS datastore or a virtual flash resource. The following example was pulled from the vSphere Troubleshooting documentation: •
•
Obtain the name and partition number of the device that backs the VMFS datastore that you need to check #esxcli storage vmfs extent list Run VOMA to check for VMFS errors. Provide the absolute path to the device partition that backs the VMDS datastore, and provide a partition number with the device name: # voma –m vmfs –f check –d /vmfs/devices/di sks/naa.600508e000000000b367477b 3be3d703:3
•
The output lists possible errors
For the full run down of VOMA command options review the table on page 66 of the vSphere Troubleshooting documentation.
3)1$*C E.+15&) 6+2*$&'15.$+ 2 Refer to the vSphere Storage and the SAN System Design and Deployment Guide (not specific to vSphere 6, but worth a read) by VMware. This will cover a lot of areas needed for working with a FC/iSCSI SAN environment with vSphere. Also a good understanding of the hardware you are using on the backend (storage arrays, FC switches, networking, etc) and there “vSphere Best Practices” documents will assist in the proper configuration.
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B()2.$*C E.+15&) BQM 6+2%.15$2.% With the mention “storage constraints” I am assuming they are hinting at I/O throughput or I/O latency issues. I find the quickest and easiest way of measuring/checking this is via esxtop/resxtop. VMware KB 1008205 and Duncan Eppings esxtop blog post covers this is in more detail. Metrics to be aware of: Disk Metric
Threshold
Description
DAVG
25
This is the average response time in milliseconds per command being sent to the device
GAVG
25
This the response time as it is perceived by the guest operating system. This number is calculated with the formula: DAVG + KAVG = GAVG
KAVG
2
This is the amount of time the command spends in the VMKernel
The following diagram (provided by VMware) provide a visual representation of the chart above:
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4+2$.+1Q"1+'/, )%#++. E.+15&) :$%.1$/'. )( F)%+'1;) E;#)(',)1 _E:FE` Refer to Section 6, Troubleshooting Resource Management in vSphere Troubleshooting 6.0 documentation (pages 47 thru 55).
"1+'/,)%#++. 6+??+2 E.+15&) B%%')% Refer to Section 7, Troubleshooting Storage in vSphere Troubleshooting 6.0 documentation (pages 55 thru 72). The section covers several storage related issues that you may run into.
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vSphere Troubleshooting documentation
•
VMware KB Article 2032892 – Collecting Diagnostic Information for ESX/ESXi Hosts and vCenter Server Using the vSphere Web Client
•
VMware KB Article 1011641 - Collecting Diagnostic Information for VMware vCenter Server
•
VMware KB Article 653 - Collecting Diagnostic Information for Vmware ESX/ESXi Using the vSphere Client
•
VMware KB Article 1010705 - Collecting Diagnostic Information Using the vm-support Command in VMware ESX/ESXi
•
VMware KB Article 1027932 - Collecting Diagnostic Information for VMware vCenter Server and ESX/ESXi Using the vSphere PowerCLI
!"#$%&'(& B()2.$*C D6)2.)1 E)1D)1 52( D6)2.)1 E)1D)1 K00,$52;) L0&15()
B%%')%
For this section I am going to take the easy way out. Refer to Section 12 of the vSphere
Troubleshooting documentation. This section covers the following topics: •
Collecting Logs for Troubleshooting a vCenter Server Installation or Upgrade
•
Collect Logs to Troubleshoot ESXi Hosts
•
Errors and Warnings Returned by the Installation and Upgrade Precheck Script
•
•
Restore vCenter Server Services if Upgrade Fails VMware Component Manager Error During Startup After vCenter Server Appliance Upgrade
•
Microsoft SQL Database Set to Unsupported Compatibility Mode Causes vCenter Server Installation or Upgrade to Fail
61)5.) 5 I+& V'2(,) There are multiple ways to get at this information, but I will assume the exam is going to be geared more towards using the vSphere Web Client for this task. Using vSphere Web Client Have a look over at VMware KB Article 2032892, Collecting Diagnostic Information for ESX/ESXi Hosts and vCenter Server Using the vSphere Web Client. •
Log into the vSphere Web Client with administrative privileges
•
Under Inventory Lists, select vCenter Servers
•
Click the vCenter Server that contains the ESX/ESXi hosts you
•
wish to export logs from
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•
Select the Monitor tab in right hand navigation screen and choose System Logs
•
Click the Export Systems Logs
•
Select the ESX/ESXi hosts you wish to export logs from
•
Optionally , select the Include vCenter Server and vSphere Web Client Logs.
•
Click Next
•
Select the type of Log Data to be exported
•
Optionally, select to Gather Performance Data
•
When ready click the Generate Log Bundle
•
Once the log bundle is generated, click Download Log Bundle
•
Select a location and click Save
For additional diagnostic and log collection (either virtual appliance, ESXi hosts, or Windows vCenter) have a look at the following VMware KB articles: •
Gathering vCenter Server Log Bundles (VMware KB 1011641, Collecting Diagnostic Information for VMware vCenter Server)
•
Gathering vCenter Server and ESXi Log Bundles (VMware KB 653, Collecting Diagnostic Information for Vmware ESX/ESXi Using the vSphere Client)
•
Using vm-support command line tool (VMware KB 1010705, Collecting Diagnostic Information Using the vmsupport Command in VMware ESX/ESXi)
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•
Leveraging PowerCLI (VMware KB 1027932, Collecting Diagnostic Information for VMware vCenter Server and ESX/ESXi Using the vSphere PowerCLI)
B()2.$*C K,.)125.$ D) 4).#+(% .+ L0&15() =EH$ J+%.% $2 =D)2. +* T5$,'1) For this section not really sure what VMware is after with the “Event of Failure” piece. I am going to tackle this from the perspective of outlining the supported methods of upgrading an ESXi hosts. My guess this will give the baseline knowledge for the exam that you will need. •
vSphere Update Manager – For me this is my favorite of the options. You should already have VUM installed in your environment so the only work that really needs to be done is importing the ESXi 6.0 ISO into the repository and creating an Upgrade baseline. Super easy.
•
Upgrade via ESXi Installer (ISO on USB/CD/DVD) – In a small enough environment you might just be able to create a boot image from the ESXi 6.0 ISO and place it on a CD/DVD/USB device and boot the ESXi host from it. This would be labeled as an “interactive” upgrade. You will have to provide some inputs to complete the upgrade
•
Perform Scripted Upgrade – I myself haven’t used nor seen a lot of scripted upgrades in the field. It is
•
vSphere Auto Deploy – Using Auto Deploy you can reprovision the host and reboot it with a new image profile.
supported and could be a faster deployment method to multiple hosts over VUM.
This profile would include the ESXi upgrade to 6.x. You will need to leverage vSphere Image Builder to build the package •
esxcli – You can use the esxcli command-line utility to upgrade hosts to ESXi 6.x
6+2*$&'1) D6)2.)1 I+&&$2& M0.$+2% •
Log into the vSphere Web Client with administrative privileges
•
Under Resources, select vCenter Servers
•
Click the vCenter Server to update the level of logging
•
Select the Settings tab in right hand navigation screen and choose General
•
From the General tab click Edit
•
The Edit vCenter Server Settings dialog will be displayed. Select Logging Settings
•
Select the level of logging from the Logging Options dropdown.
•
Click OK when finished
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The available options are: Option
Description
None (Disable Logging)
Turns off logging
Error (Errors Only)
Displays only error log entries
Warning (Errors and Warnings
Displays warning and error log entries
Info (Normal Logging – Default)
Displays information, error, and warning log entries
Verbose (Verbose)
Displays information, error, warning, and verbose log entries
Trivia (Extended Verbose)
Displays information, error, warning, verbose, and trivia log entries
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For this objective I used the following resources: •
vSphere Monitoring and Performance documentation
•
VMworld 2010 session TA6720, Troubleshooting using ESXTOP for Advanced Users
•
VMware Communities Document DOC-9279, Interpreting esxtop Statistics
•
Duncan Epping’s Blog on esxtop
•
VMware KB Article 1005764 – EVC and CPU Compatibility FAQ
!"#$%&'(& :)%;1$/) J+- "5%S% 52( =D)2.% 51) 3$)-)( $2 D6)2.)1 E)1D)1 View All Tasks •
Log into the vSphere Web Client
•
Select the vCenter Server inventory object you want to view •
To display the tasks for an object, select the object
•
To display the tasks in the vCenter Server, select the root folder
•
Select the Monitor tab
•
Select Tasks
The screenshot below shows the Tasks tab of a virtual machine in my lab:
View Events •
Log into the vSphere Web Client
•
Select the vCenter Server inventory object you want to view o
To display the tasks for an object, select the object
o
To display the tasks in the vCenter Server, select the root folder
•
Select the Monitor tab
•
Select Events
The screenshot below shows the Events tab for my lab cluster:
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B()2.$*C 61$.$;5, 7)1*+1?52;) 4).1$;% As you will see listed in the sections below, the critical points to monitor are CPU, memory, networking, and storage.
=>0,5$2 6+??+2 4)?+1C 4).1$;% Metric
Description
SWR/s and Measured in megabytes, these counters represent the rate at which the SWW/s
ESXi hosts is swapping memory in from disk (SWR/s) and swapping memory out to disk (SWW/s)
SWCUR
This is the amount of swap space currently used by the virtual machine
SWTGT
This is the amount of swap space that the host expects the virtual machine to use
MCTL
Indicates whether the balloon driver is installed in the virtual machine
MCTLSZ
Amount of physical memory that the balloon driver has reclaimed
MCTLTGT Maximum amount of memory that the host wants to reclaim via the balloon driver
=>0,5$2 6+??+2 67L 4).1$;% Metric
Description
%Used
Percentage of physical CPU time used by a group of worlds
%RDY
Percentage of time a group was ready to run but was not provided CPU resources
%CSTP
Percentage of time the vCPUs of a virtual machine spent in the co-stopped
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state, waiting to be co-started %SYS
Percentage of time spent in the ESXi VMkernel on behalf of the world/resource pool
=>0,5$2 6+??+2 R).-+1S 4).1$;% Metric
Description
MbTX/s
Amount of data transmitted in Mbps
MbRX/s
Amount of data received in Mbps
%DRPTX
Percentage of outbound packets dropped
%DRPRX
Percentage of inbound packets dropped
=>0,5$2 6+??+2 E.+15&) 4).1$;% Metric
Description
DAVG
Average amount of time it takes a device to service a single I/O require (read or write)
KAVG
The average amount of time it takes the VMkernel to service a disk operation
GAVG
The total latency seen from the virtual machine when performing an I/O request
ABRT/s
Number of commands aborted per second
B()2.$*C J+%. 7+-)1 4525&)?)2. 7+,$;C ESXi can take advantage of several power management features that the host hardware provides to adjust the tradeoff between performance and power use. ESXi supports five different power management policies ranging from low performance/low power to high performance/high power. The table below provides a breakdown of the five policies: Power Management Policy
Description
Not Supported
The host does not support any power management features or power management is not enabled in the
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system BIOS High Performance
The VMkernel detects certain power management features, but will not use them unless the system BIOS requests them for power capping or thermal events
Balanced (Default)
The VMkernel uses the available power management features conservatively to reduce host energy consumption with minimal compromise to performance
Low Power
The VMkernel aggressively uses available power management features to reduce host energy consumption at the risk of lower performance
Custom
The VMkernel bases its power management policy on the values of several advanced configuration parameters. You can set these parameters in the vSphere Web Client Advanced Settings dialog box
To select a power management policy follow the below procedure: •
Log into the vSphere Web Client with administrative privileges
•
From the Home screen select Host and Clusters
•
Expand your Datacenter and Cluster . Select the desired Host
•
•
In the right-hand navigation, select the Manage tab and select Settings Scroll down and select Power Management , and click Edit
•
Select a power management policy for the host and click OK
B()2.$*C 67LQ4)?+1C 6+2.)2.$+2 B%%')% 4+2$.+1 7)1*+1?52;) .#1+'&# =EH"M7 These two topics could easily fill pages of information. For quick and easy knowledge refer to the sections above outlining the more significant performance metrics to monitor. Read Section 7 of the vSphere Monitoring and
Performance documentation as well as Duncan Epping’s esxtop blog and the VMware Communities document “Interpreting esxtop Statistics”. Also have a look at this YouTube video, VMworld 2010 – TA6720 Troubleshooting using ESXTOP for Advanced Users. While this video is a few years old, the concepts are still sound in using ESXTOP.
"1+'/,)%#++. =2#52;)( D4+.$+2 6+?05.$/$,$.C _=36` B%%')% A quick primer on what Enhanced vMotion Compatibility is. EVC mode ensures that all ESX/ESXi hosts in a cluster present the same CPU level/feature set to virtual machines, even if the actual CPU’s on the host differ (they
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need to be of the same CPU manufacturer, you can not mix AMD with Intel and vise versa). With EVC mode enabled and configured it is then possible to leverage vMotion to migrate virtual machines across hosts. For troubleshooting EVC mode, it mostly commands down to if the CPU in the ESXi host is supported. They below listing is pulled from VMware KB Article 1005764 – EVC and CPU Compatibility FAQ . ESXi 6.0 Supports these EVC Modes •
AMD Opteron Generation 1 (Rev. E)
•
AMD Opteron Generation 2 (Rev. F)
•
•
AMD Opteron Generation 3 (Greyhound) AMD Opteron Generation 3 (no 3Dnow!)(Greyhound)
•
AMD Opteron Generation 4 (Bulldozer)
•
AMD Opteron "Piledriver" Generation
•
Intel "Merom" Generation (Intel Xeon Core 2)
•
Intel "Penryn" Generation (Intel Xeon 45nm Core2)
•
Intel "Nehalem" Generation (Intel Xeon Core i7)
•
Intel "Westmere" Generation (Intel Xeon 32nm Core i7)
•
Intel "Sandy Bridge" Generation
•
Intel "Ivy Bridge" Generation
•
Intel "Haswell" Generation
6+?051) 52( 6+2.15%. MD)1D$)- 52( K(D52;)( 6#51.% •
Overview Charts – Display multiple data sets in one panel to easily evaluate different resource statistics, display thumbnail charts for child objects, and display charts for a parent and a child object
•
Advanced Charts – Display more information than overview charts, are configurable, and can be printed or exported to a spreadsheet
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For this objective I used the following resources: •
vSphere Availability documentation
•
vSphere Resource Management documentation
•
vCenter Server and Host Management documentation
•
vSphere Troubleshooting documentation
!"#$%&'(& Identify HA/DRS and vMotion Requirements
HA Requirements •
All hosts must be licensed for vSphere HA
•
You need at least two hosts in the cluster
•
All hosts need to be configured with static IP addresses. If you are using DHCP, you must ensure that the address for each hosts persists across reboots
•
There should be at least on management network in common among all hosts and best practices is to have at least two. Management networks differ depending on the version of host you are using. o
To ensure that any virtual machine can run on any host in the cluster, all hosts should have access to the same virtual machine networks and datastores
• •
For VM Monitoring to work, VMware tools must be installed vSphere HA supports both IPv4 and IPv6. A cluster that mixes the use of both of the protocol versions, however is more likely to result in a network partition
For further information see page 32 of the vSphere Availability documentation DRS Requirements •
Shared Storage
•
Shared VMFS volumes
o
Storage can be either SAN or NAS
o
Place the disks of all virtual machines on VMFS volumes that are accessible by all hosts
o
Set access mode for the shared VMFS to public
o
Ensure the VMFS volumes on source and destination host use volume names, and all virtual machines use those volume names for specifying the virtual disks
•
Processor Compatibility – Processors of both the source and destination host must be of the same vendor (AMD or Intel) and be of the same processor family. This requirement is more for the use of vMotion and allowing a VM to execute its processes from one host to the other. vCenter provides advanced features to make sure that processor compatibility requirements are met:
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o
Enhanced vMotion Compatibility (EVC) – You can use EVC to help ensure vMotion compatibility for the hosts in a cluster. EVC ensures that all hosts in a cluster present the same CPU feature set to virtual machines, even if the actual CPUs on the hosts differ. This prevents migration with vMotion from failing due to incompatible CPUs.
o
CPU Compatibility Masks – vCenter Server compares the CPU features available to a virtual machine with the CPU features of the destination host to determine whether to allow or disallow migrations with vMotion. By applying CPU compatibility mask to individual virtual machines, you can hide certain CPU features from the virtual machine and potentially prevent migrations with vMotion from failing due to incompatible CPUs.
For further information see pages 63 thru 64 of the vSphere Resource Management documentation vMotion Requirements •
The virtual machine configuration file for ESXi hosts must reside on a VMware Virtual Machine File System (VMFS)
•
vMotion does not support raw disks or migration of applications clustered using Microsoft Cluster Service (MSCS)
•
vMotion requires a private Gigabit Ethernet (minimum) migration network between all of the vMotion enabled managed hosts. When vMotion is enabled on a managed host, configure a unique network identity object for the managed host and connect it to the private migration network
•
You cannot use migration with vMotion to migrate a virtual machine that uses a virtual device backed by a device that is not accessible on the destination host
•
You cannot use migration with vMotion to migrate a virtual machine that uses a virtual device backed by a device on the client computer
For further information see page 56 of the vSphere Resource Management documentation and pages 123 thru 124 of the vCenter Server and Host Management documentation Verify vMotion/Storage vMotion Configuration
See above sections for DRS and vMotion requirements. Key areas of focus will be proper networking (VMKernel interface for vMotion), CPU compatibility and shared storage access across all hosts. Verify HA Network Configuration •
On legcacy ESX hosts in the cluster, vSphere HA communications travel over all networks that are designated as service console networks. VMkernel networks are not used by these hosts for vSphere HA communications
•
On ESXi hosts in the cluster, vSphere HA communications, by default, travel over VMkernel networks, except those marked for use with vMotion. If there is only one VMkernel network, vSphere HA shares it with vMotion, if necessary. With ESXi 4.x and ESXi, you must also explicitly enable the Management Network checkbox for vSphere HA to use this network
For further information see page 40 of the vSphere Availability documentation
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Verify HA/DRS Cluster Configuration
Configuration issues and other errors can occur for your cluster or its hosts that adversely affect the proper operation of vSphere HA. You can monitor these errors by looking at the Cluster Operational Status and Configuration Issues screens, which are accessible in the vSphere Client from the vSphere HA section of the cluster’s Summary tab. For further information see page 30 of the vSphere Availability documentation Troubleshoot HA Capacity Issues
To troubleshoot HA capacity issues first be familiar with the three Admission Control Policies: •
Host failures the cluster tolerates (default) – You can configure vSphere HA to tolerate a specified number of host failures. Uses a “slot” size to display cluster capacity
•
Percentage of cluster resources reserved as failover spare capacity – You can configure vSphere HA to perform admission control by reserving a specific percentage of cluster CPU and memory resources for recovery from host failure
•
Specify failover hosts – You can configure vSphere HA to designate specific hosts as the failover hosts
Things to look out for when troubleshooting HA issues: •
Failed or disconnected hosts
•
Over sized VM’s with high CPU/memory reservations. This will affect slot sizes
•
Lack of capacity/resources if you using “Specify Failover Hosts”, IE not enough hosts set as failovers
See Section 5 – Troubleshooting Availablity in the vSphere Troubleshooting documentation that outlines common failover scenarios for each of the three Admission Control Policies. For further reading on the three admission control policies see page 22 thru 28 of the vSphere Availability documentation. Troubleshoot HA Redundancy Issues
Like all other components in a vSphere design, you want design redundancy for a clusters HA network traffic. You can go about this one of two ways or both. The use of NIC of teaming (two physical NICs preferably connected to separate physical switches) is the most common method used. This will allow either of the two links to fail and still be able to communicate on the the network. The second option is the setup and creation of a secondary management network. This second interface will need to be attached to a different virtual switch as well as a different subnet as the primary network. This will allow for HA traffic to be communicated over both networks. Interpret the DRS Resource Distribution Graph and Target/Current Host Load Deviation
The DRS Resource Distribution Chart is used to display both memory and CPU metrics for each host in the cluster. Each resource can be displayed in either a percentage or as a size in mega bytes for memory or mega hertz for CPU. In the chart display each box/section represents a VM running on that host and the resources it is currently consuming. The chart is accessed from the Summary tab at the cluster level under the section for VMware DRS. Click the hyperlink for View Resource Distribution Chart.
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The target/current host load deviation is a representation of the balance of resources across the hosts in your cluster. The DRS process runs every 5 minutes and analyzes resource metrics on each host across the cluster. Those metrics are plugged in an equeation: (VM entitlements)/(Host Capacity) This value returned is what determines the “Current host load standard deviation”. If this number is higher then the “Target host load standard deviation” your cluster is imbalanced and DRS will make recommendations on which VM’s to migrate to re-balance the cluster. This is just my basic understanding of how DRS works. For complete down in the weeds explanations I would recommend reading this post as well as this one from Duncan Epping @ Yellow-Bricks.com. Troubleshoot DRS Load Imbalance Issues
DRS clusters become imbalanced/overcomitted for several reasons: •
A cluster might become overcommitted if a host fails
•
A cluster becomes invalid if vCenter Server is unavailable and you power on virtual machines using a vSphere Client connected directly to a host
•
A cluster becomes invalid if the user reduces the reservation on a parent resource pool while a virtual machine is in the process of failing over
•
If changes are made to hosts or virtual machines using a vSphere Client connected to a host while vCenter Server is unavailable, those changes take effect. When vCenter Server becomes available again, you might find that clusters have turned red or yellow because cluster requirements are no longer met.
Troubleshoot vMotion/Storage vMotion Migration Issues
For vMotion refer to section above for DRS and vMotion requirements. Make sure all requirements are being met. For Storage vMotion be aware of the following requirements and limitations •
Virtual machine disks must be in persistent mode or be raw device mappings (RDMs). For virtual compatibility mode RDMs, you can migrate the mapping file or convert to thick-provisioned or thinprovisioned disks during migration as long as the destination is not an NFS datastore. If you convert the mapping file, a new virtual disk is created and the contents of the mapped LUN are copied to this disk. For physical compatibility mode RDMs, you can migrate the mapping file only.
•
Migration of virtual machines during VMware Tool installation is not supported
•
The host on which the virtual machine is running must have a license that includes Storage vMotion
•
The host on which the virtual machines is running must have access to both the source and target datastore
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Interpret vMotion Resource Maps
vMotion resource maps provide a visual representation of hosts, datastores, and networks associated with the selected virtual machine. vMotion resource maps also indicate which hosts in the virtual machine’s cluster or datacenter are compatible, it must meet the following criteria: •
Connect to all the same datastores as the virtual machine
•
Connect to all the same networks as the virtual machine
•
•
Have compatible software with the virtual machine Have a compatible CPU with the virtual machine
Identify the Root Cause of a DRS/HA Cluster or Migration Issue Based on
Troubleshooting Information
Use information from above topics to help isolate the issue based on HA/DRS requirements as well pages from the reference documents listed. Verify Fault Tolerance Configuration Identify Fault Tolerance Requirements
When VMware Fault Tolerance was srcinally announced back in the ESXi/ESX 4.x days it received a lukewarm reception. While the concept of protecting tier 1 workloads with a synchronous/shadow VM, the requirment of supporting a single vCPU virtual machine limited the use case of the feature. In vSphere 6 VMware has lifted the vCPU limitation from 1 vCPU to up 4 vCPU (based on licensing). With this increase I would assume this feature will now be leveraged in environments. Beyond the increase of support for multi processor, there are other requirements/features you should know for the exam: !
Physical CPU’s must be compatible with vSphere vMotion or Enhanced vMotion Compatibility (EVC)
!
Physical CPU’s must support hardware MMW virtualization (Intel EPT or AMD RVI
!
Use a dedicated 10GB network for FT logging
!
vSphere Standard and Enterprise allows up to 2 vCPU’s for FT
!
vSphere Enterprise Plus allows ups to 4 vCPU’s for FT
While FT provides a higher level of availability, there are a few features that are NOT supported if a VM is protected via Fault Tolerance: !
Virtual machine snapshots
!
Storage vMotion
!
Linked Clones
!
Virtual SAN (VSAN)
!
VM Component Protection (VMCP)
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!
Virtual Volume datastores
!
Storage-based policy management
!
I/O filters
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vSphere Availability Guide
•
VMware KB Article Advanced Configuration Options for VMware High Availability in vSphere 5.x (2033250)
!"#$%&'(& Explain Advanced vSphere HA Settings Enable/Disable Advanced vSphere HA Settings
Since both these topics pretty much go hand in hand I am going to cover them jointly. VMware vSphere allows you to add to or change the default behavior of the cluster HA settings. While the default settings maybe appropriate for the majority of environments, depending on your specific implementation setting changes may be needed. I hope it goes without saying that vSphere HA will need to be enabled on the given cluster to make any changes. Listing of Advanced Options
Option
Description
das.isolationaddress[...]
Sets the address to ping to determine if a host is isolated from the network. This address is pinged only when heartbeats are not received from any other host in the cluster. If not specified, the default gateway of the management network is used. This default gateway has to be a reliable address that is available, so that the host can determine if it is isolated from the network. You can specify multiple isolation addresses (up to 10) for the cluster: das.isolationaddressX , where X = 0-9. Typically you should specify one per management network. Specifying
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too many addresses makes isolation detection take too long. das.usedefaultisolationaddress
By default, vSphere HA uses the default gateway of the console network as an isolation address. This option specifies whether or not this default is used (true|false).
das.isolationshutdowntimeout
The period of time the system waits for a virtual machine to shut down before powering it off. This only applies if the host's isolation response is Shut down VM. Default value is 300 seconds.
das.slotmeminmb
Defines the maximum bound on the memory slot size. If this option is used, the slot size is the smaller of this value or the maximum memory reservation plus memory overhead of any poweredon virtual machine in the cluster.
das.slotcpuinmhz
Defines the maximum bound on the CPU slot size. If this option is used, the slot size is the smaller of this value or the maximum CPU reservation of any powered-on virtual machine in the cluster.
das.vmmemoryminmb
Defines the default memory resource value assigned to a virtual machine if its memory reservation is not specified or zero. This is used for the Host Failures Cluster Tolerates admission control policy. If no value is specified, the default is 0 MB.
das.vmcpuminmhz
Defines the default CPU resource value assigned to a virtual machine if its CPU reservation is not specified or zero. This is used for the Host Failures Cluster
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Tolerates admission control policy. If no value is specified, the default is 32MHz. das.iostatsinterval
Changes the default I/O stats interval for VM Monitoring sensitivity. The default is 120 (seconds). Can be set to any value greater than, or equal to 0. Setting to 0 disables the check.NOTE Values of less than 50 are not recommended since smaller values can result in vSphere HA unexpectedly resetting a virtual machine.
das.ignoreinsufficienthbdatastore
Disables configuration issues created if the host does not have sufficient heartbeat datastores for vSphere HA. Default value is false.
das.heartbeatdsperhost
Changes the number of heartbeat datastores required. Valid values can range from 2-5 and the default is 2.
fdm.isolationpolicydelaysec
The number of seconds system waits before executing the isolation policy once it is determined that a host is isolated. The minimum value is 30. If set to a value less than 30, the delay will be 30 seconds.
das.respectvmvmantiaffinityrules
Determines if vSphere HA enforces VM-VM anti-affinity rules. Default value is "false", whereby the rules are not enforced. Can also be set to "true" and rules are enforced (even if vSphere DRS is not enabled). In this case, vSphere HA does not fail over a virtual machine if doing so violates a rule, but it issues an event reporting there are
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insufficient resources to perform the failover. See vSphere Resource Management for more information on anti-affinity rules. das.maxresets
The maximum number of reset attempts made by VMCP. If a reset operation on a virtual machine affected by an APD situation fails, VMCP retries the reset this many times before giving up
das.maxterminates
The maximum number of retries made by VMCP for virtual machine termination.
das.terminateretryintervalsec
If VMCP fails to terminate a virtual machine, this is the number of seconds the system waits before it retries a terminate attempt
das.config.fdm.reportfailoverfailevent
When set to 1, enables generation of a detailed per-VM event when an attempt by vSphere HA to restart a virtual machine is unsuccessful. Default value is 0. In versions earlier than vSphere 6.0, this event is generated by default.
vpxd.das.completemetadataupdateintervalsec The period of time (seconds) after a VM-Host affinity rule is set during which vSphere HA can restart a VM in a DRSdisabled cluster, overriding the rule. Default value is 300 seconds. das.config.fdm.memreservationmb
By default vSphere HA agents run with a configured memory limit of 250 MB. A host might not allow this reservation if it runs out of reservable capacity. You can use this advanced option to lower the memory limit to
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avoid this issue. Only integers greater than 100, which is the minimum value, can be specified. Conversely, to prevent problems during master agent elections in a large cluster (containing 6,000 to 8,000 VMs) you should raise this limit to 325 MB. NOTE Once this limit is changed, for all hosts in the cluster you must run the Reconfigure HA task. Also, when a new host is added to the cluster or an existing host is rebooted, this task should be performed on those hosts in order to update this memory setting.
Configuring Advanced Options •
Log into the vSphere Web Client with administrative privileges
•
From the Home screen in the vSphere Web Client , select Hosts and Clusters in the right hand navigation
•
In the left hand pane select expand your Datacenter object and select the vSphere Cluster
•
Right click on the vSphere Cluster and select Settings
•
•
In the right hand pane under Services select vSphere HA Click the Edit button on the right
•
In the Edit Cluster Settings window expand Advanced Options
•
Click Add and type the name of the advanced option in the text box
•
Set the value of the option in the text box in the Value column
•
Repeat the following two steps for additional options you would like to add. Click OK when completed.
The screenshot below displays the Edit Cluster Settings window and for an example I have the advanced options for das.slotmeminmb and das.slotcpuinmhz (values are 512 and 500 respectively):
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For a complete listing of all the available vSphere HA settings have a look at VMware KB Article 2033250 – Advanced Configuration Options for VMware High Availability in vSphere 5.x (Note, at the time of this blog post there is not an equivalent VMware KB article for vSphere 6.x) Explain How vSphere HA Interprets Heartbeats
vSphere HA utilizes the concept of master and slave hosts to build out an HA cluster. These hosts communicate with each other using heartbeats. The master host is responsible for detecting the failure of slave hosts in the cluster. The hosts communicate with network heartbeats every second with the master host monitoring the slave hosts. If the master host stops receiving heartbeats from a slave host the master host will check to see if the slave host has exchange heartbeats with a datastore (Datastore Heartbeating) and will also verify if the management IP of the slave host responds to ICMP ping requests. If all checks have not succeeded that slave host is considered to have failed and its virtual machines will be restarted.
Identify Virtual Machine Override Priorities
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Each virtual machine in a vSphere HA cluster is assigned the cluster default settings for VM Restart Priority, Host Isolation Response, VM Component Protection, and VM Monitoring. You can specify specific behavior for each virtual machine by changing these defaults. If the virtual machine leaves the cluster, these settings are lost. •
Log into the vSphere Web Client with administrative privileges
•
From the Home screen in the vSphere Web Client , select Hosts and Clusters in the right hand navigation
•
In the left hand pane select expand your Datacenter object and select the vSphere Cluster
•
Right click on the vSphere Cluster and select Settings
•
In the right hand pane under Configuration select VM Overrides
•
Click the Add button on the right
•
Use the + button to launch the Select a VM popup. Select the virtual machine or machines to which to apply the overrides
•
Change the virtual machine settings for VM restart priority, Response for Host Isolation, etc.
•
Click OK when completed
In the example screen shot below, I selected the virtual machine VCP and made changes to both the VM restart priority and Response for Host Isolation options:
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Identify Virtual Machine Component Protection (VMCP) Settings
VMCP provides protection against datastore accessibility failures that can affect a virtual machine running on a host in a vSphere HA cluster. When a datastore accessibility failure occurs, the affected host can no longer access the storage path for a specific datastore. You can determine the response that vSphere HA will make to such a failure, ranging from the creation of event alarms to virtual machine restarts on other hosts. There are two types of datastore accessibility failure: •
PDL – PDL (Permanent Device Loss) is an unrecoverable loss of accessibility that occurs when a storage
device reports the datastore is no longer accessible by the host. This condition cannot be reverted without powering off virtual machines •
APD – APD (All Paths Down) represents a transient or unknown accessibility loss or any other
unidentified delay in I/O processing. This type of accessibility issue is recoverable •
Configuring VMCP – vSphere Cluster Settings
•
Log into the vSphere Web Client with administrative privileges
•
From the Home screen in the vSphere Web Client , select Hosts and Clusters in the right hand navigation
•
In the left hand pane select expand your Datacenter object and select the vSphere Cluster
•
Right click on the vSphere Cluster and select Settings
•
In the right hand pane under Services select vSphere HA
•
Click the Edit button on the right
•
Select the box for Protect Against Storage Connectivity Loss
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•
PDL Failures – A virtual machine is automatically failed over to a new host unless you have configured
VMCP only to Issue Events •
APD Events – The response to APD is more complex and accordingly the configuration is more fine-
grained. After the user-configured Delay for VM failover for APD period has elapsed, the action taken depends on the policy you selected. An event will be issued and the virtual machine is restarted conservatively or aggressively. The conservative approach does not terminate the virtual machine if the success of the failover is unknown, for example in a network partition. The aggressive approach does terminate the virtual machine under these conditions. Neither approach terminates the virtual machine if there are insufficient resources in the cluster for the failover to succeed. If APD recovers before the user-configured Delay for VM failover for APD period has elapsed, you can choose to reset the affected virtual machines, which recovers the guest applications that were impacted by the IO failures.
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vSphere Resource Management guide
m('PA#1-# Identify Distributed Resource Scheduler (DRS) Affinity Rules
With Distributed Resource Scheduler (DRS going forward) enabled on your vSphere cluster you can manage the placement of virtual machines within that cluster. The use of an affinity rule allows for this level of control. There are two types of of rules: •
VM-Host Affinity - Used to specify affinity or anti-affinity between a group of virtual machines and a
group of hosts. An affinity rule specifies that the members of a selected virtual machine DRS group can or must run on the members of a specific host DRS group. An anti-affinity rule specifies that the members of a selected virtual machine DRS group cannot run on the members of a specific host DRS group. •
VM-VM Affinity - Used to specify affinity or anti-affinity between individual virtual machines. A rule
specifying affinity causes DRS to try to keep the specified virtual machines together on the same host, for example, for performance reasons. With an anti-affinity rule, DRS tries to keep the specified virtual machines apart, for example, so that when a problem occurs with one host, you do not lose both virtual machines
Enable/Disable Distributed Resource Scheduler (DRS) Affinity Rules
As mentioned above there are two types of affinity rules, VM to Host and VM to VM affinity. The process for creating each type of rule (and their prerequisites) are outlined below.
Create a Host DRS Group - A VM-Host affinity rule establishes an affinity (or anti-affinity) relationship between a virtual machine DRS group with a host DRS group. You must create both of these groups before you can create a rule that links them. •
Log into the vSphere Web Client with administrative privileges
•
From the Home screen in the vSphere Web Client , select Hosts and Clusters in the right hand navigation
•
In the left hand pane select expand your Datacenter object and select the vSphere Cluster
•
Right click on the vSphere Cluster and select Settings
•
In the right hand pane under Configuration select VM/Host Groups
•
Click the Add button on the right
•
Provide a Name for the group and for the Type dropdown select Host Group
•
Click Add and select the needed ESXi hosts, click OK
•
Click OK to finish. Screen shot below shows my ESXi Host Group in my lab:
144
Create a Virtual Machine DRS Group •
Log into the vSphere Web Client with administrative privileges
•
From the Home screen in the vSphere Web Client , select Hosts and Clusters in the right hand navigation
•
In the left hand pane select expand your Datacenter object and select the vSphere Cluster
•
Right click on the vSphere Cluster and select Settings
•
In the right hand pane under Configuration select VM/Host Groups
•
Click the Add button on the right
•
Provide a Name for the group and for the Type dropdown select VM Group
• •
Click Add and select the needed ESXi hosts, click OK Click OK to finish.
Screen shot below shows my VM Group in my lab:
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Now with hour host and virtual machine groups defined we can create some actual affinity rules. For our first example we will create a VM to Host rule: •
Log into the vSphere Web Client with administrative privileges
•
From the Home screen in the vSphere Web Client , select Hosts and Clusters in the right hand navigation
•
In the left hand pane select expand your Datacenter object and select the vSphere Cluster
•
Right click on the vSphere Cluster and select Settings
•
In the right hand pane under Configuration select VM/Host Rules
•
Click the Add button on the right
•
•
Provide a Name for the rule and check the Enable Rule check box From the Type dropdown select Virtual Machines to Hosts
•
From the VM Group and Host Group select you created groups accordingly
•
Select a specification for the rule o
Must run on hosts in group – Virtual machines in VM Group must run on hosts in Host Group
o
Should run on hosts in group – Virtual machines in VM Group should, but are not required, to
run on hosts in Host Group o
Must not run on hosts in group – Virtual machines in VM Group must never run on hosts in Host Group
o
Should not run on hosts in group – Virtual machines in VM Group should not, but might, run
on hosts in Host Group •
Click OK
Screen shot below over competed VM to Host Affinity rule:
146
Creating a VM to VM Affinity Rule •
Log into the vSphere Web Client with administrative privileges
•
From the Home screen in the vSphere Web Client , select Hosts and Clusters in the right hand navigation
•
In the left hand pane select expand your Datacenter object and select the vSphere Cluster
•
Right click on the vSphere Cluster and select Settings
•
In the right hand pane under Configuration select VM/Host Rules
•
Click the Add button on the right
•
Provide a Name for the rule and check the Enable Rule check box
•
In the Type dropdown select the type of rule o
Separate Virtual Machines
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o •
Keep Virtual Machines Together
Click the Add and selected the desired virtual machines
Screen shot below over competed VM to VM Affinity (separate virtual machines) rule:
C Identify Distributed Resource Scheduler (DRS) Automation Levels Configure Distributed Resource Scheduler (DRS) Automation Levels
Going to bundle these two topics together as they are some closely aligned. VMware vSphere DRS supports three levels of “automation” for virtual machine initial placement and migration. I put automation in quotes, as you will see in the table below the first option, manual, isn’t so automated. Automation Level
Action
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Manual
!
Initial placement: Recommended host is displayed
Partially Automated
Fully Automated
!
Migration: Recommendation is displayed
!
Initial placement: Automatic
!
Migration: Recommendation is displayed
!
Initial placement: Automatic
!
Migration: Recommendation is executed automatically
Configuring DRS can take place during the vSphere Cluster object creation, or if not enabled during creation can be enabled after the fact. To enable DRS post cluster creation complete the following steps: •
Log into the vSphere Web Client with administrative privileges
•
From the Home screen in the vSphere Web Client , select Hosts and Clusters in the right hand navigation
•
In the left hand pane select expand your Datacenter object and select the vSphere Cluster
•
Right click on the vSphere Cluster and select Settings
•
In the right hand pane under Services select vSphere DRS
•
Click the Edit button on the right
•
Select the check box for Turn on vSphere DRS
•
In the DRS Automation dropdown select the the automation level
•
Click OK
Screen shot below DRS being enabled/turned on my lab cluster:
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