Volker Bromm. University of Texas at Austin. Between Epochs: Renaissance – Baroque. Europe: Deeply divided into multiple confessions. Reformation vs C...
Volker Bromm. University of Texas at Austin. Astronomy and Cosmology in Antiquity. Great Thinkers of Antiquity. Pythagoras: A Universe governed by Numbers. Music of the Spheres. The Pythagorean Mod...
Volker Bromm. University of Texas at Austin. Astronomy during the Renaissance. Intellectual Climate: Reformation. Humanism. Neoplatonism. Voyages of Discovery. Fall of Constantinople 1453. Inventio...
Volker Bromm. Our Cosmic Environment. Architecture of the Solar System. Exploring the Planets. Our Dynamic Sun. Architecture of the Milky Way: Our Galaxy. Multitude of Galaxies. Universe at the Gra...
Volker Bromm. The Beginning of Astronomy. The Naked-Eye Sky: Basic Facts. Daily motion of the stars. Concept of Celestial Sphere. Tropic vs Temperate Sky. Earth-Sun motion on Celestial Sphere. Sun'...
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december 2008
Work of a great modern sage Kosla Vepa
History of Philosophy by J.E. Erdmann (English translation by W. S. Hough), 3rd edition. vol. 3 of 3 (page images). A comparatively unsystematic account of post-Hegelian German philosophy to…Full description
Descripción: by Surendranath.dasgupta
In which Habib discusses important threads of historiography that have shaped Indian historical writings.
Philosophy, Question of TimeFull description
islam
Dow Bailliet discusses how numbers influence your life events
The History and Development of the Tuba by George Palton
Esoteric Philosophy of Love and Marriage
Descripción: An examination of how some recent views in the philosophy of love might be applied in relationship counselling.
Sellars
Descripción: The classic by American astronomer Elijah H. Burritt.
The History and Philosophy of Astronomy (Lectu (Le cture re 9: Tyc Tycho/ ho/Kep Kepler ler I)
Instructor: Volker Bromm TA: Jarrett Johnson The University of Texas at Austin
Betw Be twee een n Ep Epoc ochs hs:: Re Rena nais issa sanc nce e – Ba Baro roqu que e (1550-1650)
El Greco (1541-1614)
Lucas Cranach (1515-1586)
• Cri Crisis sis in Europe Europe:: Religi Religious ous conf conflic lictt
(Catho (Ca tholic lic vs Pro Protes testan tant) t)
Europe: Deeply divided into multiple confessions
Reform Ref ormati ation on vs vs Cou Counter nter Ref Reform ormati ation on
• Re Refo form rmat atiion on:: - Bi Bibl ble e in ver verna nacu cula larr
• Sola Scriptura
• Co Coun unter ter Re Refo forma rmati tion on:: - Cou Counci ncill of Tren Trentt (1545(1545-63) 63)
Counter Reformation: The Jesuits
Ignatius of Loyola
(1491-1556)
• In Inte tellllec ectua tuall ava avantg ntgar arde de aga again inst st Ref Refor orma matio tion n - even eventuall tually: y: arch-enem arch-enemies ies of Galileo Galileo (~1633 (~1633))
War: England defeats Spanish Armada (1588)
The Thirty Years War (16 161 18 - 164 648 8)
• Ut Utte terl rly y devas devasta tated ted Ger German many y (1/2 of population dies)
Thomas Hobbes
(158 (1 588 8 - 16 1679 79)):
Apologist of Absolutism
• homo l u pus h omi ni (Man is a wolf to man)
• Ne Need ed st stron rong, g, abs absol olut ute e state to keep society in check and to preserve peace!
Innovation: The Dutch Invent the Telescope
• around 1600
• so soon on to to be us used ed by by Gali Galile leo o
Innovation: The Dutch Invent the Microscope
• in ince cepti ption on of mic microb robio iolog logy y
Hugo Grotius
(158 (1 583 3 - 16 1645 45)):
The Law of Nations
• De iure belli ac pacis (On the Law of War and Peace)
• concept of of Natural Law: man has certain unalienable rights
• ma man n is fu funda ndamen menta talllly y sociable
The Making of the New Astronomy: Tych cho o an and d Kep Keple lerr
• Ty Tych cho o Br Brah ahe: e: Gre Great ates estt Obse Observ rver er of of the the Age Age • Joh Johanne annes s Kepler Kepler:: Great Greatest est The Theoris oristt
Tycho Ty cho Bra Brahe: he: The The Great Great Dani Danish sh Observ Observer er
• 1546 (S (Skaane) – 1601 (Prague) • bo born rn int into o nobi nobilility ty:: - liv lived ed pri privil vilege eged d life
• St Stat atee-sp spon onso sors rshi hip p of Danish king
Extensive University Education: Wittenberg
Martin Luther: 1517
• Bir Birthp thplace lace of of Protes Protestan tantt Reform Reformatio ation! n!
A Royal Royal Patro Patron: n: King King Frederi Frederik k II of Denma Denmark rk • provides Tycho with generous, sustained funding for astronomical research • Con Const struc ructi tion on of of great greates estt observatory in Europe
Tych Ty cho’ o’s s Is Isla land nd:: Hven Hven
Bestt pre-Tyc Bes pre-Tycho ho tab tables: les: Eras Erasmus mus Reinh Reinhold old (1511-53) • pr prof ofes esso sorr of math mathem emat atic ics s in Wittenberg • uses De Rev. to calculate new tables of celestial motions • Prutenic Tables (1551) widely used • In Indi direc rectt fame fame for Coper Coperni nicus cus
Hven: Uraniborg
• Pi Pinn nnac acle le of na nake ked-e d-eye ye observations! Great Mural Quadrant
Hven: Stjerneborg
Tycho Ty cho on Hven: Hven: Impo Importan rtantt Achie Achieveme vements nts • Pre Precis cise e (~4 arcmi arcmin) n) positi positions ons of of planets planets over extended period of time (used by Kepler) • De Demon monstr strat ate e tha thatt com comet ets s are are sup superl erluna unarr (15 (1577 77)) • Dem Demonst onstrat rate e that (Super (Super-) -) Novae are are stellar stellar (1572) (1572) • Fai Failure lure to fin find d stell stellar ar para parallax llax - rej rejec ecti tion on of Cop Copern ernic ican an mo model del (Ty (Tych choni onic c mo model del)) • Establish regard for precision data in astronomy
Tycho Ty cho’s ’s Su Supe pern rnova ova of 1572 1572
Cassiopeia • Ch Chand andra ra sees sees remn remnant ant in in X-rays X-rays
• Ty Tych cho o ca can n pro prove ve th that at No Nova va is fix fixed ed wr wrtt st star ars! s!
The Comet of 1577
• Bi Big g Q: Q: Are Are co come mets ts su subb- or su supr pral alun unar ar? ? (According to Aristotle, they are atmospheric effects)
The Comet of 1577
• Ty Tych cho’ o’s s A: Co Come mets ts ar are e su supr pral alun unar ar? ?
Downfall of Aristotelian Physics • Ty Tych cho o dem demons onstra trate tes: s: (Su (Supe perr-)) Nova Novae e and and Co Come mets ts located beyond orbit of Moon (i.e., supralunar) • Th Thus us:: Hea Heave vens ns ar are e not immutable (as claimed by Aristotle) • Only one (and the same) physics for heaven
and Earth
Tych Ty cho o as asks ks an anew ew:: What about Stellar Parallax?
• Cope Copernic rnican an mode modell predi predicts cts thi this! s! • Ty Tych cho’s o’s pre preci cisi sion on dat data a does does no nott conf confir irm m thi this? s?
Tycho Ty cho rej reject ects s Copern Copernicu icus’ s’ Arg Argume ument nt for for missi missing ng paral parallax lax
• If stars really were that distant: - vas vastt empty empty space space betwee between n Saturn Saturn and fixed fixed stars stars - sta stars rs (appare (apparent nt size size known known)) would would be too large large
Tych Ty cho o as asks ks an anew ew:: What about Stellar Parallax?
• St Stel ella larr par paral alla lax x not found! • Re Reaso ason: n: Ty Tych cho’s o’s st star ar po posi sitio tions ns are ac accu curat rate e to within ~ 1 arcmin, but real parallaxes are smal sm alle lerr tha than n 1 ar arcs csec ec (1 (1/6 /60 0 of of arm armin in)) • Th There erefo fore: re: Ty Tych cho o co conc nclu ludes des th that at Ea Eart rth h doe does s not not move? • Bu But: t: Ty Tych cho o is als also o awar aware e of im impo porta rtant nt ad advan vanta tages ges of Copernican model (e.g., maximum elongation of Venus, simple explanation for retrogression)
• What to to do?
The Th e Tycho Tychoni nic c Wo Worl rld d Syste System m
Equiva Eq uivalen lence ce of Tychonic Tychonic and Copern Copernican ican System System
• How to expl explain ain this this motion motion rela relativ tive e to Earth? Earth?
Equiva Eq uivalen lence ce of Tychonic Tychonic and Copern Copernican ican System System
Copernicus
Equiva Eq uivalen lence ce of Tychonic Tychonic and Copern Copernican ican System System
Tycho
Equiva Eq uivalen lence ce of Tychonic Tychonic and Copern Copernican ican System System • Rel Relati ative ve mot motion ions s are are the sam same e • Abs Absolut olute e positi position on of Earth Earth is is differe different: nt: - Ty Tycho: cho: Cente Centerr of Universe Universe,, Earth Earth does not move move!! - Cope Copernicu rnicus: s: Earth moves, moves, both both rotation rotation and revolutio revolution n
Tycho’s ho’s sys system tem quick quickly ly became became fashi fashionab onable le • Tyc • Mai Maintai ntain n advantag advantages es of Copern Copernican ican model model,, but does not have to face conflict with theory of motion (common-sense) and with Scripture
Tych Ty chon onic ic Sy Syst stem em:: Problem of Intersecting Spheres
• Crysta Crystalline lline (solid (solid)) spheres spheres of Mars and Sun Sun intersect! intersect!
Tych Ty chon onic ic Sy Syst stem em:: Problem of Intersecting Spheres
• Co Come mett of 15 1577 77:: Tych Tycho o show shows s motion motion across across celes celest. t. Spheres Spheres • Abandon concept of crystalline spheres altogether!
Tycho: Journey’s End in Imperial Prague (1599)
Tycho: Journey’s End in Imperial Prague
Rudolph II - Em Empe pero rorr (1 (157 5766-16 1612 12))
• Great Patron of Arts Arts and and Sciences Sciences (Tycho (Tycho,, Kepler) Kepler)
Tycho: Journey’s End in Imperial Prague
Benat Ben atky ky Ca Cast stle: le: Fi Final nal Dom Domici icile le (15 (1599 99 – 160 1601) 1)
• Ty Tych cho o inv invit ites es up upsta start rt yo young ung Jo Joha hanne nnes s Kepl Kepler! er!
Tych Ty cho o an and d Kepl Kepler er me meet et in in Pra Pragu gue e (160 (16000-01 01)) • Tycho needs Kepler: - dif diffic ficult ult cal calcul culati ations ons to figure out orbit of Mars
• Kepler needs Tycho: - pr prec ecis isio ion n data data to figure out true orbits of the planets
• To Toge geth ther er em emba bark rk on improved astron. tables (Tabulae Rudolphinae )
Tycho: Journey’s End in Imperial Prague • Died 16 1601 • Bu Buri ried ed in in Pra Pragu gue e • E p i ta p h : “Neither wealth nor power remain, only the arts and sciences”
Tycho/Kepler (p (par artt 1): 1): Tych Tycho o Br Brah ahe e • Tycho Brahe: - esta establish blishes es precision precision observa observation tion into into astronomy astronomy - show shows s that come comets ts and supern supernovae ovae are are celestial celestial phenomena (downfall of Aristotelian dogma of immutability of heavens) - aban abandons dons concept concept of of solid (cryst (crystallin alline) e) sphere sphere
• Ty Tych choni onic c wor world ld sys syste tem: m: ge geoo-hel helio iocen centr tric ic mod model el - comp compromi romise se between between Ptolem Ptolemy y and Copern Copernicus icus (“Best of two worlds”) - can accoun accountt for apparen apparentt absence absence of stellar stellar parallax parallax
• Ke Kepl pler er in inhe heri rits ts Ty Tych cho’ o’s s da data ta af afte terr his his de deat ath h in in pra pragu gue e
