Understanding RF Fundamentals and the Radio Design of Wireless Networks Fred Niehaus Technical Marketing Engineer WNBU BRKEWN-3016
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Session Abstract This advanced session focuses on the deep-dive understanding of the often overlooked Radio Frequency part of the design and deployment of a Wireless LAN Network. It discusses 802.11 Radio, MIMO, Access Points and antenna placements, when to use a DAS system, antenna patterns… It covers the main environments such as carpeted offices, campuses and conference centers, and it provides feedback based on lessons learned from challenging deployments such as outdoor/stadium/rail deployments and manufacturing areas. BRKEWN-3016
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Session Agenda – Objectives • • • • • • • •
What is radio how did we get here? Basic 802.11 Radio Hardware & Terminology 802.11 Antenna Basics – Single & Diversity Antennas Interpreting antenna patterns – Cisco Richfield Facility Diversity, Multipath, 802.11n RF characteristics DAS (Distributed Antenna Systems) overview Choosing the right Access Point Survey Tools
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What We Won’t Be Covering • Wireless Security • Clean-air (separate session for that)
• WIDS/WIPS (Wireless Intrusion Prevention Service) • High density deployments (separate session for that) • LBS (Location Base Services) • Walled garden, captive portals • WLAN management
• 802.11n beyond RF characteristics
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What Is Radio? How Did We End Up on These Frequencies?
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Basic Understanding of Radio…
AC Frequency 60 Hz or 60 CPS – Cycles Per Second
Battery is DC Direct Current
Typical home is AC Alternating Current
How fast the AC current goes is its ―frequency‖ AC is very low frequency 60 Hz (Cycles Per Second) Radio waves are measured in kHz, MHz and GHz The lower the frequency the physically longer the radio wave – Higher frequencies have much shorter waves as such take more power to move them greater distances. This is why 2.4 GHz goes further then 5 GHz (given same amount of RF power) BRKEWN-3016
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Waves travel back and forth so fast they leave the wire
Popular Radio Frequencies: AM Radio 1100 kHz (1.100 MHz) Shortwave 3-30 MHz FM Radio 88-108 MHz Weather Radio 162.40 MHz Cellular Phones 800-900 MHz Wi-Fi 802.11b/g 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi 802.11a 5 GHz Vintage RF Transmitter Cisco Public
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A Radio Needs a Proper Antenna As the frequency goes up the radiating element gets smaller
Cisco antennas are identified by color Blue indicates 5 GHz Black indicates 2.4 GHz
Omni-Directional antennas like the one on the left, radiate much like a raw light bulb would everywhere in all directions
Antennas are custom made for the frequency to be used. Some antennas have two elements to allow for both frequencies in one antenna housing BRKEWN-3016
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Directional antennas like this ―Patch‖ antenna radiate forward like placing tin foil behind the light bulb or tilting the lamp shade Note: Same RF energy is used but results in greater range as its focused at the cost of other coverage areas
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Complex Modulation Schemes Radio technology has a lot in common with that old twisted pair phone line that started out at 300 baud and then quickly increased In order to get faster data rates, (throughput) into the radio signal, complex modulation schemes as QPSK or 64 bit QAM is used.
Example of 802.11n Modulation Coding Schemes
QAM or Quadrature Amplitude Modulation is one of the fastest modulation types actually sending two signals that are out of phase with each other and then somehow ―putting all the pieces back together‖ for even greater throughput. This is one of the advantages of 802.11n
Generally speaking, the faster the data rate the more powerful signal needs to be at the receiver to be decoded. Take-away here is that 802.11n is a method of using special modulation techniques and *not* specific to a frequency like 2.4 or 5 GHz 802.11n can be used in either band
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The Radio Spectrum in the US
Source US Department of Commerce http://www.ntia.doc.gov/osmhome/allochrt.PDF BRKEWN-3016
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Wi-Fi Radio Spectrum The first frequencies available for Wi-Fi use was in the 2.4 GHz range As Wi-Fi popularity and usage increased the FCC allocated additional spectrum in the 5 GHz band. 2.4 GHz
5 GHz
Wi-Fi is ―unlicensed‖ so it doesn’t show up in the overall spectrum allocation as a service But it has beginnings in the ISM (industrial Scientific Medical) band where it was not desirable or profitable to license such short range devices. BRKEWN-3016
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The spectrum we use today is also used by Amateur (Ham Radio) and other services such as radio location (radar). There is more bandwidth in 5 GHz and mechanisms are in place to co-exist with services such as radar 10
Wi-Fi Radio Spectrum
The 2.4 GHz spectrum has only 3 non-overlapping channels 1,6 and 11 (US) There are plenty of channels in the 5 GHz spectrum and they do not overlap 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz are different portions of the radio band and usually require separate antennas
Even today many portable devices in use are limited to 2.4 GHz only including newer devices but this is changing 802.11b/g is 2.4 GHz 802.11a is 5 GHz 802.11n (can be either band) 2.4 or 5 GHz BRKEWN-3016
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Most if not all 5 GHz devices also have support for 2.4 GHz however there are still many 2.4 GHz only devices.
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Basic 802.11 RF Terminology Hardware Identification
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Common RF terms •
Attenuation – a loss in force or intensity – As radio waves travel in media such as coaxial cable attenuation occurs.
•
BER – Bit Error Rate - the fraction of bits transmitted that are received incorrectly.
•
Channel Bonding – act of combining more than one channel for additional bandwidth
•
dBd – abbreviation for the gain of an antenna system relative to a dipole
•
dBi – abbreviation for the gain of an antenna system relative to an isotropic antenna
•
dBm – decibels milliwatt -- abbreviation for the power ratio in decibels (dB) of the measured power referenced to one milliwatt of transmitted RF power.
•
Isotropic antenna – theoretical ―ideal‖ antenna used as a reference for expressing power in logarithmic form.
•
MRC – Maximal Ratio Combining a method that combines signals from multiple antennas taking into account factors such as signal to noise ratio to decode the signal with the best possible Bit Error Rate.
•
Multipath – refers to a reflected signal that combines with a true signal resulting in a weaker or some cases a stronger signal.
•
mW – milliwatt a unit of power equal to one thousandth of a watt (usually converted to dBm)
•
Noise Floor – The measure of the signal created from the sum of all the noise sources and unwanted signals appearing at the receiver. This can be adjacent signals, weak signals in the background that don’t go away, electrical noise from electromechanical devices etc.
•
Receiver Sensitivity – The minimum received power needed to successfully decode a radio signal with an acceptable BER. This is usually expressed in a negative number depending on the data rate. For example the AP-1140 Access Point requires an RF strength of at least negative -91 dBm at 1 MB and an even higher strength higher RF power -79 dBm to decode 54 MB
•
Receiver Noise Figure – The internal noise present in the receiver with no antenna present (thermal noise).
•
SNR – Signal to Noise Ratio – The ratio of the transmitted power from the AP to the ambient (noise floor) energy present.
•
TxBF – Transmit beam forming the ability to transmit independent and separately encoded data signals, so-called streams, from each of the multiple transmit antennas
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Identifying RF Connectors
RP-TNC Connector
―RP-SMA‖ Connector
Used on most Cisco Access Points
Used on some Linksys Products
―N‖ Connector
―SMA‖ Connector
Used on the 1520 Mesh and 1400 Bridge
―Pig tail‖ type cable assemblies
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Identifying Different Cable Types
LMR- 400 Foil & shield LMR – 1200
Leaky Coax shield cut away on one side BRKEWN-3016
½ inch Heliax (Hardline)
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Antenna Cables – LMR Series This is a chart depicting different types of Times Microwave LMR Series coaxial cable. Cisco uses Times Microwave cable and has standardized on two types: Cisco Low Loss (LMR-400) and Cisco Ultra Low Loss (LMR-600). LMR-600 is recommended when longer cable distances are required Larger cables can be used but connectors are difficult to find and install BRKEWN-3016
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Antenna Cables LMR-400 is 3/8 inch Cisco Low Loss LMR-600 is ½ inch Cisco Ultra Low Loss
Trivia: LMR Stands for Land Mobile Radio BRKEWN-3016
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Antenna Cables – Plenum Plenum is the air-handling space that is found above drop ceiling tiles or below floors. Because of fire regulations this type of cable must burn with low smoke The 3 Ft white cable attached to most Cisco antennas is plenum rated. Our outdoor cable (black) is not Plenum
If the cable is ORANGE in color it is usually Plenum Rated.
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Plenum cable is more expensive
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802.11 Antenna Basics
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Antenna Basics • Antenna - a device which radiates and/or receives radio signals • Antennas are usually designed to operate at a specific frequency Wide-Band antennas can support additional frequencies but it’s a trade-off and usually not with the same type of performance. • Antenna Gain is characterized using dBd or dBi Antenna gain can be measured in decibels against a reference antenna called a dipole and the unit of measure is dBd (d for dipole) Antenna gain can be measured in decibels against a computer modeled antenna called an ―isotropic‖ dipole and the unit of measure is dBi (i for isotropic dipole) (computer modeled ideal antenna)
• WiFi antennas are typically rated in dBi. dBi is a HIGHER value (marketing folks like higher numbers)
Conventional radio (Public safety) tend to use a dBd rating. To convert dBd to dBi simply add 2.14 so a 3 dBd = 5.14 dBi Again… dBd is decibel dipole, dBi is decibel isotropic.
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How Does a Omni-Directional Dipole Radiate? The radio signal leaves the center wire using the ground wire (shield) as a counterpoise to radiate in a 360 degree pattern
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Antenna Theory (Dipole & Monopole) Dipole
Monopole
A Monopole requires a ground plane – (conductive surface)
A dipole does not require a ground plane as the bottom half is the ground (counterpoise). BRKEWN-3016
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808 Ft Broadcast Monopole WSM 650 AM (erected in 1932) Cisco Public
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Antenna Theory (Dipole & Monopole)
Monopoles were added to our antenna line primarily for aesthetics and require a metal surface to radiate
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How Does a Directional Antenna Radiate? Although you don’t get additional RF power with a directional antenna it does concentrate the available energy into a given direction resulting in greater range much like bringing a flashlight into focus. Also a receive benefit - by listening in a given direction, this can limit the reception of unwanted signals (interference) from other directions for better performance
A dipole called the ―driven element‖ is placed in front of other elements. This motivates the signal to go forward into a given direction for gain. (Inside view of the Cisco AIR-ANT1949 13.5 dBi Yagi)
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Patch Antenna a Look Inside Patch antennas can have multiple radiating elements that combine for gain. Sometimes a metal plate is used behind the antenna as a reflector for more gain
9.5 dBi Patch, AIR-ANT5195-R BRKEWN-3016
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Antennas Identified by Color Black indicates 2.4 GHz Blue indicates 5 GHz Orange indicates 2.4 & 5 GHz
Orange indicates 2.4 & 5 GHz BRKEWN-3016
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Most Common 2.4 GHz Antennas for Access Points (Single and Diversity) Antenna
Description
AIR-ANT4941 2.2 dBi Swivel-mount Dipole; most popular mounts directly to radio, low gain, indoor
AIR-ANT5959 2 dBi Diversity Ceiling-mount Omni
AIR-ANT1729 6 dBi Wall-mount Patch
AIR-ANT1728 5.2 dBi Ceiling-mount Omni
AIR-ANT3549 9 dBi Wall-mount Patch BRKEWN-3016
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Most Common 5 GHz Antennas for Access Points (Single and Diversity) Antenna
Description AIR-ANT5135D-R 3.5 dBi Omni-directional Antenna; mounts directly to radio, low gain, indoor AIR-ANT5145V-R 4.5 dBi Omni-directional Diversity Antenna; unobtrusive, ceiling mount, low gain, indoor AIR-ANT5160V-R 6 dBi Omni-directional Antenna; ceiling or mast mount, indoor/outdoor AIR-ANT5170P-R 7 dBi Patch Diversity Antenna; directional, small profile, wall mount, indoor/outdoor AIR-ANT5195-R 9.5 dBi Patch Antenna; directional, small profile, wall mount, indoor/outdoor
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Understanding and Interpreting Antenna Patterns
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Understanding Antenna Patterns Dipole (Omni-Directional)
Low gain dipoles radiate everywhere think ―light bulb‖ BRKEWN-3016
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Understanding Antenna Patterns Monopole (Omni-Directional) MIMO
When three monopoles are next to each other – the radiating elements interact slightly with each other – The higher gain 4 dBi also changes elevation more compared to the lower gain 2.2 dBi Dipole BRKEWN-3016
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Understanding Antenna Patterns Patch (Directional)
Patch Antenna
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Understanding Antenna Patterns Patch (Higher Gain Directional)
Four element Patch Array
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Understanding Antenna Patterns Patch (Higher Gain Directional)
Four element Patch Array
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Understanding Antenna Patterns Sector (Higher Gain Directional)
Elevation plane has nulls due to high gain 14 dBi AIR-ANT2414S-R 14 dBi Sector 2.4 GHz BRKEWN-3016
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Understanding Antenna Patterns Sector (Higher Gain Directional)
Elevation plane has nulls due to high gain 14 dBi but antenna was designed with ―Null-Fill‖ meaning we scaled back the overall antenna gain so as to have less nulls or low signal spots on the ground. BRKEWN-3016
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AIR-ANT2414S-R 14 dBi Sector 2.4 GHz 36
The Richfield Ohio (Aironet) Facility A Quick Peek Where Antennas Are Designed...
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The Richfield Ohio (Aironet) Facility Designs Antennas and Qualifies 3rd Party Antennas
Satimo software compatible with Stargate-64 System. Basic measurement tool is 8753ES Network Analyzer. BRKEWN-3016
Cisco Anechoic chamber using an 18-inch absorber all the way around 1-6 GHz Anechoic means ―without echo‖
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FCC Regulatory Compliance Testing Is Also Done at the Richfield Ohio Facility.
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Yes We Have Just a Few Access Points…
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RF Screen Rooms Everywhere Copper Shielding (Faraday Cage)
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RF Screen Rooms Copper Shielding on Top Metal on Bottom
Cables are typically fiber and exit through well shielded holes
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Doors have copper fingers and latch tight forming an RF seal
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RF Screen Rooms Copper Shielding (Faraday Cage)
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Cisco Richfield Facility
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Understanding Multipath and Diversity— 802.11n Characteristics
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Understanding Multipath Multipath Can Change Signal Strength As radio signals bounce off metal objects they often combine at the receiver This often results in either an improvement ―constructive‖ or a ―destructive‖ type of interference
Note: Bluetooth type radios that ―hop‖ across the entire band can reduce multipath interference by constantly changing the angles of multipath as the radio wave increases and decreases in size (as the frequency constantly changes) however throughput using these methods are very limited but multipath is less of a problem BRKEWN-3016
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Understanding Multipath Multipath Reflections Can Cause Distortion
As the radio waves bounce they can arrive at slightly different times and angles causing signal distortion and potential signal strength fading Different modulation schemes fair better – 802.11a/g uses a type of modulation based on symbols and is an improvement over the older modulation types used with 802.11b clients BRKEWN-3016
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802.11n with more receivers can use destructive interference (multipath) as a benefit but it is best to reduce multipath conditions 47
Antenna Placement Considerations AP antennas need placements that are away from reflective surfaces for best performance Avoid metal support beams, lighting and other obstructions. When possible or practical to do so, always mount the Access Point (or remote antennas) as close to the actual users as you reasonably can Avoid the temptation to hide the Access Point in crawl spaces or areas that compromise the ability to radiate well Think of the Access Point as you would a light or sound source, would you really put a light there or a speaker there?
Never mount antennas near metal objects as it causes increased multipath and directionality BRKEWN-3016
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Understanding Diversity (SISO) 802.11a/b/g Diversity Has Just One Radio Non-802.11n diversity Access Points use two antennas sampling each antenna choosing the one with the least multi-path distortion
Cisco 802.11a/b/g Access Points start off favoring the right (primary antenna port) then if multi-path or packet retries occur it will sample the left port and switch to that antenna port if the signal is better.
Note: Diversity Antennas should always cover the same cell area
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Understanding Diversity (MIMO) MRC Maximal Ratio Combining (Three Radios)
• Receiver benefit as each antenna has a radio section • MRC is done at Baseband using DSP techniques • Multiple antennas and multiple RF sections are used in parallel • The multiple copies of the received signal are corrected and combined at Baseband for maximum SNR (Signal to Noise) benefit • This is a significant benefit over traditional 802.11a/b/g diversity where only one radio is used
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Understanding 802.11 MIMO Terminology MIMO (Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output) Some RF components of 802.11n include: MRC – Maximal Ratio Combining a method that combines signals from multiple antennas taking into account factors such as signal to noise ratio to decode the signal with the best possible Bit Error Rate. TxBF – Transmit beam forming – The ability to transmit independent and separately encoded data signals, socalled ―streams‖ from each of the multiple transmit antennas.
Channel Bonding – Use of more than one frequency or channel for more bandwidth. Spatial Multiplexing – A technique for boosting wireless bandwidth and range by taking advantage of multiplexing which is the ability within the radio chipset to send out information over two or more transmitters known as ―spatial streams‖. Note: Cisco 802.11n Access Points utilize two transmitters and three receivers per radio module.
MIMO is pronounced ―My Moe‖ not ―Me Moe‖
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Technical Elements of 802.11n MIMO
40Mhz Channels
Packet Aggregation
Backward Compatibility
MIMO
40Mhz Channels
Packet Aggregation
Backward Compatibility
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Aspects of 802.11n MIMO
40Mhz Channels
Packet Aggregation
Backward Compatibility
MIMO (Multiple Input, Multiple Output)
With Beam Forming Transmissions Arrive in Phase, Increasing Signal Strength
Without Beam Forming Transmissions Arrive out of Phase and signal is weaker
Performed by Transmitter (Talk Better)
Ensures Signal Received in Phase
Beam Forming BRKEWN-3016
Increases Receive Sensitivity
Maximal Ratio Combining
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Works with non-MIMO and MIMO Clients
Spatial Multiplexing 53
Aspects of 802.11n 40Mhz Channels
Packet Aggregation
Backward Compatibility
MIMO (Multiple Input, Multiple Output) Without MRC Multiple Signals Sent; One Signal Chosen
With MRC Multiple Signals Sent and Combined at the Receiver Increasing Fidelity
MIMO AP Performance
Performed by Receiver (Hear Better)
Combines Multiple Received Signals
Beam Forming BRKEWN-3016
Increases Receive Sensitivity
Maximal Ratio Combining
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Works with non-MIMO and MIMO Clients
Spatial Multiplexing 54
Aspects of 802.11n 40Mhz Channels
Packet Aggregation
Backward Compatibility
MIMO (Multiple Input, Multiple Output) Information Is Split and Transmitted on Multiple Streams
stream 1
MIMO AP
stream 2 Performance
Transmitter and Receiver Participate
Beam Forming BRKEWN-3016
Concurrent Transmission on Same Channel
Increases Bandwidth
Maximal Ratio Combining
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Requires MIMO Client
Spatial Multiplexing 55
Aspects of 802.11n MIMO
40Mhz Channels
Packet Aggregation
Backward Compatibility
MIMO (Multiple 40Mhz Input, Channels Multiple Output)
Moving from 2 to 4 Lanes
20-MHz Gained Space
40-MHz
20-MHz
40-MHz = 2 aggregated 20-MHz channels—takes advantage of the reserved channel space through bonding to gain more than double the data rate of two 20-MHz channels
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Aspects of 802.11n MIMO
Backward Compatibility
Packet Aggregation
40Mhz Channels
Packet 40MhzAggregation Channels
Carpooling Is More Efficient Than Driving Alone Without Packet Aggregation 802.11n Overhead
802.11n Overhead
Data Unit Packet
802.11n Overhead
Data Unit Packet
802.11n Overhead
Data Unit Packet
Data Unit Packet
Packet
Packet
With Packet Aggregation
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Aspects of 802.11n MIMO
40Mhz Channels
Packet Aggregation
Backward Compatibility
Backward Packet Aggregation Compatibility
2.4 GHz
5 GHz 11n Operates in Both Frequencies
802.11ABG Clients Interoperate with 11n AND Experience Performance Improvements
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Understanding MCS Rates and Channel Bonding 40MHz 802.11n channel 1
2
3
4
5
6
Channel Bonding: Wider channels means more bandwidth per AP
7
8
9
20 MHz channel
2.402 GHz
10
11
12
13
14
2.483 GHz
MCS rates 0-15 apply Regardless of channel Bonding.
When you bond a channel You have a control channel You have a data (extension) Channel Legacy clients use control Channel for communication BRKEWN-3016
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2.4 GHz, 40 MHz Bandwidths
Tip: Channel bonding in 2.4 GHz should be avoided in enterprise deployments use 5 GHz as there are no overlapping channels to worry about BRKEWN-3016
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Example UNII-3 Channel Bonding
In 40-MHz you define the control channel this is the channel that is used for communication by Legacy .11a clients. The Extension channel is the bonded channel that High Throughput ―HT‖ 802.11n clients use in addition to the control channel for higher throughput as they send data on BOTH channels BRKEWN-3016
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Channel Bonding – Subcarriers 802.11n uses both 20MHz and 40-MHz channels. The 40-MHz channels in 802.11n are two adjacent 20-MHz channels, bonded together.
When using the 40-MHz bonded channel, 802.11n takes advantage of the fact that each 20-MHz channel has a small amount of the channel that is reserved at the top and bottom, to reduce interference in those adjacent channels. When using 40-MHz channels, the top of the lower channel and the bottom of the upper channel don't have to be reserved to avoid interference. These small parts of the channel can now be used to carry information. By using the two 20-MHz channels more efficiently in this way, 802.11n achieves slightly more than doubling the data rate when moving from 20-MHz to 40-MHz channels BRKEWN-3016
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Understanding Guard Interval The guard interval that is part of each OFDM symbol is a period of time that is used to minimize inter-symbol interference. This type of interference is caused in multipath environments when the beginning of a new symbol arrives at the receiver before the end of the last symbol is done. BRKEWN-3016
Default mode for 802.11n is 800 nanoseconds If you set a shorter interval it will go back to long in the event retries occur
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MCS Index of 802.11n Rates NSD
NCBPS
GI = 800ns
GI = 400ns
Rate in
Rate in
Rate in
Rate in
40MHz
20MHz
40MHz
20MHz
40MHz
52
108
6.5
13.5
7 2/9
15
108
104
216
13
27
14 4/9
30
52
108
104
216
19.5
40.5
21 2/3
45
½
52
108
208
432
26
54
28 8/9
60
16-QAM
¾
52
108
208
432
39
81
43 1/3
90
1
64-QAM
2/3
52
108
312
648
52
108
57 7/9
120
6
1
64-QAM
¾
52
108
312
648
58.5
121.5
65
135
7
1
64-QAM
5/6
52
108
312
648
65
135
72 2/9
157.5
8
2
BPSK
½
52
108
104
216
13
27
14 4/9
30
9
2
QPSK
½
52
108
208
432
26
54
28 8/9
60
10
2
QPSK
¾
52
108
208
432
39
81
43 1/3
90
11
2
16-QAM
½
52
108
416
864
52
108
57 7/9
120
12
2
16-QAM
¾
52
108
416
864
78
162
86 2/3
180
13
2
64-QAM
2/3
52
108
624
1296
104
216
115 5/9
240
14
2
64-QAM
¾
52
108
624
1296
117
243
130
270
15
2
64-QAM
5/6
52
108
624
1296
130
270
144 4/9
300
MCS Index
Number of spatial streams
0
Modulation
Coding rate
20
40
20MHz
1
BPSK
½
52
108
1
1
QPSK
½
52
2
1
QPSK
¾
3
1
16-QAM
4
1
5
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So to Recap – 802.11n Operation Throughput improves when all things come together MRC TxBF Spatial Multiplexing
MRC TxBF Spatial Multiplexing
MRC TxBF
802.11a/g AP (non-MIMO)
54
48 36 24 Mbps
802.11a/g client (non-MIMO)
802.11n AP (MIMO)
54 Mbps
802.11a/g client (non-MIMO)
802.11n AP (MIMO)
300 Mbps
© 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Channel Bonding 802.11n client (MIMO)
Spatial Multiplexing
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Understanding DAS Antenna Systems (Very Brief Overview)
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Antenna Technologies ―DAS‖ Traditional DAS Deployments over Coaxial Cable •
DAS – Distributed Antenna System
•
Mostly seen in mining, healthcare and manufacturing
•
Major benefits of DAS include: Carry multiple wireless signals simultaneously (cellular, paging, etc) Minimize work above ceiling Permits locations such as wiring closets where it is easier to replace
•
Disadvantages Usually one antenna per AP – Implementations vary among vendors Performance and/or support issues – Sometimes DAS requirement is not for Wi-Fi but for in-building cellular so WLAN cell sizes suffer Not a Cisco antenna – DAS antennas are not defined in Cisco’s Wireless Control System (WCS) must choose a ―close match‖
Reduced technology migration paths - 802.11n can be more difficult to support BRKEWN-3016
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How Does DAS Work? • • •
DAS works by placing multiple radio services on a common cable or antenna system using selective filters and/or a low gain multiband antenna. Two methods are typically used ―Leaky coax‖ and ―discrete wideband antennas‖ or sometimes a combination of both. Note: Cisco recommends using only discrete wideband antennas (one antenna per AP) as this prevents breaking key features like rogue AP detection and location.
Leaky ―radiating‖ coaxial cable
Bad for location based applications Wide-Band antenna BRKEWN-3016
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Leaky Coax DAS
Cable has shielding removed on one side – center radiates Leaky coaxial systems are sometimes used in mining applications and assembly lines (think above assembly work benches) To be effective, it needs to be installed in very close proximity to the actual WLAN users (distances are short typically 5-10 Ft) and will not work at higher 5 GHz frequencies. Limited to single channel - high potential for co-interference issues Note: Leaky coax is not recommended for advanced RF features such as voice or location BRKEWN-3016
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Traditional Coaxial DAS Solutions
Depending on the type of ―wide band antenna‖ DAS system, signals leave the Access Point antenna port and go through mechanical filters and/or bi-directional amplifier combiner circuitry. While this is much better then a leaky coaxial system, it is not a simple installation and requires specialized installers with experience cutting and terminating the unique low loss cable that is coaxial in nature but has a hard metal shield. Note: Unused antenna ports should be terminated to avoid adjacent cell interference BRKEWN-3016
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New Approach DAS over CAT-5 Cisco has a Solutions Plus partnership with Mobile Access Which is offering an active DAS system over unshielded twisted pair
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Co-existence of Wi-Fi and Cellular Antenna Wi-Fi over Traditional DAS
Overlay
Shared Coax cabling APs in closet
No Wi-Fi limitations
In-building cellular
No Wi-Fi limitations Cheap UTP cables No Cisco RF Support Likely no MIMO, MRC or ClientLink, RRM, Poor roaming, Location
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Expensive cabling Duplicate cabling
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Co-existence with CUWN Wi-Fi
2 Cellular Bands or 1 MIMO Service POE Alt B
Cellular Controller
Switch
Access Pod
WLAN AP
New / Existing Cat-5/6 Ethernet GigE POE Alt A
BDA, BTS, Pico, Femto
Ethernet-LAN Traffic Passes Over 0 to ~100 MHz
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Cellular “Cell, PCS” MobileAccessVE Shifts Carrier to Intermediate Frequencies
© 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Frequencies Starting at 140 MHz and Above
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WLAN “802.11n”
Shared Structured Cabling System is Passive to WLAN and Cellular
73
Access Points and Features
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Introduction of New Access Points
Ruggedized
11abg
11n 1240
1250 1260
1140
3500e
3500i
Carpeted
1130
11n + CleanAir
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Aironet Indoor Access Point Comparison AP 1130
AP 1140
AP 3500i
AP 1240
AP 1250
1260
3500e
Integrated CleanAir
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
Data Uplink (Mbps)
10/100
10/100/1000
10/100/1000
10/100
10/100/1000
10/100/1000
10/100/1000
Power Requirement
802.3af
802.3af
802.3af
802.3af
E-PoE 802.3af*
802.3af
802.3af
Installation
Carpeted
Carpeted
Carpeted
Rugged
Rugged
Rugged
Rugged
Temp Range
0 to +40°C
0 to +40°C
0 to +40°C
-20 to +55°C
-20 to +55°C
-20 to +55°C
-20 to +55°C
Antennas
Internal
Internal
Internal
External
External
External
External
Wi-Fi standards
a/b/g
a/b/g/n
a/b/g/n
a/b/g
a/b/g/n
a/b/g/n
a/b/g/n
DRAM
32 MB
128 MB
128 MB
32 MB
64 MB
128 MB
128 MB
Flash
16 MB
32 MB
32 MB
16 MB
32 MB
32 MB
32 MB
•802.3af fully powers single radio AP1250 or provides 1x3 performance on a dual radio 1250 BRKEWN-3016
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Integrated Antenna? – External Antenna? Carpeted areas
Integrated antenna versions are designed for mounting on a ceiling (carpeted areas) where aesthetics is a primary concern
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Rugged areas
Use for industrial applications where external or directional antennas are desired and or applications requiring higher temperature ranges
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When to Use Integrated Antennas • When there is no requirement for directional antennas and the unit will ceiling mounted • Areas such as enterprise carpeted office environments where aesthetics are important • When the temperature range will not exceed 0 to +40C
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When to Use external Antennas Reasons to consider deploying a rugged AP • When Omni-directional coverage is not desired or greater range is needed • The environment requires a more industrial strength AP with a higher temperature rating of -20 to +55 C (carpeted is 0 to +40 C) • The device is going to be placed in a NEMA enclosure and the antennas need to be extended • You have a desire to extend coverage in two different areas with each radio servicing an independent area - for example 2.4 GHz in the parking lot and 5 GHz indoors • Requirement for outdoor or greater range Bridging application (aIOS version) • Requirement for WGB or mobility application where the device is in the vehicle but antennas need to be mounted external
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Rugged AP in ceiling enclosure
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When to Use AP-1240 and AP-1250 Reasons to consider the AP-1240 or AP-1250 • The AP-1240 and AP-1250 support higher gain antennas - a benefit only if a high gain antenna already exists or is required • Higher gain (up to 10 dBi) can improve WGB and Bridging distances • Recommend the AP-1240 if there is no requirement for 802.11n support or the infrastructure is older 10/100 ports • AP-1240 will work with older Cisco PoE switches (Cisco proprietary power)
• AP-1240 draws less power so better for solar applications • AP-1240 supports Cisco Fiber injectors • Tip: Higher than 10 dBi antenna gains are supported with the 1300 Series Bridge/AP
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Which 802.11n Access Point Is Right?
• AP-3500i and AP-3500e have the very latest Cisco features such as Clean Air Cisco’s spectrum intelligence • AP-1140 and AP-1260 are of similar design less Cisco Clean Air features and can also run autonomous code (aIOS) for stand alone or Workgroup Bridge applications. Note: 3500 Series does not support the older aIOS modes • All the Access Points were designed to have similar coverage for ease of deployment
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Coverage Comparison – 5GHz
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AP1140
AP1250
AP3500i
AP3500e
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Installation and Deployment Considerations
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Content Site Survey
Access Point Placement
Channel Strategy
Mixed Mode Environments Network Capacity & Scalability
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Site Survey Prepares for 802.11n • Recommended to optimize 11n deployment • Survey reveals effects of building characteristics on the wireless spectrum • Measure RF variations due to human activity and time of day
Metal Wall Furniture
• Survey with client types that you plan to implement (11n, 11abg, VoIP, location tags)
Elevator
Glass
• Spectrum intelligence to detect interference
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Access Point Placement ABG Access Point Placement 1 per 5,000 sq feet for data only ABG
1 per 3,000 sq feet for voice, location
ABG
Radio Resource Management Adaptive channel / power coverage Operational simplicity ABG ABG
Web Email
Several Supported Apps
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Access Point Placement .11n same 1 for 1 replacement Newer APs reuses existing Cisco AP bracket drill holes
ABG
Improved coverage at higher data rates
ABG
ERP Backup Video Voice Web Email
ABG ABG
Supported Apps
802.11n is the same overlay however more applications supported at any given location BRKEWN-3016
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Effective Frequency Use 5GHz - 2.4GHz Create a 5 GHz Strategy • 5 GHz Recommended for 802.11n More available spectrum—greater number of channels Benefits from 40MHz channels, although 20MHz still works well Many 11n devices only support 40MHz in 5GHz, although Cisco supports 40MHz in both 2.4GHz and 5GHz
• 2.4 GHz still benefits from MIMO and packet aggregation
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5 GHz Dynamic Frequency Selection When Radar Is Present APs Shift Channels— Results in Lower Available Channels and Loss of UNI 2 and UNI 2e Bands Available 40MHz Channels
Radar
No DFS Support
DFS Support
4
11
5 GHz Frequency UNI 1
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UNI 2
UNI 2 Ext.
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UNI 3
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DFS and Available Bandwidth • Full DFS support is required for complete use of channels in 5GHz • Limited DFS support directly impacts available bandwidth • Limited bandwidth restricts application support and negates investment in 11n
Available Bandwidth in 5GHz for 11n 1350Mbps
1350
1350Mbps
1200 1050 900 750 600
US
600Mbps
Europe
450 300
300Mbps
US
Europe
150 0
Meru/Aruba
Meru/Aruba
Cisco
Cisco
* 40 MHz Channels in 5GHz
Available Channels per Region
United States
Europe
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Theoretical
Cisco
Meru/Aruba
11n 5GHz 20MHz
24
21
8
11n 5GHz 40MHz
11
9
4
11n 5GHz 20MHz
19
19
4
11n 5GHz 40MHz
9
9
2
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Backward Compatibility & Co-Existence • Co-existence of ABG/N APs • Benefits of 11n accrue to ABG clients MIMO benefits ABG clients on the AP receive side from MRC Backwards Compatibility
Co-Existence at Controller Level WLAN Controller 11g
WLAN Controller 11n
11g
11n
54 Mb 48 Mb 36 Mb 28 Mb
54 Mb
300 Mb
300 Mb
Roam
11g BRKEWN-3016
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Mixed Mode Performance
3 Modes of operation supported
WLAN Controller Capacity 300mb
0
54 Mb
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Green Field Mixed
11n
11g
Legacy
300 Mb
11n clients still transmit at full performance PHY and MAC for 11n provides co-existence and protection for ABG clients
11n
© 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Mixed mode experiences slight performance impact due to ABG clients
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Wall Mounting Which Model to Choose?
AP-1140 and AP-3500i
Wall mounting is acceptable for small deployments such as hotspots, kiosks, etc but radiation is better on ceiling BRKEWN-3016
AP-1260 and AP-3500e
Best for enterprise deployments as coverage is more uniform especially for advanced features such as voice and location
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Aironet 1140 / 3500i (style case) Third party wall mount option is available
Oberon model 1029-00 is a right angle mount http://www.oberonwireless.com/WebDocs/Model1029-00_Spec_Sheet.pdf
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Access Points (Internal Antenna Models) Designed Primarily for Ceiling (Carpeted) Installations Access Point has six integrated 802.11n MIMO antennas 4 dBi @ 2.4 GHz 3 dBi @ 5 GHz
Note: Metal chassis and antennas were designed to benefit ceiling installations as the signal propagates downward in a 360 degree pattern for best performance
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Antenna Patterns Azimuth and Elevation Patterns for 2.4 GHz & 5 GHz
2.4 GHz Azimuth
5 GHz Azimuth
2.4 GHz Elevation
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5 GHz Elevation
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What About Mounting Options? Different Mounting Options for Ceiling APs
Cisco has options to mount to most ceiling rails and directly into the tile for a more elegant look BRKEWN-3016
Locking enclosures and different color plastic ―skins‖ available from third party sources such as www.oberonwireless.com www.terrawave.com
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Clips Adapt Rail to ―T‖ Bracket. Attaching to Fine Line Ceiling Rails
If the ceiling rail is not wide enough or too recessed for the ―T‖ rail this can be addressed using the optional clips
Part Number for ceiling clips is AIR-ACC-CLIP-20= This item is packaged in 20 pieces for 10 Access Points BRKEWN-3016
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AP Placement in Plenum Areas • When placing the Access Point above the ceiling tiles (Plenum area) Cisco recommends using rugged Access Points with antennas mounted below the Plenum area whenever possible • Cisco antenna have cables that are plenum rated so the antenna can be placed below the Plenum with cable extending into the plenum • If there is a hard requirement to mount carpeted or rugged Access Points using dipoles above the ceiling – This can be done however uniform RF coverage becomes more challenging especially if there are metal obstructions in the ceiling • Tip: Try to use rugged Access Points and locate the antennas below the ceiling whenever possible
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Installation Above the Ceiling Tiles An Optional Rail Above the Tiles May Be Used
Note: The AP should be as close to the tile as practical
AP bracket supports this optional T-bar box hanger item 2 (not supplied) Such as the Erico Caddy 512 or B-Line BA12
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Installation Above the Ceiling Tiles Mount AP Close to the Tiles and Away from Objects Installing Access Points above the ceiling tiles should be done only when mounting below the ceiling is not an option.
Such mounting methods can be problematic for advanced RF features such as voice and location as they depend on uniform coverage
Try to find open ceiling areas away from metal obstructions (use common sense)
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Tip: Mount antennas either below ceiling tile or the AP as close to the inside of the tile as possible
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Plenum Installs That Went Wrong Yes It Happens and When It Does Its Bad…
When a dipole is mounted against a metal object you lose all Omni-directional properties. It is now essentially a directional patch suffering from acute multipath distortion problems. Add to that the metal pipes and it is a wonder it works at all.
Tip: Access Points like light Dipole antennas up against a metal box and sources should be near the users – Perhaps the AP is here large metal pipes Multipath everywhere for ―Pipe Fitter Connectivity‖?
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Plenum Installs That Went Wrong Huh?? You Mean It Gets Worse?
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Installations That Went Wrong
Ceiling mount AP up against pipe hmmm
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A little ICE to keep the packets cool
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Installations That Went Wrong
Patch antenna shooting across a metal fence
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Mount the box and antennas downward Please
105
Installations That Went Wrong Sure is a comfy nest glad the AP runs a bit on the warm side
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Minimize the Impact of Multipath • Temptation is to mount on beams or ceiling rails • This reflects transmitted as well as received packets
• Dramatic reduction in SNR due to high-strength, multipath signals
Minimize Reflections When Choosing Locations BRKEWN-3016
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Antennas for Rugged Access Points 802.11n Options for Ceilings and Walls
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Guide to Antenna Part Numbers
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MIMO Ceiling Antenna 2.4 GHz AIR-ANT2430V-R (3 dBi Ceiling Mount Omni)
Antenna has three monopole elements
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MIMO Ceiling Antenna 5 GHz AIR-ANT5140V-R (4 dBi Ceiling Mount Omni)
Antenna has three monopole elements
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AIR-ANT2451NV-R 2.4 GHz (2.5 dBi) & 5 GHz (3.5 dBi) Dual Band Ceiling Omni
Six leads - 5 GHz antennas have blue markings (shrink wrap)
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AIR-ANT2460NP-R 2.4 GHz 6 dBi Three Element Patch
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AIR-ANT5160NP-R 5 GHz 6 dBi Three Element Patch
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AIR-ANT2450NV-R= & AIR-ANT5140NR-R MIMO ―Multi-mount‖ Omni 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz
New 3 in 1 Antenna for 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz. Gain is 4 dBi Comes with articulating wall mount, can also be used on ceiling
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New Cisco Antenna Part Numbers
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Outdoor Weatherproofing Coax-Seal can be used with or without electrical tape.
Taping first with a quality electrical tape like Scotch 33+ vinyl allows the connection to be taken apart easier. Many people tape then use Coax-Seal then tape again this allows easy removal with a razor blade. Note: Always tape from the bottom up so water runs over the folds in the tape. Avoid using RTV or other caustic material.
www.coaxseal.com BRKEWN-3016
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Complete Your Online Session Evaluation Receive 25 Cisco Preferred Access points for each session evaluation you complete. Give us your feedback and you could win fabulous prizes. Points are calculated on a daily basis. Winners will be notified by email after July 22nd. Complete your session evaluation online now (open a browser through our wireless network to access our portal) or visit one of the Internet stations throughout the Convention Center.
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Visit the Cisco Store for Related Titles http://theciscostores.com
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Thank you.
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