The Armed Man: A Mass for a Secular Age
STEPHANIE ROCKE BBus, BMus (Hons), AMusA (Flute) A thesis presented to the Centre for Studies in Religion and Theology, The School of Philosophical, Historical and International Studies, The Faculty of Arts, Monash University in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts. June2010
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MONASH UNIVERSITY Centre for Studies in Religion and Theology Faculty of Arts I confirm that this thesis contains no material which has previously been submitted for a degree or diploma in any university and, to the best of my knowledge and belief, this thesis contains no material which has previously been published or written by another person, except where due reference is made in the text of the thesis.
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Abstract “The Armed Man: A Mass for a Secular Age?” investigates an incredibly popular Concert Mass in order to answer the primary question "why is a religious work popular in a secular age?" Commissioned by Guy Wilson on behalf of the British Royal Armouries, The Armed Man: A Mass for Peace (2000) has been performed in full well over five hundred times in twenty‐four countries since premiering in Royal Albert Hall on 25 April 2000. A close reading of Wilson’s text selections established that the presence of secular and literary texts amongst the biblical, liturgical, Hindu and Islamic texts does not detract from the overarching religious nature of the work. From 172 pieces of reception data, I have identified themes that help to explain why the work is popular. Through a targeted analysis of each of the thirteen movements I ascertain the techniques the composer, Karl Jenkins, uses to move the listeners through an array of emotions from neutral to trepidation, to horror to despair to peace. From these approaches, and by contemplating spirituality and music, I conclude that the work is popular in a secular age due to a combination of factors: the professional marketing and dissemination of the work; a score that is wide‐ranging in style, yet does not require virtuosic resources; and the emotional expressivity of the music which moves many listeners. In a secular age many Westerners are searching for alternatives to institutionally‐defined spiritual experience. For some, The Armed Man: A Mass for Peace provides just such an alternative.
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Preface At the end of the performance of The Armed Man: A Mass for Peace on 4 October 2009, the majority of the 1400‐strong audience in the Melbourne Town Hall stood up and gave the Melbourne Philharmonic Orchestra, soloists and combined choirs a standing ovation. As one of the 230 choristers, I witnessed – as both participant and observer – the effect this millennium concert Mass has had on audiences worldwide since its Premiere in Royal Albert Hall on 25 April, 2000. The experience was enough in and of itself to justify my having spent two years researching and thinking about the work, yet in reality it was simply confirmation of what I already knew. The Armed Man: A Mass for Peace can be likened to water falling on the parched soil of human unkindness; soil which has become accustomed to the grinding‐in of bullies, and to being disturbed by shrapnel, mortar and mines; soil that has witnessed multiple millenniums of human cruelty. At the end of the work the attentive listener – who may well have spilt tears in the harrowing middle section – is ultimately refreshed. For this emotion‐laden, dramatic work concludes with the pure beauty of the full choir quietly singing alone in four part harmony. Fear of eternal conflict is dampened. Hope flourishes.
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Acknowledgements Sincere thanks to my supervisors, Constant Mews, Peter Howard, and Thomas Reiner. Interacting with each of them shed new light on my thoughts and experiences, often causing me to think twice about things I had taken for granted. More specifically, Constant’s prompt return of work, Peter’s guidance regarding writing style and liturgy, and Thomas’s willingness to discuss the profound (as well as the more mundane techniques of music) are particularly remembered and appreciated.
To my family and friends: your unreserved loyalty and support, particularly at times
when it was not deserved, is greatly appreciated. To Guy Wilson: thank you! First, for instigating and co‐creating The Armed Man: A Mass for Peace, and second, for being so willing to discuss it with me, and to answer all my questions with an open honesty and humility that was most disarming. I shall always remember you waiting patiently at Leeds/Bradford Airport for over two hours while I was getting on and off three different planes in Dublin until Ryan Air finally found one capable of taking their passengers on the short flight across the ditch to England. Thanks to David Garrioch whose guidance as postgraduate co‐ordinator during the first year of my candidature demonstrated both an adroit comprehension of the skills beginning candidates need to acquire and the ability to pass that knowledge on in a professional yet supportive way. Marcel Cobussen: thank you for negotiating my lengthy emails and helping me to think through a new conception of spirituality. Thanks also to Karl Jenkins for answering a plethora of questions on minutiae, and to the various choir directors and others involved in performances of The Armed Man who I contacted. Thanks to the staff at the School of Philosophical, Historical and International Studies and to the Faculty of Arts for facilitating the smooth administration of my candidature, notably (but not only) including Rosemary Johnston. I would also like to thank the Faculty of Arts for funding my first year of candidature through a Faculty of Arts Research Scholarship, and the Monash Research Graduate School who approved a grant that covered most of the costs of my trip to conferences and meetings in England and Ireland in June 2009. Finally, thanks to the taxpayers of Australia who indirectly funded the second year of my candidature through an Australian Postgraduate Award.
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Contents
List of Tables, Figures, Charts and Musical Examples Chapter 1 Towards Spirituality without boundaries Introduction Secularisation: A select review of the literature on secularisation, religion, the sacred and spirituality. Methodologies. Texts Reception Music Conclusion Chapter 2 Creation The Instigator and Collaborator: Guy Wilson Diversity in the text selections Represented belief systems Time span Conclusion Chapter 3 Religion seen and unseen: the secular, Hindu and Islamic texts Pre‐Enlightenment “secular” texts “Better is peace than evermore war” “L’homme armé” Twentieth Century secular texts “Now the guns have stopped” “Flames” Texts of Eastern Religions “Torches” “The Call to Prayer” Conclusion Chapter 4 The Christian texts: a secular tangent Ancient and liturgical texts Psalms Kyrie, Sanctus, Agnus Dei Post‐enlightenment texts “Song for Saint Cecilia’s Day” “How blessed is he who for his country dies” Pluralism within contemporary Christianity “Ring out Wild Bells” “Hymn Before action” New Testament “God shall wipe away all tears” Conclusion
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12 12 13 13 13 15 16 19 22 23 25
27 27 28 29 35 35 36 42 42 44 48
51 51 51 53 55 55 58 59 60 62 63 63 64
Chapter 5 Reception Live Performances Reception and dissemination Collaborative Creation and Professional Dissemination Categorisation of reception data Religion Peace Emotion Conclusion Chapter 6 The Score: Creating the narrative and depicting emotion Expressing Emotion “L’homme armé” “Call to Prayer” “Kyrie” “Save me from bloody men” “Sanctus” “Hymn before action” “Charge!” “Angry Flames” “Torches” “Agnus Dei” “Now the guns have stopped” “Benedictus” “Better is Peace” Conclusion Chapter 7 “A Mass for a Secular Age” Appendix A List of performances Appendix B1 Summary of reception data sources Appendix B2 Full text of reception data Appendix C Wilson’s first draft of the mid section of the armed man: a mass for peace Appendix D Full texts of Dryden’s “A Song. For St. Cecilia’s day, 1687,” and Swift’s adaptation of Horace (65‐8BC) Book III Ode II Appendix E: Amazon informal review statistics as at 30 July 2009: 4 Concert Masses Bibliography
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67 67 74 75 76 78 80 84 88
91 91 92 96 96 99 101 106 109 110 110 114 116 118 122 123
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133 165 183 231 233 235 237
List of Tables, Figures, Charts and Musical Examples FIGURES FIGURE 1 TEXT SOURCES AND PLOT OUTLINE OF THE ARMED MAN: A MASS FOR PEACE ............................................................. 20 FIGURE 2: APPROXIMATE PERCENTAGES OF TOTAL PERFORMANCE TIME BY BELIEF SYSTEM IN THE ARMED MAN: A MASS FOR PEACE ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 22 FIGURE 3 CORRELATION BETWEEN 2001 UK CENSUS AND THE ARMED MAN: A MASS FOR PEACE ......................................... 23 FIGURE 4: TIMELINE OF TEXT SOURCES IN THE ARMED MAN: A MASS FOR PEACE. ...................................................................... 24 FIGURE 5 PERFORMANCES OF THE ARMED MAN: A MASS FOR PEACE, 25 APRIL 2000 TO 24 APRIL 2009 ........................... 68 FIGURE 6 REGIONAL PERFORMANCES (FULL AND PARTIAL) OF THE ARMED MAN: A MASS FOR PEACE 25 APRIL 2000 TO 24 APRIL 2009. .................................................................................................................................................................................... 72 FIGURE 7 ENGLISH/NON‐ENGLISH AS PRIMARY LANGUAGE OF COUNTRIES IN WHICH THE ARMED MAN: A MASS FOR PEACE HAS BEEN KNOWN TO HAVE BEEN PERFORMED (FULL AND PARTIAL) ................................................................................... 72 FIGURE 8 CATEGORISATION OF THE RECEPTION DATA (N=172): NUMBER OF ITEMS IN EACH CATEGORY ............................... 77 FIGURE 9 PROMOTIONAL FLIER FOR THE 5 OCTOBER 2008 PERFORMANCE OF THE ARMED MAN: A MASS FOR PEACE IN HOUSTON, USA ............................................................................................................................................................................... 79 FIGURE 10 PROMOTIONAL FLIER FROM DETROIT CONCERT 25 MARCH 2007 ............................................................................ 80 FIGURE 11 MILITARISTIC RHYTHMIC MOTIF HEARD THROUGHOUT THE FIRST MOVEMENT. ....................................................... 93 FIGURE 12 FIRST STATEMENT OF “L’HOMME ARMÉ” MELODY IN PICCOLOS (8VA) AND FLUTES (BARS 5‐15 OF FIRST MOVEMENT) ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 93 FIGURE 13 TEXTURAL ACCUMULATION IN THE FIRST MOVEMENT, “L’HOMME ARMÉ.” ................................................................. 95 FIGURE 14 MIXED EMOTIONS: D MINOR/A MAJOR/ A MINOR TONALITY OF “KYRIE” MELODY (SOPRANO BARS 26‐41, DOUBLED BY VIOLIN) ...................................................................................................................................................................... 97 FIGURE 15 CREATING TREPIDATION IN OPENING OF THE “KYRIE” (BARS 1 – 25. CELLO AND DOUBLE BASS DOUBLED BY BASSOON AND CONTRABASSOON FROM BAR 3.) ........................................................................................................................ 98 FIGURE 16 EMOTIONAL IMPLICATIONS OF VIOLIN II OBBLIGATO (BARS 26 TO 33 OF “KYRIE”) ............................................... 98 FIGURE 17 EMOTIONALLY‐BARE A CAPELLA RECITATION OF “SAVE ME FROM BLOODY MEN” (BARS 1 – 18, BASS PART – TENORS SING ONE OCTAVE HIGHER) .......................................................................................................................................... 100 FIGURE 18 MOTIFS IN “SANCTUS” ........................................................................................................................................................ 102 FIGURE 19 TRITONE MODULATION IN HOSANNA IN EXCELSIS SECTIONS OF “SANCTUS” (BARS 39‐42, PERCUSSION AND VOICES, RESTATED AT BAR 75) .................................................................................................................................................. 103 FIGURE 20 HYSTERIA IN HOSANNA SECTION OF “SANCTUS” (BARS 40‐43) ................................................................................. 105 FIGURE 21 DRAMA IN OPENING OF SIXTH MOVEMENT, “HYMN BEFORE ACTION” ....................................................................... 106 FIGURE 22 GROUPS IN “HYMN BEFORE ACTION” (BARS 5‐6) ....................................................................................................... 107 FIGURE 23 HARMONIC PLAN: EACH LINE OF TEXT MOVES FROM MINOR TO MAJOR MODE. (BARS 5 – 8 AND 9‐12 OF “HYMN BEFORE ACTION”) ........................................................................................................................................................................ 108 FIGURE 24 DRAMATIC EFFECT IN “TORCHES” OPENING (BARS 1 – 4) .......................................................................................... 111 FIGURE 25 CRAFTSMANSHIP: STORYTELLING AND TEXT SETTING IN “TORCHES” (VOCAL PARTS BARS 7‐30) ...................... 112 FIGURE 26 LEISURELY, COMFORTING OPENING TO “AGNUS DEI” (BARS 1‐5) .............................................................................. 114 FIGURE 27 LEISURELY POLYPHONY AND LIGHT ACCOMPANIMENT IN “AGNUS DEI” BARS 6‐15 ............................................... 115 FIGURE 28 “BENEDICTUS” BARS 1‐10 ................................................................................................................................................ 119 FIGURE 29 “BENEDICTUS” BARS 19‐26 ............................................................................................................................................. 120
TABLES
TABLE 1 THE UK POPULATION BY RELIGION AS COLLECTED IN THE 2001 UK CENSUS .............................................................. 22 TABLE 2 ALL KNOWN PERFORMANCES (FULL AND PARTIAL) OF THE ARMED MAN A MASS FOR PEACE, LISTED BY COUNTRY‐ PREMIERE DATE. .............................................................................................................................................................................. 70 TABLE 3 DESCRIBING EMOTION IN THE ARMED MAN: A MASS FOR PEACE. .................................................................................. 87
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Chapter 1 Towards Spirituality without boundaries
Introduction During a conference in Dublin in June 2009, the penultimate keynote speaker argued compellingly that “there is no secular.”1 The conference had been convened to discuss a book written by the historian, Charles Taylor in 2007. In this book, Charles Taylor argues equally compellingly that there is indeed “a secular” and that much of the Western World has entered “a secular age”; that secularity, in fact, prevails.2 Adding the awarding of the prestigious Templeton prize to the weight of Taylor’s magisterial text, it seems inconceivable that the distinguished author’s view could be toppled in a forty minute address by a man half his age.3 Yet, for many of the one hundred attendees, the speaker did succeed; and for those who were sceptical, a seed of doubt was planted – a seed that is likely to niggle for some time to come. For the speaker, Conor Cunningham, is an extraordinary orator – a storyteller who combines knowledge and creativity with audacity, yet delivers his argument with a naive pleasure; a pleasure that lacks both guile and arrogance. The listener wants to listen because Cunningham acts from generosity – his words are delivered and received as gifts. 1 Conor Cunningham, "Refusing Communion: Secularization, Ultra‐Darwinism and the Reign of the Neanderthal," in 'A
Secular Age': Tracing the Contours of Religion and Belief (Conference Plenary Session: Mater Dei Institute of Education, A College of Dublin City University: 11 June 2009). 2 See Charles Taylor, A Secular Age (Cambridge, Mass.; London, England: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2007). 3 The Templeton Prize, valued at one million pounds sterling, is awarded annually to “a living person who has made
an exceptional contribution to affirming life’s spiritual dimension, whether through insight, discovery, or practical works.” See "Purpose," Templeton Prize http://www.templetonprize.org/. Accessed 28 Jan 2010.
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Nevertheless, his positive reception must be qualified by the note that this result was, if not entirely assured, then at least enhanced by the fact that he was delivering his message to a group who wanted to believe what he said. Attendees of the conference consisted in the main of Catholic academics and educators searching to reclaim the sacred from what they perceived and understood to be the burgeoning of secularity in their midst. To be told that their problem isn’t a problem because it stems from the delusions of others is comforting – at least for a short while – and even if later they decide Cunningham is mistaken, for a brief time they are given hope. Furthermore, for some who were previously sceptical, or even confirmedly atheistic, a small part of his or her psyche may have been permanently altered to include the glimmering possibility – no matter how tiny – that Cunningham is right.
In just this way, I argue that the musical Mass that is central to this thesis is inordinately
successful because it acts as an extraordinary orator. The work tells its story in a way that combines knowledge and creativity with audacity yet delivers its argument – that peace is possible – with a naive, yet not obscurantist joy; a joy that lacks both guile and arrogance. Further, for the latterly‐lapsed religious believer – of which, the statistics tell us, there have been rapidly growing numbers in Western societies over the past several decades4 – the seed is planted that perhaps God does exist after all; and that there is an ultimate being who has humanity’s best interests at heart. Even if the belief is transient, the seed has been planted, and for some, the psyche may have been changed permanently by their experience of the work. Although I do not uphold Cunningham’s polemical contention that there is “no secular” because he simply dismisses as misguided those who do not believe in God, the charismatic nature of his speech has nevertheless shaped and guided the final stages of my work. In particular, his ideas regarding the efficacy of mystery are reflected here in the various discussions about spirituality, most especially in the final chapter. This chapter ultimately argues for an acceptance of less‐confined definitions of spirituality, definitions that neither shun mystery nor fully endorse it, but rather accept that very broad – or even multiple – definitions are necessary to explain the lived experience of Westerners in the twenty‐first century.5 Yet this thesis is more than an argument; it necessarily describes and analyses the texts and the music of the Mass at its heart, a Mass that has had only limited academic attention to
4 While there are many texts by sociologists that provide the results of surveys on changes in religious participation in the West, the most comprehensive and current source of information is contained in Pippa Norris and Ronald Inglehart, Sacred and Secular: Religion and Politics Worldwide, ed. David C. Leege and Kenneth D. Wald, Cambridge Studies in Social Theory, Religion and Politics (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007). 5 In saying Cunningham has shaped my thoughts, I do not mean to imply that he would concur with the thesis of chapter 7. It is likely he would not. Nevertheless, his paper helped me to understand the nature of mystery, and to recognize and accept it as being important – perhaps even essential – to humankind’s psychological and spiritual well‐being.
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date.6 It is also necessary to provide evidence of the work’s popularity, particularly – although not exclusively – in the English‐speaking Western world. In an epoch when new classical compositions may be performed a handful of times at best,7 The Armed Man: A Mass for Peace was performed in full more than 550 times in 24 countries in the nine years since its premiere on 25 April 2000.8 Furthermore, the CD launched on 10 September 20019 – one day before the notorious destruction of the twin towers by Islamic extremists – sold over 100,000 copies by October 2003, and in 2005 had remained in the UK classical album charts for an unbroken run of over 200 weeks.10 In the following chapters, The Armed Man is revealed to be inherently religious, and yet, on the surface, its religious aspect appears to be largely irrelevant to those who find the work of sufficient worth or import to comment publicly upon it. A simple answer to this apparent paradox can be found through analysis of the music itself; by identifying the compositional techniques employed by the composer, Karl Jenkins, I will show how he moves listeners’ emotions from a neutral state through dismay and despair to one of hope – or even conviction – that world peace is possible. Yet, in a complex world, simple answers are insufficient. Interwoven amongst an analysis of the texts, the reception, and the music of The Armed Man are the various ideas and concepts of secularisation, particularly the data‐driven findings of sociologists; but also, and importantly, the chronicling of religious praxis through time by both sociologists and historians.
Secularisation: A select review of the literature on secularisation, religion, the sacred and spirituality. Prior to the publication of Charles Taylor’s A Secular Age in 2007, the greatest impetus in secularisation scholarship since the 1960s has come from the discipline of sociology. Thus, familiarity with Max Weber’s and Émile Durkheim’s seminal early‐twentieth‐century texts on 6 Jonathan Kraemer, "Echoes of War—the Resonating Patterns of Influence: An Examination of Recurrent Musical
Trends in Large‐Scale, Sacred, British, Anti‐War Choral Works of the Twentieth Century" (Texas Tech University, 2009). Kraemer’s thesis, in partial fulfilment of a doctoral degree, considers The Armed Man: A Mass for Peace as one of three works identified as contributing to a posited new genre of British 20th Century anti‐war choral works. Although my thesis is of a similar length to Kraemer’s, it is devoted solely to The Armed Man, and necessarily adopts a more nuanced approach to its analysis. Kraemer approaches the work from the activist viewpoint of “anti‐war” and considers the implications of the work having emanated from a Museum that curates the trappings of war. My own approach employs the pacifist viewpoint of a human preference for peace and treats with the idea of war only when the texts set in the work dictate that it is necessary. 7 Throughout this thesis, I use the word “classical” in the sense commonly understood by Westerners when classifying music into genres. 8 See Table 2 in Chapter 5 for a performance history summary. Appendix A provides a list of known performances. 9 Karl Jenkins The Armed Man (A Mass For Peace), Virgin Classics 0724381101520 (2001). 10 See "New Museum and New Doctor Who," BBC News, Wales 27 Dec 2005
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/wales/4562250.stm. Also, "'Pure' Chart Success for Karl Jenkins' 'The Armed Man' ," Boosey and Hawkes (Oct 2003) http://www.boosey.com/cr/news/Pure‐chart‐success‐for‐Karl‐Jenkins‐The‐ Armed‐Man/10739&LangID=1 Both accessed 24 Jan 2010.
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the sociology of religion is requisite to understanding secularisation discourse.11 While Durkheim’s 1898 article “Individualism and Intellectuals” includes a very succinct definition of religion as “a system of collective beliefs and practices that have a special authority,”12 Weber avoids the issue in The Sociology of Religion by opening with a statement that any definition of religion could only be contrived after the completion of a study of the diverse viewpoints of “human subjective experience;”13 a study he then embarks upon. The elusive definition, however, is never forthcoming. In 1974 Karel Doebelaere took a middle ground between Durkheim’s broad brush approach and Weber’s prevarication, suggesting that “the definition of religion might read: a unified system of beliefs and practices relative to a supra‐empirical, transcendent reality that unites all those who adhere to it into a single moral community.”14 It is this definition that I will be using when I talk about “religion” because it avoids including such passionately enjoyed collective past‐times as team sport, or Opera attendance, or communism, each of which has many of the same characteristics as religion, but does not involve believing in a God or Gods, or spirits, or aspiring to Nirvana‐like states of being. As John Rex recommends, it is better to speak about “substitutes” for religion than to talk about “secular religions.”15 Doebelaere’s question “to what extent does religion still integrate, and provide legitimation [sic] for modern societies?”16 provides a useful intellectual gateway into the highly contested field of secularisation theory, a field marked, as Jose Casanova points out, by scholars paying scant regard for definitional discrepancies between their arguments.17 Casanova lists
11 Max Weber, The Sociology of Religion, trans. Ephraim Fischoff (Boston: Beacon Press, 1993; reprint, Fourth edition,
revised by Johannes Winckelmann, 1956). The original German version, Religionssoziologie, was published in 1922. Emile Durkheim, The Elementary Forms of Religious Life, trans. Karen E. Fields (The Free Press, 1995). The original French version, Formes Élémentaires de la Vie Religieuse, was published in 1912. 12 Émile Durkheim, "Individualism and the Intellectuals," Translated by S. and J. Lukes, Political Studies XVII (1969).
As reproduced in W.S.F. Pickering, ed., Émile Durkheim: Durkheim on Religion, American Academy of Religion, Texts and Translations (Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1994), 66.
13 Weber, The Sociology of Religion, 1. 14 K Dobbelaere, “Une critique sociologique des definitions de la religion en sociologie des religions”, Cahers des
religions Africaines, 8 (1974): 19, as quoted in Karel Dobbelaere, Secularization: An Analysis at Three Levels, Gods, Humans and Religions (Brussels: Presses Interuniversitaires Européennes, 2002), 52. In 1992 Roy Wallis and Steve Bruce provide a similar but more elaborate definition stating: “Religion for us consists of actions, beliefs, and institutions predicated upon the assumption of the existence of either supernatural entities with powers of agency, or impersonal powers or processes possessed of moral purpose, which have the capacity to set the conditions of, or to intervene in, human affairs. Further, the central claims to the operation of such entities or impersonal powers are either not susceptible to, or are systematically protected from, refutation.” Roy Wallis and Steve Bruce, "Secularization: The Orthodox Model," in Religion and Modernization: Sociologists and Historians Debate the Secularization Thesis, ed. Steve Bruce (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992), 10‐11. 15John Rex, "Secular Substitutes for Religion in the Modern World," Scribd ( 2008): 9, http://www.scribd.com/doc/16611640/Secular‐Substitutes‐for‐Religion‐in‐the‐Modern‐World. Accessed 23 Jan 2010, 16 Dobbelaere, Secularization: An Analysis at Three Levels, 52. 17 Jose Casanova, "Rethinking Secularization: A Global Comparative Perspective," The Hedgehog Review 8, no. 1‐2
(Spring‐Summer 2006): 7.
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three ways in which the word “secularization” has been applied, noting that the first has now become the most prevalent: a) Secularization as the decline of religious beliefs and practices in modern societies, often postulated as a universal, human, developmental process... b) Secularization as the privatization of religion, often understood both as a general modern historical trend and as a normative condition, indeed as a precondition for modern liberal democratic politics. c) Secularization as the differentiation of the secular spheres (state, economy, science), usually understood as "emancipation" from religious institutions and norms. This is the core component of the classic theories of secularization ... it refers to the transfer of persons, things, meanings, etc., from ecclesiastical or religious to civil or lay use, possession, or control.18
Also demurring from taking positions that ignore definitional – or any other – discrepancies, David Martin – who is credited with firing the critical debate on secularisation in the mid 1960s – updated his first book, A General Theory of Secularization (1978) with On Secularization: Towards a Revised General Theory (2005). In the new book Martin states that he is not providing an overview of the debate conducted by such key contributors as Peter Berger, Bryan Wilson, Karel Dobbelaere, Rodney Stark, Thomas Luckmann, Richard Fenn and Steve Bruce. Rather, Martin’s book is a potpourri of thoughts that range through time and across the globe, contemplating secularization “stories” yet accepting that “the standard model” – that of social differentiation, or the “increasing autonomy of the various spheres of human activity” such as church, state and commerce – remains the prime contender for explaining secularization “because it is not straightforwardly untrue.”19 Despite conceding that the social differentiation model is a useful tool for discourse, his prevailing view is that no meta‐narrative can fit secularisation; adding that for each sociologist, including himself, his or her knowledge “embodies a particular historical, cultural and even personal location.”20 Such a cautionary statement –now commonplace in postmodern discourse – highlights the necessity of taking an accumulative approach to considering the secularisation literature to that point; no one book, in isolation, is likely to provide a sufficiently nuanced view of the topic. Nevertheless, in 2007, Charles Taylor’s A Secular Age was published. Strongly endorsing the 874‐page tome, Martin states that it is indeed just such “a summation of... what has been debated and documented in several disciplines about the emergence of secularity and the sense of individual self in relation to ‘community’.” He recommends that theologians, biologists, geneticists, and “all that genus”
18 Ibid.: 7‐8. 19 David Martin, On Secularization: Towards a Revised General Theory (London: Ashgate, 2005), 123. 20 Ibid., 17.
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should read the book to apprehend “the sheer complexity of the debate about the nature of religion and what it is they need to know before they inform the world of their conclusions.”21 Taylor divulges that, at every stage of humanity’s forward trek through chronological time “myriad individual actions concatenate” within an “inextricable interweaving of plural motivations.”22 Nevertheless, Taylor does not countenance the postmodern view of the total collapse of the efficacy of the master narrative; rather he notes that postmoderns are utilising the trope themselves by “declaring the reign of narrative ended: ONCE we were into grand stories, but NOW we have realized their emptiness and we proceed to the next stage.”23 Further, Taylor reminds us that “the narratives of modernity have been questioned, contested, attacked, since their inception in the eighteenth century.”24 In his view the constant thread running through these attacks are: the spectre of meaninglessness; that as a result of the denial of transcendence, of heroism, of deep feeling, we are left with a view of human life which is empty, cannot inspire commitment, offers nothing really worth while, cannot answer the craving for goals we can dedicate ourselves to. Human happiness can only inspire us when we have to fight against the forces which are destroying it; but once realized, it will inspire nothing but ennui, a cosmic yawn. 25
This idea of “meaninglessness” resulting in a “cosmic yawn” is of great importance to my understanding of the underlying reason for the success of The Armed Man. Although its religious aspects do not appear to be being generally acknowledged by listeners, the very placement of the word “Mass” in the title cannot be missed; it adds a weight, an import, to the work that, even if only subliminally, signals what is lost in a rationally‐oriented secular society where leaps of faith are seen as unsophisticated or immature. The capitalised word “Mass” signals the formal, ritualised aspects of religion – and even though the formal aspects – the trappings of organised religions – are commonly rejected, the need for an outlet for human spiritual expression remains. The Armed Man, while ostensibly being accepted primarily as a message of hope for world peace, is perhaps also being perceived and accepted as a pseudo religious work that taps into human spirituality but requires no commitment to any particular faith. One of Taylor’s more innovative contributions is the concept of the modern “buffered self.” 26 As described by Taylor, early humankind was porous to all stimuli, believing that 21 David Martin, in Taylor, A Secular Age, back cover. 22 Taylor, A Secular Age, 181, 216. 23 Ibid., 717. Taylor's emphasis. 24 Ibid. 25 Ibid. 26 Ibid., 37‐42.
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everything they saw and felt was externally generated. Gradually, through the developments of science and reason, the world becomes “disenchanted” – mysteries are no longer mysteries; miracles can be explained. Experiences are filtered through a buffer of knowledge, and the human psyche is increasingly less permeable. Eventually, “it comes to seem axiomatic that all thought, feeling and purpose, all the features we normally can ascribe to agents, must be in minds, which are distinct from the ‘outer’ world.”27 This burgeoning framework of immanence was a fertile breeding ground for the twin features of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries of Enlightenment and social Reform: the affirmation and fostering of the virtue of self‐discipline by social elites, and the anthropocentric shift toward individualistic autonomy. These created an increasingly egalitarian Western world where social structures begin to function horizontally rather than vertically. Now, in a contemporary world where everything is considered potentially explicable, and we are taught that self‐sufficiency is a virtue, it is not surprising that large numbers of people are turning away from religion, and that we in the West live in a primarily secular age.
As Martin noted, although Taylor’s book is magisterial in its coverage, many of the ideas
expounded about the current era are built upon the scaffolding of ideas of those who have been working in the field of sociology for the past several decades, and so the specific ideas and position statements of these scholars deserve individual attention. Steve Bruce, a prolific writer on secularisation whose 2002 book God is Dead: Secularization in the West, expounds the traditional and popularly accepted view of the state of secularisation in the West, stating categorically that it is well advanced.28 His chapter in The Blackwell Companion to the Study of Religion (2006) introduces the concepts of secularisation; however, the collection of essays contained in Religion and Modernization: Sociologists and Historians Debate the Secularization Thesis (1992), of which Bruce is both a contributor and the editor, is probably the more useful.29 His plain statement of the secularisation thesis: “the core of what we mean when we talk about this society being more ‘secular’ than that is that the lives of fewer people in the former than in the latter are influenced by religious belief”30 fits best within Casanova’s first class of definition; however, Bruce’s application of it to the entirety of “the West” is undermined by the situation within the USA which, as is discussed below, many scholars argue to be an exceptional case. 27 Ibid., 541. 28 Steve Bruce, God Is Dead: Secularization in the West, ed. Paul Heelas and Linda Woodhead, Religion and Spirituality
in the Modern World (Malden; Oxford; Carlton: Blackwell Publishing, [2002] 2007). 29 ———, "Chapter 13. The Social Process of Secularization," in The Blackwell Companion to Sociology of Religion, ed.
Richard K. Fenn (Online: http://www.blackwellreference.com/public/tocnode?id=g9780631212416_chunk_g978063121241617#citation: 2001). ———, ed., Religion and Modernization: Sociologists and Historians Debate the Secularization Thesis (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992). 30 Bruce, ed., Religion and Modernization: Sociologists and Historians Debate the Secularization Thesis, 6.
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In 1999, Peter Berger edited a collection of essays titled The Desecularization of the World: Resurgent Religion and World Politics.31 The seven contributors adopted either a global perspective or considered the religious practices and beliefs of distinct geographical areas or faiths: Roman Catholic, Evangelical Protestant, Judaism, religion in Europe, religion in China, and political Islam. This is a much wider gamut than Bruce’s “Western‐only” focus and the evidence collected permits Berger to argue that secularisation – as a world‐wide phenomenon – is not occurring. In Secularisation Falsified, Berger develops his argument still further to suggest that the secularisation paradigm is not relevant to the entirety of “Western” nations, but only to Western and Central Europe, although he does allow that global support of the paradigm can be found within the “Enlightened Intelligentsia;” the cultural elite – including the frequently atheistic enclaves of the academic world – who applaud (and in so doing, promote) the demise of religion.32 Describing this group as “secularists,” Berger identifies three forms of secularist activity possible within societies. The most moderate of these is the classification and division of social activities between church and state – as exists in the USA. The second, less moderate but still relatively benign form is that currently practiced by France: the relegation of religion to private, albeit legally protected and often collective practice. Finally, Berger identifies a third, highly radical secularist agenda: the complete, legally‐enforced repression of religion such as exists within Marxist ideology. Thus, Berger points out, fundamentalism is not restricted to religious groups, but is also a feature of some secularist groups. Berger believes these groups should be confronted with equal vigour as their opposing counterparts – religious fundamentalists – because “[m]odernity is not necessarily secularizing; it is necessarily pluralizing.”33 Berger remonstrates that the challenge for religions should not be to have to combat the tactics of fundamentalist secularists, but rather to discover ways of coping with the arrival of the “other” in their neighbourhood courtesy of migration and other globalising policies and their consequences. Regardless of Berger’s protective attitude towards religion, his argument that fundamentalism is always undesirable is based upon the premise that violence, however practiced – physically, mentally, or verbally – always begets more violence. One way of confronting fundamentalism – whether secular or religious – is to create works such as The Armed Man that promote a conciliatory, pluralistic world view. In the next chapter I will explain that this was a conscious intention of the creators. 31 Peter L. Berger, ed., The Desecularization of the World: Resurgent Religion and World Politics (Grand Rapids: William
B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1999). 32 ———, "Secularisation Falsified," First Things Academic Research Library (Feb. 2008): 24. 33 Ibid. Berger’s emphasis.
8
In as much as he supports the secularisation paradigm, Karel Dobbelaere positions himself in the opposite camp to Berger. In Secularization: An Analysis at Three Levels (2002) Dobbelaere analyses the various approaches to understanding and describing secularisation at the societal, organizational and individual levels.34 However, Dobbelaere’s perspective on secularisation is that of a Belgian whereas Berger is an American, and, as Pippa Norris has amply demonstrated in Sacred and Secular: Religion and Politics Worldwide, Europeans are significantly less religiously oriented than Americans are.35 As discussed in Chapter 5, the reception records of The Armed Man support this. Rodney Stark, another American, aligns himself with Berger; his polemical stance is immediately evident in the title of an article published in 2000 “Secularization R.I.P.”36 The thoughts expressed in the article stem in part from a small book he co‐wrote with Thomas Luckman in 1995, that focused upon a burgeoning attitude towards plurality in the West: Modernity, Pluralism and the Crisis of Meaning.37 Pluralism, a movement that is, as mentioned above, in direct opposition to the fundamentalist endeavours of secularists and religionists alike, is a key facet of secularisation theory. As Luckman pointed out very early in the secularisation debate in the postscript of his Invisible Religion (1967), in its endorsement of the cult of the individual – or acceptance of “autonomous subjectivity” – pluralism can, potentially undermine primary public institutions, including religious organisations, by supporting a withdrawal of the individual into the “private sphere.”38 Richard K. Fenn agrees. Temporarily restricting himself to a Christian perspective in an otherwise multi‐faith exploration of the signs and symbols of religions, in Beyond Idols: The Shape of Secular Society (2001) Fenn argues that the seeds of secularisation are found within “the heart of the Christian Gospel.” Fenn particularly notes that the bible instructs, “the individual is to exercise his or her piety in secret, and the God who hears in secret will answer.”39 In the context of The Armed Man, those Christian listeners who have left the religion within which they were formed during childhood, may well have ingrained habits of belief that, although now denied intellectually, are difficult to completely expunge. In fact, in a recent study about Church‐leaving in the United Kingdom, Leslie J Francis and Philip Richter found that 75% of respondents believed they did not need to go to church to be a Christian. Further, 40% 34 Dobbelaere, Secularization: An Analysis at Three Levels. 35 Norris and Inglehart, Sacred and Secular: Religion and Politics Worldwide, particularly Chapter 3, "Comparing
Secularization Worldwide," 53‐82. 36 Rodney Stark, "Secularization R.I.P.," Sociology of Religion 60, no. 3 Autumn (1999): 249‐73. 37 Peter L. Berger and Thomas Luckmann, eds., Modernity, Pluralism and the Crisis of Meaning: The Orientation of
Modern Man (Gütersloh: Bertelsmann Foundation Publishers, 1995). 38 Thomas Luckmann, The Invisible Religion: The Problem of Religion in Modern Society (New York: The Macmillan
Company, 1967), 116. 39 Richard K. Fenn, Beyond Idols: The Shape of a Secular Society (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001), 160.
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agreed that “people have God within them, so churches aren’t really necessary,” and 36% wanted to follow his or her own spiritual quest, without religious institutions.40 This could make them instinctively more receptive to the work at a spiritual level. As philosopher, J. Heath Atchley notes: culture does not divide so neatly into opposing realms, one thought to aspire to a transcendent reality, another conceived as consoling us for the limitations of this one... the secular (whether we embrace it or oppose it, whether we plot to preserve it or destroy it) is not what it so frequently appears to be, and this can be discovered through that form of spirituality called thought.41
The fact that Atchley calls “thought” – the very tool of atheists and secularists – a form of spirituality, itself highlights the complexity and variety of contemporary human comprehensions regarding anything that goes beyond the purely physical, perhaps especially the spiritual. As music philosopher, Marcel Cobussen identifies, “spirituality is a floating concept – floating because of its historical contingency – not providing firm ground, but rather questioning every stabilization, every hiding within established ways of thinking.”42 Further, by embracing the secular practice of philosophical thought within his conception of the spiritual Atchley specifically denies the essentiality of coupling spirituality with religion. Alternatively, he calls for a very wide definition of religious experience. Such an apprehension of spirituality is, nevertheless, in accord – or even reliant upon – the thoughts of the Christian theologian Rudolph Otto. While the straitjacketing of spirituality within the monotheistic tradition of Christianity is ultimately unhelpful in a world that embraces such a diversity of belief systems, Otto’s idea of the numinous is useful as a broad construct. Otto states that the experience of the numinous is awesome, overpowering, sublime and energetic, leading to “the strangest excitements, to intoxicated frenzy, to transport, and to ecstasy;”43 or, in direct contrast but with equal profundity, the numinous can also be experienced as “a gentle tide, pervading the mind with a tranquil mood of deepest worship.”44 In the secular realm, such thoughts – particularly as they have been developed by Mircea Eliade to include any elevation from profane everyday experience to a higher stage of being – 40 Leslie J Francis and Philip Richter, Gone for Good? ChurchLeaving and Returning in the 21st Century (Peterborough:
Epworth, 2007), 327. 41 J. Heath Atchley, Encountering the Secular: Philosophical Endeavors in Religion and Culture, ed. Gary L. Ebersole
Frank Burch Brown, Edith Wyschogrod, Studies in Religion and Culture (Charlottesville and London: University of Virginia Press, 2009), 162‐3. 42 Marcel Cobussen, Thresholds: Rethinking Spirituality through Music (Aldershot, England; Burlington, USA: Ashgate, 2008), 23. 43 Rudolph Otto, The Idea of the Holy: An Inquiry into the NonRational Factor in the Idea of the Divine and Its Relation
to the Rational trans. John W. Harvey, 2 ed. (London: Oxford University Press, 1958), 12. 44 Ibid., 12‐13.
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have been drawn upon regularly.45 Otto’s contributions is reflected and acknowledged in the concept of “peak experience,” expounded by the psychologist Abraham Maslow. Dismissing the view that the dichotomy between state and church with regard to “values” places the responsibility for them within the preserve of organized religion, a view accepted by both “pious positivists” – scientists, philosophers and other intellectuals – and “professional religionists,” Maslow undertook a study that interrogated the idea of “spiritual values,” concluding that “practically everything that... Rudolf Otto defines as characteristic of the religious experience... can be accepted as real by clergymen and atheists alike.”46 This allows, for example, Kinjerski and Skrypnek to argue in 2008 that an individual with a healthy spirit is a valuable commodity in the workplace because such spirituality constitutes “a distinct state that involves profound feelings of well‐being that... leads to optimum levels of productivity.”47 However, Maslow’s theory concentrates on the experience itself, and his assumption that “the fork in the road” that occurs once supernatural beings, laws, and forces are introduced is not fatal to his concept of the universality of the spiritual experience,48 is erroneous as it disregards the relevance and importance of the individually apprehended root cause of the experience. Even the pragmatic Kinjerski and Skrypnek include “an awareness of a connection to something larger than self, and a sense of perfection and transcendence” in their requisites for the healthy, productive spirit.49 For the religiously engaged, the source of the experience – however conceived – is of prime importance. It is inseparable from the experience itself. Just as a secular comprehension of a spiritual experience must locate the source within the subject’s brain, so too a religious comprehension must locate the source externally, in a transcendent being, or a transcendent state of being that involves the submission of the self to the “all,” or alternatively, as permanently part of the “all.” Cultural critic, David Tacey, who believes “to fall into spirituality is to fall into a larger pattern of reality, over which we have no control, and before which we stand astonished, mystified and often disoriented,” makes this apparent, but limits his purview to monotheism by concluding “[s]pirituality is a covenant that offers us the possibility of connection with God.”50 Yet, Maslow’s position may remain tenable in practice because spiritual experience is inherently personal. Thus, non‐concurrencies regarding the source of spiritual experience are 45 Mircea Eliade, The Sacred and the Profane: The Nature of Religion, ed. Willard R. Trask (New York: Harcourt Brace
Jovanovich, 1959, c.1987). 46 Abraham H. Maslow, Religions, Values and PeakExperiences, Compass ed. (New York: Viking Press, 1970), 54. 47 Val Kinjerski and Berna J. Skrypnek, "Four Paths to Spirit at Work: Journeys of Personal Meaning, Fulfillment, Well‐
Being, and Transcendence through Work," The Career Development Quarterly 56 (June 2008): 320. 48 Maslow, Religions, Values and PeakExperiences, 55. 49 Kinjerski and Skrypnek, "Four Paths to Spirit at Work: Journeys of Personal Meaning, Fulfillment, Well‐Being, and
Transcendence through Work," 320. 50 David Tacey, The Spirituality Revolution: The Emergence of Contemporary Spirituality (East Sussex
New York: Routledge, 2004), 143, 46.
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perhaps more easily disregarded in everyday life than non‐concurrencies between the practices of organised religions themselves. While most religion’s proclivity for the distinctive rituals, dogmas and political hierarchies drive free spirits away and provide grist to the argumentative mill of dissenters, it is easier for religious conformists, free spirits, and detractors to ignore differences when – as is often the case with spiritual experience – they are not visible. It is easier to achieve pluralistic cohabitation when there is no material manifestation of the potential source of conflict. Yet again, even among those who do not adhere to any collective religious practice there are some who comprehend spiritual experience not as an “internally generated high”, but rather, constituting access to knowledge that is otherwise inaccessible. In this way, the experience becomes more akin to the experience of the religiously engaged; it points to a realm beyond the physically known and understood, or to a force that is present in everything. This is the experience that sociologist, Paul Heelas found prevalent amongst the majority of participants in the holistic milieu of Britain and elsewhere.51 Heelas speaks of “subjective wellbeing culture” in which “autonomous selves” are much more likely to hold inner life spiritual beliefs than “conformist selves” who are more likely to be attracted to organised religion or a secular existence.52 As Heelas points out, autonomous, self‐determining selves are the driving force behind the increasing individualisation of products – including products that aid spirituality. The Armed Man can be categorised as just such a product, and this aspect of the work’s dissemination and reception are considered in Chapter 5.
Methodologies. Texts A close reading of the texts selected by Guy Wilson who commissioned The Armed Man on behalf of the Royal Armouries, together with research into each poet or authors’ backgrounds has enabled me to establish context in each instance and to answer the question “how and in what ways is The Armed Man religious?” There are six categories of text in the work: Christian liturgical, Christian biblical, Christian literary, Hindu, Islamic, and secular. The extent to which religion might permeate even the most secular texts is outlined in Chapter 3. By measuring the durations of the music for each text setting it is possible to calculate the extent to which each belief system is represented in The Armed Man and to compare these 51 See Paul Heelas, Spiritualities of Life: New Age Romanticism and Consumptive Capitalism, ed. Paul Heelas and Linda
Woodhead, Religion and Spirituality in the Modern World (Malden, MA and Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2008). Also, ———, "Challenging Secularization Theory: The Growth Of "New Age" Spiritualities of Life," The Hedgehog Review, no. 8‐2 (Spring‐Summer 2006). This article expands upon Paul Heelas and Linda Woodhead et al, The Spiritual Revolution: Why Religion Is Giving Way to Spirituality, Religion in the Modern World (Malden; Oxford; Carlton: Blackwell Publishing, 2005). 52 Heelas, "Challenging Secularization Theory: The Growth Of "New Age" Spiritualities of Life," 51‐52.
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figures with the 2001 British census data on religion. The results of this analysis appear in Chapter 2. This chapter also includes information from written and in‐person dialogue with Wilson that reveals his motivations and his multi‐cultural, multi‐faith intention for the Mass. Reception Most of the bibliographic data regarding performances of The Armed Man were drawn from a search of the Boosey and Hawkes performance database;53 however, a small proportion of non‐ official performances were located via the internet searches mentioned above, and are not included in the Boosey and Hawkes records. A full list of performances, noting location, performers and date is included as Appendix A. From October 2007 to April 2009, I conducted internet searches for reviews and other relevant commentary. These resulted in 172 items of varying substance and length being collected from both informal sources – such as Amazon.com reviews of the 2001 CD recording – and from more formal repositories such as newspaper reviews and articles, news media and other web pages, concert promotional fliers, and program notes. I found no scholarly articles. Appendix B1 contains the details of each reception source, with selected quotations. Both the publication date and country of origin are also noted. The full text of each source is included in Appendix B2. From preliminary analysis, seven themes became apparent: music, spirituality, religion, multiculturalism, peace/war, emotion, and the work’s narrative plot. I placed each item in as many of the theme categories as was relevant to it. I then analysed the data both quantitatively and qualitatively to ascertain the extent to which each of the categories contributed to the work’s popular reception. Music I conducted a stylistic analysis of the full score to ascertain how the music depicts emotion and conveys the work’s narrative plot. All musical elements were considered: structural, melodic, harmonic, textural, and rhythmic. Explicatory excerpts have been transcribed and are presented in Chapter 6.
Conclusion In the ensuing pages I am not simply answering the primary question “why is a religious work popular in a secular age?” but also interrogating and justifying the assumptions implicit within the question itself; that the work is both popular and religious, and that we, in the West, live in an age when religious observance is in decline. Discussion on matters of religion, secularity and spirituality are necessarily contributional rather than conclusive, particularly due to the array 53 Publishers, Boosey & Hawkes, maintain a database of the performances of works published by themselves. See
"Performances," Boosey and Hawkes http://www.boosey.com/pages/cr/calendar/perf_search.asp. Accessed 28 Jan 2010.
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and opacity of definitional assumptions underlying, or encompassed within, the relevant literature. However, my close reading of the texts, the music, and the reception data do allow me to draw conclusions that justify my claim that The Armed Man: A Mass for Peace, created as an educational contribution to British millennium celebrations, has developed to become a powerful and effective “ambassador for peace” throughout the Western world in the twenty‐ first century.
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Chapter 2 Creation
CD Cover: Karl Jenkins: The Armed Man: A Mass for Peace
Both the human‐oriented message – what individual humans can do to achieve peace – combined with a spiritually‐oriented message – trust in God – are implicit in the texts chosen by Guy Wilson and set to music by Karl Jenkins in The Armed Man: A Mass for Peace. Originally having titled his first draft “L’homme armé: A Mass for the Millennium”1 Wilson later states: I always felt the work to be deeply spiritual (though universal and non‐sectarian) as it deals with such fundamental and important issues. Because of the millennium it was framed as a Christian piece but, I hope, has enough of other faiths and cultures in it to take on a broader character.2
In describing the early stages of the creation of The Armed Man, this chapter provides an overview of the texts, showing the temporal, geographical and ideological diversity that both defines the work and reveals the pluralistic intent of the instigator, Guy Wilson. All of the texts chosen by Wilson, a practicing Christian, have a religious grounding.3 As will be shown in Chapters 3 and 4, even those texts that on the face of it may seem to be secular have an element of religious impetus on the part of the poet. Furthermore, the integrity with which Jenkins has set the texts from Christian, Hindu, Islamic and secular Ibid.1 Guy Wilson, personal correspondence 29 March 2009. 2 Guy Wilson, personal correspondence 4 May 2008. 3 Wilson confirmed that he is a practicing Christian in personal correspondence 6 May, 2008.
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sources demonstrates an intentional support of the religious pluralism implicit in their selection. And yet, as will be shown in Chapter 5, The Armed Man is being received predominantly as a secular composition: as articulating a yearning for humankind to find a way to achieve peace without help from any form of ultimate being such as God.
The Instigator and Collaborator: Guy Wilson Born in Essex on 18 February 1950, Guy Wilson worked for the Royal Armouries from 1972 until 2002 and is now a consultant in weaponry providing advice and creating catalogues of weapon collections. During his time as Master (Head) of the Armouries, Wilson oversaw the establishment of a new Museum in Leeds. The new museum was created predominantly to display items from the collection then stored in the Tower of London.4 Just after the Leeds museum opened in 1996, the Editor of the Burlington Magazine stated: Removed from the overwhelmingly tourist‐orientated Tower, the Armouries have the chance to create a new public, and the commitment to education is serious. But how can this be reconciled with the commercial imperatives deriving from the new structure?”5
The words “new structure” refer to a controversial public/private funding model implemented by the British government. The ominous overtones of this comment were to prove prophetic. Thus, it was from within a political maelstrom of both praise for the display innovations achieved in the Leeds museum, and criticism of its funding model that The Armed Man was conceived.6 Furthermore, as informal e‐bay reviewer Michael McNamee notes, the commissioning of a Mass for peace by the Armouries seems highly ironic: When Karl Jenkins took a commission from the Royal Armouries to produce this work, one could not have believed that an organisation whose basic “Credo” is to
4 The Armouries museums house a collection of arms, armour and artillery of the United Kingdom. There are
now four museums: The Tower of London, established c.1545; Fort Nelson, opened in 1985; Leeds, opened in 1996, and Louisville, Kentucky (USA) opened in 2004. 5 "Editorial," The Burlington Magazine 138, no. 1119 (June 1996): 363. 6 The museum was one of the first projects to be funded in accordance with the Private Enterprise Initiative
(PFI) scheme established by the British Government. Under PFI the commercial interests of a project are merged with public interests. Unfortunately, estimates about public attendance rates at the Leeds museum proved optimistic – 400,000 visitors attended the Museum in its first year of operation but the investment plan had been based upon a figure of one million – the resulting deficit in income resulted in a public enquiry. See Public Accounts Committee, "The Department for Culture, Media and Sport: The Re‐Negotiation of the P.F.I.‐Type Deal for the Royal Armouries Museum in Leeds (Hc 103)," in Minutes of evidence taken before the public accounts committee Wednesday 31 January 2001 (House of Commons, United Kingdom Parliament, 2001 ), http://www.parliament.the‐stationery‐office.com/pa/cm200001/cmselect/cmpubacc/217/1013101.htm. Accessed 23 Jan 2010.
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celebrate violence could have sponsored the production of a work which, as it's [sic] name implies, is a call to peace and harmony.7
However, Wilson saw his mandate to be principally one of moral education: in exhibiting the weapons and warfare of the past, the attendee is horrified and may be prompted as a consequence, to take aversive action in the future. Wilson himself had been drawn to the trappings of war from childhood. As a young boy he was fascinated both with the design of the armour and the weapons, and with the heroism of those who used them. Nevertheless, this fascination was tempered by a feeling of repugnance that mankind could actually engage in such brutal behaviour.8 Thus the idea for the Mass grew from a merging of Wilson’s ongoing desire to promote peace and his wish for the Armouries to commemorate the forthcoming new millennium with something different; something that hadn’t been done before, but which would be of “lasting value” and would “reflect this country’s [Great Britain’s] Christian tradition.”9 In the liner notes to the 2001 CD Wilson states that Bob Smith, Head of Collection Care at the Armouries and an early music enthusiast, suggested the Armouries put on a series of fifteenth and sixteenth‐century L’homme Armé Mass concerts. From this sprang a flow of ideas that did not stop at Great Britain’s borders, but became global in its reach. Wilson explains: The theme that “the armed man must be feared” ... seemed to me painfully relevant to the twentieth century... What better way, within the framework of a Christian musical and liturgical form, both to look back and reflect as we leave behind the most war‐torn and destructive century in human history, and to look ahead with hope and commit ourselves to a new and more peaceful millennium. And so the idea developed to combine with the basic mass form a variety of poetry and prose and a wide range of musical styles reflecting the multi‐cultural global society in which we live in an attempt to create a work that dealt in an inclusive way with a theme of universal interest and relevance. The challenge then was to create a coherent work that tells a story, makes people think, and tugs at the heart strings.”10
This was not an entirely new idea. David Fanshawe’s African Sanctus: A Mass of Love and Peace of 1974 (and revisions) was an obvious high‐profile model; but regardless, Wilson either implicitly or explicitly understood that the dramatic narrative underlying the Ordinary of the Mass was eminently suited to his aim. Rebecca Marchand explains this 7 Michael A Mc Namee, "A Very Biased Point of View," e‐bay UK, http://catalog.ebay.co.uk/_W0QQ_fclsZ1QQ_pidZ30617084QQ_tabZ3. Accessed 23 Jan 2010. Transcription of full text appears in source 171, Appendix B2. 8 As advised by Wilson during an interview on 12 June 2009 in Yorkshire, England. 9 Guy Wilson, "The History of the Commission," in Karl Jenkins. The Armed Man: A Mass for Peace, Liner Notes
(Virgin Records Ltd, 2001), n.p. 10 Ibid.
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concept of “Mass as story” in her recent dissertation which considers three twentieth‐ Century, American concert Masses.11 She states: the affectual [sic] structure of the Ordinary consists of: pleading for mercy, rejoicing, conviction, reverence, and finally redemption and peace. All of these components can be experienced outside the realm of a religious construct and therefore have universal appeal to the most secular of audiences.12
After extensive research and with a raft of possible texts, Wilson sought advice from Michael Bukht in 1998. Bukht, the co‐founder and then Programme Controller of the very popular, UK commercial classical music radio station, “Classic FM,”13 is also a practising Muslim14 and the currently‐active Chair of the Canterbury and District Ethnic Minority Independent Council.15 Bukht, together with two others, a representative of the Classic FM Trust, and a recently retired member of the BBC Music Department, selected and persuaded Karl Jenkins to compose the Mass.16 Jenkins worked with Wilson, sifting through the texts, ultimately selecting those which fitted best into a dramatic narrative that concluded “Peace not War.” Appendix C provides a draft of the uncut central section of the Wilson/Jenkins Mass.
11 Concert Masses are currently poorly defined in the literature and so would benefit from targeted scholarship
on the topic. As a preliminary contribution, I suggest that only musical Masses composed with no expectation that they will be performed in a church during a Mass service should be called “concert Masses.” These could be considered a subset of “concertised Masses.” This larger group would include all Masses regularly performed outside of a liturgical service, regardless of whether they were initially intended to be performed in a church or a secular venue. 12 Rebecca Marchand, "The Impact of the Second Vatican Council on the American Concert Mass" (University of
California Santa Barbara, 2008), 5. Although The Armed Man does not include the “Credo” or the “Gloria,” the principle of “Mass as drama” has been adopted. 13 Classic FM today claim 20% of the British population listen to their station, including 400,000 children,
making it the most popular commercial station in the nation. See"Our Value and Purpose," Classic FM, http://www.classicfm.co.uk/Article.asp?id=215535&spid=9880. First accessed 30 April 2008. As at 23 Jan 2010 the page has been updated and the claim that 400,000 children listen is no longer included. 14 Confirmed by Guy Wilson in personal correspondence 4 May, 2008. 15 See "Canterbury & District Ethnic Minority Independent Council (Emic)," Canterbury District Community
Portal, http://www.e‐canterbury.co.uk/organisations.php?id=52&area= and "New Team to Help Minorities Who Are Victims of Crime: Team Brings Detectives and Community Liaison Officers Closer Together," Kent Police, http://www.kent.police.uk/Your%20Area/East%20Kent/East_Kent_news/Minority_victims.html. Both pages accessed 1 May 2008. Kent Police story no longer available at 23 Jan 2010. 16 As advised by Guy Wilson in personal correspondence 4 May, 2008. The group had considered John Rutter as
an alternative but he was unavailable. For more information regarding this stage in The Armed Man’s creation see Kraemer, "Echoes of War—the Resonating Patterns of Influence: An Examination of Recurrent Musical Trends in Large‐Scale, Sacred, British, Anti‐War Choral Works of the Twentieth Century", 23‐26.
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Diversity in the text selections The final version of The Armed Man intersperses a variety of texts amongst three of the sections of the Ordinary of the Christian Liturgy.17 While musical Masses have often included non‐liturgical texts, it is very uncommon for the non‐liturgical sections to dominate even in Concert Masses. Notable precedents include the aforementioned African Sanctus which amalgamates the Latin text of the Ordinary with the taped sounds and music of Africa, and Benjamin Britten’s War Requiem (1962) which interpolates the poetry of Wilfred Owen into the standard Latin text of the Christian requiem service.18 Each movement in The Armed Man draws upon a single text except the seventh and the final movements that draw on two and four sources respectively. The L’homme armé text of the first movement is repeated in the final movement. The movements and their texts are listed in Figure 1. Each of the seventeen texts fits within one of seven belief‐ system categories: secular, Islamic, Christian‐Liturgical, Biblical, Christian‐Literary, Hindu or Universal. These categories are depicted by colour shading. As revealed in Figure 1, The Armed Man is, as Wilson intended, a Christian work. Not only are two thirds of the texts Christian, but the Mass concludes with a section of the Bible followed by the somewhat universal, yet also Christian “Praise the Lord,” its Christian orientation confirmed by the use of the English language. Furthermore, the Islamic “Call to Prayer” is set before the “Kyrie” – the first of the Christian Liturgical texts – and could be interpreted in terms of the creators having left the Muslims “at the front door” of the Christian church. Nevertheless, this is an unlikely reading. Not only does the placement of the text before the other religious settings accord with Islamic tradition – the “Call” necessarily precedes the Islamic prayer ritual – but, as summarised above, the entire Mass has been structured to tell a story. The “Call to Prayer” was placed second because that was where the text fitted in the story: it calls all who believe in an ultimate being, however 17 The five sections of the Ordinary are the most commonly set texts in musical Masses and comprise the “Kyrie,”
“Gloria,” “Credo,” “Sanctus,” and “Agnus Dei.” The remaining sections of the liturgy of the Mass – which vary from service to service – belong to what is called the Proper. The texts of the Ordinary are recited in the same order in each service of the Roman Catholic Mass except during Lent and Advent ‐ the four weeks leading up to Easter and Christmas respectively. During these times the festive “Gloria” is omitted. In contemporary practice the "Gloria" and "Credo" may also be omitted from everyday services, although traditionally this was not commonplace. See The General Instruction of the Roman Missal 4th ed. (Sacred Congregation for Divine Worship, 1975), art. 30 (Kyrie), 31 (Gloria), 44 (Credo), 55 (b) (Sanctus), 56 (e) (Agnus Dei). As will be described in more detail below, The Armed Man: A Mass for Peace adopts a common practice of dividing the “Sanctus” into two sections. The second section is titled “Benedictus” and is presented unconventionally after the “Agnus Dei.” 18 Benjamin Britten, War Requiem (London: Boosey & Hawkes, 1962). Three years later, Britten composed a smaller work, Voices for Today, for the 20th anniversary of the United Nations on 24th October, 1965. This work also promotes peace and includes very short portions of nineteen texts originating from different times, and from all parts of the world. ———, Voices for Today: Anthem for Chorus (Men, Women & Children) and Organ (Ad Lib.) Op. 75 (London: Faber Music, 1965).
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named, to prayer, and all those who don’t, to reflect on how best to obtain Peace. Similarly, placement of the Hindu text within the internal framework of the Liturgical Mass is appropriate because “Torches” depicts violence and is best placed in the middle of the work with the other war‐oriented texts. Text Type
Secular
Islamic
Christian Liturgical
Biblical
Christian Literary
Hindu
Movement
Duration (Minutes)19
Author/origins
Synopsis i. Warns to fear those who take up arms
1. The Armed Man
6:25
Anon “L’homme armé” mid 15th century CE
2. Call to Prayers
2:04
Islamic trad. 7th century CE
3. Kyrie
8:12
Christian liturgy (section from Ordinary of Mass) 1st‐8th century CE
4. Save Me from Bloody Men
1:42
Bible: Psalms 56:1‐2; 59:1‐2. c10th‐6thC. BCE
5. Sanctus
7:00
Christian liturgy (section from Ordinary of Mass) 1st‐4th century CE
6. Hymn before Action
2:38
Kipling. 1st verse. Late 19th century CE
vi. Invokes God’s support
7. Charge!
7:26
John Dryden, excerpt from “Song for St Cecilia’s Day;” Jonathan Swift, excerpt from letter to Earl of Oxford. 17th – 18th century CE
vii. Prepare: the enemy is coming
8. Angry Flames
4:44
Tōge Sankichi, excerpt from “Flames” c.1945 CE
9. Torches
2:58
Mahābhārata c400BCE‐400CE; excerpt from “Burning of the Khāndava Forest”
10. Agnus Dei
3:39
Christian liturgy (section from Ordinary of Mass) 1st‐8th century CE
11. Now the Guns have Stopped
3:25
Guy Wilson, 2000 CE
12. Benedictus
7:36
Christian liturgy (section from Ordinary of Mass) 1st‐ 6th century CE
xi. Those that trust in God are blessed.
13. Better is Peace
2:40
3:50
1:05 1:45
Sir Thomas Malory: La Morte d’Arthur,15th century; “L’homme armé” reprise; Tennyson, excerpt from poem CVI of In Memoriam A.H.H., 1850 Bible: Revelations 21.4 1st century. Ends with universal “Praise the Lord”
xii. Better is peace xiii. Trust in God to protect you.
ii. Praises God iii. Acknowledges weakness & asks God for mercy iv.Asks God to quell enemy v. Praises God
viii. War and violence
ix. Begs God for forgiveness for fighting x. Post‐war reflection
Figure 1 Text sources and plot outline of The Armed Man: A Mass for Peace
19 Durations are taken from the CD produced by Karl Jenkins: Karl Jenkins; The Armed Man: A Mass for Peace, Virgin Records, 2001.
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The texts can best be understood in terms of thirteen broad themes or narrative directions. While most last for only a single movement, some span two movements, and others relate to only parts of movements. As noted in Figure 1, the first section warns the listener to fear those who take up arms, the second and fifth sections praise God, the third acknowledges weakness & asks God for mercy, the fourth asks God to quell the enemy, the sixth invokes God’s support, the seventh advises that the enemy is coming, the eighth section depicts war and violence, the ninth begs God’s forgiveness for having fought, the tenth is a post‐war reflection, the eleventh advises that those who trust in God are blessed, the twelfth exhorts “better is peace than evermore war,” and the final section recommends the listener to trust in God. Support for this narrative‐impetus for text placement is found in Wilson’s own synopsis, which appears in the liner notes to the Virgin CD recording. I have reproduced the entire synopsis to demonstrate both the careful thought Wilson has put into the work and his passion for its narrative clarity. Nevertheless, it should be noted that the description includes information that does not pertain to the texts alone but also draws upon the emotional expressivity of the music. I explain this more fully in Chapter 6. The Mass begins with a marching army and the beat of military drums, the orchestra gradually building to the choir’s entrance, singing our 15th‐century theme tune – The Armed Man. After the scene is set, the style and pace changes and we are prepared for reflection by first the Moslem Call to Prayers (Adhaan) and then the “Kyrie” which pays homage to the past by quoting (in the Christe Eleison) from Palestrina’s setting of L’Homme Armé. Next, to a plainsong setting, we hear words from the Psalms asking for God’s help against our enemies. The Sanctus that follows is full of menace and has a primeval, tribal character that adds to its power. The menace grows in the next movement as Kipling’s Hymn Before Action builds to its final devastating line “Lord grant us strength to die.” War is now inevitable. Charge opens with a seductive paean to martial glory which is followed by the inevitable consequence – war in all its uncontrolled cacophony of destruction, then the eerie silence of the battlefield after the battle and, finally, the burial of the dead. Surely nothing can be worse than this? But think again. At the very centre of the work is Angry Flames, an excerpt from a poem about the horrors of the atom bomb attack on Hiroshima... But if we think that the obscenity of this mass destruction is new to our consciousness, we must reconsider as we listen, to the eerily similar passage from the ancient Indian epic The Mahābhārata. From the horror of mass destruction the work turns to remember that one death is one too many, that each human life is sacred and unique. First the Agnus Dei... reminds us of Christ’s ultimate sacrifice and this is followed by an elegiac setting of some lines I wrote (to accompany one of the dramatic interpretations we use in the museum) about the feelings of loss and guilt that so many of the survivors of the First World War felt when they came home but their friends did not. Even the survivors can be hurt to destruction by war. The “Benedictus” heals those wounds in its slow and stately affirmation of faith and leads us to the final, positive, climax of the work. This begins back where we started in the 15th century with Lancelot and Guinevere’s declaration, born of bitter experience, that peace is better than war. The menace of the ‘Armed Man’ theme returns and vies for a time with
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Malory’s desire for peace. But time moves on and we come to our moment of commitment. Do we want the new millennium to be like the last? Or do we join with Tennyson when he tells us to “Ring out the thousand wars of old, Ring in the thousand years of peace”? It may seem an impossible dream, we may not have begun too well, but the Mass ends with the affirmation from Revelations that change is possible, that sorrow, pain and death can be overcome. Dona nobis pacem.20
Represented belief systems Despite Wilson’s concluding request, “dona nobis pacem,” being framed within the Christian context of the Latin language, Wilson and Jenkins want peace to be granted to all. Figure 2 quantifies the extent to which each belief‐system is represented within the work. It is based upon the CD recording that was produced by Karl Jenkins in 2001. Calculating the number of minutes that the texts of each belief system have been set to music reveals that the work is predominantly Christian (66%) with the Hindu (4%) and Islamic (3%) faiths acknowledged, and the non‐religious population represented by 27% of the music. These percentages correlate fairly closely with the results of the 2001 United Kingdom Census question on religious identity, also reproduced below. Religious Affiliation Christian Buddhist Hindu Jewish Muslim [Islamic] Sikh Other Religion All religions No Religion Not stated All no religion/not stated Base
UK Census 000s 42079 71.6% 152 0.3% 559 1.0% 267 0.5% 1591 2.7% 336 0.6% 179 0.3% 45163 76.8% 9104 15.5% 4289 7.3 13626 23.2% 58789 100%
Table 1 The UK population by religion as collected in the 2001 UK Census21
75% 60% 45% 30% 15% 0%
Figure 2: Approximate percentages of total performance time by belief system in The Armed Man: A Mass for Peace
Table 1 shows that 71.6% of the United Kingdom population identify themselves as Christians, 1% as Hindu, 2.7% as Muslim, and 23.2% as either “no religion” or “not stated.”22 The relationship between the two sources of data appears as Figure 3. 20 Wilson, "The History of the Commission," n.p. 21 Source: UK Statistics Authority, "Religion in Britain: Census Shows 72% Identify as Christian," http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=293. Accessed 23 Jan 2010. 22 It is acknowledged that some of the “not stated” returns may represent people who do identify with a particular faith.
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75% 60% 45% 30% 15% 0%
Armed Man CD 2001 UK Census Christian Secular/ No Faith
Islamic
Hindu
Other
Figure 3 Correlation between 2001 UK Census and The Armed Man: A Mass for Peace
This correlation may be coincidental. No previous UK Census has asked a question about religious identity so Wilson would not have had official figures to draw upon.23 Nevertheless, as noted above, Wilson wanted to create something that reflected both Great Britain’s Christian tradition and the multi‐cultural society it had become, and he and his team would have had some idea – even if only intuitively – of the religious mix of their country in the late 1990s.24 Time span The diversity within The Armed Man is not restricted to human belief‐systems; it is temporally diverse as well. As critic, Rob Cowan of The Independent states "[i]t's ironic that Britain's oldest museum should have commissioned a musical plea for peace that is also, in a sense, a museum.”25 Leaving aside the irony, which has already been explained, Wilson and Jenkins’s Mass is well named as a museum; it draws upon texts that span much of mankind’s history; from the Psalms of around 1,000 BC, to Wilson’s own text written in 2000 CE, to the concluding phrase “Praise the Lord” which is timeless. The timeline in Figure 4 makes evident the usefulness of The Armed Man as a case study for contemplating and exploring
23 UK Statistics Authority, "Religion in Britain: Census Shows 72% Identify as Christian." A question about
religious self‐identification has been asked previously of those living in Northern Ireland, but not of all those who live in the United Kingdom.
24 It should be noted here that identifying with a particular religion for the purposes of answering a national census question does not imply any current involvement with the practices of that religion. Peter Brierly, who regularly conducts specific religious censuses and surveys in England, Wales and Scotland, reported in 2000 that the results of his survey indicated that only 7.5 percent of the English adult population attended church in 1998. And although migration changed the “religious complexion” of Britain in the 1970s, introducing non‐Christian faiths to its larger towns and cities, Steve Bruce finds that subsequent generations have adopted the same indifference to religion as the society they now belong to has. Bruce, God Is Dead: Secularization in the West, 39. See also Peter Brierley, The Tide Is Running Out (London: Christian Research Association, 2000). 25 Rob Cowan, "Arms around the World; Mass for Peace | Royal Albert Hall, London," The Independent, 27 April 2000. Transcription of full text appears in source 31, Appendix B2.
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the secularisation thesis as it currently stands. Each text potentially provides a window into the religious beliefs and practices of the time the text was written.
Revelations & Ordinary of Roman Catholic Liturgy 0‐900CE
Psalms c1000‐600BCE
1200BCE
Mahabharata c400BCE – 400CE
Islamic Call to Prayer c.600CE
Tennyson 1850 Morley 1469/1485
L’Homme armé, Anon c1430‐1460
Sankichi 1950s
Kipling 2100CE 1896
Dryden/ Swift 1687, 1716
Wilson 2000
Figure 4: Timeline of Text Sources in The Armed Man: A Mass for Peace.
Given the otherwise non‐insular parameters of The Armed Man, it is perhaps surprising that none of the Christian–Literary texts and only two of the secular texts – “L’homme Armé” and Tōge Sankichi’s poem “Flames” – were written by non‐British people.26 Perhaps it is simply the result of the collaboration between two British citizens, intent on celebrating Britishness past and present.27 What is more notable is that several of the writers of these classes of texts have openly debated religious matters. Yet, perhaps this is not so extraordinary: poets are drawn to the profound, and one essential value of religion resides within its capacity to grapple with the “unknowable.” Regardless of the reason, the prevalence of religious discourse emanating from the authors of the secular and quasi‐Christian texts included in The Armed Man, and discussed in the next chapter, reveals how deeply embedded religion has been in Western society. It also renders intriguing the fact that a large proportion of the Western world in the twenty‐first century either openly eschews religion or is completely indifferent to it. 26 As will be outlined below, there are many conflicting ideas regarding the origins of the L’homme armé song,
but there is general concurrence that it emanated from the French/Burgundian region, and no scholar has suggested that an English composer could have been involved. 27 Jenkins is Welsh; Wilson isEnglish.
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Conclusion The creation of The Armed Man: A Mass for Peace was instigated by Guy Wilson, head of the Royal Armouries, to commemorate and celebrate Britain’s multicultural face at the turn of a new century. In engaging with others in the search for ideas and advice, and in selecting texts from France, England, Japan, India and Saudi Arabia – texts that span three thousand years, and represent the secular, Christian, Hindu and Islamic belief systems – Wilson has both endorsed the value of diversity to humankind, and acted pluralistically. While the work is certainly religiously oriented and primarily Christian, from the outset Wilson’s Armoury millennium Mass is intended to be a collaboratively created contribution to achieving peace.
25
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Chapter 3 Religion seen and unseen: the secular, Hindu and Islamic texts In this chapter I investigate the nature of the Hindu, Islamic and secular texts in The Armed Man: A Mass for Peace, to determine the extent to which each contributes to achieving Wilson’s pluralistic intent. I also reveal religious aspects of the secular texts that are not immediately apparent from the words of the excerpts actually set. In looking behind the texts I am able to also track the secularisation paradigm.
PreEnlightenment “secular” texts Many scholars, including Charles Taylor, Richard Fenn, and Peter Berger, attribute the seeds of Western secularization to having been sown in the soil of the Christian religion itself. Early Christian leaders encouraged believers to form personal and individual relationships with God and this, the scholars argue, was the eventual catalyst for movements away from collective worship and prayer. Nevertheless, they continue, it was not until the Enlightenment with its alternative of exclusive humanism, that the effects of individualism began to emerge.1 Thus it is not surprising that the two texts set in The Armed Man that were written at the heart of the Medieval‐Renaissance are both deemed secular yet are also unavoidably intricated with religion. While it was certainly a time of transition that gave birth to many of the emphases of the Enlightenment, it was also a time when mysteries could still remain mysteries and miracles were not yet routinely challenged by scientific 1 See Taylor, A Secular Age, 19, 26‐28, 143‐45. Fenn, Beyond Idols: The Shape of a Secular Society, 160. Steve
Bruce, Religion in the Modern World: From Cathedrals to Cults (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996), 230. His thoughts are developed further by Gracie Davie, "Europe the Exception," in The Desecularization of the World, ed. Peter L. Berger (Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1999), 74‐75.
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explanations. Christianity (including its heresies) permeated all aspects of life in Europe and Great Britain. “Better is peace than evermore war” The texts I am referring to are the L’homme armé song and the words drawn from Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur, “Better is Peace than Evermore war.” Malory, who describes himself as a “knight‐prisoner,”2 scribed the tales of the legendary King Arthur in the mid fifteenth century, probably while in prison. The Arthurian romances, which may or may not be grounded in fact, are set in post‐Roman Britain – a time when tribal warfare was rife. At the time Malory was compiling the stories, the Wars of the Roses – which pitted the house of Lancaster against the house of York – had Britain in a period of similar unrest. The situation was resolved in 1485 by the marriage of the Lancastrian King Henry VII to Elizabeth of York. In this same year, Caxton printed Le Morte d’Arthur. Some maintain that one of Malory’s motivations in retelling the stories from the French was a moral one; they maintain that Malory was mourning the passing of chivalry, with its ideals of courage and loyalty.3 Whether this is true or not, Caxton himself certainly seems to have been of this disposition. In his preface to Malory’s tale, he beseeches “all noble lords and ladies... that shall see and read in this book and work, that they take the good and honest acts [of the knights] in their remembrance, and to follow the same.”4 What is missing here, however, is any mention of religion. Nevertheless, as Richard W. Kaeuper points out, religiosity was implicit to good Knightly conduct. In his introduction to A Knight’s Own Book of Chivalry written by the fourteenth century Knight, Geoffroi de Charny (1304‐56) Kaeuper notes that “Knights considered themselves good Christians. They felt a need to fit their violent vocation into the framework of Christian teaching.”5 De Charny himself makes this plain in the concluding sentences of his Knightly handbook: ...remember that if you love God, God will love you. Serve Him well: He will reward you for it. Fear Him: He will make you feel secure. Honor Him: He will honor you. Ask of Him and you will receive much from Him. Pray to Him for mercy: He will pardon you. Call on Him when you are in danger: He will save you from it. Turn to Him when you are afraid, and He will protect you. Pray to Him for comfort, and He will comfort you. Believe totally in Him and He will bring you to salvation in His glorious company and His sweet paradise which will last for ever without end. He who is willing to act thus will save his body and his soul, and he who does the
2 See Elizabeth J. Bryan, "Sir Thomas Malory," in Le Morte D' Arthur, Modern Library Edition (New York: Random
House, 1994), vi. 3 Ibid., v. 4 William Caxton, "William Caxton's Preface," in Le Morte D' Arthur, Modern Library Edition (New York: Random House, 1994), xviii. 5 Richard W. Kaueper, "Historical Introduction to the Text," in A Knight's Own Book of Chivalry (Philadelphia:
University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005), 31.
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opposite will be damned in soul and body. Pray to God for him who is the author of this book.6
Lancelot was upheld as the best Knight there ever was; “the goodliest person that ever came among press of knights.”7 His behaviour exemplified the dual roles of secular integrity and Christian fealty and this Knightly imagery, or figura, imbues the quotation “better is peace than always war” with a religious lustre that cannot be avoided. It should be noted, however, that it was Queen Guinevere who said the words first in Malory’s book, not – as in the Libretto of The Armed Man – Sir Lancelot.8
“L’homme armé” It is one of many ironies in The Armed Man: A Mass for Peace that Lancelot could,
conceivably, have fought against knights who enjoyed the words of the L’homme armé song immensely. What is not ironic, but rather reflective of its time in the history of Christendom, is that the song was one of the first secular tunes to be used in a Mass setting. L’homme Armé L'homme armé doibt on doubter. On a fait partout crier Que chascun se viegne armer D'un haubregon de fer.
The Armed Man The armed man must be feared; Everywhere it has been decreed That every man should arm himself With an iron coat of mail. (as translated in the CD liner notes)
The search for the origins of the L’homme armé song has attracted a large body of highly discursive scholarship. While there is broad consensus that it was almost certainly composed in the mid‐fifteenth century in France or the French‐speaking realms of the Burgundian Netherlands, little consensus on other issues surrounding the melody has been achieved. In 1973, Lewis Lockwood provided a comprehensive survey of the divergent views to that point.9 This was updated by Alejandro Planchart in 2003,10 notably including 6 Geoffroi de Charny, A Knight's Own Book of Chivalry, trans. Elspeth Kennedy (Philadelphia: University of
Pennsylvania Press, 2005), 107. 7 As stated by Sir Ector when he found his brother, Sir Lancelot, dead. Sir Thomas Malory, Le Morte D' Arthur,
Modern Library Edition (New York: Random House, 1994), 936. 8 Book XIX, tells the tale of Sir Meliagrance abducting Queen Guinevere for love. Sir Lancelot comes to save her.
When Sir Meliagrance learns that Sir Lancelot has arrived at his castle he begs Guinevere to save him from Lancelot, promising to release her. Guinevere agrees stating “and better is peace than ever war, and the less noise the more is my worship.”In Book XX, Chapter XIX, Lancelot refuses to permit his Knights to ride out and meet King Arthur’s army who had arrived to avenge the King’s cuckolding by Lancelot, Lancelot sends a messenger to make a treaty instead, stating: “for better is peace than always war.” See Ibid., 846, 903. Also, —— —, King Arthur and His Knights: Selected Tales by Sir Thomas Malory, ed. Eugène Vinaver (London; New York: Oxford University Press, 1975), 59, 194. Guy Wilson states that he was not aware of this. 9 Lewis Lockwood, "Aspects of the 'L'homme Armé' Tradition," Proceedings of the Royal Musical Association 100 (1973‐74): 97‐122.
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the ideas of Richard Taruskin, who in turn acknowledges William F. Prizer’s archival work on records from the Court of Burgundy.11 For my purposes, the most useful aspects of the studies discussed by Lockwood and Planchart are not the authors’ arguments regarding the song’s attribution to any particular person or class of persons – upon which the studies almost invariably focus – but rather the hypotheses relating to the song’s raison d’être. Until Taruskin entered the debate, it was generally thought that secular reasons had given rise to the text: specifically, the sometimes‐brutal consequences of the French king’s garrison and militia recruitment policies, instigated to establish law and order subsequent to the expulsion of the English in 1453 after 116 years of almost constant war.12 Taruskin, however, put forward an energetic and plausible case for the song having a more sacred origin. He drew upon Prizer’s archival research of the Ordre de la Toison D’Or – The Order of The Golden Fleece – a chivalrous, quasi‐religious organisation established in 1430 by the Duke of Burgundy, Philip the Good (1419–1467). Prizer had shown that the confraternity had been a significant consumer of sacred music and, briefly referring to the L’homme armé tune itself, he stated: this cantus firmus would have been peculiarly suitable for the religious ceremonies of an order consisting entirely of “armed men” (chevaliers or knights) and one that had as an original goal the maintaining of the faith of the Church against the infidels.13
Prizer presented his findings to the American Musicological Society in 1985, piquing Taruskin’s interest and generating an intriguing new line of musicological thought regarding the origins of the L’homme armé tune: perhaps the melody was composed for a Mass commissioned by the Order?14 Taruskin argues that the length of the melody – thirty‐one
10 Alejandro Enrique Planchart, "The Origins and Early History of 'L'homme Armé'," The Journal of Musicology 20, no. 3 (2003). 11Taruskin attended a paper, “The Order of the Golden Fleece and Music”, delivered by Prizer at the American
Musicological Society National Conference in Vancouver 1985. Prizer permitted him to view the paper subsequently. See Richard Taruskin, "Antoine Busnoys and The "L'homme Armé" Tradition," Journal of the American Musicological Society 39, no. 2 (1986): 272. See also William F. Prizer, "Music and Ceremonial in the Low Countries: Philip the Fair and the Order of the Golden Fleece," Early Music History 5 (1985): 113‐53. 12 This war, together with civil war and plague, had resulted in a culture of lawlessness and banditry which pervaded throughout the kingdom, particularly due to the presence of now‐unemployed mercenaries. 13 Prizer, "Music and Ceremonial in the Low Countries: Philip the Fair and the Order of the Golden Fleece," 128. 14 It should be noted that Barbara Haggh advised in 1995 that the archives of the Order do not include mention
of any polyphonic commissions. See Barbara Haggh, "The Archives of the Order of the Golden Fleece and Music," Journal of the Royal Musical Association 120, no. 1 (1995): 1‐43. However, this was eventually countered by Prizer in 2001, who argued that the Burgundian court would have covered the costs of compositions for the Order. See William F. Prizer, "Brussels and the Ceremonies of the Order of the Golden Fleece," Revue belge de Musicologie / Belgisch Tijdschrift voor Muziekwetenschap 55, no. Zes eeuwen muziekleven te Brussel / Six Centuries of Musical Life in Brussels (2001): 69‐90.
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tempora (or perfect semibreves in C3) – could be a symbolic representation of the thirty knights, plus their sovereign, that constituted the Order from 1433.15 The hypothesis that the song was written for the Order was further fleshed out eighteen years later by Planchart, who notes that the song could well have been composed as a motivational prosopopoeia, or sonic representation of an abstract idea, which “speaks of... the fear and alarm... the crusading host expects to inspire.”16 The very choice of the Order’s name, derived from the epic Greek tale of the mythical golden fleece that Jason and the Argonauts searched for and found, supports this thesis.17 Although many versions of the Jason myth have been propagated, Philip the Good would probably have been best acquainted with the Christianised version, originally told by John Malalas in the sixth century AD. In this version the identity of the unknown character who bolsters the Argonauts’ courage by prophesying a victory to the Argonauts in a forthcoming tussle is revealed to the first Christian Roman Emperor, Constantine (227‐332AD). The character, Constantine was able to advise, was St Michael the Archangel, the protector of heaven’s gates.18 The inclusion of the leader of God’s army in a tale of adventure in far‐flung places would have been irresistible to those who, like Philip the Good, preferred to cling to the late‐ medieval chivalrous culture they were familiar with rather than adopt the ideologies and practices of the early Renaissance. As Guy Stair Sainty shows in the section of World Orders of Knighthood and Merit devoted to the Order of the Golden Fleece, when the Duke announced the Order’s creation in 1430 he proclaimed that the Order was established: for the reverence of God and the maintenance of our Christian Faith, and to honour and exalt the noble order of knighthood, and also... to do honour to old knights;... so that those who are at present still capable and strong of body and do each day the deeds pertaining to chivalry shall have cause to continue from good to better; and...
15 Prizer, "Brussels and the Ceremonies of the Order of the Golden Fleece," 70. The Order was initially founded
with twenty‐four knights plus the sovereign. 16 Planchart, "The Origins and Early History of 'L'homme Armé'," 314. Planchart draws extensively upon
Taruskin’s evidence in his argument, but ultimately disagrees with Taruskin’s conclusion that Antoine Busnoys (c1430‐1492) wrote the tune and the first Missa L’homme armé, arguing that Du Fay or Ockeghem are the more likely contenders. (See particularly pp.327‐333). 17 See Michael Wood, "Jason and the Golden Fleece," in In Search of Myths and Heroes: Exploring Four Epic Legends of the World (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005). The golden fleece, in Greek mythological terms, is the fleece of the winged ram Chrysomallos who bore the two children of the cloud goddess, Nephele, away to Colchis on her request because she feared Ino, the mistress of Nephele’s husband, King Athamus of Orchomenus, was plotting to kill them. Helle fell off on the way but her brother, Phrixus, was transported to Colchis safely. On arrival Phrixus sacrifices the ram and hangs its golden fleece in a tree in a guarded sacred grove. Much later, Jason set out to find the fleece. Jason’s father had been murdered by Jason’s uncle in order to usurp his position as King. Finding the fleece was one of three conditions set by his uncle that would result in Jason’s instatement as rightful King. 18 Ibid., 104.
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so that those knights and gentlemen who shall see worn the order... should honour those who wear it, and be encouraged to employ themselves in noble deeds... .19
It was probably the influence of the Order’s first Chancellor, Bishop of Nevers, Jean Germain (1400–1461) that resulted in a shift of emphasis away from knightly‐status to religion when the actual statutes of the Order were drafted. According to the statutes, the Order of the Golden Fleece was established: for the perfect love that we have for the noble estate and order of chivalry... in praise of our Almighty Creator and Redeemer, in reverence of his glorious Virgin Mother, and to the honour of St Andrew, glorious Apostle and Martyr, and to the exaltation of the faith and the Holy Church, and the practice of virtues and good habits.20
This statement provides early background evidence of the religious impetus soon to be demonstrated by the Order’s reliance upon “the particularised use of liturgical forms to create an expanded ceremonial.’21 The elaborate Renaissance Mass, which could incorporate chant, choral polyphony and oratory, was a religious ceremony that could ostentatiously – as was appropriate for such an illustrious group as the knight‐members – celebrate the order’s existence, and hence chivalry. As chivalry was synonymous with highly‐skilled swordsmanship, one method of particularising the Mass in an ostentatious way would be – as Prizer noted – to commission a new cantus firmus that celebrated Knightly prowess in the art of combat. So the Knights would listen to the song and enjoy it immensely knowing it presented the perspective of those they would be crusading against some time in the future: “Watch out! The fearsome Christian Knights are crusading against us. We must protect ourselves.” Corroboratory evidence can be found from the work of early modern historian David Wrisley who reports that the well‐stocked Burgundian ducal library appears to have been “an important site in which the discourses of crusade and Orient were articulated.”22 Thus, Germain was not merely well placed, but also well resourced, to provide Philip the Good 19 As quoted in Guy Stair Sainty, "Great Orders of Chivalry: The Most Illustrious Order of the Golden Fleece," in
World Orders of Knighthood and Merit, ed. Guy Stair Sainty (Wilmington Burkes Peerage & Gentry, 2006), Vol 1: p.278. Also available at Guy Stair Sainty, Great Orders of Chivalry: The Most Illustrious Order of the Golden Fleece, , http://www.chivalricorders.org/orders/other/goldflee.htm. Accessed 24 Jan 2010. 20 NL‐DHk, MS 76. E. 12, f. [4r], quoted and translated by Prizer, "Brussels and the Ceremonies of the Order of the
Golden Fleece," 70. Translated by Prizer. Source: “Pour la tres grande et parfaite amour que avons du noble estat et ordre de chevalerie [...]nous, a la gloire et loenge du tout puissant notre Creatur et Redempteur, en revereance de sa glorieuse Vierge Mere et a l'onneur de monsiegneur SaintAndrieu glorieux apostre et martir, a l'exaltacion de la foy et Sainte Eglise et excitacion de vertus et de bonnes mews.” 21 Paul Merkley, "The Role of Liturgical Elements in Fifteenth Century Ceremonial," in Chant and Its Peripheries :
Essays in Honour of Terence Bailey ed. Bryan Gillingham and Paul Merkley, Musicological Studies (Ottawa: Institute of Mediaeval Music, 1998), 340. 22 David J. Wrisley, "Situating Islamdom in Jean Germain's Mappemonde Spirituelle (1449)," Medieval Encounters 13 (2007): 330.
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with papal‐driven political arguments for the need to crusade against the heretics and infidels that were encroaching upon Christendom. His compendium of Christian hagiography shows a strong inclination to do so. In particular, Wrisley notes that Germain’s first work, the Mappemond Spirituelle (1449), “does not simply efface Muslims or other non‐ Christians, but rather uses them strategically, even rhetorically ...to depict a utopian world of a united Christendom.”23 More directly, Germain’s complex magnum opus, the Tresor des simples (1450), explicitly refutes the Islamic faith and the Qur’an.24 The Order of the Golden Fleece never did mount a crusade. Nevertheless, if – as Planchart suggests – the L’homme armé song was composed for the Order as a prosopopoeia at a time when there was still some expectation that the Order might crusade, it could have been written as early as 1433, when the number “31” would have first held the significance Planchart, following Taruskin, attaches to it.25 Planchart, who credits Guillaume Du Fay (c.1397‐1474) as being a likely composer of the song, dates Du Fay’s first L’homme armé Mass persuasively at 1461. Elsewhere, however, he notes that Du Fay’s Missa ‘L’homme Armé “shows surprising returns to the rhythmic intricacy found in some of the works of the 1440s.”26 Perhaps the composer simply completed a work in 1461 that he had already drafted in the 1440s based on a song he had heard – or perhaps composed – in 1439–1440, when he spent a very busy six months in Burgundy composing settings for “six of the seven daily masses the Duke had founded as suffrages for the Order of the Golden Fleece at the Sainte Chapelle in Dijon.”27 Perhaps Du Fay’s Missa L’homme Armé was to have been the seventh. Whatever the origins of the L’homme armé song itself, its employment as the basis of a musical Mass was, in fact, one of the first examples of the secular intruding upon the liturgical in the mid‐fifteenth century. Certainly, in a process now labelled contrafactum, the melodies of secular songs had been used in other sacred music before this, their secular texts being replaced by sacred texts;28 yet it was not until the middle of the fifteenth century that a polyphonic Mass would adopt a secular melody as its basis for setting the Ordinary.
23 Ibid.: 329. 24Ibid.: 328. 25 As previously mentioned, this was the year the Duke increased the membership of the Toison d’Or to 31. 26 Alejandro Enrique Planchart, "Du Fay, Guillaume: 7. Music for the Mass," in Grove Music Online, ed. L.Macey
(Oxford University Press, 2007), http://www.grovemusiconline.com. Accessed 23 Jan 2010. 27 Planchart, "The Origins and Early History of 'L'homme Armé'," 321. 28 Robert Falck, "Contrafactum: Before 1450," in Grove Music Online, ed. L.Macey (Oxford University Press, 2007), http://www.grovemusiconline.com. Accessed 23 Jan 2010.
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Guillaume Du Fay’s (1397‐1474) Missa ‘Se la face ay pale’ (c.1450) is credited with having been the first. 29 Planchart notes that fifty Masses and several other works that employ the L’homme Armé song are extant today.30 The last known work to use the melody before the twentieth century is a sixteen‐voice arrangement of a twelve‐voice Mass attributed by the arranger, Nicolò Stamegna (c. 1615‐1685), to Giacomo Carissimi (c1605‐1674).31 In the twentieth century, the L’homme armé theme is referred to in Peter Maxwell Davies’ Missa Super L’homme Armé of 1968 (revised 1971). Despite its title, this is not a musical Mass; rather it is a deconstructionist work. It does not worship God, but rather, creates a tension between the Christ and the antichrist that is not resolved either musically or via the text.32 Several instrumental works composed in the twentieth century draw upon the L’homme Armé theme including Danish Composer, Poul Ruders’ set of variations in Bravour Studien for cello (1976)33 and Frederic Rzewski’s Piano Sonata (1991);34 but Wilson and Jenkins’s The Armed Man: A Mass for Peace is the first Mass known to be based on the L’homme armé melody since Stamegna’s arrangement. Taking as fact the hypothesis of the Toison D’or origins of the L’homme armé song outlined above, Lenawee, USA critic, Arlene Bachalov might well consider “[i]n a post‐9/11 world, the idea of a musical work that uses as its foundation a Christian vs. Muslim struggle... 29 Peter J. Burkholder, "Borrowing: 5. Renaissance Mass Cycles " in Grove Music Online, ed. L. Macey (Oxford
University Press, 2007), http://www.grovemusiconline.com. Accessed 23 Jan 2010. Missa “Se la face ay pale” employs as its tenor line, or cantus firmus, the ballade of the same name composed by Du Fay. As mentioned above, Dufay also composed a L’homme Armé Mass, but its completion date is after the Missa “Se la face ay pale”. 30 Planchart, "The Origins and Early History of 'L'homme Armé'," 306. No list appears to have been published to
date so whether Planchart has included the twentieth century compositions which draw upon the L’homme Armé song is uncertain. 31 It should be noted, however, that there is some doubt as to whether Carissimi did write the Mass which inspired Stamegna’s arrangement. See Andrew V. Jones, "Carissimi, Giacomo: 3. Masses," in Grove Music Online, ed. L. Macey (Oxford University Press, 2007), http://www.grovemusiconline.com. Accessed 23 Jan 2010. 32 Peter Maxwell Davies, Missa Super L'homme Armé (London: Boosey & Hawkes, 1978). Davies’ creation takes as its point of musical departure an incomplete “Agnus Dei” from an anonymous renaissance Mass that utilises the L’homme Armé melody. However, Davies does not set any part of the Christian Liturgy; rather, he sets sections of Luke 22 that speak of the betrayal of Christ. See Steve Sweeney‐Turner, "Resurrecting the Antichrist: Maxwell Davies and Parody ‐ Dialectics or Deconstruction?," Tempo, New Series, no. 191 (Dec. 1994): 19. Although focusing predominantly upon another contemporaneous Davies work, Versalis Icones (1969), Sweeney‐ Turner argues that the dialectically‐oriented discussions of both the works that had predominated to that time were inappropriate. In the work, Davies treats God, Satan and the rituals and trappings of religion with equal derision. Thus, Paul Griffiths’ statement in Peter Maxwell Davies, ed. Nicholas Snowman, The Contemporary Composers Series (London: Robson Books, 1982) p. 64, that Missa Super L’homme Armé is not a “cheap exercise in blasphemy”, is debatable. Even if Davies simply wanted to challenge religious authorities to think about the validity of their rituals, the work does mock both God and religion and would surely be perceived as blasphemous by some. 33 Recordings of Ruder’s studies performed by Morten Zuethen are available at http://www.amazon.com/LHomme‐Arm%C3%A9‐Works‐Solo‐ Cello/dp/B000AAX5OI/ref=sr_1_11?ie=UTF8&s=music&qid=1205476834&sr=1‐11. Accessed 24 Jan 2010. 34 See David Fallows, "L'homme Armé," in Grove Music Online, ed. L. Macey (Oxford University Press, 2007),
http://www.grovemusiconline.com. Accessed 24 Jan 2010.
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[to be] a fairly bold thing;”35 however, the song signifies more than this. In using an intentionally untranslated French song from a period when England and France had been at war almost continuously for over a century, Wilson and Jenkins are satisfying the second half of their work’s double‐barrelled title “A Mass for Peace” by signalling the accord that has been achieved between France and England since the French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars ceased in 1815.36 Further, in utilising what – in the absence of any proof of its origins – may have been one of the first secular songs to be included in a musical Mass, Wilson and Jenkins are, intentionally or otherwise, justifying their own inclusion of other secular texts by pointing to a tradition that began 550 years previously.
Twentiethcentury secular texts “Now the guns have stopped”
Now the Guns have Stopped
In Memoriam A.H. (excerpt)
Guy Wilson (2000)
Maurice Baring (1916)
Silent,
So, when the spring of the world shall shrive our stain,
So silent, now,
After the winter of war,
Now the guns have stopped.
When the poor world awakes to peace once more,
I have survived all,
After such night of ravage and of rain,
I, who knew I would not.
You shall not come again.
But now you are not here.
You shall not come to taste the old spring weather,
I shall go home, alone;
To gallop through the soft untrampled heather,
And must try to live life as before,
To bathe and bake your body on the grass.
And hide my grief
We shall be there, alas!
For you, my dearest friend,
But not with you. When Spring shall wake the earth,
Who should be with me now,
And quicken the scarred fields to new birth,
Not cold, too soon,
Our grief shall grow. For what can Spring renew
And in your grave,
More fiercely for us than the need of you?
Alone.
Alone.
In fact, Wilson’s own text, “Now the guns have stopped,” based upon a script he had written for the Armouries is intrinsically secular. 35 Arlene Bachanov, "The Armed Man Must Be Feared," Daily Telegram, Lenawee, 21 April 2008. The placement
of the L’homme armé song just before the Islamic Call to Prayer is discussed below.
36 In personal correspondence, 10 May 2008, Wilson advised that they did not translate the text into English
because they intended the work for international performance, and so wanted to leave as much untranslated as possible. This is discussed in the next chapter in the context of the retention of Latin for the liturgical text settings.
35
Set in the 11th movement, the poem was a last‐minute inclusion replacing another Jenkins had already set to music. The music to the "Now the Guns have Stopped" movement was originally written by Karl [Jenkins] to an edited version of... part of Maurice Baring's In Memorial AH (AH being Auberon Herbert, (Lord Lucas) who was killed in 1916). Two months before the first performance [of The Armed Man] we were having problems getting copyright clearance to use these words. Karl and I discussed what to do when I went to his home to hear the final version of the music for the first time. He suggested that I write some words to go with the music he had written to Baring's words. So, literally on the train home I did just that. The "inspiration" was a script I had just written for performance in the Royal Armouries that dealt with the varying emotions of soldiers on armistice day ‐ disbelief, disappointment, guilt as well as joy.37
In Wilson’s text there is not an ounce of religion: there is no allusion to an afterlife, no seeking of comfort from God; nor is there any hint of its opposite, an aggrieved diatribe against the omnipotent power “above.” The text is fundamentally humanistic. Yet Wilson is a practising Christian engaged in the act of creating a Mass; a religious work. And while I could allude to the French philosopher, Jacques Maritain’s premise that Christian Art “reveal[s] in its beauty the interior reflection of the brilliance of grace, only on condition that it overflows from a heart possessed by grace,”38 and so claim the work as Christian because Wilson is a practicing Christian, this denies the reality of our secular world. In a secular age, even those who practice religion can step outside of their belief to imagine how others might perceive any given situation; even – in an act of sympathetic imagining – for believers such as Wilson. Further, despite his Christian status, Wilson’s poem cannot qualify as “Christian art” on Maritain’s terms, because, for Maritain “[t]he definition of Christian art is to be found in its subject and its spirit.”39 Neither the subject nor the spirit of “Now the Guns have stopped” alludes to God – or any form of ultimate being. It speaks wholly – and very powerfully – of a human condition; the human capacity for inconsolable sorrow. “Flames” On the other hand, the Japanese poet and Catholic convert, Tōge Sankichi (1917‐1953), does mention God in his poem, “Angry Flames.” Although not apparent in the excerpt set in the eighth movement of The Armed Man, priests and gods are mentioned in the omitted portion; in fact the final word of the poem – at least in its translated form – is God. The poem is
37 Guy Wilson, Personal correspondence,4 May, 2008. 38 Jacques Maritain, "Christian Art," in Art and Scholasticism with Other Essays (London: Sheed & Ward, 1947), 55. 39 Ibid., 53.
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reproduced below with the few variations in the Jenkins setting noted and the religious references underlined. (Minear translation with The Armed Man libretto variations noted in square brackets) [ANGRY] FLAMES by Tōge Sankichi Pushing up through smoke from a world half‐darkened by overhanging cloud— the shroud that mushroomed out and struck the dome of the sky the angry flames— [line omitted] black, red, blue – dance into the air, [‘to’ omitted] merge, scatter glittering sparks, already tower over the whole city. Quivering like seaweed, the mass of flames spurt forward. Popping up in the dense smoke, Crawling out, Wreathed in fire: Countless human beings On all fours. In a heap of embers that erupt and subside, Hair rent, Rigid in death, There smoulders a curse.
The remainder of the poem follows but was not set in The Armed Man (emphasis has been added to highlight religious references) After the concentrated moment of the explosion, pure incandescent hatred spreads out, boundless. Blank silence Piles up into the air. The hot rays of uranium that shouldered the sun aside burn onto a girl’s back the flowered pattern of thin silk, set instantaneously ablaze the black garb of the priest— August 5, 1945: That midday midnight man burned the gods at the stake. Hiroshima’s night of fire casts its glow over sleeping humanity; before long history will set an ambush for all who would play God.
“Flames” is an anachronistic inclusion within The Armed Man in that it provides a first‐person account of a real event: the dropping of an atomic bomb on Hiroshima in Japan on 9 August, 1945. As such, the rawness of the text cannot be dismissed by the gloss of Art. It is not – even partially – an imagined vision, but rather an attempt to record reality; an attempt to convey something for which there is no existing expression or groups of words to draw upon: the magnitude and nature of the atrocity that was Hiroshima and Nagasaki was unique in human experience. While mass bombings had killed many in air raids, never 37
before had a single weapon obliterated everything within a 1.6 kilometre radius of its epicentre; never before had 70,000 humans been incinerated or, for those close to the epicentre, vaporised instantaneously.40 As Japanese Literature scholar, John Treat notes, Adorno’s “No poetry after Auschwitz!” finds a parallel in several lines from Tanaka Kirishiō’s poem “Fundo” (Rage):41
However one tries to speak However one tries to write Of human atrocity All expression utterly fails.42
On 9th August 1945 President Harry Truman delivered a “Radio report to the American People on the Potsdam Conference.”43 After speaking of the European situation, Truman then acknowledged the “tragic significance of the atomic bomb,” admitting that “[i]t is an awful responsibility which has come to us.”44 Yet in acknowledging this “awful responsibility,” Truman also upholds the idea that the American nation is a “chosen people” for he continues immediately with the words “[w]e thank God that it has come to us, instead of to our enemies; and we pray that He may guide us to use it in His ways and for His purposes.”45 In this speech the President does not mention the second atom bomb that had been dropped 24 hours earlier, on Nagasaki, the city in which the Jesuit missionary, Francis Xavier had established the first Christian church. In fact the bomber pilot’s identifying landmark was the Catholic Cathedral that had been built by Japanese Christians in 1917, celebrating the cessation of 200 years of persecution. By including Tōge’s text in a Mass that includes the words “Better is peace than evermore war,” Jenkins and Wilson invite scrutiny of the belief implicit in Truman’s speech that God – the God of the Christian West – was on the side of the Americans. Truman’s 40Franklin D'Olier, chair, "The Effects of Atomic Bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki," in U.S. Strategic Bombing
Survey (1945). Also available at http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/AAF/USSBS/AtomicEffects/AtomicEffects‐ 2.html. Accessed 24 Jan 2010. 41 John Whittier Treat, "Early Hiroshima Poetry," The Journal of the Association of Teachers of Japanese 20, no. 2 (Nov. 1986): 215. 42Tanaka Kirishio, “Fundo”, quoted by Takekoshi Yukio, "'Shi to Gembaku' (Poetry and the Atomic Bomb)," Kokubungaku kaishaku to kansho (Aug. 1985): 144. Translated and reproduced in Treat, "Early Hiroshima Poetry," 215. It is worth noting that there is no Holocaust text set in The Armed Man. 43 Speech delivered from the Whitehouse at 10pm, 9 Aug 1945 as recorded in: Harry S. Truman, "Radio Report to
the American People on the Potsdam Conference," in Public Papers of the Presidents: Harry S. Truman 19451953, ed. John Woelley and Gerhard Peters, available at http://www.trumanlibrary.org/publicpapers/index.php?pid=104&st=&st1=. Accessed 24 Jan 2010. The Atom bomb was dropped on Nagasaki at 11:02am Japanese time on 9 Aug. 1945 or (allowing for daylight saving being in force in the USA at the time) 10:02pm 8 Aug in Washington DC. 44 Ibid. 45 Ibid.
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words imply a belief that the non‐Christian deities of the various Japanese religions are false; that their religions are untenable. Also implicit is the belief that God will have viewed the loss of His followers living in the bomb zone (not to mention the non‐followers) as necessarily expedient. This nationalistic aspect of Truman’s faith provides evidence of Robert Bellah’s thesis, expounded in 1968, that American society practises a civil religion: While some have argued that Christianity is the national faith, and others that church and synagogue celebrate only the generalized religion of “the American Way of Life”, few have realized that there actually exists alongside of and rather clearly differentiated from the churches an elaborate and well‐institutionalized civil religion in America.... civil religion at its best is a genuine apprehension of universal and transcendent religious reality as seen in or, one could almost say, as revealed through the experience of the American people. ... The civil religion has not always been invoked in favor of worthy causes... “God” has clearly been a central symbol in the civil religion from the beginning and remains so today. This symbol is just as central to the civil religion as it is to Judaism or Christianity.46 (Emphasis added.)
While Stjepan Meštrović is of the opinion that “civil religion is neither bona fide religion nor ordinary patriotism, but a new alloy formed by blending religion with nationalism,”47 it appears to be a particularly strong alloy. According to the results of the 1947 Gallup Opinion Index, belief in God amongst Americans was 94%. The results of the World Values Survey in 2001 revealed nothing had changed: 94% of Americans still answered “yes” to the question “Do you believe in God.” In Britain in 2001 only 61% of people answered “yes” to the same question.48 Thus any believer in Britain – regardless of the degree or nature of their piety – would feel some pressure to uphold the contemporary Chrisitian view that violence in the name of religion was inappropriate. In the case of Jenkins and Wilson, intent upon advocating for peace, the President’s invocation of God in support of his decision to drop the Atom bomb is in intolerable. It was a human – not divine – solution. It also exemplifies Bellah’s acknowledgement that “civil religion has not always been invoked in favor of worthy causes.”49 However, the inclusion of Tōge’s poetry is not only an indirect criticism of the fundamentalism of American civil religion, the decision is explicitly – albeit perhaps unknowingly – pluralistic. Tōge was both a Catholic convert and a communist. Baptized 46 Robert N. Bellah, "Civil Religion in America," Journal of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 96, no. 1
(1967). Reproduced at http://www.robertbellah.com/articles_5.htm. Accessed 29 March 2009
47 Stjepan Gabriel Meštrović, Slaven Letica, and Miroslav Goreta, The Road from Paradise: Prospects for
Democracy in Eastern Europe (Lexington, Ky.: University Press of Kentucky, 1993), 125. 48 As cited in Norris and Inglehart, Sacred and Secular: Religion and Politics Worldwide, 90.
49
Some – including those who ordered for the bombs to be used – may argue that in dropping the Atom bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki suffering was lessened overall because it ultimately stopped the Japanese from continuing with the War; nevertheless such counterfactual explorations or claims are not relevant here: the point is that it seems implicit that the God perceived by the creators of The Armed Man does not advocate violence.
39
into the Catholic Church in December 1942 at the age of 25, Tōge joined the Communist party in 1949 because he had become convinced that Christianity and Communism were compatible. As Minear notes: His [Tōge’s] short piece Distant Thunder is largely a dialogue between a dying Communist (Kimoto) and a Christian (Tanaka). The Christian offers love of humanity; the Communist counters that love is not enough. The Christian speaks for the character of each individual; the Communist speaks of the group. But the Christian concludes as follows: That you put your life on the line for the sake of society in the struggle to serve your ideology and that we believe in and try to practice the teachings of Christ – after all, don’t they come from the same spiritual core? If they do, it isn’t likely that we alone will gain eternal life or that you and your comrades will fall into eternal nothingness. Without a truth so entirely limitless, so completely turned into a faith that it does not disappear even with the death of an individual, we cannot be linked to this world properly and effectively.50
Psychiatrist Robert Lifton has researched the effects of the A‐bomb on artist‐ survivors such as Tōge’s. He notes that Tōge’s life and work is broadly religious. In fact, Lifton suggests that there is “canonizing imagery” surrounding Tōge that lends itself to a depiction of Japan’s most acclaimed A‐bomb poet as a martyr.51 For example, Tōge is reputed to have opened the first florist and the first book shop in Hiroshima after the War, the latter becoming an “important literary and political gathering place.”52 Although there is no definite link between Tōge’s early death and his exposure to secondary radiation while helping relatives and friends immediately after the bomb was dropped,53 Japanese biographer and friend of Tōge, Masuoka Toshikazu states: “The atomic bomb killed Tōge.” With such an apparently high calibre citation, it is not surprising that the statement – misconstrued as fact rather than, at best, metaphor – resulted in the establishment of a myth that Tōge died from radiation poisoning. The misconstruction appears in a number of programme notes including those for the St Matthews Choir performance of The Armed Man in 2005, which states that the work “interpolates a wide range of sacred and secular texts
50 Richard H. Minear, "Translator's Introduction [to Poems of the Atomic Bomb by Tōge Sankichi]," in Hiroshima:
Three Witnesses, ed. and trans. Richard H. Minear (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990), 283‐4. Quoting from “Enrai”, Tōge Sainkichi sakuhinshur, 2.42; in Masuoka Toshikazu, Hachigatsu No Shijin (Poet of August) (Tokyo: Tōhō, 1978), 194. 51 Robert Jay Lifton, Death in Life; Survivors of Hiroshima (New York: Random House, 1967), 444. 52 Ibid., 444‐5. In chronicling Tōge’s canonical attributes, Lifton states that Tōge loved his wife, noting that a
marriage of “enduring love” was “especially rare in Japan.” 53 Tōge died while being operated on in attempt to cure him from bronchiectasis a disease he had suffered from
since childhood. See Minear, "Translator's Introduction [to Poems of the Atomic Bomb by Tōge Sankichi]," 280.
40
from around the world... [including] secular texts by... Togi (sic) Sankichi (a survivor of Hiroshima who later died of leukaemia caused by radiation exposure).”54 Labourers and political activists venerated Tōge for his poetry.55 In a diary entry after reciting his new poem “Song of Rage” to strikers Tōge writes “[w]orkers listened with tears flowing.”56 Further canonical material is found in Richard Minear’s deliberately straightforward account of Tōge’s death, recorded in the introduction to his translation of Tōge’s anthology, Poems of the Atomic Bomb.57 To paraphrase: In Tōge Sankichi’s final hours his followers sang songs outside as they waited to give blood and support as needed; nurses broke medical rules by providing direct transfusions, friends were permitted into the operating room one at a time... but ultimately the operation to cure Tōge of bronchiectatis was unsuccessful. At 3:30am, 14 hours after the operation had commenced, Tsubota Masao, an X‐ray technician attending the operation, read Tōge’s simple but bleakly powerful poem “Prelude” aloud. Tōge died 45 minutes later. He was 36 years of age. A copy of Poems of the Atomic Bomb was placed at his head. Prelude Bring back the fathers! Bring back the mothers! Bring back the old people! Bring back the children! Bring me back! Bring back the human beings I had contact with! For as long as there are human beings, a world of human beings, bring back peace, unbroken peace.58
Wilson could well have chosen “Prelude” – effectively Tōge’s signature song59 – and certainly redolent with the messages of despair and hopelessness that fit into The Armed Man’s narrative plot at this stage of the work; and yet he chose the more descriptive poem, “Flames.” Regardless of the reason, the pairing of this work with “Torches,” the next
54 Phiroz Dalal, ed., Rutter: Requiem; Karl Jenkins: The Armed Man a Mass for Peace, Programme Notes (St
Matthew's Choir, 2005), 6. Also available at http://www.smce.org.uk/old/2005/Spring/programme.pdf. Accessed 8 May, 2008. 55 Lifton, Death in Life; Survivors of Hiroshima, 444. 56 As translated and quoted in Minear, "Translator's Introduction [to Poems of the Atomic Bomb by Tōge Sankichi]," 285. 57 Ibid., 288‐9. 58 Ibid., 305. 59 Prelude was inscribed onto a memorial stone placed in Peace Park in Horoshima. The desecration of the stone
is given as one of the reasons contributing to his wife’s suicide ten years after Tōge’s death. Lifton, Death in Life; Survivors of Hiroshima, 445.
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movement, reinforces the point that “the obscenity of this mass destruction is [not] new to our consciousness.”60
Texts of Eastern Religions “Torches” The Mahābhārata: “The Burning of the Khandava Forest,” Book 1. The Beginning “Torches” Adaptation by Guy Wilson (c 1998) The animals scattered in all directions, screaming terrible screams. Many were burning, others were burnt. All were shattered and scattered mindlessly, their eyes bulging. Some hugged their sons, others their fathers and mothers, Unable to let them go, and so they died. Others leapt up in their thousands, faces disfigured and were consumed by the Fire. Everywhere were bodies squirming on the ground, wings eyes and paws all burning. They breathed their last as living torches.
Original Source: Kisari Mohan Ganguli translation (1886‐1896)61 And while the forest was burning, hundreds and thousands of living creatures, uttering frightful yells, began to run about in all directions. Some had particular limbs burnt, some were scorched with excessive heat, and some came out, and some ran about from fear. And some clasping their children and some their parents and brothers, died calmly without, from excess of affection, being able to abandon these that were dear to them. And many there were who biting their nether lips rose upwards and soon fell whirling into the blazing element below. And some were seen to roll on the ground with wings, eyes, and feet scorched and burnt. These creatures were all seen to perish there almost soon enough. The tanks and ponds within that forest, heated by the fire around, began to boil; the fishes and the tortoises in them were all seen to perish. During that great slaughter of living creatures in that forest, the burning bodies of various animals looked as if fire itself had assumed many forms.
“Torches” draws from the legendary story of the burning of the Khandava Forest and the consequential incineration of all of the creatures within it. This story appears towards the end of the first book of the sacred Hindu epic, the Mahābhārata. “Torches,” the ninth movement of The Armed Man sets Wilson’s poetic adaptation of this story.62 The text was 60 As previously cited, Wilson, "The History of the Commission," n.p. 61 An online edition of the Ganguli translation is available at: The Mahabharata of KrishnaDwaipayana Vyasa; Book 1: Adi Parva, trans. Kisari Mohan Ganguli (Internet Sacred Text Archive http://www.sacred‐ texts.com/index.htm, 26 Feb 2006). The portion quoted here comes from Section CCXXVIII (Khandava‐daha Parva continued) http://www.sacred‐texts.com/hin/m01/m01229.htm Accessed 16 May 2008. It should be noted that contemporary Sanskrit scholars prefer J.A.B. van Buitenen’s translation of the first five books. J.A.B. van Buitenen, ed., The Mahābhārata: , 3 vols. (Chicago; London: The University of Chicago Press, 1973). The burning of the Khandava Forest appears in Book 1. I have used van Buitenen’s translation in explanations below. 62 As confirmed in personal correspondence of 12 May, 2008, the English translation of the original Sanscrit that
Guy Wilson is likely to have used, and which is quoted from here, is the edition completed by the Indian, Kesari Mohan Ganguli and published during the period 1883‐96. In earlier correspondence dated 4 May, 2008, Wilson had advised “The Armouries copyright [attribution in the CD Liner Notes] is because I ‘retranslated’ the passage. The story is this. I knew of the passage but could not find it in any of the readily available translations of excerpts. A multi‐volume full edition had been published in India but was not available in any library and I was beginning to think I'd have to have one sent over. But then I discovered a set in Foyles bookshop in London. If you don't know Foyles it is a multi‐level shop with narrow corridors between shelves in the more specialist areas. Here I stood and went through volume after volume until I found the passage. I wrote it out on a piece of paper and went away. The problem was that the English was awful, so, without changing the sense or order I
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selected to add something from Hindu culture to The Armed Man. More specifically it was selected because its imagery is similar to that in Tōge’s “Flames.” The Mahābhārata, is an epic developed over approximately eight hundred years from 400 BC to 400 AD.63 It is a sacred Hindu text that, as Sanskrit scholar the late J.A.B. van Buitenen argued, is also “a necessary symbiosis of brahmin [or holy person] and baron [warrior or king].” Originating from within the baronial‐bardic tradition, the epic became absorbed into “another tradition of wandering reciters of Brahmin‐type lore.”64 In an intriguing parallel to The Armed Man, the sacred and the secular traditions are inextricably mixed in a tale that, together with another text from the same period, The Ramayana, has “made a profound influence on ‘Hindū’ civilisation.”65 The Mahābhārata itself states: “[f]rom this supreme epic rise the inspirations of the poets... even as all the senses rest on the manifold workings of the mind, so all works and virtues rest upon this narrative.”66 Perhaps it could be considered contrary to the tenets of pluralism, or even presumptuous of Wilson to have retranslated such a sacred work, particularly the sacred work of a religion he does not practice. Equally, however, Wilson’s retelling of the story follows in the path of those who developed the stories of the Mahābhārata in its early days. Those first storytellers would have adopted different rhetorical devices – including language‐changes, style and emphasis – for each new audience. No doubt, their goal would have been to maximise the listeners’ enjoyment and understanding of a text that, despite differences in delivery and perhaps detail, remained fundamentally unchanged. In this reading, Wilson has simply adapted the text to suit its new, twenty‐first century context. The story selected by Wilson tells of Krishna and Arjuna the Archer helping Fire to sate his (Fire’s) appetite on the Khāndava Forest. The story is particularly important to Hindu culture – and to the theme of The Armed Man – because it tells of how Arjuna and Krishna, important deities in Hindu culture, acquired from Fire the weapons that became the iconic symbols of their identities.67 rewrote it in more poetic and correct English. Hence RA copyright of the words.” Wilson also confirmed that he no longer has the piece of paper he wrote the excerpt down on. 63 J.A.B. van Buitenen, trans., ed., 1. The Book of the Beginning vol. 1, The Mahābhārata (Chicago; London: The
University of Chicago Press, 1973), xxv. Adam Bolle, who published a translation of the 8th book of the Mahbharata in 2007, advised in personal correspondence during May 2008 that there is some dispute amongst Sanscrit scholars regarding these dates, but no consensus has been achieved. 64 Ibid., xxi. 65 Ibid., xxvi. 66 Mbh 1.2: 235. 67 Arjuna requests a “bow commensurate with the strength of my arms, which can withstand my power and speed... an inexhaustible supply of arrows... divine horses... white and fast as the wind, and a chariot that thunders like a cloud and shines bright like the sun!” (Mbh 1.19: 215.10). For Krishna, Arjuna asks for tools to kill the Snakes and Pishachas [demons] in battle. Fire obtains the specific items Arjuna requests, together with a returning discus with a thunderbolt in the centre, and a club that “roared like a thunderbolt” for Krishna (Mbh 1.19:216.30). With these tools the two ensure Fire is not thwarted in his desire to consume the forest and its
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While Vancouver critic, Lloyd Dykk found “Torches” to be the only “textually effective” section within the “macaroni” mix of The Armed Man,68 it is, perhaps, unfortunate that the only reference to Hindu culture is a wanton act of ambition: Fire “wants;” Fire “gets” through brute force. Further, the excerpt, when viewed within the context of the full story, is imbued with the awesome/awful imagery of glamorous/ghastly exotic weaponry, thus representing the self‐indulgent exigencies of those who value war as a solution to disputes. In a more positive vein, “Torches” can also be seen to be eminently suited for inclusion in the Mass because it places peace into sharp relief against its opposite, thus emphasising the benefits of peaceful co‐existence through its contrasting presence. Yet Christianity is represented more evenly in the work, both as warmonger and as pacifist. Similarly, the secular texts are the source of both explicit accounts of violence and the unambiguous message “Better is Peace than evermore War.” Islam is represented by its “Call to Prayer” with – as is about to be discussed – no violent overtones at all. The Armed Man is already a lengthy piece of entertainment at seventy minutes duration, yet a second, peace‐oriented text from the Hindu tradition would have both provided a welcome balance and also represented Wilson and Jenkins’s pluralistic intent more adequately. “The Call to Prayer” The final text to be considered in this chapter covering the secular and non‐Christian religious texts is the Islamic “Call to Prayers,” or “Adhaan,” which is required to be sung as the second movement in each performance of The Armed Man. Adhaan Allahu Akbar (x4) Ashadu An La Illa‐L‐Lah. (x 2) Ashadu Anna Muhammadan Rasulu‐L‐Lah.(x 2) Hayya Ala‐s‐salah. (x 2) Hayya Ala‐l‐Falah. (x 2) Allahu Akbar. (x 2) La Illaha il la‐lah.
Call to Prayer Allah is the greatest I bear Witness that there is no god but Allah I bear Witness that Muhammad is the messenger of Allah Come fast to prayer (turning the face to the right) Come fast to the success (turning the face to the left) Allah is the greatest There is no god but Allah.
inhabitants. “Surrounding it on all sides with his Seven Flames, the Fire angrily burned the Khāndava as though to exhibit the end of the Eon.... the sacrificial Fire feasted on the elixir that Krsna and Arjuna had fetched, and became happy, sated, supremely blissful” (Mbh 1.19:219.30). As translated in van Buitenen, ed., 1. The Book of the Beginning 412‐22. 68 Lloyd Dykk, "Mass for Peace 'Unconvincing'," Vancouver Sun, 16 March 2006.
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The “Call,” often referred to as “The Cry of the Muezzin,” has been sounded since the earliest days of the Islamic religion. The emancipated slave, Bilal Ibn Rabah (c.580‐c640) (“Bilal the Ethiopian”), a trusted and loyal companion of Prophet Muhammad, was selected by the Prophet to be the first muezzin because of his beautiful voice. As has already been mentioned, this was not the first time the “Call” had been included in a concert Mass. Wilson and Jenkins would almost certainly have been aware of David Fanshawe’s very popular African Sanctus: A Mass of Love and Peace (1974 + revisions) which includes a tape of the “Call to Prayers” recorded in Cairo by Fanshawe in the 1970s.69 In Fanshawe’s work, the taped “Call” is played while the choir sing a “Kyrie” setting composed by Fanshawe. Wilson and Jenkins, however, chose to keep the “Call” and the “Kyrie” as separate movements. There is a philosophical difference here. Wilson and Jenkins, working in the 1990s and exposed to the political currents of cultural and religious pluralism, give each religion its own sonic space. Fanshawe, composing in the 1970s, and hearing all sounds as God’s sounds, sees no harm in combining them. Experiencing the auditory clutter of carpenters and busy street‐life while attending a service at St George’s Cathedral in Cairo, when the Call of the Muezzin also began, Fanshawe “heard that cacophony as harmony – as one world harmony – I heard it as music given to us from God.”70 Many years later he acknowledges variety, but still hears similarity: I cannot expect a lady brought up in the desert to have the same beliefs as my people who come from the green grass of England. To respect others, and to listen to the music, in which the commonality of musics combined is what I’m interested in ... there seem to be so many similarities... in the world’s music.71
African Sanctus was composed during the early stages of accelerated globalisation, and the dying days of colonialism whereas The Armed Man is written at a time when people are expressing dismay over the colonialist contagion of indigenous cultures, and are beginning to resist the homogenising effects of globalisation. As George Ritzer notes, there is a groundswell of people wanting to retain and express cultural (and religious) diversity rather than see it all blend into commonality.72 69 Fanshaw’s records indicate that African Sanctus has been performed well over 1,000 times world‐wide. For
an overview of the work’s performance history, see "History of African Sanctus," http://www.africansanctus.com/history.asp. Accessed 24 Jan 2010. 70 “Transcript of telephone interview with David Fanshawe March 2007” in Stephanie Rocke, "From Tournai to
Tango: An Expansion of the Boundaries of the Musical Mass in Luis Bacalov's Misa Tango (1997)" (Honours, Melbourne University, 2007), 60. 71 Ibid., 61. 72 See George Ritzer, The Globalization of Nothing 2 (Thousand Oaks; London; New Delhi: Pine Forge Press,
2007). I do not mean to imply that Fanshawe was intending to homogenise musics of the world (in the interview cited above he categorically states that he wasn’t); simply that, unless checked, I believe the outcome of merging musics must ultimately have this result.
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Evidence of the only‐recent passing of imperialistic attitudes in favour of pluralism is apparent in the fact that Wilson had contemplated asking Jenkins to re‐set the text of the “Call to Prayers” to a new melody; but, upon seeking advice from Michael Bukht, discovered that to do so would be considered sacrilegious by Muslims and decided against it.73 In fact, the inclusion of the unadulterated “Adhaan” is the most powerful multi‐faith symbol in the Mass. Only a Muslim may perform it without insulting that religion. A rehearsal for a performance of The Armed Man in Milwaukee’s Cathedral of St John the Evangelist, scheduled for the eve of the fifth anniversary of the terrorist attacks on the Pentagon and New York’s World Trade Centre – “September 11” – attracted the following commentary from Milwaukee Journalist, Erin Richards: Perhaps the most appropriate soloist is Amjad Khleifat, who was approached by Milwaukee Archdiocesan Choir Director Jeff Honore ... to perform the second movement's "Adhaan" or "Call to Prayers,” which Jenkins indicated should be recited in its native Arabic. From the marbled ambo in the center of the cathedral ...Khleifat covered his ears and rehearsed, calling out to Allah in a sweeping, sitar‐like voice. "To do an Islamic call to prayer in this space is unusual; it shows that our first response should not be fear or terror, but peace,” Honore said later from the back of the church.74
The juxtaposition of the “Call to Prayers” beside the L’homme armé song of the first
movement is not only symbolic of a burgeoning cultural pluralism, but also, more specifically, of a change in the Western world’s perception of Muslims over 550 years. Whether the French‐Burgundian song was composed to reflect the fears of those living in a virtually lawless society, or to inspire a desire to Crusade against the infidel – or for some other, not yet discovered reason – the fact that the song was composed at a time when Christians were actively hostile to non‐Christians is not contended. Thus, the framing of the Islamic Call within a Christian structure would be inconceivable to late‐Medieval Christians who adopted a universally exclusive ascetic – an ascetic which continued to dominate much of Christianity, particularly amongst Roman Catholics, until recent times. Whether L’homme armé was written for the Order of the Golden Fleece as a prosopopoeia or not, a performance of Jenkins’ Mass in their time would have been extraordinarily inflammatory. But twenty‐first century audiences are delighted with the work. The fact that peoples of different faiths (or no faith) can – and are – accepting each other’s right to believe whatever they choose is both a positive indicator of the present desire for religious 73 Guy Wilson, personal correspondence, 10 May 2008. 74 Erin Richards, "Storm of War, Prayer for Peace: Orchestra, Chorus to Present Concert Mass at Cathedral,"
Milwaukee Sentinel Journal 10 Sept., 2006, http://www.jsonline.com/story/index.aspx?id=494437. Accessed 24 Jan 2010. Transcription of full text appears in source 27, Appendix B2.
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pluralism and tolerance, and grounds for hope that Western society can indeed achieve harmony, despite – or possibly because of – increasing globalisation and cosmopolitanism. Diana L. Eck, however, cautions against such a simplistic approach: pluralism is not just tolerance but the active seeking of understanding across lines of difference. Tolerance is a necessary public virtue, but it does not require Christians and Muslims, Hindus, Jews, and ardent secularists to know anything about one another. Tolerance is too thin a foundation for a world of religious difference and proximity. It does nothing to remove our ignorance of one another, and leaves in place the stereotype, the half‐truth, the fears that underlie old patterns of division and violence.... pluralism is based on dialogue... Dialogue does not mean everyone at the “table” will agree with one another. Pluralism is about being at the table – with one’s commitments.75
By including the “Call to Prayer” within a Christian structure, Jenkins and Walsh are facilitating knowledgeable dialogue – at least in a limited way – by providing some of the signs and symbols of the different faith systems intact in a forum that encourages peaceful acceptance and may lead to fruitful dialogue. Nevertheless, there are some conductors who do not see the need to consult the leaders of their local mosque in order to secure the services of an Imam to recite the Call, but rather rely upon freely available recordings placed on the internet.76 Inadvertently, Wilson and Jenkins have left the door open for those not interested in furthering interfaith dialogue, but simply on providing entertainment, to act in ways that are potentially counterproductive to achieving peace. If performance rights for the work were conditional upon Directors sourcing an Imam to perform the second movement, some may choose not to perform The Armed Man at all. And yet it is not necessarily Directors who might undermine the pluralistic intent of the work in this way. Peter Pocock in Canberra, Australia reported that one congregation refused to permit the recitation of the “Call” in their church – either live or recorded: At the last minute the Presbyterian Church where we were performing it would not allow us to include the second movement. They clearly did not understand that it is a call to prayer, and no attempt at persuading would change their mind. Basically, if we included it the performance could not go ahead. So, instead, at the beginning of the concert I announced that due to circumstances beyond our control we were not able to include the second movement. And in protest (i.e. my protest) I asked the
75 Eck’s emphasis. Diana E. Eck, "What Is Pluralism," The Pluralism project at Harvard University, available at
http://www.pluralism.org/pluralism/what_is_pluralism.php. Accessed 24 Jan 2010. 76 A recording was used in the Melbourne, Australia performance on 4 October 2009. Conductor Andrew Wailes
explained that “other conductors” he had consulted used recordings, and he decided to do so as well because he didn’t know any Muslims, didn’t know who to ask, and further, he was worried that the Imam would not be a trained singer, and so may not be able to “start at the right pitch.” Given that the “Call” is unaccompanied, and is meant to be recited not sung, this is somewhat illogical. Interview, St Mary’s College, Melbourne University, 7 Oct. 2009.
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audience to be in silent prayer for the length of the movement, i.e. the portion of time that it would have taken in the performance. Surprisingly, it was indeed a very powerful moment, and naturally afterwards there were lots of "whys?" ...While I respect the right of the church to make that call, I personally believe that it showed a complete misunderstanding of prayer. Also, to be fair, the Muslim community was also being very difficult about allowing someone to offer the prayer, so it was not all on one side. However, had they not allowed that we would have used a recording.77
Further, on a page of the Worcestershire Communigate, "Early Music in the Vale" website, the question "Should the 'Muslim call to prayer' from Karl Jenkins 'The Armed Man' be omitted when it's performed in Christian Churches?” is asked. When the survey closed, the response rates were: “If the vicar says so” 2816 votes (98%); “If the church's council says so” 0 votes; “If the archbishop said so” 4 votes; “Not if it is hired by an outside group” 5 votes; and “Never, that's censorship” 57 votes (2%).78 The results themselves are perhaps irrelevant, given the vote may have been similar had the question been rephrased “should the Call to Prayer be included”; however, the very presence of the survey is illuminating. There was clearly some significant dispute involving multi‐faith and tolerance issues amongst Worcestershire Christians to have motivated the survey’s commissioning in the first place. While the prevalence of such incidences has not been comprehensively investigated, the reception records presented in Chapter 5 show no evidence of any further commentary about the inclusion of the “Call to Prayer” other than positive acclamations such as those by Erin Richards of Milwaukee noted above. 79
Conclusion Investigating such a diverse range of texts reveals a tension that is inherent both in the work and in contemporary Western societies. As will be shown in Chapter 5, the work is predominantly performed to educated Western audiences who are very aware of humanity’s conflict‐ridden past. The West’s collective knowledge of conflict, however, includes the histories of those originally from the East who now live amongst them. Those originally from the East are represented in The Armed Man’s “catalogue of conflict” by a portion of the story of the burning of the Khandava Forest by Hindu deities. Further, the song L’homme armé was composed during the closing phases of both ideological and 77 Personal correspondence 20 May 2009. 78 The results of this open access survey appear at "Early Music in the Vale,"
http://www.communigate.co.uk/worcs/earlymusicinthevale/page5.phtml?pollaction=results&qid=236 Accessed, 25 May 2008, 1 Dec 2008, 25 Aug 2009, 24 Jan 2010. The voting facility was removed from the page in 2009.
79 For those interested in the topic of multi‐faith dialogue, a targeted survey regarding the live or recorded
performance of the Adhan of those who have staged the work may produce useful results.
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political battles: the end of the Crusades against Muslims, and the cessation of the “One Hundred Years of War” between Britain and France. Similarly, Le Mort d’Arthur signalled the end of knightly chivalry. It was also scribed during the closing phases of the “War of the Roses.” More recently, “Angry Flames” brings into sharp relief the idea that all sides think “their” god is on their side; that “their” way of living and behaving is the correct one. Nevertheless, the combined presence of these texts in a Mass for Peace signals the desire for a new era of religious and ethnic tolerance. While humans have collectively always preferred peace, wide‐scale toleration of the legitimacy of other belief systems is relatively new to the lands once governed and now still tempered by the theologies and moralities of Christendom. We live in an era that actively promulgates the ideology, or “universalist theology,” that each person has the right to believe and behave in the ways that suit him or her, providing that these ways and actions do not involve hurting others. Yet the shadow of Western imperialism lurks in the inclusion only of a violent text to represent the Hindu religion, when all other belief systems are represented in The Armed Man, at least partially, by peace‐oriented texts. Similarly, the work’s pluralism in performance relies upon producers finding a Muslim to perform the “Call to Prayer,” and, for reasons of either religious fundamentalism or pragmatism, this does not always happen.
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Chapter 4 The Christian texts: a secular tangent Elucidating upon the biblical, Christian literary and liturgical texts of The Armed Man, the narrative plot of peace‐war‐peace becomes apparent. Furthermore, in beginning with the ancient and liturgical texts and moving to the post‐enlightenment texts it is possible to review the decline of Christendom in the West, thus supporting the claim implicit in the title of this thesis that we in the West live in a “secular age.” Finally, in concluding with the apocalyptical text from Revelations I encourage reflection on the substantial influence the Christian ethos and teaching still has on everyday life in Western societies. This may seem antithetical to the secularisation paradigm, yet when Casanova’s comprehensive summary of the three classes of secularisation theories is reconsidered, there is no conflict.1
Ancient and liturgical texts Psalms The most ancient texts set in The Armed Man originate from around 1000BCE and are from the Hebrew Bible as it is reproduced in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. These excerpts from Psalms 56 and 59 are set in the fourth movement of The Armed Man, entitled “Save me from bloody men.”
1 See the section on secularisation in Chapter 1.
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Psalm 56 1 Be merciful unto me, O God: for man would swallow me up; he fighting daily oppresseth me. 2 Mine enemies would daily swallow me up: for they be many that fight against me, O thou most High. Psalm 59 1 ...defend me from them that rise up against me. 2 Deliver me from the workers of iniquity, and save me from bloody men. The excerpts maintain a theme of passivism yet their dramatic imagery – conjured up by the words “oppresseth,” “iniquity,” “bloody,” and the phrase “swallow me up” – point towards an escalation of tensions that fits with the movement’s place in the underlying narrative of the work; war is looming. As shown in the transcription below, in Psalm 56 David pleads with God to free him from his enemies. In Psalm 59 David asks God to make fools of his enemies, but not to kill them. Further, in both Psalms David says he will not attack his enemy; he will rely on God to save him. Although the phrase “for they be many that fight AGAINST me” (my emphasis) implies that David fights back – or could even be the aggressor – the broader text would suggest otherwise. This contextual reading shows that David may certainly defend himself, but equally certainly it shows that David has no intention of instigating physical violence or inflicting gratuitous injury. The final line of the portion of the Psalms selected by Wilson and Jenkins, “defend me from them that rise against me,” encapsulates the overarching theme of the two psalms, placing the onus on God not man to disarm, dissuade, or in some other way disable the aggressors. Certainly, David, being a King, cannot be viewed as the “average man in the street;”2 nevertheless, in these Psalms his unconditional acceptance that God is all powerful and “in charge,” demonstrates the extent to which humankind – or at least the Jewish people – understood at this time their own ultimate powerlessness, and hence their individual and collective insignificance within the cosmos.3 In ceding full responsibility to God, these Psalms from ancient times provide a direct contrast with the most contemporary text set in The Armed Man, “Now the guns have stopped,” which, as noted in Chapter 3, although written by a Christian, is marked by the complete absence of God as comforter or saviour. 2 According to the Hebrew Bible, David was the second king of the united Kingdom of Israel. He is best known as the David in the story David and Goliath. 3 It is acknowledged that David did baulk at the constrictions his faith placed upon his thirst for power.
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Psalm 56 NKJV: To the Chief Musician. Set to “The Silent Dove in Distant Lands.” A Michtamof David when the Philistines captured him in Gath. 1 Be merciful unto me, O God: for man would swallow me up; he fighting daily oppresseth me. 2 Mine enemies would daily swallow me up: for they be many that fight against me, O thou most High. 3 What time I am afraid, I will trust in thee. 4 In God I will praise his word, in God I have put my trust; I will not fear what flesh can do unto me. 5 Every day they wrest my words: all their thoughts are against me for evil. 6 They gather themselves together, they hide themselves, they mark my steps, when they wait for my soul. 7 Shall they escape by iniquity? in thine anger cast down the people, O God. 8 Thou tellest my wanderings: put thou my tears into thy bottle: are they not in thy book? 9 When I cry unto thee, then shall mine enemies turn back: this I know; for God is for me. 10 In God will I praise his word: in the LORD will I praise his word. 11 In God have I put my trust: I will not be afraid what man can do unto me. 12 Thy vows are upon me, O God: I will render praises unto thee. 13 For thou hast delivered my soul from death: wilt not thou deliver my feet from falling, that I may walk before God in the light of the living? Psalm 59 NKJV To the Chief Musician. Set to “Do Not Destroy.” A Michtam of David when Saul sent men, and they watched the house in order to kill him. King James Bible 1 Deliver me from mine enemies, O my God: defend me from them that rise up against me. 2 Deliver me from the workers of iniquity, and save me from bloody men. 3 For, lo, they lie in wait for my soul: the mighty are gathered against me; not for my transgression, nor for my sin, O LORD. 4 They run and prepare themselves without my fault: awake to help me, and behold. 5 Thou therefore, O LORD God of hosts, the God of Israel, awake to visit all the heathen: be not merciful to any wicked transgressors. Selah. 6 They return at evening: they make a noise like a dog, and go round about the city. 7 Behold, they belch out with their mouth: swords are in their lips: for who, say they, doth hear? 8 But thou, O LORD, shalt laugh at them; thou shalt have all the heathen in derision. 9 Because of his strength will I wait upon thee: for God is my defence. 10 The God of my mercy shall prevent me: God shall let me see my desire upon mine enemies. 11 Slay them not, lest my people forget: scatter them by thy power; and bring them down, O Lord our shield. 12 For the sin of their mouth and the words of their lips let them even be taken in their pride: and for cursing and lying which they speak. 13 Consume them in wrath, consume them, that they may not be: and let them know that God ruleth in Jacob unto the ends of the earth. Selah. 14 And at evening let them return; and let them make a noise like a dog, and go round about the city. 15 Let them wander up and down for meat, and grudge if they be not satisfied. 16 But I will sing of thy power; yea, I will sing aloud of thy mercy in the morning: for thou hast been my defence and refuge in the day of my trouble. 17 Unto thee, O my strength, will I sing: for God is my defence, and the God of my mercy. Source: King James Bible
Kyrie, Sanctus, Agnus Dei The acceptance and comprehension of the omnipotent, responsive God of the Psalms continues to be reflected in the development of the Roman liturgy of the Christian worship service – the Mass – through the years from Christ’s death to around 900CE.4 Wilson and Jenkins have chosen to set the shortest sections of the Ordinary of the Mass – the “Kyrie,” the 4 For a full history of the development of the Roman Catholic Liturgy see Joseph A. Jungmann, The Mass of the
Roman Rite: Its Origins and Development, ed. Rev. Francis A. Brunner, 2 vols. (Westminster, Maryland: Christian Classics, [1986] 1992).
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“Sanctus,” and the “Agnus Dei” – omitting the wordier “Gloria” and “Credo” sections. 5 In accordance with common practice, the full text of each of the three sections of the Ordinary has been set to music.6 Splitting the “Sanctus” into two movements is also a relatively common practice in Mass settings; however, placing the second half – the “Benedictus” – after the “Agnus Dei” does not accord with common practice and, if the work was used during a Mass service, would require the Order of Service to be adjusted; something most celebrants would find disturbing. Nevertheless, The Armed Man was not initially created for liturgical purposes, and so the split does not provoke any complications in a concert setting. Furthermore, in the subsequent publication of the Choral Suite, which contains the four liturgical movements and “Hymn before Battle,” the “Benedictus” appears before the “Agnus Dei.”
The use of these Latin texts adds the weight and authority of a liturgical tradition
that developed in the first millennium of the Common Era and has remained the same throughout the second.7 Wilson states: We decided that for international performance we wanted as little translated as possible and, therefore, that the mass would be better in Latin (which is used throughout the world by Christians, even though most don't understand [it)]. That in itself, come to think of it, is a curious reversion to the 15th century situation!
Although from the 1960s onwards, the Roman Catholic Church did encourage recital of the liturgy in the vernacular, thus following the reforms of the sixteenth‐century Protestant movement, recitation of the traditional Latin Rite remains as an option.8 Strangely, although Christian services are only rarely recited in Latin today, few musical Masses – even amongst multi‐faith concert Masses – adopt vernacular translations of the Roman liturgy.9 While Charles Taylor may argue that the “fading contact” of congregations with “the traditional languages of faith seems to presage a declining future” for religion per se,10 composers of musical Masses are largely clinging to the traditional Latin language. 5 See the footnotes in Chapter 2 for a description of the Ordinary. 6 There are exceptions to this, particularly amongst late‐twentieth century multifaith Concert Masses. For a
discussion of the implications of truncating the Liturgy in musical Mass settings see Stephanie Rocke, "The Hybrid Musical Mass: A Question of Text," in Musical Islands: Exploring Connections between Music, Place and Research, ed. Elizabeth McKinley, Brydie‐Leigh Bartleet, and Katelyn Barney. (Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2009), 418‐45. 7 The inclusion of the “Credo” and the current presentation of the “Agnus Dei” (previously a litany) occurred in the eleventh century, bringing the development of the Ordinary of the Romany Litany to a close. 8 The decision to encourage the recital of the Roman liturgy in the vernacular was made by Second Ecumenical Council of the Vatican which convened during the years 1962‐1965. See Vatican II’s Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy (Sacrosanctum Concilium), especially paragraphs 36,40, 56. 9 Rocke, "The Hybrid Musical Mass: A Question of Text," 425‐6. 10 Taylor, A Secular Age, 533.
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Thus, Wilson’s words illuminate another facet of the move towards religious tolerance in the West. In the sixteenth century, Protestants largely rejected the elaborate Latin Mass settings sung at services by paid choristers, replacing them with simple hymns and chorales in the vernacular sung by congregants. Today, however, listeners of all denominations and creeds take the highly religious Latin Mass (in its musical manifestation) in their strides. What was symbolic of the insurmountable difference between Protestants and Catholics, has become irrelevant to most Westerners, regardless of the occasion – church service or concert venue. This in turn reveals a paradox: whereas the untranslated Latin liturgy implicitly adds the weight of tradition to The Armed Man, its religious aspects – its representation of a select community of worshipers – are lost.
Postenlightenment texts
“Song for Saint Cecilia’s Day” War – and its derivative, the desire for peace – has been as inextricably intertwined
with human existence as religion and this is demonstrated amply in the Christian‐oriented literary texts of The Armed Man. John Dryden’s “Song for Saint Cecilia’s Day” set in the seventh movement, “Charge!” was composed within three decades of the Civil War (1642‐1651) that delivered Parliamentary – rather than Royalist –control to England, and only slightly predates the Glorious Revolution of 1688 that overthrew King James II of England (VII of Scotland and King of Ireland). James II was not only the last Roman Catholic monarch to reign but was also a strong proponent of religious liberty.11 James Winn argues that Dryden, a Catholic convert, was predicting and bemoaning the likelihood of James II’s demise in the “Song for Saint Cecilia’s Day”12 by concluding: As from the pow’r of sacred lays The spheres began to move, And sung the great Creator's praise To all the Bles’d above; So when the last and dreadful hour This crumbling pageant shall devour, 11 James II was replaced, not by his recently born Roman Catholic son, but by his protestant daughter and son‐in‐
law, Mary II and William III. 12 Dryden’s song commemorates the martyr St Cecilia who, through the largesse of legend rather than for any
substantively verifiable reason, is the patron saint of music. St Cecilia’s day falls on 22nd November. As shown in Appendix D, the entire poem is ostensibly about music but there are also subtexts of war, violence and religion; particularly, if unsurprisingly, in the excerpt chosen. The direct reference to the taking up of arms and the martyrdom of Saint Cecilia provide the most obvious examples of these subtexts; however, a more liminal connection is derived when the poem is read in the context of its own time. See James Anderson Winn, John Dryden and His World (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1987).
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The trumpet shall be heard on high, The dead shall live, the living die, And Music shall untune the sky! The view that Dryden’s words reflect the sentiment that the overthrow of James II (“This crumbling pageant”) and return of Protestant rule (“the dead shall live”) would “untune” English society, is supported further by the fact that Dryden chose a relatively obscure Italian Catholic, G.B. Draghi, to set the text to music for the occasion.13 The Catholic/Protestant tension of the time is further represented in “Charge!” by the interpolation into Dryden’s text of words attributed to a Protestant, Jonathan Swift.14 Verse III of “Song for Saint Cecilia’s Day” (1687) John Dryden (16311700) The Trumpet's loud clangor Excites us to arms,
And mortal alarms.
“To the Earl of Oxford,” after Horace (658BC) Odes
With shrill notes of anger,
How blest is he who for his country dies. How blest is he who for his country dies.
The double, double, double15 beat Of the thund’ring Drum Cries Hark! the foes come; Charge, charge, ’tis too late to retreat!
Charge, charge.
Texts composed by authors supporting opposing confessions mingle freely three hundred years later, their religious estrangement long forgotten. While Dryden’s confessional loyalty has been the subject of some dispute – born a Catholic, he had converted to Protestantism with the rise of Cromwell – his ultimate choice of Catholicism contrasts with Swift’s constant Protestantism. 13 Roger Bray, "Dryden and Draghi in Harmony in the 1687 'Song for St Cecilia's Day'," Music and Letters 78, no. 3 (1997): 329. James A. Winn, however, states that Draghi was the Queen’s “favourite composer.” Winn, John Dryden and His World, 430. Nevertheless, the prolific composers, John Blow, William Turner, and Henry Purcell provide the markers against which Bray is comparing Draghi’s output and so his argument may still have some merit. 14 Jonathan Swift’s words, “How blest is he who for his country dies,” are inserted between the fourth and fifth
lines of the third verse of John Dryden’s “Song for St Cecilia’s Day,” and repeated at the end of that verse. 15 Although all three ‘double’s appear in Wilson’s first draft, Jenkins omits the third “double” in his setting.
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In fact, Dryden’s confessional oscillation could be seen as a sagacious precursor to
the present situation in Western culture. The contemporary Western religious landscape has witnessed both the establishment of new denominations or sects within established grand religious traditions such as Buddhism, Islam and Christianity, and the development of increasingly large numbers of new religious movements or “worshipping communities representing the full spectrum of the world’s religions.”16 In a pluralistic society, it is easy to chop and change – or even pick and mix – between religions. As Charles Taylor notes, “we are now living in a spiritual supernova, a kind of galloping pluralism on the spiritual plane.”17 Yet, there is a fundamental difference. Dryden felt compelled to choose a religion. Today he may not. Certainly, in Absalom and Architophel (1681) Dryden wrote that “priests of all religions are the same;” but he did not write that they should therefore be abolished: he lived at a time when belonging to a religion – at least for those of his station – remained obligatory. Robert K. Root explains Dryden’s actions by suggesting that the poet linked religion and state governance irrevocably, thus revealing an: ... essential consistency in matters political. In his praise of Cromwell, in his welcome to Charles, in his support of James, he is consistently a Tory, believing throughout that in the maintenance of a strong, autocratic government is to be found the best assurance of national peace.18
From this, it would still be tempting to suggest that Dryden had little time for religion itself, merely for effective and efficient government; however, Victoria Hamm argues that Dryden’s conversion was not “a matter of expedience, entered into for ulterior motives or gain,” but rather that his conversion “was a result of long thought and long study of the problems of faith.”19 Dryden lived in a time when God’s relation with humanity was coming to be seen as: ... mediated by an impersonal, immanent order... On one level, we have the natural order, the universe, purged of enchantment, and freed from miraculous interventions and special providences from God, operating by universal, unrespondent causal Laws. On another level we have a social order, designed for us, which we have to come to discern by reason, and establish by constructive activity and disciple. Finally the Law which defines this order, whether as political/constitutional law, or ethical norms, can be expressed in rational codes,
16 J. Gordon Melton, "Foreword," in New Religions: A Guide, ed. Christopher Partridge (New York: Oxford
University Press, 2004). 17 Taylor, A Secular Age, 300. 18 Robert Root, "Dryden's Conversion to the Roman Catholic Faith," PMLA 22, no. 2 (1907): 307. This has resonances with Bellah’s conception of Civil Religion mentioned in the previous chapter. 19 Victor M. Hamm, "Dryden's "The Hind and the Panther" And Roman Catholic Apologetics," PMLA 83, no. 2 (1968): 401.
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which can be grasped quite independent of any special relationship we might establish with God, and by extension with each other.20
“How blessed is he who for his country dies” It was a time for questions and a time when the permissibility of questions made room for uncertainty. In fact, Swift, a Protestant, held much the same, somewhat cynical views about the practice of religion as Dryden. A somewhat enigmatic figure, his confessional loyalty too was suspect – he was accused of Jacobite leanings toward Roman Catholicism because of anti‐puritan sentiments expressed in such writings as A Tale of a Tub.21 Thus, the opening phrase of Swift’s letter of support to the Earl of Oxford, sent while the Earl was under arrest in the Tower in 1716, is an appropriately enigmatic inclusion in The Armed Man. The letter comprised an English adaptation from the Latin of a portion of Ode II, Book III of the Odes of Horace (65‐85BC). The words selected by Wilson are the only words in the excerpt sent to the Earl that have any religious connotation at all.22 The Ode begins with them: How blest is he who for his country dies, Since death pursues the coward as he flies! The youth in vain would fly from Fate's attack; With trembling knees, and Terror at his back; Though Fear should lend him pinions like the wind, Yet swifter Fate will seize him from behind...23
Swift’s use of ‘blest’ when translating from the Latin dulce et decorum indicates in its reference to God’s grace, the Christian face of Britain at the time; however, given that the message of the The Armed Man is “Peace not War” the meaning behind the inclusion of the words “how blest is he who for his country dies” is not transparent in the present day. It could be read as ironic; as saying “that’s how it has been from Horace right through until Swift (and beyond), and such war‐endorsing sentiments are why we’re in such a pickle now.” Or it could simply be read as honouring those who have given their lives in the past without any ideological underlay; a display of non‐judgmental tolerance for the acts of the past. In this reading, the words refer to traditions such as the Anzac Day and Remembrance Day services of the Allies; occasions that acknowledge with gratitude that the victory gained 20Taylor, A Secular Age, 290. 21 In the Apology of the Tale Swift states “though the numerous and gross Corruptions in Religion and Learning
might furnish Matter for a Satyr, that would be useful and diverting.” See Phillip Harth, Swift and Anglican Rationalism: A Religious Background of a Tale of a Tub ([Chicago]: The University of Chicago Press, 1961). 22 As Horace was a Roman the allusion to the Christian God implied by the word “blest” in this context would have been an eighteenth‐century invention. 23 As quoted in "Jonathan Swift: Political Poems," The Literature Network 20002008 http://www.online‐
literature.com/swift/3500/. Accessed 24 Jan 2010. A transcription of the full text appears in Appendix D.
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by all those involved in the twentieth‐century World Wars – particularly the soldiers and others who died during them – ensured freedom from enemy occupation for those that came after; a freedom that is fully appreciated. Intriguingly, the sociologist, Gary Bouma suggests that the growing interest in Anzac Day within Australian popular culture – demonstrated by increasing attendance numbers at commemorative ceremonies – may also be a consequence of a collective change from one of unthinking, Nationalistic pride to an individually felt empathy for those who died. In Bouma’s conception, this empathy arises from a better‐informed hindsight comprehension of the tragic unnecessariness of the “digger” sacrifice – the utter waste of life that occurred in such places as Gallipoli during the First World War.24 This view coincides with the views of Charles Taylor who notes that “we live in an extraordinary moral culture, measured against the norm of human history, in which suffering and death, through famine, flood, earthquake, pestilence or war, can awaken world‐wide movements of sympathy and practical solidarity.”25 In this more complex response to the meaning of the words “How blest is he who for his country dies,” irony is combined with gratitude to form an empathy derived from personal, albeit unrelated, experiences of futility. In doing so, any apparent ambiguity is removed from words. Swift’s phrase, as used in The Armed Man becomes fully explained, particularly when it follows Dryden’s line “Charge, charge, ’tis too late to retreat!” Pluralism takes on its temporal attribute – in accepting what was, and understanding why it was, those who consider such things compare past events with “now,” and affirm their own beliefs in a more peaceful, better way forward. Further, the inclusion of these texts from two outspoken commentator/cultural analysts from three hundred years ago adds to the aspects of secularisation that adhere to The Armed Man. The authors’ engagements with religion were more than passing. For them religion and the state were at the least intertwined, and at the extreme, inseparable entities. This is not the case in the Western world now: there is an accepted, lived dichotomy between the two.
Pluralism within contemporary Christianity However, the dichotomy between Protestant and Catholic forms of Christianity is
dissolving rapidly. The excerpts from Psalms 56 and 59, mentioned above, and Verse 4 from Revelations 21 that is set in the final movement, are drawn from the King James Bible. This translation became the standard English‐language, Protestant version of the bible soon after it was first published in 1611. The setting of Protestant translations balances the settings of 24 Gary Bouma, "Australian Soul," in Institute of Spiritual Studies Seminar 5 (St Peter's, Eastern Hill, Melbourne,
Australia: 8 May 2008). 25 Taylor, A Secular Age, 371.
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the Roman Catholic liturgy, giving equal weighting to Catholic and Protestant confessions and providing more evidence of religious pluralism. This is not say that there is an attempt to turn the clock backwards to pre‐Reformation times when Western Christians were sectarian but not denominational, but rather a liberal or postmodern acceptance of difference; an acceptance that “our” truth may not be the only truth; that “truth” is individual and specific; that many “truths” can live together, particularly religious “truth” which is essentially ephemeral. Adherents to the Baha’i faith expound an alternative construction of the phenomenon of contemporary pluralism: There can be no doubt that whatever the peoples of the world, of whatever race or religion, derive their inspiration from one heavenly Source, and are the subjects of one God. The difference between the ordinances under which they abide should be attributed to the varying requirements and exigencies of the age in which they were revealed. All of them, except for a few which are the outcome[s] of human perversity, were ordained of God, and are a reflection of His Will and Purpose.26
“Ring out Wild Bells” Dryden and Swift may well have welcomed the Baha’i ideology, for their belief in the monotheism embodied within Christianity is not in much doubt, simply their allegiances to a specific confession. Two hundred years later Tennyson, whose religious affiliation has not been questioned, was, nevertheless, troubled by disbelief. Although Carlisle Moore states “[f]or half a century, In Memoriam brought solace to worried and struggling believers,”27 Moore also concedes that the anthology has been the source of much debate regarding the nature of Tennyson’s faith. Critics such as T.S. Eliot, for example, have suggested that the strength of In Memoriam lay in the intense quality of its doubt, not its faith.28
26 Baha'u'llah, "Gleaning from the Writings of Baha'u'llah 111," Translated by Andrew Wilson, World Scripture: A
comparative Anthology of Sacred Texts (The truth in many parts) available at http://www.unification.net/ws/theme00a.htm (1991). Accessed 24 Jan 2010.
27 Carlisle Moore, "Faith, Doubt, and Mystical Experience in 'in Memoriam'," Victorian Studies 7, no. 2 (Dec.
1963): 156. 28 T.S. Eliot, Essays Ancient and Modern (London: 1936), 187.
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Excerpts from Poem CV in In Memorium A.H.H (1850) by Alfred Lord Tennyson (180992) Text set in The Armed Man CV Ring out wild bells to the wild sky, The flying cloud, the frosty light: The year is dying in the night; Ring out, wild bells, and let him die. Ring out the thousand wars of old Ring out the old, ring in the new Ring, happy bells, across the snow: Ring in the thousand years of peace The year is going, let him go; Ring out the false, ring in the true. Ring out the grief that saps the mind, Ring out the old, ring in the new For those that here we see no more; Ring out the feud of rich and poor, Ring, happy bells, across the snow: Ring in redress to all mankind. The year is going, let him go; Ring out slowly dying cause, And ancient forms of party strife; Ring out the false, ring in the true. Ring in the nobler modes of life, With sweeter manners, purer laws. Ring out the want, the care, the sin, Ring out old shapes and foul disease; The faithless coldness of the times; Ring out, ring out my mournful rhymes, Ring out the narrowing lust of gold; But ring the fuller minstrel in. Ring out the thousand wars of old; Ring out false pride in place and blood, The civic slander and the spite; Ring in the thousand years of peace. Ring in the love of truth and right, Ring in the common love of good. Ring out old shapes of foul disease; Ring in the valiant man and free, Ring out the narrowing lust of gold; Ring out the thousand wars of old, The larger heart, the kindlier hand; Ring in the thousand years of peace Ring out the darkness of the land; Ring in the valiant man and free, The larger heart, the kindlier hand; Ring in the Christ that is to be. Ring out the darkness of the land, Ring in the Christ that is to be.
Tennyson lived in a time that witnessed “an expanding universe of unbelief;”29 a time that would spawn an outspoken philosopher, Nietzsche, who would reject as pusillanimous Christian‐rooted philosophies that expounded humanity’s highest goals as being those of egalitarianism. As Charles Taylor notes, Nietzsche saw no value in a morality of reduced suffering and the preservation of life.30 It was a morality that Tennyson, however, did endorse. This is apparent in the anthology from which the text that Wilson and Jenkins selected for the middle section of the final movement of The Armed Man appears. It 29 The title of Chapter 10 in Taylor, A Secular Age, 352‐76. 30 Ibid., 375.
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is a portion of Tennyson’s well‐known poem “Ring out Wild Bells,” which has been set to music at least three times before.31 The anthology from which the poem is drawn, In Memorium A.H.H., is a chronicle of the years after the death of Tennyson’s close friend Arthur Henry Hallum,32 and the themes of grief and spiritual doubt play themselves out through the anthology. “Ring out Wild Bells,” the one hundred‐and‐fifth poem in the collection, is a pivotal text in which Tennyson celebrates not only his resolution “to cease his introspective grief and ...accept sorrow as a strengthener of the soul,”33 but also to celebrate his spiritual journey from doubt to faith; his “conviction that fear, doubts, and suffering will find answer and relief only through Faith in a God of Love."34 Similarly, Tennyson’s rejection of Nietzschean “Death of God” philosophies is mirrored in the work of his contemporary, Rudyard Kipling: “Hymn before Action.” “Hymn Before action” “Hymn Before Action” from The Seven Seas anthology (1896) by Rudyard Kipling (18651936) THE EARTH is full of anger,
High lust and froward bearing,
The seas are dark with wrath,
Proud heart, rebellious brow—
The Nations in their harness
Deaf ear and soul uncaring,
Go up against our path:
We seek Thy mercy now!
Ere yet we loose the legions—
The sinner that forswore Thee,
Ere yet we draw the blade,
The fool that passed Thee by,
Jehovah of the Thunders,
Our times are known before Thee—
Lord God of Battles, aid!
Lord, grant us strength to die!
The first two verses of Kipling’s Hymn before Action are set in the sixth movement of The Armed Man. On the surface the text is fairly self‐explanatory: it is simply a request to God for His support. Nevertheless, the line “The fool that passed Thee by” complicates the matter because it hints at a religious pluralism that is only fully explicated in the unset, third
31 1) W.W. Gilchrist c.1900, song published in The Course of Study, Vol. 1, No. 1 (Jul. 1900), 98. 2) Percy E. Fletcher
c.1925; trio for female voices published as an extra supplement in The Musical Times, vol. 66, no. 992 (Oct 1. 1925), 1‐12. 3) Elliot Gyger c. 1987, SATB chorus available from Australian Music Centre, AMC Library number: 782.5542/GYG 1 32Tennyson loved Arthur Henry Hallum (A.H.H.) intensely. A.H.H. who also became engaged to Tennyson’s sister
died of a cerebral haemorrhage in 1833 at the age of 22. Tennyson married A.H.H.’s sister and called his first son Hallam. See Robert Bernard Martin, Tennyson, the Unquiet Heart (Oxford; New York: Clarendon Press; Oxford University Press, 1980), 174‐88.
33 Moore, "Faith, Doubt, and Mystical Experience in 'in Memoriam'," 157. 34 Quoted in Hallam Lord Tennyson, Alfred Lord Tennyson: A Memoir (New York: 1897), 305‐6.
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verse of Kipling’s poem. This verse asks God to disregard the lack of fealty to Christianity in some who have agreed to fight with them. For those who kneel beside us At altars not Thine own, Who lack the lights that guide us, Lord, let their faith atone. If wrong we did to call them, By honour bound they came; Let not Thy Wrath befall them, But deal to us the blame.
As made evident by Erin Richards, the Milwaukee journalist mentioned in the previous chapter in the context of the “Call to Prayer,” Wilson’s pluralistic intent was not lost on one Choir Director: “As the words, "Lord grant us strength to die!" rang out from the front, he [Archdiocesan Choir Director Jeff Honore] added: ‘That's the power of this piece ‐ people on either side of the battle pray the same prayer.’"35
Believers on both sides may well hope that God will protect them yet, unlike King David in the Psalms 56 and 59, twentieth‐century believers showed that they were prepared to take up arms themselves, just in case He doesn’t. Nevertheless, as The Armed Man draws to a close with the hopeful words from Revelations followed by the phrase “Praise the lord,” Wilson is signalling both his Christianity and his pacifism: for Wilson, taking up arms will never lead to permanent peace; trusting in God will.
New Testament “God shall wipe away all tears” Revelations 21:4 c.60AD ...God shall wipe away all tears... And there shall be no more death Neither sorrow nor crying Neither shall there be any more pain
35 Richards, "Storm of War, Prayer for Peace: Orchestra, Chorus to Present Concert Mass at Cathedral."
Transcription of full text appears in source 27, Appendix B2.
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Revelations is concerned wholly with the apocalyptic visions of John. The excerpt comes from the penultimate chapter of the book. The verses just after the excerpt remind us that God is the omnipotent being “the Alpha and Omega, the beginning and the end,” (Revelations 21:6‐8) and promise salvation for the good, with a fiery end to those who are wicked: But the fearful, and unbelieving, and the abominable, and murderers, and whoremongers, and sorcerers, and idolaters, and all liars, shall have their part in the lake which burneth with fire and brimstone: which is the second death.
In omitting this threat and concluding on a positive note, the horror of the mid‐ sections of The Armed Man have been left behind, making way for visions of an emotional Utopia that – paradoxically – can only truly be understood if its antithesis has been experienced. Wilson and Jenkins are products of a culture that has witnessed the movement towards disciplinary policies that advocate positive reinforcement of good behaviour rather than punitive retribution of inappropriate behaviour; they are not buying into judgemental arguments based upon past wrongs, but rather emphasizing a theology of Love that rests on the assumption that “God will provide.” Even for non‐believers, the idea of living within the moral boundaries of treating others as you would want to be treated yourself, a rule that in Western culture stems from Christianity, abides. In the now‐secularising societies of the West, religious belief and practice may have declined and become an increasingly private affair over the centuries, and religious institutions may have lost much of their power, yet Christian principles permeate every aspect of Western life, providing moral guidance even for the most truculent of non‐believers.
Conclusion While in the previous chapter I concentrated on finding religion “hidden” within the secular texts set in The Armed Man, in this chapter I have focused upon tracking evidence of the history of the secularisation paradigm within the biblical, liturgical, and literary Christian texts. Taylor broadly describes this paradigm in the opening statement of his book A Secular Age: “…why was it virtually impossible not to believe in God, in say, 1500 in our Western society, while in 2000 many of us find this not only easy but even inescapable?”36 The religious roots of contemporary Western society lie in Christendom, and before that in Judaism. It is from there, in King David’s Psalms, that the oldest of the texts set in The Armed Man is drawn. In the excerpts from the Psalms it is clear that King David, living at 36 Taylor, A Secular Age, 25.
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around 1,000CE, does not doubt God exists. Similarly, the text from Revelations (c60CE) followed by the phrase “Praise the Lord,” is equally doubt‐free. In looking at the background of Dryden and Swift’s texts of the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, it can be seen that religious doubt is constrained to confessional differences – there appears no dispute with the idea that God exists. By this time, however, the idea of secular governance of society has arisen and so religion is no longer embedded within every aspect of Western life. Nearly two centuries later, in Tennyson and Kipling’s time, religion and the existence of God is doubted openly. Consequently, the concept of pluralism as being a necessary antidote (for some) or partner (for others) to the fully formed “cult of the individual” is beginning to flourish. While incidences of fundamentalist bigotry remain, the growth of pluralism is very noticeable in the practices of twenty‐first century Western society. Further, pluralism is increasingly seen as the ideological partner to the firm acceptance of the individual’s right to adhere to any one (or more) of the multiple belief systems that have been established in the West – whether religious or secular in orientation – over the past five centuries. The hegemonic “cult of the individual” that endorses each person’s right to say and do as they please, within the accepted bounds of morality, is strongly reflected in the next chapter which contemplates the reception of The Armed Man: A Mass for Peace.
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Chapter 5 Reception ...The "Black, Red, Blue, Dance in the Air, Merge, Scatter glittering sparks" ignited memories that shot me in the face, blasting from inside. I could hear the white phosphorous artillery rounds whistling by. Their white sparks, which illuminated the sky, flashed back like laser beams, covered in the blood of the fellow soldiers I tried to keep alive. I will never forget their faces. As horrible as it is beautiful, "Armed Man" is ...a powerful anti‐war call for peace. I can't imagine anyone who heard this performance not being moved by this music.1 Harold Dickett
Implicit in the question “why is a religious work popular in a secular age” is an acceptance that The Armed Man: A Mass for Peace is indeed popular. In this chapter I support this claim, by presenting information regarding both the volume of CD sales and the numbers and locations of live performances. Having established The Armed Man’s success as a contemporary, classical work, I contemplate factors relating to its creation and dissemination to ascertain how these might have contributed to the work’s success. I then analyse 172 items of reception data, sifting through each source to discover prevailing themes, and to determine what characteristics of the work make it so attractive to audiences world‐wide.2
Live Performances The Armed Man was completed early in 2000 and premiered at a charity concert at Royal Albert Hall on 25 April 2000. The event was funded and organised by the Masterclass Music Charitable Trust in collaboration with the radio station Classic FM, which broadcast the concert several days later. At the time, reviewers were reserved about the work. Rob Cowan of The Independent declared: Think back to how Pärt, Reich, Tippett, Stravinsky and others embraced disparate cultures for the last millennium and you'll recall worlds where creative excitement
1 Harold Dickett, "'Armed Man' Deeply Affecting," in Knoxville News Sentinel (16 Nov 2008), http://www.knoxnews.com/news/2008/nov/16/armed‐man‐deeply‐affecting/. Accessed 27 Jan 2010. For full text, see source 133 in Appendix B2. 2 For all of the sources located, a summary listing including date, author, brief excerpt, location, and category
allocation appears as Appendix B1. The full text of each source has been included in Appendix B2. Throughout this chapter, when quoting a brief excerpt from a source, the relevant Appendix B reference number (beginning with “s”) is included after each quote. For longer quotations (as in the one heading this chapter) the source as well as the Appendix reference number is cited here.
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was caught on the wing. These people challenged and changed us. Even Leonard Bernstein's Mass, awkward and tacky as it sometimes was, faced the present head‐ on. Here, I felt like a prodigal son forced home to share something "normal" with mum and dad.3
Nevertheless, in the ensuing nine years to 24 April 2009, the full work was performed at least 552 times in twenty‐four countries. A further, 37 performances of the choral suite adaptation, and 56 known performances of selected movements added another 3 countries to the list of nations introduced to The Armed Man. The work has been distributed by Boosey & Hawkes in three formats: the full score with SATB choir, full orchestra and soloists (including orchestral parts and vocal scores); various arrangements of the full score for a smaller ensemble, SATB choir and soloists; and a choral suite that contains the four liturgical Mass settings and Kipling’s “Hymn before action.” The chart in Figure 5 displays the number of known live performances of The Armed Man by year, separated into two categories: performances of the full work, and performances of the Choral Suite or excerpts. Of the full performances, sixty percent employed an orchestra and forty percent a smaller ensemble.4 A trend of continuing growth is evident. 200 150 100 50 0 2000‐01 2001‐02 2002‐03 2003‐04 2004‐05 2005‐06 2006‐07 2007‐08 2008‐09 Choral Suite/ Extracts
All 13 Movements
Figure 5 Performances of The Armed Man: A Mass for Peace, 25 April 2000 to 24 April 20095
A CD of the composition released in 2001 went immediately to number one in the classical charts. 100,000 copies of the album had been sold worldwide by 2003, thereby achieving UK classical “gold” status. By the close of 2005, the CD had had an unbroken run 3 Cowan, "Arms around the World; Mass for Peace | Royal Albert Hall, London." 4 Towards the end of this period performances by the smaller ensemble became more prevalent, tending towards 40 percent of all full‐work performances. 5 As mentioned in Chapter 1, data on both past and forthcoming performances is available from the
“Perfomances” page of the Boosey & Hawkes website. Their data has been supplemented with other performances that I discovered, primarily through internet searches reception information. To verify the accuracy of the Boosey & Hawkes information, approximately ten percent of performances listed in their database have been verified from other sources. The full list of performances appears as Appendix A.
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of 200 weeks in the charts.6 By March 2008 The Times reported that 152,000 copies of the CD had been sold in the UK alone.7 A film of a live performance, conducted by Jenkins on 11th January 2005 – his sixtieth birthday – was released in DVD format later that year. The DVD includes war‐related images that were screened on a backdrop throughout the performance. The launching of the DVD in the same year that there was a dramatic increase in the number of live performances is probably no coincidence. As shown in Figure 5 there were 53 full performances in the 2004‐05 year but in the 2005‐06 year this figure almost doubled to 94 full performances. It is unknown whether the surge resulted from a strong marketing push of all The Armed Man products at the time, or whether the inclusion of the images simply gave the work a higher profile, making it more visible to Directors casting around for repertoire for their choir’s next concert program.8 In a 2006 Classic FM poll of twenty thousand people, The Armed Man: A Mass for Peace was ranked the fourth most popular piece of classical music by a British composer, ahead of Holst’s The Planets, and Handel’s Messiah.9 In 2008 it remained above these two works, but lost one place in the overall ranking of works by British composers and was thirteenth most popular of works by all composers.10 In 2009 the work held steady at thirteenth position but Jenkins himself was voted the most popular living composer.11 While some, such as Thinking Anglican blog contributor, David Rowett, may disparage the Classic FM commercial radio station as, “specialising in lifestyle music for the moneyed middle classes [broadcasting The Armed Man] in ‘lollipop’ snatches designed to calm gridlocked commuters,”12 and so discount the value of the station’s polls, The Armed Man is an extraordinarily popular classical work that continues to attract audiences worldwide.
6 See "New Museum and New Doctor Who." 7 Darrent Henley, "Its Life‐Affirming Music in 'What Makes Karl Jenkins the Marmite Man of Music?'," The Times 7
March 2008. http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article3497596.ece. Accessed 29 Oct 2009. 8 Although several requests were made of Karl Jenkins to provide approval for me to talk to EMI, no response was received. It should be noted, however, that Jenkins had been very co‐operative in the early stages of my research. 9 See "Lark Ascends to Top Classics Poll," BBC News (1 May 2006)
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/4961996.stm. Accessed 24 Jan 2010. In 2005, The Armed Man: A Mass for Peace was ranked at number 9, and in 2008 at number 5. 10 "Hall of Fame: The Top 80," Classic FM (2008) http://www.classicfm.co.uk/on‐air/hall‐fame/hall‐fame‐ 2008/hall‐fame‐top‐80/. 11 "Top Ten Living Composers," Classic FM (2009) http://www.classicfm.co.uk/on‐air/hall‐fame/top‐10‐living‐ composers/. Accessed 24 Jan 2010 12 David Rowett, "Literalism and Subversion," Thinking Anglicans [Blog], http://www.thinkinganglicans.org.uk/archives/003568.html. Accessed 13 Mar 2009.
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Table 2 All known performances (full and partial) of The Armed Man a Mass for Peace, listed by countrypremiere date.
UK
Europe (Excl. UK)
North America
70
Southern Hemisphere
Asia / Middle East
Listed in chronological order based upon country‐premiere dates, Table 2 demonstrates The Armed Man’s global reach by enumerating the number of performances in each country. As can be seen, the second performance outside of the United Kingdom – and then only of the twelfth movement, the “Benedictus” – was during a concert in Orchard Hall, Tokyo, almost a full eighteen months after the world premiere in London. The first full non‐ UK performance occurred a further two years later in October 2003 at the University of Dublin’s recently opened, multi‐venue performance complex, The Helix, in the 1260 seat Mahoney Theatre. The Dublin County Choir in support of the Irish Peace Process put on the concert, which included a Requiem by another British composer, John Rutter. In his preview of the concert, Dick O’Riordain of the Sunday Business Post Online wrote somewhat enigmatically that “[i]t has had amazingly popular success in Britain, considering its title.”13 Members of the Dublin County Choir would travel to Carnegie Hall in January 2007 to perform The Armed Man with five other choirs. The 2,500‐strong audience demonstrated their “emotional reaction to the moving music” by giving a standing ovation.14 The continental European Premiere was staged by the Orchestra da Camera e Coro “Ouverture” in the town of Barcellano Pozzo di Gotto in the Sicilian region of Messina in April 2004, six months after the Dublin performance. From then on the work began to be performed in country after country until, ten days before the ninth anniversary of the world Premiere, Poland became the twenty‐seventh country to have scheduled at least a partial performance of The Armed Man. It is perhaps significant that the first two countries outside the United Kingdom to have staged the work are strongly Catholic with high rates of religious observance – at least compared to the rest of Europe.15 The country to have staged the most performances of the full work outside of the United Kingdom, other than the United States, is Germany with 41 performances during the nine‐year period.16 This may be accounted for by the strong choral
13Perhaps O’Riordain is referring to the paradoxical inclusion of both “armed” and “peace” in the title. See Dick
O'Riordain, "Classic Notes," The Sunday Business Post Online, 12 October 2003. http://archives.tcm.ie/businesspost/2003/10/12/story863181603.asp. Accessed 27 Jan 2010. The work had been performed fourteen times in the UK prior to this, and while this may have seemed quite a significant number at the time, the success O’Riordain was referring to is probably more likely to relate to CD sales than the work’s live performance history. 14 Rosemary Pardey, ed., "Benedictus in Carnegie Hall," Making Music, South East Region Newsletter Feb. (2007):
1. http://www.makingmusic‐southeast.org.uk/PDFs/feb_07.pdf. Accessed 29 April 2009. 15 For sociological data on religious practice see Chapter 4 "The Puzzle of Secularization in the United States and
Western Europe" in Norris and Inglehart, Sacred and Secular: Religion and Politics Worldwide. In particular, a chart on page 85 which records data collected from 1981 to 2001 for 14 European countries, Japan and the United States, shows that Ireland, Italy and the US have the highest responses to questions regarding prayer frequency and religious participation, with France, Denmark and Great Britain have the lowest. 16 In terms of religious observance, Germany falls in the middle of the group of 16 Industrial nations included in the chart mentioned above.
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culture in Germany compared to other European countries, once again excluding the United Kingdom. Furthermore, as the chart in Figure 6 shows, 402 or 62% of all performances (both full and partial) have occurred in the United Kingdom, 130 or 20% in Europe (of which 2.6% of performances were in the predominantly English‐speaking country of Ireland), 66 or 10% in North America (United States and Canada), 41 or 7% in the British Commonwealth countries of the southern hemisphere (New Zealand, South Africa, Australia and Kenya), and less than 1% in Asia and the Middle East (Japan, Israel, and China). United Kingdom Europe (excl.UK)
UK (402)
North America All Non‐UK (243)
Southern Hemisphere Asia/Middle East 0
70
140
210
280
350
420
Figure 6 Regional performances (full and partial) of The Armed Man: A Mass for Peace 25 April 2000 to 24 April 2009.
Thus, despite the inclusion of texts in several “foreign” languages, notably French, Arabic and Latin, almost 81%, or 521 concerts, have been in English‐speaking countries.17 Figure 7 shows the relationship between performances of the full work in countries where English is the first language, and countries where it is not. United Kingdom All English‐ speaking (521)
Europe (excl.UK) North America
All non‐English ‐speaking (124) 0
70
140
210
280
350
420
490
Southern Hemisphere Asia/Middle East
Figure 7 English/nonEnglish as primary language of countries in which The Armed Man: A Mass for Peace has been known to have been performed (full and partial)
17 Of the Canadian performances 6 were staged in the predominantly French‐speaking province of Quebec and 1
was staged in Ottawa. The remaining performances were staged in the predominantly English‐speaking provinces of Alberta, British Columbia, Ontario, and Nova Scotia.
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Despite the prominence of the L’homme armé song in the work, of the 124 performances in non‐English‐speaking countries, only one partial and two full performances were in France. Less surprising, given the dominance of Islam in the region, there have been no performances in any Arabic‐speaking countries. Islamic law relating to music can be very strict. While the recitation of the Adhan, or “Call to Prayer” is always and everywhere acceptable to Muslims, the remainder of the music in The Armed Man is considered mūsīqā and thus subject to the constraints of Islamic law as it is locally interpreted and practiced.18 Mūsīqā, which includes everything we in the West call “music” except recitation and religious and literary chants, attracts controversy. As Lois Ibsen al Faruqi points out in her seminal article on Islamic law and “handasah al sawt,” or the “artistic engineering of sound,” under Islamic law and practice, there is a hierarchy of musical practices that ranges from those practices that are generally acceptable for most sects, locations, and times – such as most unaccompanied singing – to musical practices that are completely forbidden, or harām for all sects, locations and times – such as music that endorses or fosters immoral behaviour. Moreover, Western symphonic music sits only just above the harām line, in the category of “music of pre‐Islamic or non‐ Islamic origins.” As such its performance in an Islamic cultural setting has the potential to be highly controversial, although the model allows that in more liberal Muslim communities it may not be considered contentious at all.19 In non‐Islamic cultural settings, Islamic policy still provides guidance, but practice is varied, thus confirming al Faruqi’s point that what constitutes acceptable practice at any given time is locally defined. In one example, relating to a performance of The Armed Man in Dublin, the Islamic community provided a person to make the Call but insisted that the muezzin recite from the rear of the auditorium – behind the audience – and depart immediately after he had finished the recitation.20 In another example, in Stevenage, England, the Muslim recited from the wings of the stage and left after the Call. In one final, contrasting example – also from England – in the 2003 “Together for Peace” performance in
18 See Lois Ibsen al Faruqi, "Music, Musicians and Muslim Law," Asian Music 17, no. 1 (1985). 19 While on this aspect Ibsen al Faruki’s article remains the authoritative source, others who have written
subsequently on Islam and music are: Seyyed Hossein Nast, "Islam and Music: The Legal and the Spiritual Dimensions," in Enchanting Powers: Music in the World's Religions, ed. Lawrence E. Sullivan (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1997), and, Amnon Shiloah, Music in the World of Islam : A Socio Cultural Study (Aldershot, England: Scolar Press, 1995). For a British perspective from the 1990s see Farhana Mayer, ed., Proceedings of the Conference on Islam and Music "Much Ado About Music" (London, UK: Association of Muslim Researchers, 1996). 20 As advised by Donal Hurley, Head of Music, Mater Dei Institute of Education during the question time after
conference paper Stephanie Rocke, "The Armed Man: A Mass for Peace (2000): A Mass for a Secular Age?," in 'A Secular Age': Tracing the Contours of Religion and Belief (Mater Dei Institute of Education, A College of Dublin City University, Ireland: 10 June 2009).
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Leeds Town Hall, M. A. Rahmann actually joined the choir and sang throughout the entire work, providing the Call at the appropriate time from within the midst of the choristers.21 As mentioned above, performances in English‐speaking countries far exceed those in countries that have another primary language. Similarly, the bulk of the reception data I have located emanates from the United Kingdom and the United States.
Reception and dissemination The 172 items of reception data located include 26 formal reviews, 21 relating to live performances and 5 to the CD recording. In addition there are 120 informal reviews which are drawn predominantly from consumer feedback on internet retail websites that sell the CD. Other sources include 24 Concert preview articles or program notes, and two surveys. Of the formal reviews, 17 were impartial critiques that appeared in newspapers or journals, 6 were written by members or others associated with choirs that performed The Armed Man, and 3 were issued by those with a vested interest in promoting the work. The informal feedback from consumers was largely, although not exclusively, complimentary. Ninety percent of Amazon.com and Amazon.co.uk reviews of the CD were strongly positive about the work and/or its impact. While this type of review forum has a tendency to attract more positive reviews than negative ones, and to be somewhat polemical, a useful benchmark can be established by analysing the review rates of CD recordings of four similarly oriented Masses. Created for the concert hall (rather than a church service), and composed since 1970, the recordings were of David Fanshawe’s African Sanctus (1994 version) Chanticleer Choir’s Chanticleer Mass (multiple composers, 2007), Bernstein’s Mass (1997 reissue), and Libby Larsen’s Missa Gaia (1995). These four recordings have received an aggregated average positive review rate of approximately eighty‐three percent, seven percent lower than The Armed Man.22 Furthermore, whereas
21 As advised by Guy Wilson, personal communication, 29 June 2009. 22 The 2001 CD recording of The Armed Man attracted 79 Reviews by Amazon consumers, 16 more than the four
other recordings combined; however, this excess may be due to The Armed Man’s more recent issue date. The consumer internet review as a forum for self‐expression is a relatively recent phenomenon. While some reviews focussed upon the quality of the recording and the performance, most focussed upon aspects of the works themselves. It is accepted that these sources simply provide a useful guide not a rigorous survey of opinion. The specific Masses and their positive review rates are: Bernstein’s Mass (1997 reissue) 45 reviews: 82%; David Fanshawe’s African Sanctus (1994 version) 13 reviews: 84%; Chanticleer Choir’s Chanticleer Mass (multiple composers, 2007) 5 reviews: 80%; Libby Larsen’s Missa Gaia (1995) 1 review: 100%. A table of this information is included as Appendix E. Other similarly oriented Masses such as Luis Bacalov’s Misa Tango (2000), Paul Patterson’s Mass of the Sea (1987) and Daniel Lentz’s wolfMass (2000) attracted no reviews. Dates are CD issue dates, not composition dates. Of seven recordings of Benjamin Britten’s War Reqiuem issued since 1990 there was an extraordinary 100% positive review rate by 63 reviewers, with an average aggregate rating of 4.8 but these reviews tended to comment exclusively on the quality of the performance rather than the work itself.
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The Armed Man received an aggregated average score of 4.5 out of 5 for all reviews, the four works mentioned above received only an aggregated average of 4:1. Collaborative Creation and Professional Dissemination These higher rankings demonstrate further that the Mass deriving from the Wilson/Jenkins collaboration is widely considered a welcome addition to the classical music repertoire. The extent to which this success can be attributed to Karl Jenkins’s reputation and popularity as a composer of music that defies genre classification is difficult to quantify.23 Certainly, “Benedictus” is an arrangement of “The Eternal Knot,” initially composed by Jenkins for his ensemble, Adiemus.24 Other movements, particularly the “Sanctus,” are reminiscent of his Adiemus style, but in general, his previous output was musically less conservative. In fact, at least one reviewer was less than impressed with The Armed Man, stating: “I was a big fan of Adiemus and wish that Jenkins had stuck to doing what he does best: background music” (s124). Nevertheless, another reviewer had quite the opposite opinion, asserting “Excellent! If you like Adiemus you’ll like this” (s128). Equally impossible to quantify, but certainly of great significance, is the extent to which the three primary media organisations that were chosen to promote and distribute the work – all major players in their fields – have contributed. The high profile Boosey and Hawkes, which claims to be the “largest specialist classical music publishing company in the world,”25 efficiently hire out the full scores of the work with rights for a single performance, or a limited series of performances. Although the vocal scores are available for hire, choir members often purchase them. 53,000 had been sold by March 2008.26 The first CD recording of the work was issued in 2003 under the Virgin label imprint.27 Virgin belongs to EMI, one of the top three record companies in the world. The media giant operates in fifty countries and has a stable that includes such well‐known popular artists and groups as The Beatles, Coldplay, Tina Turner, and Robbie Williams.28 23 E‐bay, for example, places the CD in the Pop/Rock genre; see "The Armed Man (a Mass for Peace) (Karl
Jenkins, 2001)," EBay UK http://catalog.ebay.co.uk/_W0QQ_fclsZ1QQ_pidZ30617084QQ_tabZ3 24 Jenkins advised that “Eternal Knot was first. it was on a 'dead end' CD and it fitted Benedictus so well, as has
been proved, I used it.” Personal correspondence 28 April 2009. The ‘dead end CD’ was Adiemus IV The Eternal Knot issued by Virgin in 2000. Adiemus is a string orchestra formed to rehearse and record Jenkins’s music. See "The Story of Adiemus," karljenkins.com http://www.karljenkins.com/adiemus_story.php. Accessed 24 Jan 2010. 25John Minch, "About Us: Welcome to Our World of Music," Boosey & Hawkes (4 July 2009) http://www.boosey.com/pages/aboutus/ . Accessed 24 Jan 2010 26 Henley, "Its Life‐Affirming Music in 'What Makes Karl Jenkins the Marmite Man of Music?'." 27 A brass band version of the work was recorded by the Brass Band Aid Celebrity Band and Chorus under the
Bhss label in 2007.
28 In their 2007 Annual report, EMI claimed to be the biggest in the world (see EMI, "2007 Annual Report:
Operating and Financial Review," (Available at http://www.shareholder.com/visitors/dynamicdoc/document.cfm?CompanyID=EMIL&DocumentID=1798&PIN =&Page=14&Zoom=1x&Section=43992#43992), 12. Accessed 4 July 2009.) Virgin, however, claims EMI is the
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While there is no doubt that the timing of the album’s release on 10 September 2001 was a boon to sales, there is also little doubt that a smaller label would have been less well placed or equipped to capitalise on the rapidly escalating demand subsequent to the terrorist action in New York, one day after the CD was released.29 In fact it is possible that the release date was the single greatest factor contributing to the work’s popularity. Sales were boosted further by the commercial radio station Classic FM, whose management was involved in an advisory role from the early stages of The Armed Man’s creation. As “Jaxle,” an informal reviewer for internet retailer ciao.com noted even four years after the release of the CD: “[a]ny Classic FM listener will be well aware of some of these pieces (notably the Sanctus, Agnus Dei and Benedictus) because they are *always* being played” (s13). The application to a classical music album of the type of marketing techniques normally employed for popular music is significant when considering the reasons for the work’s wide‐ranging appeal. Nevertheless, in a market as competitive as recorded music – regardless of genre – it should be noted that marketing strategies can only succeed when there is a product that is desirable. Thus, while the commercial elements of The Armed Man phenomenon have certainly contributed to its success, it is the product itself that remains of primary importance. In the remainder of this chapter I search for clues from the words of those who purchased the CD, performed the work, or attended a concert, and contemplate the significance of the aspects of the work they found sufficiently intriguing to take the time to remark upon. Categorisation of reception data Fortunately, it was possible to determine the location of the each author for most items of reception data. The numbers of sources located from each country are: Australia (5), Canada (5), France (1), Germany (2), Netherlands (2), New Zealand (7), United Arab Emirates (1) United Kingdom (92), United States of America (44), and unknown (13). Close analysis of the reception data indicates that there are seven themes most relevant to the question “why is The Armed Man popular?” These are plot, peace/war, multi‐ culturalism, emotion, spirituality, religion and music. Each source was allocated to as many of the seven theme‐categories that were relevant to it. The results of the allocation process for the full sample appear in Figure 8.
third largest music company in the world. (See Virgin Record’s webpage "About Virgin Records," http://www.virginrecords.com/home/aboutus.html. Accessed 24 Jan 2010. 29 The album was released one day before members of the Islamic extremist group al‐Qaeda invaded America,
destroying the Twin Towers and damaging the Pentagon.
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100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Plot
Peace/ Multi‐ Emotion Spiritual Religion War cultural
Music
Figure 8 Categorisation of the reception data (n=172): number of items in each category30
To be included in any category the author needed to engage directly with the topic or theme. For example, to be included in the music category, the commentator needed to talk about the way the music was constructed, or to describe the way the music sounded, or the impact it had. Indicative of this are such comments as: “poignant, beautiful melodies” (s5), “this is not elevator music” (s40), the “music doesn’t suffer for service to an ideal” (s46), or, in one of eleven negative reviews: “What Karl Jenkins has produced is...musical manipulation. Rather than attempting to coax genuine emotions from the listener, each swollen string line falls simply as a tick into a box ‐ an emotion mawkishly triggered” (s93). This last example reveals that those who commented on the music also often remarked on emotion. However, others provided overviews and comments about the emotional journey undergone but did not specifically attribute the response to music such as “stirring stuff” (s67), and "powerful, thought provoking, haunting, and finally hopeful” (s34). One chorister advised, “[a]t the ‘debriefing’ session on the following Monday rehearsal, many choir members wanted to report how affected their guests in the audience had been” (s55). One comment that does meld music and emotion, could also be considered quasi‐ religious: “[i]t's wonderful how music can manage to be melancholy and uplifting and bring such peace to your heart, all at the same time” (s86). However, to be included in the religious category, the source needed to engage directly with the idea of religion, or to speak of religion. Examples of this include the Worcestershire Communigate "Early Music in the Vale" survey about the “Call to Prayer” mentioned in Chapter 3, and American Record Guide 30 While the work’s plot received 30 comments, these came predominantly from previews and program notes
that frequently drew upon past examples or from the CD Liner notes. As such, they are of limited use to this analysis and have been included primarily for reasons of completeness.
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reviewer, Philip Greenfield’s statement: “[t]he composer took the Roman liturgy as a starting point, nothing more” (s149). One final example of a comment in the religious category also reveals the pulling power of the music of The Armed Man was: “I almost stayed in the car to hear the end rather than go into church from the parking lot!" (s41) Religion While it is probably not surprising that the most commented upon category is music with 95 items, the religious nature of The Armed Man would lead to some expectation that the “religion” and “spiritual” categories would have had greater representation than 28 and 9 respectively. In fact, religion appears to be only slightly more relevant to commentators on The Armed Man than its multi‐cultural aspect – about which 23 authors remarked – thus providing evidence for the claim that Westerners live in a predominantly secular age. Nevertheless, there are aspects of the religious comments that were made that are of interest to this proposition. As noted in Chapter 1, not all scholars subscribe to the view that the West is becoming increasingly secular. In particular, British and American sociologists tend to disagree. The commentary about The Armed Man confirms the view that the source of the dispute is likely to lie in the lived experience of the scholars. American commentators are significantly more overtly religious in their remarks about the work than their British counterparts. Only 5 of the 92 UK sources feature any mention of religion whereas 21 of the 44 USA sources do. In percentage terms, this equates to 5% in the UK compared to 48% in the USA. Moreover, when I review the relevant sources I discover that there is, in fact, only two UK sources that engage in any form of critical review from a religious perspective, the others simply discuss the work in religious terms. One of these critical sources is the “Early Music in the Vale” survey mentioned earlier. The survey constitutes evidence of an enclave which takes their Christian faith sufficiently seriously to feel challenged by the idea of another religion’s prayer being said in their Church. This siege mentality is consistent with secularisation theory. At odds with the society around them, and faced by the potential complete demise of their religion, the devout are gathering together and actively protecting their rituals. The other item of reception data from the United Kingdom that is significant also focuses on the inclusion of the “Call to Prayer.” It is a lengthy review by Amazon’s 101st “most helpful” reviewer: “Mart Music.”31 “Mart Music” begins his or her religiously oriented portion of the critique by initially putting forward a similar viewpoint to that of respondents 31 This ranking was current as at 19th Jan 2010. See “Mart Music’s Profile” at
http://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/pdp/profile/A1HEHL0KFYD8FP/ref=cm_cr_rdp_pdp
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to the “Early Music in the Vale” survey. Nevertheless, “Mart Music” comes to a quite different, rather more pluralistic conclusion: `The Call To Prayers (Adhaan)' is a hauntingly beautiful piece ... but its Islamic origins surely prevent it from ‘reflecting Christian religion' ...Nevertheless I think it works. It may make the concept's title slightly flawed but if it leaves religious ideals sitting comfortably together in terms of beliefs and musical themes then surely everyone benefits.32
Commentators from the USA are more wide‐ranging in their thoughts about the Mass, discussing many other topics than Islam. It was a USA commentator who almost stayed in the church parking lot, rather than attending the service (s41). “Left‐Baldy ‐ Physaker” of East Tennessee notes that “religious fervor (sic) has compelled mankind to devastations of war in the name of defending his home, his religion and even his God” (s76). On yet another tangent, “Donna” from Michigan shares her emotional response to the music by invoking the heavenly imagery of “Angels coming to claim the souls of those who lost the valiant [sic] fight” (s77). As shown in Figure 9, a promotional flier from Houston includes the penultimate phrase from the Jenkins Mass, “and God shall wipe away all tears,” whereas none of the UK fliers or promotional material I accessed referred to religion in any way.
Figure 9 Promotional flier for the 5 October 2008 performance of The Armed Man: A Mass for Peace in Houston, USA33
32 Mart Music, "Timeless Music," in Customer Reviews; Jenkins: The Armed Man a Mass for Peace, http://www.amazon.co.uk/product‐reviews/B00005NDVJ/. Accessed 24 Jan 2010. Transcription of full text appears in source 90, Appendix B2. 33 Source "The Armed Man: A Mass for Peace," St Luke's United Methodist Church Houston, Texas http://www.stlukesmethodist.org/en/cev/378. Accessed 24 Jan 2010
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One US reviewer refers to the sixteenth‐century Ecumenical Council of the Roman Catholic Church ‐ the Council of Trent (s70), another to the definition of Masses saying: “It really is inaccurate to describe it as a Mass setting: it is a concert piece which simply happens to feature some Mass texts” (s71).
The promoters of a performance in
Detroit seem to be of like mind but went one step further. In this multicultural city The Armed Man: A Mass for Peace was combined with a silent movie that was filmed locally and created specifically for the occasion. The film has a theme of “anti‐bullying.” As shown in Figure 10, this very self‐ conscious, morally educational event involving many school children in a number of related activities, reclassified the work as an Oratorio, promoting it as “The Armed Man: A Concert [not a Mass] for Peace.”34
Figure 10 Promotional flier from Detroit Concert 25 March 200735
Peace The message of peace – ubiquitously depicted by the white dove in promotional material world‐wide – is universally appreciated. In fact, the overarching theme, or narrative, of The Armed Man – “Peace is better than War” – was one of the more prevalent sources of inspiration, with 67 comments, including this ironic anonymous review from Dublin: “An absolute must! This is an album that every man woman and child in the world should be forced to hear, preferably at gun point!!!!” (s112). The promotion of peace over war is hardly new; the texts of The Armed Man – as discussed in the previous chapters – stand as testimony to this. Further, Jonathan Kraemer comments that The Armed Man is simply one more in a series of “large‐scale, sacred, choral works with anti‐war themes [composed] by twentieth‐century British Musical Renaissance composers.”36 Yet even within this very acknowledgement of the perpetual yearning for 34 The Choir has removed their promotional material from the website, however, the program remains available
at http://www.rackhamchoir.org/documents/armedmanprogram.pdf. An article promoting the concert appears at http://www.candgnews.com/Homepage‐Articles/2007/03‐21‐07/AE‐ARMED.asp. Accessed 24 Jan 2010. 35 Source: Rackham Symphony Choir Concert 25 March 2007. Previously available at http://www.rackhamchoir.org/armedman.htm. 36 Kraemer, "Echoes of War—the Resonating Patterns of Influence: An Examination of Recurrent Musical Trends in Large‐Scale, Sacred, British, Anti‐War Choral Works of the Twentieth Century", 2. The other highly successful
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peace lies a sense of futility, contended and quantified over a century ago by the political economist, (Ivan) Jean de Bloch: An analysis of the history of mankind shows that from the year 1496 BC to the year 1861 of our era, that is, in the cycle of 3357 years, there were but 227 years of peace and 3130 years of war: in other words, thirteen years of war for every year of peace. Considered thus, the history of the lives of peoples presents a picture of uninterrupted struggle. War, it would appear, is a normal attribute of human life.37
Despite this rather gloomy historical survey, Bloch maintained that war between great states had, at the turn into the twentieth century, “become impossible alike from a military, economic, and political point of view.”38 Unfortunately, his view was soon discredited. Wars, both large and small, continued unabated and, in the continued absence of peace, the proclamation “Peace is better than War” remains a universal mantra worldwide. Yet, as I have noted elsewhere: Peace is not simply the opposite of war, it is more than that. A time of peace is a time when no violence occurs – a time when every person respects every other person’s uniqueness and accepts difference rather than riling against it. And yet we know this is an impossible ideal because humans are by nature imperfect beings. The only peace we can hope for is an incomplete peace: a peace in which we allow each other our imperfections and forgive the small acts of violence that emanate from the inherent frustrations that differences in perspective and/or difficult circumstances will always give rise to. In tolerating imperfection we avoid escalating momentary lapses; in accepting and forgiving individually, we collectively foster a peaceable culture and reduce the likelihood of war. 39
More broadly, but in a similar vein, Antony Adolf recently argued that peace is best understood if broken into three heuristic categories: individual, social, and collective,40 with war being relevant only to the final category. Further, Adolf suggests, to achieve world peace each individual must find peace within himself or herself first. Nevertheless, he cautions, this is not possible prior to three other levels of peace being first attained, each level relying upon societal organisation. Starting from the foundation, the three levels Adolf proposes are corporeal peace, or the well being of mind and body; sanctuarial peace, or the freedom from fear of intentional harm; and socio‐economic peace, encompassing such things as full and free employment, and popular works in Kraemer’s survey were Ralph Vaughan Williams Dona Nobis Pacem and Benjamin Britten’s War Requiem. 37 Jean de (Ivan) Bloch, The Future of War: In Its Technical, Economic, and Political Relations trans. R.C. Long,
Bibliobazaar Reproduction Series (Online version: BiblioBazaar, 2008), lxv. 38 Ibid., xi. 39 Rocke, "The Armed Man: A Mass for Peace (2000): A Mass for a Secular Age?." 40 Antony Adolf, Peace: A World History (Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 2009), 2.
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elimination of discrimination, and a limitation on wealth disparities.41 In the predominantly Western democratic societies that have performed The Armed Man, the first two of these three subsidiary forms of peace have largely been attained, and the third is at least partially achieved for most members, or is an ideology that is generally aspired to. So it is possible for members of these audiences to be sufficiently comfortable in their everyday existence to contemplate and envisage world peace as a future possibility. Yet, as noted above, Adolf believes that world peace is only possible once all individuals first achieve inner peace. But what actually constitutes “inner peace?” Adolf identifies three distinct facets of the state. The first is “quietude and plenitude” or a feeling of “tranquillity, calmness and stillness.” The second is receiving “recognition and respect” from others, and the third is “spiritual and intellectual attainment.” This is a thought provoking model, but seems to lack coherency. It could perhaps be improved by placing the three facets within their own hierarchy, although the structure would need to be organic. Recognition and respect, coupled with intellectual attainment, although not necessary to achieving quietude and plenitude, do make its attainment more possible and so could form the foundation level. Similarly, although not necessary to spirituality, the experience of quietude and plenitude can render spiritual attainment more achievable (if indeed there is actually any difference between spirituality and quietude in this context). Over and above these qualifications, I also find the inclusion of “recognition and respect” problematic as it can only be obtained from others; the self cannot dictate whether or not respect and recognition are received. This being the case, I suggest it would arise naturally from within a society that had achieved socio‐economic peace – a society that valued each human life equally and desired each to fulfil their potential and to be rewarded commensurately. In this scenario, “recognition and respect” are superfluous to the definition of the nature of “inner peace” because they would be a prerequisite that had already been attained at the lower level. Also problematic is Adolf’s rather structured representation of spirituality which, in his admittedly sketchy outline, is grounded in the practices and teachings of the world’s main religions. A more revelatory and less constrained concept of the nature of spirituality is found in Marcel Cobussen’s exploratory book, Thresholds: Rethinking Spirituality through Music. In Cobussen’s conception, a conception particularly informed by the thoughts of the French philosopher, George Bataille, spirituality is transient and of the moment: any spiritual experience is not indicative of how, when, why or what the next encounter with spirituality will be made manifest, nor does it necessarily account for or equate to any past 41 Ibid., 235‐43.
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experience.42 This conception fits well within a secular world, a world where increasing numbers of people are rejecting organised religion and its structured pathways to achieving spiritual enlightenment. For increasing numbers of people, spiritual fulfilment is not a searched‐for state, but rather a temporary gift that arrives serendipitously and departs upon its own terms. As such, it cannot be an instrument wielded by peacemakers. Nevertheless, such an experience or conception hints at another pathway to inner peace; a pathway that can only be explored by those who comprehend it as a new way forward in humanity’s trek towards full knowledge. It can constitute a gift that is not recognised in terms of spirituality but simply described –as is discussed in the final chapter – with words such as “awesome,” “powerful,” or “moving,” or perhaps, as Adolf does, as “quietude.” Thus a piece of music that not only promotes the message “peace not war” but also induces a strong emotional response culminating in the belief that peace is possible, if only momentarily, could also be providing listeners with a taste of Adolf’s “inner peace.” It is certainly clear that The Armed Man does induce a strong emotional response. Even detractor, Philip Clark, writing for The Times acknowledges this when he speaks about weeping audiences and emotive façades: ... dig deeper and the sinister underbelly of what has been coined “the Jenkins phenomenon” becomes apparent ‐ he's at the epicentre of a ruthlessly engineered corporate campaign. The perfect example is The Armed Man: A Mass for Peace, dedicated to those who lost their lives in the Kosovo War. Does Jenkins really think that his clubbable tunes and saccharine harmonies are an appropriate response to one of the bloodiest and most complex wars in recent history? Jenkins transforms Kosovo's horrors into something safe for weeping at in the concert hall because it's pitched at the level of soap opera. And the distasteful inference is: criticise Jenkins and you're effectively disrespecting the memories of those who perished. It shamelessly shields its dearth of content behind an emotive façade.43
It is difficult to understand why Clark attacks the work with such venom. Certainly, his review is paired with another, rather more complimentary review by Classic FM’s Managing Director, Darren Henley, and Clark had probably been asked to make a case for the opposing view. And yet this still does not justify the derisiory nature of Clark’s critique. His implication that the audience is being duped into feeling a false sympathy for the victims of conflict by some form of musical trickery, and that their sorrow is therefore meaningless is unnecessarily inflammatory. In setting out to insult the composer, he has succeeded in 42 Cobussen, Thresholds: Rethinking Spirituality through Music, 70‐71; 143‐53. 43 Philip Clark, "It's All About Money in 'What Makes Karl Jenkins the Marmite Man of Music?'," The Times 7
March 2008. http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article3497596.ece. Accessed 25 Jan 2010.
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insulting audiences who, as is demonstrated below, have no sense of their emotional response being anything but worthy and true. Clark’s comments are intentionally provocative. He himself, a music critic, must surely know that there have been composers throughout time who have composed music with the sole intent of moving listeners. His insinuation that the medieval Troubadours plucked their lutes more eloquently, or that baroque composers chose their musical gestures with greater sophistication, or that Wagner composed his epics more grandly than Jenkins, is an elitist position that judges musical value purely on subjective aesthetic grounds. To dismiss the positive acclaim of large numbers of people as irrelevant, particularly in the case of a work that has been created with the express purpose of promoting peace, is wantonly disrespectful to those who appreciate the work. Yet Clark’s abrasive criticism is useful because it demonstrates why peace is so difficult to achieve. Clark adopts the language and rhetoric of fundamentalism and, as discussed in Chapter 1, fundamentalism is not conducive to pluralistic tolerance. Yet, in an intriguingly optimistic note, the thirteen pieces of feedback on the Clark/Henley reviews are generally mild. There is one exception. Kim Batteau from The Hague in the Netherlands rose to the bate of Clark’s acidity: I totally disagree with Philip Clark and agree with Darren Henley. As for John Cage: HE is the epitome of boredom. Barren, cacophonous philosophy pretending to be music. Bah. Jenkins is the (post)modern liberator of classical music for the 21rst [sic]century... Hey, fellow musicians and lovers of the classical tradition: this is our future. Three cheers for Karl Jenkins!
Optimistic works such as The Armed Man are needed to balance the cynicism and inherent pessimism of fundamentalism. This optimistic caste is primarily achieved through the emotional expressivity of its music, an expressivity that glosses the meaning of the texts with a more direct entrée into the epicentre of the human psyche. Emotion Thus, the 76 comments that touch on emotion are likely to reveal unique clues that will help to determine the extent to which the music, in conveying the narrative and emotional intent of Wilson’s selected texts, contributes to the work’s success. The following two reviews provide excellent springboards for analysis. 1) “Pognient ly (sic) beautiful and stunningly emotional” I have never listened to a musical composition which so profoundly and dramatically paints such a stunning and visual picture that you feel you are there, rooted to the spot in the middle of a battle. ... But let us not forget that despite the horrors of war the composition ends with "Better Is Peace" a reminder that goodness and salvation
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can and will prevail. This is a truly remarkable work. Karl Jenkins ... has composed a work of such beauty, horror, despair and hope that one cannot [but] be moved by the sheer complexity and range of feelings depicted throughout the work. This is a true portrayal of Man's legacy. Perhaps even destiny.44 (s106) 2) “Totally awesome.” I ahd (sic) only heard a few of the pieces from this on Classic FM, but I went along to a live performance in Norwich ‐ WOW IT WAS AWESOME! If you ever get the chance, SEE IT LIVE. The pieces ranged from Spartacus‐like battle‐marches with Kettle Drums that made me want to get up and march around the hall, to beautiful melancholy chorals and Saving‐Private‐Ryanesque bugles. The haunting "now that (sic) the guns have stopped" is so moving, and would bring a tear to any veteran's eye as he remembers his fallen comrades. "Angry Flames" with its spooky chorals and minor key is fantastic, and SANCTUS with it's (sic) Omen‐esque chanting, puts a chill down my spine!”45 (s100)
In the first of these two reviews “a customer” highlights three ways that music’s expressivity is made manifest. First, music is capable of conjuring up a scene in the listener’s mind, as in the phrase “paints such a stunning and visual picture that you feel you are there, rooted to the spot in the middle of a battle.” Second, music can express observable emotion, as in the two phrases “beauty, horror, despair and hope,” and “the sheer complexity and range of feelings.” Third, music can induce an emotional reaction in the listener: “one cannot [but] be moved.” We do not know whether “a customer” actually felt horror, despair or hope, but we do know that she or he was moved to feel something.46 In the second review, Ms R.G. Smith from England makes very apparent a fourth attribute of music; its ability to provoke a physical response in the listener. For Smith, some parts of The Armed Man “made me want to get up and march” while another section “puts a chill down my spine!” Yet the very nature of the unrestrained enthusiasm of this review also points to a fifth dimension of musical expressivity: spiritual experience – or at least a quasi‐spiritual experience – exemplified by the capitalised phrase “wow it was awesome,” and echoed in the heading of the first review “stunningly emotional.” A comprehensive list of the words and phrases from the reception data that relate to emotion appear in Table 3. They have been broken up in accordance with the five types of responses or comprehensions identified above and summarised here: 44 "a customer", "Pognient Ly (Sic) Beautiful and Stunningly Emotional," Customer reviews; Jenkins: The Armed
Man A Mass for peace (28 Jul 2004) http://www.amazon.co.uk/product‐reviews/B00005NDVJ/, no. 4 July 2009 (28 Jul 2004). Accessed 25 Jan 2010. 45 R.G. Smith, "Totally Awesome," Customer Reviews; Jenkins: The Armed Man A Mass For Peace (28 Mar 2006) http://www.amazon.co.uk/product‐reviews/B00005NDVJ/. Accessed 24 Jan 2010. 46 Peter Kivy was a staunch disbeliever in music’s ability to move people to feel the same emotion that was
expressed in the music; however, in 1993 he conceded that he had been convinced otherwise by Colin Radford, "Emotion and Music: A Reply to the Cognitivists," The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 47, no. 1 (1989). Radford advised that he did feel the same emotion expressed by the music. See Peter Kivy, "Auditor's Emotions: Contention, Concession and Compromise," The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 51, no. 1 (1993).
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1) aural painting – “I imagined a scene like this” 2) emotion depicting – “I noticed this particular emotion in the music” (positive, negative, or neutral), 3) emotion‐inducing “I felt this particular emotion while or after listening” (positive and negative), 4) physical – “my body responded in this way” 5) spiritual/quasi‐spiritual “I felt this very strong, very positive emotional response” When considering the words and phrases in the “emotion depicting” section, it is clear that these emotions are not usually the same as those expressed by the music, but rather, comprise an overall response to the entire work. Nevertheless, it is evident that some listeners do feel the emotion depicted in the music. Drawing from the quotation at the top of this chapter, for Harold Dickett , The Armed Man brought back memories of his experiences during the Vietnam War. He wrote “glittering sparks ignited memories that shot me in the face, blasting from inside.” Dickett’s review suggests that a cathartic benefit has been received. Joseph Wood Krutch’s thoughts on catharsis as experienced in dramatic tragedy are useful in understanding the effect music has on humans who actually feel the emotion depicted by the music, rather than simply observing it. For Krutch the outcome of a cathartic experience:
makes endurable the realization that events of the outward world do not correspond with the desires of the heart, and thus, in its own particular way, it does what all religions do, for it gives a rationality, a meaning, and a justification to the universe.47
It legitimates our feelings, and in doing so provides relief. Nevertheless, the concert Dickett attended included the screening of a series of war images first shown in Wales during Jenkins 60th birthday concert in January 2005. Dickett’s reaction was not purely a response to the music, but rather to both the music and the images. While relevant to the overall reception of the work in all its marketing incarnations, Dickett’s comments must be discounted at this point because the combination of music and the moving image is both more potent, and more constrained than music alone. It is more potent because the two forms of communication reinforce each other’s message, and more constrained because the viewer need no longer imagine any scenes; they are laid out for her or him. 47 J.W. Krutch, "The Tragic Fallacy," in Tragedy: Vision and Form, ed. R. Corrigen (New York: Harper and Row,
1981), 256.
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Table 3 Describing emotion in The Armed Man: A Mass for Peace.
Painting a Scene (Numbers in brackets relate to the number of incidences of each word or phrase in the sources)
martial/military (10), atmospheric (2), descriptive, evocative, graphic depiction of travesty of war... vividly portrayed, powerful imagery, profoundly and dramatically paints, a musical play Emotion depicting
Negative: Horror (5), barbaric, hostile, aggressive, fierce, discordant, menacing, anger (2), fury, harrowing, devastating (3), conjures up the feelings of marching to war, fear (2), pain, heavy, bitter sorrow, desolate, despair, loss, emptiness, guilt, melancholy, mournful, somber, spooky, eerie (2), stark, tragic, banal (2) trumpet and drum rolls charging, dramatic strides of the orchestra foreshadowing certain doom. Violins and soprano's mourn the dead or the fate of man, a church organ drives home some moral indignation.
Positive: hope/hopeful (7), joyous, optimistic, punchy, upbeat, noble, heroism, innocence, peaceful, tranquil, lyrical, not sentimentality, a lot of heart
Neutral: passion/ate (3), intensity (2), big, bold, ironic, sensitive, earnest longing, misty, moody, plangent (2), pugnacious, different moods, wears its heart on its sleeve, heartfelt plea; spans the breadth of human emotion Emotion inducing:
Displeasure: unconvincing, laughable, never even vaguely touched. each swollen string line falls simply as a tick into a box ‐ an emotion mawkishly triggered... lustful pleading... sacchaarine sweetness... blind bludgeons of the senses... listener is forced into involuntary emotions... instant gratification
Pleasure: beautiful (26), gorgeous (2), lovely (2), sweet (2), a gift, brilliant, finest, impressive, magnificent, memorable, remarkable, special, strong, superb, exciting, I really love this CD
Other: moving/moved (32); tears (8): lump to one's throat, made me weep, makes you cry, Only when we did the full concert did we realize how much it takes out of you ... People in the choir were crying; emotional/emotive (7); sheer emotional spark in the air; tide of emotion; depth of feeling expressed left one almost drained after such an emotional journey, heart (3): goes straight to the heart; heartfelt plea; tugs at the heart strings, unnerving; touching (2), calming (2), healing, dramatic tension & release, sadness, disturbing, terrifying, exciting (7), striking, stirring (5), compelling, experience not to be missed, staggered, impact on the audience is marked. Physical Response chill down my spine, chilling, shivers, energizing, Spartacus‐like battle‐marches with Kettle Drums that made me want to get up and march around the hall, (performers feeling) wiped out Strong emotional response – spiritual/quasispiritual
power/ful (16) amazing (9), wonderful (6), stunning (5), awe/some (5), meaningful (3), overwhelming (3), astounding (2), serene (2), sublime (2), uplifting , adored, soulful, definitely not an album to lift your spirits, more to move your soul; touches your soul; if it pleases someone's soul, blessed peace, allows us to believe that peace is achievable; I listen... when I need peace, peace to your heart, extraordinary, incredible (2), inspiring, takes you on a journey, mesmerising, mighty, primal, spiritual, transfixed, unearthly, travel to a music space you've longer for.
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After excluding the DVD reviews and the reviews of live performances that screened the slideshow, the reception data is not generally useful in determining whether the commentators actually felt the emotions they observed or not; therefore any attempt to explain the work’s successful reception through explorations of catharsis could only be speculative. Nevertheless, it is certain that the emotions of the plot’s narrative journey, as depicted in the music, were at least observed. Equally, the listing demonstrates that emotional reactions to the music were provoked, just as seeing a person expressing emotion provokes an emotional response in those witnessing it. Further, the depictions and responses constitute a major component in most listeners’ positive acclaim of the work. As Wilson himself states “I think the Mass succeeds because of the combination of the words and the music that tell a story of the inevitable and tragic consequences of going to war in a way that stirs people’s emotions.”48 I think he is wrong in attributing the work’s success to the musically‐moderated apprehension of the consequences to war. I think the audience is left with a sense of peace, not the memory of horror. It is the peaceful conclusion that makes the work so popular.
Conclusion By surveying the performance and reception records of The Armed Man I have demonstrated that the work has been very favourably received, although there are dissenting voices from musical fundamentalists. The records also reveal that commentators from the USA are more inclined towards religious discourse than those from Britain are, thus providing evidence that the USA is exceptional amongst Western countries. Nevertheless, the relative paucity of comments on religion within the sample confirms that Westerners over‐all live in a secular age. I identified seven themes in the 172 pieces of commentary about the work: plot, peace/war, multi‐culturalism, emotion, spirituality, religion and music. Although frequently intertwined, the themes all contribute to the nature of the piece, yet it is the work’s ability to provoke an emotional response through the expressivity of music that is clearly a significant factor in determining the reasons for the success of The Armed Man. Many categorize the work as an “anti‐war” piece; however, I prefer to think of it more positively, as “promoting peace.” As Adolf points out, world peace cannot be achieved until each human achieves a sense of “inner peace,” and spiritual experience may be a key factor to this. In the next 48 Guy Wilson, "The Armed Man: To Be Feared or Praised?," ICOMAM Magazine, no. 03 (October 2009): 22.
Available at http://www.klm‐mra.be/icomam/icomam/magazine/issue03.pdf?id=2. Accessed 24 Jan 2010.
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chapter, I discuss the musical means Jenkins utilises to both depict and provoke, while in the final chapter the strong emotional responses of some listeners are contemplated in terms of their links to spirituality.
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Chapter 6 The Score: Creating the narrative and depicting emotion ... for me it was not the wonderful evening at the Royal Albert Hall that I will especially treasure, uniquely memorable as it was, but two moments before we got quite that far. The first came as I sat with the composer listening to the music for the first time on his computer at home thanks to the wonders of the Sibelius programme ‐ all synthesised, no words, but still very moving. The ineffable simple beauty of his setting of the Agnus Dei brought tears to my eyes ‐ the first time a computer has ever managed to make me cry anything but tears of rage. The second came when the National Youth Choir were practising for the concert, fortunately for me close to home in Harrogate Ladies College. I went to meet them, to talk to them about the commission and to listen to them perform. First I was struck by what a very good choir they are, then I felt their enthusiasm for the music, and then they sang the “Benedictus,” and I heard for the first time the rousing and simple affirmation of faith in our future at its heart. After the bleakness of so much that had gone before it was fleetingly perfect and the tears came back with a vengeance. Then I knew it was good. And I knew, too, how important to our future work harnessing the emotions as well as the intellect would be. (Guy Wilson)1
The Armed Man: A Mass for Peace is a tragedy with a hopeful ending. It depicts a human reality: collectively knowing that fighting will never result in peace, we continue to go to war – we resort to violence through impatience – and yet we always hope that perhaps, one day, we will learn not to. Musically, Karl Jenkins depicts this tragic‐hopeful plot: it forms the “backdrop” upon which he superimposes text‐specific detail in each of the thirteen movements. And so the cognitively imprecise yet implicitly comprehensible expressivity of music affords the simple narrative greater weight than had the story been played out by actors on a stage confined to spoken word and gesture. Jenkins’s artistic contribution to The Armed Man project is invaluable. The manner in which he has achieved his aim of moving listeners by expressing emotion in music is described in this chapter.2
Expressing Emotion Although there is much scholarly debate in the area of music and emotion, notably within the fields of philosophy and psychology, all discussion is rooted in the notion that music is capable 1 ———, "Review of the Year," in Royal Armouries Yearbook: Volume 5 2000 (Leeds: 2001). 2 Jenkins often mentions how much pleasure he receives when he learns that his music has moved listeners. See for
example Karl Jenkins, "Interview: Karl Jenkins, Composer," Church Times, no. 7604 (12 Dec 2008). In this interview he states “I don’t see any point in being a composer if you don’t communicate with people...I’d like to be remembered for having touched people.” Also see See Stabat Mater promotional video (5’13”) from 3’38” available at http://karljenkins.com or via YouTube, at which point he states “my music... I like to think it is very emotional. There is a strong emotional response to what I do in The Armed Man or Reqiuem or whatever. And it does move people and I think that is an important function and it is gratifying that to a certain extent I can fulfil that function.”
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of expressing emotion.3 Further, as Alan Goldman notes, music has the capability of condensing emotional states into smaller timeframes than is generally encountered in everyday life, making the experience of listening to music potentially “more intense and intensely significant.”4 The extent to which this might occur is dependent upon the listener’s own pre‐existing mood, experience and character. Consequently, two listeners might choose different emotion words to describe the same piece of music. In The Armed Man one listener might observe that “Now the guns have stoped” expresses the guilt of the war survivor, whereas another might observe that it expresses the loss of the survivor. Nevertheless there is enough generic expressivity in music for us to determine its general caste or mood – happy, sad, aggressive, or portentous. Nevertheless, it is also frequently true that music presents a mixture of emotions all at once making it difficult to determine what the mixture comprises. Sometimes I may be able to describe it in general terms, just as with the sense of taste I can identify a curry but not be able to distinguish each of its ingredients. Sometimes it is difficult to pin down precisely, just as with the sense of sight I might not be able to choose between green and blue because the colour I am looking at is placed right at the point where these two colour’s spectra intersect. Emotions, like other objects perceived by our senses, are frequently mixed. In The Armed Man: A Mass for Peace there are times when Jenkins creates music that unmistakeably presents a single emotion, and others when he creates a complex mix. In some movements the mixture occurs chronologically, passing from one emotion to the next sequentially; in other movements, or parts of movements, different emotions are heard together. “L’homme armé” In precisely this way, the first movement, effectively an Overture, is emotionally ambivalent. It is a microcosm of the entire work, mapping the emotion that will be laid out as the music progresses. The military signifiers of aggression meld with both sad and happy tropes. The elaborate one bar rhythmic motif shown in Figure 11, is rapped out by the snare and field drums throughout the movement, providing a militaristic backdrop for the melody of the traditional French song.5 This tune, reproduced in Figure 12, leans towards the sad – or negative – quadrant of the emotional spectrum.6 However, this tendency is offset by the 3 For a deep exploration of the topic see Charles O. Nussbaum, The Musical Representation: Meaning, Ontology, and
Emotion (MIT Press, 2007), particularly chapters 5 and 6. For a less complex but comprehensive overview see William Forde Thompson, "Chapter 6, Music and Emotion," in Music, Thought, and Feeling: Understanding the Psychology of Music (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009). 4 Alan Goldman, "Emotions in Music (a Postcript)," The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 53, no. 1 (Winter) (1995): 68. 5 Bars 13, 24, 41, & 63 are 3:8 bars which feature the same rhythm as the beginning of the full pattern; bar 91 is a 6:8
bar that also presents a truncated version of the motif. 6 As seen in Figure 12 the melody is set first with the flattened third – “b flat” – of G Dorian mode; however, from bar
55 the “e flat” is introduced, moving the melody to the Aeolian mode (or G natural minor in diatonic terms), with the
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melodic and rhythmic characteristics of the melody as described below, and by Jenkins’ scoring choices.
Figure 11 Militaristic rhythmic motif heard throughout the first movement.
E flat when melody is restated at bar 55
Towards top of range
Figure 12 First statement of L’homme armé melody in piccolos (8va) and flutes (bars 515 of first movement)
First, although the melody’s initial appearance in the piccolo and flute parts brings to mind the fife commonly associated with military music, thus reinforcing the militaristic aspect of the movement, the sonic quality and high pitch of these instruments is also reminiscent of the cheerful song of small, non‐predatory birds. The effect is further compounded by Jenkins’s choice to have the instruments play towards the top of their range. This, in combination with the jaunty presentation of the L’homme armé tune described in the next paragraph, mitigates the negative warlike connotations that the fife association might give rise to. The nonaggressive overlay is further accentuated when the song is first introduced at bar 18, sung, not by the adult quality of both consonant harmonising intervals – third and sixth – now being minor. The physiological reason why minor intervals are perceived to have a sad quality compared to “happy” major thirds is unknown; however, as Colin Radford argues, it is generally accepted without qualm that grey skies tend to evoke a feeling of gloominess while blue skies provide a more cheerful aspect; and so there is no reason to think we must know why the quality of a harmony has an emotional cast, it is adequate to simply observe that it does. Radford, "Emotion and Music: A Reply to the Cognitivists," 70.
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male voices of “soldiers,” but by the naturally high‐pitched voices of women, girls or boys.7 Furthermore, when the tenors and basses do join the sopranos and altos, they are required to sing towards the top of their range, thus partially emasculating the sound and moving the likely effect towards the benign rather than the militant. Second, the complex nature of the melody’s rhythm tends towards a positive upbeat feeling. As shown in Figure 12, it begins with a crotchet, dotted‐crotchet pair (a) that is followed by syncopation (b), an off‐beat pair (c), two further syncopations (b*) and a concluding motif that provides the “missing” first quaver of the off‐beat motif (c) and truncates the final note to a crotchet, but is melodically identical (c2). These motifs provide the rhythmic material for the entire song and, in conjunction with an equally complex mixture of conjunct (smooth) and disjunct (angular) melodic motion, contribute through their very diversity to the sense of emotional ambivalence. This is further compounded by a metronome marking of “crotchet = 100” which, because the main beat is a dotted‐crotchet not a crotchet, results in a tempo of 67 beats per minute, requiring a tempo more akin to a stroll than a forced march. Drawing to a close, the balancing of negative and positive emotional aspects in the movement is likely to have led attentive listeners to a programmatic interpretation of the music as representing soldiers marching during a training exercise, rather than marching into conflict. The listener is neither alarmed nor cheered. Yet his or her emotional state is heightened nevertheless by the movement’s dynamic and textural properties. The work eases into our consciousness with the gentle tapping of the drum. As depicted in Figure 13, the song begins accompanied by instrumental groups that enter in texturally gradient steps culminating in full tutti. At bar 73, the orchestration drops suddenly back to a staggered entry of the choir but returns to full tutti at bar 79.
7 Although women are soldiers in current times, traditionally they most commonly have not been, and the stereotype of “soldiers as men” still tends to prevail, particularly in terms of an automatic, unconscious association.
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Figure 13 Textural accumulation in the first movement, “L’homme armé.”
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Although this technique of textural gradation does not change the emotions depicted, it does create tension. Furthermore, the sudden but temporary reduction to a single vocal part at bar 73 seems to tighten the emotional screw one notch tighter. In this way, the listener’s response to the ambiguity of the music is heightened, and heightened again; he or she wants to hear more in order to make sense of the music just heard. “Call to Prayer” The second movement features the Islamic “Call to Prayer.” The impact of the unadorned, unaccompanied Arabic recitation is arresting, especially for ears less accustomed to Middle‐ Eastern music. After the loud and somewhat gaudy completion of the previous movement, replete with trumpet fanfares and a myriad of rhythmic emphases, the “Call” calls attention to itself. Further, in a private listening or closed‐concert context, the auditor is likely to pay closer attention than they might were they to hear the chant in passing, emitting from the minaret of a mosque among the acoustic detritus of everyday life, and this may cause them to reflect upon the symbolism of the placement of an Islamic prayer within a traditionally Christian musical structure. Others may only belatedly recognise the pluralistic metaphor implied by the Call’s inclusion in the Mass; perhaps during the performance, or perhaps at some later date. Yet others may simply hear it as a pure, albeit foreign interlude, and be unaware of its religious significance. Nevertheless, in all these cases, the listener’s initial reaction will be mixed and complex. The purity of the solo male voice ameliorates the “Call’s” more psychologically challenging (at least for non‐Arabic, non‐Muslim Westerners) “otherness” and so the emotional response – especially for the first time listener – would be likely to sit somewhere in the middle ground between sensual pleasure (or displeasure) and intellectual uncertainty. “Kyrie” The blank emotional backdrop of the “Call” slowly makes way for one of uncertainty as the first liturgical movement, the “Kyrie,” progresses. The solo soprano voice, beginning a slow, gently accompanied melody at bar 26, introduces an emotional expression too complex to pin down immediately. As can be seen in Figure 14, Jenkins’s harmonic realisation of the melody moves from D minor to A minor to A major. This oscillation between minor and major modes provides an emotional ambiguity that is more distinct and obvious than the blended emotional ambivalence of the previous two movements, permitting eventual definition. The soprano melody places two emotions side by side. First, the fear that God may not grant the plea for forgiveness, “Lord have mercy,” is expressed musically by the tonal ambiguity of the first six bars: “is the melody in D minor or A minor?” Second, the believer’s trusting love of God that is implicit in the stated need for His forgiveness is expressed musically in the modulation to A
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major in the final two bars of the first statement of the melody.8 Nevertheless, the second statement of the melody in bars 34 to 41, which seems likely to also conclude in A major, actually concludes in the sad mode of D Minor. This model of conflicting yet distinctive emotions – fear and love ‐ is evident throughout the three sections of the movement.
D Minor
D Minor
A Minor
A Minor
D Minor
D Minor
A Major
A Major D Minor
Figure 14 Mixed emotions: D minor/A major/ A minor tonality of “Kyrie” melody (Soprano bars 2641, doubled by violin)
Dealing first with the fear: as depicted in Figure 15, the sense of trepidation is quickly realised from the beginning by the cellos and basses marking out in agitated tremolo a low chromatic scale from the opening note, ‘d’ up a minor third and back. Then, doubled by contrabassoon and bassoon, a slow angular pattern devolves into a meandering, chromatic, bassoon‐and‐cello solo of no fixed harmonic abode. This is offset, however, by the lower instruments playing a slow ascending scale from ‘d’ to ‘a’ which strongly implicates D minor. The conflict between the directionless melody and the diatonic minor scale is compounded by the soft pp dynamic and the low pitch. The attentive listener cannot help but feel the tension. The tonally schizophrenic melody enters and the unease remains until the entry, one‐and‐a‐half bars later, of the obbligato‐style accompaniment of the second violins. Fulfilling both the textural function of melodic infill and the narrative function of second voice, the gentle melody of narrow range encompasses a central motif that has the quality of a musical caress. It depicts love.
8 While it may be coincidental, and certainly most listeners are unlikely recognise the key let alone its historical
significance, A major was the key many baroque composers used to denote love.
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Figure 15 Creating trepidation in opening of the “Kyrie” (bars 1 – 25. Cello and Double bass doubled by Bassoon and contrabassoon from bar 3.)
Figure 16 Emotional implications of Violin II obbligato (Bars 26 to 33 of “Kyrie”)
As shown in Figure 16 the obbligato melody is broken into four phrases: a longer introductory phrase (a) interrupted by two one‐bar phrases (b) and (c), and concluding with a consolidating two‐bar phrase (d). The first phrase interprets the repeated ‘a’ note of the main melody as belonging to chord ii7 of A minor rather than belonging to the D minor marked out by the tonic‐dominant notes of the soprano melody’s opening notes. The anticipated resolution of the half‐diminished pivot chord to chord v of A minor occurs and the obbligato takes on the role 98
of auditor’s accomplice and interpreter – whether recognised cognitively or intuitively. The break between the first two phrases operates like a pause during which the obbligato could be understood to be apprehending the concerns expressed melodically by the sopranos. The obbligato then proffers a sympathetic response that justifies the elaborate tempo marking at the beginning of the movement “Pietoso – with compassion.” The ensuing two phrases are empathetic gestures firmly in the key of D minor that both validate and legitimate the soprano’s feelings by melodically mimicking a physical caress. These two caresses make way for an equally reassuring longer final phrase (d) that provides the harmonic pivot back to the emotionally positive A major. A new, more strident mood is achieved in the polyphony of the second section which, with an increased dynamic to mezzo forte, sets the text “Christe eleison” (“Christ have mercy”) in the key of G major, and replaces the strings with woodwind and brass. The abrupt musical change accompanying the textual substitution of the word “Kyrie” (Lord) for “Christe” acknowledges the work’s millennium status and emphasizes its celebration of the United Kingdom’s Christian tradition; nevertheless, the result is also a retrospective accentuation by difference of the emotional content of the previous section. This is re‐emphasized in the third section by the return of the melodic material and text of the first section with alternate polyphonic and homophonic settings of the words “Kyrie eleison” expanded to include a substantial five‐instrument percussion contingent.9 This provides a hint at the dramatic tension that will lead the listener in the next several movements to thoughts of war. The final section builds to an mf tutti at bar 136 before subsiding to a reduced scoring and return to the mp dynamic in the final 12 bars. The conflicting emotions of fear and love are clearly reiterated in these bars with the soprano solo melody heard in the sopranos, flutes and first violins and the obbligato performed by the altos, oboes, horns and second violins. “Save me from bloody men” Like the “Call to prayer,” the fourth movement, “Save me from bloody men,” is set against a blank sonic backdrop, permitting the words of the English translation of the biblical text to be heard clearly but also reducing the potential for emotional expressivity – ambiguous, mixed, or otherwise. Drawn from the opening verses of Psalms 56 and 59, Jenkins does not adopt any of the eight reciting tone patterns traditionally utilised for Psalms. Nor does he incorporate the antiphon melody for Psalm 59 that is included in the Ash Wednesday chants of the Liber Usualis, the book of Gregorian chants compiled by the monks of Solesmes and published in 1896.10 9 Surdo, low tom‐tom, triangle, chikere and congo. 10 The Benedictines of Solesmes, ed., The Liber Usualis with Introduction and Rubrics in English (Tournai, Belgium:
Desclee & CO, 1950). Psalm 56 is not included in the compendium. Psalm 59 appears on page 520of this edition. “The Eight tones of the Psalms” is included as an insert at the beginning of the book. The Liber Usualis was generally used in all Catholic rites until the 1960s when Vatican II recommended Masses be recited in the vernacular rather
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Rather, Jenkins composes a bare melody that, as shown in Figure 17 is styled to represent Gregorian chant.11 The ponderous tempo, frequent caesuras (sustained notes) and absence of any melodic major thirds results in a tendency towards the melancholic; however, this is discounted by the lack of any harmonic modulation and a consequential ubiquity of tonic and dominant notes – particularly at the frequent cadences – that is not conducive to emotional expressivity. With the exception of the timpani entering in bar 15, the most striking moment in the movement comes in bar 10 with the outlining of a dissonant half‐diminished chord on the phrase “Oh thou most high,” highlighting not only the word ‘high’ but also the fact that this movement acknowledges God’s omnipotence.
Figure 17 Emotionallybare a capella recitation of “Save me from bloody men” (Bars 1 – 18, Bass part – tenors sing one octave higher)
Although the low voices, singing within a tessitura that is generally comfortable, recite a personally pacifistic text asking their omnipotent Being to fight humanity’s battles, as the Mass progresses, this is to prove an empty plea. Retrospectively the tenors and basses will be understood to represent soldiers who, in the sixth movement take matters into their own hands and, rather than begging God to help them resist taking violent action, will be begging God to protect them in battle. than in Latin, and encouraged lay participation thus reducing the need for the book. See particularly Sacrosanctum concilium articles 28, 30 and 118. 11 The performance instruction “A capella, in the style of Gregorian Chant” appears at the beginning of the movement;
however, as the melody is not drawn from the chant repertoire it has aspects – particularly in the functional harmonic stressing of v‐i progressions and multiple melodic fifths – that make it clearly not a medieval invention. Although the dominant functions in the same way as a reciting tone does in an authentic chant, C natural minor is the equivalent to the plagal, or hypodorian, Church Mode which has as its reciting tone the sixth note of the scale, not the fifth, and a ‘final’ of the fourth note of the scale.
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“Sanctus” The link between the two opposing pleas is provided in the fifth movement, the “Sanctus.” This, the second liturgical text, praises God. The words are both exultant and fully humble; they celebrate and acknowledge God’s greatness and His omnipotence. In fact, rather than a link, the “Sanctus” forms a barrier between the two mutually exclusive concepts of the preceding and forthcoming movements: man’s trust of God to resolve his plight in the fourth movement, and man fighting his own fight in the sixth movement. The result – a text of praise straddled by texts of violence – requires resolution. Of the two competing ideas, violence is more clearly depicted in the music than are the twin emotions associated with praise, exultation and humility. The repetition in the percussion parts of a single, one‐bar motif that can be understood to symbolise God’s eternal and inescapable power over all, provides the sonic backdrop to the movement.12 Eventually, however, the repeated motif becomes sinister because it is inexplicable: in progressing nowhere, the contemporary Western listener, accustomed to functional harmony’s movement towards a logical, frequently predestined conclusion, is unsettled. Furthermore, the relentless, seemingly pointless repetition is not restricted to the percussion parts. The vocal motifs (a) to (f) transcribed in Figure 18 provide almost all of the melodic material for the movement, the two “Hosanna excelsis” sections at bars 40‐49 and 75‐ 84 being the notable exceptions. Yet even in these sections, the Tom‐tom rhythm remains fundamentally constant, as does the static quaver‐rest rhythm of the low instruments. The motifs are all descending narrow‐ranged melodies, each a variation of the opening idea (a). Even the distinctive “Gloria” motif (f) is set to a downward scale. The repeated melodic descent complements the rhythmic repetition to create a sense of apprehension that is heightened further by the change of key signature to four flats at bar 40. Furthermore, the unprepared tritone transposition from D minor to A flat major is rendered even more startling by the opening harmony: an 11th chord on the tonic which, as demonstrated in Figure 19 is “spiked” with a raised 4th – ‘d’ natural – further emphasizing the tritone, often referred to as the diabolus in musica.
12 The sections setting “Hosanna in excelsis” present a decorated version of the motif.
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a
Opening Choral Motif (Bar 5/85)
b
2nd Choral Motif (Bar 9)
c
Voice Rhythmic Motif 1 (alternates with Voice Rhythmic Motif 2. First occurrence Bar 15)
d
e
f
g
h
Voice Rhythmic Motif 2 (alternates with Voice Rhythmic Motif 1. First occurrence Bar 16)
Voice Rhythmic Motif 2a (strings alternating with choir, bars 5057)
Voice Rhythmic Motif 3 (Bars 3137)
Trumpet Motif (bars 512)
Bass Tonic Rhythm (Throughout movement in Cello and Double Bass parts with wind adding weight in “Hosanna excelsis” sections. Darkest shading in chart = ‘D’ tonic)
Figure 18 Motifs in “Sanctus”
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Figure 19 Tritone modulation in Hosanna in excelsis sections of “Sanctus” (Bars 3942, percussion and voices, restated at bar 75)
The introduction of the “devil in the music” at this point seems in direct contradiction of the text. The devil lives in hell – at least he does for the Christians for whom (and by whom) this liturgical text was created – whereas the words “Hosanna in the highest!” are a shout of praise and adoration for God who lives in heaven. A bright, uplifting musical setting is the more intuitive and common practice. Nevertheless, Jenkins’s setting is not the first to stray from the expected. Schubert’s final Mass No. 6 in E flat major D950, for example, has a “Sanctus” which is (as is most of the Mass) very dark. Perhaps an interesting parallel with The Armed Man can be found in Walther Dürr’s commentary upon Schubert’s Mass. Dürr suggests that Schubert’s setting reflects the composer’s sentiments about humankind’s violent self‐destruction, as expressed in a letter to his brother, Ferdinand, in 1824: Glorious Jesus, to how many shameful deeds must you lend your image? You, yourself, the most wretched monument of human baseness, they [the fighting Bavarians and Tyrolese who were the subject of Schubert’s letter] raise your image as if to say: ‘See! We have trodden the most perfect creation of Almighty God into the dust with our insolent feet. Should we find it difficult to destroy that remaining vermin, called man, with a light heart?’13
13 As quoted in Walther Dürr, "The Church Music of Franz Schubert," in Franz Schubert: Geistliche Chorwerke; Sacred
Works, Oeuvres Sacrées Vol. 2 trans. Richard Wigmore (Köln: EMI Records, 1983), 5.
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Alternatively, given the Mass was composed four years after that letter and shortly before Schubert succumbed after long illness to ‘nervous fever’, dying at 31 years of age in November 1828,14 his final Mass could be understood to depict a very different apprehension of God. Perhaps Schubert’s setting reflects the Old Testament God: a God who is not simply all‐ powerful, but also potentially harsh and vengeful – an Ultimate Being that would support religious crusading and religious‐based terrorism in Its name. Given that, presumably, it is “this” God to which each of the historical subjects of the texts that book‐end the “Sanctus” are addressing their pleas for support, then a dark setting of the “Sanctus,” a setting that speaks of God’s power to quell and quash, could be seen as entirely suitable. However, the overarching theme of The Armed Man is that peace is better than war; that violence only begets more violence because that is the model of behaviour violence expounds. The human frustration of knowing this and yet feeling we have not been given the acumen to achieve anything better is what is portrayed in the “Hosanna in excelsis” section. It is not simply “dark” as Schubert’s setting is, but rather, “manic.” As depicted in Figure 20, the mania is achieved in the first two bars not only by the suddenly strident, “devilish” tritone‐based harmonisation, but also because the tenors, basses and upper strings are performing in their less comfortable, upper range. This in turn is compounded by scoring of the low instruments towards the bottom of their range. Further, the melody itself is stylistically polarised, beginning with rhythmic accents and moving to legato fluidity. These two bars compete with the symbols of jubilance and celebration of the following two: the return to a (previously tonic) D minor chord; an increased dynamic; rhythmically escalating brass fanfares; and rapid rhythmic motifs in the woodwinds. The musical exposition of these two fundamental ideas – frustration and celebration – alternate and combine throughout the Hosanna sections and we are left with a feeling of mild hysteria.
14 The cause of Schubert’s death is disputed – it may have been due to typhus, typhoid, syphilis, malnutrition,
alcoholism, or a deterioration of the immune system. See Robert Winter, "Schubert, Franz: 1 Life," Grove Music Online, Oxford Music Online, http:oxfordmusiconline.com . Accessed 22 Jan. 2009.
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Figure 20 Hysteria in Hosanna section of “Sanctus” (bars 4043)
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“Hymn before action” Building upon the mounting trepidation of the “Sanctus,” the sixth movement, “Hymn before action,” reminds the listeners that The Armed Man is telling a story. The horns and upper strings enter with a dramatic variant – shown in Figure 21– of the soon‐to‐be‐aired song’s melody. Accompanied by the full orchestra the horns immediately transport the audience to the soundworld of the epic movie. The melodic ascent of their melody spans the octave, lingers and then climbs further still, the rapid triplet run to the dotted quaver ‘e’ suspension resolving to a ‘d’ semiquaver. The phrase breaks off here, heightening the dramatic effect further, and is repeated once. The song itself begins at bar 5 with the text, declaimed homophonically by the full choir, so distinct that, when such phrases as “Lord God of Battles aid!” and “Lord grant us strength to die” are virtually shouted out, the listener is left in no doubt that this movement is about preparing for battle. “Hymn before Action” needs no narrative backdrop; it is the narrative: all of the music is in the foreground.
Lingers on octave before continuing
Suspension
Introduction bars 12 Violin I, IIa; doubled 8vb by Horns, Violin IIb & Viola
Melody bars 58 Sopranos
Figure 21 Drama in opening of sixth movement, “Hymn before Action”
Each instrument and voice is allocated to a group and, like regiments within an army each group has its own distinct identity yet is complementary to the others and integral to the whole. As Figure 22 shows, the voices and upper strings describe the scene; the brass instruments provide the “call to arms” fanfare flourishes, accented by timpani and cymbal. The wind section provides the momentum towards battle with their triplet repeated notes. The low instruments’ regular, slow, minim‐crotchet rhythm, provide the stability of strategic leadership.
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Forward Momentum Group
Fanfare Group
Melody Group
Stable Group Figure 22 Groups in “Hymn Before Action” (Bars 56)
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Nevertheless, the sense of unity necessary to successful military manoeuvres is achieved harmonically. Just as the “Kyrie eleison” sections of the previous movement moved from minor to major modes, so too does the strophic setting of “Hymn Before Action.” As shown in Figure 23, Jenkins begins the first line of each of the two stanzas in F minor but concludes in G major, while the second line moves from C minor to E flat major. This harmonic plan is repeated for the second half of each stanza.
Figure 23 Harmonic plan: Each line of text moves from minor to major mode. (Bars 5 – 8 and 912 of “Hymn Before Action”)
In fact, the choice of a tonal base of E Flat major, coupled with the opening tempo marking of “Eroico” points to Beethoven’s third symphony, named “Eroica” which is in E flat major. The symphony was to have been dedicated to Napoleon, but Beethoven scratched the dedication out of the manuscript when the General betrayed his ideological principles by taking on the title of Emperor of France shortly before the work was completed. Despite the disgruntled removal of the specific dedication, the symphony still champions Bonaparte’s military efforts on behalf of the French people. This early nineteenth‐century symphony, standing at the midpoint in the history of Western secularisation, provides an interesting parallel at this, the middle “fighting” section of The Armed Man. Not only does the nod to Beethoven’s third symphony provide a cryptic hint to the secularising process witnessed in the West by which the aristocratic mono‐religious rule of medieval times evolved into contemporary democratic, secular rule, but, more obviously, the “Eroica,” in its recognition of a 108
war hero, implicitly endorses conflict as a solution to mankind’s disputes. As such the acknowledgement provides a useful entree into the seventh movement. “Charge!” Every bit as dramatic and obvious as the sixth, “Charge!” takes the listener immediately into battle with musical topics associated with hunting; trumpet fanfares and heavily accented fast‐ moving triplets abound. The music epitomises the prime universal strategy utilised by nations to motivate humans to overcome their egos sufficiently to sacrifice their own lives for the good of the country: “Charge!” glorifies war. The choir enters with a homophonic setting of the opening words from John Dryden’s text: “The trumpets’ loud Clangor Excites us to Arms...” and the music is exciting. The dense orchestration with all sections scored for tutti or near tutti; the fast “Bravura dotted‐crotchet= 134” tempo; the emphasis on first and middle (third) beats of each 12:8 bar; and the loud to very loud dynamic, all culminates five minutes later with the near‐shouting of the command “Charge” at bar 132. The full choir accompanied by the full orchestra then repeats “Charge!” thirteen times, each command taking up the full bar. The final five statements of the word are harmonised in a series of bare open fifths/fourths on the notes ‘a’ and ‘e’ with horn 3 and trombone 1 playing ‘d’ – effectively the work’s tonic, and taking on a similar role here to the one the note served in the ‘hosanna’ section of the “Kyrie.” The lower instruments introduce a ‘b‐flat’ towards the end of each bar before returning to ‘a’ thus infusing a greater sense of urgency to the already urgent rhythmic pattern. For Soprano Andrea Norberg, singing in the one hundred‐strong Regina Philharmonic Chorus, the ensuing penultimate section of the movement sounds as she imagines it would “if a bomb was dropped on a city.”15 At bar 147, rehearsal mark I, the voices are instructed to: “[s]ing any notes and randomly gliss. up & down until ‘J’, then hold. Breathe individually as necessary. Convey horror.” Wind players hold a single, eleven‐bar tied note each, but collectively the chord includes every note of the 12‐pitch chromatic scale. They are instructed: “If not employing rotary breathing... breathe when necessary, but individually.” At the same time, the strings perform in tremolo a rapid, four‐semiquaver chromatic motif starting on either ‘a#’, ‘b’, ‘c’, ‘d’, or ‘d#’, and repeated throughout. The dynamic instruction for voices and all instruments at the beginning of the section is “sfz sub. p molto cresc.” – emphatically loud, suddenly soft, strong crescendo. The section culminates at bar 158 with a fff marking – very, very loud. The effect is an emotional implosion from the vastness of widespread organised warfare into a state of chaos; a terrifying sense of the senseless that lasts for eight bars. It is broken by the only emotional state now possible: stunned silence. After a 30 second tacit bar, a lone 15 As quoted in Mark Paxton, "Just Call the Regina Philharmonic Chorus a Weapon of Mass Construction," The Leader Post, Regina, 29 November 2007. Transcription of full text appears in source 47, Appendix B2.
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trumpeter or bugler performs the “Last Post” off stage in B flat major, joined for the closing third of the poignant melody by low woodwind and strings performing a series of slow, harmonically ambiguous chords at pianissimo concluding on the notes ‘c‐flat’ and ‘b‐flat.’ This gives the listener time to “regroup,” to re‐establish equilibrium, to gather her or his thoughts. It prepares each for the emotionally stark, understated horror of the eighth movement. “Angry Flames” The backdrop of “Angry Flames,” as iconic as the mushroom cloud it equates to, is provided by the pedal ‘d,’ heard in the strings throughout. It is almost as if those performers not sitting on the ‘d’ are irrelevant; mere decorations who, despite Jenkins’s inventive musical word painting of the Japanese A‐bomb poet’s text, should really just give up: What is done is done. The voicing of the pedal – a high ‘d’ in the violins, and the lowest ‘d’ possible in the lower strings – results in a barren middle ground, adding to the sense of unease. Further, the use of the emotionally melancholy Phrygian mode arouses a sense of the “other” to listeners with Western, diatonically tuned ears. For those aware of the work’s plot the use of the mode may evoke thoughts of Japanese culture, or perhaps the atom bomb itself on its first functional outing – but it also provides a link to the first movement; the “otherness” of the historic medieval melody, L’homme armé. And so the decorations are not purposeless or pointless; merely of little consequence when the enormity of the greater act is comprehended. In the final bar, the four parts of the choir also settle on the ‘d,’ as if admitting defeat. Yet humanity must somehow live with that enormity, and the telling of stories – even though they can change nothing that is past – is one mechanism for doing so; it helps us to live in the present and to move into the future. “Torches” The ninth movement, “Torches,” is similar to “Angry Flames” although it is much more overtly dramatic and the pedal has gone. This is pure story telling. The weighty introductory chords at an orchestral tutti forte fortissimo – as loud as can be played – grab the listener. As can be seen in Figure 24, each chord is harmonically ambiguous, comprising a major triad (E‐flat major/C major) above an open fifth one semitone removed (‘e’‐‘b’/ ‘c#’‐‘g#’).
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Figure 24 Dramatic effect in “Torches” opening (bars 1 – 4)
From the first chord each part steps down a minor third to the second, identical chord, making it clear by the quality of the minor interval that the emotional content of what is to come is more likely to be negative than positive. The two chords, once again punctuated by a loud percussion contingent of timpani, bass drum, floor‐toms, cymbals, surdu and taiko drum, are repeated for emphasis before making way for the telling of the story by the choir with light, but portentous string accompaniment. The sudden dynamic reduction to piano, the unchanging syncopated anagrammatic rhythm [quaver, crotchet, quaver; quaver, crotchet, quaver], and the progression between chords featuring ‘pretty notes’ that blur but do not completely disguise the stasis associated with oscillations between chords built on bass notes a third apart; in this case ‘a’ and ‘f’ signal that the story is about to begin. Further, the rhythmic and harmonic stasis encourages the auditor to “stop and listen;” a technique that has its roots in the explanatory role of recitatives in operas. In fact, Jenkins’s skill as a musical storyteller is readily apparent throughout this movement. The conversational nature of the text setting in “Torches” makes it both compelling and credible. It is as if a group of travellers are sitting at a campfire or some other communal gathering telling of their collective experience. Figure 25 shows how the phrases are shared amongst the members of the group – sometimes they sing alone, sometimes in pairs, sometimes all together.
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Figure 25 Craftsmanship: Storytelling and text setting in “Torches” (vocal parts bars 730)
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While the altos and sopranos do dominate, the otherwise somewhat random interchange between the voices is entirely realistic. Furthermore, the words that receive the emphasis of all four voices seem almost arbitrarily selected. Certainly the word “thousands” (bar 19) is a suitable candidate for emphasis because it focuses upon the magnitude of the event; however, it seems no more significant than the gory fact that “faces were disfigured and consumed by fire” for example (bar 20), when the similarly sounding word “consumed” could also have received emphasis but did not. This too reflects reality – it is not so much which word is emphasised that is important, but rather that only a select few are treated exceptionally. The careful control of dramatic effect this demonstrates is evident everywhere. The doubling of the voices at bar 15 increases the dynamic – and thus the tension. Word painting also develops the drama, a clear example occurring in the next bar with the words “unable to let them go” set to a rhythm that slows to a stop, concluding with a drop of a minor sixth to the word “go.” This leap is even more noticeable because the melody to this point has been fundamentally conjunct, of narrow range, and thus chant‐like, representing an attempt at deadpan, dispassionate storytelling. But the event was too horrific for the witnesses, and their disengagement can no longer be fully sustained, although the semblance of control does remain, right up until the final few bars (described below). Further, in one final example of dramatic build‐up, the hesitation introduced into the rhythm of the phrase “and so they died” when it is repeated by the altos and sopranos in bar 18 seems exactly right; it represents a necessary correction of the overly straight first statement of the phrase by the tenors and basses in the previous bar. And yet, in combination with the syncopated rhythm of the accompaniment, the dance‐like lilt of the dotted‐quaver, semiquaver rhythm seems at odds with the text all the same. In fact, one of the most striking features of this movement is the lack of passion in the main, central section. Jenkins is a skilful manipulator of music; why would he choose this particular, relatively bland musical pallet, rather than one that would reflect the melodramatic nature of the story being told? I think perhaps that Jenkins has chosen to set this text, not as part of the overarching plot, but rather an interlude. The story is from an ancient source: the Mahābhārata; a source that emanated from the story‐telling bardic tradition of the early Hindus. One technique a storyteller might utilise to tell such tales is to effectively remove themself from the telling, even if he or she was a first‐person witness. The cool emotion provides the emphasis of contrast – it makes the horror of the story more horrid. Charmed by the teller’s calmness, and so more abhorred by what is being said, the listener is likely to feel chilled. After witnessing such a horrific scene, how can the person telling the story remain so calm? To do so must take huge courage. Alternatively, it might reflect a truth that the event is so beyond everyday life that it 113
defies accurate description, and so it is better not to try. A more dramatic telling might have had the listener simply conjuring up the scene being described and feeling revulsion: the subtle, seemingly benign voice, paradoxically reminds the listener that the teller was a witness and makes the telling more potent by bringing the subject into sharper focus. Nevertheless, high drama does bookend the bland story telling. “Torches” concludes with a repeated ff declamation by the full choir of the word “torches” on the dissonant ‘b’ of the A9 chord heard in the near‐tutti instrumental accompaniment. Matching the opening chords, only the upper wind instruments are omitted. “Agnus Dei” The tenth movement, “Agnus Dei,” also utilises contrast for emphasis. Subtly merging A minor with its relative major, C, the movement begins with a beautiful melody sung by the sopranos and doubled by the strings. As shown in Figure 26 the melody is simply a decorated C major descending scale, and yet the rhythmic detail and the brief melodic detour between the first ‘d’ and final ‘c’ make it utterly charming. Detour from straight scale
Figure 26 Leisurely, comforting opening to “Agnus Dei” (bars 15)
The effect is one of extreme comfort. The leisurely solo is repeated and then the music becomes polyphonic, but it is an equally leisurely polyphony that moves between one or two voices before accumulating to three and then to four. As shown in Figure 27, the accompaniment is light. The strings double the voices, the horn doubles the altos and the trombone and tuba mark out a sympathetic harmony in unaccented crotchets. The dynamic is piano.
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Figure 27 Leisurely polyphony and light accompaniment in “Agnus Dei” bars 615
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The (here translated) words of the text “Lamb of God, you take away the sins of the world, have mercy on us ...grant us peace” could well have attracted a setting featuring a similar mixture of emotions as that of the “Kyrie.” Yet Jenkins does not do this. Rather, he sets the words of the “Agnus Dei” in a way that assumes that God will indeed forgive us and grant us peace. It is as if God’s answer to the text’s plea is embedded in the music; the words are not being painted at all. Rather, the music characterises love – presumably God’s love – and the Christian message that God is all‐forgiving. The Old Testament ethos of a vengeful God is completely absent. Thus, the plot is furthered – we have moved completely into Christian time. There will be no more glances at other religions or non‐Western cultures; from this point on, we are in the British mainstream of the twentieth century; a century that saw a rapid inclination towards secularity, particularly in the final decades. In the next movement, this becomes readily apparent. “Now the guns have stopped” Most religions teach that the “spirit” that exists within a sentient being leaves the body at death, and so any corpse is bereft of any ultimately meaningful state of being. “Now the guns have stopped” concludes with the words “And in your grave, Alone,” implying that some meaningful component of the dead person remains with the buried cadaver. This refusal to accept that the loved one has gone is coupled with the sense of finiteness or hopelessness felt by those who mourn, for there is no indication from the remainder of the text that there is any form of life after death. And yet there is more than sorrow here, the text describes the guilt associated with surviving when the mourned one did not. The resultant hollow, empty feeling is described in the music in a way that would tear the heart of a sensitive listener out. As Paul van Vliet notes, “[t]his beautiful, sparse, chilling threnody describes the horror of war at a very intimate level.”16 The muted strings begin very quietly at a high tessitura, the first violins and violas playing a melody that keeps reverting to ‘a’ at the end of each short phrase. But the phrases stretch out and at last the fifth phrase gets past the ‘a’ and continues on to ‘c.’ It is as if the violins are depicting the speaker gathering up the courage – or self‐control – to begin his or her short eulogy. The harmony, comprising a weak oscillation between the first inversion of D minor in one bar to a seventh chord built on ‘e’ in the next, contributes to this feeling because the seventh chord does not obey the accepted conventions of voice leading. Sounding in the second violins part, the downward resolution of the chord’s seventh note is delayed because Emin7’s seventh is the note ‘d’, the root of D minor. Eventually the resolution is heard in the final bar of the introduction where a clear A minor triad is sounded, thus including the desired 16 Paul van Vliet, "Karl Jenkins, the Armed Man: A Mass for Peace Album Review," Adiemus,
http://www.adiemus.f2s.com/armedmanrev.htm.. Accessed 23 July 2009. Source 16 in Appendix B1 and B2.
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resolving ‘c’ in the Violin I part. The presence of the ‘c’, both melodically and harmonically, signals the speaker’s resolve to begin. With the entrance of the sopranos the strings drop back to a very soft ppp dynamic and play an Amin11 chord, the natural dissonance of the sonority rendered bleak by the omission of the third and the seventh. The harmony proceeds with an ambiguity appropriate to the emotional uncertainty – the hesitation to believe – that would accompany a survivor’s apprehension of permanent ceasefire after such a long war. In this twelve‐bar middle section, A minor is implied but never really clearly stated, and then, at bar 20, there is an identical restatement of the opening instrumental section – this time as an accompaniment to the soprano solo. This section retains the D minor tonal centre throughout, concluding with the very common diatonic progression ii6‐v‐i in A minor. This time the v‐i perfect cadence can perhaps be understood to signal the speaker’s acceptance that the war is indeed over, but that the moment cannot be truly joyous – his or her friend is, like so many others, dead – and so the sad, minor quality of the final chord must be retained. This highly secular movement may seem to have no link to the very Christian one that follows, setting the second portion of the liturgical “Sanctus” of the Ordinary of the Mass. Yet, as already discussed in Chapter 4, contemporary Western society grew out of Christendom and so, regardless of the extent to which any Western society might reject religious institutions and their practices, Christian values permeate even non‐religious practice. Further, the early Christian encouragement of the development of a personal relationship with God, even while in conjunction with the apparently conflicting idea of salvation in communitas, transmuted into the idea of humankind answering individually, rather than collectively, to God. This flowed on via the Reformation and the Enlightenment to create a society where the individual attained the right to act as she or he chose – as an individual – and therefore eschew religion if so desired. Likewise, however, an individual may also choose to accept religion. As Charles Taylor notes, this is the result of: ...the long term vector in Latin Christendom, moving steadily over a half millennium towards more personal, committed forms of religious devotion and practice. The spirituality of quest that we see today could be understood as the form that this movement takes in an Age of Authenticity.17
In this reading, the next and penultimate movement which sets the “Benedictus” portion of the “Sanctus,” is not after all anathematic to “Now the Guns have Stopped,” but rather
17 Taylor, A Secular Age, 532. The “Age of Authenticity” is Taylor’s descriptor for the current epoch from the 1960s to
the current day. See chapter 13 pp. 471‐503 for further explanation.
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is a product of a secular Age that is searching for authenticity in all avenues, including religious rituals established by organisations they have no wish to affiliate with. “Benedictus” Musically “Benedictus” matches its text by depicting the peace derived from “certainty” of those who still believe and trust in God’s love, and does so with a transparent charm that even the most ardent atheist or secularist would find beguiling.18 If a single movement can be attributed with having the most profound effect on the listener of any of the thirteen movements, it is the “Benedictus.” If God exists, both the musical backdrop and the foreground can be understood to work complementarily to describe the peace of being enveloped within His love. As shown in Figure 28, the “molto largo” movement begins as broadly as that Italian expression indicates, with a still, quiet pool of sound from the strings – a D major chord – eventually rippled by a whole step up to an E major chord before returning to D major where there is time to follow the effect of the ripple before it occurs again. The chords are voiced clearly with three of the six parts being given the tonic; there is a complete absence of any jazz‐ like “pretty notes” – even in passing. This is musically similar in its disencumbering pleasure, to watching a drop of waterfall from a leaf onto the clear water of a pool’s surface causing concentric circles to emanate outward towards an idyllic surround. The cellos emerge with a series of consecutive melodic arcs that seem to caress the listener, an effect similar to that created by the obbligato oboe in the “Kyrie.” Yet, in this latter case, the caress was a comforting response to the fear elucidated by the soprano, whereas in the first and last sections of the “Benedictus” all elements combine to express a pure and peaceful love that, in its very calmness, trumps not only the “Kyrie,” but also the more poignant, compassionate love expressed in the music of the “Agnus Dei.”
18 As mentioned in Chapter 5, the melodic theme of the “Benedictus” was appropriated from “The Eternal Knot”
which is the second track of Adiemus IV The Eternal Knot, Virgin CD 72438‐499652‐2‐9 (2000). The liner notes for the track state: “[t]racing an unbroken path, without beginning or end, the interlace patterning of The Eternal Knot is a characteristic feature of Celtic book decoration. Originally inspired by the plait motifs of the pre‐Christian Celts, many ingenious designs adorn the pages of 7th, 8th, and 9th century AD religious manuscripts. The Eternal Knot was a perfect expression of the boundlessness of God and the infinite variety of his creation.”
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Figure 28 “Benedictus” Bars 110
The cello ascends in slow quavers from ‘f#’ to ‘e’ and descends to a ‘g’ semibreve. About half way through this semibreve the listener begins to be aware that it needs to resolve downwards to the f# the phrase began with. This awareness is driven by the realisation that the G major chord played by the upper instruments is being “contested” by the lower strings who have remained on ‘d’s and ‘a’s since the beginning. The G chord becomes a suspension that is not resolved by the solo cello, but rather by the first violins which were doubling the solo cello’s ‘g’. The relatively weak resolution of a barely apprehended suspension contributes to the creation of an ambience of peacefulness. The solo cello repeats the opening phrase but there is a slight variance in the rhythm. The final two quavers lose their evenness to the more lilting, more engaging crotchet‐quaver triplet gesture. Following this repetition, the cello reveals that the phrase we heard first was actually incomplete for it continues on past the ‘f#’ down to the tonic, ‘d.’ Immediately the answering phrase that completes the melody begins, curving away then returning to the tonic twice, once in an ascending arc and once in a descending arc. This slow working out of a melody that ends satisfyingly with the classic II6 – V – I perfect cadence is assured and conflict‐free. It is a sonic manifestation of the idea that there is no need to hurry to a quick, but less satisfying, solution in a time of peace. Jenkins repeats bars 3 to 10 before introducing a new idea high in the cello’s range. As shown in Figure 29, the new melody climbs in two small motifs to the dominant ‘a.’ It then repeats the twin motifs but reverts to the tonic, ‘d’.
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Figure 29 “Benedictus” Bars 1926
Meanwhile the oboe plays the original opening phrase between the two statements of the twin motifs, showing that the first melody remains valid, and that the new idea has not taken it over, but rather joined the conversation. Although the harmony could be described in ambiguous terms of “one bar of G major in the upper instruments over a D tonic pedal, followed by one bar firmly in D major,” it can also be described in diatonic terms as oscillating between IV6 4 and I. Of course, the description is irrelevant to the effect, but the very fact that the entire progression fits within the common vocabulary of pre‐atonal Western music, adds to the sense of “peace and harmony.” And yet, although the manner in which this ambience has been created can certainly be described with relative ease, I do not mean to imply that any music student who has spent a few years learning the rules of diatonic harmony could create the music; merely that any such student could describe it. This may not appeal to those who have acquired a high level of musical literacy, however. In a rare negative review of the work, Brian Whitehead of West York contributed to the Amazon collection of opinions by stating: “clichéd, bland and repetitive. I had the misfortune to perform this recently ‐ I played trumpet in the orchestra... I was not impressed. The writing shows no imagination, and almost all the work is bland in the extreme” (s96). The extent to which the relative technical difficulty of the trumpet parts impacted upon Whitehead’s opinion of The Armed Man, is not known. Clearly, however, he prefers music that provides an analytical challenge. Nevertheless, the reception data reveals that most of those who take the time to comment on Jenkins’s music either have a liking for the simple, or have moved beyond the need for complexity for its own sake, and enjoy each piece of music on its own merits. “amychick” provides a description of the emotional effect of the “Benedictus” that speaks for the
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majority in her ciao.com review: “A quiet start for what blossoms into a defiant and spine chilling praise for life. This is my favorite (sic) piece. The words are beautiful and full of praise... Big and powerful, will make you cry!” (s12). The middle section, no doubt the source of “amychick’s” spinechilling experience, sets the words “Hosanna in excelsis” –“ Hosanna in the highest” and is a sudden and complete contrast to the first section. In his book Sweet Anticipation: Music and the Psychology of Expectation, David Huron calls this process the “contrastive valence.”19 From a psychological viewpoint, Huron explains, when the appraisal of a surprising event results in it being deemed a pleasurable experience, the resulting positive feeling is intensified. This is caused by the presence of opiates – such as endorphins – that were released in the moment of fear. Returning to music, Huron notes: [a]s listeners, we are left with the contrast in valence between the reaction/prediction and appraisal response... when music evokes... strong [positive] emotions, the brain is simply realizing that the situation is very much better than first impressions might suggest... The truly remarkable thing is that these powerful emotional responses can be evoked through the innocent medium of mere sounds.
Nevertheless, he quickly qualifies: not just any sounds will do. Listeners must be enculturated into specific auditory environments where some events or patterns are more predictable than others.... it is the learned schemas that provide the templates that enable the fast‐track brain to make predictions, and in some cases, to be surprised.20
Thus, when the “enculturated” Western listener who has been enjoying the calm of the first 20 bars of the “Benedictus” is suddenly confronted by the sheer loudness of the fortissimo, full orchestral and vocal tutti of the Hosanna section he or she is initially shocked; however, as the music proceeds through safe D major harmonies, exhilarating rhythms and melodic phrases from the opening section, it becomes quickly clear that there was no need for alarm. and she or he relaxes and enjoys the music even more due to the sudden influx of the pleasure‐inducing chemicals released into the body. Then, after the exciting middle section, Jenkins returns the listener to the first section, and the slow moving, peaceful ambience is appreciated even more for having been interrupted.
19 David Huron, Sweet Anticipation: Music and Psychology of Expectation (Cambridge, MA; London, UK: MIT Press,
2006), 21. Tracking back to the origins of sentient creatures, Huron proposes that the purpose of the sense of expectation is surprise prevention; therefore, the automatic response to unpredicted events is one of “biological alarm. If an animal is to be prepared for the future, the best surprise is no surprise.” 20 Ibid., 36.
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“Better is Peace” The final movement, “Better is Peace, is a smorgasbord that both recapitulates and modifies the ideas of the first movement and intersperses them amongst the new. Whereas the first movement was headed “‘Marziale” – “martial” – the last movement is headed “Gioioso” – joyously – and after four bars of the opening movement’s distinctive rhythmic motif sounding in the percussion at a tempo that is 10% faster than the opening movement, the L’homme armé song appears cheerfully in the Dorian mode with the previously flattened ‘b’ raised to a ‘b natural.’ Furthermore, as the music progresses there is no sign of the subsequently added flattened second that had taken the melody into the Phrygian mode in the middle of the first movement. After a celebratory, tambourine‐rattling romp through positively‐oriented texts that include Malory’s “better is peace than evermore war” and Tennyson’s instruction to “ring in the thousand years of peace,” the listener is delivered into a pure, unaccompanied “English Cathedral Choir,” homophonic setting of the reassuring verses from Revelations that begin “and God shall wipe away all tears.” The a capella choir concludes the Wilson/Jenkins Mass with words that are universal to monotheism, “Praise the Lord,” placing the work precisely within its time and place of creation. It is a time when religion in its organised guise may have taken a back seat, but where individually held belief systems that rely upon the moral bases of Christianity, Hinduism and Islam for their foundations, have not. All but the most fundamental – whether trenchantly devout or strongly atheistic – will find the message acceptable. Yet more than this, musically the time – “our time” – is warped into being a time of peace. Not even a shadow of conflict lurks within the score to remind us of the omnipresent reality of perpetual human dissent, and our hegemonic failure to “get on.” No minor keys, no descending chromatic motifs, no scoring for instruments to play at the extremes of their registers, no achingly slow tempos, no sparse sections; there is just a mass of tutti cheerfulness resolving into choral purity. It is like a marketing strategy: “say ‘it is’, not that ‘it will be.’” The texts provide the advice “better is peace” and “ring in peace;” the music describes how wonderful peace is; not how wonderful peace would be, but how wonderful it IS. The message of the music is in the present, not the future tense, nor the past. There is no poignancy, no fear, no lingering memories of the enemy or of lost loved ones; the emotions scored into the music are plain and clear, not mixed. This is peace. Thus, the final movement of The Armed Man: A Mass for Peace returns the audience to everyday life uplifted – not merely hopeful that peace is possible but rather, through a suspension of intellect and an immersion in emotion, believing that it has been achieved – even if only for a few short minutes. Having felt the immense relief of this transportation, the attentive listener has gained an emotional, not simply intellectual comprehension of the benefits 122
of striving to achieve peace that, even after the immediate effect wears off, may contribute to increasing the strength of their determination to live more peaceably. Furthermore, through the technology of the recording industry, they can relive the experience at any time they choose.
Conclusion In adopting the contention that the emotional expressivity of Jenkins’s music is a significant contributor to the success of The Armed Man: A Mass for Peace, I have described how emotion has been expressed in each movement. The overarching narrative of peaceful preparation— anxious trepidation—violence—aftermath—peace, has been depicted as the work’s sonic backdrop, with text‐specific overlays providing the foreground in most movements. This layered technique enables Jenkins to convey the work’s intent while retaining the listener’s attention by utilising the detail of each text to create variety and interest. Nevertheless, the text came first, and so Jenkins’s genius as a composer of expressive music is not ascendant to Wilson’s genius as collaborative instigator and co‐creator. Rather, Wilson and Jenkins are partners, each drawing upon the strengths and capabilities of the other.
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Chapter 7 “A Mass for a Secular Age” I’m essentially Christian – was brought up a Christian. But I have a more universal view of the afterlife. I think about it more universally – that there can only be one Being, one afterlife for everyone. I wouldn’t compartmentalise it into Hindu, Christian, Muslim, Jewish, Spiritualist: there’s one spirituality for everyone. Karl Jenkins1
When I first began researching The Armed Man: A Mass for Peace, I thought perhaps it was popular because it offered a spiritual substitute to those who have left religion behind in the face of a hegemonic, God‐irrelevant, self‐sufficient modernity. Now, at the end of my study, I find that the evidence points more towards plurality, coincidence, emotionality and commerciality than spirituality. Nevertheless, for some listeners and performers, the music does provide a path to spirituality, and in this concluding chapter I explore the idea that spirituality is an important component in explaining why a religious work is popular in a secular age. For it was acting upon the advice of a chorister who described the work with an almost feverish passion in late 2006, that I purchased my copy of the CD. Yet my interest had not actually been peaked by the chorister’s admiration – or at least not much. Rather, I bought the CD because I was researching similar Masses at the time, notably Luis Bacalov’s Misa Tango and David Fanshawe’s African Sanctus. Thus, when I first listened to The Armed Man it was with an academic dispassion. On my first few hearings, I certainly recognized the Mass for what – on the face of it – it is: a deceptively simple work created by a skilled craftsman – Karl Jenkins – composing music that would move people. Listening to it was not a spiritual experience for me. As time has passed, however, my appreciation for the work has grown. This is not primarily due to the music, which I now know far too well to be objective about, but rather, in a 1Jenkins, "Interview: Karl Jenkins, Composer."
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more holistic reading, because of The Armed Man’s success as an “Ambassador for peace;” as something that contributes tangibly to the betterment of the world by promoting the importance of dialogue and tolerance between cultures and religions. In this context, my enjoyment of certain movements of The Armed Man is tinged by a sense of awe that occasionally points towards transcendence, although it is never actually attained. Nevertheless, this “taster” helps me to understand its powerful effect on others. As I have noted, the seventy minute Mass includes texts in four languages – Latin, French, English and Arabic – plus a fifth, Greek, in the word “Kyrie.” These texts are drawn from both secular and religious sources, including settings from Christian, Islamic and Hindu sacred writings. Thus, although Karl Jenkins’s contribution as composer cannot be discounted, the work’s instigator, Guy Wilson, deserves equal billing. As Head of the British Royal Armouries, Wilson gathered advice from many quarters, commissioned the work, selected the texts and mapped out the narrative journey that Jenkins translated into music. This collaborative approach created a mammoth success, which led Jenkins to go on to compose a Requiem and a Stabat Mater. While both of these later works have received popular acclaim, neither has achieved the same elevated status as The Armed Man: A Mass for Peace; a Mass constrained by a commission; a Mass composed with – and for – others. As much as it might be many other things, The Armed Man is a commercial enterprise instigated and co‐created by a man with a pluralistic vision and a quietly understood mission, Guy Wilson, supported by a commercial Artisan with a bent and talent for expressing emotion in music, Karl Jenkins. Strategically developed and marketed by leaders in the various requisite fields of music publication and dissemination – Boosey and Hawkes, and EMI respectively – performances soared. Broadcasts of the work by the commercial classical radio station Classic FM, particularly of selected movements, boosted sales further. Live performances were more viable because the music was envisaged and designed as an educational piece for competent amateur resources, and so is not technically very difficult. Yet it is a Mass – a religious work. As such, it taps into the residual memories of the current generation of “lapsed” Christians, and adds the weight of tradition to their listening experience. Religion, however, is not synonymous with spirituality. Religions can provide guidance to facilitate spiritual experience through meditation or prayer, but, many contend, a person does not need to be affiliated with any religion to experience spirituality. Nor do members of religious congregations necessarily achieve spiritual experiences through his or her religious practice. Spirituality can be experienced at any moment and any location; in a field beneath rolling thunderclouds, or in a concert hall listening to the glissando of the timpani drum. However, the experience is always transitory; it can never be repeated in exactly the same way. Similarly – at least for me – it is hard to recall the exact flavour of the experience 126
once time passes, and, unlike extreme anger or extreme joy, it is impossible to recall and replay the potency of the experience in our imaginations. It only exists in the moment. This has resonances with musical experience. Marcel Cobussen puts forward the idea that we listen “to and fro” music: the listening experience constituting rapid simultaneous iterations of receipt and response that move across the gap between the listener and the source of the sound.2 He speaks of the act of attentive listening, reminding us that at such times “it is the whole body that counts: it is the whole body that listens to music.”3 And yet, although some who listen to music feel that they become the music itself, this is not what Cobussen means. There is always a separation between the individual and the source of the sound, and it is within this separation that the listening experience occurs. It is self‐evident that the experience is always transient because music never stands still. Even the somewhat static music of Arvo Pärt – often hailed as “spiritual” – does move forward. Cobussen, however, is of the opinion that there is no such thing as spiritual music. Music cannot be imbued with spirituality that the listener can then “receive;” music can only ever be parallel to spiritual experience. Consequently, Cobussen proposes that only the “listening to and fro,” real‐time experience can be spiritual. If this is the case, he argues, then spirituality must be “immanent, singular, and not otherworldly.”4 Any sense of the spiritual felt by the listener cannot be the adoption of a pre‐ existing, externally generated phenomenon; but rather, the creation of a new sensation welling up from the inner resources of the person. In likening the engaged listening experience to the spiritual experience, spirituality, for Cobussen, resides in a threshold – a gap – that necessarily exists between the person and the cause of the spiritual experience. Spirituality is not a source to be tapped or trapped. It only exists in the “now” and so cannot reside within anything. It is, however, contingent upon there being both an observer and a cause and it is in this way that music can induce a spiritual experience. In examples from Pentecostal churches where congregants clap and sing their way to openly expressed ecstasy, to concert halls where ecstatic listeners must remain mute until the music ends, this is clearly true. Yet, even in collective situations brought on by a single, seemingly unifying source such as a musical performance, the experience is never collective; it is necessarily fractured by the unique experiences of multiple individuals who simply inhabit the same space and time. There is no doubt that those who have developed deep spiritual relationships with God, or are otherwise inclined towards mysticism, will consider such an open conception of spiritual experience contentious. In a study focusing on spirituality and music in both sacred and secular 2 Cobussen, Thresholds: Rethinking Spirituality through Music, 135. 3 Ibid., 134. 4 Ibid., 145.
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contexts, Peter Atkins analysed 117 self‐reported descriptions of spiritual experiences by Christians, in the light of seven elements he has identified from extant research as adhering to spiritual experience: (1) transcendence, (2) connection to the supernatural, (3) connection to one’s existential self, (4) connection with other people, (5) connection with the musical or physical environment, (6) a sense of meaning, value or purpose from the experience, and (7) mentions of some idea of spirituality in general – such as the use of terms like spiritual, numinous or ecstasy.5
Atkins reports that 13% of experiences in a sacred context, and 8% of responses relating to a secular context reported “a sense of fundamental union with other people;”6 however, this does not imply a shared experience in all cases. As Atkins reveals, some comments related to a feeling of being closer to absent friends or those who have “gone before”’ rather than to a collective spiritual experience. Similarly, even amongst those who felt “a sense of unity at the time”7 there is no way of knowing that this was a collective experience, even if those involved felt it was. Whereas it is clear that an individual can have a spiritual experience because they identify the experience as such, I propose that it is impossible for anyone to know – rather than believe – that they are part of a group spiritual experience, regardless of how convinced they may be. Claims to collective spiritual experience necessarily remain in the realm of faith. Perhaps unsurprisingly, then – given the generally secular, individualistic caste of reviews – there were no such claims or reports in the reception data of The Armed Man. Nevertheless, language that describes experiences that resonate with Atkins’s list of the seven different, yet overlapping elements of spiritual experience are present. Drawing from the emotion words and phrases recorded in Chapter 5, those that indicate that the listener’s experience was inclined towards the spiritual include “awe/some,” “overwhelming,” “serene,” “sublime,” “uplifting,” “mighty,” “primal,” “spiritual,” “touches your soul,” “transfixed, “unearthly,” “a music space you've longer for.”8
These spiritually‐oriented words and phrases, in the context of a pool of sources that
rarely comment upon religion, indicate that music provides an alternative route to spirituality; a route that is being adopted by inhabitants of a secular world who have rejected the methods developed by the religions they have dismissed. In fact, of the twenty‐five sources from which these words have been drawn, only five – twenty percent – also commented upon religion, and 5 Peter Atkins and Emery Schubert, "Music and the Experience of Spirituality: A Study of Religious People," Musica Humana 1, no. 2 Special Issue (Autumn) (2009): 306. 6 Ibid.: 310. 7 Ibid. 8 See Appendix B2 (Full text of reception data) particularly sources S38, S50, S56, S89, S94, S108, S113, but also these
18 sources: S12, S15, S33, S41, S44, S51, S58, S86, S95, S100, S119, S121, S126, S129, S147, S150, S151, S153. Of these 25 sources, religion was only commented upon in 5 – or 20%.
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only nine – or forty percent – were unmistakably reporting self‐identified spiritual experiences.9 Thus, music can provide a bridge to spiritual experience, permitting the receding waters of twenty‐first century religion to flow unnoticed below its span. Specifically, the music of The Armed Man permits listeners to ignore its overtly religious flavour while transporting them to a heightened state of being. I have two thoughts on this. First, I suggest that, in a secular age, those not religiously engaged, yet also not convinced by Nietzschean “Death of God” philosophies, may feel something is missing in their everyday existence and look for spirituality, however named, elsewhere. Some may search for it in nature, or in community, or via extreme sport. Those who love music may search for it in music. Karl Jenkins and his commercial advisers agree. As Times writer, John Bungey reports: —two years ago one eminent scribe was still dismissing Jenkins as a “TV jingle writer”— but seven‐figure sales permit its creator to believe that he might just have got something right. “There are two reasons I write music,” he says. “One, it fulfils a need in me; the other is to communicate with people—which I do. I get so many letters, and they can be quite humbling. A blind person told me I had helped him to see the world, others say they found solace in what I wrote. “The record company came up with the slogan ‘Spiritual music for secular people’ and it is quite apt.”10
My second and perhaps more tenuous suggestion regarding the role music plays with regard to spirituality – either as an interactive facilitator of spiritual experience, or as an alternative to spiritual experience – is that this is nothing new. Regardless of actual religious affiliation levels, I propose that there have always been those who need to access spirituality through the disciplined methods developed by religions, while others have been satisfied with the occasional serendipitous, unsearched‐for encounter, perhaps via music. Perhaps, in this secular age, those who need the guidance of prescribed routes to spirituality remain in religion, and those who don’t are among the ones who have departed the church pews simply because it is now socially acceptable – in fact more the norm – to be absent. These people find elsewhere their needs for explanations for the perceived but incomprehensible, currently mysterious facets of human existence, particularly the concepts of finiteness and infinity that give rise to the spectrum of questions surrounding creation and mortality. Some may find the “answers” in or through the language of music.
9 Those which included religion are S12, S38, S41, S56, and S147. 10 John Bungey, "Let the Critics Sneer ‐ Karl Jenkins Is a Hit with All the Right People," The Times 30 April 2004.
Available at http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/article846697.ece. Accessed 1 Nov 2009. Transcription of full text appears in source 135, Appendix B2. Of course, given the discussion above, this excerpt should be read with the qualifier that the words “Spiritual music” can only relate to music’s capacity to induce a spiritual experience.
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Thus, music is potentially more than a bridge to spirituality. Music can also be a surrogate for spiritual experience, perhaps most particularly for those who are inclined towards atheism or nihilism, both of which reject all but the materially knowable. Further, while Atkins suggests emotion and spirituality are “siblings”11 I suggest that emotion – as expressed in music – simply acts as a conduit that transports the listening experience across the gap to the spiritual experience. Spirituality is more than heightened emotion, for emotion is simply an in‐person experience whereas spiritual experience – however perceived – resides where nothing else, including emotion, can reside. Thus, I suggest that music is of the same genus as spirituality. Both belong to a family which has its own language; a language that speaks directly – without words – to the essence of non‐material human experience. If this is the case, then, for those who either use the emotional expressivity of music as a conduit to spiritual experience, or alternatively, are satisfied with music as a secular surrogate, perhaps the trend to more functional music in Christian churches has contributed to the drift away from church attendance. Music that is composed to be sung along to by congregants rather than performed by trained musicians may have caused some to drift away from the Church in preference for Concert Halls that demand nothing but the following of etiquette. More recently, spiritual needs are being fulfilled by personal listening spaces that demand nothing at all; spaces where the sublime can be accessed via the wires and gadgetry of twenty‐ first century sound technologies. Thus, the CD of The Armed Man: A Mass for Peace, particularly the lyrically poignant “Agnus Dei,” the sublime “Benedictus” and the pure “and God shall wipe away all tears,” can be enjoyed as simply emotional music. Equally, it can provide a conduit to spiritual experience for some, and a surrogate for spiritual experience for others.
Nevertheless, spirituality is not religion, and religion – as the reception records of The
Armed Man confirm – is in decline in the West. Markedly more so in Britain and much of Europe than in the USA; yet even in that great nation the trend is one of decline. In fact, the trend towards secularity in the Western world is so marked that even two decades ago secularisation theorists such as David Martin predicted the complete demise of current religious practices and organisations, at least in Europe. Martin envisaged two possible outcomes of this: either, “a new kind of space for religiosity” or “a total fragmentation of all belief systems.”12 In its claiming of diverse territories, The Armed Man could well be indicative of the latter. For diversity such as is displayed in The Armed Man is a feature of much late‐twentieth century art; and while it is delightful to have the freedom to choose from such a wide palette of 11 Atkins and Schubert, "Music and the Experience of Spirituality: A Study of Religious People," 319. 12 David Martin, "The Secularization Issue: Prospect and Retrospect," The British Journal of Sociology 42, no. 3 (1991): 473.
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styles, textures, and sounds, “open slather” comes at a price. We live in a time when it is fashionable to treat related ambiguities as paradoxes; a time when paradigms are constantly challenged. At the individual level, it is a time when self‐conscious uncertainty and a consequential fear for the future prevail. Emerging from the constrictions of bigotry and bias, a society that accepts every belief system as permissible must reinvent itself, must find a new identity within a collective existence marked by individualistic ubiquitous heterogeneity. There can be no “other” to compare and define ourselves against because we are all potentially “other.” Yet, we are social beings: we yearn to belong. Thus, the task of reinvention can become overwhelming; we can become lost in the search for our collective cultural self‐identity. This is where history helps. By tracking and contemplating the past in a steadfast and sensible manner we can draw comfort from the stability of ongoing existence: cultures have changed – indeed some have even been obliterated – but humanity as a whole has coped and continued. This comprehension is encapsulated within the historically‐aware, forward looking The Armed Man: A Mass for Peace. It provides and promotes a view of the world as moving towards collective goodness. By utilising historical, religiously‐oriented texts, and by employing a composer capable of setting the words to music in a way that ultimately moves the listener towards hope, Wilson has combined the weight of the idea of God – an idea most in the West still value because “God” does not require religion to exist – with the weight of music; a sonic phenomenon that, like the idea of God, can be utilised by religion, but is not inherently religious. Together with the concluding optimistic message of Peace, the weights of tradition, spiritual transcendence, and music as emotional expression – and thus potentially a surrogate for, or conduit to spiritual experience – explain why a religious work such as The Armed Man: A Mass for Peace can be popular in a Secular Age.
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132
Appendix A List of performances Sources not included in the Boosey and Hawkes database are shaded. Australia
6
16
12‐Nov‐05
Singers of Southern Tasmania / Roderic Grosvenor
All Saints Church, Hobart, Australia
09‐Dec‐05
Abbotsbury Anglican School / Royna McNamara
Abbotsleigh Anglican School, Sydney, Australia
30‐Jan‐06
Barker College / James Allington Barker College, Sydney, Australia
28‐Apr‐06
Singers of Southern Tasmania / Roderic W. Grosvenor
24‐Jun‐06
St John's Cathedral, Brisbane, Brisbane Chorale Inc / Emily Cox Australia
13‐May‐07
Brisbane Concert Choir / Debra Shearer‐Dirie
St Andrew's Uniting Church, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
1
01‐Jun‐07
St Andrew's Cathedral School / Greg Platt
St Andrew's Cathedral School, NSW, Australia
1
06‐Jun‐07
St Andrew's Cathedral School / Greg Platt
Sydney, Australia
1
23‐Jun‐07
Geelong Chorale / Rick Prakhoff Geelong, VIC, Australia
1
11‐Jul‐07
Australian Boys Choral Institute / Australian Boys Choral Institute, Noel Ancell Victoria, Australia
1
25‐Aug‐07
Canberra Choral Society Inc / Peter Pocock
Canberra, Australia
1
26‐Aug‐07
Canberra Choral Society Inc / Peter Pocock
Canberra, Australia
1
29‐Jul‐06
Townsville Oratorio Choir / Neil Smith
"Skinny Jimmy's" St James Cathedral, Townsville
1
1 Benedictus only
1
St Davids Cathedral, Hobart, Australia
1 1
25‐Apr‐08
1
09‐Aug‐08
Hale School/Miranda Sims
Concert Hall, Perth, Australia
1
09‐Aug‐08
Townsville Oratorio Choir/Neil Smith
St James Cathedral, QLD, Australia
1
10‐Aug‐08
Townsville Oratorio Choir / Neil Smith
St James' Cathedral, QLD, Australia
1
21‐Nov‐08
Alizarin Ensemble / Peter Ellis
St Stephen's Anglican Church Hall, NSW, Australia
1
29‐Nov‐08
Shoalhaven Lydian Singers / Lesley Challender
Entertainment Centre, Shoalhaven, NSW, Australia
1
29‐Nov‐08
NH Kerk Heusden
NH Kerk, Heusden, Netherlands
1
30‐Nov‐08
Shoalhaven Lydian Singers / Lesley Challender
Entertainment Centre, Shoalhaven, NSW, Australia
1
08‐May‐08
Churchlands Senior High School / St Joseph's Church, Queen's Park, Paul Sealey WA, Australia
22‐Jun‐08
Churchlands Senior High School / Paul Sealy
Churchlands Senior High School, WA, Australia
133
2
1
Townsville Oratorio Choir / Neil "Skinny Jimmy's" St James Smith Cathedral, Townsville Brisbane Concert Choir at St Andrews, sinfonia of St Andrews, cond. Dr Debra Shearer‐Dirie St Andrews, Brisbane
30‐Jul‐06
Full Ens. Choral
1
1
1
Partial 0
Austria
26‐Jun‐06
Wiener Urania Ensemble & UNO Chor / Sandro Santander Wiener Urania, Wien, Austria
Austrian Premiere
Canada 28‐Nov‐04
05‐Feb‐05
St. Andrew's Wesley Church, Vancouver, BC, Canada
Canadian premiere
Church of Saitn George the Martyr, Toronto, Canada
4
1
1
1
Georgeville, Canada
1
06‐Nov‐05
Georgeville Occasional Choir Orpheus Choir Of Toronto, Chorus Niagara Orchestra, Cond. Robert Cooper Orpheus Choir Of TorontoGuests: Chorus Niagara; Frederique Vezina, soprano; Maryem Tollar, Arabic vocal artist; full orchestra; Robert Cooper, director.
12‐Apr‐07
University of Ottawa / David Currie
02‐Jun‐07
Choeur Classique des Basses‐ Laurentides / Dinae Geoffrion
02‐Apr‐05
05‐Nov‐05
Lake Street Armoury, St Catharines, Ontario
1
Metropolitan United Church, 56 Queen St. E, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
1
St. Joseph's Church, Ottawa, Canada
1
Rosemere, Quebec, Canada Choeur Classique des Basses‐ Laurentides, Laval, Quebec, Canada
1
Orpheum, Vancouver, Canada
1
Choeur Classique Vaudreuil‐ Soulanges Richard Eaton Singers / Edmonton Symphony Orchestra / Leonard Ratzlaff
St Michel Church, Vaudreuil‐ Dorion, QC, Canada
1
Winspear Centre for Music, Edmonton, Canada
1
St Michel Church, Vaudreuil‐ Dorion, QC, Canada
1
09‐Nov‐08
Choeur Classique Vaudreuil‐ Soulanges Acadia University School of Music Ensemble / Michael Caines
Atlantic Theatre Festival Building, Wolfville, NS, Canada
1
31‐Jan‐09
Grand Philharmonic Choir / Howard Dyck
Centre in the Square, Kitchener, ON, Canada
1
20‐Feb‐09
F.A.C.E. High School Ensemble
Christ Church Cathedral, Montreal, QC, Canada
03‐Jun‐07
15‐Mar‐08 30‐May‐08
12‐Apr‐08 20‐Oct‐06
Choeur Classique des Basses‐ Laurentides / Dinae Geoffrion Richard Eaton Singers / Vancouver Bach Choir / Vancouver Symphony / Bruce Pullan
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Full Ens. Choral 12
St. Andrew's‐Wesley Chancel Choir and Orchestra / Darryl Nixon Just Singers Chamber Choir, Choir of Centenary United Church Hamilton, Cond. Shawn Grenke Just Singers Chamber Choir, Choir of Centenary United Church Hamilton, Cond. Shawn Grenke
1
Partial
1
Centenary United Church, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
06‐Feb‐05
Full Ens. Choral
1
0
Partial 0
China
14‐Mar‐09
Dulwich College / Shane O'Shea
Dulwich College, Beijing China
Choral Suite
Croatia 21‐Mar‐09
The Really Big Chorus / Brian Kay
Revelin Fortress, Dubrovnik, Croatia
Full Ens. Choral 1
Full Ens. Choral
Full Ens. Choral
Litomerice, Czech Republic
1
Decinsky, Czech Republic
1
10‐Jan‐09
Faroe Islands Symphony Orchestra / Bernhardur Wilkinson
Nordi House, Torshavn, Faroe Islands, Denmark
Full Ens. Choral
Full Ens. Choral 2
28‐Jan‐07
Chorale Arpège / tbc
Macon, France
1
15‐Aug‐07
Chorale Arpège / tbc
Macon, France
1
29‐May‐08
Angmering Chorale, Dir. George Jones St Peter's Cathedral, Beauvais
135
0
0
Partial 1
1
Partial
1
France
Partial
2
Maidstone Choral Union / Decinsky Pevecky Sbor / Jeffrey Vaughan Martin Maidstone Choral Union / Decinsky Pevecky Sbor / Jeffrey Vaughan Martin
Denmark
Partial
1
Czech Republic 31‐May‐08
Partial
Germany 25‐Mar‐06
29 Orchester des Ev. Stiftischen Gymnasiums Gütersloh / Thomas Rimpel
Martin‐Luther‐Kirche, Gütersloh, Germany Kammermusiksaal der Philharmonie, Berlin, Germany
26‐Nov‐06
Lutherkirche, Karlsruhe, Germany
1
25‐Mar‐07
Kantorei Marktheidenfeld
Kirche, Marktheidenfeld, Germany
1
03‐Jun‐07
Konzertchor Butzbach / Friedhelm Göttling
Markuskirche, Butzbach, Germany
1
Heiliggeistkirche, Frankfurt, Germany
1
04‐Jun‐07
23‐Jun‐07 30‐Jun‐07
07‐Jul‐07 26‐Oct‐07
Konzertchor Butzbach / Friedhelm Göttling Lüneburger Bachorchester/Johanneskantorei Tostedt / Wiebke Corleis Choro d'Arte / Stefan Nerf Students of the Hochschule fur Musik und Theater Rostock / Dagmar Gatz
1
Johanneskirche , Tostedt, Germany
1
St. Anton, Augsburg, Germany
1
Katharinensaal, Rostock, Germany
1
03‐Nov‐07
Music School Orchestra Realschule, Herxheim, Germany Berliner Domkantorei, Domchor Braunschweig, Staatsorchester Braunschweig / Tobias Brommann / Gerd‐Peter Münden Konzerthaus, Berlin, Germany
17‐Nov‐07
Bezirkskantorei Bretten / Bärbel Tschochohei Stiftskirche, Bretten, Germany
1
1 1
18‐Nov‐07
La Balada nova / Junger Chor Heilig Geist / nn Junges Philharmonisches Orchester Niedersachsen / Karl‐ Heinz Voßmeier
14‐Dec‐07
Chor des Otto‐Hahn‐Gymnasium Otto‐Hahn‐Gymnasium, und Laienorchester / tbc Monheim, Germany
01‐Feb‐08
Studenten der Musikhochschule Köln St. Adalbert, Aachen, Germany
1
01‐Mar‐08
Ensemble Zwischentöne / Herbert Helfrich
Nikolauskirche, Bad Vilbel, Germany
1
02‐Mar‐08
Ensemble Zwischentöne / Herbert Helfrich
Basilika Niddatal, Ilbenstadt, Germany
1
02‐Apr‐08
Schüler der Waldorfschule Halle / Markus Kosel
Waldorfschule, Halle, Germany
1
04‐Apr‐08
Schüler der Waldorfschule Halle / Markus Kosel
Waldorfschule, Halle, Germany
1
11‐Apr‐08
Albert‐Schweitzer‐Gymnasium
St Johannis, Hamburg‐ Harvestehude, Germany
1
19‐Apr‐08
Orchester des Lessing‐ Gymnasiums
Lessing‐Gymnasium, Frankfurt a.M., Germany
1
01‐Jun‐08
Wiesbadener Kunst- und Musikschule
Kloster Eberbach, Eltville, Germany
1
18‐Nov‐07
Heilig‐Geist‐Kirche, Mannheim, Germany
1
Stadtkirche, Rotenburg, Germany
1
136
12
1 Werkaussch nitt: Agnus Dei
Chorus Berlin/Filharmonia Zielonorgska / Peter Augst Kantorei der Lutherkirche Karlsruhe / Frau Lehmann‐ Horsch
18‐Jun‐06
Full Ens. Choral
1
0
Partial 18
Germany continued 12‐Jun‐08
Liederkranz Zellhausen / Einhardschule Seligenstadt
13‐Jun‐08
Liederkranz Zellhausen / Einhardschule Seligenstadt
Full Ens. Choral Kath. Pfarrkirche St. Marien, Seligenstadt, Germany
09‐Dec‐08
Kath. Pfarrkirche St. Marien, Seligenstadt, Germany Festsaal der freien Orchester der Georgenschule Georgenschule, Reutlingen, / N.N. Germany Berliner Domkantorei / Braunschweiger Domchor / Staatsorchester Braunschweig / Gerd-Peter Burgplatz, Braunschweig, Münden Germany Landesjugendorchester Berlin / Madrigalchor Kreuzberg / Berlin Germany Johannes Garbe Chor der Chorjugend Pfalz, Süddeutsche Kammersolisten / Steffen Utech Landau, Germany Brigitte Kuster / Chor & Orchester Santa Maria Wallfahrtskirche, Werthenstein, Emmenbrücke / Helena Röösli Germany Chor der Chorjugend Pfalz, Süddeutsche Kammersolisten / Steffen Utech Landau, Germany Madrigalchor Alcan Singen / Collegium Musicum Singen / Hartmut Kasper Stadthalle, Singen, Germany Kantorei der Ev. Stadtkirche Bruchsal‐Heidelsheim / Ev. Stadtkirche, Bruchsal‐ Wolfgang Spielvogel Jeidelsheim, Germany Schulorchester des Christianeums / Michael Jan Haase Christianeum, Hamburg, Germany Schulorchester des Christianeums / Michael Jan Haase Christianeum, Hamburg, Germany
16‐Dec‐08
Orchester der BMV‐Schule Essen BMV‐Schule, Aula, Essen, / Hermann Godland Germany
18‐Dec‐08
Orchester des E.T.A. Hoffmann‐ Gymnasiums
Pfarrkirche Zu unserer lieben Frau, Bamberg, Germany BMV‐Schule, Aula, Essen, Germany
15‐Mar‐09
Orchester der BMV‐Schule Essen / Hermann Godland Altstadtherbst‐Orchester Johanneskantorei / Wolfgang Abendroth Schüler der Freien Waldorfschule Frankenthal / Volz‐Wagner
12‐Apostel‐Kirche, Frankenthal, Germany
01‐Apr‐09
Orchester der Wiesbadener Musik und Kuntschule
Wiesbaden, Germany
16‐Dec‐07
Madrigalchor Kreuzberg / Johannes Garbe
02‐Aug‐08
Ballet Title: Marquis de Sade
03‐Aug‐08
Ballet Title: Marquis de Sade
08‐Aug‐08
Ballet Title: Marquis de Sade
09‐Aug‐08
Ballet Title: Marquis de Sade
10‐Aug‐08
Ballet Title: Marquis de Sade
15‐Aug‐08
Ballet Title: Marquis de Sade
14‐Jun‐08
24‐Aug‐08 10‐Oct‐08
01‐Nov‐08
02‐Nov‐08
02‐Nov‐08
09‐Nov‐08
16‐Nov‐08
08‐Dec‐08
18‐Dec‐08
31‐Dec‐08
Johanneskirche Stadtkirche, Düsseldorf, Germany
Heilig‐Kreuz‐Kirche, Berlin, Germany excerpts Gregor Seyffert, choreographer / Gregor Seyffert Compagnie Dessau, Germany Gregor Seyffert, choreographer / Gregor Seyffert Compagnie Dessau Gregor Seyffert, choreographer / Gregor Seyffert Compagnie Dessau Gregor Seyffert, choreographer / Gregor Seyffert Compagnie Dessau Gregor Seyffert, choreographer / Gregor Seyffert Compagnie Dessau Gregor Seyffert, choreographer / Gregor Seyffert Compagnie Dessau
137
Partial
1 1 1
1 1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1 1 1 1
1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Germany continued
16‐Aug‐08
Ballet Title: Marquis de Sade
17‐Aug‐08
Ballet Title: Marquis de Sade
22‐Aug‐08
Ballet Title: Marquis de Sade
23‐Aug‐08
Ballet Title: Marquis de Sade
24‐Aug‐08
Ballet Title: Marquis de Sade
29‐Aug‐08
Ballet Title: Marquis de Sade
30‐Aug‐08
Ballet Title: Marquis de Sade
31‐Aug‐08
Ballet Title: Marquis de Sade
Gregor Seyffert, choreographer / Gregor Seyffert Compagnie Dessau Gregor Seyffert, choreographer / Gregor Seyffert Compagnie Dessau Gregor Seyffert, choreographer / Gregor Seyffert Compagnie Dessau Gregor Seyffert, choreographer / Gregor Seyffert Compagnie Dessau Gregor Seyffert, choreographer / Gregor Seyffert Compagnie Dessau Gregor Seyffert, choreographer / Gregor Seyffert Compagnie Dessau Gregor Seyffert, choreographer / Gregor Seyffert Compagnie Dessau Gregor Seyffert, choreographer / Gregor Seyffert Compagnie Dessau
1 1 1 1 1 1
10‐Apr‐09
16‐Apr‐09
Gregor Seyffert, choreographer / Gregor Seyffert Compagnie Dessau / Anhaltische Theater, Großes Haus, Dessau, Philharmonie Dessau Germany
19‐Apr‐09
Gregor Seyffert, choreographer / Gregor Seyffert Compagnie Dessau / Anhaltische Theater, Großes Haus, Dessau, Philharmonie Dessau Germany
Partial
1
Gregor Seyffert, choreographer / Gregor Seyffert Compagnie Dessau / Anhaltische Theater, Großes Haus, Dessau, Philharmonie Dessau Germany
Ens. Choral
1
Ballet Title: In 80 Tagen um die Welt. Benedictus only Ballet Title: In 80 Tagen um die Welt. Benedictus only Ballet Title: In 80 Tagen um die Welt. Benedictus only
138
Full
1
1
1
Full Ens. Choral
Ireland
11
Irish Premiere
1
3
18‐Oct‐03
Dublin County Choir / Colin Block The Helix, Dublin, Eire
03‐Nov‐05
Our Lady's Choral Society
Dublin, Eire
1
11‐Dec‐05
Our Lady's Choral Society
Dublin, Eire
1
01‐Apr‐06
Madrigallery / Kevin O'Carroll
Good Shepherd Chapel, Waterford, Eire
14‐Apr‐06
Limerick Choral Union / Malcolm University of Limerick, Limerick, Green Eire
29‐Oct‐06
Wexford Festival Singers / Lindsay Armstrong
Rowe Street Church, Wexford, Eire
1
10‐Dec‐06
Kerry Choral Society / Sharon Reidy
St John's Church, Tralee, Eire
1
06‐Apr‐07
Limerick Choral Union / nn
University of Limerick Concert Hall, Limerick, Eire
03‐Nov‐07
West Cork Choral Singers / Diana Schull Community College, West Llewellyn Cork, Eire
1
01‐Mar‐08
Cork School of Music Orchestras / Geoffrey Spratt City Hall, Cork, Eire
1
02‐Mar‐08
Cork School of Music Orchestras / Geoffrey Spratt City Hall, Cork, Eire
1
02‐Mar‐08
Mullingar Choral Society / Fergus O'Carroll Cathedral, Mullingar, Eire
1
08‐Mar‐08
Mullingar Choral Society / Fergus O'Carroll National Concert Hall, Dublin, Eire
1
10‐May‐08
Bray Choral Society / Frank Kelly National Concert Hall, Dublin, Eire
1
19‐Dec‐04
Setanta Choir
Holy Trinity Church, Carlingford, Eire
19‐May‐06
Sentana Choir / Una Murphy
Armed Man, Sanctus, Benedictus & Better is Peace movements St Patrick's Cethedral, Dunalk, Eire only
14‐Oct‐06
Bangor Grammar School / Jonathan Rea
Waterfront Hall, Belfast, Eire
2
Partial 1
1 1
1
1
1 1
139
Italy
2 Duomo S M Assunta, Barcellona Pozzo di Gotto, Messina, Italy
Italian Premiere
20‐May‐05 24‐Apr‐06
San Giovanni Ragusa Cathedral, Ensemble Arme / Giorgio Adamo Ragusa, Italy
1
10‐Nov‐07
Orchestra Portelli / Fabio Pettarin
Chiesa S. Gottardo, Marianio, Italy
1
19‐Apr‐09
Orchester der Wiesbadener Musik‐ & Kunstschule
Pisa, Italy
0
Partial 0
1
San Lorenzo Church, Ballabio, Lecco, Italy
1
1
Israel
Full Ens. Choral 0
27‐Sep‐07
Christian Embassy Chorus / tbc
International Congress Centre, Jerusalem, Israel
Benedictus only
Japan 14‐Sep‐01
. / Karl Jenkins
Orchard Hall, Tokyo, Japan
15‐Sep‐01
. / Karl Jenkins
Orchard Hall, Tokyo, Japan
16‐Sep‐01
. / Karl Jenkins
Orchard Hall, Tokyo, Japan
extracts: Kyrie, Agnus Dei extracts: Kyrie, Agnus Dei extracts: Kyrie, Agnus Dei
1
0
0
Partial 3
1
1
Full Ens. Choral
Nairobi Orchestral and Choral Society / Tony Davies
Nairobi, Kenya
1
16‐Mar‐08
Nairobi Orchestral and Choral Society / Tony Davies
Nairobi, Kenya
1
140
Partial
1
15‐Mar‐08
0
Full Ens. Choral
2
0
1
0
Kenya
3
Ouverture choir & orchestra / Giovanni Mirabile Accademia S. Cecilia Ragazzi Cantori di Lecco / L'Ensemble Armé / Giuseppe Caccialanza
11‐Apr‐04
Full Ens. Choral
0
0
Partial 0
Malta 11‐Oct‐08
1 Collegium Musicum Orchestra and Choir / Dion Buhagiar
Valletta, Malta
28‐Feb‐09
Full Ens. Choral
26‐Apr‐05
Kon. Chr. Zangersbondl Laus Deo Gouda / Jan Stulp St Janskerk, Gouda, Netherlands
09‐Oct‐05
Venloos Symfonie Orkest / Jacco Nefs Grubbenvorst, Netherlands
1
27‐Apr‐07
Cantica Sacre, Steenwijk / Klaartje van Dokkum
Grote Kerke, Steenwijk, Netherlands
1
04‐May‐07
Collegium Utrecht / Servaas Schreuders
Domkerk, Utrecht, Netherlands
28‐Feb‐06
Moeder Godskoor / Wil Broos
Moeder Godskerk, Roosendaal, Netherlands
20‐Dec‐08
Kon. Christelijke Zangersbond / Rene Verhoeff
Agneskerk, Amsterdam, Netherlands
Benedictus only
141
Partial 0
1
3
0
1
Netherlands
2
1
Collegium Musicum Choir / Dion Buhagiar Iklin, Malta St Monica Choir / Malta Philharmonic Orchestra / Mediterranean Conference Michael Laus Centre, La Valletta, Malta
31‐Jan‐09
Full Ens. Choral
Dutch Premiere
1
1
Partial 1
1
1 1 1
New Zealand
6 Music School, Nelson, New Zealand
New Zealand premiere
National Youth Choirs of Great Britain / Michael Brewer
25‐Feb‐06
New Zealand Choral Federation / St Luke's Church, Rotorua, New Mike Brewer Zealand
1
29‐Apr‐06
Kapiti Chorale / Marie Brown
St Paul's Church, Paraparaumu, New Zealand
1
30‐Apr‐06
North Shore's 100 Voice Choir / Margot Lloyd
Bruce Mason Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
30‐Apr‐06
Kapiti Chorale / Marie Brown
St Paul's Church, Paraparaumu, New Zealand
28‐Jun‐06
Orpheus Choir of Wellington / Michael Fulcher
Wellington Town Hall, Wellington, New Zealand
1
18‐Nov‐06
Ars Nova / New Plymouth Orchestra / Adam Jasinski
Theatre Royal, New Plymouth, New Zealand
1
25‐Apr‐07
Tauranga Civic Choir / Jeremy Whimster
Tauranga, New Zealand
1
03‐Aug‐07
Napier Civic Choir Inc / Gary Bowler
St John's Cathedral, Napier, New Zealand
1
08‐Sep‐07
South Auckland Choral Society / Holy Trinity Cathedral, Parnell, Iain Tetley Auckland, Australia
1
13‐Apr‐08
Hamilton Civic Choir / Rubert d'Cruze
Founder's Theatre, Hamilton, NZ
1
21‐Mar‐09
Christchurch City Choir / Brian Law
Christchurch, New Zealand
1
03‐Sep‐06
Napier Civic Choir Inc / Gary Bowler
St John's Cathedral, Napier, New Zealand
1
14‐Apr‐09
Philharmonic Hall, Krakow, Poland
Full Ens. Choral
142
0
Full Ens. Choral 1
1
1
Partial 0
1
0 Igreja de Trinidad, Oporto, Portugal
0
1
Leeds Philharmonic Chorus / Kapella Krakowiensis / Mark Hindley
30‐May‐08
Partial
1
0
Coro de Sao Tarcisio / Oporto Music Conservatory students / Jairo Grossi
0
1
Portugal
7
21‐Jan‐05
Poland
Full Ens. Choral
0
Partial 0
Russia
1
24‐Jan‐09
St Petersburg State University Student Choir / St Petersburg Gubernatorial Orchestra / Eduard Krotman
Academic Philharmonic Dmitri Shostakovich, St Petersburg, Russia
Spain
3
Coro Santa Cecilia / Javier Fco. Muguerza Rivero
Church Santa Ana Aretoa, Onati, Gipuzkoa, Spain
1
04‐Aug‐08
Coral Santa Cecilia / Javier Fco. Muguerza
Parroquia San Pedro, Zumaia, Spain
1
29‐Aug‐08
Coral Santa Cecilia / Javier Fco. Muguerza
Parroquia Sta. Ma La Real, Zarautz (Gipuzkoa), Spain
1
with Pro Cantu / Voices of Cape Town / University of Cape Town Choir / Simon Estes Music Society ‐ (soloists from Cape Town Operatic Company):
Pretty Yende, sop / Miranda Tini, alto / Lungile Jacobs, ten / Lindile Kula, bass / Salisbury Community Choir / Cape Town Philharmonic / Fiona Evans . City Hall, Cape Sth African Town, South Africa premiere
27‐Sep‐07
Renette Bouwer, sop / Nicholas Nicolaidis, ten / tbc, alto / tbc, bass / Chamber Orchestra of South Africa plus freelance musicians / Karl Jenkins South Africa Choirs: University of Johannesburg Kingsway Choir, conductor Renette Bouwer conductor Christo Burger Renette Bouwer,et al as above. conductor Christo Burger
/ Musica Mundo, conductor Dean Pienaar / Collegium Vocale, conductor Ben Oosthuizen / Palissander, conductor Sarita Hauptfleish / Akustica, City Hall, Johannesburg, City Hall, Johannesburg, South Africa
1
1
1 1
0
Full Ens. Choral 2
143
0
Full Ens. Choral 0
South Africa
1
18‐May‐08
26‐Sep‐07
0
Partial 0
1
Piran, Slovenia
27‐Apr‐07
0
Full Ens. Choral 0
Catholic High School Orchestra
0
Partial
1
Slovenia 09‐Jun‐08
Full Ens. Choral
0
Partial 0
Partial 0
Sweden Adolf Fredriks Msuikklasser / Per Nybrokajen 11, Stockholm, Olofsson Sweden
12‐Apr‐08
Stockholms Musikgymnasium Musikgymnasium, Stockholm, / Bengt Ollen Sweden
13‐May‐07
Ungikör / Per Olofsson
Stockholm, Sweden Cathedral, Gothenburg, Sweden
24‐Oct‐08
Gothenburg Cathedral Choir / Petter Ekberg Adolf Fredricks Musikklasser / Fredrik Winberg and Anna Sievers
26‐Oct‐08
Nosaby Parish Church / Nosaby Församlings Orkester
16‐Nov‐08
15‐Mar‐09
5
25‐Oct‐06
11‐Sep‐08
Katarina Church Choir / Las‐Ewe Nilsson Koren Nota Bene / Oornskooldsviks Kammarkoor / Oornskoolsviks Musiksaallskap / Dansenemble / Helen Lundquist‐ Dahlen
Swedish Premiere
3
0
Partial 5
1 1 1 1
Nybrokajen, Sweden
1
Parish Church, Nosaby, Sweden
1
Katarina Kyrka, Stockholm, Sweden
1
Sjaalevads kyrka, Sjaalevads, Sweden
1
05‐Dec‐07
Vasteras Sinfonietta / Jan‐Ake Hillerud
Concert Hall, Vasteras, Sweden
4 performanc es between 05/12/2007 and 07/12/2007
6?/12/2007
Vasteras Sinfonietta / Jan‐Ake Hillerud
Concert Hall, Vasteras, Sweden
Benedictus
1
6?/12/2007
Vasteras Sinfonietta / Jan‐Ake Hillerud
Concert Hall, Vasteras, Sweden
Benedictus
1
7/12/2007
Vasteras Sinfonietta / Jan‐Ake Hillerud
Concert Hall, Vasteras, Sweden
Benedictus
1
12‐Mar‐09
Vasteras Sinfonietta / Jan‐Åke Hillerud
Västerås, Sweden
Benedictus only
1
144
Full Ens. Choral
1
Switzerland
04‐Jun‐06 10‐Mar‐07
Schüler der Ev. Mittelschule Schiers / Martin Zimmermann Schiers, Switzerland
20‐May‐06
21‐May‐06
11‐Mar‐07 30‐Mar‐07 01‐Nov‐08 12‐Dec‐08 27‐Mar‐09 28‐Mar‐09 29‐Mar‐09
10 Church Ensemble Kirchdorf / Coro Sonoro / Dieter Gloor Ad‐hoc Orchester Chor Kantonsschule Wil Cacilienchor Wil / Thomas Halter Ad‐hoc Orchester Chor Kantonsschule Wil Cacilienchor Wil / Thomas Halter Ad‐hoc Orchester Chor Kantonsschule Wil Cacilienchor Wil / Thomas Halter
29‐May‐05
Schüler der Ev. Mittelschule Schiers / Martin Zimmermann Jugendorchester Könitz / Herren Honnegger & Chrysomalis Brigitte Kuster / Chor & Orchester Santa Maria Emmenbrücke / Helena Röösli Studenten der Pädagogischen Hochschule Liestal / Renato Botti Chor und Orchester der Kantonsschule Trogen / Jürg Surber Chor und Orchester der Kantonsschule Trogen / Jürg Surber Chor und Orchester der Kantonsschule Trogen / Jürg Surber
Kirchdorf, Switzerland
Swiss premiere
1
Wil, Switzerland
1
Wil, Switzerland
1 1
Shiers, Switzerland
1
Gymnasium Kirchenfeld, Bern, Switzerland
1
Wallfahrtskirche, Werthenstein, Switzerland
1
Basel, Switzerland
1
Kantonsschule, Trogen, Switzerland
1
Kantonsschule, Trogen, Switzerland
1
Kantonsschule, Trogen, Switzerland
2 1
Wil, Switzerland
145
Full Ens. Choral Partial
1
0
0
United Kingdom National Youth Choir/National Musicians Symphony Orchestra / Grant Llewellyn Royal Albert Hall, London, UK 25‐Apr‐00
World Premiere
Full Ens. Choral Partial 212 135 32 23 1
11‐Nov‐01
Repton School Orchestra & Choir / Richard Bracey
Repton School, Repton, UK
1
16‐Mar‐02
Cor Caerdydd / Gwawr Owen
Jenkins' Penclawdd, Gower Peninsula, UK birthplace
1
17‐Mar‐02
Cardiff, UK
1
31‐Mar‐02
Cor Caerdydd / Gwawr Owen Blackadder Chorus / Parish Church of St Andrew / Philip Boon
Parish Church of St Andrew, North Berwick, UK
1
27‐Jul‐02
Parish Church of St Anne / David Barker
Parish Church of St Anne, New Malden, UK
1
27‐Oct‐02
National Youth Choir of Great Britain / Mike Brewer
St David's Hall, Cardiff, UK
1
Tewkesbury Abbey, Tewkesbury , UK
1
Milton Keynes Theatre, Milton Keynes, UK
1
23‐Mar‐03
Students from Tewkesbury School Milton Keynes City Orchestra / Milton Keynes Chorale / John Gibbons
25‐Mar‐03
St Andrew's Church, Felixstowe, Woodbridge School / J R Penny UK
13‐Nov‐02
10‐May‐03 31‐May‐03 08‐Jun‐03
1
Amenford Choral Society / M Thomas Amenford, UK Students and staff of Bishop Grosseteste College / Catherine Bishop Grosseteste College, Maynard Newport, UK
1 1 Saddlewort h Festival of the Arts
1
07‐Sep‐03
Saddleworth Musical Society Three Counties Youth Choir and Orchestra / Emyr Wynne Jones
St Chad's Church, Oldham, UK Sir Thomas Picton School, Haverfordwest, Pembrokeshire, UK
08‐Nov‐03
Wirral Symphony Orchestra and Chorus / Gabrielle Horne
Hoylake Chapel, Wirral, Liverpool, UK
1
All Saints' Church, Wallasey, UK
1
Town Hall, Leeds, UK
1
Arundel Cathedral, Arundel, UK
1
Victoria Hall , Bolton, UK
1
Fairfield Hall, London, UK
1
Southwell Minster, Southwell, UK
1
29‐Nov‐03
Wirral Symphony Orchestra and Chorus / Gabrielle Horne City of Leeds Youth Orchestra / Together for Peace Choir / Michael Williamson Angmering Chorale / Billingshurst Choral Society / Sinfonia of Arun / George Jones Bolton Choral Union and St Nicholas Singers / Camerata Concert Orchestra Wimbledon Choral Society / Dulwich College Choir and Orchestra / Michael Ashcroft Southwell Choral Society / Ensemble of Southwell / Nicholas Thorpe
07‐Dec‐03
Casterton Choral Society / David Chapman
09‐Nov‐03 14‐Nov‐03 16‐Nov‐03 22‐Nov‐03 24‐Nov‐03
1
Casterton, UK
11‐Jan‐04
Cywair / Serendipity / John S Davies Singers / Côr Caerdydd / Orchestra of the Welsh National Opera / Karl Jenkins St David's Hall, Cardiff, UK
28‐Feb‐04
Guild Singers
St Laurence's Church, Chorley, UK
146
1 EMI CD recording of this live performanc e
1 1
UK continued
Full Ens. Choral
20‐Mar‐04
Cherwell Orchestra / Banbury Choral Society / Sue Freestone Parish Church, Banbury, UK
1
21‐Mar‐04
Cherwell Orchestra / Banbury Choral Society / Sue Freestone Oxford, UK
1
21‐Mar‐04
Langcliffe Singers
Giggleswick School Chapel, Giggleswick, UK
28‐Mar‐04
Langcliffe Singers
Christchurch, Skipton, UK
03‐Apr‐04
Linsdale Singers / Dr Dennis Pim
All Saints Church, Leighton Buzzard, UK
01‐May‐04
Terrance Barber, counter tenor / London Philharmonic Orchestra/Adiemus Singers / Karl Jenkins Royal Festival Hall, London, UK
16‐May‐04
Aberdeen Bach Choir / James Lobban
St Machar's Cathedral, Aberdeen, UK
26‐Jun‐04
Bedford Eagle Choir / Charles Martin
Erskine May Hall, Bedford, UK
10‐Jul‐04
Sheffield Chorale / James Kirkwood
St Mark's Church, Broomhill, Sheffield, UK
16‐Jul‐04
1 1 Karl Jenkins's 60th Birthday Concert.
1 1 1 1
17‐Jul‐04
tbc Bude, UK Marchington Singers / The Kate Tebby Ensemble / Wendy Scott Town Hall, Uttoxeter, UK
1
17‐Jul‐04
tbc
Bude, UK
1
01‐Oct‐04
Langley Grammar School / Gillian Dibden
St George's Chapel, Windsor, UK
17‐Oct‐04
Lacey Green Singers / Cathie Kaye
St John's Church, Lacey Green, UK
23‐Oct‐04
Orpington Chorale
Orpington, UK
06‐Nov‐04
Cornwall, UK
11‐Nov‐04
Canoryon Lowen / Nick Hart Solihull School Choral Society and Orchestra / Stephen Perrins
Solihull School, Solihull, UK
1
13‐Nov‐04
Salisbury Community Choir / Fiona Clarke
Salisbury Cathedral, Salisbury, UK
1
13‐Nov‐04
Derby Choral Union
Derby Cathedral, Derby, UK
1
13‐Nov‐04
Dulwich College
Royal Albert Hall, London, UK
1
14‐Nov‐04
Amici / John Cole
King's College, Taunton, UK
1
14‐Nov‐04
Newcastle Choral Society / Durham Sinfonia
Banqueting Suite, Civic Centre, Newcastle, UK
1
1 1 1 1
1 A special church service for Remembra nce Sunday.
14‐Nov‐04
St George's Church Choir / Nigel Perona‐Wright
St George's Christian Centre, Ashtead, UK
18‐Nov‐04
Latymer Upper School / Tony Henwood
Latymer Upper School, London, UK
1
20‐Nov‐04
Symphonica Twyi / Mike Cottam
Brecon Cathedral, Brecon, UK
1
147
1
1
Partial
UK continued
Full
Rochester Cathedral, Rochester, UK
1
25‐Nov‐04
Bromley Youth Music Trust Bath Spa University College Symphony Orchestra / Roger Heaton
Assembly Rooms, Bath, UK
1
27‐Nov‐04
Woodbridge Choral Society / Andrew Leach
The Angel Theatre, Rendlesham, UK
1
04‐Dec‐04
Christ's Hospital Choral Society / Bruce Grindlay St Mary's Church, Horsham, UK
20‐Nov‐04
05‐Dec‐04 20‐Dec‐04 30‐Jan‐05 19‐Feb‐05
1
Swansea Philharmonic Choir Swansea, UK Shropshire Youth Orchestra / New College Wellington Choir / Shrewsbury Abbey, Shrewsbury, Robert Wysome UK
1 1
Cor Bro Dysynni Parish Church, Tywyn, UK Macclesfield Oriana Choir / King Edward Orchestra / Keith Fallibroome School Community Yearsley Hall, Fallibroome, UK
1 1 Benedictus and Sanctus only
19‐Feb‐05
South Ulster Youth Orchestra / massed school choirs / Seamus Dinsmore Ulster Hall, Belfast, UK
20‐Feb‐05
Cor Bro Dysynni
Parish Church, Dolgellau, UK
1
26‐Feb‐05
Cor Bro Dysynni Yorkshire Philharmonic Choir & Orchestra / Andrew Padmore
Tabernacle, Machnylleth, UK
1
05‐Mar‐05 05‐Mar‐05 11‐Mar‐05 12‐Mar‐05
Brockenhurst Choir Llanelli Choral Society / Celtic Ensemble / John Hywel Williams Staffordshire Symphony Orchestra / Staffordshire County Chorus
Huddersfield Town Hall, Huddersfield, UK
1
1
St Saviours Church, Brockenhurst, UK
1
All Saints Church, Llanelli, UK
1
Lichfield Cathedral, Lichfield, UK
1
12‐Mar‐05
Orwell Park School / Andrew Orwell Park School, Nacton, Auster Ipswich, UK Leicester Philharmonic Choir / BBC Concert Orchestra / Karl Jenkins De Montfort Hall, Leicester, UK
16‐Mar‐05
Colfe's School / Paul Harrison
St Marys Church, Lewisham, UK
1
17‐Mar‐05
St Edmund's School
Canterbury Cathedral, Canterbury, UK
1
12‐Mar‐05
1 1
Buckingham Church, Buckingham, UK
1
20‐Mar‐05
Buckingham Choral Society / Stuart Davidson Wellington College Choir / Crowthorne Choral Society & Orchestra / Simon Williamson
Wellington College Sports Hall, Crowthorne, UK
1
20‐Mar‐05
Kirkcaldy Choral Union
Kirkcaldy, UK
1
21‐Mar‐05
Maidstone Grammar School / Andrew Lowen
Maidstone Grammar School, Kent, UK
1
25‐Mar‐05
Newquay Choral Society / Miss St Michael's Church, Newquay, J Mumby UK
26‐Mar‐05
English Arts Chorale / Leslie Olive
Dorking Halls, Dorking, UK
1
09‐Apr‐05
Middlesex University / David Rudd
St John the Baptist Church, Barnet, UK
1
19‐Mar‐05
148
Ens. Choral
1
Partial
UK continued
Full Ens. Choral
09‐Apr‐05
Strathallan School / Pitlochry Choral Society / Neil Metcalfe
Pitlochry Festival Theatre, Pitlochry, UK
16‐Apr‐05
Stokesley & District Choral Society / John Porter
Stokesley Parish Church, Stokesley, UK
1
16‐Apr‐05
Lancaster & District Choral Society / John Penn
Ashton Hall, Lancaster, UK
1
16‐Apr‐05
Trianon Music Group
St John's Church, Ipswich, UK
1
16‐Apr‐05
Christchurch, Skipton, UK
1
24‐Apr‐05
Christchurch Skipton Halifax Young Singers / Kirklees Youth Symphony Orchestra / Thom Meredith
Huddersfield Town Hall, Huddersfield, UK
1
07‐May‐05
Kidlington Amateur Operatic Society
St Marys Church, Kidlington, UK
1
07‐May‐05
Liverpool Welsh Choral Union
Philharmonic Hall, Liverpool, UK
1
07‐May‐05
Princes Risborough Music Society / Christopher Grant
All Saint's Church, High Wycombe, UK
1
07‐May‐05
St Margarets Church
St Margarets Church, Dairy, UK
08‐May‐05
Kidlington Amateur Operatic Society
St Marys Church, Kidlington, UK
1 1
14‐May‐05
Bolton Catholic Music & Choral Society Bolton, UK Forest Philharmonic Society / Guildford Philharmonic Choir / Guildford Cathedral, Guildford, Jeremy Backhouse UK
15‐May‐05
Falkirk Festival Chorus / Robert Tait
Falkirk Town Hall, Falkirk, UK
1
21‐May‐05
South Holland Choir and Cantemus / Robin Carter
Parish Church, Gedney, UK
1
21‐May‐05
Durham Choral Society / Richard Brice
Durham Cathedral, Durham, UK
1
21‐May‐05
Reigate and Redhill Choral Society / Peter Farrant
St Peter's Church, The Level, Brighton, UK
1
06‐Jun‐05
Leominster Choral Society / Vernon Thurgood
Leominster Priory, Leominster, UK
1
18‐Jun‐05
Royal Hospital School
Royal Hospital School, Ipswich, UK
1
02‐Jul‐05
Reigate and Redhill Choral Society / Peter Farrant
Dorking Halls, Dorking, UK
1
02‐Jul‐05
Maidstone Choral Union / Jeffrey Martin
Mote Park Leisure Centre, Maidstone, UK
1
09‐Jul‐05
Ryton Chorale / Anthony Morgan
Christchurch, Worksop, UK
1
27‐Aug‐05
Association of British Choral Directors / Karl Jenkins
Guildford Cathedral, Guildford, UK
1
11‐Sep‐05
Royal Scottish National Orchestra / Karl Jenkins
With Royal Concert Hall, Glasgow, UK Passacaglia
05‐Oct‐05
St Edmund's School
St Edmund's School, Canterbury, UK
14‐Oct‐05
Methodist College Orchestra / Ruth McCartney
Queen's University, Belfast, UK
1
15‐Oct‐05
Grimsby Philharmonic Society / Michael Brewer
Central Hall, Grimsby, UK
1
14‐May‐05
149
1
1 1
1 1
Partial
UK continued 15‐Oct‐05 23‐Oct‐05 29‐Oct‐05 29‐Oct‐05
Eltham Choral Society / Nicholas Jenkins The Epworth Choir / Neil Ferris City of Bath Bach Choir / Bath Spa University Orchestra / Nigel Perrin
Full
Holy Trinity Church, Eltham, UK New Victoria Theatre, Wokingham, UK
1
The Forum, Bath, UK
1
St Bartholomew's Church, Brighton, UK
1
Ayr Town Hall, Ayr, UK
1
30‐Oct‐05 09‐Nov‐05
Exeter Festival Chorus / Nigel Perrin
Truro Cathedral, Truro, UK
1
12‐Nov‐05
Mid‐Norfolk Singers / Geoff Davidson
Parish Church, Dillington, UK
1
12‐Nov‐05
Derbyshire Singers / Joe Clark Highfields School, Matlock, UK Didcot Festival Chorus / Oxford Symphony Orchestra / St Birinus School Leisure Centre, Andrew Walker Didcot, UK
12‐Nov‐05
Ellesmere Port Music Society / Malcolm Perry Civic Hall, Ellesmere Port, UK
1
12‐Nov‐05
Gainsborough Choral Society / Gainsborough Parish Church, Philip Ainsworth Gainsborough, UK
1
12‐Nov‐05
Wolverhampton Civic Choir
St John's‐in‐the‐Square, Wolverhampton, UK
1
12‐Nov‐05
Saint Michael's Singers / Paul Leddington Wright
Coventry Cathedral, Coventry, UK
1
12‐Nov‐05
Altrincham Choral Society / Steven Roberts
Royal Northern College of Music, Manchester, UK
1
12‐Nov‐05
The Avon Singers
St Peter's Church, Bengeworth Evesham, UK
1
12‐Nov‐05
South Yorkshire Symphony Orchestra / Paul Scott
Priory Methodist Church, Doncaster, UK
1
Holy Trinity Church, Stratford‐ upon‐Avon, UK
20‐Nov‐05
Stratford‐upon‐Avon Choral Society / Stephen Dodsworth Reading Festival Chorus / Wokingham Choral Society / Aidan OIiver
26‐Nov‐05
King Edward VI School / Robin Riverside Leisure Centre, Forbes Morpeth, UK
1
26‐Nov‐05
Basingstoke Choral Society / David Gibson
The Anvil, Basingstoke, UK
1
26‐Nov‐05
Jubilate Singers & Ensemble / Janet Haney
St John's Church, Upper Norwood, London, UK
27‐Nov‐05
Warwick University Symphony Warwick Arts Centre, Warwick, Orchestra / Paul McGrath UK
1
27‐Nov‐05
Angmering Chorale / tbc
Arundel Cathedral, Arundel, UK
1
03‐Dec‐05
Clevedon Choral Society / Ray Willis
Church of the Immaculate Conception, Clevedon, UK
1
03‐Dec‐05
Chagford Singers / Christopher St Michael's Church, Chagford, Fletcher UK
1
03‐Dec‐05
Walsall Choral Society / Peter Morris
1
19‐Nov‐05
1 1
1
The Hexagon, Reading, UK
St Matthew's Parish Church, Walsall, UK
150
1
Sussex Chorus / Neil Jenkins Ayr Choral Union / City of Glasgow Symphony Orchestra / Gerard Doherty
12‐Nov‐05
Ens. Choral
1
1
Partial
UK continued 10‐Dec‐05
St Asaph Choral Society / Paul Harvey
10‐Dec‐05
Chagford Singers / Christopher St Michael's Church, Chagford, Fletcher UK
18‐Dec‐05
Trinity and All Saints
28‐Jan‐06
Ashstead Choral Society / Paul Dodds Dorking Halls, Dorking, UK
04‐Feb‐06
Wells Cathedral School / Paul Denegri/Jayne Obradovic
Wells Cathedral, Wells, UK
04‐Feb‐06
Combe Bank Choral Society / Helen Isom
St Martin's Church, Blasted, UK
St Asaph's Cathedral, St Asaph, UK
1
All Hallows Church, Regent Terrace, Leeds, UK
1 1 With B‐ Movie
1 1
08‐Mar‐06 16‐Mar‐06
Redbridge Schools' Symphony Orchestra
Royal Albert Hall, London, UK
18‐Mar‐06
New Beacon School / Paul Woodward
St Mary's Church, Kippington, UK
19‐Mar‐06
Dauntsey's School
Dauntsey's School, Devizes, UK
25‐Mar‐06
Burnham and Highbridge Choral Society / John Henshaw Burnham on Sea, UK
1
26‐Mar‐06
Dumfries Choral Society / Nicola Lindsay
1
29‐Mar‐06
Bedford Modern School / John Bedford Modern School, Mower Bedford, UK
01‐Apr‐06
Ormskirk Music Society
01‐Apr‐06
St James's School / Adrian King St James's Church, Grimsby, UK
05‐Apr‐06
Bury Girls School / Dorothy Stoddart
Bury Girls School, Bury, UK
07‐Apr‐06
Choir 86 / David Bowles
St Mary's Church Abbotsbury, Newton Abbot, UK
09‐Apr‐06
Halifax Choral Society / tbc
09‐Apr‐06
Choir 86 / David Bowles
Halifax, UK St Michael's Church Kingsteignton, Newton Abbot, UK
22‐Apr‐06
Billingham Oratorio Choir / David Boddy
St Andrew's & St George's URC Church, Stockton‐on‐Tees, UK
28‐Apr‐06
Methodist Church, Ivybridge Alvington Singers / Robin Brett Plymouth, UK
1
29‐Apr‐06
Shrewsbury School / John Moore
1
29‐Apr‐06
Parish Church, Stokenham Alvington Singers / Robin Brett Kingsbridge, UK
1
29‐Apr‐06
Blackburn Music Society / James Eastham
Welsholme School, Blackburn, UK
1
30‐Apr‐06
Shrewsbury School / John Moore
Shrewsbury School, Shrewsbury, UK
1
1 1 1 1 1
Loreburn Hall, Dumfries, UK
The Ormskirk School, Ormskirk, UK
Shrewsbury School, Shrewsbury, rehearsal UK 2‐5pm
151
1
All Saints Church, Crowborough, tbc UK Strathclyde University Choir & Chamber Orchestra / Alan Taverner The Barony, Glasgow, UK
25‐Feb‐06
Full Ens. Choral
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Partial
UK continued
Full
Oldham Parish Church, Oldham, UK
13‐May‐06
East Grinstead Choral Society
Chequer Mead Theatre, East Grinstead, UK
1
13‐May‐06
Congleton Choral Society / David Johnson
Congleton Town Hall, Congleton, UK
1
20‐May‐06
Terry Stevens / Oaklands Choral Society
St Michael and All Angels Church, Havant, UK
1
20‐May‐06
Kathryn Sargent / Heathfield Choral Society / Brian Newman State Hall, Heathfield, UK
1
20‐May‐06
St David's Praise Choir and Orchestra / Kevin Thomas
St David's Hall, Cardiff, UK
1
20‐May‐06
Newport Chorale / Michael Veazey
St John's Church, Newport, UK
21‐May‐06
Glossop & District Choral Society / Christopher O'Hara
Leisure Centre, Glossop, UK
03‐Jun‐06
Strathallan School / Neil Metcalfe
St Ninian's Cathedral, Perth, UK
17‐Jun‐06
Beckenham Chorale / James Blair
St George's Church, Beckenham, UK
1
24‐Jun‐06
Devon Guild of Singers
South Dartmoor College, Ashburton, UK
1
25‐Jun‐06
Blackheath Choir / Pat Williams
St Margaret's Church, London, UK
1
01‐Jul‐06
Tring Choral Society / Colin Stevens
Church of St Peter and St Paul, Tring, UK
1
19‐Aug‐06
Harrogate Choral Week / tbc
Conference Centre, Harrogate, UK
1
30‐Sep‐06
Symphonica Twyi / Mike Cottam
Tenby, UK
1
07‐Oct‐06
New London Sinfonia / Ocaam Singers / David Gibson Grayshott Church, Grayshott, UK
1
05‐Nov‐06
Giggleswick School / Darren Everhart
Chapel, Giggleswick School, Giggleswick, Settle, UK
1
09‐Nov‐06
Solihull School / Stephen Perrins
Bushell Hall, Solihull, UK
1
1
1 1 1
11‐Nov‐06
Huntingdonshire Philharmonic Performing Arts Centre, Society / David Gibbs Hitchingbrooke, UK Llandaff Cathedral Choir / City of Cardiff Symphony Orchestra / Avril Harding Llandaff Cathedral, Cardiff, UK
11‐Nov‐06
Romsey Choral Society / David Truslove Romsey Abbey, Romsey, UK
11‐Nov‐06
Avon Singers
11‐Nov‐06
Sandbach Voices / Martin Cook Town Hall, Sandbach, UK
1
11‐Nov‐06
organ, piano and Chesterfield Philhamonic Choir Parish Church of St Mary and All chamber / Stephen Roberts Saints, Chesterfield, UK ensemble
1
12‐Nov‐06
Bedford Preparatory School / Charles Martin
Buckden Church, Buckden, UK
1
18‐Nov‐06
Wimbledon Choral Society / Michael Ashcroft
Fairfield Hall, Croydon, London, UK
1
1 1 1
Malvern Priory, Malvern, UK
152
Ens. Choral
07‐May‐06
11‐Nov‐06
Oldham Choral Society / St Hilda's High School / Nigel Wilkinson
1
Partial
UK continued
Full Ens. Choral
18‐Nov‐06
Inverness Choral Society / Gordon Tocher
Culloden Academy, Inverness, UK
1
18‐Nov‐06
Hampton Choral Society and Orchestra
St Mary's College, Strawberry Hill, London, UK
1
24‐Nov‐06
Charlton Kings Choral Society / Holy Apostles' Church, Charlton John Wright Kings, Cheltenham, UK
1
25‐Nov‐06
Ramsbottom Choral / Barry Sugden
Manchester, UK
1
25‐Nov‐06
Isle of Wight Cantata Choir / Robin Tweddle
Medina Theatre, Newport, Isle of Wight, UK
1
02‐Dec‐06
Plymouth Philharmonic Choir / Christopher Fletcher Pavilions, Plymouth, UK University of Bradford Symphony Orchestra and Choir Bradford Cathedral, Bradford, / Jonathan Brigg UK
02‐Dec‐06
John Ruskin Choral Society / Adrian Connell
St Francis of Assisi Church, West Wickham, London, UK
1
09‐Dec‐06
Broughton Choral Society / Fiona Reed
Village Hall, Broughton, UK
1
26‐Jan‐07
Newtown Linford Choral Society / Sue Ford
St Mary's Church, Anstey, UK
1
27‐Jan‐07
Newtown Linford Choral Society / Sue Ford
St Philip and St James, Anstey, UK
1
09‐Feb‐07
London Oratory School / Lee Ward
London Oratory Church, London, UK
1
10‐Feb‐07
Canterbury Christ Church University / Grenville Hancox
Canterbury Cathedral, Canterbury, UK
1
28‐Feb‐07
Inverurie Choral Society / Moira Hunter
Academy Hall, Inverurie, UK
26‐Nov‐06
01‐Mar‐07 03‐Mar‐07
03‐Mar‐07
various choirs / Paul Ellis
Methodist Church, Liskeard, UK
03‐Mar‐07 03‐Mar‐07
Church Colleges Choir / tbc
03‐Mar‐07
College of St Mark and St John / College of St Mark and St John, tbc Derriford, UK
06‐Mar‐07
University Symphony Orchestra and Chorus / tbc
10‐Mar‐07 16‐Mar‐07 16‐Mar‐07 17‐Mar‐07
Harrogate Choral Society / Andrew Padmore Trinity Singers and Churchill Community School / Jeremy Martin Fettes College Orchestra and Concert Choir / Joanne Armstrong Trinity Singers and Churchill Community School / Jeremy Martin
St Andrew's Church, Plymouth, UK
Heriot‐Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
1 1 1 many choirs involved in one day workshop
1 1 1 1 1 1
Ripon Cathedral, Ripon, UK All Saints Church, Weston‐super‐ Mare, UK
1 1
St Mary's Cathedral, Edinburgh, UK All Saints/ Church, Weston‐ super‐Mare, UK
153
1
Oswestry School / Sue Morris Oswestry School, Oswestry, UK Bishop Grosseteste College and massed Christian colleges and St Andrew's Church, Plymouth, universities UK
Edinburgh Schools Symphony Orchestra / Alasdair Mitchell Assembly Rooms, Edinburgh, UK Southern Education and Library Board Youth Orchestra / Seamus Dinsmore Ulster Hall, Belfast, UK
03‐Mar‐07
1
1 1
Partial
UK continued
Full
20‐Mar‐07
Haberdashers' Aske's Boys' School / Christopher Muhley
Haberdashers' Aske's Boys' School, Elstree, UK
1
22‐Mar‐07
King's College, Taunton / Colin Albery King's College, Taunton, UK
1
22‐Mar‐07
Exeter School / Simon Foxall
1
22‐Mar‐07
St Faith's School / Peter Burge St Faith's School, Cambridge, UK
1
23‐Mar‐07
Royal Grammar School Chorus and Orchestra / Peter White Cathedral, Guildford, UK
1
23‐Mar‐07
Bloxham School / Chris Fletcher‐Campbell
Bloxham School Chapel, Banbury, UK
27‐Mar‐07
Voices in Partnership and the Cavendish Ensemble / tbc
Cadogan Hall, London, UK
27‐Mar‐07
Cheadle Hulme School / Philip Dewhurst Town Hall, Stourport, UK
31‐Mar‐07
Canterbury Orchestra / tbc
St Peter's Methodist Church, Canterbury, UK
31‐Mar‐07
Hardynge Choir / tbc
Harpenden, UK
21‐Apr‐07
Burgess Hill Choral Society / Mike Stefan Wood
St Andrew's Church, Burgess Hill, UK
1
22‐Apr‐07
Lanark and Carluke Choral Society / Philip Fox
St Mary's Roman Catholic Church, Lanark, UK
1
12‐May‐07
Somerset Singers / tbc
Wells Cathedral, Somerset, UK
1
12‐May‐07
Westholme School Orchestra and Choir / Eric Millest
Westholme School, Blackburn, UK
1
12‐May‐07
Shaldon /S/ingers / Nigel Crabtree
St Peter's Church, Shaldon, UK
1
12‐May‐07
Northwood College and John Lyon School / nn
St John's Church, Harrow, UK
1
19‐May‐07
Belfast Philharmonic Choir and the Ulster Orchestra / tba St Anne's Cathedral, Belfast, UK
19‐May‐07
Harrow School / Stuart Miles
Speech Room, Harrow School, UK
1
19‐May‐07
Ulverston Choral Society / Heather Paynes
Ulverston Parish Church, Ulverston, UK
1
19‐May‐07
Bromyard Choral Society / David Barclay
Choral Bromyard Centre, Bromyard, UK Suite only
1
19‐May‐07
Lee Singers / tba
St Faith's Church, Lee‐on‐the‐ Solent, UK
1
19‐May‐07
Putney Choral Society / Stephen Rhys
St Pauls, Augustus Road, London, UK
1
20‐May‐07
Carnegie Singers / Stephen Hunter‐Brown
Theatre Royal, Workington, UK
1
24‐May‐07
York St John University / Ralph Bateman St John University, York, UK
16‐Jun‐07
In Accord
Sherwood, Nottingham, UK
1
17‐Jun‐07
Edinburgh Academy
Usher Hall, Edinburgh, UK
1
23‐Jun‐07
Colchester Choral Society / Ian Ray Golf Club Ground, Colchester, UK
Cathedral, Exeter, UK
154
Ens. Choral
1 1 1 1 1
1
1
1
Partial
UK continued 23‐Jun‐07
Sheffield Chorale / Craig Edwards
Bradfield Church, Sheffield, UK
1
04‐Jul‐07
Lymm and District Chorus / Robin H Bundy
St Peter's Church, Lymm, UK
1
09‐Jul‐07
Full Ens. Choral
22‐Jul‐07
St Richard Singers St Paul's Church, Chichester, UK Nantwich Choral Society and members of l'Ensemble Vocal Apege de Macon conducted by John Naylor St.Mary's Church, Nantwich
12‐Sep‐07
Camberwell Grammar School / Camberwell Grammar School, Trevor Henley Victoria, Australia
1
29‐Sep‐07
Putney Choral Society / Stephen Rhys
Christ Church, East Sheen, London, UK
1
03‐Nov‐07
Ocean Singers / nn
Grayshott Parish Church, Guildford, UK
1
07‐Nov‐07
Watford Philharmonic Society / Terry Edwards
Colosseum, Watford, UK
1
09‐Nov‐07
Jersey Island Singers
St Thomas Church, Jersey, UK
10‐Nov‐07
William Slogrove Singers and Orchestra / William Slogrove
Sherborne Abbey, Sherborne, UK
1
10‐Nov‐07
Bournemouth Symphony Chorus / Greg Beardsell
Lighthouse, Poole, UK
1
10‐Nov‐07
Market Harborough Choral Society
40th anniversar Welland Park Community College, Market Harborough, UK y concert
1
10‐Nov‐07
Ripon Choral Society
Ripon, UK
1
10‐Nov‐07
Market Harborough Choral Society / Anselm Kersten
Methodist Church, Market Harborough, UK
1
10‐Nov‐07
Jubilee Choir / Ben Noithip
All Saintes Church, Odiham, UK
1
10‐Nov‐07
Leeds College of Music Choral Society / Simon Lindley
10‐Nov‐07
Warrington Musical Society / Eric Silk
Leeds College of Music, Leeds, UK St Bridget's and the Church of the Ressurection, Warrington, UK
11‐Nov‐07
Ardingly College Choral Society Dolphin Leisure Centre, / Robert Hammersley Haywards Heath, UK
1
17‐Nov‐07
Bedford Choral Society / Bedford Sinfonia
Corn Exchange, Bedford, UK
1
17‐Nov‐07
Warrington Musical Society / Eric Silk
Warrington, UK
1
17‐Nov‐07
Barnt Green Choral Society / Steve Cowperthwaite
Artrix, Bromsgrove, UK
1
17‐Nov‐07
Warrington Musical Society / Eric Silk
St Paul's CE Church, Widnes, UK
1
30‐Nov‐07
Penzance Choral Society / Timothy Hosken
Penzance, UK
1
01‐Dec‐07
Ealing Symphony Orchestra
Sports Hall, Thame, UK
01‐Dec‐07
Chipping Norton Choral Society St Mary's Church, Chipping / Peter Hunt Norton, UK
1
09‐Dec‐07
North Ayrshire School Senior Choir / Mae Murray
1
St Matthew's Academy, Saltcoats, UK
155
1
1
1
1 1
1
Partial
UK continued
Full
21‐Dec‐07 02‐Feb‐08
St Swithun's School, Winchester, Choral Winchester City Festival Choir UK Suite
01‐Mar‐08
St John Fisher High School
St Anne's Cathedral, Leeds, UK
1
08‐Mar‐08
Maidstone Choral Union / Jeffrey Vaughan Martin
Mote Park Leisure Centre, Maidstone, UK
1
08‐Mar‐08
Southport Bach Choir / David Williams
Holy Trinity Church, Southport, UK
1
12‐Mar‐08
La Retraite RC Girls School / Helen Rycroft
La Retraite RC Girls School, London, UK
1
12‐Mar‐08
Ballyclare High School
High School, Ballyclare, UK
1
15‐Mar‐08
Brockham Choral Society
St Martin's Church, Dorking, UK
16‐Mar‐08
St Mary's Church Choir / James St Mary's Church, Bognor Regis, Rushman UK
21‐Mar‐08
Folkestone Choral Society / Berkeley Hill
Saga Pavilion, Folkestone, UK
28‐Mar‐08
Grove Singers/Brian Newman
King's Centre, Eastbourne, UK
1
04‐Apr‐08
Straight Eight and Friends / Peter Brice
Cobham Hall, Cobham, UK
1
05‐Apr‐08
Holmes Chapel Singers / Philip Leisure Centre, Holmes Chapel, Crookall UK
05‐Apr‐08
Minehead and District Choral Society / Marcus Capel
Methodist Church, Minehead, UK
1
05‐Apr‐08
Downland Chorale / St Paul's Sinfonia / Adam Assen
St John's Church, Canon Hill, Coulsdon, UK
1
12‐Apr‐08
Manor House Choir / Christine Diggens Christ Church, Bexleyheath, UK
1
12‐Apr‐08
Nottingham Hospitals Choir / Nicholas Milburn
1
13‐Apr‐08
Kilmarnock and District Choral Society / bill Kean Grand Hall, Kilmarnock, UK
18‐Apr‐08
St Joseph's College Choral Society / Christopher Tinker
19‐Apr‐08
Formby Choral Society / David Holroyd Philharmonic Hall, Liverpool, UK
1
19‐Apr‐08
Lancaster and District Choral Society / John Perrin
Ashton Hall, Lancaster, UK
1
19‐Apr‐08
Voices in Harmony / Langley Band / Stephen Bradley
version for choir, St Paul's Church, West Midlands, organ & UK Brass band
19‐Apr‐08
Blackheath and Bramley Choral Holy Trinity Church, Guildford, Society / Robert Gillman UK
19‐Apr‐08
Churchdown Choral Society
15‐Dec‐07
Eton College, Eton, UK
1
Gmynasium Monheim, Monheim, Germany
1
Parish Church, Morecambe, UK
1 1
1 1 1
1
Aspley Methodist Church, Nottingham, UK 1
St Joseph's College, Ipswich, UK
St Andrew's Church, Churchdown, UK
156
Ens. Choral
Windsor and Eton Choral Society / Ralph Allwood Chor des Otto‐Hahn‐ Gymnasium und Laienorchester / tbc Morecambe and District Philharmonic Choir / Stephen Boyd
11‐Dec‐07
1
1 1 1
Partial
UK continued
Full Ens. Choral
25‐Apr‐08
Snape Maltings Concert Hall, Woodbridge School / J R Penny Aldeburgh, UK
1
26‐Apr‐08
Ceramic City Choir / Karl Jenkins
Victoria Hall, Hanley, UK
1
26‐Apr‐08
Lytham St Annes Choral Society / Andrew Barratt
Kirkham Crammar School, Preston, UK
1
26‐Apr‐08
Buckie Choral Union / Anne Corbet
Fishermans Hall, Buckie, UK
1
26‐Apr‐08
Carlow Young Artists' Choir / Mary Amond O'Brien
Cathedral, Carlow, UK
1
26‐Apr‐08
Hayling Choir / David Cain
Hayling Island Community Centre, Hayling, UK
1
28‐Apr‐08
Queen Elizabeth High School
Abbey, Hexham, UK
1
03‐May‐08
University of Hull
City Hall, Hull, UK
10‐May‐08
Workshop / Gillian Dibden
Wigmore Hall, London, UK
1
15‐May‐08
Penrith Singers / Colin Marston Portsmouth Grammar School Chamber Choir / Andrew Cleary
Grammar School, Portsmouth, UK
18‐May‐08
Aston Parish Church Choir / Paul Hudson
All Saints Church, Aston, Sheffield, UK
1
Parish Church, Kendal, UK
1
11‐May‐08
St Andrew's Church, Penrith, UK
14‐Jun‐08
Kendal Choral Society / Alan Gardner Salisbury Community Choir / Salisbury Cathedral Youth Choir / Fezeka School Choir / Karl Jenkins Chanctonbury Chorus and Shoreham Oratio Choir / Siobhan Denning
14‐Jun‐08
Hastings Philharmonic Choir / White Rock Theatre, Hastings, Roger Wilcock UK
14‐Jun‐08
Chanctonbury Chorus
24‐May‐08
06‐Jun‐08
1 1
Cathedral, Salisbury, UK
1
Lancing College Chapel, Lancing, UK
1
Lancing College Chapel, Lancing, UK
1 1
St Columba's Church, Glasgow, UK
16‐Jun‐08
Manor House Choir / Christine Diggens Salisbury Community Choir / Salisbury Cathedral Youth Choir / Fezeka School Choir / Karl Jenkins
21‐Jun‐08
Sussex Voiceworks
All Saints' Church, Hove, UK
1
28‐Jun‐08
Cranleigh Choral Society / Marcus Pashley
Village Hall, Cranleigh, UK
1
28‐Jun‐08
North London Chorus / Murray St James' Church, Muswell Hill, Hipkin London, UK
1
29‐Jun‐08
Dulwich College / Philip Brooke
1
12‐Jul‐08
Northampton Chamber Choir / Stephen Lloyd Meakins Christchurch, Northampton, UK
14‐Jun‐08
Wales Millenium Centre, Cardiff, UK
Palladium, London, UK
157
1 'Discover Your Voice' workshop with performanc e of excerpts at the end of the day
1
1
1
Partial
UK continued
Full
Ens. Choral
13‐Jul‐08
The Really Big Chorus, The English Festival Orchestra / Brian Kay
22‐May‐09
York St Johns Univesity Choir and Orchestra / Chris Bartram St Johns University, York, UK
25‐May‐08
Thames Philharmonic Choir / John Bate
Queen Elizabeth Hall, London
1
18‐Jun‐08
Burford School Choir
Burford School, Oxfordshire, UK
1
04‐Oct‐08
Bexhill Choral Society
St Augustine's Church, Bexhill, UK
1
10‐Oct‐08
St Mary's Church Choir
St Mary the Virgin Church, Felpham, UK
1
18‐Oct‐08
Weymouth Choral Society / Helen Brind
Holy Trinity Church, Weymouth, United Kingdom
1
01‐Nov‐08
St Helen's Choral Society / Peter Kwater
St Helen's Church, Merseyside, United Kingdom
1
07‐Nov‐08
Jersey Island Singers
St Thomas Church, Jersey, UK
1
08‐Nov‐08
St Hilda's Festival Chorus/Steve Maltby
St Hilda's Church, Whitby, UK
1
08‐Nov‐08
Edwin James Festival Choir
St James the Great Church, Littlehampton, United Kingdom
1
08‐Nov‐08
Warrington Musical Society / Halton Orpheus / Eric Silk
Village Hall, Parbold, United Kingdom
1
08‐Nov‐08
Bromsgrove Choral Society / Simon Bertram
All Saints' Church, Bromsgrove, United Kingdom
1
08‐Nov‐08
South Penine Singers
St Peter's Church, Burnley, United Kingdom
1
Royal Albert Hall, London, UK
1 1
Leeds Philharmonic Chorus / J Anderson National Youth Choir of Scotland / Scottish Philharmonic Orchestra / Karl Jenkins
Town Hall, Leeds, United Kingdom
1
Royal Concert Hall, Glasgow, United Kingdom
1
Caterham School, Caterham, United Kingdom
1
14‐Nov‐08
Caterham School / Stuart Thompson Chigwellian Choral Society / Helios Orchestra / Lindsay Benson
St John's Church, Epping, United Kingdom
1
15‐Nov‐08
Lincoln Choral Society
Cathedral, Lincoln, United Kingdom
1
15‐Nov‐08
Coventry Philharmonic Choir
Methodist Central Hall, Coventry, United Kingdom
1
16‐Nov‐08
Omagh Music Society
Omagh, United Kingdom
20‐Nov‐08
Whitgift Hall
Fairfield Halls, Croyden, London, United Kingdom
23‐Nov‐08
Black Dyke Band (Brass band version)
29‐Nov‐08
Leatherhead Choral Society / Ian Assersohn.
09‐Nov‐08
09‐Nov‐08 11‐Nov‐08
Headingly Campus, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom Leatherhead Choral Society 80th birthday concert, Theatre, Leatherhead, United Kingdom
158
A National Day of Singing with the Really Big Chorus ‐ Performanc e starts at 7.30pm
1 1 1 1
Partial
UK continued
Full Ens. Choral Godalming Choral Society / Michael Veazy
Charterhouse Hall, Godalming, United Kingdom St James' Concert Hall, St Peter Port, Guernsey, United Kingdom
1
10‐Jan‐09
Guernsey Sinfonia Orchestra and Chorus / Malcolm Goldring Choirs in Quiet Places / Southwell Minster School Orchestra / Mike Brewer
Southwell Minster, Nottingham, United Kingdom
1
22‐Jan‐09
City of London School / Paul Harrison
City of London School Great Hall, London, United Kingdom
1
07‐Mar‐09
Dunfermline Choral Union / Mandy Miller
Vine Church, Dunfermline, United Kingdom
1
Cathedral, Wells, United Kingdom
1
21‐Mar‐09
Millfield Festival Chorus / Benjamin Charles St Albans School and St Albans High School Joint Schools’ Choir and Orchestra
Cathedral, St Albans, United Kingdom
1
21‐Mar‐09
Lindow Singers
Wilmslow Church, Manchester, UK
1
26‐Mar‐09
Haileybury School / Questin Thomas
Haileybury Chapel, Haileybury, United Kingdom
1
Central Methodist Church, Pontrefact, UK
1
18‐Apr‐09
Pontrefact Choral Society / Hellgate Chamber Orchestra Charlotte Newstead, soprano / Stow Chorale / Eye Bach Choir / Pupils of Colchester Grammar School / Leslie Olive Stanmore Choral Society / Harrow Choral Society / Harrow Philharmonic Choir / Trinity Orchestra / Nick Austin Southampton Choral Society / Scottish Philharmonic Orchestra / Peter Gambie
18‐Apr‐09
Hook Choral Society
13‐Dec‐08 10‐Jan‐09
17‐Mar‐09
29‐Mar‐09
04‐Apr‐09
04‐Apr‐09
24‐Nov‐03 06‐Mar‐04 27‐Nov‐04 01‐Dec‐04 03‐Dec‐04
Snape Maltings Concert Hall, Aldeburgh, UK
1
St Alban's Cathedral, St Albans, United Kingdom
1
Thorndon School, Chandler's Ford, UK
1
St Bede's Church, Basingstoke, UK
1
1 1
St John's Waterloo, London, UK
Choral suite
1
Arthur Terry Performing Arts School, Sutton Coldfield, UK
Choral suite
1
Arthur Terry Performing Arts School , Sutton Coldfield, UK
12‐Mar‐05
Guildhall, Southampton, UK
1
16‐Apr‐05
St Austell Choral Society
St Austell, UK
1
18‐Jun‐05
Welwyn Garden City Music Welwyn Garden City, UK Northumberland County Schools Symphony Orchestra / Philip Rosier Queen's Hall, Hexham, UK
08‐Jul‐05
St Mary's Church, Wellingborough, UK
1 Benedictus only ensemble version
The Wrenn School Singers / Louise Shields Southampton University Philharmonic & Choir / David Gibson
16‐Dec‐04
159
1
Excerpts only John Neville , organ / Choir of Version for Saint Mary Magdalene Chuch / Saint Mary Magdalene Chuch, choir and Hugh Potton Littlehampton, West Sussex, UK organ Choral movements Bearsden Burgh Choir / James Hunter Glasgow Cathedral, Glasgow, UK only Chorus Mundi Trinity Players / Arthur Terry Community Choir / Ken Mackey Trinity Players / Arthur Terry Community Choir / Ken Mackey
Partial
1
1 Benedictus only
1
UK continued
Full
Partial
Ad‐hoc orchestra / Norman Austin
Big Top, Crowborough, UK
Sanctus only
1
14‐Jul‐05
Ad‐hoc orchestra / Norman Austin
Big Top, Crowborough, UK
Sanctus only
1
15‐Jul‐05
Ad‐hoc orchestra / Norman Austin
Big Top, Crowborough, UK
Sanctus only
1
16‐Jul‐05
Ad‐hoc orchestra / Norman Austin
Big Top, Crowborough, UK
Sanctus only
1
16‐Jul‐05
Ad‐hoc orchestra / Norman Austin
Big Top, Crowborough, UK
17‐Jul‐05
Buxton Festival
Festival Theatre, Buxton, UK
Sanctus only Sanctus and Better Is Peace only
17‐Jul‐05
Ad‐hoc orchestra / Norman Austin
Big Top, Crowborough, UK
Sanctus only
1
17‐Jul‐05
Ad‐hoc orchestra / Norman Austin
Big Top, Crowborough, UK
Sanctus only
1
1
1
United Reformed Church, Farnham, UK
1
Albert Hall, Nottingham, UK
1
12‐Mar‐06
tbc / Jacky Protheroe Derbyshire City & County Youth Orchestra / Malcolm Goldring
18‐Mar‐06
King's College School / Lt Jonathan Perry
Trinity College Chapel, Cambridge, UK
1
28‐Mar‐06
Licensed Victuallers' School / Christine Cunnliffe
Eton College, Windsor, UK
1
01‐Apr‐06
St Peter's Church Choir / Sylvia St Peter's Church, Budleigh Pritchard Salterton, UK
1
08‐Apr‐06
Six Villages Choir / Maureen Haines
tbc, UK
1
All Saint's Church, Cottenham, Cambridge, UK
1
Royal Military Academy Chapel, Sandhurst, UK
1
14‐Apr‐06
Ad‐hoc Ensemble / David Warham Surrey Heath Choral Society / Yateley Choral Society / Ron Ferris
14‐Jun‐06
Derbyshire Cantabile / Philip King
Kirk Ireton, Derbyshire, UK
1
08‐Oct‐06
All Saints 1885 Singers / tbc
All Saints Church, Putney Common, London, UK
1
20‐Oct‐06
Leicester Philharmonic Choir / Karl Jenkins De Montford Hall, Leicester, UK
18‐Nov‐06
Warriner Choral Society / tbc
21‐Jan‐07
Sing Live / Gary Griffiths
17‐Mar‐07
Regent House School Senior Choir and Regent Consort / Colin McQueen
09‐Apr‐06
21‐Jul‐07
Minehead and District Choral Society / Marcus Capel Cardiff Polyphonic Choir, Cardiff Ardwyn Singers, Swansea Bach Choir
22‐Jul‐07
Ealing Symphony Orchestra / John Gibbons
26‐May‐07
Benedictus only
Church of St Peter and St Paul, Deddington, UK
1 1
Sanctus Symphony Hall, Birmingham, UK only sanctus and Regent House School, benedictus Newtownards, UK only Sanctus, Benedictus and Agnus Regal Theatre, Minehead, UK Dei only St David's Hall , Cardiff, UK Swan Theatre, High Wycombe, UK
160
Ens. Choral
13‐Jul‐05
08‐Oct‐05
1
1
1 1
Sanctus only
1
UK continued 18‐Aug‐07
Stained Glass Singers / Jill Shepherd
St Chad‐on‐the‐Knavesmire, York, UK
27‐Sep‐07
Philharmonia Orchestra and Chorus / David Parry
Royal Albert Hall, London, USA
03‐Nov‐07
Fareham Philharmonic Choral Society
Fernham Hall, Fareham, UK
1
10‐Nov‐07
St Michael's Singers / Paul Leddington Wright
Tewkesbury Abbey, Tewkesbury, UK
1
23‐Nov‐07
Taunton School Choral Scoiety Taunton School Chapel, Taunton, / Mark Cracknell UK
1
28‐Nov‐07
Sevenoaks School Choral Society / Christopher Dyer
1
14‐Dec‐07
Summit Choral Society / Frank St Bernard Catholic Church, C Jacobs Akron, OH, USA
1 Benedictus only
St Nicholas Church, Sevenoaks, UK
1
Benedictus only Sanctus and Benedictus only
1
01‐Mar‐08 08‐Mar‐08
Durweston Choral Society / Simon Twiselton
St Nicolas Church, Durweston, UK
1
08‐Mar‐08
Rawstone Singers
St Oswald's Church, Chapel Lane, Longton, Preston. 7:30 pm choral suite
1
25‐Apr‐08
Newcastle‐under‐Lyme School St Paul's Church, Newcastle‐ / Tim Sagar under‐Lyme, UK
18‐May‐08
Wincanton Choral Society
Wincanton Sports Centre, Wincanton, UK
1
18‐Jun‐08
Ashton Keynes Village Choir / Sarah Steele
School, Ashton Keynes, UK
1
13‐Dec‐04
William Slogrove Singers and Orchestra / William Slogrove
Choral Sherborne Abbey, Sherborne, UK Suite
1
02‐Sep‐08
Cornish Sinfonia / Alasdair Taylor
Killiow, UK
Benedictus
1
03‐Sep‐08
Cornish Sinfonia / Alasdair Taylor
Killiow, UK
Benedictus
1
04‐Sep‐08
Cornish Sinfonia / Alasdair Taylor
Killiow, UK
Benedictus
1
05‐Sep‐08
Cornish Sinfonia / Alasdair Taylor
Killiow, UK
Benedictus
1
28‐Mar‐09
Sing for Pleasure members / Stephen Gregson
The Maltings, Farnham, United Kingdom
1 1
1
1
161
Partial
Chingford Parish Church Choir / Chingford Sinfonia / Michael Chingford Parish Church, Emerson London, UK BBC National Orchestra and Chorus of Wales / Grant Llewellyn St. David's Hall, Cardiff, UK
15‐Dec‐07
Full Ens. Choral
United States
26 Stanford, California, United States
21
06‐Aug‐05
Stanford University
06‐Aug‐05
Stanford Summer Chorus / Rafael Stanford Memorial Church, Ornes Stanford, CA, United States
1
11‐Nov‐05
Towson United Methodist Church Towson, Maryland, United States
1
09‐Dec‐05
University of Wisconsin
Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
1
09‐Dec‐05
Lincoln Memorial University
Harrogate, Tennessee, United States
1
21‐Jun‐06
Metropolitan Detroit Chorale
Detroit, USA
1
11‐Sep‐06
Menomonee Falls Symphony Orchestra
Menomonee Falls, United States
1
1
Sacred Heart Parish Church, Bellevue, WA, United States
1
Grace Presbyterian Church, Houston, TX, USA
1
15‐Jan‐07
Sacred Heart Parish Church / Mary Schroeder. Grace Presbyterian Church / Stephen Roddy (?Lubbock Chorale?) MidAmerica Productions / Jonathan Griffith: Angmering Chorale, Billinghurst Choral Society
Isaac Stern Auditorium, New York, NY, USA
1
04‐Feb‐07
ensemble tbc / Betsy Burleigh
East Liberty Presbyterian Church, Pittsburgh, USA
1
24‐Mar‐07
tbd / Saratoga High School / Michael Boitz
McAfee Theatre, Saratoga High School, Saratoga, CA, USA
1
McAfee Theatre, Saratoga High School, Saratoga, CA, USA
25‐Mar‐07
tbd / Saratoga High School / Michael Boitz 24 Mar 2008 http://www.rackhamchoir.org/ar medman.htm Rackham Symphony Choir (+ Orchestra)
Ford Community and Performing Arts Centre
1
01‐Apr‐07
Choir of the Cathedral of Hope / Cathy Brown
Cathedral of Hope, Dallas, TX, USA
1
01‐Apr‐07
First Congregational Church
First Congregational Church, Mansfield, OH, USA
29‐Apr‐07
Westlake United Methodist Church / Andy Call
Westlake United Methodist Church, Westlake, OH, USA
1
12‐May‐07
The Baha/m/as Concerto Orchestra / JoAnne Connaughton Nassau, The Bahamas, USA
1
27‐May‐07
J.P. McCaskey High School
J.P. McCaskey High School, Lancaster, PA, USA
1
21‐Jan‐08
Distinguished Concerts International / Jonathan Griffith
Carnegie Hall, New York, USA
1
01‐Mar‐08
Susquehanna Chorale / Dr. William A. Payn
Zion Lutheran Church, Lewisburg, PA, USA
1
02‐Mar‐08
Susquehanna Chorale / Dr. William A. Payn
Zion Lutheran Church, Lewisburg, PA, USA
1
08‐Mar‐08
Durham Community Church / David Ervin
Community Church, Durham, NH, USA
16‐Mar‐08
First United Methodist Church of Orlando / William A. Shortal
First United Methodist Church of Orlando, Orlando, FL, USA
30‐Mar‐08
Santa Clarita Master Chorale / Allan Petker
College Auditorium, Valencia, CA, USA
11‐Nov‐06
12‐Nov‐06
24‐Mar‐07
162
Full Ens. Choral
1
1
1 1 1
0
Partial 3
USA continued
Full Ens. Choral
San Francisco Choral Society / Robert Gehry
St Paul's Church, San Franciso, CA, USA
1
St Paul's Church, San Franciso, CA, USA
1
20‐Apr‐08
San Francisco Choral Society / Robert Gehry Dedham Choral Society / Handel and Haydn Society Youth Chorus / Jonathan Barnharrt
20‐Apr‐08
Adrian College Music Department Dawson Auditorium, Adrian, MI, Esnemble / Thomas M. Hodgman USA
10‐May‐08
Assabet Valley Master Singers / Dr. Robert Eaton
Algonquin High School, Boylston, MA, USA
1
10‐May‐08
Parkland College / Barbara Zachow
Parkland College, Champaign, IL, USA
1
10‐May‐08
Assabet Valley Master Singers / Robert Eaton
Algonguin Regional High School, Boylston, MA, USA
17‐May‐08
Manchester Choral Society / Dan Perkins
St Joseph's Cathedral, Manchester, NH, USA
1
21‐May‐08
Northfield Mount Hermon / Steven Bathory‐Peeler
Northfield Auditorium, Northfield, MA, USA
1
01‐Jun‐08
St. John's United Methodist Chuch
Rodney Theater- Univ. NM, Albuquerque, NM, USA
30‐May‐08
Church Ensemble/ Raymond Chenault
All Saints Episcopal Church, Atlanta, GA, USA
1
10‐Sep‐08
Menomonee Falls Symphony Orchestra / Mike Kamenski
Basilica of St. Josephat, Milwaukee, WI, USA
1
05‐Oct‐08
Church Ensemble / Sid Davs
University Theatre, Houston Baptist University, Houston, USA
1
11‐Nov‐08
Church Ensemble / Kathie Metz
Towson United Methodist Church, Towson, MD, USA
1
15‐Nov‐08
Knoxville Choral Society / Eric Thorson
Knoxville Convention Center ‐ Lecture Hall, Knoxville, TN, USA
1
16‐Nov‐08
South County Chamber Singers / Enrico Garzilli
Courthouse Center for Arts, South Kingstown, RI, USA
1
07‐Dec‐08
University of Nebraska at Lincoln Chamber Ensemble / Brian Hart
Kimbell Recital Hall, Lincoln, NB, USA
1
07‐Dec‐08
Ramapo College Ensemble / Lisa M. Lutter
Sharp Theater, Ramapo College of New Jersey, Mahwah, NJ, USA
1
14‐Dec‐08
Central Presbyterian Church Ensemble / Brenda Poss
Central Presbyterian Church, Athens, GA, USA
1
22‐Mar‐09
Church Ensemble / Dr Keith Paulson‐Thorp
St Paul's Episcopal Church, Delray Beach, FL, USA
1
05‐Apr‐09
Rackham Symphony Choir / Suzanne Mallare Acton
Ford Center for Performing Arts , Chicago, IL, USA
05‐Apr‐09
Church Ensembe / Francis R. Rudolph
Messiah Unted Methodist Church, Springvield, VA
13‐Jun‐05
New England Symphonic Ensemble / Jonathan Griffith
Carnegie Hall, New York, New York, United States
Excerpts, Ens. version
1
16‐Dec‐07
Summit Choral Society / Frank C Jacobs
St Bernard Catholic Church, Akron, OH, USA
Benedictus only
1
23‐Mar‐08
First United Methodist Church of Orlando / William A. Shortal
First United Methodist Church , Richardson, TX, USA
Benedictus only
1
05‐Apr‐08 06‐Apr‐08
Jordan Hall, NEC, Boston, MA, USA
163
Partial
with film
1 1
1
1
1 1
164
Appendix B1 Summary of reception data sources S.No.
Date
Accessed
Author and brief quote
Source
Type
Location
URL
1
12/04/04
24/03/08
"Didina ballerina" " It is beautiful and the melodies make shivers run through your whole body."
reviewcentre.co m
informal
24/03/08
"Cliffjudith" "the passion is very evident throughout"
reviewcentre.co m
informal
24/03/08
"Gordon Eccles" "staggered by the effect it generated on the audience"
reviewcentre.co m
informal
24/03/08
"Masonda" "It's stirring, moody and misty qualities enhance the dramatic qualities "
reviewcentre.co m
informal
reviewcentre.co m
informal
<.http://www.reviewcentre.com/review224076.html>
2 3 4
26/01/05 28/03/06 14/03/07
5
5/12/06
24/03/08
"Johntenor" "most moving work I have ever sung... Poignant, beauthiful melodies...Even hearing an excerpt from the cello solo as background to a short wildlife documentary on TV made the tears well up. "
6
29/10/07
24/03/08
"bfnht2z" " it touches your soul."
reviewcentre.co m
informal
7
19/01/08
24/03/08
"Guest" "every music give me the sensation of war or peace... multi‐religion language"
reviewcentre.co m
informal
24/03/08
"Kim Batteau" "...his wonderful musicality, and transparent sincerity. Innovating is his use of non‐christian elements in a "mass." "
reviewcentre.co m
informal
25/06/08
"Helen" " I heard Benedictus on the car radio, and had to pull over because it was so beautiful! "
musicroom.com
informal
8 9
27/01/08 undated
10
16/05/08
25/06/08
"briangilmour" "It's like a musical play"
dooyoo.co.uk
informal
UK
11
2/10/06
25/06/08
anon "most unusual in its combinations of sound "
ebay.co.uk
informal
UK
165
S.No.
Date
Accessed
Author and brief quote
Source
Type
Location
URL
ciao.co.uk
informal
UK
http://cd.ciao.co.uk/Armed_Man_A_Mass_For_Peace_The_Karl_Jenki ns__Review_5520755 http://cd.ciao.co.uk/Armed_Man_A_Mass_For_Peace_The_Karl_Jenki ns__Review_5524693
12
22/07/05
25/06/08
"amychick" "empathetic... multicultural appreciation that all races have experienced war of some kind! Musically aggressive, but simplistic"
13
19/08/05
25/06/08
"Jaxle" "groundbreaking... enormous amount of contrast both in terms of mood and musical style"
ciao.co.uk
informal
UK
25/06/08
"mythicflame" " the section that impacted me the most was definitely the "Call to Prayers (Adhaan)... closed his eyes and extended his arms. He then sang the Muslim Call to Prayers a capella, the way it's meant to be performed."
blogspot.com
Blog
http://mythicflame.blogspot.com/2008/04/armed‐man.html
14 15
16/01/08 8/11/05
25/06/08
Caroline Molloy:
warwick.ac.uk
Blog
UK
http://blogs.warwick.ac.uk/carolinemolloy/entry/symphony_orchestr a_rocks
adiemus.f2s.co m Susquehanna Valley Choir
Formal (bias)
UK
http://www.adiemus.f2s.com/armedmanrev.htm
Preview
US
www.svcmusic.org/pdf/Upbeat08EarlySpring.pdf
4barsrest.com
Formal (bias)
UK
Metropolitan Detroit Chorale
Preview
US
http://www.metropolitandetroitchorale.org/article2.html
Audiophile Audition
Formal (anon)
UK
http://www.audaud.com/article.php?ArticleID=795
16
9/10/01
24/03/08
17
1/02/08
23/03/08
Paul Van Vliet. "a cohesive work which demands the listener's close attention.... a courageous examination of war and peace expressed in bold musical compositions" Anon. "futility of war and eternal hope for peace" "a sense of awe"
18
28/02/08
23/03/08
Peter Bale. Brass Band Aid. “...music is always accessible and frequently moving"
19
1/11/05
24/03/08
20
3/11/05
20/03/08
Jana May (member) Metropolitan Detroit Chorale. "Half Notes" Newsletter. " The music is exciting because it is not what one comes to expect from a mass." Anon (Audiophile Audition web magazine for music, audio & home theatre.) "Jenkins has found a way to reach the widest possible audience with classical music without pandering to them in any way or falling into “light music” styles."
21
20/05/05
20/03/08
Teresa Edwards: Programme Notes, Wellington College: "moving and exciting music "
Wellington College
Prog Notes
Uk
http://website.lineone.net/~samdauncey/ccs/history/armedman/arm edman.htm
16/04/08
Hilary Finch. The Times, April 2000. Albert Hall. "Imagine Britten’s War Requiem without the Requiem, and you have the concept. Imagine a cautious Lloyd‐Webber (Andrew) fused with a pastiche of selected periods of English church music, and you have the musical style. ... broad, ballasted melodies and ever‐repeating rhythmic sequences which defined this work..."
The Times (UK)
Formal
UK
http://www.nycgb.net/press/the‐times‐april‐2000/
22
1/04/00
166
S.No.
23
Date
6/03/08
Accessed
Author and brief quote
Source
Type
Location
URL
25/03/08
"this reviewer" Cork School of Music Symphony Orchestra & Cork School "the work is at one and the same time stirring and calming, brutal and utterly sweet, makes you feel hope and despair (but leaves you with hope, which is nice). ... "
blogspot.com
Blog
UK
http://thisreviewer.blogspot.com/2008/03/tchaikovsky‐armed‐ man.html
Winchester City Festival Choir
prog. Notes
UK
http://www.wcfc.hampshire.org.uk/songbird/Songbird%20Dec%2020 07.pdf
Bath Bach Choir
Preview
UK/US
http://www.bathbachchoir.org.uk/carnegiehall.htm>
Dedham Choral
Preview
US
Milwaukee Journal Sentinel
Preview
US
http://www.jsonline.com/story/index.aspx?id=494437>
24
1/02/07
22/04/08
Winchester City Festival Choir. **Choral Suite **"Themusic builds to it's final devastatung line "Lord, grant us strength to die."
25
21/01/08
29/04/08
Bath City Choir. Singers from City of Bath Bach Choir To Perform at Carnegie Hall
26
20/04/08
30/04/08
27
10/09/06
30/04/08
Dedham Choral. New England Premiere Erin Richards. Storm of war, prayer for peace Orchestra, chorus to present concert Mass at cathedral. "Perhaps the most appropriate soloist is Amjad Khleifat, who was approached by Milwaukee Archdiocesan Choir Director Jeff Honore and Kamenski ..."That's the power of this piece ‐ people on either side of the battle pray the same prayer."
29/04/08
Annie Riddle. "Rainbow Choir" = Salisbury Community Choir singing with 77‐strong Fezeka children's choir from Gugulethu township, Sth Africa
thisiswiltshire.c o.uk
Preview
UK
30/04/08
Mark Claxton, The Leader‐Post. Just call the Regina Philharmonic Chorus a weapon of mass construction. "anything but "traditional" ...intriguing"
Leader Post
Preview
Canada
http://www.canada.com/reginaleaderpost/news/whats_on/story.htm l?id=ffaf1b75‐ad72‐4f1a‐b60b‐70775dfee4e7&k=78334>
28
29
26/02/08
29/11/07
30
7/06/08
9/05/08
31
27/04/00
6/06/08
NZ Live. The Armed Man: A Mass for Peace. "Film ... wartime footage .. enriching the work in very moving and effective ways." Rob Cowan. "Arms around the world. Mass for Peace. Royal Albert Hall, London." The Independent. "It's ironic that Britain's oldest museum should have commissioned a musical plea for peace that is also, in a sense, a museum.... "stylistically regressive... music [is]colourful, uncomplicated, hummable and safe .... I felt like a prodigal son forced home to share something "normal" with mum and dad."
32
13/06/08
25/06/08
"Trinka"(USA) "powerful and beautiful ... stirring drums and marching feet‐what an experience! "
nzlive.com
Preview
NZ
http://www.nzlive.com/nzlivecom/the‐armed‐man‐a‐mass‐for‐peace
The Independent
Formal
UK
http://www.independent.co.uk/arts‐ entertainment/music/reviews/arms‐around‐the‐world‐721017.html>
amazon.com CD
informal
US
http://www.amazon.com/review/product/B00005NDVJ/
167
S.No.
Date
Accessed
33
31/05/08
25/06/08
34
11/03/08
25/06/08
Author and brief quote K. G. Cameron (Brisbane, Australia) "overwhelmed by the sheer beauty of it" "Powerful" Margaret M. Hinrichs "SF Chorister". "powerful, thought provoking, haunting, and finally hopeful. "
Source
Type
Location
URL
amazon.com CD
informal
Aus
http://www.amazon.com/review/product/B00005NDVJ/
amazon.com CD
informal
US
http://www.amazon.com/review/product/B00005NDVJ/
amazon.com CD
informal
US
http://www.amazon.com/review/product/B00005NDVJ/
35
25/02/08
25/06/08
Angela M. Hey. (USA) "A Mass that deserves a wide audience... Agnus Dei is especially haunting and beautifully written"
36
20/01/08
25/06/08
William J. McGill. (USA) "A Modern Mass‐ter." moving"
amazon.com CD
informal
US
http://www.amazon.com/review/product/B00005NDVJ/
37
28/12/07
25/06/08
"Cory" (USA) " very interesting and charming to my ears,
amazon.com CD
informal
US
http://www.amazon.com/review/product/B00005NDVJ/
amazon.com CD
informal
US
http://www.amazon.com/review/product/B00005NDVJ/
amazon.com CD
informal
US
http://www.amazon.com/review/product/B00005NDVJ/
38
27/10/07
25/06/08
39
12/06/07
25/06/08
John Donohoe. (USA) "wonderfully spiritual piece... The whole CD... is sung and performed in the glory of the major religions:." David Robinson (USA) "mimics if not just the music of the 20th C. at least the music that we listened to in the century...a score for a movie, but a good score at that. ... in a tip to multiculturalism also includes a Muslim call to prayer (somewhat pretentious in a Christian Mass, I think). ...One man's pastiche is another man's familiar favorite and ..."
40
10/01/07
25/06/08
41
10/01/07
25/06/08
"Sannox" " powerful, brilliant new musical plea for peace... while some passages are supremely beautiful, this is not elevator music" W. Jamison (USA) "What a way to meditate on the prospect of peace or war in this one. This selects from the styles and melodies most primal and meaningful... I almost stayed in the car to hear the end rather than go into church from the parking lot!"
25/06/08
Gary J. Banuk. (USA) "couple of songs... will blow you awayI I play this CD almost evry day. It is fantastic. I lend it to people and they want to keep it."
amazon.com CD
informal
US
http://www.amazon.com/review/product/B00005NDVJ/
25/06/08
Stephanie A. Dory. (USA) " one of the most beautiful Masses I have every heard ... truly a work of art....the power of the words,... makes this one of the greatest works of our time. "
amazon.com CD
informal
US
http://www.amazon.com/review/product/B00005NDVJ/
42
43
31/08/06
19/08/06
amazon.com CD
informal
http://www.amazon.com/review/product/B00005NDVJ/
amazon.com CD
informal
US
http://www.amazon.com/review/product/B00005NDVJ/
168
S.No.
44
Date
4/04/06
Accessed
Author and brief quote
Source
Type
Location
URL
25/06/08
Samuel Hunter, (USA) " very accessible... Overwhelmed... Not.. As captivating past one listening... Very beautiful and noble .. very noble goal"
amazon.com CD
informal
US
http://www.amazon.com/review/product/B00005NDVJ/
amazon.com CD
informal
US
http://www.amazon.com/review/product/B00005NDVJ/
45
11/04/06
25/06/08
"Queen of Annwen" "Incredible, powerful music... Complex and simple, tragic and beautiful... Certainly worTh havingin the background"
46
10/10/05
25/06/08
H.P. Chila (USA) "Superb ear candy. ... Music doesn't suffer for service to an ideal ... Unforced feelling"
amazon.com CD
informal
US
http://www.amazon.com/review/product/B00005NDVJ/
47
30/09/05
25/06/08
William H. Mathis. "Bill" (USA) " a modern classic ‐‐ both powerfully conceived and craftily composed."
amazon.com CD
informal
US
http://www.amazon.com/review/product/B00005NDVJ/
48
4/09/05
25/06/08
B.A. Wheaton (NZ)
amazon.com CD
informal
NZ
http://www.amazon.com/review/product/B00005NDVJ/
49
14/08/05
25/06/08
William D. Vinson (USA) simple but very dramatic
amazon.com CD
informal
US
http://www.amazon.com/review/product/B00005NDVJ/
amazon.com CD
informal
US
http://www.amazon.com/review/product/B00005NDVJ/
Wokingham Times
Formal
UK
http://www.readingfestivalchorus.org.uk/reviews.php
Vancouver Sun
Formal
Canada
http://www.canada.com/components/print.aspx?id=d99bb17c‐edf3‐ 40e4‐8c1a‐b0b929a3d034&k=3606&sponsor=
NZ Listener
Formal
NZ
http://www.andrewbutcher.org/review‐of‐the‐armed‐man
The Scotsman
Formal
UK
50
4/08/05
25/06/08
51
1/11/05
25/06/08
52
16/03/08
25/06/08
53
15/07/06
25/06/08
54
14/09/05
25/06/08
"FPB" (USA) " travel to a music space you've longed for ...vigorous yet sublime; martial yet peaceful and altogether beautiful." Rosemary Bayliss. The Wokingham Times. A Concert to Commemorate the War. "... a dramatic performance which ranged from the mighty Sanctus to the moving quiet Benedictus with its tender recurring theme" Lloyd Dykk. Review: "Mass for peace 'unconvincing'" Vancouver Sun Sunday, March 16, 2008" good intentions but bad carry‐through... never vaguely touched by it, let alone remotely convinced. ... Roger Wilson. "Mass production" (Review in NZ Listener July 15‐21, 2006, Vol 204, No 3453) "sometimes veering towards Exodus and Lawrence of Arabia, is also full of simple, sure‐fire effects. ... little musically subtle ...plangent Last Post... a fail‐safe emotional device... moments of banality, but the sheer energy of the performance prevailed." Carla Whalen. "Karl Jenkins: The Armed Band." The Scotsman, Edinburgh. GLASGOW ROYAL CONCERT HALL "Jenkins clearly intended this piece to reflect the realities of war and peace in a multicultural society ‐ a very apt sentiment on what was the anniversary of 9/11."
169
S.No.
Date
Accessed
55
12/11/05
25/06/08
56
21/04/08
25/06/08
57
12/11/05
25/06/08
Author and brief quote Emma Loat and Rima Gasperas. Altringcham Choral Society. CONCERT REVIEW ‐ Saturday 12th November 2005 at the RNCM. "The Muslim Call to Prayer was performed by 11 year old Thabet Abdulmalek.... At the end, a sustained silence – rather than an immediate round of applause – ... many choir members wanted to report how affected their guests in the audience had been. .. truly prayerful experience. Arlene Bachanov. "The armed man must be feared." Daily Telegram. Adrian. Mich. a text for our times,... the cumulative emotional impact is very striking. In a post‐9/11 world, the idea of a musical work that uses as its foundation a Christian vs. Muslim struggle... is a fairly bold thing....richly contented and quite thought‐provoking.... Hearing such deeply spiritual literature set in such a warlike atmosphere is certainly jarring....... transcends politics ... P. L. Snowcroft. Doncaster Choral Society. "a piece communicating at least as directly to singers and audience... its eclecticism is apparent in both words and music.... musical language is generally accessible, if fierce ..."
59
1/11/07
25/06/08
60
20/03/05
25/03/08
Hamilton Civic Choir NZ. Reviewed by Andrew Buchanan‐Smart "... a musical experience that reflected on war and peace in a multi‐cultural, global society....This was a very powerful composition in both its imagery and execution, and the sense of awe left this writer emotionally drained." Vivien Window. Market Harborough Choral Society. 40th Anniversary Concert 10 November 2007 "particularly harrowing section... Mahabharata ... This was not a concert you could nap through! It was thought provoking, unexpected....." Wellington College/Crowthorne Chorale Society Preview. 20 March 2005. "menacing Sanctus ... Jenkins has created moving and exciting music..."
61
28/05/08
3/11/08
"Kludge" very storylike unable to multitask for the entire duration of the album,
58
4/04/08
25/06/08
Source
Type
Location
URL
Altringhcham Choral Society
Choral
UK
http://www.altrincham‐choral.co.uk/12‐11‐ 05%20concert%20review.htm>
Daily Telegram [Mich]
Formal
US
http://www.lenconnect.com/archive/x1041575120>
Doncaster Choral Society
Choral
UK
http://www.doncasterchoralsociety.org.uk/pages/concert_reviews.ht m
Hamilton Civic Choir
Choral
NZ
http://hamiltoncivicchoir.org.nz/reviews.htm>
Market Harborough Choral Society Wellington College/Crowth orne Choral Society
Choral
UK
http://www.harboroughchoral.co.uk/reviews.htm
Preview
UK
http://website.lineone.net/~samdauncey/ccs/history/armedman/arm edman.htm
rateyourmusic.c om
informal
UK
170
S.No.
62
Date
2/03/08
Accessed
Author and brief quote
Source
Type
Location
URL
3/11/08
"juno_w_setsbrig" This epic piece speaks out against war, in lyrics but in music too: ... far from modern... It's almost like a forgery, an alledgedly unknown Bach passion found in someone's attic ‐ too poppy to convince. ... progrock on a highbrow stipendum. ...damn pretty music.
rateyourmusic.c om
informal
Nether
"mojojeff" ...massive, ...melodic ... a mighty work...at times barbaric and hostile ... other times simply beautiful in its construction.. ...modern Classical work that wears its heart on its sleeve...
rateyourmusic.c om
informal
UK
sofacinema.co. uk
informal DVD
UK
sofacinema.co. uk
informal DVD
UK
informal DVD informal DVD
UK
63
29/01/08
3/11/08
64
21/02/08
3/11/08
65
2/12/07
3/11/08
66
25/01/07
3/11/08
DVD Robert Smith from Ashby de la Zouch, Leics.,Brings war to life as good as Holst's Mars. ...Terrific music. DVD D Huckle from Stockton‐on‐Tees, "As one who survived when many around me did not I was deeply moved..." DVD Richard Gill from England, "Peace be with us all.... Politicians from every nation should be made to watch this before they take office ..."
67
16/11/06
3/11/08
DVD "A Customer from Cornwall, England" "stirring stuff..."
sofacinema.co. uk sofacinema.co. uk
68
29/03/06
3/11/08
DVD “A Customer from England” "...images ...haunting ..."
sofacinema.co. uk
informal DVD
UK
69
1/10/07
3/11/08
sofacinema.co. uk
informal DVD
UK
70
20/02/05
25/06/08
DVD “sybileous”"conflict through the ages... a musical statement that should make us all think." “P.Alvarez”vivaldi116””The practice of writing masses or influenced by popular tunes was questioned and stopped in the renaissance by the Trent Council in the Vatican ...a work calling for peace in our troubled times.
amazon.com CD
informal
US
25/06/08
Adam D. Booth “A piece featuring Mass texts” “I normally have an inbuilt dislike for setting of the Mass texts which are blatanly liturgically useless (eg. Vivaldi's Gloria), but I have to admit to quite liking this. ... a coherent piece of music. ..
amazon.com CD
informal
US
25/06/08
“MPW” " fresh without it being weird, familiar without it being cliched. ... Inspiring and intriguing .... Parts a little ordinary
amazon.com CD
informal
US
71
72
23/01/05
1/11/04
171
UK
S.No.
Date
Accessed
Author and brief quote
Source
Type
Location
URL
amazon.com DVD
informal
NZ
http://www.amazon.com/Karl‐Jenkins‐Armed‐Mass‐ Peace/dp/B000B6COGQ
amazon.com DVD
informal
US
http://www.amazon.com/Karl‐Jenkins‐Armed‐Mass‐ Peace/dp/B000B6COGQ
amazon.com DVD
formal
US
http://www.amazon.com/Armed‐Man‐Mass‐Peace/dp/B00005NDVJ
amazon.com DVD
informal
US
http://www.amazon.com/review/product/B00005NDVJ/
informal
US
http://www.amazon.com/review/product/B00005NDVJ/
informal
US
http://www.amazon.com/review/product/B00005NDVJ/
informal
UK
http://www.amazon.co.uk/review/product/B00005NDVJ/
informal
UK
http://www.amazon.co.uk/review/product/B00005NDVJ/
informal
Germ
http://www.amazon.co.uk/review/product/B00005NDVJ/
informal
Nether
http://www.amazon.co.uk/review/product/B00005NDVJ/
informal
UK
http://www.amazon.co.uk/review/product/B00005NDVJ/
informal
UK
http://www.amazon.co.uk/review/product/B00005NDVJ/
informal
UK
http://www.amazon.co.uk/review/product/B00005NDVJ/
73
31/05/06
3/11/08
DVD Patrick Rossiter. "magnificent ... a performance to move the soul. I now am faced with trying to find an orchestra and choir to perform the piece locally..."
74
26/02/07
3/11/08
DVD Anna K. Suetterlin. “Hail to Karl J, a Welsh musical Wizard.” was in tears from the get‐go, Amazon Editorial; Warwick Thompson "The smorgasbord manages to hold together, probably because Jenkins's obvious sincerity shines through every note." “Lefty Baldy Physaker “jb”” East Tennessee "... depict how religious fervor has compelled mankind to devastations of war in the name of defending his home, his religion and even his God. The stark descriptions ....then drive us to an earnest longing for peace. ... religious zeal offers hope for peace..." DJ Stahlman “Donna” Michigan. musical intregrity ...moved by the beauty and power .... one moves through the emotion and sentiments of war via the music. Honestly, Agnes Dei brought images of Angels coming to claim the souls of those who lost the valient fight. The beauty of Benedictus moved me to tears!"
75
undated
3/11/08
76
29/09/08
3/11/08
77
30/08/08
3/11/08
78
28/08/08
3/11/08
79
9/01/06
3/11/08
J. Welsh. "...wonderful contributions to choral music...." DVD. Susan Young: "... it is hard not to be moved to tears by both the intensity of the music and the at times disturbing clips that are so well combined with the music ..."
80
12/07/06
3/11/08
DVD. “citrine” a powerful and moving work.
81
10/08/08
3/11/08
82
29/05/08
3/11/08
83
26/05/08
3/11/08
84
30/04/08
3/11/08
85
10/03/08
3/11/08
10/08/2008 4* Roger Ogle Munich. Condemning another (negative) review V.M. Russell “vicrus” “Emotional music...reduces me to tears..." Douglas Lee “Meretricious pap.” “Zamby” not complex, but there are surprising moments and there is plenty of passion throughout. “Matthew” UK. “The worst piece of music I have ever performed.”monotonous.
amazon.com DVD amazon.com DVD
amazon.co.uk CD amazon.co.uk CD amazon.co.uk CD amazon.co.uk CD amazon.co.uk CD amazon.co.uk CD amazon.co.uk CD
172
S.No.
Date
Accessed
86
14/02/08
3/11/08
Author and brief quote Jimmy Stix “the grumbler” “Simply stunning” The BBC recently used the "Benedictus" ... for one of it's "Natural World" programmes....It's wonderful how music can manage to be melancholy and uplifting and bring such peace to your heart, all at the same time.
87
23/01/08
3/11/08
“Rich” "...like this album very much"
88
30/12/07
3/11/08
89
31/07/07
3/11/08
90
3/07/07
3/11/08
L.D. Fox “book mania” "...the most inspiring piece of music I have ever heard, beautiful...." Suzanne M. McKay. as a Middle Eastern resident I have never heard a lovelier call to prayer. ...uplifting... peace to the heart... tears come easily... music (and all art) is about communication and if that music...pleases someone's soul then it has fulfilled it's function. Mart Music [Top 500 reviewer] "...variety and depth, but I also find it slightly detracts from the merits of using the Mass as a vehicle for the music. For example, `The Call To Prayers (Adhaan)' is a hauntingly beautiful piece which simultaneously satisfies and contradicts the original aims. ...Nevertheless I think it works. ... title slightly flawed but if it leaves religious ideals sitting comfortably together in terms of beliefs and musical themes then surely everyone benefits. ... sensitive and beautiful content and emotional themes conveyed ...
Source
Location
URL
amazon.co.uk CD amazon.co.uk CD
informal
UK
http://www.amazon.co.uk/review/product/B00005NDVJ/
informal
UK
http://www.amazon.co.uk/review/product/B00005NDVJ/
amazon.co.uk CD
informal
UK
http://www.amazon.co.uk/review/product/B00005NDVJ/
amazon.co.uk CD
informal
UAE
http://www.amazon.co.uk/review/product/B00005NDVJ/
amazon.co.uk CD
informal
UK
http://www.amazon.co.uk/review/product/B00005NDVJ/
amazon.co.uk CD
informal
UK
http://www.amazon.co.uk/review/product/B00005NDVJ/
amazon.co.uk CD
informal
USA
http://www.amazon.co.uk/review/product/B00005NDVJ/
amazon.co.uk CD
informal
UK
http://www.amazon.co.uk/review/product/B00005NDVJ/
91
24/06/07
3/11/08
92
3/06/07
3/11/08
93
28/03/07
3/11/08
CantateRocks “Zanny” “Incredible.” Jeff Dunn, Alameda, California. “Enjoyable – as far as it goes.” "attractive melodies ...a lot of heart. ...but not something that will challenge and enoble me for a lifetime.... 28/03/2007 1* Adam Gillett UK. “An unfortunate sign for music.” What Karl Jenkins has produced is...musical manipulation. ...I would much rather listen to your Schoenberg....piece of populist fluff."
amazon.co.uk CD
informal
UK
http://www.amazon.co.uk/review/product/B00005NDVJ/
amazon.co.uk CD
informal
UK
http://www.amazon.co.uk/review/product/B00005NDVJ/
94
7/03/07
3/11/08
K. Platt “blackplantlady” “Blessed peace.” 'Benedictus' allows us to believe that peace is achievable. It is soulful. ..."
95
10/02/07
3/11/08
Mr O. Finn. "amazing ... bowled over by it's awesome force and texture...."
173
Type
S.No.
Date
Accessed
Author and brief quote
96
10/11/06
3/11/08
97
10/10/06
3/11/08
98
23/08/06
3/11/08
Brian Whitehead “clichéd, bland and repetitive." Susan Lanigan. [UK] ...the sheer emotional spark in the air, was unbelievable. ... goes straight to the heart. ... sublime musical moments when you feel that the united energy about the choir is about more than just the music. There is dramatic tension and release. Neil Dennis, London. “The Harmed Man: Amassing the Pieces.” "... a powerful anti‐war message ... repetitive and a bit banal even... very accessible work for singers of all ages and capabilities ...exciting to perform... haunting...."
99
19/05/06
3/11/08
100
28/03/06
3/11/08
101
27/03/06
3/11/08
102
21/03/06
3/11/08
103
18/01/06
3/11/08
104
12/09/05
3/11/08
105
23/02/05
3/11/08
106
28/07/04
6/07/09
107
17/03/04
3/11/08
Terry “T K” UK. “Not as good as Live” Ms R.G. Smith “gingerniinia77” England. “Totally awesome.”... puts a chill down my spine! 27/3/2006 1* “A Customer” [uk?] “Truly ghastly”... Jenkins, ...knows how to get the money rolling in.. themes are incredibly boring, simple and predictable... please, don't think that Jenkins is the be all and end all. Listen to some Bach immediately." H.A. Smith “Rose” "... very moving, descriptive and totally absorbing, especially when you follow the music closely with the words...." “A Customer” UK “WOW”.amazed with the completley different mood of songs included....stunning. ..you can actually imagine the atmosphere. “chOpper” “Simple, yet sublime.” ... I suspect that anyone who has a real heart would find themselves swept up by this music. “A customer” brilliant. “A customer” “Pognient ly beautiful and stunningly emotional” I have never listened to a musical composition which so profoundly and dramatically paints such a stunning and visual picture .... This is a true portrayal of Man's legacy. Perhaps even destiny. Oliver Harrop, Leeds, West Yorks UK. Compares with own live performance
Source amazon.co.uk CD
Type
Location
URL
informal
UK
http://www.amazon.co.uk/review/product/B00005NDVJ/
informal
UK
http://www.amazon.co.uk/review/product/B00005NDVJ/
informal
UK
http://www.amazon.co.uk/review/product/B00005NDVJ/
informal
UK
http://www.amazon.co.uk/review/product/B00005NDVJ/
informal
UK
http://www.amazon.co.uk/review/product/B00005NDVJ/
amazon.co.uk CD
informal
UK
http://www.amazon.co.uk/review/product/B00005NDVJ/
amazon.co.uk CD
informal
UK
http://www.amazon.co.uk/review/product/B00005NDVJ/
amazon.co.uk CD
informal
UK
http://www.amazon.co.uk/review/product/B00005NDVJ/
informal
UK
http://www.amazon.co.uk/review/product/B00005NDVJ/
informal
UK
http://www.amazon.co.uk/review/product/B00005NDVJ/
informal
UK
http://www.amazon.co.uk/review/product/B00005NDVJ/
informal
UK
http://www.amazon.co.uk/review/product/B00005NDVJ/
amazon.co.uk CD
amazon.co.uk CD amazon.co.uk CD amazon.co.uk CD
amazon.co.uk CD amazon.co.uk CD
amazon.co.uk CD amazon.co.uk CD
174
S.No.
Date
Accessed
108
3/02/04
3/11/08
109
25/01/04
3/11/08
110
23/12/03
3/11/08
111
26/11/03
3/11/08
112
21/10/03
3/11/08
113
7/09/03
3/11/08
114
6/09/03
3/11/08
115
28/08/03
3/11/08
116
20/05/03
3/11/08
117
2/04/03
3/11/08
Author and brief quote 3/02/2004 4* Peter H. UK."more technical finesse than most people realise... plus considerable emotional depth ..." Dr I. Finlay. “Prescient.” It really makes a significant statement about the futility of war and violence as a means of resolving differences. ...Each movement is worth listening to and each has its own special message. The juxtaposition of the Christian Mass with the Moslem Call to Prayers reminds us of our common spiritual heritage. ...Listen to this and live the message. 23/12/2003 4* “A Young Man” London. "Strong moving music... I appreciate that Jenkins is reflecting upon the many aspects not only of war but of its roots, ...lacks cohesion. ... thought provoking, ... a moving work Nigel Thompson... the Agnus Dei, sublime has nothing on it. I've yet to play this piece of music to any of my friends not all of whom have an interest in either classical or choral music and not one of them has yet to be moved. A MUST BUY. “A customer” Dublin. “An absolute must!” This is an album that every man woman and child in the world should be forced to hear, prefarably at gun point!!!! Heard it performed live here in Dublin and had to buy the CD. Awesome!! R.A. Teague. “tremendously powerfull ...an incredibly moving album from its first to its last note.It is amazing to hear such a diverse arrangement of pieces put together to illustrate such a savage act of man. ...,it is definately not an album to lift your spirits, More to move your soul. " Ivan Vale “Leftfield42”"...full of emotion and passion, but not sentimentality. “A customer” “Thematically Beautiful” “Colonel Trumpet Windsock” “Emotional and thought provoking ...An incredible recipe of ancient and modern styles of music, composed skilfully ...variety of texture ...powerful CD..." “A Customer” “What’s all the fuss about? Mind‐numbingly repetitive,gimmicky looney tunes orchestration and with a more limited harmonic language ...requires the attention
Source
Type
Location
URL
amazon.co.uk CD
informal
UK
http://www.amazon.co.uk/review/product/B00005NDVJ/
amazon.co.uk CD
informal
UK
http://www.amazon.co.uk/review/product/B00005NDVJ/
amazon.co.uk CD
informal
UK
http://www.amazon.co.uk/review/product/B00005NDVJ/
amazon.co.uk CD
informal
UK
http://www.amazon.co.uk/review/product/B00005NDVJ/
amazon.co.uk CD
informal
Ireland
http://www.amazon.co.uk/review/product/B00005NDVJ/
informal
UK
http://www.amazon.co.uk/review/product/B00005NDVJ/
amazon.co.uk CD amazon.co.uk CD amazon.co.uk CD
informal
UK
http://www.amazon.co.uk/review/product/B00005NDVJ/
informal
UK
http://www.amazon.co.uk/review/product/B00005NDVJ/
amazon.co.uk CD
informal
UK
http://www.amazon.co.uk/review/product/B00005NDVJ/
amazon.co.uk CD
informal
UK
http://www.amazon.co.uk/review/product/B00005NDVJ/
175
S.No.
Date
Accessed
Author and brief quote span of an ant.... "
118
30/01/03
3/11/08
119
11/12/02
3/11/08
120
17/10/02
3/11/08
121
13/09/02
3/11/08
122
6/05/02
3/11/08
Denise Neville "...highly atmospheric right from the start Each track is different but they still connect with each other, each flowing easily towards the next one. " “seastoneone” “Bleakly beautiful with gorgeous moments. ... Not for those who are easily depressed, but well worth it for the emotional journey... Mr J. Remynse, ... As an Australian in the UK, I heard this just days after the Bali bomb explosion ... imagine it will continue to move me to tears for many years to come. Capt. I. McRae “The Ancient Mariner” Angus, Scotland "...This work spans the depth and breadth of human emotion. The intellectuals and “pseuds” will not like this work, ... a mighty work. A thoughtful work. .. at times made me weep. " “a customer” "... Not much change from the elevator music that he usually produces... "
123
23/02/02
3/11/08
“A Customer” "...chilling CD..."
124
15/02/02
3/11/08
125
5/02/02
3/11/08
126
26/12/01
3/11/08
127
13/11/05
3/11/08
“A Customer” “I loved it!” Not. This is an appalling clash of different styles‐ apparently Jenkins was trying to convey the horror of war. To me, he just conveyed the horror of his compositional skills (or lack thereof). ... I was a big fan of the Adiemus, and wish that Jenkins had stuck to doing what he does best: background music. “A Customer” “Welcome return for this fifteenth century institution!” Carl Jenkins searches even further afield, for the glue that binds his epic choral works together. ... it's difficult to wonder if Mr Jenkins' bathroom razor isn't pointlessly multitracked with too much reverb on it..." Mike Smith “An infinitely moving choral portraying the emotions of war.... The most moving choral work I have encountered in many years...” “A Customer” “A stunning and moving mix ... Variation in musical styles... Haunting Kyrie ... Musical settings totally reinforce the conviction of that message. From the punchy, pugnacious start... Upbeat ending ... Optimistic message..."
Source
Type
Location
URL
amazon.co.uk CD
informal
UK
http://www.amazon.co.uk/review/product/B00005NDVJ/
amazon.co.uk CD
informal
UK
http://www.amazon.co.uk/review/product/B00005NDVJ/
amazon.co.uk CD
informal
Aus/UK
http://www.amazon.co.uk/review/product/B00005NDVJ/
informal
UK
http://www.amazon.co.uk/review/product/B00005NDVJ/
amazon.co.uk CD amazon.co.uk CD amazon.co.uk CD
informal
UK
http://www.amazon.co.uk/review/product/B00005NDVJ/
informal
UK
http://www.amazon.co.uk/review/product/B00005NDVJ/
amazon.co.uk CD
informal
UK
http://www.amazon.co.uk/review/product/B00005NDVJ/
amazon.co.uk CD
informal
UK
http://www.amazon.co.uk/review/product/B00005NDVJ/
amazon.co.uk CD
informal
UK
http://www.amazon.co.uk/review/product/B00005NDVJ/
amazon.co.uk CD
informal
UK
http://www.amazon.co.uk/review/product/B00005NDVJ/
176
S.No.
Date
Accessed
Author and brief quote
128
13/09/01
3/11/08
129
13/05/07
12/03/08
130
26/08/07
23/03/08
131
27/09/08
3/11/08
132
16/10/08
16/11/08
133
16/11/08
16/11/08
134
24/04/08
20/05/09
135
30/04/04
20/05/09
“A Customer” “Excellent! ... Beautiful melodies..." Mansell Jones OAM. "... Haunting ... Swept on a tide of emotions ... rarely, if ever, have I been so moved by the performance of a work W.L. Hoffmann. Canberra Choral Society..[ composer’s deft scoring which continually underlines the dramatic impulse of the work. Charles Ward, Houston Chronicle. utterly unthreatening music. ..."The overarching point is that we need to learn to get along from all traditions” `If we don't get heavy‐handed about peace soon, we'll be in trouble.' 91.9fm Knox. The Knoxville Choral Society’s annual fall concert on Nov. 15 ... Harold Dickett. knoxnews.com Fine Arts. 'Armed Man' deeply affecting . ... powerful, ironic, somber but ultimately hopeful ... The Islamic call to prayer, "Adhaan,"... brought to mind the young American soldiers now among the Iraqis, ... 40 years ago today.... As horrible as it is beautiful, "Armed Man" is not a genteel reminder about the enduring impact of war. ... I can't imagine anyone who heard this performance not being moved by this music..." 24/04/2008. Eldon Walker, Lancaster Guardian. Review: The Armed Man, Lancaster and District Choral Society...repetitions stretch the musical material here and there to its limits.... very well crafted dramatically. April 30, 2004. The Times “Serious about being popular: Let the critics sneer ‐ Karl Jenkins is a hit with all the right people” By John Bungey. ... “The record company came up with the slogan ‘Spiritual music for secular people’ and it is quite apt.”
136
10/06/05
3/11/08
137
2/12/07
3/11/08
138
30/04/04
20/05/09
139
1/02/08
16/11/08
Source amazon.co.uk CD
Type
Location
URL
informal
UK
http://www.amazon.co.uk/review/product/B00005NDVJ/
Eisteddfod Council Qld
formal
Aus
Canberra Choral Society
Choral
Aus
Houston Chronicle
formal
US
Preview
US
http://wuot.org/h/E‐NotesCindyNov08.html
Knoxville News Sentinel
Formal
US
http://www.knoxnews.com/news/2008/nov/16/armed‐man‐deeply‐ affecting/
Lancaster Guardian
Formal
UK
http://www.lancasterguardian.co.uk/entertainment‐reviews/Review‐ The‐Armed‐Man‐Lancaster.4015410.jp
The Times (UK)
Formal
UK
http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/ article846697.ece
Stephanie von Buchau, Oakland Tribune, Appealing choral music by Welshman Karl Jenkins. "... Moving and exciting"
Oakland Tribune
Formal
US
Jackie Wright. Penrith Singers. "... emotive work covers so many styles..."
Penrith Singers
Choral
UK
Duplicate ‐ removed Christopher Blank,"A Mass for Peace" has performance at Idlewild. Memphis Commercial Appeal. ... "I had to pull over and wait for the announcer to tell me what it was." ...
Commercial Appeal (Memphis)
Formal
US
177
S.No.
Date
Accessed
Author and brief quote "It's a really great solidarity piece," ...
142
1/02/07
24/03/08
143
6/08/05
23/03/08
The [University of West Georgia] Campus Chronicle. “Concert to Feature more than 100 performers.” :University of West Georgia’s Centennial ..sealing of a time capsule ... CD of The Armed Man: A Mass for Peace performance by the UWG Concert Choir includes program...." 0/2/2007 “The Armed Man ‐ A Concert for Peace.” Great Stuff!. ... 0/2/2007 By K. Michelle Moran. Arts & Entertainment Editor, ‘The Armed Man’ comes in peace. C&G Newspapers, Detroit. Circulation 605,857 ‐ Readership ~1 mill. Rackham member Tony Ruda of St. Clair Shores concurs, admitting this has been a tremendously moving experience. ... Stanford: "War and Rembrance... Major and unsettling choral work that raises questions and provokes poignant reflection..." The Times [Online]. What makes Karl Jenkins the Marmite man of music? Is the best‐selling contemporary composer a shallow manipulator? Yes, says a critic. No, argues the head of Classic FM. Have your say. Philip Clark and Darren Henley. Philip Clark: It's all about money. Darren Henley: It's life‐affirming music + Feedback from readers
140
20/02/07
16/11/08
141
1/02/07
24/03/08
Source
Type
Location
URL
Campus Chronicle (University of West Georgia)
Preview
US
Rackham Choir
Preview
US
http://www.westga.edu/~chronicle/archive/39‐10_02‐16‐07.pdf
C&D Newspapers Detroit
Preview
US
Stanford Summer Chorus
Preview
US
The Times (UK)
Commen tary
UK
This is Worcestershire
Survey
UK
http://www.communigate.co.uk/worcs/earlymusicinthevale/page5.ph tml?pollaction=results&qid=236
144
7/03/08
29/10/08
145
146
?
16/11/08
withdrawn – duplicate Worcestershire Communigate. "Early Music in the Vale" website. Survey results in sidebar of home page. "Should the 'Muslim call to prayer' from Karl Jenkins' The Armed Man' be omitted when it's performed in Christian Churches?
147
13/09/06
3/11/08
Fr. Jape on Islam and Christianity ‐ Milwaukee performance 10/9/2006 a springboard.
blog
US
3/11/08
"Daharja" Of Armed Men and Cassocks . I sang at Knox Church Last night, as a St Paul's Cathedral Choir 'groupie'.... I enjoyed singing The Armed Man and enjoyed the service, although it is very different to my own practice. ...
"Daharja" (Dunedin)
blog
NZ
148
27/10/08
178
S.No.
Date
Accessed
149
27/06/05
16/11/08
150
1/07/08
16/11/08
151
6/11/08
17/05/09
152
30/10/08
16/11/08
153
22/05/08
16/11/08
154
23/09/08
16/11/08
155
1/04/07
16/11/08
156
2/05/08
17/11/08
Author and brief quote Sep/Oct 2005. Philip Greenfield JENKINS: The Armed Man Mass / Requiem; In These Stones Horizons Sing. . American Record Guide. Washington: Sep/Oct 2005. Vol. 68, Iss. 5; pg. 122, 1 pgs. ... The composer took the Roman liturgy as a starting point, nothing more, piecing together a variety of texts...his music seems to be animated by a generous spirit eager to communicate with his listeners.... July 2008. memorial concert in support of MS Australia ‐ ACT/NSW/VIC on 22nd Nov 2008 St Stephen’s Uniting Church 197 Macquarie St Sydney... I was completely blown away by the work.....the music.....the words........the sentiments expressed for peace and religious harmony... 6 Nov 2008. 'Mass for Peace' debuts at Courthouse. ...an awe‐inspiring and hauntingly beautiful composition that contemplates war and peace. 30 October 2008. “Mass for Peace launches Music Society's most recent programme of events” Ulster Herald, Entertainment. ..[standard blurb] Adrien. St Mathews Chamber Choir, Auckland. Recently performed in Hamilton, ... many in the audience...overawed at the effect the music and imagery had on them emotionally./ ... addresses the issues of war from many perspectives and cultures... 23 September 2008. Eastbourne Herald Gazette. Eastbourne Today. Bexhill Choral Society peace performance. Bexhill Choral Society opens its new season: "This profoundly moving piece of music truly reflects today's multicultural society and the horrors of war. It is a mass for the present, not just a reflection of the past... April 2007. University of Ottawa Media Calendar from April 10 until April 15 2007. 12 April Concert: The Armed Man: A Mass for Peace . 8:00 p.m., St. Joseph’s Church (corner of Wilbrod and Cumberland) . 2 May 2008. Edinburgh Evening News. 'Come and sing' invitation for HIV charity. ... growing number of families in Scotland whose lives are affected by HIV."
Source
Location
URL
American Record Guide
formal
US
Philip Greenfield, "Jenkins: The Armed Man Mass / Requiem; In These Stones Horizons Sing." American Record Guide, September 1, 2005, 122. http://www.proquest.com.ezproxy.lib.monash.edu.au/
Myspace
Preview
Aus
http://www.myspace.com/thearmedmansyd08
Jamestown Press
Preview
Canada
Ulster Herald Entertainment
Preview
UK
St Mathews Chamber Choir
Preview
NZ
Eastbourne Herald Gazette
Preview
UK
.
University of Ottawa Media Calendar
Preview
Canada
Edinburgh Evening News
Preview
UK
179
Type
S.No.
Date
Accessed
157
24/06/08
17/11/08
158
27/01/06
17/11/08
159
21/05/06
27/05/09
160
22/02/09
161
10/02/09
Author and brief quote 24 June 2008 . Gordon Sampson. “Summer Prom, The Victoria Theatre, Halifax” Evening Courier. ..., the purists were delighted. But others had reservations about the heavy nature of the content. ...The band's involvement added to the drama, intensity and emotion. . // Comment by reader: “dolescum” ...certainly powerful stuff! The Spire: An edition of the United Methodist Reporter. Music at Hennepin. Jan 27 2006. ... centerpiece of an event co‐sponsored with the Minnesota Alliance of Peacemakers.
Source
Type
Location
URL
Halifax Courier
Formal
Canada
The Spire
Preview
US
http://office.haumc.org/Connector/Content/Spire‐Newspaper/2006‐ 01‐27_spire.pdf
amazon.de CD
informal
Germany
http://www.amazon.de/Armed‐Man‐Karl‐Jenkins/dp/B00005NDVJ/
17/03/09
"Audiocielo" Unusual, courageous, atmospheric Darren Yeats. "At times I find it moving and certainly it is refreshingly different to a lot of traditional classical music....Trying to copy what's been done already is a recipe for disaster and here I think Jenkins avoids that mistake whilst maintaining quality.
amazon.co.uk CD
informal
UK
http://www.amazon.co.uk/product‐reviews/B00005NDVJ/
17/03/09
"Ioannes Thyrsus" "...The score is sometimes pretentious, epic and martial without any complex. A Mass for peace? or rather a military mass? I don't see the pacifist nature of this piece..."
amazon.co.uk CD
informal
?
http://www.amazon.co.uk/product‐reviews/B00005NDVJ/
http://www.amazon.com/Armed‐Man‐Mass‐Peace/product‐ reviews/B00005NDVJ/
162
1/03/09
25/04/09
163
12/03/09
25/04/09
Virginia S. Marcum "happily lost (in a book)" Washington DC area " You will neither regret nor forget hearing this full‐ bodied paeon to peace, especially after its compelling exposition of the fierce drive to war." David Holmes "canuk" "... somewhat derivative, ... very listenable (sic) and it's a good thing I have it on CD and not LP or it would be worn out by now.
164
23/07/06
27/04/09
Multicultural mix in the spirit of peace
amazon.fr CD
informal
France
164
Withdrawn ‐ duplicate E‐bay UK Item number:320363945370. Listed 24/4/09. "customary passion for mixing languages remains in full force... smorgasbord manages to hold together, probably because Jenkins' obvious sincerity shines through every note" marjorie3838 "...universal appeal and carries a powerful message of hope for a multicultural global humanity..."
165
24/04/09
29/04/09
166
18/04/09
18/04/09
amazon.com CD
informal
US ‐ DC
amazon.com CD
informal
US
ebay.co.uk
informal
UK
ebay.co.uk
informal
UK
180
http://www.amazon.com/Armed‐Man‐Mass‐Peace/product‐ reviews/B00005NDVJ/ http://www.amazon.fr/Karl‐Jenkins‐Armed‐Mass‐ Peace/dp/B00005NDVJ/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=music&qid=12408392 72&sr=1‐1
http://cgi.ebay.co.uk/Karl‐Jenkins‐‐‐The‐Armed‐Man‐(A‐Mass‐For‐ Peace)‐ (CD)_W0QQitemZ320363945370QQcmdZViewItemQQimsxZ20090425 ?IMSfp=TL090425118002r5622 http://cgi.ebay.co.uk/Karl‐Jenkins‐‐‐The‐Armed‐Man‐(A‐Mass‐For‐ Peace)‐
S.No.
Date
Accessed
Author and brief quote
Source
Type
Location
167
8/12/08
29/04/09
vanwitton "...The music is wonderful and very moving and I have derived much pleasure from listening to it."
ebay.co.uk
informal
UK
168
7/04/08
29/04/09
jmmoxon ..."music is beautiful and moving"
ebay.co.uk
informal
UK
ebay.co.uk
informal
UK
URL (CD)_W0QQitemZ320363945370QQcmdZViewItemQQimsxZ20090425 ?IMSfp=TL090425118002r5622 http://cgi.ebay.co.uk/Karl‐Jenkins‐‐‐The‐Armed‐Man‐(A‐Mass‐For‐ Peace)‐ (CD)_W0QQitemZ320363945370QQcmdZViewItemQQimsxZ20090425 ?IMSfp=TL090425118002r5622 http://cgi.ebay.co.uk/Karl‐Jenkins‐‐‐The‐Armed‐Man‐(A‐Mass‐For‐ Peace)‐ (CD)_W0QQitemZ320363945370QQcmdZViewItemQQimsxZ20090425 ?IMSfp=TL090425118002r5622 http://cgi.ebay.co.uk/Karl‐Jenkins‐‐‐The‐Armed‐Man‐(A‐Mass‐For‐ Peace)‐ (CD)_W0QQitemZ320363945370QQcmdZViewItemQQimsxZ20090425 ?IMSfp=TL090425118002r5622
UK
http://cgi.ebay.co.uk/Karl‐Jenkins‐‐‐The‐Armed‐Man‐(A‐Mass‐For‐ Peace)‐ (CD)_W0QQitemZ320363945370QQcmdZViewItemQQimsxZ20090425 ?IMSfp=TL090425118002r5622
UK
http://cgi.ebay.co.uk/Karl‐Jenkins‐‐‐The‐Armed‐Man‐(A‐Mass‐For‐ Peace)‐ (CD)_W0QQitemZ320363945370QQcmdZViewItemQQimsxZ20090425 ?IMSfp=TL090425118002r5622
169
170
171
20/03/08
15/08/07
4/02/07
29/04/09
auntie_booboo "...WOW! This is so beautiful and moving. Even if you are not 'into' classical music, I defy anyone not to be moved by this. Tears flowed...." nigel10001 "Jenkins score is both complex and simple, tragic and beautiful all at once. Beautiful music...Powerful text and music swirl into a marvelous combination.... does not tries to follow the individual sections of the mass...calling for peace in our troubled times.... Michael A. Mc Namee. "This piece of music appeals to my Catholic upbringing. .... Truly beautiful. When Karl Jenkins took a commission from the Royal Armouries to produce this work, one could not have believed that an organisation whose basic Credo is to celebrate violence could have sponsored the production of a work which, as it's name implies, is a call to peace and harmony."
ebay.co.uk
informal
UK
ebay.co.uk
informal
UK
29/04/09
29/04/09
172
5/01/07
29/04/07
evanjane21 "... strongly emotive piece of original music. ... birthday present for a family member who had been captivated by the music ...recommend this CD, especially those who are reluctant to give 'classical' music a try.
173
2/10/06
29/04/07
7937peter ... a very melodious sound. ... the music 'grows on you'.
ebay.co.uk
ebay.co.uk
181
informal
informal
http://cgi.ebay.co.uk/Karl‐Jenkins‐‐‐The‐Armed‐Man‐(A‐Mass‐For‐ Peace)‐ (CD)_W0QQitemZ320363945370QQcmdZViewItemQQimsxZ20090425 ?IMSfp=TL090425118002r5622 http://cgi.ebay.co.uk/Karl‐Jenkins‐‐‐The‐Armed‐Man‐(A‐Mass‐For‐ Peace)‐ (CD)_W0QQitemZ320363945370QQcmdZViewItemQQimsxZ20090425 ?IMSfp=TL090425118002r5622
182
Appendix B2 Full text of reception data S. No. 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Full Text "Didina ballerina" Every piece causes different thoughts and feelings. It is beautiful and the melodies make shivers run through your whole body. One of the most amazing pieces of music I have ever heard. "Cliffjudith" Good Points: This is a very moving piece that takes the listener through the horrors of war to triumphal peace. Anyone who feels for anyone involved in Iraq and all other wars should listen to this before supporting war rather than after at the cenotaphs. Bad Points: As with many choral pieces, the diction is often hard to follow but the passion is very evident throughout. General Comments: This starts with men marching to war and after the pre‐battle rituals the horror of burning men is depicted in the battles and peace triumphantly follows. This piece should be played more often, I would certainly go to a performance. A truly modern classic. "Gordon Eccles" is an amazing piece of music. I first heard it in Exeter Cathedral on Thursday November 11th 2004, and I was staggered by the effect it generated on the audience, including the young members of the audience. "Masonda" We have just started this work in our choir, and I'm really enjoying it. It's stirring, moody and misty qualities enhance the dramatic qualities of each section, and evoke sensitive emotions. Our choir are looking forward to performing this work in Jersey later this year ! "Johntenor" I was priveleged to be able to take part in a recent performance as a choir member. This is the most moving work I have ever sung. The work has stirring, dramatic movements and some poignant, beautiful melodies. I really had to take a grip on myself in the performance to be able to sing the last movement. Even hearing an excerpt from the cello solo as background to a short wildlife documentary on TV made the tears well up. <.http://www.reviewcentre.com/review224076.html> "bfnht2z" Good Points: Since Karl started out in jazz and doing advertisements, I thought this was a departure for him... I first heard him on classic fm whilst in the office, i'm still not sure how i picked out the station. I always kept the station on low when I played it at the office... one day they played Requiem.....when they played In Paradisum... several people were standing up listening to the music by the time it ended. Almost all the people on my side of the floor was standing by desk.. (75 employees)... 4 ladies were crying....and several guys had some moist eyes... i think that says all you can say about Karl Jenkins and his music, it touches your soul. Bad Points: I can't think of any bad points.... to either Karl Jenkins... or his music... General Comments: Nothing more can add to or take away from Karl Jenkins. "Guest" The sound brings me in another time in the past, every music give me the sensation of war or peace, everything is so accurate, even the choice of a track sung in Arabic language, meaning of multi‐religion language, absolutely astonishing.If you love music and especially sacred music, buy it. It's worth all the money. "Kim Batteau" Good Points: This is an astounding, brilliant, extremely moving piece of work. I am in awe of Karl Jenkins, his wonderful musicality, and transparent sincerity. Innovating is his use of non‐christian elements in a "mass." I find these quite successful, and not detrimental to the mass's original intention. Bad Points. General Comments: I know classical music very well, play the violin (was a student of Broadus Earl), have sung as a young person in many choirs, and have attended hundreds of concerts ranging from the BSO to the Concertgebouworkest. I predict that Jenkins will be called one of the greatest composers of the 21rst century "Helen" I bought this because I just love the music and wanted to play it on the flute. The score is comprehensive and well laid out. My favourite pieces are Agnus Dei and Benedictus. I originally bought the CD because I heard Benedictus on the car radio, and had to pull over because it was so beautiful! The only slight drawback is the tight binding which makes it difficult to play & turn the pages, but I've got over that by getting my daughter to be my page turner!
183
10
11
12
"briangilmour" Advantages: Beautiful piece of music. Disadvantages: Not everyone will give it a chance. The Armed Man: A Mass For Peace by Welsh composer Karl Jenkins was released eerily on September 10 2001, is a wonderfully arty album full of beautifully pieced music which is perfect for chilling out to whilst doing some work and just trying to relax on a lazy Sunday afternoon. I came across the album by accident, I was shopping Missing records in the pre‐owned section and I decided that I wanted to hear something different from my usual Bon Jovi, U2 and Alterbridge stuff that I normally listen to. Now and again I'll go through phases where I just want something completely different. So when I seen this eye‐catching cover at £3.99 I gave it a try and I'm glad I did. It's like a musical play, hard to describe but I recommend you seek it out if you're in anyway interested in music written with a powerful message, this one being of the horrific events that many brave soldiers face when placed in the midst of a war. This has already been described as a modern day classic, you can pick it up cheap on eBay now and I would recommend doing so, this type of music can truly connect with people of all ages and I urge anyone who isn't familiar with it to give it a try. Summary: I'd recommend this, it's a modern day masterpiece. As stated above,the track "Better is Peace" I had heard before on the radio, this was the reason for the purchase ‐ a very melodious sound. At first, I was not so happy with the remainder of the tracks. However, having played the CD a number of times, I am now of the opinion that all bar maybe two maximum are easy and pleasant listening. Who knows, I may well come to enjoy the whole CD greatly. In this case, I may well change the rating to excellent. I have a wide interest in music, both classical and popular ‐ "The Armed Man" is most unusual in its combinations of sound and like classical music needs to be listened to several times before coming to any firm conclusions. In other words the music 'grows on you'. "amychick" A MASS FOR PEACE ‐ ABOUT TIME! Originality: Definitely a cut above the rest. Lyrics: Thought‐provoking. Advantages: A good, basic classical piece to have in the repertoire! Disadvantages: Some tracks very technical, not easy listening. Full review: Just to let you know a little more about me, I am a classically trained perfomer, I am an accomplished orchestral musician, with the flute being my first instrument. I have always been surrounded with classical music as my father was a professional musician. I love and can appreciate all music, but Jenkins always delivers some empathetic, and is thus one of my favourites. As a Jenkin's fan, you may be aware of the Adieamus suites which are contemporary classics with tribal and minimalistic influences of today‐ in a nutshell‐ dinner music! The Armed Man is a little more deep and was commissioned for the British Royal Armouries' Annivesary, so the them of this album and the music plots the progress of war, not necessarily a modern war. The National Youth Choirs do an awesome job, tackling some very difficult vocal arrangements accompanied by The London Philharmonic Orchestra in their usual excellence. The Suite: Jenkins uses the poerty of Tennyson, Drydon, and Kipling to add a poetic quality to his composition along with the Koran and the Bible. The Armed Man. The opening of the piece. You can here the soldiers marching into battle. What I like from the outset is the multicultural appreciation that all races have experienced war of some kind! Musically aggressive, but simplistic based around a baroque tune with an underlying drumbeat. Essentially this serves as the call to arms. Call to Prayer. A muslim prayer sung by Mohammed Gad. Beautiful and quietly serene. Kyrie. A Christian prayer asking for divine blessings, a clever contrat on Jenkins behalf. Save me from bloody men! The quality of the music heightens in aggression as the battle draws closer. This is a choral piece using the bass voices of the choir, and sounds menacing, and perhaps a splice of fear, for the unknown of the battlefield. Resentment more than fear is portrayed. Sanctus: This was played loads by a certain Classical radio station! It starts again by marching,the battle drawing ever closer. A prayer almost to god before the first charge. Jenkins is very keen on his brass section ands we hear the big horns and trumpets accompany a sweeping melody. Hymm before action. Based on the words of Rudyard Kipling, this piece envokes the anger and aggression, praying for safe keep. An eeiry melody. Charge! Again one for the brass! The principle trumpet must have earned his money! An orchestrated traditional Cavalry charge, you'll here it. The Frenzy and the shear aggression of meeting the enemy! Angry Flames. The remnants of the encounter, the leftovers of life, the mourning of the lost comrades. A lone trumpeter and a solitary bell, provides the ambience of devastation. Torche.s Similar to Angry Flames, a scene of searching for the dead, and moving off elsewhere. The grim reality of mortality. Agnus Dei. Asking for divine peace, the choir sing in latin. This beautiful peace was also in the most requested on a certain classical music radio station. This peace has a lilting quality using the traditional invocations of a latin mass. The melody is simple beautiful and shows Jenkin's big talent for writing ecclesiastical choral music. Now the Guns have stopped. A weary battle survivor and his lonliness and despair. Benedictus. Another latin mass, purely instrumental in the outset, with the choir joining halfway through. A quiet start for what blossoms into a defiant and spine chilling praise for life. This is my favorite piece. The words are beautiful and full of praise, and Hayley Westernra did an alternative which is just as moving. Big and powerful, will make you cry! Better is peace.A cheery arrangement, using the major key of a previously minor ostinato of "The Armed Man" piece. Using the words of Tennyson to provoke thoughts of a happier day. My Musical Opinion: Well composed with some very technical and symbolic moments. If you are familiar with any of the popular pieces like Sanctus, Agnus Dei and Benedictus it is worth the investment to hear the rest of the suite. Some parts make excellent dinner music, others are a bit violent! Music lover? If you are a Jenkins fan or a musician buy it! Its great and you will appreciate all the little extras. If not, maybe sample the tunes on line before you buy, Jenkins can be an aqquired taste! The prices vary from £6 online using a shopping website to about £10 in the shops on the highstreet. I bought this as a present to myself and loved it so much that I bought it for my dad (he's a brass nut!) as a
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present. Thanks for reading, Naomi x. http://cd.ciao.co.uk/Armed_Man_A_Mass_For_Peace_The_Karl_Jenkins__Review_5520755 "Jaxle" THE ARMED MAN MUST BE FEARED." Originality: Groundbreaking. Lyrics Thought‐provoking. Quality and consistency of tracks. A couple of weak links. Full review: The first I heard of Jenkins was a good few years back following the release of his enormously successful album: 'Adiemus'. He's also written the very popular piece for strings called Palladio (made famous by the Diamond ads). One of his more recent offerings (although not that recent!) is the collection of choral works entitled 'The Armed Man: A Mass For Piece". Any Classic FM listener will be well aware of some of these pieces (notably the Sanctus, Agnus Dei and Benedictus) because they are *always* being played. However, I was curious to see what else the CD had to offer, and so when I received a ten quid Smiths gift voucher I decided to go for it. The CD comes in a stylish looking black case with a bright white bird, wings spread wide across the cover, superimposed above a decidedly sinister looking, dark seafront. And that image alone basically sums up the content of the CD. The story that the work as a whole tells is of a move from preparing for war, the horrors that await the fighting soldiers, and finding a peaceful resolution at the end. Hence there is an enormous amount of contrast both in terms of mood and musical style. Indeed many different languages are used throughout as the story progresses, and this really adds to the overall variety that the work offers. So…on to a more detailed look at the tracks: 1. The Armed Man: The piece opens with the sound of soldiers slowly marching, no music as of yet. Then out of the distance a side drum begins its relentless driving rhythm, before a piccolo plays the opening tune, simple, but full of promise. The chorus enter with the same tune, bursting with energy and excitement for what is to come. I think this piece is supposed to represent a sort of excitement of soldiers heading off to war. The chorus relentlessly sing the same words (in French): "The armed man must be feared, everywhere it has been decreed, that every man should arm himself, with an iron coat of metal"… words from the traditional French song of 1450. The piece develops into a brief fugue before a final, very powerful repetition of the main theme. An excellent piece to open the work with. 2. The Call to Prayers (Adhaan): This is simply a recording of an Arabic call to prayers. No music here as such. To be honest I find this a little tedious to listen to, although it does drive home one of the key themes of the CD: no matter what sort of person you are, regardless of faith, race, etc, the horrors of war should never be underestimated. 3. Kyrie: The first of the traditional Latin texts (these are more often found in requiem masses) the Kyrie opens with unbelievably dark, low murmurings. It is a slow, thought‐provoking piece. When the solo singer enters the mood uplifts a little, but all the time there is this feeling that something not very pleasant is lurking beneath the surface. Jenkins' obvious talent in writing for chorus is shown to great effect in this piece. The harmonies are rich and perfectly constructed. Half way through the mood changes completely, as if the sun has just come out after a long period of darkness. The most beautiful creation then unfolds, gradually becoming more and more complex and building into a titanic major chord. However, this happier moment fades once more towards the end as the piece concludes in the same mood as it started. 4. Save Me From Bloody Men: This is a musical setting of two Psalms from the bible, sung by male voices only (no orchestral accompaniment, save one extremely well placed 'explosion' from the percussion ‐ you have been warned!). The effect is haunting to say the least. 5. Sanctus: My personal favourite of all the tracks, the Sanctus opens with that familiar driving percussion sound Jenkins uses often. The mood is uncertain, almost scared. Occasionally we hear the call of a trumpet fanfare above the chorus. The sense of anticipation as the piece opens is phenomenal. Eventually, however, the piece explodes into a HUGE (and very memorable) middle section, which is literally bursting with energy and excitement. The piece ends with the reassuring percussion beat we've had all the way through coming to a sudden stop following the dying calls of 'Sanctus' disappearing into the distance. 6. Hymn Before Action: Based on the words of Rudyard Kipling, the hymn before action is a loud and full sounding track (it could almost be a piece of film music with it's sweeping string melodies and sheer vastness). Given this, it still has a very uncertain mood, as Jenkins moves closer to the war he's been building up to. 7. Charge!: Following a stunning fanfare from the brass and percussion instruments this piece quickly descends into a driving rhythm with a very fast pace (as you may expect from the title!) There is a real build up of tension at the beginning, and then the chorus enters in a dazzling proclamation of the words from 'Song for Saint Cecilla's Day' by Dryden. This is simply fantastic music ‐ brilliant, exciting, and action packed. However, all is not well ‐ as the chorus all shout 'CHARGE!' at the top of their voices the mood quickly falls to give a shockingly different view of war, and all the horrors it stands for are brought into cold light of day. A loud, beating drum is accompanied by screams of terror from the choir, almighty discords from the orchestra, and eventually nothing is left but the sound of flames burning in the background. Then, out of nowhere, a lone trumpeter sounds the last post as the flames crackle on. The quiet accompaniment from the orchestra is menacing to say the least. 8. Angry Flame: After a slow, lengthy introduction, this song really is used to describe a burning fire, and the words are shared between solo male and female voices. All the time throughout this track there is a suspended string chord over which the singers tell their (terrible sounding) stories. If you like unusual harmonies then I'm sure you'll like this piece but it can get a little bit boring after the original listening. 9. Torches: Unpleasant sounding chords from the full orchestra open this piece, with the sole intention of sounding evil. This is not a nice piece of music (in terms of atmosphere) ‐ it basically consists of the chorus singing a unison melody over a very sinister accompaniment, explaining the effects of fire on living animals. The lyrics are actually quite disturbing, describing in graphic detail how raging fire is turning everyone into 'living torches'. However, this represents the end of the war as we see it, from here on in the pieces turn to a more peaceful future, never to return to the likes of this piece. 10. Agnus Dei: This is one of the most beautiful and simplistic tunes on the CD. Its warm horn accompaniment provides the foundation for a thought‐provoking song about the peace of god has to offer. The same snippets of fanfares used in earlier pieces (especially the Sanctus) now appear transformed into a
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gentle, reflective sound that compliments the mood of the piece perfectly. It is only rivalled in its peaceful character by the Benedictus, more of which later… 11. Now The Guns Have Stopped: Following a very sad sounding introduction by the strings, this piece is sung by a solo vocalist, and features some of the same harmonies as torches. However, the mood is now completely transformed from the vicious sounding horrors of torches into a deeply unhappy, almost desperate atmosphere. Clearly this piece represents the feeling of loss after war, as exemplified by some of the lyrics: "I shall go home alone, and must hide my grief for you, my dearest friend". 12. Benedictus: Finally the sun starts to come out with this piece and the mood rises considerably with its gentle, subtle opening. A delicate 'cello solo sings out above low chords, and as the piece progresses it explodes into a powerful climax which communicates clearly the message of peace given by the work as a whole. 13. Better is Peace: The final part of the work has the same tune as the first, and although the opening French theme (the armed man must be feared…) is still present, the words are changed, with cries of "ring out the old, ring in the new" above that same driving accompaniment. The work ends quietly with unaccompanied choir, with which I can imagine must be a very atmospheric mood if this work were performed live. VERDICT: ORIGINALITY ‐ A highly original work that is full of contrasts but maintains overall structure. 5/5 LYRICS ‐ Though Provoking, definitely. Although the messages they communicate may be obscured by the various languages used, it means that the music has more of a role to play in setting the mood. 4/5. QUALITY/CONSISTENCY OF TRACKS ‐ generally excellent, but with a couple of exceptions that don't quite live up to the rest. 4/5 HOW DOES IT COMPARE TO OTHER RELEASES BY JENKINS? ‐ very well indeed. Although the other works by Jenkins have also been spectacular, this is my favourite by quite a way. 5/5 COVER/INLAY DESIGN AND CONTENT ‐ again, this is very good. The cover is stylishly designed and looks original, and the inlay contains plenty of details, lyrics (with translations), and information about the work generally. 5/5 VALUE FOR MONEY ‐ good at around £9 (although you may find it cheaper if you know where to look!) 4/5 OVERALL ‐ This is a stunning piece of music, and a CD well worth purchasing even if you think you may like only a few of the tracks included. Highly recommended! 5/5 The Armed Man: For Valentine's Day, Kyenta got us tickets to a performance of Karl Jenkins' The Armed Man. The concert was put on by the Vancouver Bach Choir at the Orpheum on March 15, 2008. The show was a double bill. The Armed Man was preceded by the premiere performance of John Estacio's The Houses Stand Not Far Apart, which, though I applaud its anti‐war theme, was a somewhat pedestrian piece overall. During the intermission I was hoping that The Armed Man wouldn't be in the same vein. Luckily for us, it wasn't. PHOTO OF STAGE OMMITTED. The Armed Man is subtitled "A Mass for Peace", which is an apt summary. The piece is anti‐war, and takes its structure from the Christian Mass, with a Kyrie, Sanctus, etc. Jenkins, however, doesn't restrict himself solely to Christian hymns, effectively blending in Muslim (the Adhaan, or Call to Prayers), Hindu (The Mahabharata), and Japanese (a Toge Sankichi poem) texts. For me, the section that impacted me the most was definitely the "Call to Prayers (Adhaan)". We were seated in the centre section of the Orpheum's balcony with a great view of the orchestra and choir. They'd just finished performing "The Armed Man", the introductory section that opens the concert, and everyone had quieted down. On the balcony to our right, a man dressed in black with a high collar, surrounded by a calm and serene air, stepped forward to the rail, closed his eyes and extended his arms. He then sang the Muslim Call to Prayers a capella, the way it's meant to be performed. I managed to find the version of this song that comes on the official Armed Man CD, sung by Mohammed Gad. IMAGE OF CD COVER OMMITTED. For me, it doesn't quite capture the simplicity and melody of Hussein Janmohamed's performance. And though the Adhaan is sung from mosques by muezzins five times a day, every day, in Islamic communities the world over, I've never heard a more beautiful rendition than the one by Janmohamed that night. http://mythicflame.blogspot.com/2008/04/armed‐man.html> Caroline Molloy: November 08, 2005 "bloggety blog" Symphony Orchestra rocks You know when you get a tune stuck in your head, and no matter what you do you can't get rid of it? I'm like that right now. And it's all Symphony Orchestra's fault. I've fallen in love with Tchaikovsky all over again tonight, and realised why he's one of my favourite composers ever EVER. His 5th symphony is in our repertoire this term, and it's fab. Makes me weak at the knees just thinking about the second movement. His orchestration is absolutely perfect. I'm listening to the Pas de Deux from The Nutcracker, which is one of my favourite pieces of music, and my most favouritest ballet ever. It's wonderful. Glass of red in my hand, listening to this. Fantastic. But then we get on to the rest of the repertoire. Karl Jenkins' The Armed Man; A Mass for Peace, and Bernstein's Symphonic Dances from West Side Story. The Bernstein I can tolerate. It's even quite good fun in some places, and it's great to see the brass enjoying themselves for a change. But The Armed Man… Never did I think it was possible for one man to make so much money from 16 bars worth of music. It has so little direction and is so utterly dull. However, my mum does really love it, and she'll be coming down to see it, which will be nice since I havn't seen her (or been home!) since August. My shoulders ache from playing the viola, but at least I'm happier tonight, which is cool. And I've just received possibly the best text I could ever imagine, and ever time I read it it makes me smile even more. :‐) [contented sigh] 9 comments by 4 or more people
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1. Paul Cuff :) Utterly agree. Have you heard Gergiev’s recording of the Fifth with the VPO? Stunning. Superbly imaginative and brilliantly performed. Yours to borrow! And Karajan’s Sixth is one of the most devastatingly beautiful recordings you will ever hear. That’s also yours to borrow, but only if you’re bloody careful with it… And yes, The Armed Man is another example of charlatanism that the likes of ClassicFM and my mother fawn over sickeningly (do all mothers of a certain disposition like such things?). It’s terrifyingly mediocre. Angrily so. Dismal in every way. Yes. And you must whisper what that text said… Glad to hear you’re happier today. :) 09 Nov 2005, 06:00 2. Alastair Smith Oh, the Fifth is fantastic; Tchaik is also my favourite composer ever :) The Sixth is far superior, though – the sheer emotion underlying the entire symphony is so compelling. And it has fantastic bassoon solos throughout (particularly the opening one!). At the risk starting a torrent of abuse in my direction… :p The Jenkins is much better when put together with the choir (as is the case with most choral music, of course). I enjoy listening to it, and as a piece it's more about the overall sound and effect rather than the interest of the individual parts. Which, I agree, are dishearteningly awful. It may not be the most musically astounding piece of music ever written (and God knows it's not), but it does sound good :) But anyways, I'm glad you're enjoying UWSO and (roughly half) the music we're playing – it's why we exist after all! :) And hopefully you'll find a little more inspiration in next term's repertoire: Beethoven 9, Fauré Req., and Mahler 1 for goodness' sake! :D See you soon 09 Nov 2005, 23:00 4. Sarah I agree about The Armed Man…it's pleasant enough but not really of any musical value. I don't think it can be all mothers that like it though as mine has lots of taste and she will probably agree with me when she hears it. She's a Radio 3 lady! Next term should indeed be fabulous though. (y the way it's Sarah Barbour if anyone's confused!) 8 Nov 2005, 23:16 5. Richard Stevenson The Armed Man seems to have little going for it other than having been recorded in a studio with the echo turned up high… in fact, these days most religious music seems to have to be presented on cd or radio as though it is in a religious building of unncompromisingly vast size… It's the music, stupid, not the atmosphere! I suppose it's all part of the style over substance thing… sigh. 2 Nov 2005, 15:09 6. Juicy The Armed Man sounded (from sitting in the choir) pretty good tonight, and while I agree that there is far too much repetition (is there a movement that doesn't do it like 5 times?) it does have some nice bits (especially if you sing soprano like me…Sarah tells me the alto part is very dull. Luckily for me I can't sing below middle C, therefore I get the nice tune bits and the cool high notes). It's easy, and seems to have caused little problems so I guess it will be a solid performance come Sunday (I'm not cacking myself like I was over the Rachmaninov Bells) Oh and I'm not on your favourites either. That's shocking Molloy. Everyone knows I'm cool and therefore should be on all the favourites on all the blogs in the world ever. Get it sorted wench! Love ya x x . Paul Van Vliet. Introduction Over the years, Karl Jenkins has shown himself to be one of the most versatile composers of our time. He has composed experimental jazz (the Soft Machine years), classical work (Palladio, released in the USA as Diamond Music), pop music (in his work for commercials and on Merry Christmas to the World), and of course the classical‐ethnic‐ecclesiastic style of the Adiemus records, which are his most popular compositions by far. For his new recording ‐ The Armed Man: A Mass For Peace ‐ Jenkins once again produces a classical‐ethnic‐ecclesiastic combination but with dramatically different results. Fans of Jenkins' work should be excited to hear the crisp recording of The Armed Man, released more than a year after it was first performed. This composition is one of Jenkins' most thematic undertakings, a courageous examination of war and peace expressed in bold musical compositions. This is undoubtedly Jenkins' darkest composition so far; grim melodies are used to convey the seriousness of war and suffering. The CD's liner notes clearly describe how Britain's Royal Armouries, to mark the millennium, commissioned the composition of a mass which would reflect on war and peace in a multi‐cultural, global society. To this end, the composition uses lyrics from classic poets, biblical verses, and traditional mass, as well as from Muslim, Hindu, and Japanese sources. While this may have resulted in a disjointed composition, the strength of the story and Jenkins' tight compositions provide for a cohesive work which demands the listener's close attention. The Songs The recording starts with "The Armed Man" ‐ a song introduced with a marching drumbeat and a simple tune (based on a 15th century original) played on whistles. The choir ‐ singing in French ‐ falls into the marching rhythm and strengthens it. The song is a strong call to arms and establishes the darkness to follow. The second song is the traditional Muslim "Call To Prayers" beautifully sung by soloist Mohammed Gad. Its call for
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devotion is delivered quietly and sparsely. This contrasts with the more elaborate "Kyrie," which stately requests divine blessings in the Christian tradition. This ecclesiastic contemplation is invaded by the dark sounds of "Save Me From The Bloody Men," the fourth song. This clever composition starts out sounding like a traditional Gregorian chant for male voices, perfectly in line with the religious songs preceding it. The nastiness, however, is in the final phrase where a sudden drumbeat and some ominous notes give a sense of doom to the titular phrase. The voices sound not so much afraid as they sound angry. "Sanctus" is an upbeat song of ecclesiastic praise and most reminiscent of Jenkins' Adiemus style. This is a grand song of praise, but at this point in the work overshadowed by its context. It is followed by the ominous "Hymn Before Action" which ‐ using words by Rudyard Kipling ‐ establishes the mindset needed for battle. The song both establishes a motivation for the fight and encourages the soldiers to sacrifice themselves for the greater good. The powerful imagery of the words combine well with the sweeping melody, which is somewhat reminiscent of the style of musical theater anthems or motion picture scores. The beat picks up, literally, in "Charge!" which ‐ using text from several sources ‐ establishes the start of the battle with powerful vocals, trumpets, and drums. (All three of which are also mentioned in the song's lyrics.) The motivations and encouragements of the previous song are thematically repeated and near the end of the song we hear the abstract screams of the battle unfold. This is a powerful, rhythmic song with a strong melody which, if not for its dark subject matter, could easily be a choral favorite. "Angry Flames" starts with the sound of a lone trumpet followed by the ringing of a bell, a slow melody, and then the quiet, sad solo vocals, sometimes supported by the chorus. The lyrics ‐ translated from the Japanese and clearly reflecting the violence of the nuclear explosions of 1945 ‐ powerfully describe the horrors left behind by battle as a city lies in flames. The emphasis in this song is not so much on a clear melody, as it is on establishing a powerful mood to match the lyrics. This mournful mood is continued in the ninth song "Torches" which ‐ using words from The Mahabharata ‐ describes the sad fate of the victims of war. The melody, the instrumentation, and the singing in this song are all quite subdued as if fearful of disturbing the dead. Only the final word of this song, torches, is sung loud and angrily. This is a powerful composition in its imagery and execution. "Agnus Dei" ‐ asks for divine peace. Using traditional Latin invocations of a mass, the ecclesiastical style of this song demonstrates Jenkins' talent for writing powerful choral pieces. Using a lyric by the current Master of the Royal Armouries himself, "Now The Guns Have Stopped" is a carefully song of mourning and loneliness sung by a weary battle survivor. This beautiful, sparse, chilling threnody describes the horror of war at a very intimate level. Adiemus fans will know the melody "Benedictus" since Jenkins used it as the title track on The Eternal Knot. Here the song starts out as a quiet instrumental; the choir follows, sounding as if singing from a great hall or church in the distance. Once the orchestra's horn section chimes in, the chorus becomes a powerful song of praise with a strong melody. The concluding track ‐ "Better is Peace" ‐ initially sets its message to the same melody that started the song cycle ‐ "The Armed Man" ‐ but with a more upbeat performance. At this point, this contrast might seem ironic, but Jenkins might also use this method to see how the call for peace negates the call to arms by appropriating its melody. Using joyful instrumentation, cheerful choral vocals, and encouraging words by Tennyson, this song truly establishes a new beginning, with high hopes and good wishes. Out of all songs in this collection, this would be the one most likely to be performed by itself. Conclusion: After experiencing The Armed Man as a whole, the listener is left with a sense of awe. Jenkins has taken the listener through a broad range of emotions and has not shunned the more horrific aspects of war and suffering ‐ all the better to make the argument against it. As such, this mass has a remarkably strong point of view. It is also clear that Jenkins meant for this song cycle to be experienced as a whole: the composition and execution of these songs creates a wonderful overall experience, yet it is difficult to separate out a song and have it stand on its own. Each song is part of the larger story, each song makes sense as part of the overall composition, and by itself each song seems to be missing its context. It must also be noted that the powerful imagery of this song cycle cannot easily be separated from world events. Jenkins notes this as he dedicates the work to the victims of the Kosovo tragedy. At the present, this composition rings true once again and the incorporation of both Christian and Muslim texts and melodies provide a powerful commentary on the disagreements between followers of these and other faiths. Listeners familiar with the Adiemus recordings will find a whole new side to Jenkins' talent on this CD. While this may not be for everyone, there is no denying the sincerity of the composition's argument and the enthusiasm of its execution. This album is therefore highly recommended. Anon. The Armed Man is a 21st century interpretation of the 15th century French tradition L’Homme Armé (The Armed Man). Jenkins’ interpretation on the futility of war and eternal hope for peace draws on a variety of texts both secular and sacred such as the Koran, the Hindu Mahabharata, the poetry of Tennyson, the prose of Kipling and contemporary poetry written by a Hiroshima survivor. It reaches across generations and cultures in its final call to a lasting peace where “all tears shall be wiped away and there shall be no more death.” For several weeks SVC singers have been working diligently with Bill Payn to prepare this amazing choral work by Karl
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Jenkins that premiered in London in April 2000 in celebration of the new millennium. There was not one who had sung it . . . many hadn’t heard of it. One rehearsal was all that was needed to realize what a beautiful and exciting piece of music it is. Listeners are left with a sense of awe when hearing Jenkins’ powerful orchestration accompaniment to L’Homme Armé sung by the Chorale, “Angry Flames” with solos by Chorale singers, “Torches” that describes the sad fate of the victims of war and the poignant Agnus Dei asking for divine peace followed by Benedictus as a powerful song of praise. It is no wonder the first performance was greeted with “prolonged shouts of approval from the audience” according to one reviewer. The Armed Man is now performed world‐wide. In fact, the weekend of this concert in Sunbury there are similar performances in celebration of St. David’s Day (the patron Saint of Wales) in the UK at Cardiff and Leeds, and in Cork, Ireland and Bad Vilbel, Germany. It is exciting that Susquehanna Valley Chorale has the distinction of being among the first chorales to perform The Armed Man: A Mass for Peace in the U.S. Peter Bale. Brass Band Aid. Karl Jenkins’ “The Armed Man” was commissioned by The Royal Armouries as part of their millennium celebrations. Having arranged a series of concerts featuring some of the masses written around “L’homme arme” in the 15th & 16th centuries, Karl Jenkins was approached to compose a modern “Armed Man Mass”. This he proceeded to do, drawing on poetry and prose from a range of periods and traditions to produce a work that would reflect today’s multi‐cultural society. The work was recorded soon after the premiere by the London Philharmonic Orchestra and the National Youth Choir of Great Britain, under the direction of the composer. The link with Brass band Aid came about through students Andrew Wainwright and Duncan Gibbs, who transcribed the work for brass band, choir and organ as part of the final year of their music degree at Middlesex University. Following the premiere of this version in April 2005, in the presence of the composer, a second performance took place in Bromley in May 2006, raising money for Brass Band Aid. The suggestion was then made to produce a recording, the proceeds going to that cause, and the sessions took place in May 2007. Just as the church in more recent days has often adopted secular melodies, so composers in earlier times used to write what were known as “parody masses”, where they would take themes from existing familiar songs and use them as the basis for their settings of the mass. The original words would not have been featured, but in “The Armed Man”, the text is the starting point from which everything develops. Karl Jenkins uses various styles to depict a range of emotions, but the music is always accessible and frequently moving. The texts all relate to various aspects of war and its aftermath, notably juxtaposing verses concerning the effects of the atomic bomb at Hiroshima with an Indian text from the 6th Century BC, as a reminder that the obscenity of mass destruction is not only a recent phenomenon. The final section, “Better is peace”, uses words by Thomas Malory and Alfred Lord Tennyson to point to a better way. Comparing the two versions reveals what an excellent job Andrew and Duncan have done, and there are very few instances where the new version is in any way inferior. One is aware of certain differences, such as the lighter tubular bells at the start of “Angry Flames” replacing the deeper tolling bells of the original. There are remarkable similarities in instrumental tone, with judicious selection of brass or organ accordingly. Perhaps most importantly, the accompaniment never overshadows the singing, whether solo or chorus. The dynamic range of the recording is very large, and listeners may find they need to adjust their usual setting to pick up the quieter passages. In the opening, Peter Roberts on soprano cornet makes a fine substitute for the piccolo of the orchestral version, whilst soprano Louise Turner seems to lighten her voice for the “Kyrie”, sung by a boy treble in the original. There are passages where the emphasis is rather different, such as the words “Excites us”, very crisp and incisive in the original, less so this time round, whilst the reverse could be said of the “Hosanna” sections in “Benedictus”, which makes considerable use of Joanne Childs on flugel as well as David on euphonium. Cornets replace horns in the duet at the start of “Angry flames”, and the hard‐working percussion section acquit themselves particularly well throughout. The chorus, comprising members of Bromley Temple Songsters, Exeter Festival Chorus and guests, is impressive, matching the enthusiasm of the National Youth Choir whilst, if anything, coping rather better with passages such as the very high‐lying soprano line “How blest is he who for his country dies” in “Charge!” They also bring off the shout and subsequent wailing at the end of that movement very effectively ‐ not quite what most songsters would be familiar with! The final verse, coming at the end of the quite exuberant and exhilarating “Better is Peace”, is beautifully sung by the International Staff Songsters of The Salvation Army, providing an almost ethereal close. Howard Evans is no stranger to choral conducting, having led many items at the Royal Albert Hall and other venues during his time as National Bandmaster, and he controls his forces well, reflecting the various moods of the music and the texts. Whilst having set out to do a detailed comparison between the two versions, it soon became a case of simply sitting back and enjoying the music. The band assembled for the occasion is drawn from various sources, with many notable personalities taking part, often in subsidiary roles, such as Robert Childs on 2nd euphonium and Chris Thomas on 2nd trombone, with Peter Roberts’ contribution being particularly noteworthy. Other players are highlighted at various
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points, but it is the overall ensemble that is most impressive. The production is attractively packaged, with detailed notes including an English version of the text, and a full list of all the vocalists and instrumentalists involved. Andrew and Duncan are to be commended for their work, which could be the answer for other bands wanting to arrange joint concerts with a choir, and looking for something more substantial than the “March of the Peers” or “The Lost Chord”. As for the recording, it is most highly recommended: an excellent hour’s music‐making, a moving musical experience and the chance to support a good cause in the process. Jana May, MDC Member. Metropolitan Detroit Chorale. "Half Notes" Newsletter. “I first became aware of the sound as I was driving to work. Slow, beautiful and reminiscent of. . .of what? I did not know. I had missed the introduction. But I knew there and then that I had to have it. As the music reached a crescendo, I knew I was listening to something special and fervently hoped the announcer would tell me what it was. She obliged: I had been listening to the National Youth Choir performing the Benedictus from Karl Jenkins’ The Armed Man: A Mass for Peace.”—anonymous listener review On May 21, 2006, the Metropolitan Detroit Chorale will have the privilege of presenting to its audience a very special piece of music, Karl Jenkins’ The Armed Man: A Mass for Peace. As of this writing, The Armed Man has been performed only twice in this country, once at Carnegie Hall in New York, and once at Stanford, California, so the MDC audience will be one of the first in North America to hear a live performance. The name Karl Jenkins is probably not a familiar one. He is a Welsh‐born and educated composer who was a jazz musician for a time; he has since begun composing choral and orchestral works. The Armed Man was commissioned by the Royal Armouries to commemorate the millennium, and was dedicated to the survivors of the Kosovo conflict. The release of the CD coincided almost to the day with the destruction of the World Trade Center towers in September of 2001, rendering the piece even more poignant and significant. Although Americans may not be familiar with Jenkins, those who live across the Atlantic certainly are. The Armed Man CD almost immediately shot to the top of the classical music chart and remained at or near the top for 30 consecutive weeks. It is still a very popular work and is performed frequently by choral groups on the continent and in the U.K. What is the reason for all this enthusiasm? That soon becomes clear as one listens to this work. The music is exciting because it is not what one comes to expect from a mass; rather, according to MDC director Pasquale Pascaretti, it is an attempt to forge a new genre, "world music," which combines comfortable, traditional Western forms such as the mass, the plainchant, and the ballad with less usual rhythms and harmones from around the world. In addition, the text of The Armed Man reflects this cross‐cultural intention, as well, including Western poetry (Kipling, Malory, Swift, Dryden, Tennyson), Bible verses, Japanese post‐Hiroshima poetry, a piece from the Hindu Mahabharata, and the Muslim call to prayer, along with traditional elements of the mass (Kyrie, Agnus Dei, Sanctus, Benedictus). It is not only the use of the unfamiliar that makes The Armed Man so compelling, however; it is the sheer excellence of the music itself. The Chorale began rehearsals for The Armed Man early in the fall of this year, touching briefly on the full choral pieces such as the “Kyrie”, the “Hymn Before Action”, and the “Benedictus”, and the singers were immediately filled with awe and excitement, and the certainty that here was something truly special. Despite the wide variety of musical styles, the piece is unified by its central theme as it explores mankind's bent toward the act of war and its terrible consequences. Jenkins' sympathy for the victims of the Kosovo conflict (and, indeed, for all victims of violent acts) is obvious, and his passionate belief in the detructiveness of war and in the necessity for peace shines through every line, spurring the listener to explore the issue and reach his or her own conclusions. Guy Wilson, Master of the Royal Armouries, said it best: "The theme that 'the armed man must be feared', which is the message of the song [L'Homme Arme (The Armed Man)], seemed to me painfully relevant to the 20th Century, and so the idea was born to commission a modern 'Armed Man Mass.' What better way both to look back and reflect as we leave behind the most war‐torn and destructive century in human history, and to look ahead with hope and commit ourselves to a new and more peaceful millennium. Audiophile Audition web magazine for music, audio & home theatre. Welsh composer/performer Jenkins began as a jazz soloist after studies at the Royal Academy of Music in London. Later he won awards for his advertising music, including the catchy theme for De Beers diamonds. He has now topped the classical charts around the world for his Adieamus choral projects and various classical works such as these. The UK’s Classic FM service presented him with an award for “outstanding service to classical music,” and this year he was awarded an OBE by the Queen. Jenkins has found a way to reach the widest possible audience with classical music without pandering to them in any way or falling into “light music” styles. The level of communication of much of his music is staggering, and in The Armed Man he has fashioned a work which uses the ancient mass structure to communicate a a powerful message of world peace. He has combined Eastern and Western texts for some of the movements lyrics, and draws on several different world cultures musically as well. The Mass was commissioned by the UK Royal Amouries with the intention of using it in educational work. The hope was that through its performances young people would be encouraged to give some thought to the vital issues of war and peace. Since its premiere performance at Royal Albert Hall in 2000, the mass has become the most popular choral work for performance in oratorio‐conscious Great Britain, and is one of the most frequently requested recordings on Classic FM. Many masses in the 15th and 16th centuries were based on popular songs of the period. One of the most famous was
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L’Homme Armé ‐ The Armed Man ‐ from the court of Charles the Bold of Burgundy around 1455. 30 masses were written on this tune. Jenkins felt the song’s message: “the armed man must be feared,” was painfully appropriate to our modern times. He felt the form of the Mass was also appropriate since our time‐system derives from Christianity. But the work’s theme is multicultural and worldwide ‐ affecting all humans. Prose and poetry from around the earth is interspersed between the movements. The initial part of the Mass has a strong military cast, with the beat of drums as the choir sings the theme tune. The menacing Sanctus has a primitive character leading to the inevitable beginning of war. Trumpet calls and drums bring on war and its uncontrolled destruction. There is a poem about the Hiroshima atom bomb attack written by a poet who was there and later died of leukemia. A passage from the Indian epic The Mahabharata illustrates that such mass destruction is not necessarily just a 20th century thing. The next section mourns the dead, remembering that one death is one too many. A reading concerns the loss and sense of guilt many survivors of the First World War felt when they returned home but their friends did not. The Benedictus tries to heal the wounds with faith in God and mankind, and leads to the upbeat conclusion, but with the dire threat of the returning Armed Man theme taking us back to the 15th century. The four soloists are all superb, and notice must be given to the Muezzin who makes the call to prayer early in the Mass. Jenkins’ Requiem, although a mass for the dead, actually has a more upbeat feeling about it than The Armed Man mass. Again the composer combines Western and Eastern texts and employs give Japanese haikus on the subject of death. The ancient shakuhachi flute and various ethnic drums are an important part of the score. Soprano Nicole Tibbels shines in many of the female vocals; there is also a boy soprano and a basso. The Latin, Japanese and English words of the 13 sections are printed in the note booklet. The second shorter choral work, in These Stones Horizon Sing, was commissioned for a Royal Gala Concert at the new home of the Welsh National Opera, and features words of three eminent Welsh poets in a mixture of English and Welsh. Even the incomprehensible words of three of the five movements don’t detract from the striking and often mesmerizing melodies and harmonies spun out by Jenkins in this optimistic and positive‐sounding choral/orchestral work. In addition to Terfel, harpist Catrin Finch and Nigel Hitchcock on soprano sax are heard in solo capacities in the moving work. Teresa Edwards: Programme Notes, Wellington College: Commissioned by Guy Wilson, Master of the Royal Armouries, Britain's oldest national museum, The Armed Man was concieved, initially, as a Millennium project but was dedicated by the composer to the victims of Kosovo. A marching army merges into reflections on Islamic and Christian calls to prayer, but a menacing Sanctus leads to war and mass destruction. The point that one death is one too many is made by the Agnus Dei but it is left to the Benedictus to heal the wounds of the survivors. The Mass ends with the the affirmation from Revelations that change is possible, that pain and death can be overcome. Jenkins has created moving and exciting music around excerpts from such sources as the Bible, poetry, songs and chants. These range from L'Homme Arme ("The armed man must be feared . . .", anon. 1450 ‐ 63) through the Islamic call to prayer, parts of the Christian Mass, poems by Dryden, Kipling, Malory, Swift, Sankichi and Wilson and from the Mahabharata. Hilary Finch. The Times, April 2000. Albert Hall. “THE armed man must be feared”. This medieval motto was incarnated in such a trenchant little tune in mid‐15th‐century Burgundy that, by the end of the following century, every composer worth his salt had written at least one Mass around it. Five hundred years on, Karl Jenkins (of Soft Machine and Adiemus) has added his own postscript. The Armed Man: A Mass for Peace was given its world premiere on Monday by the National Musicians Symphony Orchestra and the National Youth Choir, conducted by Grant Llewellyn. Imagine Britten’s War Requiem without the Requiem, and you have the concept. Imagine a cautious Lloyd‐Webber (Andrew) fused with a pastiche of selected periods of English church music, and you have the musical style. // The Armed Man theme, sung with trumpet‐like clarity by the excellent NYC, framed and haunted the work; Kyrie, Sanctus, Agnus Dei and Benedictus threaded their way through extracts from the Psalms, Kipling, Dryden, the Mahabharata and Tennyson. There was even an Islamic call to prayer, intoned by Mohamed Gad. / The Mass advanced with powerful momentum, although clapping after every number threatened to turn a pageant into a series of party pieces.But there was plenty to applaud. After a somewhat banal violin‐tracked, boy‐soprano Kyrie, sweetly enough sung by Simon Benn, and a swaggering Broadway‐style setting of Kipling’s Hymn before Action, the juxtaposition of Dryden’s “mortal Alarms” and Swift’s “How blest is he who for his country dies” led to the coup of the evening. At Dryden’s “Charge, charge!”, Jenkins created a firebomb of orchestral and human voices, dying suddenly to the Last Post of a solo bugler. In its aftershock, an accomplished quartet of soloists from the choir sang the post‐Hiroshima words of the poet Toge Sankichi; Julian Lloyd‐ Webber (who earlier had performed Elgar’s Cello Concerto) tracked the boy soprano in the Benedictus; and, with the broad, ballasted melodies and ever‐repeating rhythmic sequences which defined this work, Tennyson’s In Memoriam confidently rang out the old, rang in the new. "this reviewer" Cork School of Music Symphony Orchestra & Cork School of As part of an unusually busy weekend, I found myself going to the City Hall Music Fleischmann Choir. on Sunday afternoon to see old comrades sing the Cork premiere of Karl Jenkin’s ‘The Armed Man: A Mass for Peace’ and, wonderfully, there was a very good turn‐out for the concert, especially when you think that this was its second performance over the weekend. No mean feat for the
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marketing department. Settling in to the back of the balcony as the performance is about to begin, there is the usual level of shuffling, coughing, doors banging open & shut, chatting and general foostering, which is so much part of going to a concert in the City Hall these days. Well into the first movement of the Tchaikovsky, when the whole mood of the piece is being set up by the string section, we are assaulted by doors thumping, people climbing up and down the stairs and sidling past those who were there on time, with highly audible whispers of apology. And then there is the final act of removing outdoor garments which for some reason simply cannot be done in the corridor or lobby outside the hall and always must be accompanied by yet more whispering. This is entirely facilitated by the those on the doors coming into the hall to watch the performance and, as a result, are not stationed outside to ask people to wait for a break in performance before clattering into their seats. It is hugely disrespectful for those both on stage and off it who have made it there with time to spare. Whether you are permanently late, or have been genuinely and unavoidably delayed, I’m sorry for your trouble but it makes no odds to those inside – it is an unnecessary and unfair disruption and should be knocked on the head immediately. If you are late, then it is basic good manners to wait outside the hall until the end of the first movement (generally 5‐7 minutes, which if you are late will result in a considerably shorter wait time) and then make your way quickly and quietly to your seat. And someone should be outside the door to ensure this happens and not be lounging around or worse, walking around, the back of the hall, having a bit of a listen. You can tell, I’m sure, that this is a bit of a bugbear for me. Despite this, the mood settles and a hush descends over us all and focus is finally placed fully on the stage. Tchaikovsky’s 5th Symphony paints a very clear picture for me. It is redolent with the images of men walking to war; the heavy trudge of their footsteps and inevitability of the carnage to come, followed through the other three movements by the bloody mists rising from the battlefield after the battle, the officers wining and dining far from the scenes of horror and finally the rose‐tinted recollection of battles won by those same officers receiving medals over the bodies of their dead soldiers. Mmmm…lovely stuff. Perhaps all that came to mind because of the piece which was to follow. Who knows? It was technicolour‐vivid at the time. A quick word on the orchestra…when you are listening to them, it is hard to keep in mind that they are students, for the most part second‐ level students. The level of professionalism (in the good sense, not the union‐membership, work‐to‐rule sense) brought to this and other performances by this group is immense and must not be forgot. I have had the pleasure of both listening to and working with this bunch before and it is always a joy. These kids may never play as well again in their lives (as I know) once they stop studying music but that is a high standard at which to stop. Let us not forget that they are fitting in weekly an evening of orchestra rehearsal, possibly a theory class and equally possibly a chamber music rehearsal, on top of being expected to practise an hour every day (ha ha) and this is on top of school and sports and social life and study. No mean feat. And yet they do it and do it with enthusiasm.. I know, because I was one of those students. Quite simply, I loved this performance and I loved the Tchaikovsky. It is a piece into which they could really sink their teeth (a.k.a. difficult) but they mastered and performed it and held the audience. Some tiny criticisms would be a slight fluffing in one of the trumpet fanfares and in the string section it seemed to be a bit beyond them to shush and let the wind through with a tune in the last movement (yes, strings, occasionally you are the accompaniment, not the tune – amazing isn’t it?), but overall it was an involving and mastered performance.
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The second half was a different kettle of fish. This was the Cork Premier of Karl Jenkin’s work “The Armed Man: A Mass for Peace”. Opening with “L’homme armé”, a 15thC French song, and closing with “Better is Peace” (quoting Alfred Lord Tennyson), it is “the result of a special millennial commission from the Royal Armouries…” (programme notes). Mr Jenkins has had a wide and varied musical career, covering classical, jazz and other genres. “It’s difficult to think of another composer who could successfully place a muezzin’s call to prayer within a Mass setting and follow it with a Kyrie that quotes both Palestrina and Brazilian drum rhythms. That Karl Jenkins does so with such ease and to such powerful effect is a tribute to his remarkable skill and musical sensitivity” (programme notes). Couldn’t have said it better myself. Funnily enough, and I am ashamed to admit this, but I had never heard of Karl Jenkins before last Sunday, which is hard to credit when you realise that he appears to have gotten everywhere musically speaking – from experimental jazz to classical, from pop commercials to ethnic ecclesiastic, he has composed it all, it seems. But enough about the supremely multi‐talented Jenkins – suffice to say, the work is at one and the same time stirring and calming, brutal and utterly sweet, makes you feel hope and despair (but leaves you with hope, which is nice). If you can get a copy, have a listen – it’s worth it. The Fleischmann Choir also had a good night – looked well, sang well, need I say more? I don’t think I will – I’m running out of steam – so I’ll stop. But, just so as you have some idea of what we were listening to, here is the lyric to one of the parts of the Mass: "Torches" (part of the whole work)"The animals scattered in all directions, screaming terrible screams. Many were burning, others were burnt. All were shattered and scattered mindlessly, their eyes bulging. Some hugged their sons, others their fathers and mothers, unable to let them go, and so they died. Others leapt up in their thousands, faces disfigured and were consumed by the fire. Everywhere were bodies squirming on the ground, wings, eyes and paws all burning. They breathed their last as living torches." Oh by the bye, and back to reviewing the audience, may I add one final thing? Absolutely, and under no circumstances, should it be necessary to be eating something which comes in a crinkly wrapper. Ever. Even if you’re diabetic. Quiet foods can be brought instead. And, just so you know, opening a boiled sweet slowly does not make it quieter, it merely prolongs the misery. Winchester City Festival Choir. Programme notes for concert: February 2008 The Armed Man, by Karl Jenkins. A mass for Peace This work was commissioned for the millenium by Britain's Royal Armouries and is dedicated to the victims of the Kosovo crisis. L'Homme Arme is a song written at the court of Charles the Bold of Burgundy between 1450 and 1463, and was used in a series of sixteenth century masses. The Master of the Armouries, Guy Wilson, wrote in the programme notes for the first performance in April 2000 at the Albert Hall......"The theme that 'the armed man must be feared', which is the message of the song, seemed to be
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painfully relevant to the twentieth century, and so the idea was born to commission a modern 'Armed Man Mass'. What better way, within the frameworkof a Christian musical and liturgical form, both to look back and reflect as we leave behind the most war torn and destructive century in human history, and to look ahead with hope and commit ourselves to a new and more peaceful millenium". In the complete work, the mass begins with the beat of military drums, and a gradual building of orchestral and choral forces with the fifteenth century tune. This evening's performance of the Choral Suite begins with the Kyrie, which pays homage to the past by quoting from Palestrina's setting of L'Homme Arme, in which the beating of the drum returns. The Sanctus that follows is full of menace and has a primeval, tribal character that adds to it's power. Even the survivors can be hurt to destruction by war. The Benedictus heals those wounds in it's slow and stately affirmation of faith, and is followed by the Agnus Dei, with it's lyrical choral theme,reminding us of Christ's ultimate sacrifice. The last movement of this Choral Suite "Hymn before Action" is set to words by Rudyard Kipling. Themusic builds to it's final devastatung line "Lord, grant us strength to die". Karl Jenkins draws on a wide range of musical training and experience. After a classical training at Cardiff University, and the Royal Academy of Music in London, he worked as a jazz musician with Nucleus, and Ronnie Scott. He has received commissions from the Royal Ballet, BBC Proms in the Park, and HRH The Prince of Wales, among many. Following the premiere of the Armed Man by the National Youth Choir of Great Britain, NYCGB then made the first recording of it for Classic F‐M. Both of this evening's soloists took part in that recording, which has been "in the charts" ever since it's release. Bathc City Choir. Singers from City of Bath Bach Choir To Perform at Carnegie Hall Singers from The City of Bath Bach Choir will perform Karl Jenkins’ Requiem at Stern Auditorium/ Perelman Stage at Carnegie Hall on Monday, January 21, 2008, at 8 p.m. Also on the program will be Dr. Jenkins’ The Armed Man: A Mass for Peace. Dr. Jonathan Griffith, Co‐founder and Artistic Director of Distinguished Concerts International New York, will conduct the Distinguished Concerts Orchestra International and guest soloists. / The program, which takes place on Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Day, honours the life of the great pacifist and civil rights leader. The composer, Karl Jenkins, will be in residence in New York during the rehearsals and the concert. Dr. Griffith says: “This will be the first time that both the Requiem and The Armed Man have been performed on the same concert in the United States. Since Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. was a man of peace and of international stature, I felt this particular music of Karl Jenkins would be most appropriate for this important holiday.” The singers from the City of Bath Bach Choir will be rehearsing from now until their arrival in New York. Joint rehearsals with other singers performing on the program will begin three days in advance of the concert for a total of 9‐10 hours. The singers will join with other choristers from the United Kingdom, South Africa, Australia, Canada, and the United States. Although the performance is the singers’ primary purpose for being in New York, there will be time for the performers to partake of the culture of New York. If local community members want to help support the ensemble’s trip to New York, they should contact Helen Roberts, manager, 01749 841 086, or [email protected]. Dr. Karl Jenkins, OBE, Composer, was raised in Penclawdd, Gower, in Wales. He was educated at Gowerton Grammar School before reading music at the University of Wales, Cardiff. He then commenced postgraduate studies at the Royal Academy of Music, London. Recent commissions include works for the Royal Ballet, BBC Proms in the Park, the National Youth Orchestra of Wales, Bryn Terfel, Leslie Garret, Evelyn Glennie, and The Armed Man: a Mass for Peace, commissioned by the Royal Armouries and premiered at the Royal Albert Hall, London. Over 100 performances of this work have taken place in the UK in the past 18 months, while the CD, featuring the National Youth Choir of Great Britain and the London Philharmonic Orchestra, has gained Gold Disc status in the UK. In recent years, he has been made both a Fellow and an Associate of the Royal Academy of Music, where a room has been named in his honor, and has been awarded fellowships at Cardiff University, the Royal Welsh College of Music & Drama, Trinity College Carmarthen, and Swansea Institute. He was awarded an OBE, by Her Majesty The Queen, in the 2005 New Years Honors List; and a Doctor of Music by the University of Wales in 2006. Dr. Jonathan Griffith, Conductor, Co‐founder of Distinguished Concerts International New York and its Artistic Director and Principal Conductor, is an active conductor, educator, lecturer, and consultant. His conducting credits in this country and abroad include the Mormon Tabernacle Choir, Salt Lake City; Manhattan Philharmonic and New England Symphonic Ensemble, both in performances at Carnegie Hall; The European Symphony Orchestra, Spain; Bohuslava Martinu Philharmonia and Philharmonia Chorus, Virtuosi Pregensis Chamber Orchestra, Karlovy Vary Symphony Orchestra, and Dvorák Chamber Orchestra, Czech Republic; Bialystok State Philharmonic, Poland; and several regional orchestras and choruses in the U.S. As the conductor of the World Premiere of Earnestine Rodgers Robinson's The Nativity in Carnegie Hall, he was featured in an interview which aired on National Public Radio's Morning Edition, and also appeared in two recent documentaries about Ms. Robinson and her music – “Hidden Treasure” and “Sounds of a Miracle.” He made his Carnegie Hall conducting debut in 1989. His 45‐plus Carnegie Hall appearances span the major works of the classical repertoire and include the U.S. premieres of Taneyev's Upon Reading a Psalm, Czech composer Miloš Bok's Missa Solemnis, Luigi Boccherini's Villancicos, and Eugène Goossens' re‐orchestration of Handel's Messiah, as well as numerous world premieres, including Eric Funk's Pamelia, Seymour Bernstein's Song of Nature, and Robert Convery's The Unknown Region and I Have a Dream. He has served as chorus master for the Utah and Portland Opera companies; founded the Kansas City Chorale and the Jonathan Griffith Singers; and was a member of the faculties of the Conservatory of Music at the University of Missouri‐Kansas City, Wichita State University, Marylhurst University, and Warner Pacific College, the last two in Portland, Oregon. A native of St. Louis, he received his B.M.E. from the University of Kansas, an M.M.E. from Wichita State University, and his D.M.A. in Conducting from the University of Missouri‐Kansas City. Distinguished Concerts International New York was founded in early 2007 by Iris Derke, General Director; and Jonathan Griffith, Artistic Director and Principal Conductor. DCINY provides opportunities for choral, instrumental, jazz, and chamber ensembles, as well as conductors and soloists, to perform at such venues as Carnegie Hall/Stern Auditorium/Perelman Stage, Weill Recital Hall at Carnegie Hall, Zankel Hall at Carnegie Hall, Avery Fisher Hall, Jazz at Lincoln Center, and Town Hall in New York City. A strong component of DCINY’s mission is to enhance the concert experience through educational programs and incentives. These include support in meeting
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performance standards, optional master classes and seminars, and the freedom to make their own travel and hotel arrangements. Performers participating in The Armed Man: A Mass for Peace represent: Canberra Choral Society (AU); Lord Williams’ Festival Chorus (Buckinghamshire, UK); Salisbury Community Choir (Wiltshire, UK); Pro Cantu Youth Choir (Bellville, RSA); Crystal Coast Choral Society (Jacksonville, NC); Westlake United Methodist Church Chancel Choir (OH); Young People’s Chorus Concert Chorus and Young Men’s Chorus (New York, NY); and Jonathan Griffith Singers (US and CAN). Other choirs performing Requiem are Hilo Community Chorus (HI); University Showcase Singers (Hilo, HI); Young People’s Chorus Cantare and Young Men’s Chorus (New York, NY); and Scarsdale High School Chamber Choir (NY).
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For information about performing on DCINY’s series or about purchasing tickets to scheduled concerts, e‐mail [email protected], or visit www.DCINY.org. Dedham Choral. New England Premiere • Karl Jenkins: The Armed Man: A Mass for Peace featuring: Soloist: Elizabeth Anker, contralto & Handel & Haydn Society Youth Chorus “The Armed Man: A Mass For Peace" was commissioned for the millennium by The Royal Armouries'‐Britain's oldest national museum. The piece addresses the war torn history of the 20th century with a commitment to peace in the 21st. This performance will be the second US presentation of the accompanying film – the combination of music and pictures making the message of The Armed Man even more powerful. Karl Jenkins was commissioned by the Master of the British Royal Armouries, Guy Wilson, to write a work to commemorate the millennium. In his request, Mr. Wilson wanted to start with the theme portrayed by the fifteenth century French song L’Homme Armé, Mr. Wilson is quoted as saying “The theme of the song, that ‘the armed man must be feared’, seemed to me painfully relevant to the 20th century and so the idea was born to commission a modern ‘Armed Man Mass’; what better way both to look back and reflect as we leave behind the most war‐torn and destructive century in human history, and to look ahead with hope and commit ourselves to a new and more peaceful millennium.” Wanting to reflect on war and peace in a multi‐cultural, global society, Jenkins incorporated music from Muslim, Hindu, and Japanese sources, as well as adapting lyrics from biblical verses and classic poets. The work focuses on the consequences of war, the music becoming more compelling as it brings its audience through the dread anticipation leading up to war, and then through its devastating results. The concluding movements seek to bring a sense of healing and hope. The accompanying film, composed of vivid images mirroring the themes of the movements, serves to emphasize the physical and emotional impacts of war. This composition has quickly become one of the most popular performed choral works in Great Britain, and its recording has become an international bestselling album. Reviews of this work include: “A truly modern classic . . .stirring moody and misty qualities . . .staggered by the effect on audiences . . .most moving work . . . makes shivers run through your spine.” At times invigorating, at times hauntingly beautiful, and always powerful, the Mass has brought audiences to tears with its poignancy. 3:00 PM, Sunday, April 20, 2008 NEC's Jordan Hall, Boston, MA. Erin Richards. Storm of war, prayer for peace Orchestra, chorus to present concert Mass at cathedral By ERIN RICHARDS The sound of cannons will explode tonight from within the Cathedral of St. John the Evangelist. PHOTO OF CHOIR OMMITTED. Singers rehearse Sunday for The Armed Man: A Mass for Peace, to be presented tonight at the Cathedral of St. John the Evangelist. The concert Mass was first performed in Britain on Sept. 10, 2001, and took on new poignancy the next day with the terrorist attacks on the United States. ollowing the simulated artillery of bass drums, a battle charge of cellos and flutes and trumpets and trombones and shrieking humans will become hysterical enough to evoke images of war and death ‐ or images of the attack America withstood five years ago. The performance of "The Armed Man: A Mass for Peace," by the Menomonee Falls Symphony Orchestra and the Milwaukee archdiocesan and St. Sebastian choirs will commemorate Sept. 11, 2001, in a powerful and different way. Totaling 170 performers, the groups believe they are the first in the United States to perform the piece, written by Welsh composer Karl Jenkins more than five years ago. The theme suggests "the armed man must be feared" and that people must seek peace across cultures. "People are trying to find meaningful ways to pay tribute to and respect the events that happened on September 11, but many of them are short," said Michael Kamenski, director of the Menomonee Falls Symphony Orchestra and the conductor of tonight's production. "This is a full hour involving the drama of music and the power of words." The concert Mass, which involves the Latin Mass and secular texts, has 13 movements that draw from the Book of Revelation and authors such as Jonathan Swift, Rudyard Kipling and Toge Sankichi, a poet who wrote about the atom bomb attack on Hiroshima. He later died from radiation exposure. Perhaps the most appropriate soloist is Amjad Khleifat, who was approached by Milwaukee Archdiocesan Choir Director Jeff Honore and Kamenski to perform the second movement's "Adhaan" or "Call to Prayers," which Jenkins indicated should be recited in its native Arabic. From the marbled ambo in the center of the cathedral Sunday, Khleifat covered his ears and rehearsed, calling out to
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Allah in a sweeping, sitar‐like voice. "To do an Islamic call to prayer in this space is unusual; it shows that our first response should not be fear or terror, but peace," Honore said later from the back of the church. As the words, "Lord grant us strength to die!" rang out from the front, he added: "That's the power of this piece ‐ people on either side of the battle pray the same prayer." The Royal Armories museum in England commissioned Jenkins to write "The Armed Man" at the turn of the millennium as a way to remember past conflicts and look forward to a more peaceful future. But the Mass took on a larger significance after it was performed for the first time in Wales on Sept. 10, 2001. http://www.jsonline.com/story/index.aspx?id=494437> Annie Riddle, The Wiltshire. ARCHBISHOP Desmond Tutu is to appear at Salisbury's International Arts Festival this summer. The Nobel Peace Laureate will be in conversation with ITV news anchorman Mark Austin at the City Hall and will deliver a sermon in the Cathedral, where he will be made a Sarum Canon. His presence will be central to a Peace Weekend over the final three days of the Festival in June. The Archbishop's visit follows months of negotiations involving Festival director Jo Metcalf, Salisbury Community Choir's musical director Fiona Clarke and the Cathedral authorities. The trip was first mooted when the Community Choir was touring Cape Town last spring and Jo Metcalf flew out there to meet them. The visit coincides with the arrival of the 77‐strong Fezeka children's choir from the township of Gugulethu, who will perform Karl Jenkins' The Armed Man: A Mass for Peace in the Cathedral with SCC during the Festival, under the name The Rainbow Choir. At the Festival launch on Monday Ms Metcalf said: "It was Archbishop Tutu who coined the phrase Rainbow Nation for post‐apartheid South Africa, and he is extremely supportive of the Rainbow Choir project." It is hoped that Archbishop Tutu will have a chance to have tea with the children and hear them sing while he is here. Mark Claxton, The Leader‐Post. Just call the Regina Philharmonic Chorus a weapon of mass construction. The local semi‐professional vocal group will be joined Saturday at the Knox Metropolitan Church by the Regina Symphony Orchestra and the Halcyon Chamber Choir to perform The Armed Man: A Mass for Peace, a musical journey through the great armed conflicts of the 20th century. Composed by British musician Karl Jenkins, The Armed Man features an array of musical styles as it reflects on the horrors of war and our perennial hopes for peace. According to Andrea Norberg, who sings soprano in the chorus, the piece is anything but "traditional." PHOTO OF CHOIR AND CONDUCTOR OMMITTED. Artistic director Hart Godden put the Regina Philharmonic Chorus through its paces at a recent rehearsal. Bryan Schlosser, The Leader‐Post "It's unlike anything we've performed before," Norberg said during a recent interview. "It has some very modern stylistics and a lot of percussion. There is also a lot of jazz chording ... a lot of dissonance." At one point in the performance, every chorus member ‐‐ and there are more than 100 of them ‐‐ abandons singing altogether. "We start chanting 'charge' over and over again, and then everyone starts screaming," Norberg said. "It should raise a few eyebrows. When you have 100 of us doing it, it actually sounds like I imagine it would if a bomb was dropped on a city. "It starts with a lot of harsh melodies," Norberg said of Jenkins's work. "Then it moves toward the idea of hope that things will get better in the end. The music calms down." The composition was commissioned by Britain's Royal Armouries in 2000 to mark the arrival of the new millennium. "The CD was released on Sept. 10, 2001 (the day before terrorists levelled New York City's World Trade Centre)," Norberg said. "How's that for irony?" While the music's appeal for peace makes it timely as we enter 2007's holiday season, Norberg said its relative novelty in Canada also made it an intriguing project for the Regina Philharmonic Chorus and its artistic director, Hart Godden. "It's only been performed a handful of times in Canada," she said. "This is supposedly the first performance in Western Canada." Saturday's concert will also feature 19th‐century Czech composer Anton Dvorak's treatment of the early Christian hymn "Te Deum." "It makes use of much more conventional devices," Norberg said. "It's something every classical music lover can identify with." Soloists Leora Joy Godden, Katheryn Garden and Jeffrey Pufahl will also lend their voices to the performance, which will begin at 8 p.m. Tickets can be purchased at adult ($20) or student ($10) rates and for $5 for children under 12. They're available at Book and Brier, Bach and Beyond, Swanson Music or from any member of the Regina Philharmonic Chorus. The chorus itself, meanwhile, continues to welcome new members. Auditions are held twice each year and can be
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arranged by contacting Hart Godden at Knox Metropolitan United Church. NZ Live. The Armed Man: A Mass for Peace. Sat 07 Jun 2008. The South Auckland Choral Society is proud to present the Auckland premiere of The Armed Man, by award‐winning composer Karl Jenkins, together with the well‐loved Fauré Requiem in the Auckland Town Hall. The concert will feature a full orchestra and a massed choir of 150 voices. The South Auckland Choral Society will perform with The Franklin Community Choir, Sing Waiheke, St Matthew's Chamber Orchestra and Iain Tetley, as conductor. The St Matthew's Chamber Orchestra will be considerably enlarged for this performance to around 60 players, including 5 players on 22 percussion instruments, timpani, three trumpets, three trombones, four French horns and tuba, triple woodwind and strings. As originally performed in the UK, this concert will feature The Armed Man Film projected onto a large screen above the choir throughout, portraying wartime footage compiled specifically as a backdrop to the music, enriching the work in very moving and effective ways. Rob Cowan. "Arms around the world. Mass for Peace. Royal Albert Hall, London." The Independent. It's ironic that Britain's oldest museum should have commissioned a musical plea for peace that is also, in a sense, a museum. Karl Jenkins's stylistically regressive A Mass for Peace is viewed, and here I quote from the programme, as "the Royal Armouries' main contribution to the end of one millennium and the beginning of another". It provided the commission and the Masterclass Music Charitable Trust, in collaboration with Classic FM, organised the charity world premiere. The main body of Jenkins's Mass is flanked either end by the anonymous 15th‐century French song "L'homme armé". The fife‐and‐drum‐style opening soon gains momentum; there's a Muslim call to prayers (delivered unaccompanied by Mohamed Gad) and a theatrical setting of Swift and Dryden that builds to momentary cacophony then stops dead for "The Last Post". Jenkins softens his voice for a tranquil sequence where the "Agnus Dei" and "Benedictus" frame a setting of words by the Master of the Armouries. It ends with a comforting promise from the Book of Revelation. Grant Llewellyn conducted the National Youth Choir and National Musicians' Symphony Orchestra and a competent line‐ up of soloists. It seemed like an excellent performance. And the music? The sort of stuff you'd expect to hatch under a fairly stringent totalitarian regime: colourful, uncomplicated, hummable and safe. The multi‐cultural mix (Brazilian and Afro‐style drumming) is all well and good in principle, but I can't hear that Jenkins has done much with it. Think back to how Pärt, Reich, Tippett, Stravinsky and others embraced disparate cultures for the last millennium and you'll recall worlds where creative excitement was caught on the wing. These people challenged and changed us. Even Leonard Bernstein's Mass, awkward and tacky as it sometimes was, faced the present head‐on. Here, I felt like a prodigal son forced home to share something "normal" with mum and dad. The obvious parallel is with film music ‐ Zulu meets Disney, perhaps. And while it might have been interesting to pit my bewildered reactions against prolonged shouts of approval from the audience, I can't do that either. It will be interesting to see if the forthcoming Classic FM broadcast (scheduled for 5 May at 9pm) prompts the sort of positive reaction that Górecki's Third Symphony, Jan Garbarek's Officium and Gavin Bryars's Jesus' Blood Never Failed Me Yet achieved on the same station a few years ago. Prior to this, Llewellyn offered us a Schubertian account of Sullivan's The Yeomen of the Guard Overture (the oboe sounded like something out of Rosamunde) and Julian Lloyd Webber brought his customary warmth to Elgar's Cello Concerto. Classic FM's Jamie Crick revived the idea that the Concerto might well have worked as part of a war symphony. Eighty‐odd years on and its power remains undiminished. "Trinka"(USA) I sang this music in a concert‐and couldn't stop singing it . It is powerful and beautiful‐ and the message comes through loud and clear. This CD is in my car most of the time where I can sing along ‐ and hear the stirring drums and marching feet‐what an experience! K. G. Cameron (Brisbane, Australia) I purchased this CD because my choir was performing the piece. Having heard the CD I was overwhelmed by the sheer beauty of it. It is a very powerful piece and has been very well recorded. Some of the pronounciation in Track 1 is not the way the french speakers in our choir taught us, but apart from that, it is very well performed. Margaret M. Hinrichs "SF Chorister". "Powerful ‐ Haunting" Beautifully performed. This music is powerful, thought provoking, haunting, and finally hopeful. The CD has helped me tremendously in learning this piece. The group with
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which I sing is performing it soon. I hope we do it justice. Angela M. Hey. (USA) "A Mass that deserves a wide audience" One could be forgiven for thinking this was the start of Steve Reich's "trains" music at the beginning. Gradually the mass evolves with a variety of styles, tones and melodies. The Agnus Dei is especially haunting and beautifully written. Its a great gift for someone who likes choral music. William J. McGill. (USA) "A Modern Mass‐ter." This performance of Karl Jenkins "Mass for Peace" is a moving performance of a work and a composer who ought to be better known. The Sanctus alone is worth the full price of the CD. "Cory" (USA) "A pleasant surprise" Although I had heard only the "Kyrie" from this music composition, I was very surprised to find the rest of the work very interesting and charming to my ears, which is one the assets I look for when I listen to new musical pieces. It is a modern piece but with a touch of classical harmony to the chorals. Loved it. John Donohoe. (USA) I bought this product,"The Armed Man:A Mass for Peace", because I hate war, particularly the Iraq War which we are now embroiled in. While I understand that war is an ever present foe, not enough is done to retard its existence. I thought buying this CD would help me malign my fears of war's inevitable outcome and give me hope that those in power seek alternatives. The "Kyrie" drew me to this CD. It is a wonderfully spiritual piece of music. The whole CD, "The Armed Man:A Mass for Peace", is sung and performed in the glory of the major religions: Islam, Jewish, Christian. It transcends the Christian mass, in that, it strives with a prayer for peace. This is a very moving piece of music. Thank you. David Robinson (USA) "Accessible summation many musical styles." Karl Jenkins is a contemporary British composer perhaps most famous for his music for the de Beers diamond commercial‐‐the score that sounds like Vivaldi but isn't. In this commissioned Mass Jenkins sets out to sum up War and Peace in the 20th Century (it was a millennial project) and he mimics if not just the music of the 20th C. at least the music that we listened to in the century, at times you'll think Faure, at other times Monteverdi (although the liner notes say "Palestrina.") The overall effect is like a score for a movie, but a good score at that. The broad selection of texts is itself derivative from Britten's War Requiem and in a tip to multiculturalism also includes a Muslim call to prayer (somewhat pretentious in a Christian Mass, I think). The performances are strong with the National Youth Choir remarkably polished for their age and experience. Jenkins conducts and one could say "over conducts"‐‐as others have noted, the emphases seem a bit forced and many numbers end with a sudden staccato, an odd effect. The recording is the result of multiple takes in many different studios and the resultant mastering reflects this: The CD in no way sounds like an actual performance of the work. As John Lennon said of one Beatles album, "Play loud" and it's impressive. One man's pastiche is another man's familiar favorite and despite the lack of orginality this Mass is likely to have enduring popularity. "Sannox" "Jenkin's 'The Armed Man' ‐ old theme, new sound" This a powerful, brilliant new musical plea for peace based on a very old, much used theme from centuries ago. The performance and recording are worthy of the music.While some passages are supremely beautiful, this is not elevator music ‐ some juxtapositions of the sections are quite jarring (deliberatly so). However, it is a deeply satisfying work, well worth a careful listen. W. Jamison (USA) "Simply wonderful and moving" What a wonderful way to remember the last century! What a way to meditate on the prospect of peace or war in this one. This selects from the styles and melodies most primal and meaningful. At least it seems so while listening to them. I first became familiar with Karl Jenkins Mass when it was selected for Sacred Concert on Sunday morning and was so taken with it I almost stayed in the car to hear the end rather than go into church from the parking lot! I searched for it at our local libraries that afternoon and not finding it there took the plunge to order it from Amazon to add to my already overstuff Amazon furnished house. With the way this
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century is going so far this mass has good reason to be played over and over again. Gary J. Banuk. (USA) "Fantastic Choral" Once I heard a piece on the radio I had to have this CD. I was not disappointed at all. There are a couple of songs on this CD that will blow you away! I play this CD almost evry day. It is fantastic. I lend it to people and they want to keep it. If you are into choral music, this is the CD to get. Stephanie A. Dory. (USA) "Is it Bach, is it Mozart or maybe it's Haydn; NO it's Jenkins!!!!" This is one of the most beautiful Masses I have every heard and will have the pleasure to perform! It is truly a work of art. The Orchestral parts are just as important as the Vocal score. In most movements the orchestra doubles the vocal parts. Jenkins has brilliantly crafted a masterpiece and the power of the words, taken from many sources including the Bible and Rudyard Kipling makes this one of the greatest works of our time. You must hear this Mass!!!! A must to perform!!!! A must to own!!!! Samuel Hunter, (USA) "Accessible Classical Music" As written in other reviews, this piece is very accessible, perhaps not easy to listen to because of the subject matter, but accessible to all. The first time I listened to it, I was overwhelmed. However, as a fan of earlier 20th century and late 19th century romantic works, I have not found this disc as captivating past one listening as some of these other works, for example, the Dona Nobis Pacem by Ralph Vaughan‐Williams, as mentioned in another review. The length of the piece relies on repetition, ad nauseum, which is used to great effect in some places (movement 7 comes to mind), but is used constantly throughout the piece without much harmonic, melodic, or textual variation. All in all, I think it is a very beautiful and noble piece, with a very noble goal (which we should all strive toward in the 21st century), but will not have the shelf life in my listening as most of my favorites. "Queen of Annwen" "Incredible, powerful music." I first heard of this piece when I discovered our local orchestra (which I am in) was to be performing the American premier. Sadly, I waited a long while to get this music, and I am very disappointed in myself that I did. Jenkins score is both complex and simple, tragic and beautiful all at once. Beautiful music, ranging from incredible dynamics to astounding chorals and so much more, this is certainly worth having on in the backround. Powerful text and music swirl into a marvelous combination making this an excellent piece that is certainly worth owning. Particularly the Hymn Before Battle and Charge!, which present some of the best music of this recording. Ten stars, definitely worth getting! H.P. Chila (USA) "Superb ear candy." Very listenable, ambitious yet the music doesn't suffer for service to an ideal. On several plays, there are many ideas that could have been followed through with more complete development. Jenkins does tend to follow certain patterns but he does so very well. And his eclecticism works with an unforced feeling. Very much a relief to hear a modern composer that doesn't shun being appealing, lyrical, and melodic. William H. Mathis. "Bill" (USA) "Great work ‐ great recording" This 3‐year‐old work is a modern classic ‐‐ both powerfully conceived and craftily composed. The recording with the National Youth Choir of Great Britain is just wonderful. After hearing it a few times, I decided that we're going to perform it in Minneapolis next spring for a weekend built around the subject of peace. The music is published by Boosey and Hawkes, London. B.A. Wheaton (NZ) I like the music but the volume swings are far too big for any of my four sound systems to cope with. Constantly using the volume control.
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William D. Vinson (USA) This is a marvelous piece of music and reminds me of Dona Nobis Pacem by Williams which is my all time favorite. The various movements are relatively simple but very dramatic and the melodies stay with one for a long time. I highly recommend it. "FPB" (USA) "For the eclectic listener." Tired of the standard baroque; oversatiated with theme albums:'midnight favoritites" etc. ; if so try Karl Jenkins and travel to a music space you've longed for but never visited for more than a few chords; vigorous yet sublime; martial yet peaceful and altogether beautiful. Rosemary Bayliss. The Wokingham Times. A Concert to Commemorate the War The Hexagon Of the many commemorations of the end of the Second World War that there have been this year, this concert must have been one of the best. To focus our attention on what the war had meant to ordinary people, all the performers wore a poppy and the programme itself had some accounts of what it had been like and here and there were prints of old posters and photos. The music reflected the fact that the end of the war was a time of great rejoicing as well as of sadness and remembrance. The guest singers, Berkshire Youth Choir, opened the concert with a neat, attractive performance of Reading Abbey's own Summer Is A‐Coming In. For these confident, well‐prepared singers their programme of composers like Bardos and Tavener, with their unexpected progressions and harmonies, presented no problem. Before they joined the full choir, The Tamesis Chamber Choir, conducted by Louise Rapple, sang Morten Lauridsen's O Magnum Mysterium, bringing a quiet tranquillity to this calm meditation. Karl Jenkin's The Armed Man: A Mass for Peace summed up the purpose of this concert. Aidan Oliver conducted the combined choirs and the Brandenburg Sinfonia in a dramatic performance which ranged from the mighty Sanctus to the moving quiet Benedictus with its tender recurring theme. The second part of the concert was a lively performance of Mozart's Requiem, where the choir's control and attack were excellent. From The Wokingham Times Nov. 2005 © Rosemary Bayliss. Lloyd Dykk. Review: "Mass for peace 'unconvincing'" Vancouver SunSunday, March 16, 2008 The Armed Man and The House Stand Not Far Apart Vancouver Bach Choir, Richard Eaton Singers, Vancouver Symphony under Bruce Pullan Saturday, Orpheum VANCOUVER ‐ International peace and reconciliation were the theme of the Vancouver Bach Choir's concert on Saturday, though one piece seemed more likely to start a war than prevent one. This was The Armed Man by the Welsh‐born English composer Karl Jenkins, which has had an astonishing 200‐plus performances since it saw the light of day in 1999. It's a mass for peace that was commissioned by Britain's oldest national museum, the Royal Armouries, as it approached the new millennium and needed something to commemorate itself. So they approached Jenkins, until then known as a composer of world music, TV jingles and jazz, and this is what he gave them. He based this more than hour‐long thing on the 15th‐century Provençal folk tune, L'Homme armé, the main melody, or canto firmo's, words reading, "The armed man must be feared; everywhere it has been decreed that every man should arm himself with an iron coat of mail." There were at least 30 Armed Man masses written from the 15th to early‐17th centuries. It's uncertain whether they were intended as a populist outcry against soldiery in general or as an expression of the lawlessness of the 15th‐century French mercenaries or as a gesture of the church to celebrate papal supremacy. Regardless, this new Armed Man mass has good intentions but bad carry‐through. Despite a good performance by the Bach Choir and the 120 voices of Edmonton's Richard Eaton Singers, I was never even vaguely touched by it, let alone remotely convinced. Despite its attempts at sincerity and classical models, it could never have been written without John Williams's film music and it sounds as pop in its basic style as its text is a macaroni of the Bible, Kipling, Dryden, Swift, Malory, Tennyson and the Mahabharata (textually the only part I found effective). It's got a few too many bells and whistles (literally) to take seriously and an upbeat ending that's as unearned and unconvincing just as everything preceding it feels slick and fraudulent. Charge, one of the longest sections, is actually laughable, and the benedictus brought new meaning to the term repetitious. An immeasurably better work, just written and less than half the length was Edmonton composer John Estacio's The Houses Stand Not Far Apart. This is a cantata divided into four parts, with text by playwright John Murrell.
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This time, the feeling is genuine and intrinsically about war ‐ it has an inexplicably disturbing feeling about it ‐ in parts called The Houses Stand Not Far Apart, They Are Dancing, They Are Weeping and Forgive the Years, which form a sort of parable. The music is serious, somber and restless, totally approachable and touched by a feeling of discord and delicate but sharp tonal clashes. It's varied yet still of‐a‐piece and confidently, aggressively scored for full orchestra, lots of percussion and large choir. It held my attention every minute and was wonderfully performed by the choir, the orchestra and especially the two soloists, baritone Aaron St. Clair Nicholson and soprano Kathryn Domoney. [email protected] © Vancouver Sun Roger Wilson. "Mass production" (Review in NZ Listener July 15‐21, 2006, Vol 204, No 3453) Karl Jenkins' The Armed Man , commissioned by the Royal Armouries to commemorate the millennium, is an extraordinary phenomenon, enormously popular in the UK and beyond (see DVD review, page 49). Played to often full houses, it has been a boon financially to large choirs and, on the strength of this performance, should give the Orpheus Choir great encouragement. It’s easy to recognise Jenkins the film composer in this score, which, though sometimes veering towards Exodus and Lawrence of Arabia, is also full of simple, sure‐fire effects. The work begins and ends with treatments of the famous 15th‐century song “L’homme armé†and comprises movements of the liturgical mass interspersed with settings of texts from the Bible, the Mahabharata, Arabic writings and poets as diverse as Malory and Kipling. There’s little musically subtle about The Armed Man. Much of the choral writing is in unison, giving clarity of texts if no great lyrical invention, and at the Wellington Town Hall the Orpheus Choir was in fine form. There are marching feet, a great battery of percussion and plentiful fanfares. The plangent Last Post, played by a trumpet at the back of the gallery, is a fail‐safe emotional device, as is a muezzin’s call from the same position. Four excellent vocal soloists were rather under‐utilised, though they all sang some often ungracefully written music. The orchestral writing was also occasionally awkward, the solo cellist coping well with some cruel string crossings in the upper register. There were moments of banality, but the sheer energy of the performance prevailed. The best music was in the concert’s first half. Helen Medlyn sang the “Field of Death†aria from Alexander Nevsky with gripping poignancy, demonstrating that Prokofiev could condense more musical emotion into 10 minutes than Jenkins could into over an hour. Equally sombre were Mussorgsky's Songs and Dances of Death in the Shostakovich orchestration. Grant Dickson, ever in resplendent voice, gave a deeply committed performance of these marvellous songs. The decision to sing them in translation, to ease understanding of what are essentially short operatic scenes, cannot be faulted, but English, however beautifully enunciated, pales beside the colour and directness of the Russian language. So, a well‐earned success for the Orpheus Choir with an imaginative programme under Michael Fulcherâ's sure direction. It's probably unfair to reflect on how much more powerfully Britten's War Requiem and Shostakovich's 13th Symphony make similar anti‐war statements, but whatever reservations one might have about Jenkins's rather contrived realisation of an interesting musical idea, there was no gainsaying the strong emotional impact of a fine performance on a large audience. THE ARMED MAN: A MASS FOR PEACE, the Orpheus Choir of Wellington, conducted by Michael Fulcher, Wellington Town Hall Carla Whalen. "Karl Jenkins: The Armed Band." The Scotsman, Edinburgh. KARL JENKINS: THE ARMED MAN **** GLASGOW ROYAL CONCERT HALL THERE was a real sense of occasion on Sunday evening as a large audience gathered for this charity performance. The concert opened with Jenkins's Passacaglia, which showcased the impeccable ensemble playing of the RSNO strings as well as the notable solo talent of its four principal players. The strings continued to impress in the highly stylised three‐ movement Palladio. The Mass for Peace saw five local choirs joined on stage by a full symphony orchestra, soprano Ailish Tynan and Jenkins himself. By setting elements of the Christian mass alongside Muslim and Hindu religious references, as well as Japanese poetry, Jenkins clearly intended this piece to reflect the realities of war and peace in a multicultural society ‐ a very apt sentiment on what was the anniversary of 9/11. Emma Loat and Rima Gasperas. Altringcham Choral Society. CONCERT REVIEW ‐ Saturday 12th November 2005 at the RNCM Ariel Ramirez – Misa Criolla Karl Jenkins – The Armed Man: A Mass for Peace Review by Emma Loat (Contralto 1) and Rima Gasperas (Soprano 1) The Best Yet? This was certainly the most adventurous and exciting concert that ACS has put on since the two of us joined in September 2004 ‐ and after listening to the feedback from other choir members it was probably the best concert in the last 25 years! It was a challenging and mixed programme. Perhaps its success is best reflected by the large and enthusiastic audience (not all friends of the choir!) – who were attracted
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by the interesting and less ‘traditional’ programme. Despite Steven’s valiant efforts to sing the tenor solo during our rehearsals, the choir parts for the Ramirez really began to come alive on the day of the concert with tenor Alexander Grove and the eclectic RNCM instrumental accompaniment ‐ including guitar and percussion. This can’t be classed as your typical choral piece – it is more of a solo with choral accompaniment – which relied on a very confident, virtuosic and talented soloist! Our spies in the audience were pleasantly surprised to hear ACS singing something so folky and rhythmic; we even managed to sound vaguely Spanish! It was a pity it was so short, as the overall effect was quite hypnotic and entrancing. All in all it was a remarkable success. We look forward to more ‘left field’ repertoire selection in the future. The instrumental part of the concert comprised our accompanist Lydia Bryan and guest organist Jeffrey Makinson playing solo pieces. Lydia continued the Hispanic theme with a piece by Manuel de Falla. Jeffrey, as a complete contrast, played a classic Bach Fantasia and Fugue with impressive precision and masterful pedalling.
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After the interval came the much anticipated Karl Jenkins’ The Armed Man. During rehearsal we’d found it a little mundane, trite and repetitive. However, in performance with instrumental accompaniment things were somewhat different. Even in the afternoon rehearsal at the RNCM (which was a record length!) the intensity and meaning in the music started to make an impact. When we were practising the ‘theatrical’ elements in Altrincham Methodist Church we were not entirely convinced that the marching, screaming and head bowing would work. On the night, however, all the elements – singing, instrumental playing, image projection and dramatisation ‐ came together. Steven obviously believed in the work and had put a lot of time and effort into its staging. The result was highly effective and better ‐ so some audience members thought ‐ than Karl Jenkins’ own recent performance in Liverpool. Steven’s visuals, which included pictures of the horrors of war and photos of the twin towers during 9/11, seemed to connect powerfully with the audience. The Muslim Call to Prayer was performed by 11 year old Thabet Abdulmalek. Despite his youth, he showed the confidence and maturity of delivery which would be expected of a much older Muezzin. Short solo performances by choir members Helen McBride and Amy Smith were extraordinarily touching and evocative. Audience and choir were well aware of the poignancy of the piece, being given on the day before Remembrance Sunday. At the end, a sustained silence – rather than an immediate round of applause – acknowledged our performance. At the ‘debriefing’ session on the following Monday rehearsal, many choir members wanted to report how affected their guests in the audience had been. One group of friends who had planned a celebratory dinner afterwards felt it was inappropriate to the occasion – and cancelled it. A member of 25 years’ standing could not remember a more emotional performance. An email from a new guest said simply: “It was a deeply moving and truly prayerful experience. You are a very fine choir.” A little PS – We (and many of the audience) thought the ladies’ concert dress of all black was smart and effective and that we should adopt this style permanently. Arlene Bachanov. "The armed man must be feared." Daily Telegram. Adrian. Mich. These opening lyrics of Welsh composer Karl Jenkins’ “The Armed Man: A Mass For Peace” certainly set the tone for a text for our times, and even more so when you know that this piece, which was written as a reflection on the Bosnian genocide, ended up — completely by coincidence, of course — being released on Sept. 11, 2001. The Lenawee Community Chorus chose this work for its 40th anniversary concert in the Adrian College Chapel on Sunday, and to say that it was an ambitious undertaking is an understatement. With the combined forces of the LCC, the Adrian College Choir, solo singers and an orchestra of more than two dozen, all conducted by LCC director Thomas Hodgman, by any measure this was a major piece for this group to tackle. And the results were quite amazing. It’s not that Jenkins’ work is technically tough to perform, because it’s really not. But the cumulative emotional impact is very striking. In a post‐9/11 world, the idea of a musical work that uses as its foundation a Christian vs. Muslim struggle — the above‐ mentioned opening lyrics come from a 15th century French song that was a rallying call to go fight in the Crusades, and it’s immediately followed in Jenkins’ piece by the traditional Muslim call to prayer — is a fairly bold thing. And yet, the whole point of the work is precisely to say, as the concluding text does, that “better is peace than always war/And better is peace than evermore war/Ring out the thousand wars of old, ring in the thousand years of peace.” In addition to the French song and the Arabic chant that begin the work, Jenkins draws from many sources to create his text, including the Bible, the Ordinary of the Mass, and writings by authors including Kipling, Dryden, Swift, Malory and Tennyson. The end result is a work that’s richly contented and quite thought‐provoking. The opening rallying cry for war comes in suitably martial fashion, with the sound of marching feet combined with flute and percussion and trumpets juxtaposed with the lyrics. Then the Muslim call to prayer and Christian texts from the Psalms and the Mass are juxtaposed in interesting fashion, with the first psalm punctuated by a huge percussion crash that sounds like a cannon shot. Hearing such deeply spiritual literature set in such a warlike atmosphere is certainly jarring, but of course that’s the point. But even more jarring is the depiction of the battle itself and its aftermath. The charge into action, which begins with huge trumpet fanfares and percussion that evokes the sound of rifle volleys, builds to a tremendous crescendo followed by the chorus, literally, screaming as the battle is joined. Then comes a pair of texts dealing with the horrifying results of war (the lyrics to which are none too pleasant to hear or read in the program), a poignant survivor’s lament, and a really beautiful Benedictus, before the work concludes with the stirring, hopeful “Better is Peace.”
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In addition to the fact that chorus and orchestra alike certainly rose to the occasion with this piece — the LCC’s growth in quality over the years of Hodgman’s leadership is readily apparent, as is the quality of the college choir, which he also directs — there was some very nice solo work by singers Elizabeth Major (who was required to sing lower than her normal range, which was no small feat to pull off as perfectly as she did) and students Nicholas Fuqua, Justin Kulman, Molly Muller and Amy Rader, as well as by cellist Diane Platte, who was responsible for the lovely solo line in the Benedictus, and by trumpeter Lori Bitz, who at one point was literally in the chapel’s basement providing a distant, mournful trumpet call introducing the battle‘s aftermath. It also must be said that the college chapel always provides some, um, acoustical challenges for any performance done there, and Joe Jenkins and his crew did a great job of overcoming those potential pitfalls as well as providing the very effective additional sound effects the piece requires. In today’s world, “The Armed Man” is an especially resonant piece, one that transcends politics as it calls humanity to a better way than war, and constructed in a way that ends up being a powerfully emotional musical statement. And Sunday’s performance of it was a really very fine collaborative effort between the community chorus, the college choir, and the instrumentalists. The community chorus certainly pulled out all the stops for its 40th anniversary concert, and the results were deeply satisfying. http://www.lenconnect.com/archive/x1041575120> P. L. Snowcroft. Doncaster Choral Society. So, a notable occasion. Messiah may or may not be Handel’s greatest oratorio (it is certainly atypical in the genre), but its place on the social and musical fabric of this country for two and a half centuries is undisputed and I like to think that the Society’s fine work in it owed something to that awareness of that tradition. A month earlier (12 November) it tackled something much more recent, though a piece communicating at least as directly to singers and audience, Karl Jenkins’ The Armed Man Mass of 2000. This was the major item of a so‐stylish Concert of Remembrance and its eclecticism is apparent in both words and music. It does set four movements of the standard Mass, Kyrie, Sanctus, Agnus Dei and Benedictus, in that order, but interspersed with these is a memorable and varied collection of more recent words, portraying between them the clamour and excitement of war but also its ultimate futility (the work subtitled A Mass for Peace). Musically it quotes the medieval song The Armed Man, appropriately so for two reasons, the other being that around 1500 this song was incorporated in several otherwise standard settings of the mass. The musical language is generally accessible, if fierce, and the choir relishes it with Alan Eost securing singing of much power and excitement. Soloists Rachel Anne Oakes (soprano) and Carey Williams (bass) made important contributions and so did the instrumentalists! Peter Heginbotham (organ), Ron and Monica law (piano duet) and seven members of the South Yorkshire Symphony Orchestra: flute, doubling piccolo, three percussionists, contributing much to the work’s sound and fury, cello which has a marvellously lyrical role to play, and two trumpets, the first of whom, with more to do, earned high praise for his excellent work. The Jenkins was preceded by other aspects of the ‘remembrance’ theme, both words and music. The choir provided four short choruses; loosely described as ‘anthems’ though two of Parry’s Songs of Farewell are not strictly so though at least one has long been in the cathedral repertory and they were published appropriately, in 1918. The real anthems by Charles Wood and Thomas Tertius Noble were not quite their equal but I was delighted to make their acquaintance, especially in these interpretations notable for particularly good diction. In between Kevin Spence and Jan Townend provided imaginatively chosen and well‐delivered poetry and prose readings on the subject of war, widely interpreted. Altogether this was a strikingly moving act of remembrance with words and music complementing each other remarkably. The Society’s enterprise in putting them on was, pleasingly, reasonably well rewarded at the box office. Hamilton Civic Choir NZ. Recent critical acclaim: Who: Gallagher Group Hamilton Civic Choir / What: War and Peace / When: Sunday 13th April, 2008 / Where: Founders Theatre /Musical Director: Rachael Griffiths‐Hughes and Guest Conductor: Rupert D’Cruze Soloists ‐ Elaine Wogan: Soprano, Kate Spence: Contralto, Iain Tetley: Tenor, Hadleigh Adams: Baritone, Jonathan Eyers: Treble, Yotam Levy: Cello, Asad Abdullahi: Call to Prayers Reviewed by Andrew Buchanan‐Smart The Choir dressed in black with an appropriate red poppy for these Masses and the ANZAC season, produced a deeply moving performance for this significant musical event. Haydn’s Mass in Time of War conducted by Rachael Griffiths‐Hughes displayed all the hallmarks of a quality Haydn performance. Attention to detail started with the choice of soloists where the balance was a nigh‐on‐perfect match, in which their individual vocal colours blended to add extra riches. Hadleigh Adams provided an especially rich and dark patina. Karl Jenkins’ The Armed Man: A Mass for Peace conducted by Rupert D’Cruze was a musical experience that reflected on war and peace in a multi‐cultural, global society. The thirteen sections of the Mass used melodies and film to convey the senselessness of war and suffering. This was a very powerful composition in both its imagery and execution, and the sense of awe left this writer emotionally drained. The choir, accompanied by the Opus Chamber Orchestra and members of the Waikato Youth Orchestra, should be exceptionally pleased with the quality and totality of the performance. The near‐full theatre and standing ovation were testament to its emotional impact. NB. The reviewer is a life member of the Opus organisation
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10 November 2007 Vivien Window 40th Anniversary Concert Market Harborough Choral Society's choice for this concert was perfect for Remembrance Day and certainly proved how far they have come in 40 years of existence. With over 90 choir members and supported by pupils from Kibworth High School, and members of Leicester Symphony Orchestra, their performance of " The Armed Man, a mass for peace", by Karl Jenkins was one of the most moving events I have attended. All the concert was exceptional. Before the interval Alan Barraclough played Handel's Organ Concerto in G minor and the choir repeated parts of their inaugural performance, 40 years ago, of Handel's "Messiah". However even this great audience pleaser couldn't match the Karl Jenkins's piece for impact. "The Armed Man" was commissioned for the millennium celebrations and was initially dedicated to the victims of Kosovo. It used sections of traditional mass interspersed with texts from such various sources as Dryden, Swift, Tennyson, Kipling, the Koran, verse written by a Hiroshima victim and, in a particularly harrowing section, the Hindu Mahabharata. This unusual mix gave us a Muslim muezzin's call to prayer followed by the beautiful Kyrie "Lord have mercy". Then Kipling's "Hymn before action" and Dryden's "Charge!" with its terrifying climax of blaring trumpets, crashing drums and agonised screams of dying, was followed by an eerie silence broken by the evocative sound of the lone trumpet playing "The Last Post". The mass began and ended with the use of the marching L'homme Arme tune, but the final words were "Better is peace". This was not a concert you could nap through! It was thought provoking, unexpected and most of all, beautifully performed. The founder members of the Choral Society in the audience must have been very proud of the society that they began. Wellington College/Crowthorne Chorale Society Preview. 20 March 2005. Commissioned by Guy Wilson, Master of the Royal Armouries, Britain's oldest national museum, The Armed Man was concieved, initially, as a Millennium project but was dedicated by the composer to the victims of Kosovo. A marching army merges into reflections on Islamic and Christian calls to prayer, but a menacing Sanctus leads to war and mass destruction. The point that one death is one too many is made by the Agnus Dei but it is left to the Benedictus to heal the wounds of the survivors. The Mass ends with the the affirmation from Revelations that change is possible, that pain and death can be overcome. Jenkins has created moving and exciting music around excerpts from such sources as the Bible, poetry, songs and chants. These range from L'Homme Arme ("The armed man must be feared . . .", anon. 1450 ‐ 63) through the Islamic call to prayer, parts of the Christian Mass, poems by Dryden, Kipling, Malory, Swift, Sankichi and Wilson and from the Mahabharata. Kludge One of the few albums i've not been able to truely multitask doing other things while listening to ready for rating and review. This album appealed to a part of my musical palette which isn't often exercised, but this album has given me great enjoyment from start to end, very storylike as intended by Jenkins, both mellower parts, and orchestral blasts when needed... Very dynamic in ranges, a deliciously crisp production. Faultless! "juno_w_setsbrig" This epic piece speaks out against war, in lyrics but in music too: trumpet and drum rolls charging, dramatic strides of the orchestra foreshadowing certain doom. Violins and soprano's mourn the dead or the fate of man, a church organ drives home some moral indignation. A medieval folk song brings hope and then the choir sings a last goodbye. Wonderful full sound: the grand classical chorus especially, and the beautiful orchestral arrangements. Also the solo vocals and instrumental performances are way beyond reproach. It's not against the law, but this 21st century classical piece is far from modern: the instrumentation in particular seems intentionally traditional. The swing in much of the pieces is poppy and at times it sounds like film music. But I hear no adventurous dissonance, no jazz. It's almost like a forgery, an alledgedly unknown Bach passion found in someone's attic ‐ too poppy to convince. I guess that gave me the thought of progrock on a highbrow stipendum. Or it's a mindfuck, knowing Jenkins was a Softmachine member. But it's damn pretty music. "mojojeff" The Armed Man: A Mass For Peace is a perfect example how a master musician such as Karl Jenkins can drift from one genre of music to another. Ex The Soft Machine member Jenkins ability in the world of modern Classical music is firmly assured on this massive, soaring work that he has produced here. Commissioned by Master of the Armouries' man Guy Wilson, Jenkins' vision is immense and vivid in this melodic modern‐day Mass for Britain's oldest historical museum.....The Royal Armouries. Karl Jenkins utilizes texts from the Bible and historical sources for his lyrical content to terrific affect. It is a mighty work...at times barbaric and hostile as with "Charge!" and at other times simply beautiful in its construction. "Benedictus" is an obvious candidate as a one of the most prepossessing melodies I have ever had the pleasure to hear. The Armed Man: A Mass For Peace is a modern Classical work that wears its heart on its sleeve...unnerving at times it most certainly is, but at all times tragically relevant in todays war‐stricken society. DVD Robert Smith from Ashby de la Zouch, Leics.,Brings war to life as good as Holst's Mars Over the last few months I have rented dvds of operas of composers whose orchestration to my mind leaves a lot to be desired. This was largely due to already owning over 100 of the more musical operas. It was therefore a treat to find music of this calabre from a living composer, although I had heard the often played piece. Terrific music and fantastic use of both chorus and particularly
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drums. DVD D Huckle from Stockton‐on‐Tees, "As one who survived when many around me did not I was deeply moved. Anyone with first hand experience must be sickened by politicians who try to justify going to war. It is the poor and the innocent who suffer most. The rich and the politicians stay out of harms way. The troops are just numbers on casualty lists to them, whilst they do not even count the dead women and children. " DVD Richard Gill from England, "Peace be with us all. I have listened to the CD of this work many times. The DVD version, with its large screen display behind the choir, brings an added dimension. Stirring, thought provoking images and music. Politicians from every nation should be made to watch this before they take office DVD "A Customer from Cornwall, England" Superb. I actually mis‐rated this as 3 stars due to my incompetence, clicking on what I thought was a link, but turned out to be a rating bar. Doh! Just can't get the staff. This is stirring stuff from Mr Jenkins. I thoroughly recommend it. DVD “A Customer from England” I had heard some of the music before and the rest is just as good. The images are quite haunting, but it is really worth watching. “sybileous” Why am I the first to review this? Everyone should set aside some time to absorb this amazingly powerful and moving work. With orchestra, choir and background film of conflict through the ages ‐ sounds odd, I know ‐ this makes a musical statement that should make us all think. “P.Alvarez”vivaldi116”” First of all the people that wrote the above reviews can't even write and apparently have no idea or understanding of liturgical nor sacred music. The best advise to follow here, is the one by the editors of amazon.com. Secondly; the "Armed Man" here was a very popular song in the middle ages that many composers in the renaissance(Josquin,Dufay etc.)wrote a mass inspired by it. The practice of writing masses or influenced by popular tunes was questioned and stopped in the renaissance by the Trent Council in the Vatican.In this work Mr. Jenkins does not tries to follow the individual sections of the mass, still does a wonderful work. Armed Man:A Mass for piece is a work calling for peace in our troubled times....I really love this CD...Indeed a five‐star!!!!! 12.01.05 Adam D. Booth “A piece featuring Mass texts” “I normally have an inbuilt dislike for setting of the Mass texts which are blatanly liturgically useless (eg. Vivaldi's Gloria), but I have to admit to quite liking this. It really is inaccurate to describe it as a Mass setting: it is a concert piece which simply happens to feature some Mass texts. Looked at in this way, its positive features come through. The combination of medium and message is masterful. The choices of text are clever and respected by the music, which preserves their individual integrity whilst still creating a coherent piece of music. Sometimes the music is a little obvious (eg. the percussion before "Bloody Men" in the chant section), but sometimes this is needed when writing for a diverse audience” [reviewer profile: I'm a doctoral student in the Logic group at UC‐Berkeley. Prior to that, I studied Mathematics at the University of Oxford. As of Fall 2008, I'll be starting formation in the Indiana Province of the Congregation of the Holy Cross, hoping to be a Catholic priest.] “MPW” Karl Jenkins music is fresh without it being weird, familiar without it being cliched. His approach to harmonic progression is structured and logical, yet still is wonderfully original. Of the CDs I have of his, this is the most traditional in style. It is inspiring and intriguing, but on first listen, parts of it come off as a little ordinary. On second or third listen, however, the originality and craftsmanship comes through. I taught my choir the Sanctus; it was easy to learn, and after we sang it on a Sunday as a prelude, we received several favorable comments from the congregation. (The most puzzling was "I loved the Gregorian Chant you sang.."!! The only thing the Sanctus shares with Gregorian chant is the Latin..) Still, the choir loves it, the congregation loves it, and my middle‐school and high‐school daughters love listening to the up‐ tempo numbers in the car. DVD Patrick Rossiter. This DVD is an experience not to be missed. Few of us will ever have the opportunity to attend a concert where this piece is performed. The ability to see and hear it on DVD is a gift. The orchestra is superb, the choir is wonderful, the soloists are perhaps the weakest element (other than the superb cello), but overall this is a performance
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to move the soul. Jenkins' composition is magnificent, and the performance is first class. I am not an easy man to please, but this deserves 5‐star rating. I was about to say that it is 5‐star entertainment, but I suddenly found myself tripping over the word entertainment ‐ it really isn't entertainment: it is an experience, and one not to be missed. I now am faced with trying to find an orchestra and choir to perform the piece locally, and am wondering whether I can somehow rent the superb visuals that they used to provide the backdrop. The synchronisation of what are in many cases quite familiar film clips with the tempo and mood of the music is a tour de force in itself. So from a musical and a technical point of view I rate this a "must have" DVD for everyone. DVD Anna K. Suetterlin. “Hail to Karl J, a Welsh musical Wizard.” If Jon Anderson of YES, in my mind, is the ancient bard Taliesin reincarnated, then I think Karl Jenkins is Merlin‐with‐a‐walrus‐mustache, advising us towards nonviolence with his "The Armed Man: A Mass for Peace." Now all Jenkins needs is a long beard and a starry robe. ;‐) I primarily purchased this DVD because of one track, "Benedictus," whose melody appears as the title track for ADIEMUS' "The Eternal Knot" album, plus I had heard the "Benedictus" track on NPR, from the "Mass for Peace" and I thought, "OMG, I've gotta get this in my collection." Well, it arrived two days after I ordered it. I think they got Mr. McFeely, the 'Mr. Rogers' Neighborhood' "Speedy Delivery" guy, to mail it, because that was the speediest shipping from an independent seller using Amazon I've experienced! Not even an eBay seller could have gotten it to me that quickly! Anyway, I watched it with my dad, who's fairly unfamiliar with Karl Jenkins' work, other than the ADIEMUS CD I have, and he pronounced it "Good stuff!" which is pretty cool, since he tends to be pretty picky about his classical‐style composers. But as for my reaction, let me put it this way: I was in tears from the get‐go, since Karl used such provocative imagery; this isn't just a musical work, it is a powerful documentary on human hubris that would either do Ken Burns credit or give Ken a run for his money. The people from the British Isles have an ancient bardic history of masterful storytellers. Karl Jenkins is no different, and I highly recommend this potent musical potion from a master musical wizard from Wales. Let's put him together with Charlotte Church on a collaboration and see what kind of tears we can wring from the human populus! ;‐) Amazon Editorial; Warwick Thompson. Karl Jenkins's The Armed Man: A Mass for Peace is a departure from his Adiemus recordings into the more conventional territory of large‐scale choral and orchestral writing, though his customary passion for mixing languages remains in full force with texts in English, Latin, and French. Jenkins has said that The Armed Man was inspired by the "L'Homme armé" masses that were popular in the 16th century, and he makes this debt clear with passages written in a neat pastiche of Palestrina‐style renaissance polyphony. There are also echoes of earlier and later styles, including plainchant, medieval ballads, John Barry‐style horn writing (think Goldfinger), and even a direct quote from Rigoletto (the choir imitates wind sounds at one point as in Act 3 of the Verdi opera). The smorgasbord manages to hold together, probably because Jenkins's obvious sincerity shines through every note. The London Philharmonic Orchestra plays beautifully, and treble Tristan Hambleton performs his solo with ethereal clarity. The National Youth Choir sings with vigor and accuracy, even if the young sopranos sound a little thin at the top of their range. If you liked the soundtrack to The Mission, this should press all the right buttons. ‐‐Warwick Thompson “Lefty Baldy Physaker “jb”” East Tennessee “The Armed Man: A Mass for Peace is a work which everyone who longs for peace will want to hear. Karl Jenkins uses a remarkable combination of text and music from major world religions to depict how religious fervor has compelled mankind to devastations of war in the name of defending his home, his religion and even his God. The stark descriptions of the death, destruction and grief resulting from war then drive us to an earnest longing for peace. Finally, Jenkins shows how our religious zeal offers hope for peace and, by the grace and power of God, a means for achieving real peace. This performance, under the baton of the composer is well done, though the pronunciation of the British youth choir might sound suspect to our American ears. However, several of the CDs we received were lacking part of the last movement.” DJ Stahlman “Donna” Michigan. I received this CD as a gift from a friend in the UK. He was spot on as to the musical intregrity of this mass. I was moved by the beauty and power of Jenkin's 21st century lyrical move from the Muslim call to prayer, to the amassing of troops, to the battle, and then the end of the fighting. This is a must hear as it is thought provoking: one moves through the emotion and sentiments of war via the music. Honestly, Agnes Dei brought images of Angels coming to claim the souls of those who lost the valient fight. The beauty of Benedictus moved me to tears! J. Welsh. Militaristic themes announce the Armed Man, followed by a Muslim call to Prayer. The Mass itself provides a "Kyrie," "Sanctus," "Agnus Dei," and "Benedictus" all of which are wonderful contributions to choral music. The work ends in a lovely a capella at the conclusion of "Better is Peace." The overall quality of the recording is crisp and the words are clear. I had difficulty understanding one word "bloody" in "Save Me from Bloody Men" on the first pass. The
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words are printed in the cover of the the CD which made it clear. 9/1/2006 5* DVD. Susan Young: I heard a live performance of The Armed Man in Rochester cathedral in 2005 and then bought the DVD for my tenor husband. The performance is quite amazing conducted by the composer himself in St David's Hall Cardiff on the occasion of his 60th Birthday The camera work is brilliant and what really makes the performance so special is the use of the backdrop screen at the rear of the orchestra and choir. Throughout the performance numerous contemporary and historical film clips express the full horror and futility of war At times the whole things is incredibly moving and it is hard not to be moved to tears by both the intensity of the music and the at times disturbing clips that are so well combined with the music All in all it is a stunning viewing experience. 12/07/2006 5* DVD. “citrine” London. Being a fan of Jenkins work, I awaited the release of this DVD with anticipation. I was not disappointed! It is a beautiful recording of a powerful and moving work. The inclusion of news and film footage adds depth and a sometimes disturbing realism to the score. Highly recommended. 10/08/2008 4* Roger Ogle Munich. I would guess that the Amazon reviewer Warwick Thompson is under 25. Anyway, he writes as if he is, judging by his use of the English language ("think Goldfinger", eeeeeeeeh!). He also believes that L'Homme Armee is 16th century. Oh dear. I find the reviews of the actual buyers much more to the point, wheher positive or negative. Pity that the text of the Amazon reviewer is displayed at the top. OK? 29/05/2008 4* V.M. Russell “vicrus” Netherlands. “Emotional music.” This piece just reduces me to tears ‐ probably because my closet friend served in both the Falklands War and the first Gulf War. A most moving piece of music ‐ to anyone's ears, if only they've got ears to hear. I am singing it with my choir this year and find it almost impossible to sing it without welling‐up. Worth every penny of the CD's price. 26/05/2008 1* Douglas Lee, London UK. “Meretricious pap.” I'm sorry but anyone who thinks this is good music needs to get out more. At best it's second‐rate, at worst it's meretricious pap. For anti‐war music listen to Britten's War Requiem, for settings of the mass listen to any one of a hundred composers who have done it better. Stick to Adiemus Karl, you'll never hack it as a proper composer. 30/04/2008 4* “Zamby” England. I wasn't keen on Adiemus, and wasn't expecting to like this, though I had heard bits on classic fm that grabbed my attention (while working with the radio on). However, I do find this enjoyable from start to finish, skipping over the muezzin's prayer (which I could hear out my window in certain locales). Maybe it is not complex, but there are surprising moments and there is plenty of passion throughout. Obviously this is something that splits opinion, so I must be a prole. Yes, I even like Andrew Lloyd Webber at times. But then I also listen to Arvo Part, to Tavener and others in abundance, alongside the likes of Ali Farka Toure and Santana (in his prime), so... I consider myself to be without baggage but not without ears. It's worth a listen. Make up your own mind. 14/02/2008 5* Jimmy Stix “the grumbler” (Sheffield, England). “Simply stunning” The BBC recently used the "Benedictus" from "The Armed Man" for one of it's "Natural World" programmes. I had heard this piece before but could not decide where and it drove me mad for 2‐3 weeks before I finally tracked it down to Karl Jenkins and his fantastic work for the Royal Armouries. The "Benedictus" alone is a gorgeous example of writing of this highest calibre. It's wonderful how music can manage to be melancholy and uplifting and bring such peace to your heart, all at the same time. It stirs up so many emotions in me that tears come easily. Now that I own the whole work and have listened to it all I am now a complete Karl Jenkins convert and have lots of catching up to do. "The Armed Man" is simply stunning and
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should provide food for thought for anyone who has a care for the appalling things we have done and continue to do to each other. If you love music you will not be disappointed! 23/01/2008 5* “Rich” [UK] “Well done Amazon” Ordered Sunday....arrived 1st class Royal Mail Tuesday. I'm no music expert, I just like this album very much. 30/12/2007 5* L.D. Fox “book mania” UK. “moving.” I just have to listen to this at least 4 times a week, it is the most inspiring piece of music I have ever heard, beautiful. 31/07/2007 3* Suzanne M. McKay (Sharjah UAEmirates). Oh dear dear me. What a dreadfully elitist world some of these reviewers live in. As a very experienced piano teacher, performer and music specialist of mainly Baroque forms, I adored this music. Sure, it's not Bach (who is the only composer who could gain 5 stars in my opinion) but as a Middle Eastern resident I have never heard a lovelier call to prayer. The harmonies in the other tracks are skilfully done with double choirs all over the place to great effect and I just shake my head in exasperation at the people who have posted such utterly superior sounding rubbish on this website review forum. Active and passive art???? Do you even play or sing‐ I would guess not at all by your very slating review? I bet you all think David Mellor is a qualified music critic. Let's just think about it, music (and all art) is about communication and if that music whatever it may be (god forbid even something like oh my gosh Amy Winehouse or Santana) pleases someone's soul then it has fulfilled it's function. The reviewer who wrote such terrible rot also has a pretty bad grasp of writing, too many adjectives, abtruse crap everywhere, and clearly a pretty big brick on his shoulder, shame on you. Bach is my hero but I LOVED this music. But hey, that's my opinion and I only posted this in horror of yours! 3/07/2007 5* Mart Music [Top 500 reviewer] Essex UK. This work by Karl Jenkins has attracted interest and subsequent debate unlike any other work produced by the composer. Discussions generally fall into two categories: a) The underlying concept behind the work, how it originated and was subsequently developed to completion. b) Personal opinions of the work, including likes and dislikes of the music, and varying opinions of how exactly it should be categorised in terms of musical style. UNDERLYING CONCEPT. The concept behind this commissioned music is clear according to Guy Wilson, Master of the Armouries (The Royal Armouries National Museum): `We were looking for an appropriate way for the Royal Armouries to commemorate the Millennium'...`something new'... `of lasting value that we could continue to use'... `reflecting this country's Christian religion'. The ideas shifted to using a musical theme. Bob Smith, another member of the Armouries Museum, was a fan of early music and proposed using the Christian Mass, specifically the appropriate `missa L'homme arme' (Mass for The Armed Man) as the basis of the concept. With over 30 variations of this mass, the version generally accepted as the original one, written by the French renaissance composer Guillame Dufay in the early 1400's, was the one chosen for the framework for the 'Mass For Peace' concept. The message that was required for this Millennium‐inspired project made the choice of early music particularly appropriate considering its simplistic, pure, almost plainchant style of introduction: `The man, the man, the armed man, The armed man, The armed man should be feared, should be feared. Everywhere it has been proclaimed, That each man shall arm himself With a coat of iron mail'. The idea was further developed by combining the Mass with other musical styles, adding various poetry and text, which was intended to reflect today's multi‐cultural world. The beginnings of `The Mass For Peace' project were thus formed, and Guy Wilson's words made the challenge clear: `...an attempt to create a work that dealt in an inclusive way with a theme of universal interest and relevance...telling a story that makes people think, and tugs at the heartstrings'. The focus was shifted to the search for a musician or composer with suitable qualities that could realize this project in a way which the creators approved. How Karl Jenkins came to be introduced is not clear, but he was an understandable choice given the recent CD sales success of his `Adiemus' project which displayed an easy association with the type of theme this concept required. Thus was formed the foundation of the project which, after a number of live performances during 2000, subsequently came to be released on CD in 2001 as `The Armed Man: A Mass For Peace'. PERSONAL OPINION. While listening to this work I am always mindful of its intended purpose, which was the celebration of the Millennium and an opportunity to take time to reflect on the emotional and physical impacts of war throughout the ages. I understand and agree with the choice of Karl Jenkins to portray this message in musical terms, and it has proved a successful one too in terms of concert performances, CD sales, radio airtime and general debate within the music listening audience. I also believe however that the project could have been equally well handled by the likes of Hans Zimmer, Sir Peter Maxwell Davis or even John Tavener. Such is their experience of musical concepts they too are surely qualified to turn a commissioned work like this into a success, musically if not financially. The work is arranged, as its title suggests, in the form of a Roman Catholic Ordinary Mass in terms of its sections `Kyrie, Sanctus, Agnus Dei and
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Benedictus'. Interwoven with these are additional verses which embellish and broaden the scope of the Mass. I like this idea, for it adds variety and depth, but I also find it slightly detracts from the merits of using the Mass as a vehicle for the music. For example, `The Call To Prayers (Adhaan)' is a hauntingly beautiful piece which simultaneously satisfies and contradicts the original aims. It certainly `tugs at the heartstrings' but its Islamic origins surely prevent it from `reflecting Christian religion' and therefore tends to reduce the relevance of the Mass reference. Nevertheless I think it works. It may make the concept's title slightly flawed but if it leaves religious ideals sitting comfortably together in terms of beliefs and musical themes then surely everyone benefits. The opening track `The Armed Man' cleverly uses the short (around one minute long) original simple plainchant introduction of the early 1400's `L'homme arme' and expands it gradually by building it into a six minute long chant using the full choir and instrumental accompaniment. I think it is a worthy stand‐ alone piece which has become widely played and deservedly popular. The album contains many other highlights, one such being the `Benedictus' which I, like many others, have heard performed live. Such is the emotional feeling this piece conveys it's an experience not to be forgotten, no matter who the performing artists are. Categorising this type of music will always create debate with many opinions which, although valid to varying degrees, should not become the overriding source of discussion about this work. Rightly or wrongly, it's generally found in the `classical' section of music outlets so that's its current genre, like it or not. For me this is an intelligently thought‐out conceptual project using voices, instruments, sound effects and musical themes to stunning effect. My criticisms with what I believe are imperfections are effectively dismissed by the sensitive and beautiful content and emotional themes conveyed within the work. Leaving aside one's opinions on the composer, performers, religion and categorisation will remove the clouds of prejudice and allow this music to be enjoyed as it should. This interpretation becomes (approximately) the 31st version of `L'homme arme', some 600 years after the first. I wonder if it will prove as long‐lived as the original. You never know... 24/06/2007 5* CantateRocks “Zanny” Hertforshire, UK. “Incredible.” Am singing this in my choir at the moment, and it is amazing! Some parts can be quite repetitive (eg the kyrie), but the other movements make up for this! The end of Torches is particually good‐ a pity the audio file of this on Amazon doesn't have the ending! Definately buy this...I would pay alot of money for a CD this good (though thankfully I don't!) 03/06/2007 4* Jeff Dunn, Alameda, California. “Enjoyable – as far as it goes.” On the plus side, this composition has attractive melodies, dramatic settings, interesting (if highly convetional) harmonisations, and a lot of heart. This last trait is often confused by some, I'm afraid, as crass commercialism, but I don't see it that way. The Kyrie, Sanctus, Agnus Dei and Benedictus are very beautiful and worth the price of this release. On the other hand, the overall effect of the music‐‐ for me‐‐is in the realm of the best movie music: enjoyable to hear occasionally, but not something that will challenge and enoble me for a lifetime. This is due to the lack of great originality and many missed opportunities for use of counterpoint. I find it amusing that this piece is such a red cape to some classical bulls. Why go to war over something that inspires so many to participate in serious music making? Peace, man! Now to the "as far as it goes" part: the work is a giant irony, sponsored as it was by armaments. It's happened so many times, we arm ourselves to the teeth, kill millions, then feel sorry about it. What's happened to the international disarmament movement? Where are the agencies who haul politicians off to seclusion and therapy who spread fear to further their lust for power? Something should have been said in the music about the evil of armaments as symbols of the weakest and most dangerous‐‐in modern times‐‐human instinct. Wilfred Owen said it best with respect to the big guns: "curse thee, and cut thee from my soul!" 28/03/2007 1* Adam Gillett UK. “An unfortunate sign for music.” What Karl Jenkins has produced is an unpleasant form of cheap musical manipulation. Rather than attempting to coax genuine emotions from the listener, each swollen string line falls simply as a tick into a box ‐ an emotion mawkishly triggered. It is like a glut of over‐ripe fruit; full of body but lacking bite and with no other taste than the flat, dizzy haze of saccharine sweetness. There is no musical thought or love weaved into his notes, but rather they are a lustful pleading to the most basic senses, forcing onto us seemingly intimate emotions. On the surface, this makes his arrangements of the most `touching' moments of pastiche seductive, seemingly passionate. But they are unrelenting. Looking deeper, they appear more as blind bludgeons of the senses. The listener is forced into involuntary emotions. A great artist understands the human balance of thought and feeling. Far from forcing feelings on the audience, the composer creates a complementary area of emptiness, a vacuum which a variety of emotions and ideas can mingle. This allows the listener to give him or herself to the love of the music. It takes an active, not a passive submission to great art to truly understand it. What Jenkins offers is instant gratification without scope for understanding ‐ a thinly attractive husk hiding an empty core. Without a lack of substance, his substance is meaningless. Besides, the simple technical skill required to write such a work is lacking ‐ at a performance of the Armed Man that I attended, members of the audience who I personally know to be musically educated to an extremely high standard as well as members of the orchestra actually laughed with embarassment at the unfortunate setting of the libretto. Yet
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drawing attention to technical inadequacies seems irrelevant when compared with the underlying social current of lazy greed and that seems frinally to have seeped into the domain of an art that is capable of bringing meaningful bliss to those that are prepared to give themselves to understand it. It is not this work in particular that so frustrates me. Rather it is the arrogance of Karl Jenkins (or his agent) to produce and advertise these works as 'masterpieces'. I would much rather listen to your Schoenberg. I do not believe that classical music should attempt to be aloof and elitist in any way. I just do not feel that the art should lower itself to people because they are too lazy to raise their understanding to appreciate it. Buy this CD if you must, but consider the alternatives, all readily available here on Amazon: A Haydn mass or three (the missa brevis sancti joannis de deo being a particular gem), the Bach B minor mass, a Mozart mass (C Minor or Coronation are popular choices) or for a more modern work the Britten Mass in D. All of these have so much more depth and beauty to them than this piece of populist fluff. 7/03/2007 5* K. Platt “blackplantlady” Sheffield England. “Blessed peace.” One of the finest pieces of music, appealing to all. Why don't one starrers get a life. The music tells a story. I find it energizing, love the 'Call to Prayer' and 'Benedictus' allows us to believe that peace is achievable. It is soulful. I listen to this when I need peace. I would recommend this for anyone's music collection. If people find this cliched I cannot imagine what rarefied atmosphere they live in. 10/02/2007 5* Mr O. Finn. This piece is amazing! I recently went to a concert of it in London and was bowled over by it's awesome force and texture. It is VERY exciting, and would reccomend it to anyone ‐ even if you do not like classical music. 10/11/2006 1* Brian Whitehead Pudsey W Yorks UK. “clichéd, bland and repetitive. I had the misfortune to perform this recently ‐ I played trumpet in the orchestra. I had heard bits of it on Classic FM but had never before heard the piece in its entirety. I was not impressed. The writing shows no imagination, and almost all the work is bland in the extreme. We perfomed Orff's Carmina Burana in the second half, and it blew Jenkins' piece off the stage. In my view, Carmina Burana is an excellent example of a piece that, whilst popular and highly accessible, contains interesting sounds and effects and does not patronise the listener. 10/10/2006 4* Susan Lanigan. [UK] “Karl, never mind the begrudgers.” I didn't plan on writing a review for this but reading over the comments of the contemporary music intelligentsia such as Adam Durwacz(?) made me change my mind. I cannot emphasis too much how widely these people are missing the point. They are following a dangerous trend for classical music by equating "listenability" with populism and laziness. I want to walk up to Adam and his cohorts and bang their heads repeatedly together, or perhaps force‐feed them Schoenberg's Moses and Aaron, which would amount to the same thing. That is the direction in which they want to lead classical music. Do they really think that when Bach or Mozart were writing fugal music that they did not want to convey something to their listeners as well as show off their brilliant musicological skills? Listen again to the high A on the oboe at the beginning of the second Brandenburg concerto as it breaks into a melody that is taken up by the strings and then broken out into counterpoint. Listen to Mozart's Fugue in C minor for Two Pianos, which loses nothing in emotional intensity by being a difficult work. Conveying emotion must always, always, always come first. The greatest composers knew that more than anyone ‐ their genius made them humble, not arrogant. That is what music is for. And it is hard to convey something emotionally authentic when you are constantly veering off key, wandering around twelve‐tone scales. If Karl Jenkins wants to create powerful, memorable melodies, then fair play to him. I have a bias here: I have sung parts of L'Homme Armee. The energy during the rehearsals and performance, the sheer emotional spark in the air, was unbelievable. This is a VERY powerful work if performed live, make no mistake. This is because it bypasses the irony and contextual awareness so beloved by Adam et al and goes straight to the heart. Yes, the sound is mostly monophonic but it is very rich and when the basses kick in on the Agnus Dei, for example, it really is one of those sublime musical moments when you feel that the united energy about the choir is about more than just the music. There is dramatic tension and release, which is crucial for a long work. It reminds me of Yeats worrying if a play he wrote sent out "certain men the English shot". Speaking as someone who has played two musical instruments to Grade 6 level, scored close to full marks on a musical theory exam and who finished the counterpoint and harmony sections early on in the school certificate ‐ so *might* have a claim to knowing something about the rudiments of musical harmony ‐ I think l'Homme Armee rocks. So there.
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23/08/2006 4* Neil Dennis, London. “The Harmed Man: Amassing the Pieces.” Whilst nowhere near the complexity or composition quality of works like Britten's "War Requiem" nor earning the same level of respect, this is still a powerful anti‐war message about the crippling effect of armed conflict on mankind expressed in music. Yes, some parts of it are frankly repetitive and a bit banal even (how many slow crotchet movements can one have?) but, whatever your opinion of Jenkins' writing in general, this is a very accessible work for singers of all ages and capabilities and that's where I think he's been very clever in his composition. I've sung the whole work three times now and it is exciting to perform given the right resources ‐ especially good percussion. One occasion was in partnership with a school and it proved to be a huge hit with both the boys in rehearsal and their parents at the concert. With 300 singers, the impact of the Charge movement was impressive as was the final chorale. The fact it continues to be performed live all over the country says it all. Whether the original commissioning brief included taking texts from a wide variety of sources (not just the Christian Mass) or it was Jenkins' idea, it's the accumulation of these pieces that makes the whole composition work so well and delivers its message. You get a good live performance, the impact on the audience is marked. Anyone planning a performance will no doubt buy this recording first. Not having any other recording against which to compare makes reviewing this one a little pointless unless you have actually performed the work. On the whole, this is a good recording with a strong performance from the National Youth Choir and LPO but I do find it lacking in conveying a lot of the percussive nature of some of the movements, from both the orchestra and choir. The choir also sounds a bit thin in delivery at times, especially the higher voices. Those movements using haunting and slow moving string sections are far better, especially where backing the solo singers. Guy Johnston's cello solo is beautiful and Tristan Hambleton's treble voice is just right for the Kyrie. Is it a mishmash of unconnected music ideas? No, it's a mass of different ideas all with the same underlying message about the harm that man inflicts upon himself in war. Is it Britten? Heck, no, but that was never the objective and it's far more accessible than the War Requiem. Jenkins can be rather inconsistent in his compositions (I think his Requiem is very disappointing) but this one scores points as far as I'm concerned. 19/05/2006 3* Terry “T K” UK. “Not as good as Live” Having performed with a choir, conducted by the composer himself, I found that the recording is a bit disappointing. I actually bought it two years after I performed it. I have good experience in performing the work and the privilege to be conducted by the composer, thinking the recording must be better. Well, I suspect that there has been a lot of improvements in terms of interpretation and expressions since it was first performed. One of the features I think is the percussion, although it is there but not coming out nicely in the recording, so the effect of the warring match and manace are not highlighted in the recording. Some of the movement seemed 'rushing', maybe in live, we have benefit of time, whereas there is a time limit in the recording. However, this recording is in high quality and original. I really like despite the comparison to the live performance I had. 28/03/2006 5* Ms R.G. Smith “gingerniinia77” England. “Totally awesome.” I ahd only heard a few of the pieces from this on Classic FM, but I went along to a live performance in Norwich ‐ WOW IT WAS AWESOME! If you ever get the chance, SEE IT LIVE. The pieces ranged from Spartacus‐like battle‐marches with Kettle Drums that made me want to get up and march around the hall, to beautiful melancholy chorals and Saving‐Private‐Ryanesque bugles. The haunting "now that the guns have stopped" is so moving, and would bring a tear to any veteran's eye as he remembers his fallen comrades. "Angry Flames" with its spooky chorals and minor key is fantastic, and SANCTUS with it's Omen‐esque chanting, puts a chill down my spine! 27/3/2006 1* “A Customer” [uk?] “Truly ghastly” Say what you want about Jenkins, but he knows how to get the money rolling in. The difference between him and Rutter is that, in my opinion, Rutter is more than capable of writing music which would appeal to your average slightly snobby musician, but he chooses to go where the the money is and compose mainstream classical/pop which is cheesy, usually quite simple, and predictable. You can't blame him really. Jenkins, however, doesn't appear to have any talent as a composer. His themes are incredibly boring, simple and predictable. Take the Agnus Dei from the Armed Man. The Agnus theme is cringeworthy, cheesy and tuneless. It's not even catchy. The mass just does NOT work as a piece of music, even if it does manage to entertain the audience. The part writing is horrendous and there is a ridiculous amount of repetition in this piece. I don't blame people for liking this, and if it takes non‐classical music fans closer towards where the real music is, then that can only be a good thing. But please, please, don't think that Jenkins is the be all and end all. Listen to some Bach immediately. 21/3/2006 5* H.A. Smith “Rose” Somerset UK. “moving music.” I had never before heard the whole of this work, and expected not to like parts of it as I know only the best sections are usually picked to be played on the radio. However, this is an amazing work. It is very moving, descriptive and totally absorbing, especially when you follow the music closely with the words. I played it twice as soon as I received my copy, and I suspect it will remain a favourite of mine for a long while.
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&pageNumber=5&sortBy=bySubmissionDateDescending> 18/01/2006 5* “A Customer” UK “WOW”. I bought this recording recently when i was asked to sing with a 300 member strong choir and the Countesthorpe and Guthlaxton Colleges concert band ,and i was amazed with the completley different mood of songs included. It was stunning. From Strong and fast tempo songs to illustrate the act of battle ti the slow and emotional sound of the post‐war songs in which you can actually imagine the atmosphere. I am not really into this kind of music but it is definately worth listening too. I must admit I am so looking forward to singing in this live event and even more so now I have had the pleasure of listening to the great songs. 12/09/2005 5* “chOpper” Southhampton, Hampshire, UK. “Simple, yet sublime.” Jenkins was commissioned by The Royal Armouries to write this pieve for the Millenium celebration of 2000 so despite the assertions of another reviewer, this was not 'Jenkins attempt to climb on a bandwagon'. Further, another reviewer seems to equate musical complexity with musical worth. This represents the very worst type of 'musical snobbery'. The fact that a piece is accessible does not mean that it has no worth or value. And this piece is both accesible and enjoyable. Yes it may not be as comple as Bach or Palestrina, but I suspect that anyone who has a real heart would find themselves swept up by this music. A very worthwhile additon to anyone's collection. In my humble opinion! 23/02/2005 5* “A customer” “Brillaint!!” It's like listening to a piece of music composed 100 years ago. My compliments for Karl, this is brilliant. When you listen to the music and the lyrics you understand what this is about, war and peace. I can't wait for the requiem which will be out soon. 28/07/2004 5* “A customer” “Pognient ly beautiful and stunningly emotional” I have never listened to a musical composition which so profoundly and dramatically paints such a stunning and visual picture that you feel you are there, rooted to the spot in the middle of a battle. There has been much reporting in the press about a "Holy War" and one cannot push aside the feeling the music portrays a sense of "them and us". Particularly tracks 2 and 6, Adhaan and the Hymn Before Action. The tragic evens of September 11 burned into the minds of milllions for evermore will find the music stirring and passionate. But let us not forget that despite the horrors of war the composition ends with "Better Is Peace" a reminder that goodness and salvation can and will prevail. This is a truly remarkable work. Karl Jenkins better known for his Adiemus project has composed a work of such beauty, horror, despair and hope that one cannot be moved by the sheer complexity and range of feelings depicted throughout the work. This is a true portrayal of Man's legacy. Perhaps even destiny. 17/03/2004 5* Oliver Harrop, Leeds, West Yorks UK. “One of the best works i have played.” Ok. Im 17 and play in the city of leeds youth orchestra. In the late part of last year we played this in leeds town hall. We were lucky enough to have jenkins come and hear us perform it. I loved every part.. The only thing i have to say about the CD is that track 2 "call to prayers" although its good.. I dont feel it was as good as in our performance. I would say that if you want on big choir and orchestra work.. This is the one for you. 3/02/2004 4* Peter H. UK. “Interesting and generally worthwhile.” I'm not a great fan of online reviews (although I do read them sometimes!) but feel that I may have something to add here. I first came across this work through being involved in a performance of the suite (6 movements from the full version, in a different order) for a local concert. This is always an interesting way to really come to know a piece ‐ from within. As well as one's own part, the whole context becomes clear during rehearsals and usually builds up to the final performance. I came across Britten's "War Requiem" in the same way ‐ a truly astonishing experience. Jenkin's work IS good ‐ it has more technical finesse than most people realise (and, yes, I have played "wallpaper music" before now!) plus considerable emotional depth. There are a few sections which I find unconvincing ‐ specifically the 2nd movement and the start of the final section, but I'm still glad I've bought the CD. We used a solo viola instead of a 'cello and ‐ by general agreement ‐ the result was stunning, but that's really a small detail. My only major reservation concerns the final CD recording itself. We did a live performance and in my view the CD should have been similarly produced: acoustically, using standard ambient sound recording techniques. Jenkins' team may be a master of drop‐ins, overdubs and mix‐downs, but on a decent hi‐fi most of this is patently obvious to those who know what to listen for. This really does spoil what would otherwise be an excellent achievement by all concerned, hence only four stars.
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25/01/2004 5* Dr I. Finlay, Condorrat, Scotland. “Prescient.” Until recently I thought that the Armed Man: A Mass for Peace was a reaction to the event of 11 September 2001, but amazingly it was released on the day before that tragedy. It really makes a significant statement about the futility of war and violence as a means of resolving differences. It is also so much more than just the Benedictus which receives so much airplay on the radio. Each movement is worth listening to and each has its own special message. The juxtaposition of the Christian Mass with the Moslem Call to Prayers reminds us of our common spiritual heritage. The powerful and martial tones of Save Me From Bloody Men is set between the tranquillity of the Sanctus and the Kyrie. The Royal Armouries did us all a great service by commissioning this work for a new millenium ‐ sadly the message is just as relevant as for the previous millenium. Listen to this and live the message. 23/12/2003 4* “A Young Man” London. “Strong, moving music.” This is an excellent piece of work from Karl Jenkins. His brief was to create music that reflected on war and the futility, pain and pervasion of conflict, and I think he does well. However, some aspects are a little irksome. Whilst the piece starts superbly (in French), why do we then jump to the Arabic Muslim call to prayer? Then into English for the next few movements? I appreciate that Jenkins is reflecting upon the many aspects not only of war but of its roots, and individually each piece is very good, but they just dont go together as well as I would hope.but somehow I feel it lacks cohesion. In terms of highlights the Prayer Before Action, Benedictus and Agnus Dei are all excellent, truly moving works that come with such powerful imagery so as to draw even the most detatched listener into the piece. This is thought provoking, something all to often absent in 'modern' classical music. Overall this is a recording I've listened to many times now and expect I will continue to do so. Sometimes not really getting into it, sometimes paying more attention, but always I'm struck by the quality of the young voices ‐ even if the producer insists on adding echo and other such 'pop' touches. These can remind one of a movie score, but not too often. On the whole though a moving work, and one of few major faults... at least to the amateur ear, and one that doesn't insist on comparing everything to the great composers and turning one's nose up to classic FM. 26/11/2003 5* Nigel Thompson London UK. “one of the most amazing pieces of music you’ll buy.” I first bought this album a few days after the September disaster and it's been hanging around in various charts since then so I thought I'd better write a review about a piece of music that I still listen too several times a week. There are so many aspects to the piece from the militaristic intro of a marching army, to the Muslim call to Prayer, a cavalry charge and The Last Post all interspersed with the familiar aspects of the Mass. The highlight of the whole piece has to be the Agnus Dei, sublime has nothing on it. I've yet to play this piece of music to any of my friends not all of whom have an interest in either classical or choral music and not one of them has yet to be moved. A MUST BUY. 21/10/2003 5* “A customer” Dublin. “An absolute must!” This is an album that every man woman and child in the world should be forced to hear, prefarably at gun point!!!! Heard it performed live here in Dublin and had to buy the CD. Awesome!! 7/09/2003 5* R.A. Teague, Neath W.Glamorgan, UK. “tremendously powerfull” I was a little unsure what to expect of the album The Armed Man by Karl Jenkins,and having heard many of his albums was certain it would not be a disappointment. It is an incredibly moving album from its first to its last note.It is amazing to hear such a diverse arrangement of pieces put together to illustrate such a savage act of man. Each piece describes the act of war so vividly it is hard not to be moved and amazed,it is definately not an album to lift your spirits,More to move your soul. 6/09/2003 5* Ivan Vale “Leftfield42” London UK. “A remarkable work, but not for the technical.” This, for me, is a wonderful work, full of emotion and passion, but not sentimentality. Good music to sit back and just think about some of what it means to be human, both good and bad. However, if you like your listening technical, with lots of really intricate musical patterns and stuff like that (in other words, you've seriously studied classical composition and only enjoy examining the notes, harmonies and counterpoints themselves) then this isn't for you. You should stick to Mozart and Bach. For those that are more enlightened about their enjoyment of music, this is spot on.
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28/08/2003 5* “A customer” “Thematically Beautiful” Someone else wrote that this was B‐Movie film music. Well, if all B‐Movie film music was this good, then I say: "Bring 'em on. I prefer a straight fight to all this sneaking around." 20/05/2003 5* B.M. Rocke “Colonel Trumpet Windsock” Wokingham Berks UK. “Emotional and thought provoking” On hearing the beautiful and peaceful Benedictus on the radio I had to find a recording on CD for a more intimate listening. I was not disappointed by the emotional and thought provoking mass for peace ‐ 'The Armed Man'. An incredible recipe of ancient and modern styles of music, composed skilfully by Karl Jenkins. And what a variety of texture from the Moslem Call to Prayers, to the stirring Sanctus; from the peaceful opening strings of Benedictus to the dramatic film‐like sounds of Hymn Before Action. We are reminded of the futility of war during the playing of the Last Post in Charge! This is a powerful CD, and must be added to your collection. 2/04/2003 1* “A Customer” “What’s all the fuss about?” Mind‐numbingly repetitive,gimmicky looney tunes orchestration and with a more limited harmonic language than the average pop song.I can understand the work being popular with some Classic FM listeners as it requires the attention span of an ant. It's link to the present war situation is tenuous if you read the sleeve notes, but I suspect it will be apppropriated by the peace movement as some sort of musical statement.Take the Benedictus out of the work, and Im afraid I found it musically barren. B‐movie film music. 30/01/2003 5* Denise Neville, London UK. The Armed Man by Karl Jenkins is one of the most interesting modern classical CD's I have heard in a long time. It is highly atmospheric right from the start and really conjures up the feelings of marching to war as part of an army. Each track is different but they still connect with each other, each flowing easily towards the next one. Once I start listening to it I find myself getting cross if I am interupted before reaching the end. The choir is excellent and I understand have received a lot of praise from many professionals in the music industry. It is so good, I am now buying another copy for my father!! 11/12/2002 5* “seastoneone” “Bleakly beautiful with gorgeous moments” Full of extraodinary swirls and stabs of orchestral music and beautiful, melodic choirs. This CD takes you on a joruney from the start of war(The Armed Man, with trudging, marching feet, drums and fifes and the poignant ‐ given the current situation ‐ Call To Prayers which is simply the unearthly solo voice of a meuzzin singing the Islamic call to prayer in Arabic), through to sadness and fear at start of battle(Kyrie, Save Me From Bloody Men), heroism and passion(Sanctus, the extraordinary and stirring Hymn Before Action, wonderful words by Rudyard Kipling) and of course, tumbles down into the real tragedy and pain of war(Angry Flames and Torches) and ends with the bitter sorrow of Agnus Dei and Now The Guns Have Stopped. The final, serene and lovely Benedictus(the one track I had heard and fallen in love with before buying the CD which contains the sweetest and most haunting cello I've ever heard) and Better is Peace(medieval, dancey and joyous), is a fitting end. Not for those who are easily depressed, but well worth it for the emotional journey and the beautiful voices. 17/10/2002 5*Mr J. Remynse, Winchester, Hants UK. “Mass for Peace at a time of Conflict.” I first became aware of the sound as I was driving to work. Slow, beautiful and reminiscent of... Of what? I did not know. I had missed the introduction. But I knew there and then I had to have it. As the music reached a crescendo, I knew I was listening to something special and fervently hoped the announcer would tell me what it was. She obliged: I had been listening to the National Youth Choir performing the Benedictus from Karl Jenkins' The Armed Man: A Mass for Peace. I ordered it that evening and less than 48 hours later I was able to listen to the entire CD. From the first track to the last, I was struck by the quality of the recording and the pure sound of the voices: young people creating a sound that many of their elders in better known choirs might aspire to. As an Australian in the UK, I heard this just days after the Bali bomb explosion in which many of my young countrymen and women died, so this CD immediately took on a meaning and life of its own. I listened to it for hours on the day it arrived ‐ and imagine it will continue to move me to tears for many years to come. 13/09/2002 5*Capt. I. McRae “The Ancient Mariner” Angus, Scotland. “Magnificent Composition allied to Magnificent Singing.” Until I bought “The Armed Man” I did not know that Karl Jenkins had also written the “Adiemus” series. A good job too, as these were a little “schmalzy” for my taste, and I might not have bought “The Armed Man”. I first heard a part
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of it on the radio and I fell for its beauty, and now, having heard it all I am deeply impressed. This is an altogether more serious work than Adiemus. At times stark and redolent of the fear and horror of war as in “Torches”, and at others tearing tears from the eyes with its hanting beauty as in the Agnus Dei. This work spans the depth and breadth of human emotion. The intellectuals and “pseuds” will not like this work, but I doubt the composer will lose any sleep over that. As I see it, this work was not written for them, but for the mass of ordinary men and women who have to bear the brunt of warfare with their lives and those of their loved ones. Warfare dreamed up by those very intellectuals who will never allow themselves to get too close to the horror they have contrived for those they consider as lesser mortals. Karl Jenkins has produced a mighty work. A thoughtful work. A work that not only satisfies my musical taste, but also one which made me think deeply about its meaning, and at times made me weep. 6/05/2002 5*“a customer” “What singing!” Anyone who has heard the National Youth Choir will know that they go from strength to strength as one of the best young choirs in the world. As usual, Mike Brewer's rehearsal has brought the accuracy and tone up to world class standards. Unfortunately the production rather lets down both the choir and the orchestra. For example in "Save me from bloody men" the men of the choir sound rather raw with the synthetic echo added in production. However, the choir are wonderful, as are the soloists drawn from it. This begs the question why they aren't asked to record more? As for the piece? Well, I think that Karl Jenkins has done well with this piece in producing that sounds good at first, but proves to be simple and repetative. Not much change from the elevator music that he usually produces. Still worth buying though just for the rousing passages where the choir really get going. 23/02/2002 4*“A Customer” “amazing voices” What a treat to here so many young voices all singing so well. The NYC really excelled themselves. This CD really shows the young singers of this country at their best. It is a chilling CD reflecting the true saddness of war. My favorite piece is the Kyrie. The wonderful treble solo (Tristan Hambleton) makes you feel as though this is a boy who is experiencing war first hand and his amazing singing is delightful to listen to. 15/02/2002 1*“A Customer” “I loved it!” Not. This is an appalling clash of different styles‐ apparently Jenkins was trying to convey the horror of war. To me, he just conveyed the horror of his compositional skills (or lack thereof). The National Youth Choir, who were originally conducted by their leader Mike Brewer but were cut‐and‐pasted over the top, sound absolutely superb (especially on the high notes, may I add!), but even this does nothing for Jenkins' sorry mess of pop and classical music. I was a big fan of the Adiemus, and wish that Jenkins had stuck to doing what he does best: background music. 5/02/2002 2*“A Customer” “Welcome return for this fifteenth century institution!” Carl Jenkins searches even further afield, for the glue that binds his epic choral works together. Rather than reaching across the globe to make an insipid approximation of the ethnic flavour of the month, Jenkins puts on his shades and takes us in his Delorean to the 15th century. The tradition of using pop songs as a basis for sacred works may seem odd to us, especially a song of such overtly satirical content. With all due respect this reworking of an ancient form fails to live up to "Der Notenmeisters" sublime pair of exemplars. Listening to this recording, it's difficult to wonder if Mr. Jenkins' bathroom razor isn't pointlessly multitracked with too much reverb on it. A new direction? nah, more of the same. 27/12/2001 5*Mike Smith, Leicestershire, England. “An infinitely moving choral portraying the emotions of war.” Based around the Armed Man mass, this recent work takes the listener through the stages and emotions of battle. Beginning with warrior's prayers asking for divine help against enemies, the music then focuses on the encroaching threat in the devastating "Hymn before action". At the centre of the work, a disturbing account of nuclear holocaust is given showing the even more horrific side of modern warfare. After the battle, the attention falls on the survivors, highlighting the guilt that is often felt at being alive when friends and allies have fallen. The penultimate peice is a healing and uplifting Benedictus, possibly the most touching peice of all, while the final track ends the composition on a hopeful note for the future with an extract from Mallory: Better is peace than always war. From when I first heard music from this work, I knew that I would have to buy it ‐ it is the most moving choral work I have encountered in many years, and makes a very poignant note on the subject of war. I know it will hold it's attraction for years to come, and I look forward to hearing more of the same from Karl Jenkins.
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13/11/2001 5*“A Customer” “A stunning and moving mix of classical and contemporary music” This Mass for Peace is all the more moving by it's timely release. The variation in musical styles within the piece is breathtaking, from the haunting Kyrie to the mesmerising Muslim call to prayer right through to the slightly discordant and angry 'Torches'. The lyrics are well chosen to convey the powerful message and the musical settings totally reinforce the conviction of that message. From the punchy, pugnacious start of the Armed Man, through the classic Mass pieces of Kyrie, Sanctus and Agnus Dei to the upbeat ending of 'Better is Peace' with its optimistic message of 'Ring in a Thousand Years of Peace'and the final chorale 'God Shall Wipe Away All Tears' , this work is compelling listening and a welcome development of Karl Jenkins' already prolific talent. This is a departure from his Adiemus works, but let's hope it's the first of many. Well worth a listen by any discerning Karl Jenkins fan. 13/09/2001 5*“A Customer” “Excellent! If you like Adiemus you’ll like this.” Karl departs from his Adiemus project for this album but there is still an "Adiemus" feeling to the work if only a slight one. I particularly like the choral chanting to a sort of marching sound. I think the Latin tracks are excellent. There are some beautiful melodies ‐ my words can't describe them! It's a great pity that the best tracks are the shorter ones ‐ 3 mins or so in length. The 7 minute tracks are much quieter and balance out the roaring choral/marching stuff. Overall this is a welcome addition to Karl's repertoire. I thoroughly enjoyed it and have played the CD about five times in a row which is more than I did with The Eternal Knot, Karl's last work. I recommend it to everyone, especially all Adiemus fans. 13/05/2007. Mansel Jones OAM, Eisteddfod Council Qld. "We have come to expect a high standard of performance from the Brisbane Concert Choir, but on May 13th they joined forces with the Sinfonia of St Andrew's under the inspired leadership of Debra Shearer‐Dirié to present a brilliant reading of the above work. In keeping with the idea that these two groups are part of St. Andrew's music outreach to the community, the response of a full church was gratifying to see. From the opening bars of the French secular song, L'homme armé, the listener was transfixed by the vitality of approach, the precision and unanimity of the whole group, and the admirable blend of ensemble at all times. The solitary traditional Muslim call lent a haunting atmosphere to the scene, and from then on we were swept on a tide of emotion throughout the many aspects of war ‐ its militarism, the horrors and the resultant devastation. The incisive word treatment of the choristers in their graphic depiction of the travesty of war, together with their total involvement in the text, vividly portrayed the scene of such conflicts as Kosovo and Hiroshima. How telling after this was the heartfelt plea of the Agnus Dei, where the beauty of the sweeping phrases brought a lump to one's throat! The use of a vocal quartet ‐ Janelle Roworth, Nicki Jenkins, Ian Clarkson, and Robin Maurer ‐ provided an effective contrast at times to the full forces. Especially noteworthy was the contralto solo by Nicki Jenkins ‐ Now the guns have stopped. The warmth and beauty of her vocal tone so matched the sorrow of the bereaved.. The wonderful feeling of peace and calm in the Benedictions, enhanced by the beauty of the solo cello introduction was almost too much to savour in its poignancy. Then came the sheer exultancy of the final section, Better is Peace ‐ again effectively introduced by the vocal quartet. The work drew to a close with the touching chorale God shall wipe away all tears, where the depth of feeling expressed left one almost drained, after such an emotional journey ‐ But oh! so grateful for the opportunity to participate in such an experience! What impressed most was not only the excellence of techniques, but also the wonderful interpretative insight and skill. Rarely, if ever, have I been so moved by the performance of a work. Thank you Karl Jenkins, and thank you Debra Shearer‐Dirié, together with all the same assembled forces." 26/08/2007 W.L. Hoffmann. The Armed Man: A Mass for Peace. Canberra Choral Society. Church of St Andrew, Forrest. August 26 2007. It was a unique program of two major contemporary choral compositions that the Canberra Choral Society, under its musical director Peter Pocock, presented for two performances in St Andrew’s last Saturday night and Sunday afternoon, each work powerfully matching the other in its strong anti‐war expression. I attended the Sunday afternoon performance, in which the singing was constantly assured, with the conductor able to maintain a fine tonal balance between the voices even in some of the quite complex vocal writing in each work. The larger of the two was The Armed Man by British composer Karl Jenkins, a 75‐minute Mass for Peace which was commissioned as a “millennium event” and premiered in London’s Royal Albert Hall during the year 2000. At its core is the 15th‐century French popular song about the threat of war, and its texts and musical elements are drawn from a wide range of sacred and secular sources. Its theme is “ring out the thousand years of wars, ring in the thousand years of peace”, and it is scored for a large choir and organ supported by a small orchestra of flute, cello and piano with three trumpets and percussion. This gives a distinctive sound and expressive quality to the composer’s deft scoring which continually underlines the dramatic impulse of the work. It was given a performance which made a strong impact throughout its extended time frame. Lux Aeterna, by United States composer Morten Lauridsen, again a work I had not heard previously, is very different in both content and intention. A relatively short, non‐liturgical requiem in five movements for chorus with organ, and composed in 1997, it is a setting of sacred Latin texts which expound the central theme of heavenly light. Again it was a performance that was firmly controlled and presented in singing of a warm tonal quality. This was a concert that
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introduced a new and attractive choral music in expressive realisations that were obviously as equally rewarding for the singers as they were for the appreciative audience 27/09/2008 HOUSTON CHRONICLE ARCHIVES Paper: Houston Chronicle Date: Sat 09/27/2008 Section: Religion Page: 1 Edition: 3 STAR Choral work looks from war to hope / Three choirs to present A Mass for Peace. By CHARLES WARD STAFF . Karl Jenkins opens his wildly popular choral work The Armed Man: A Mass for Peace with one of the most curious songs ever written. The armed man must be feared/ Everywhere it has been proclaimed/ That every man should arm himself/ With a coat of iron mail. The time was the 15th century. Marauding armies crisscrossed Europe. Constantinople (Istanbul), the center of Eastern Christianity (Orthodoxy), fell to the Muslim Ottoman Empire in 1453. Fear reigned. Almost magically ‐ the origin isn't certain ‐ a popular tune, L'homme armé, swept through Europe. Among other things, it became the melody Europe's most famous composers used most often as the basis for musical masses. More than 40 such masses survive, dating from the mid‐15th century until the end of the 17th. Composers have continued to base new compositions on the tune. Three choirs ‐ one from Houston, two from Albuquerque, N.M. ‐ will proclaim Jenkins' martial yet lilting setting of the tune and French text as they present the Houston premiere of A Mass for Peace on Oct. 5 in Houston Baptist University's year‐old, acoustically superb theater in the Morris Cultural Arts Center. "It's truly a gripping musical picture of war that grows and grows and grows. There's a really horrendous moment and, then, everything suddenly stops and you hear the sound of rain," said Sid Davis, director of music at St. Luke's United Methodist in Houston. He'll conduct the piece with a full orchestra. Directors of the three groups ‐ the others are St. John's United Methodist Church and St. Paul Lutheran Church in Albuquerque ‐ are longtime friends. Each summer they get together with other colleagues for a retreat in New England. It's a way to recharge for another year of intensive giving of themselves to others, said Brad Ellingboe, director of music at St. Paul and director of choral activities at the University of New Mexico. Ellingboe took the CD of The Armed Man to the 2007 retreat. "The three of us decided we had to do it together." The three choirs first performed it in June in Albuquerque. Jenkins wrote the mass for the Royal Armouries, which contains the United Kingdom's national collection of arms and armor and operates the Tower of London. "They wanted to commission a piece for the millennium," Jenkins said in a phone call from London. The idea was a mass that would appeal to widely diverse audiences and, also, proclaim a hope for peace in the future. "The theme that `the armed man must be feared,' which is the message of the song, seemed to me painfully relevant to the 20th century," said Guy Wilson, master of the armouries. "So, the idea was born to commission a modern `Armed Man Mass'. What better way both to look back and reflect as we leave behind the most war‐torn and destructive century in human history, and to look ahead with hope and commit ourselves to a new and more peaceful millennium." In Jenkins, Wilson chose a composer sure to produce a work with wide appeal. Born in Wales and trained as a classical composer, he went into jazz because, he said, he did not write the kind of dissonance music prevalent at the time. His early hit project was Adiemus, a series of four CDs combining western classical music with other traditions to produce an ethereal, almost otherworldly sound. The Armed Man: A Mass for Peace premiered in 2000 in London's Royal Albert Hall. Great Britain's vibrant network of amateur choruses have flocked to the piece. After listening to the work, it's easy to understand the appeal. Jenkins writes utterly unthreatening music. At times it sounds ravishing, and melodies can be beautiful. When he uses dissonance to express the horrors of war, he sometimes lets blocks of consonance clash head on, much like armies did in older wars. The challenge to reasonably accomplished volunteer choirs was substantial, Ellingboe said. "It's not as hard as Verdi's Requiem, but it's a stretch for church choirs." The work also exposed choir members to texts and ideas they normally don't encounter in traditional Christian church music, he added. Jenkins did set parts of the traditional Mass ‐ Kyrie, Sanctus, Agnus Dei and Benedictus ‐ but the majority of words came from other sources like Hindu and Muslim texts, English poetry and verse by a Hiroshima survivor who died of leukemia in 1957. "The overarching point is that we need to learn to get along from all traditions," Ellingboe said. "We're very proud to present that point of view. That would be most unusual for church choirs to undertake." Bradley Paxton, a baritone in the St. Luke's Chancel Choir, said he "fell in love with (some parts) right off the bat, like the Sanctus." Other parts were harder to internalize. "What we're singing about is not easy," he said. "Ultimately we were very much taken, if you will, by the message." The Armed Man: A Mass for Peace is not a political work in the usual sense of the word, Jenkins said. But the intention was "to make people aware of the futility, the hopelessness, the horrors of war," he said. Davis, the Houston director, said a man came up to him after a performance and said, "This is heavy‐handed." "I replied, `If we don't get heavy‐handed about peace soon, we'll be in trouble.' " THE ARMED MAN: A MASS FOR PEACE When: 3 p.m. Oct. 5 Where: Morris Cultural Arts Center, Mabee Theater, Houston Baptist University. Campus entrance 3 off Bissonnet. Admission: Free Information: 713‐402‐5016 Copyright notice: All materials in this archive are copyrighted by Houston Chronicle Publishing Company Division, Hearst Newspapers Partnership, L.P., or its news and feature syndicates and wire services. No materials may be directly or indirectly published, posted to Internet and intranet distribution channels, broadcast, rewritten for broadcast or publication or redistributed in any medium. Neither these materials nor any portion thereof may be stored in a computer except for personal and non‐commercial use. 11/2007 91.9fm Knox. The Knoxville Choral Society’s annual fall concert on Nov. 15 features the Knoxville premiere of Karl Jenkins’ “The Armed Man: A Mass for Peace,” a provocative work that draws from a number of cultural touchstones, including the Christmas mass, Islam’s call to prayer, South American drum rhythms, and stark poems from post‐nuclear Japan. The concert, which also features selections performed by the Knoxville Chamber Chorale, is at 8 p.m. in the
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Knoxville Convention Center Lecture Hall. 16/11/08 Harold Dickett. knoxnews.com Fine Arts. 'Armed Man' deeply affecting . Sunday, November 16, 2008 The Knoxville Choral Society's performance of Karl Jenkins' powerful, ironic, somber but ultimately hopeful "The Armed Man: A Mass for Peace" on Saturday night was both gorgeous and deeply affecting in its multi‐dimensional explorations. The Islamic call to prayer, "Adhaan," prayerfully intoned in Arabic by Fathi Husain, brought to mind the young American soldiers now among the Iraqis, neither of them knowing what tragedies their day may bring, many of them the exact age I was exactly 40 years ago today, in the middle of the war in Vietnam, not knowing if all or only parts of me would come home. Then, with images of war's destruction flashing by at the Knoxville Convention Center, "Angry Flames," the words from 24‐year‐old poet Toge Sankichi's 1949 poem about his witnessing of the 1945 atomic bomb's destruction of Hiroshima, got to me. The "Black, Red, Blue, Dance in the Air, Merge, Scatter glittering sparks" ignited memories that shot me in the face, blasting from inside. I could hear the white phosphorous artillery rounds whistling by. Their white sparks, which illuminated the sky, flashed back like laser beams, covered in the blood of the fellow soldiers I tried to keep alive. I will never forget their faces. As horrible as it is beautiful, "Armed Man" is not a genteel reminder about the enduring impact of war. Nowhere was it more meaningful than soprano Shauntina Phillips' devastating lament that war's losses are forever personal. Sung in French, English, Arabic, Greek and Latin, the text of "Armed Man" begins with the 15th century French poem "L'Homme Arm." It includes portions of "The Mahabharata," the ancient 6th Century Sanskrit story of bitter family fighting, sections of centuries‐old traditional Christian masses in ironic settings, writings by John Dryden, Rudyard Kipling, and Alfred, Lord Tennyson, and familiar words from the Bible. But, commissioned by The Royal Armouries, Britain's oldest national museum, in commemoration of the new millennium, "Armed Man" is in the end a powerful anti‐war call for peace. I can't image anyone who heard this performance not being moved by this music, under the brilliant direction of Eric Thorson and sung by his mass of voices. They have never performed with more conviction. 24/04/2008. Eldon Walker, Lancaster Guardian. Review: The Armed Man, Lancaster and District Choral SocietyThe Lancaster and District Choral Society must be warmly commended for presenting music by a living British composer as its concert's main attraction at Ashton Hall. Karl Jenkins's The Armed Man: A Mass for Peace sets words from a wide variety of sources. Of its thirteen parts, several are strophic, and the consequent repetitions stretch the musical material here and there to its limits. Also, the harmonic vocabulary could surely be more adventurous without compromising the work's integrity. Nevertheless, it is very well crafted dramatically. It is a master‐stroke to begin the work with the choir physically marching, as to war; to set Be Merciful to Me" (Psalm 56) a capella; and to end quietly (Praise the Lord), not in loud bombast. John Perrin conducted with great authority. There was much to enjoy in the rest of the programme. Mezzo Katherine Allen sang operatic excerpts by Bizet and Mozart. Strauss's Radetzky March had the appropriate zing, persuading the audience to clap rhythmically in the traditional manner. But in The Blue Danube, though the many rubatos were well observed, the general tempo could have been a smidgen faster. This Danube had little spring in its step. The concert began with a spirited reading of Mozart's Marriage of Figaro Overture. April 30, 2004. The Times “Serious about being popular: Let the critics sneer ‐ Karl Jenkins is a hit with all the right people” By John Bungey THERE HE BASKS in the Classic FM Hall of Fame, amid the dead legends of western music. Karl Jenkins’s The Armed Man is at No 8, sandwiched between a couple of golden oldies by Edward Elgar, in this year’s listeners’ poll of favourite tunes. After the success of his Adiemus albums and The Armed Man, Jenkins — a stocky, impressively moustachioed Welshman — is rated Britain’s biggest‐selling composer. Adiemus: Songs of Sanctuary is one of those pieces, like Tubular Bells or Gorecki’s Third, whose fame spread far beyond its niche audience. It worked in a concert hall, it worked on drivetime radio, it supplied that vast, but rarely acknowledged, market for music to shout over at metropolitan dinner parties. Critics may carp about crossover — two years ago one eminent scribe was still dismissing Jenkins as a “TV jingle writer” — but seven‐figure sales permit its creator to believe that he might just have got something right. “There are two reasons I write music,” he says. “One, it fulfils a need in me; the other is to communicate with people — which I do. I get so many letters, and they can be quite humbling. A blind person told me I had helped him to see the world, others say they found solace in what I wrote. “The record company came up with the slogan ‘Spiritual music for secular people’ and it is quite apt.” Tomorrow he will perform The Armed Man, his “Mass for Peace”, for the first time in London, together with parts of his Adiemus albums during celebrations for his 60th birthday. The Mass, a meditation on the follies of war, has been adopted by choral groups, receiving dozens of performances. Written largely in the Western classical idiom, it is Jenkins’s weightiest work yet. Never mind that Radio 3 seems unsympathetic. “I don’t think they’ve played any of my music.” Never mind that critics can be dismissive. “Oh I have very little time for critics. “The main level of respect I seek — and usually find — is from fellow musicians. If they think a piece is wellcrafted, well‐ written and have enjoyed it, that’s the most important thing.” Jenkins is speaking in the sunny sitting room of his West London home, resplendent with Italianate furnishings (there’s another house in South Wales). Out front is a top‐of‐the‐range BMW, out back is the garden shed — Sibelius House —
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where he writes his many commissions (“I tend to work for a few hours every day, weekends are no different”). As he reaches his seventh decade, life seems to have turned out rather well. Jenkins gives a half‐smile: “I’m a bit of a Welsh morose character. I tend to worry. But yes, I suppose it has.” His success is the more remarkable since his career started in the field most likely to guarantee life in a garret: jazz. After studying music at Cardiff University, he rejected a classical career, put off by the discords of the Stockhausen years. John Coltrane was a hero and, instead, playing saxophone, Jenkins joined Nucleus. Working with the trumpeter Ian Carr they managed to invent jazz‐rock in England largely independently of Miles Davis (who got all the credit). Jenkins moved on to Soft Machine, but their days as counter‐culture heroes were over and their serious jazz phase was less of a commercial success. “We didn’t so much break up as the bookings just stopped coming,” he says. He began writing music for advertisements and found he was good at it. There were hits with Levi’s, Pirelli, Renault’s Papa and Nicole. When Delta Airlines requested “something with ethnic voices” he offered a then‐untitled part of Adiemus. Initially Delta dithered (it would have been like Decca rejecting the Beatles) but wherever the ad was shown the music beguiled viewers. “The whole thing kind of exploded round the world. The first success was in Germany — both a single and the album went top five. But it wasn’t just the ad. In Japan, where it wasn’t screened, they called it healing music.” By uniting classical strings, ethnic percussion and female voices singing wordlessly in an Arab‐influenced style, Jenkins had created a phenomenon. Adiemus has been played in halls from Helsinki to Tokyo, and Jenkins’s company now offers performing groups in two sizes (depending on the promoter’s budget) to put on the music pretty much anywhere. Truly a global brand. In Britain, Classic FM — who have become great Jenkins champions — were initially sniffy. So were classical music chart compilers, despite letters of endorsement from the London Philharmonic Orchestra and others. “In the end that album largely led to the crossover chart being created.” However — presumably anxious not to be blamed for Vanessa Mae and the Mediaeval Baebes — Jenkins hastily adds: “I dislike most crossover music where they just take classical music and add beats.” Lately some of Jenkins’s old jazz peers have got back together. Members of Soft Machine, enjoying belated recognition, have re‐formed as Soft Works. Might Jenkins be interested in dusting off the saxophone? “I don’t think so. I was trained classically, and though I went through different periods, now I’ve found what I do best, I’ve found my path.” • The music of Karl Jenkins will be performed at the Festival Hall, South Bank London SE1 (0870 264 9988), on May 1. 10 June 2005. Stephanie von Buchau, Oakland Tribune, Appealing choral music by Welshman Karl Jenkins. Jenkins: The Armed Man, A Mass for Peace (Virgin Records) Jenkins: Requiem; In These Stones Horizons Sing (EMI Classics) Ever heard of Welsh composer (and former jazz pianist) Karl Jenkins? Me, neither. But here he is in full glory with two big, important contemporary choral pieces that strike me as the best of their kind since Ben Britten's "War Requiem," which they somewhat resemble in structure, though not in sound picture. The major piece is "The Armed Man," which employs the famous 15th century chanson, "L'Homme arme." It's been set as a Mass dozens of times, but not like this. Commissioned by Britain's Royal Armoury (a military museum), it is, like the "War Requiem," a piece that successfully mixes the Catholic Requiem Mass for the Dead with poems, orchestral interludes, sound effects, even a Muzzein calling the faithful to prayers. Set for chorus, children's chorus, soloists, solo cello and full orchestra, the virtues (to my ears, at least) of "The Armed Man" are rhythmic variety, superb melodies (some, like "L'Homme arme," incorporated from the past) and a sure sense of dramatic pacing. The performance, conducted by Jenkins, is both moving and exciting. I'd love to hear it live. The Requiem, though it appears to have been written later, seems somewhat underpowered, rather like a sketch for the Mass. Its non‐ liturgical interludes are Japanese death haiku, which lends the work a cool, abstract tone. It also sounds a little derivative ‐‐ compare the "Pie Jesu" to Lloyd Webber's. .... 2/12/2007. Jackie Wright. Penrith Singers. KARL JENKINS ‐ THE ARMED MAN; JOHN RUTTER – GLORIA; JOHN TAVENER ‐ SONG FOR ATHENE. St. Andrew's Church was filled with the sound of music, both instrumental and vocal at the Penrith Singer's concert. The large audience enjoyed a varied programme of John Rutter, John Tavener and Karl Jenkins. The evening began with John Rutter's Gloria, a challenging work with plenty of rousing rhythms and changes of time, which were sung with enthusiasm. This was followed by John Tavener's unaccompanied Song for Athene, which was performed confidently, the haunting melodies echoing around the building with great effect. It was a treat to hear Karl Jenkin's The Armed Man. This emotive work covers so many styles and the choir rose to the challenge. In particular the Sanctus was sung with feeling and a good range of dynamics. The instrumental players complemented the choir well, the timps making both audience and choir members jump at times, even if the amazing percussion section overwhelmed the singing on a couple of occasions. It was encouraging to see members of the choir singing the solo parts and credit must go to Colin Marston for bringing it all together. The appreciative comments from members of the audience reflected the success of the evening. Withdrawn – duplicate
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1 February, 2008. Christopher Blank,"A Mass for Peace" has performance at Idlewild. Memphis Commercial Appeal. Tim Sharp was on a sabbatical in England, driving the scenic road from Coventry to Oxford, when a tune came on the radio that caught his ear. "The first thing I thought was, this is such a big, eclectic spread of music," said Sharp, the Rhodes College music administrator, who also directs the Rhodes Singers. "I had to pull over and wait for the announcer to tell me what it was." "Only when we did the full concert did we realize how much it takes out of you," Tim Sharp said after this October 2007 performance of "The Armed Man: A Mass for Peace." "People in the choir were crying." Welsh composer Karl Jenkins wrote "The Armed Man: A Mass for Peace" for the war victims of Kosovo, but it has since become a popular expression of sentiment about the war in Iraq. Sharp was surprised to learn he'd been listening to one of the most popular works of contemporary choral music in Europe ‐‐ a Gold‐status album that the BBC has kept on steady rotation for the last several years, during which there have been more than 100 live performances in the United Kingdom alone. Most Americans have never heard of "The Armed Man: A Mass for Peace," which will be performed Saturday in Memphis for the second time. It was written by the Welsh composer Karl Jenkins, in April 2000, as a commission for the Royal Armouries. Though dedicated to the war victims of Kosovo, the timing of later performances has made it a popular expression of sentiment about the current war in Iraq. Jenkins' "The Armed Man" is quickly catching on in this country. It had its U.S. premiere in 2005 at Carnegie Hall. This month it returned there for a tribute concert to Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. More than a year ago Sharp met with Ted Gibboney, music director at Idlewild Presbyterian Church, to discuss putting on the Mass. Gibboney had had a similar first encounter with the music. That is, in a car. "A colleague of mine, a musicologist, drove down to visit me from St. Louis in his brand new BMW," Gibboney said. "He drove up and said, 'Get in.' I thought he was going to show me his car. Instead we sat there and listened to the CD he'd just bought." Last October, Idlewild held the first local performance of "The Armed Man: A Mass for Peace." Gibboney played the organ. The Rhodes Singers sang the choral parts, and members of the Memphis Symphony Orchestra played the reduced score. "I wasn't prepared for how the audience would react," Sharp said. "They were wiped out at the end. It was like we'd just played Mahler." The next day, the phone rang nonstop in Gibboney's office. Some calls were from the 200 to 300 people who attended, and some were from the musicians who'd performed. "They all wanted to know when we were going to repeat it," Gibboney said. "It was just so unpredictable. I mean, I didn't even know about this music until a year ago." On Saturday, Sharp reprises the concert as part of a national conference called "Music and Worship in the City," led by John L. Bell, a minister of the Church of Scotland and member of the Iona Community based in Glasgow. The conference, organized by pastors from Idlewild, Mississippi Boulevard Christian Church and St. John's United Methodist Church, will address the question: "Can worship enable reconciliation?" The "Mass for Peace" is open to the public. In one respect, Jenkins' work is unusual for a "Mass," a religious composition that would likely be performed in a church. Jenkins uses a broad range of sources, including the Roman Mass Ordinary. The title comes from a Medieval French chant, "L'homme armé." Passages from the Koran are sung in Arabic. Verses are drawn from Rudyard Kipling, John Dryden, Lord Alfred Tennyson and Jonathan Swift. Listeners are unaware that one of the final passages for the two soloists ‐‐ "Better is peace than always war" ‐‐ is attributed in the written score to Lancelot and Guinevere of Arthurian legend. "At one point, we have a battle scene," Sharp said. "For twelve bars they have to do a vocalization that sounds like a battle cry. It's marked in the score: 'Sing any notes and randomly glissando up and down.... and convey horror.'" Critics and performers describe Jenkins' 50‐minute work as having a made‐for‐film appeal. "It's kind of like a movie soundtrack, but in a more sophisticated way," Sharp said. "It's like a 'Schindler's List' soundtrack, not a 'Harry Potter' soundtrack." Jenkins, 63, started his career as a jazz musician (with Nucleus) and a prog rocker (with Soft Machine) in the 1970s. Through the 1990s, Jenkins recorded a series of classical crossover albums under the title of "Adiemus," featuring wordless vocal harmonies set against orchestral backdrops. One of his most popular "classical" works came from his sideline writing ad jingles. String groups across the world now play his "Palladio," originally written for the diamond company De Beers and heard in the commercials that depict silhouettes wearing jewelry. Sharp said that while Jenkins' music is Hollywood pretty" and accessible, he originally underestimated its ability to move and inspire. "This second time round, I'll be much more prepared," Sharp said. "It's not like playing Bach's B Minor Mass. But when you're rehearsing different sections, you don't hear the power of the whole. Only when we did the full concert did we realize how much it takes out of you. People in the choir were crying." Sharp is happy to add the work to his repertoire, and will conduct it again this summer in Russia for the Rachmaninoff Institute. "It's a really great solidarity piece," he said. ‐‐ Christopher Blank: 529‐2305 Preview "The Armed Man: A Mass for Peace" 5 p.m. Saturday at Idlewild Presbyterian Church, 1750 Union Avenue. A donation of $10 is suggested. Call 726‐4681 for information . 20/02/2007 The [University of West Georgia] Campus Chronicle. “Concert to Feature more than 100 performers.” The Armed Man – A Mass for Peace will make its southeastern debut at the annual UWG Choral Orchestral Concert with more than 100 performers from the Collegium Vocale, the Carroll Symphony Orchestra and the UWG Concert Choir. Dr. Kevin Hibbard, professor and chair of the Department of Music and director of the UWG Concert Choir and Collegium Vocale, will conduct the most ambitious event of the Department of Music’s season on Tuesday, Feb. 20, at 8:15 p.m. in the TCPA. The Armed Man – A Mass for Peace is a collage of a traditional celebration of mass; generations of prose written by Malory, Dryden, Swift, Tennyson and Kipling; and texts from the Koran and the Hindu Mahàbharàta. Together they blend into an orchestral and choral voice of passion in a composition of traditional and contemporary music that explores war and peace in our time. Created by world‐renowned contemporary British composer Karl Jenkins, the composition received a standing ovation at its 2000 debut in London. The Collegium Vocale is a select community chorus
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founded in 1955 by faculty members of Emory University. The chorus performs a variety of secular and sacred choral literature from the Renaissance to the 21st century. The UWG Concert Choir performs major works as part of its repertoire of traditional classical choral music and multicultural music. Members of the Carroll Symphony Orchestra performing in the concert play at venues throughout Carroll County under the direction of Terry Lowry. Tickets are $10 for adults, $7 for seniors, $3 for children and free for UWG students with ID. They can be purchased Monday through Friday, 10 a.m. to 4 p.m., at the TCPA or by calling x9‐4722. The official observance of the University of West Georgia’s Centennial will come to a close 365 days after it began with a sealing of a time capsule and the presentation of a Centennial quilt on Friday, Aug. 17, at 3:30 p.m. in the Ingram Library..... The capsule, a 14‐inch‐wide and 24‐inch‐tall container, will be filled with approximately 50 items carefully preserved in archival boxes, folders and acid‐free tissue paper. Items Placed in Time Capsule Monday, August 13, 2007 ... CD of The Armed Man: A Mass for Peace performance by the UWG Concert Choir includes program. 0/2/2007 “The Armed Man ‐ A Concert for Peace.” Great Stuff!. Celebrate peace as Rackham Symphony Choir presents The Armed Man: A Concert For Peace. It is a multi‐cultural celebration featuring contemporary oratorio "The Armed Man" by Karl Jenkins which is a vivid musical picture of the futility of war and eternal hope for peace, along with the world premiere of an original film. The works were commissioned by the Cranbrook Peace Foundation. The multi‐media performance, conducted by RSC Music and Artistic Director Suzanne Mallare Acton, features more than 200 performers, including the Detroit Chamber Winds & Strings, two guest choirs, six soloists and guest cellist from the 2006 Sphinx Competition. Members of the Maples Arabic Drum Ensemble will perform prior to the concert in the lobby. Tickets range from $26 to $46 and are available at the door. Call (313) 943‐2354, ext 1; or online www.dearbornfordcenter.com. Karl Jenkins' "The Armed Man" is currently the most popular choral work performed in Europe. It embraces the 600‐year tradition of "L'Homme Armé," a French folk tune on which over 50 sacred and secular musical works have been based since the 15th century. For more information, visit www.rackhamchoir.org. An original film, commissioned and produced by Rackham Symphony Choir, was written and directed by New York filmmaker Robert Cucuzza is presented as part of the event. Shot in Detroit in 2006, the work features middle school boys in a provocative and timely allegory of war and peace. The film is made possible by a grant from the Cranbrook Peace Foundation. RACKHAM CHOIR PREVIEW“The Armed Man” In March 2007, Rackham Symphony Choir takes on its most ambitious project of the year, The Armed Man: A Concert for Peace. RSC presents Karl Jenkins’ The Armed Man ‐ a contemporary oratorio commissioned for the millennium by the Royal Armouries. The Armed Man is a 21st century interpretation of the 15th century French tradition “L’Homme Armé” or “The Armed Man.” Jenkins’ interpretation on the futility of war and eternal hope for peace embraces the 600 year tradition of “L’Homme Armé” from a multi‐cultural perspective by drawing upon a variety of texts both secular and sacred such as the Koran, the Hindu Mahabharata, the poetry of Tennyson, the prose of Kipling and contemporary poetry written by a Hiroshima survivor. The Armed Man is currently the most popular choral work performed in Europe and RSC is pleased to present this important work to Michigan audiences. Original Film Rackham Symphony Choir has commissioned an original film to be presented as part of this multi‐media performance. The film, "The Armed Boy," was shot on location in Detroit in December 2006. "The Armed Man: A Concert for Peace" will feature the world premiere of this landmark film. The Performers On stage will be over 200 performers including Rackham Symphony Choir, two guest choirs from local schools, six soloists and a full 40‐piece orchestra. The performers include musicians representing diverse ethnicities, religions and backgrounds. Cranes for Peace Rackham Symphony Choir is working with local elementary schools in the Detroit Metro Area to create hundreds of origami cranes ‐ the eternal symbol of peace – which will be displayed in the lobby of the performance venue. Posters for Peace Rackham Symphony Choir is holding an original art competition with local high schools in the Detroit Metro area. The winners’ artwork will be featured in promotional materials for the concert, will be featured at the venue and in the concert program. 0/2/2007 By K. Michelle Moran. Arts & Entertainment Editor, ‘The Armed Man’ comes in peace. C&G Newspapers, Detroit. Circulation 605,857 ‐ Readership ~1 mill. Since she first heard it several years ago, Rackham Symphony Choir Artistic and Music Director Suzanne Mallare Acton of Grosse Pointe Park has wanted the group to perform Karl Jenkins’ oratorio “The Armed Man.” What she didn’t realize then was that the concert would snowball into “The Armed Man: A Concert for Peace,” a multimedia extravaganza featuring the Detroit Chamber Winds and Strings, student guest choirs Mosaic Singers and Groves High School of Birmingham, the Maples Arabic Drum Ensemble of Dearborn, several guest soloists, and a silent film by director Robert Cucuzza. It will be staged at 4 p.m. March 25 at the Ford Center for Performing Arts in Dearborn. “It’s not a concert, it’s an event,” laughed Mallare Acton. Inspired by a 15th century French folk song, “L’Homme Armé,” “The Armed Man” incorporates elements from literature and religion — including the Catholic Mass, the Koran and the Hindu Mahabharata — to deliver a message of peace. As the music is performed, the film — an allegorical tale about childhood bullying, shot at a West Bloomfield school — will be woven in and out of the concert. “Because it’s so unique, it’s hard to even [explain it] to people to have them understand what it will be like,” said Rackham member Gary Hasley of Troy. The production’s international quality is reflected in the diversity of the Rackham production, which features performers of many racial, ethnic and religious backgrounds from throughout Southeastern Michigan — including Center Line, Huntington Woods and Sterling Heights. That diversity was one of
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Mallare Acton’s goals, and it was one of the aspects that appealed to Leah Dexter of Southfield, a vocalist who’s performing an alto solo. “It’s like a way for us, through the music, to say to the audience … let’s stop the segregation and the war,” Dexter said. “If we can come together and perform this beautiful work, why can’t we come together [as a society]?” Maggie Patton of Ferndale — one of the film’s stars — said audiences will see a movie that’s moving and beautiful. “The shots are very rich looking,” she said. The film also stars Michael Kurowski of Bloomfield Hills, Tyler Yaldo of West Bloomfield and Robert Jakob of Warren, as well as more than 20 student and adult actors from Birmingham, Madison Heights, Orchard Lake, Sylvan Lake and Southfield, among other cities. “It’s been emotional,” said Rackham member Susan Fox of Fraser. “This is a really powerful piece, and the film we commissioned — the first time we saw it, it was a several hanky affair. But the music is beautiful.” Rackham member Tony Ruda of St. Clair Shores concurs, admitting this has been a tremendously moving experience. “It bends over backwards to be meaningful to all people,” Ruda said. “It’s got some Christian elements to it and it’s got some Islamic elements to it. It appeals to a broad cross‐section of people, and to me, that adds to its importance.” In addition, Ruda stresses that it’s “a good piece of music.” The Cranbrook Peace Foundation will present a pre‐concert lecture, and hundreds of cranes — a symbol of peace in some cultures — made by local children will be on display. Mallare Acton said they’re trying to build “a bridge to understanding through our music.” “This piece really masterfully engages the subject,” she said. “We’re just trying to make it a memorable journey for [the audience].” “The Armed Man: A Concert for Peace” will be performed at 4 p.m. March 25 at the Ford Center for Performing Arts, 15801 Michigan Ave., in Dearborn. Tickets are $26‐$46 and can be purchased at the door, by calling (313) 943‐2354, ext. 1, or visiting www.dearbornfordcenter.com. Special patron tickets, which include premium seating and a reception, are $100 and can only be purchased through Rackham by calling (313) 886‐9074. For additional details, visit www.rackhamchoir.org. You can reach K. Michelle Moran at [email protected] or at (586) 498‐1047. Pasted from ?/08/2005. War and Remembrance ‐ The Armed Man: A Mass for Peace The Stanford Summer Chorus will perform at Stanford Memorial Church on Saturday, August 6 at 8:00 pm. The concert is titled “War and Remembrance,” and it features a premier of “The Armed Man: A Mass for Peace” by Karl Jenkins. This is the first complete performance of this work in the United States. Tickets are $10 general admission, $9 seniors, and $5 for students with student ID. Tickets are available at the door. For more concert information, please call the Stanford Concert Hotline at (650) 725‐2787. The concert commemorates the 60th anniversary of the bombing of Hiroshima. The choir will also perform a set of spirituals on the theme of war and peace, composed by Moses Hogan, Rosephanye Powell and others. The Armed Man: A Mass for Peace” was composed in 2000 as a Millenium commission by the British Armouries. Dedicated to the victims of the Kosovo conflict, it is a powerful and compelling account of the descent into, and consequences of, war. Using the basis of a Christian Mass, Karl Jenkins has set both secular and sacred texts, inspired and guided by the 15th‐century French song L'Homme Arme (see translation below), to create a major and unsettling choral work that raises questions and provokes poignant reflection. The work has received widespread acclaim in the UK, where it has been performed over 100 times. L'homme armé (translation) The armed man is to be feared.Everywhere it has been proclaimed That everyone should arm himself with an iron coat of mail.According to one British newspaper, “Karl Jenkins is the most popular classical composer you've never heard of.” Born in Wales, he studied classical music at University College, Cardiff, and at the Royal Academy of Music. He spent his early career as a jazz and rock musician, before returning to classical music composition. Jenkins is probably best known for his Adiemus project, a series of albums which combines world music and classical music. The first three albums ‐ Songs of Sanctuary, Cantata Mundi, and Dances of Time have found enormous success worldwide, achieving silver, gold and platinum awards globally. He has recently been made both a Fellow and an Associate of the Royal Academy of Music, and was awarded an Order of the British Empire for services to British music. Rafael Ornes is the Minister of Music at Valley Presbyterian Church in Portola Valley, and manages the Choral Public Domain Library, a large internet resource for free choral music (http://www.cpdl.org). He studied choral conducting at San Jose State, and received a master's degree at Stanford University, while studying with Dr. William Ramsey and Gregory Wait. This is the sixth season that he has directed the Stanford Summer Chorus. March 7, 2008. The Times [Online]. What makes Karl Jenkins the Marmite man of music? Is the best‐selling contemporary composer a shallow manipulator? Yes, says a critic. No, argues the head of Classic FM. Have your say. Philip Clark and Darren Henley. Philip Clark: It's all about money. He shifts CDs in unreal quantities and has audiences weeping in the aisles at the Albert Hall. He was hailed by no less a figure than Kiri Te Kanawa as a “gentle and quiet genius”. So, as Karl Jenkins prepares to unveil his Stabat Mater in Liverpool, how could anyone be cynical? After all, nothing could be more benign than a composer reaching out with compositions rooted in the grand tradition of British choral music. But dig deeper and the sinister underbelly of what has been coined “the Jenkins phenomenon” becomes apparent ‐ he's at the epicentre of a ruthlessly engineered corporate campaign. / The perfect example is The Armed Man: A Mass for Peace, dedicated to those who lost their lives in the Kosovo War. Does Jenkins really think that his clubbable tunes and saccharine harmonies are an appropriate response to one of the bloodiest and most complex wars in recent history? Jenkins transforms Kosovo's horrors into something safe for weeping at in the concert hall because it's pitched at the level of soap opera. And the distasteful inference is: criticise Jenkins and you're effectively disrespecting the memories of those who perished. It shamelessly shields its dearth of content behind an emotive façade / When a
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composer commenting on war begins his Mass for Peace with a crude evocation of a marching army and pounding military drums, you know you're not dealing with a subtle mind. When that same composer, in his 2005 Requiem, attempts to fuse the Latin Mass with Japanese haiku by deploying caricatures of indigenous Japanese folk music, you're left wondering how he can get away with music that's so lacking in critical judgment. / John Cage, in one of his many mischievous aphorisms, declared: “I have nothing to say and I am saying it.” One interpretation could be that the horrors of our era are so profound that music is powerless to comment directly upon it. Cage's solution was to liberate sound in the idealistic hope that people's minds might be elevated above conditioning by society. / If Cage was about the liberation of thought, then Jenkins is about the mass manipulation of emotions. Another of Cage's maxims declared that he wanted to be moved by music but objected to being pushed; every gesture in a Jenkins score, conversely, puts inverted commas around emotion and turns musical expression into a theatrical spectacle. This is a totalitarian mode of expression, feeding off a carefully cultivated cult of personality. / What licenses Jenkins is, of course, the hard‐nosed PR that spins away in the background. Both Jenkins's publisher (Boosey & Hawkes) and his record label (EMI Classics) have been hit hard as the once lucrative classical music industry has fragmented around them. They see in Jenkins an opportunity to break even and assert a new orthodoxy that cannily sidesteps the awkward issues about where modern composition has reached. Jenkins holds up a mirror to the pitiful cultural aspirations of our times. His music is not about surprise ‐ it's about the sound of ker‐ching. /Philip Clark is a composer and contributor to Wire and Gramophone . / Darrent Henley: It's life‐affirming music . It has always seemed to me that many of those people who control access to contemporary classical music in Britain today appear to subscribe to a “no pain, no gain” notion when it comes to serving up their fare. They regard those of us outside their club with a mixture of contempt and pity. / Commercial success is, of course, the biggest crime of all for the members of this club. Any classical composer whose CDs are stocked in supermarkets, where they sell by the trolley‐load, is marked out as a particular threat in a world where many commissions never make it as far as being committed to disc and struggle to gain any further performance after their premiere. / Set against this context, Karl Jenkins should be public enemy No 1 for the self‐appointed classical‐ music elite. He has consistently been the most popular living composer in the Classic FM Hall of Fame, the annual poll of our listeners' music tastes. / He has achieved sales figures of which most classical composers can only dream. The Armed Man: A Mass for Peace, which had its premiere in 2000, has now sold 152,000 copies on CD in the UK alone. His publisher, Boosey & Hawkes, has sold more than 53,000 copies of the work's vocal score. Performances since its premiere now stand at 537 worldwide. Of the 348 performances in the UK, the vast majority come from amateur choirs rather than from professional (and publicly subsidised) organisations. / Jenkins is no one‐hit wonder either. His Requiem has been performed 169 times in the three years since its premiere and his publisher reports a growing clamour for scores to his Stabat Mater, even before its sell‐out debut performance in Liverpool next week. / The foundations for Jenkins's success were set in place during his time as an oboe player in the National Youth Orchestra and in his studies at the Royal Academy of Music, where the rigorous disciplines of classical composition were instilled in him. His early career as a jazz musician and as a member of the 1970s rock outfit Soft Machine gave him a completely different perspective, teaching him how to create music that had the primary objective of being entertaining. Then, as the composer of music for television advertising, he honed this amalgam of discipline and entertainment to create his own unique sound. / To my ear, Jenkins is a great modern composer with a good old‐fashioned tune inside him. Not for him the painful, unrewarding squeaky‐gate music of many of his contemporaries. Instead, he writes wonderful life‐affirming music, packed to the brim with memorable melodies. Jenkins is an unselfish composer who has a precise understanding of his audience and what they want. He writes music with the listener in mind rather than simply composing for himself. / His success as the people's classical composer is all down to his unerring ability to deliver intense aural pleasure without the excruciating pain. / Darren Henley is MD of Classic FM . Karl Jenkins's Stabat Mater has its world premiere at Liverpool Anglican Cathedral on March 15 (0151‐709 3789), broadcast on Classic FM on March 26 . Do you agree with Philip Clark or Darren Henley? Tell us what you think below Have your say. We need to be sure of ourselves here. This is an instant digital world: we are in an age where everything is shifting before us. We are able to critique both the man and his music simultaneously in a way that previous generations in the classical culture were not. Undecided, yet intrigued. Stephen Bell, Wellingborough, UK // It seems to me that Karl is the Franz Liszt of his day. I am not a lover of classical music, but I have to say that, in my view, no music can be described as "great" if hardly anyone likes it. Can you say "That's great music, but personally I can't stand it."? I'd sooner listen to Karl than Wagner. Peter Smith, London., // I totally disagree with Philip Clark and agree with Darren Henley. As for John Cage: HE is the epitome of boredom. Barren, cacophonous philosophy pretending to be music. Bah. Jenkins is the (post)modern liberator of classical music for the 21rst century. His fusion of Western classical idioms with pop styles and world‐music is marvelous, and profoundly musical. Hey, fellow musicians and lovers of the classical tradition: this is our future. Three cheers for Karl Jenkins! Kim Batteau, The Hague, The Netherlands // I agree in the main with Philip Clark. Jenkins' music is a product of this age when it's so easy to create and live off a catchy tune. Yes there are some melodic moments in Jenkins' works but they are just moments and they are repeated and repeated, much like the Cheeky Girls whose CD sales he may have just surpassed. Darrent Henley ought to have acknowledged that Classic FM is largely responsible for the success of Jenkins, using his catchy tunes as jingles and fillers between adverts particularly on the Evening Concert that was presented by Nick Bailey until recently for maybe 10 years or more, so, from one of his major works a Jenkins jingle was played maybe 100 times a week, possibly 50,000 times in 10 years, it was like a subliminal message to buy buy buy Jenkins. John Wright, Warwickshire, // I'm personally quiet indifferent about the music of Karl Jenkins, however I think Darren Henley makes a good point in saying that "Jenkins is an unselfish composer who has a precise understanding of his audience and what they want." When
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music, or art more generally ceases to be entertaining, it looses its purpose. Harvey, London, UK // Classic FM started so well, it is a pity that it has capitulated to boosting the sales of supposed Classic CD's in supermarkets. There will always lurk a suspicion that they are taking a Bung to push a particular performer; running Audience Participation competitions, largely unaudited, to create a spurious demand among a small group of listeners that are too lazy to try & discover great music and its meaning. I find Carl Jenkins boring; just as I feel Andrea Bocelli whines and Charlotte Church & Sophie Westerhome barely adequate, when measured against great singers. As fo Russell Watson, I was sorry that he lost his voice, but, in reality, it was pretty forgettable. Classic FM fails in one particular. It does not play the finest interpretations of Classical Music, which was its slogan when it set out to bring the great Classics to the masses, a very noble aspiration. It has become a glorified Housewives' Choice, without Godfrey Wynn. Time to admit that they are just traders of Pap. MR. MYLES STANISTREET, NERAC, FRANCE 47// To make his case, Philip Clark turns his attention to the characteristics of Jenkins's music. Darren Henley appeals to sales figures. Only one of these has the slightest relevance to assessing a composer's merits. Which do you think it is? Tim, London, // I do not especially like Karl Jenkins' music at all, but I respect what he does. It is very easy for other people and composers (such as Mr Philip Clark?) to criticise his music, but he is without question the best in that particular field. Furthermore, I do not think Karl Jenkins used events such as wars to "shamelessly shields its dearth of content behind an emotive facade". Feel free to say whatever you want about his music ‐ no one is stopping you. Roger, Isle of Wight, // "What is so 'crude' about a timeless and universal image 'of a marching army and pounding military drums'? " It's so very obvious and unoriginal. Honestly, could he not have come up with something fresh and new? Jenkins is all about the cynical marketing of make‐believe to gullible and culturally ill‐ informed people Will Duffay, London, // Just what is so 'saccharine' in music that allows one to 'weep' about the horror of war, whether it be modern or ancient? What is so 'crude' about a timeless and universal image 'of a marching army and pounding military drums'? What is so unsubtle about fusing the complexity of a Latin Mass with simplicity of a Japanese Haiku? And why does success create such angst? Mr Clark must know that he exposes his aims behind an 'emotive façade' of words; as for his 'faith' in Mr Cage's 'maxims' ‐ well it should be remembered that it is exactly this type of 'emotive façade' and 'faith' that drives any war. Pam Brown, Woking, UK // Jenkins is neither a great music nor a great composer. He is, however, a genius having found a niche that allows him to spin out a very meagre talent to fill the gaps for a very unimaginative proportion of the music loving public. High art it certainly isn't, but fair play to him. whether we like it or not, without the profits generated we'd never get any of the Turnage or Birtwistle that does count. Anthony, Sheffield, // For all that Philip Clark's viewpoint is expressed in a rather hard‐nosed fashion, I fear that it is largely correct. He does at least address a series of valid issues, whereas Darren Henley seems to concentrate almost exclusively on numbers of CD sales and box office receipts which, whatever they may or may not prove in the commercial world, offer no guarantees as to the value of the purchased product. To decry other people's genuine and personal emotions as "soap opera" may indeed sound "élitist" (as Joan Denvir suggests above), but Philip Clark's use of the term "soap opera" to decry ersatz emotions cynically manufactured by commercially motivated manipulators is quite another matter altogether and it seems to me to be very much to the point. I have no patience with the typically British habit of sneering at anything that's successful, but let's at least ascribe Mr Jenkins' success accurately ‐ i.e. to commercial adroitness rather than to something else. Alistair Hinton, Bath, UK // Darren Henley expresses what I believe. It's typical of some critics in this country to sneer at anything that is successful. Karl Jenkins is a great musician and composer. Let's have more success and enlightenment of the people to classical music. T David Pattison, Edinburgh, Scotland // what's the point of 'liberating sound in idealistic hope‐‐" in the manner of Cage if not many folk are listening or understanding the sounds? Bit elitist isn't it to descry other people's emotions as soap opera? // Joan Denvir, London. 26th February 2008. Annie Riddle, “Bishop Tutu coming to Salisbury” The Wiltshire.co.uk. ARCHBISHOP Desmond Tutu is to appear at Salisbury's International Arts Festival this summer. The Nobel Peace Laureate will be in conversation with ITV news anchorman Mark Austin at the City Hall and will deliver a sermon in the Cathedral, where he will be made a Sarum Canon. His presence will be central to a Peace Weekend over the final three days of the Festival in June. The Archbishop's visit follows months of negotiations involving Festival director Jo Metcalf, Salisbury Community Choir's musical director Fiona Clarke and the Cathedral authorities. The trip was first mooted when the Community Choir was touring Cape Town last spring and Jo Metcalf flew out there to meet them. The visit coincides with the arrival of the 77‐ strong Fezeka children's choir from the township of Gugulethu, who will perform Karl Jenkins' The Armed Man: A Mass for Peace in the Cathedral with SCC during the Festival, under the name The Rainbow Choir. At the Festival launch on Monday Ms Metcalf said: "It was Archbishop Tutu who coined the phrase Rainbow Nation for post‐apartheid South Africa, and he is extremely supportive of the Rainbow Choir project." It is hoped that Archbishop Tutu will have a chance to have tea with the children and hear them sing while he is here. Worcestershire Communigate. "Early Music in the Vale" website. Survey results in sidebar of home page. "Should the 'Muslim call to prayer' from Karl Jenkins' The Armed Man' be omitted when it's performed in Christian Churches? Responses 25/5/2008 & 16/11/2008 & 20/5/2009: If the vicar says so: 2446/2714/2816 (98%) If the church's council says so, 0/0 votes. If the archibishop said so 2/3/4 votes. Not if it is hired by an outside group. 2/4/5 votes. Never, that's censorship 54/55/57 votes (2%)
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September 13, 2006. [“Father Jape”] BLOG: the Japery § Japus Gassalascus, Expectorator. because ye were neither hot nor cold, I will spew you from my mouth. Another pub(l)ic spectacle from the New Pantagruel / Islamicized Mass in Milwaukee and the Latest Spengler / Archbishop Dolan’s church recently held a “concert mass” – Karl Jenkins’ “The Armed Man: A Mass for Peace.” A news report says “The theme suggests ‘the armed man must be feared’ and that people must seek peace across cultures.” This “performance” includes the “Adhaan” or Muslim call to prayer: / “To do an Islamic call to prayer in this space is unusual; it shows that our first response should not be fear or terror, but peace,” [Milwaukee Archdiocesan Choir Director Jeff] Honore said later from the back of the church. As the words, “Lord grant us strength to die!” rang out from the front, he added: “That’s the power of this piece ‐ people on either side of the battle pray the same prayer.” / Apposite to this peice is Spengler’s “Ayatollah al‐Sistani and the end of Islam” and “Why Islam baffles America” The following quote is taken from the latter: / “As Ratzinger observes, Christian (as well as Jewish) prayer is a dialogue among lovers. “The soul prayers in the words of the Psalms: let not my prayer and your love depart from me (Psalm 66:20). “It prays to be able to pray ‐ and this is already given to the soul in the assurance of Divine Love,” wrote the Jewish theologian Franz Rosenzweig, believing that Jews and Christians are infatuated with God, and prayer is their opportunity to exchange lovers’ intimacies. They never tire of talking about talking to their beloved, that is, about the nature of prayer. One might compare Ratzinger’s essay to Man in Search of God by Abraham Joshua Heschel, the best‐read Jewish theologian of the postwar period. / “Sistani’s interest in prayer is an entirely different matter. In all the mass of his writings available on the Internet, he has nothing more to say about the content of prayer than the following: / “Prayer is an audience with the Creator, convened at prescribed daily times. Allah has outlined the times at which prayers are said and the manner which they must be conducted. During this audience you be fully absorbed in the experience. You talk to Him and invoke His Mercy. You come out of this encounter with clear conscience and serene heart. It is quite natural that you may feel the presence of Allah while you say your prayer. Above all, prayer is a manifestation of inner feeling that we all belong to Allah, the Most High, who has overall control over everything. And when you utter the phrase, ‘Allahu Akbar’ at the start of every prayer, all material things should become insignificant because you are in the presence of the Lord of the universe who controls every aspect of it. He is greater than everything. As you recite the chapter of ‘al‐Fatiha’, you say, ‘You do we worship, and You do we ask for help’. Thus, you rid yourself of dependency on any mortal. With that exquisite feeling of submission to Him, you enrich your spirit five times a day.” / Less important than the differences in content ‐ “audience” rather than “dialogue”, “submission” rather than “love” ‐ is the difference in emphasis. With this perfunctory preface, Sistani begins a lengthy treatise on when, where, with what clothing, and in what bodily positions prayers may be said. His concern is not the spiritual experience of prayer, but establishing communal norms for prayer. Where the Christians and Jews gush with loquacity on the subject, Muslims have remarkably little to say about the experience of prayer. Reading through Muslim sources, I am at loss to find anything remotely resembling Ratzinger’s quite typical discourse on prayer. /In fact, virtually all of Sistani’s writings address communal norms for behavior, including the most intimate. Ritual impurity (janabat) is a central concern, especially in the case of sexual relations.” [….] In calling attention to these portions of Sistani’s theology I do not mean to deprecate him. On the contrary, he addresses the inhabitants of traditional society for whom spiritual experience means submission, that is, submission to communal norms, whence the individual derives a lasting sense of identity. In the most intimate details of daily life, culture and religion become inseparable. For traditional society it is the durability of communal norms that lends a sense of immortality to the individual, a life beyond mere physical existence. That is why prayer in the Judeo‐Christian sense, the lovers’ exchange between God and the individual soul, does not come into consideration within Muslim theology. Allah is the all‐powerful sovereign of the world before whom the individual dissolves; the individual’s submission to the ummah, the community of Islam, is a spiritual experience of an entirely different order. / To this the Americans can only come as destroyers, not saviors. America by its nature disrupts traditional order. It is the usurper of the Old World, the agency of creative destruction, the Spirit that Denies, to whom “everything that arises goes rightly to its ruin” (Goethe) ‐ in short, the Great Satan. America is the existential threat to Islam. [….] What interests Rosenzweig is not religious apologetics, but the experience of the individual believer in the daily practice of religion. One can find quotes from the Koran or the Hadith supporting any position one cares to support, but the obvious remains the obvious. Islam on the one hand, and Christianity and Judaism on the other, speak to different people about different things.” This is Islamicized Mass in Milwaukee and the Latest Spengler in The Japery, a part of The New Pantagruel. Previously: If You’re Intent on Joining the Chattering Classes, At Least Try to Chatter Better | Next: An Elegy for Me | TrackBack (0) | Comments (0) 27 October 2008. "Daharja" Of Armed Men and Cassocks . I sang at Knox Church Last night, as a St Paul's Cathedral Choir 'groupie'./ We did a service which included parts of Jenkins' The Armed Man, which I'd never heard of until recently but apparently the whole choral world is abuzz with. So of course when the opportunity to sing it came up, who was I to decline? My verdict: very pretty in places, very strange in places, and very Abba Mamma Mia / Queen Flash Gordon in places. However, I don't think Beethoven will be toppling on his pedestal quite yet. It was a challenging experience for me. First was the cassock. If you don't know what a cassock is, here is a link. And I had to wear one. Plus a flowy gowny thing over it called a surplice. I felt awkward and embarrassed, as this is completely outside my domain ‐ if you know me, you'll know I'm familiar with ritual and worship of a completely different nature, and the dress is also very different. I won't even go into the whole rank demotion thing, and the move from absolute seniority to absolute plebhood. That's
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something I knew I'd have to deal with regardless, leaving my own culture behind. That which does not break us makes us stronger, yada yada. Anyway, once I'd got over the whole unfamiliar dress thing, and the confusion and awkwardness that went with it, I had to deal with the service. You see, I've been to a fair few Christian services in my time, but never as a chorister expected to actually do stuff. That was dificult too. There were terms I didn't know, and hymns everyone seemed to know except me, and just a general everything in which I felt completely out of place. If you're from a Christian background, imagine yourself slung into a Mosque or a Synagogue and being expected to actually perform, and you'll have a fair idea how I felt. I don't think I made too many missteps, but it was tricky. So yeah, that was my evening last night ‐ the first part of it anyway. The second part was much easier to manage. After the service, a fair number of the choristers went back to the choir mistress' house for a get‐together, and it was lovely to chat and get to know people better, rather than just sing and go. These are people who understand that community shouldn't end when the music stops, and that music can be a powerful binding force for good in our community. We were there until about 11:30, and had a really nice time. Obviously I wasn't too hideous either ‐ I've been invited back, for an Election Night party. Ballgowns and Tuxedos and wine, oh my! Moving to a new town and country has been challenging. Learning different ways and cultures has been difficult too, but rewarding. I enjoyed singing The Armed Man and enjoyed the service, although it is very different to my own practice. I sincerely believe that we learn the most, and grow best as people, when we open our hearts and our minds and embrace, rather than fear, our differences. Even as someone very senior in my own religion, I learned a lot last night, and came away richer for the experience. Which was positive, and very good. Sep/Oct 2005. Philip Greenfield JENKINS: The Armed Man Mass / Requiem; In These Stones Horizons Sing. . American Record Guide. Washington: Sep/Oct 2005. Vol. 68, Iss. 5; pg. 122, 1 pgs. JENKINS: The Armed Man Mass. Tristan Hambleton, s; Mohammed Gad, muezzin; Guy Johnston, vc; Paul Beniston, tpt; National Youth Choir, London Philharmonic/ Karl Jenkins. Virgin 11015‐67 minutes. Requiem; In These Stones Horizons Sing Bryn Terfel, bar; Clive Bell, shakuhachi; Nigel Hitchcock, sax; Serendipity, Cor Caerdydd & Cytgan; West Kazakhstan Philharmonic/ Karl Jenkins. EMI 57966‐71 minutes. / One gathers that Karl Jenkins is all the rage in the UK these days. An oboist from Wales, he made his mark first in the jazz realm before branching out into the pop, classical, and commercial idioms. (He's won awards for music in advertising.) In recent years his works have been commissioned by the likes of percussionist Evelyn Glennie, soprano Lesley Garrett, the Royal Ballet, the Academy of St Martin‐in‐the‐Fields, and Prince Charles, who bankrolled a Double Harp Concerto unveiled in 2002 by the BBC Wales Orchestra. /The Armed Man, Jenkins's Mass for Peace, was commissioned by the leaders of the Royal Armouries, the collection of military hardware that is Britain's oldest national museum. The composer took the Roman liturgy as a starting point, nothing more, piecing together a variety of texts, including 'L'Homme Arme', a 15th Century Burgundian song from the court of Charles the Bold. Other excerpts in this eclectic work are from Kipling, Swift, Dryden, Tennyson, the Book of Psalms, Mallory's Morte d'Arthur, the Indian epic The Mahabharata, and Hiroshima survivor (and later, victim) Toge Sankichi's poem, 'Angry Flames'. (If that's not multicultural enough for you, track 2 is a muezzin intoning the Islamic call to prayer!) /Crossover non‐liturgical masses, Requiems, and the like are nothing new to me or to these pages; but Jenkins has had me a little more off balance than most. First off, most of the music is admirable. The jaunty 'Homme Arme' march tune, a churning Kyrie, a lush, Rutterish Agnus Dei, and a stunningly beautiful Benedictus for solo cello and the choir are all from the Mass. There's nice stuff in the Requiem, too. Melodically and harmonically, this guy knows what he's doing; and what's more, his music seems to be animated by a generous spirit eager to communicate with his listeners. So far, so good. But in music as in life, nothing exceeds like excess. Several portions of the Peace Mass are too long‐most notably the Sanctus, a crisp march punctuated by trumpet calls that fails to sustain interest over a full 7 minutes. Though blessed with an attractive tune and quotes from Palestrina, the Introit "crams" maybe 5 minutes of music into an 8‐minute span. The propulsive 'Dies Irae' of the Requiem (where Jenkins says he was flirting with‐shudder‐hip‐hop rhythms) gets lost in transit as well. /Also intrusive are any number of "special effects" that detract from the music itself. Take, for example, the five haiku sections Jenkins inserts into his Requiem. If I read the notes correctly, one soprano sang all of the voice parts on these tracks. Unless I'm very wrong, there had to be some dial twiddling going on to produce the squeaky timbres and affected vowels that made this single female voice sound like Alvin, Simon, and Theodore (of Chipmunk fame) singing Japanese. The real, natural thing would have been exquisite, especially with the shakuhachi flute on hand to lend its exotic flair to the proceedings. "Why not just let the music speak for itself?" is a question I asked more than once as I listened. / Less affected is In the Stones Horizons Sing, a cycle of five poems that puts Bryn Terfel and the choir to work in both English and Welsh. 'Grey', a haunting text that inspires the plaintive sound of the soprano sax, and Terfel's opening 'Exile Song', a handsome, popinspired salute to Wales, are the high points. / In case you haven't figured it out yet, I'm still not sure what to make of this guy. GREENFIELD. Philip Greenfield, "Jenkins: The Armed Man Mass / Requiem; In These Stones Horizons Sing." American Record Guide, September 1, 2005, 122. July 2008. Anon. The Armed Man: A Mass for Peace By Karl Jenkins a memorial concert in support of MS Australia ‐ ACT/NSW/VIC on 22nd Nov 2008 St Stephen’s Uniting Church 197 Macquarie St Sydney. Producer – Heather Anderson. Conductor – Philip Chu. Concert Master – Anna MacDonald. This is a wonderful opportunity to hear the NSW première of The Armed Man: A Mass for Peace. Commissioned in 2000 by the Royal Armouries, The Armed Man is a very stirring piece of music that is a celebration of unity across all cultures and religions. It combines beautiful classical music with poetic words from modern and ancient texts that rejoice in peace and harmony between all human beings. The work is
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similar in approach to Benjamin Britten's War requiem, in that various secular texts (which describe the horrors of war) are interspersed with sections from Christian Liturgical texts. Parts of it are desperately sad and exquisitely beautiful and it will be a very exciting musical event. / This performance will boast some of the best professionals Sydney has to offer, which will be conducted by Maestro Philip Chu. A special guest performer will be Imam Afroz Ali, concertmaster Anna MacDonald and soloists Nicole Thomson (Soprano) and Rachel Scott (‘Cello). / Produced by Heather Anderson, in memory of Terry Scott her late husband, all proceeds from this benefit concert will be given to MS Australia – ACT/NSW/VIC. /// Heather Anderson writes.................... Last year I was fortunate to go to a performance of The Armed Man in the Chichester Festival in Sussex, England. I was completely blown away by the work.....the music....particularly the exquisitely beautiful cello solo in the Benedictus....the words........the sentiments expressed for peace and religious harmony......I wanted more people to be able to hear this work.It seemed to me back in Australia that the perfect opportunity arose when I thought I would like to do something to mark the anniversary of the death of my first husband Terry Scott. It is now 25 years since he died after a lengthy battle with MS, bravely fought, and I wanted to do something more than just give my annual donation to the MS Society. His two daughters are now grown and established in their respective fields of endeavour... / I have never produced anything on quite such a scale before but found that performing rights were not impossible to get.....with Zoë's design work and help with management and with help from other professionals it should be a wonderful way to raise money for the MS Society as well as letting others hear this soul‐ reaching work. / I hope that many people will come and hear what is to be the NSW première of the work. I hope that they will also be moved to give generously to support the work of the MS Society, to support research and provide hope to MS sufferers and their families. 6 Nov 2008. 'Mass for Peace' debuts at Courthouse. Jamestown Press. The South County Chamber Singers, under the direction of Enrico Garzilli, will perform the Rhode Island premier of Karl Jenkins' "The Armed Man: A Mass for Peace," at the Courthouse Center for the Arts on Route 138 in West Kingston. The concert will be on Sunday, Nov.16, at 2 p.m. The Chamber Singers will be joined by members of the University of Rhode Island's elite concert choir Lively Experiment and will be accompanied by orchestra. This concert is collaboration between the South County Chamber Singers and the Courthouse Center for the Arts. The Armed Man: A Mass for Peace is an awe‐inspiring and hauntingly beautiful composition that contemplates war and peace. It uses texts from classic poets, the Bible, the traditional Mass, and Muslim, Hindu, and Japanese sources. 30 October 2008. “Mass for Peace launches Music Society's most recent programme of events” Ulster Herald, Entertainment. //Omagh Music Society is due to commence what promises to be an exciting year with a performance of Karl Jenkins' The Armed Man: a Mass for Peace on Sunday, November 16, in 1st Omagh Presbyterian Church at 8.30pm. / The Mass was commissioned by the Master of the Armouries, at the turn of the century, with the intention of using it as an educational work. The hope was that, through its performances, young people would be encouraged to give some thought to the vital issue of war and peace. /He said, "What better way both to look back and reflect as we leave behind the most war torn and destructive century in human history and look ahead with hope and commit ourselves to a new and more peaceful millennium." /Since its premiere performance at the Royal Albert Hall in 2000, the Mass has become the most popular choral work for performance in oratorio conscious Britain. /Jenkins fashioned, in The Armed Man, a work which uses the ancient Mass structure to effectively communicate a powerful message of world peace. He has combined Eastern and Western texts for some of the movements and draws on several world cultures musically as well. /The Mass begins with a marching army and the beat of military drums, building to the choir's entrance singing, in French, the 15th century theme tune, The Armed Man. The style and pace then changes and we are prepared for reflection by first, a Christian Call to Prayers and then the Kyrie which pays homage to the past by quoting from Palestrina's setting of L'Homme Arme. Next, to a plainsong setting, we hear the words from the Psalms asking for God's help against our enemies. The Sanctus which follows is full of menace, and has a tribal, primeval character that adds to its power. The menace grows in the next movement as Kipling's Hymn Before Action builds to its final devastating line, Lord grant us strength to die. War is now inevitable. Charge! establishes the start of battle with its uncontrolled cacophony of destruction, then the eerie silence of the battlefield after the battle and , finally, the burial of the dead. Surely nothing can be worse than this? /But think again. At the very centre of the work is Angry Flames, an excerpt from a poem about the horrors of the atom bomb attack on Hiroshima written by a poet who was there at the time and died later of leukaemia brought on by exposure to radiation. /From the horror of mass destruction the work turns to remember that one death is one too many, that each human life is sacred and unique. The Agnus Dei reminds us of Christ's ultimate sacrifice and this is followed by an elegiac setting of some lines written about the feelings of loss and guilt that so many of the survivors of the First World War felt when they came home but their friends did not. / Omagh Music Society is excited to be performing, once again, in 1st Omagh Presbyterian Church and will be accompanied by Ian Mills on the organ and a small group of instrumentalists who, collectively will create the mood most adequately. Some members of the choir will take the solo parts. Admission will be by subscription payable at the door where programmes will be available. / The year will continue with a Christmas concert in Trinity Presbyterian Church on Sunday, December 14 with the Integrated Primary School choir. /Another performance of Steiner's Crucifixion will take place in Edenderry Church of Ireland Church on Sunday, March 1, 2009. Watch local press for details.
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22 May 2008. Adrien. St Mathews Chamber Choir, Auckland. The Armed Man: The Armed Man: A Mass for Peace is a recent work, and is of epic proportions. Welsh composer Karl Jenkins was commissioned in 1999 by the Museum of the Royal Armouries in the UK to write a large scale piece to mark the Millennium, to illustrate the chaos of warfare throughout history, and to signal the hope for worldwide warfare to end as the 21st century unfolds. He chose an anonymously written fifteen century French secular song, whose origins are open to many theories, but may be from mid‐fifteenth century crusades against the Turks, and has used the tune as a basis for a work that uses four movements of the Latin Mass, interspersing them with war‐related poetry written by several well known writers, including Jonathan Swift, John Dryden, Rudyard Kipling and Alfred, Lord Tennyson. / Jenkins has written music for very powerful orchestral forces. The St Matthew's Chamber Orchestra will be considerably enlarged for this performance to around 60 players, including 5 players on 22 percussion instruments, timpani, three trumpets, three trombones, four French horns and tuba, triple woodwind and strings. The music gives an account of the build‐up to war, the huge destruction it causes, and the desolate aftermath and emptiness left behind. / The work begins by depicting the onset of war in a military marching style with snare drums and piccolo, leading into the choir singing the 15th century tune L'homme arme as the music intensifies until it reaches a sudden stop, as an imagined army comes to attention. There follows a Muslim Call to Prayer, a very significant means of signifying the unity of human spirit in the work, and this leads to the Kyrie eleison, the first movement taken from the Latin Mass, where a treble solo portrays the innocence of humanity before warfare. Tenors and basses then sing the bold Save me from bloody men from Psalms 56 and 59 of the Bible, praying in the style of Gregorian chant for mercy in the face of oppressors, before the tribal‐sounding and hypnotically percussive Sanctus takes the listener to the first two verses of Rudyard Kipling's 1896 poem Hymn Before Action, which signals the call to war. / The climax of the work in many ways comes with the seventh movement, Charge! This movement sets very dramatic text by John Dryden (1631 ‐ 1700) from his poem A Song for St Cecilia's Day, 1687 to convey the moment when soldiers charge onto the battlefield. It prominently features brass and percussion accompanying the choir as the music relentlessly creates the most colossal build‐up to the moment the army charges into battle, and the full horror of war is realised. The end of Charge! features a very poignant bugle solo, before the latter half of the work features poetry about the aftermath of war, and ultimately the hope for future peace. In the movement Angry Flames, a poem by Japanese war survivor Toge Sankichi describes the immediate eye witness scene after the atom bomb drop on Hiroshima on August 6, 1945, and Torches features excerpts of the Mahabharata, the ancient Indian epic poem and major text of Hinduism spanning several hundred years in its writing from the sixth century B.C. until the fourth century A.D., which addresses human goals and the relationship of people as individuals to society. The alto soloist sings Now the guns have stopped, a poem written by Master of the Royal Armouries Guy Wilson, which illustrates the sense of loss felt by survivors of war after their comrades lie dead on the battlefield, and the cello soloist plays a beautiful and heart‐wrenching melody in the Benedictus. The work ends with a joyous celebration of hope for a better future, in Better is Peace, as the choir sings "Ring out the old, ring in the new!". / This is the Auckland premiere performance of The Armed Man, and the concert features The Armed Man film, a presentation of wartime film footage created in the UK specifically for this work, which will be projected onto a large screen suspended above the choir. The combination of the music and film creates an enormously dramatic concert which has been described by The Times newspaper as "a firebomb of orchestral and human voices". The Town Hall will be the perfect venue for a concert on this scale, as the immensity of the work as a whole is breathtaking. Recently performed in Hamilton, there were many in the audience who were overawed at the effect the music and imagery had on them emotionally./ This is a very important work to perform in this day and age of conflict around the world. It addresses the issues of war from many perspectives and cultures, and left audience members in Hamilton feeling privileged to have been able to see such a vast work performed live. 23 September 2008. Eastbourne Herald Gazette. Eastbourne Today. Bexhill Choral Society peace performance. Bexhill Choral Society opens its new season with a performance of The Armed Man, a mass for peace at St Augustine's church in Cooden Drive on Saturday October 4 at 7.30pm. This well‐known and extremely popular work by Karl Jenkins was commissioned by the Royal Armouries to mark the Millenium and is relevant to the present day with news of British soldiers losing their lives in Afghanistan and Iraq. The concert will be conducted by the choir's musical director, composer and conductor, Kenneth Roberts. He said: "This profoundly moving piece of music truly reflects today's multicultural society and the horrors of war. It is a mass for the present, not just a reflection of the past, and with next month's Remembrance Sunday nearly upon us, I am particularly delighted that the Royal British Legion has accepted an invitation to join us. A number of singers from Eastbourne and Hastings will be joining the choir for The Armed Man promising to make this a truly memorable evening." There will be a supporting programme and popular soloist, Claire Williamson (soprano) returns to sing with the choir. The orchestral accompaniment will be provided by The Sussex Concert Ensemble. Admission by programme £8, available from Second Spin, 14 Sackville Road, or choir members, or at the door on the night. April 2007. Media Room New Releases & Announcements University of Ottawa Media Calendar from April 10 until April 15 2007. Concert: The Armed Man: A Mass for Peace . 8:00 p.m., St. Joseph’s Church (corner of Wilbrod and Cumberland)
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. The Department of Music of the University of Ottawa is pleased to present a concert of the University of Ottawa Choirs and Orchestra under the direction of guest conductor Laurence Ewashko and featuring a quartet of vocal soloists who are all current students and/or recent alumni of the Department: Shannon Cole (soprano), Whitney O’Hearn (alto), Gavan Quinn (tenor) and Philip Holmes (bass). On the program: Karl Jenkins The Armed Man: A Mass for Peace and Ralph Vaughan Williams’ Serenade to Music. . 2 May 2008. Edinburgh Evening News. 'Come and sing' invitation for HIV charity. AN Edinburgh‐based HIV charity is offering singers the rare chance to take part in a fundraising "come and sing" concert in the Queen's Hall. Waverley Care is inviting people to take part in the mass singalong of Karl Jenkins' The Armed Man: A Mass for Peace on May 25. Christopher Bell, Waverley Care patron and chorusmaster of Edinburgh Festival Choir, will conduct a mass choir of 300‐ plus voices. The chorus will be joined by soloists Morag Campbell, Jessica Leary and Mike Towers. David Johnson, director of Waverley Care, said: "This is the first time that The Armed Man has been done as a 'come and sing' event in Scotland and we are thrilled to be offering so many singers this opportunity to perform this memorable and moving piece."The money we raise from this event will be used to support our ongoing work with the growing number of families in Scotland whose lives are affected by HIV." 24.6.2008 Evening Courier [Halifax & Calderdale, Canada] A high‐quality Summer Prom Date: 24 June 2008 / By Gordon Sampson / Summer Prom, The Victoria Theatre, Halifax HALIFAX Choral Society brought another successful season to a close with a Last Night of the Proms‐style finale. This contrasted with the first half – a departure from the usual Summer Prom programme with the inclusion of a substantial work. Listening to comments at the interval and the end about Karl Jenkins's mass for peace, The Armed Man, the purists were delighted. But others had reservations about the heavy nature of the content. Not in doubt was the high quality of playing from Black Dyke Band and organist David Holder and the singing of the Halifax choir, under the direction of John Pryce‐Jones, and members of Bradford Festival Choral Society. / Soloist Sarah Killian stood out as did Colin Powell and Richard Williams. / Danyal Nazir travelled from Sheffield at short notice to stand in for absent Matloub Hussain and sing, in Arabic, The Islamic Call to Prayers. / The band's involvement added to the drama, intensity and emotion. / Principal cornet player Richard Marshall gave an excellent rendition of The Last Post. / Sound enhancement enabled the voices to be heard clearly above the band and images on a large screen at the rear of the stage added to the effects. / In the band's spot after the interval, conducted by Nicholas Childs, percussionist Paul Lovatt‐Cooper's Walking With Heroes was an audience pleaser. Bass trombone soloist Adrian Hirst walked through the stalls while playing Swing Low Sweet Chariot. / Patriotic hats and flags were in abundance for Jerusalem, Fantasia on British Sea Songs and Land of Hope and Glory. 27.1.2006 The Spire: An edition of the United Methodist Reporter. Music at Hennepin. Jan 27 2006. [Hennepin Avenue, United Methodist Church 511 Groveland Avenue, Minneapolis] The Armed Man: A Mass for Peace ‐ 7:00 PM Composed in 2003 by the British composer Karl Jenkins, this exciting work for chorus and orchestra is the centerpiece of an event co‐sponsored with the Minnesota Alliance of Peacemakers. About an hour in length, The Armed Man: A Mass for Peace explores both the consequences and some alternatives to the horrors of war so prevalent in our world. This performance is the Minnesota premiere of the Mass. 21.5.2006 "Audicoelo" Außergewöhnlich!, Wir hörten Ausschnitte aus dem Werk während einer Autofahrt in Irland (Classic‐ Sender) und erkannten den Messetext (in diesem Falle das wunderbare Agnus dei). Es ist eine mutige Entscheidung, eine Messe heute zu schreiben mit klassischen und modernen Elementen gemixt und Jenkins ist ein sehr außergewöhnliches, sehr schönes Werk gelungen, das sehr viel Atmosphäre hat und auch textlich viel aussagt (nämlich gegen Krieg und die Verfeindung der unterschiedlichen Kulturen auf unserem Erdball). 4 Sterne nur deswegen, weil manche Stücke doch etwas langatmig wirken und ich hier mehr Ideenreichtum erwartet hätte‐ aber das ist halt leichter gesagt als getan. TRANS Tabea Squire: We heard excerpts from the whole work during a car journey in Ireland (Classical Radio) and recognised the Mass text (in this case, the wonderful Agnus Dei). It is a brave decision to write a mass mixing classical and modern elements these days, and Jenkins manages a very unusual and beautiful piece, which is very atmospheric and also says a lot with its text(namely against war and the emnity of different cultures on our planet). 4 stars; only because I had expected a greater richness of ideas here ‐ but that's always easier said than done. 22.2.2009 This may come as a shock for some, and especially for some of the more strident reviewers here, but many people hear much classical music as turgid, boring and plain full of itself. It's not only pop, soul, rock and other genres that have the odd great moment bobbing in a sea of mediocrity but classical too, in the opinion of many. Also, it is clear that opinions are divided over Jenkins' work here even for those with an extensive classical music
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background. The fact is, people have different tastes and that remains true despite any musical training. Personal preferences are just that, deal with it. (I am not against negative judgments, just absolute ones. One negative reviewer offered an alternative ‐ Briten's War Requiem ‐ and this is exactly the kind of thing I find helpful.) For myself, I think The Armed Man is a very good piece of work. At times I find it moving and certainly it is refreshingly different to a lot of traditional classical music. Yes, it draws on more modern elements but I see that as a strength not a weakness. This may be exactly the kind of thing to draw people into other classical music since some of The Armed Man has a more immediate structure. To be honest, I was hoping for such a departure and Jenkins provides it, with style. Trying to copy what's been done already is a recipe for disaster and here I think Jenkins avoids that mistake whilst maintaining quality. In my opinion this is better than Jenkins' Adiemus, and better again than Adiemus II which to me sounds a little bit perfunctory. In the Armed Man: A Mass For Peace I perceive the emotion and sincerity behind Jenkins' music and I rate it a worthy 4.5/5. Darren . < http://www.amazon.co.uk/product‐ reviews/B00005NDVJ/ref=cm_cr_pr_recent?ie=UTF8&showViewpoints=0&sortBy=bySubmissionDateDescending> 10.2.2009 Let's be sincere. Jenkins is not Josquin des Prez, not even Tavener. The score is sometimes pretentious, epic and martial without any complex. A Mass for peace? or rather a military mass? I don't see the pacifist nature of this piece, I must admit I don't understand the general idea about this mass. Finally, if we forget all these points, the music is nice, the version is very good and if you find Tavener too bizarre, des Prez too difficult and you prefere music of cinema or Broadway shows you will enjoy this "mass" a lot. 1.3.2009 Virginia Marcum "You will neither regret nor forget hearing this full‐bodied paeon to peace, especially after its compelling exposition of the fierce drive to war. Throughout weaving in the 15th century piece L'Homme Arme', Karl Jenkins uses elements of the mass from Sanctus through Benedictus but also evocative texts from Psalms, Thomas Mallory's Morte d'Arthur, Dryden, Kipling, Toji Sankichi (a Japanese man who lived‐‐well, for eight more years‐‐through Hiroshima), an ancient epic from India, and others. The composer incorporates these into strong choral melodies‐‐my current favorite, the Gloria from the Sanctus, is to die for!‐‐and vigorous orchestral voicing. Not all is the bombast of battle; the quiet of the bodies remaining on the battlefield and the lamenting for the lost lead listeners to the hope for peace. Or, as Lancelot and Guinevere expressed it, Better is peace than always war, and better is peace than evermore war." 12.3.2009 David Holmes. "Like quite a lot of Karl Jenkins's work, this is somewhat derivative, with several passages recognisable from other composers' works. Despite that, however, it's very listenable (sic) and it's a good thing I have it on CD and not LP or it would be worn out by now." 23/07/2007 "Baudrant" Kart[sic] Jenkins a su réunir dans cette oeuvre plusieurs cultures dans un esprit de paix, avec des choeurs en français, arable, anglais, grec, latin. Ses oeuvres sont malheureusement trop méconnues, car considérées trop "classiques" alors qu'elles sont très actuelles. 24.04.09 Karl Jenkins' The Armed Man: A Mass for Peace is a departure from his Adiemus recordings into the more conventional territory of large‐scale choral and orchestral writing, though his customary passion for mixing languages remains in full force with texts in English, Latin and French. Jenkins has said that The Armed Man was inspired by the "L'Homme armé" masses which were popular in the 16th century, and he makes this debt clear with passages written in a neat pastiche of Palestrina‐style renaissance polyphony. There are also echoes of earlier and later styles, including plainchant, medieval ballads, James Barry‐style horn writing (think Goldfinger) and even a direct quote from Rigoletto (the choir imitates wind sounds at one point as in Act 3 of Verdi's opera). The smorgasbord manages to hold together, probably because Jenkins' obvious sincerity shines through every note. The London Philharmonic Orchestra plays beautifully, and treble Tristan Hambleton performs his solo with ethereal clarity. The National Youth Choir sings with vigour and accuracy, even if the young sopranos sound a little thin at the top of their range. If you liked the soundtrack to The Mission, this should press all the right buttons. 18.04.09 marjorie3838 "The Armed Man (A Mass for Peace) is a stunning piece of music written for solo voices, choir & orchestra. The composer, Karl Jenkins dedicated this work to the victims of Kosovo. It has universal appeal and carries a powerful message of hope for a multi‐cultural global humanity. I bought this work because I will be playing the oboe in a performance of this work within the next 7 days of me writing this and wanted to discover more about the piece as a whole. It is thought provoking & moving ‐ HIGHLY RECOMMENDED."
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Man‐(A‐Mass‐For‐Peace)‐ (CD)_W0QQitemZ320363945370QQcmdZViewItemQQimsxZ20090425?IMSfp=TL090425118002r5622> 8.12.08 vanwitton "As a member of a local Choral Choir we are in the process of learning this piece of music to perform at Easter. We performed part of it on Rememberance Sunday. I purchased the CD at a very favourable price. The music was new to me and I wanted to become familiar with it so as to make the learning process easier. The disc is as new, the music is wonderful and very moving and I have derived much pleasure from listening to it." 7.04.08 jmmoxon "After hearing 'The Armed Man' piece of music I was determind to find the CD for myself, to add to my collection. I have not been disappointed, the music is beautiful and moving. I'm so glad that I bought this item, you won't be disappointed, this arrangement is fantastic" 20.03.08 auntie_booboo "I belong to a choir who are performing this piece in June this year. I had not heard it until a few days ago. WOW! This is so beautiful and moving. Even if you are not 'into' classical music, I defy anyone not to be moved by this. Tears flowed. I can't wait to learn it now" 15.08.07 nigel0001 "Jenkins score is both complex and simple, tragic and beautiful all at once. Beautiful music, ranging from incredible dynamics to astounding chorals and so much more. Powerful text and music swirl into a marvelous combination making this an excellent piece that is certainly worth owning. In this work Mr. Jenkins does not tries to follow the individual sections of the mass, still does a wonderful work. Armed Man:A Mass for piece is a work calling for peace in our troubled times.... Is it worth your money? I would say definitely!!!" 4.02.07 Michael Mc Namee. "Apparently, this CD was "plugged" very heavily by Classic Fm. Siince I cannot stand the banal averts on that station, I was fortunate enough not to be subjected to the constant barrage which they set up. Whilst driving to a job, I heard a snippet out of this CD, & was captivated by it. Went home, & downloaded a couple of tracks via Limewire (totally illegally, of course), liked what I heard, & immediately bought a copy of the CD via Ebay. I found this CD fascinating. I have no idea of Karl Jenkins' religious affiliation, and I have no desire to know of it. I am Catholic. I am also about as religious as a sledgehammer, but not quite. However, one cannot deny, and nor should one deny one's upbringing. I am, however, into church music. I may not believe a word of it, but I love the general Catholic ceremony and especially the music one encounters within the church environment. This piece of music appeals to my Catholic upbringing. I would particularly draw attention to the following sections. The Call to prayers (Addaan). I lived on & off in Iran for several years, and this beautiful piece brings back the call to prayers which I heard so many times a day. Done as it is here, it really uncovers a true beauty within this call. Agnus Dei. Exquisite. Benedictus. Truly beautiful. When Karl Jenkins took a commission from the Royal Armouries to produce this work, one could not have believed that an organisation whose basic Credo is to celebrate violence could have sponsored the production of a work which, as it's name implies, is a call to peace and harmony."< http://cgi.ebay.co.uk/Karl‐Jenkins‐‐‐The‐Armed‐Man‐(A‐Mass‐For‐ Peace)‐(CD)_W0QQitemZ320363945370QQcmdZViewItemQQimsxZ20090425?IMSfp=TL090425118002r5622> 05.01.07 evanjane21 "I love this CD, as does my husband. It is a strongly emotive piece of original music. We already have our own copy of this CD so this particular item was bought as a birthday present for a family member who had been captivated by the music when listening to it at our home. He was very happy to receive it and I was very happy to be able to buy it so easily on eBay, without having to hunt in the shops at a very busy time of year. I would definitely recommend this CD, especially those who are reluctant to give 'classical' music a try." 2.10.06 7937peter "As stated above,the track "Better is Peace" I had heard before on the radio, this was the reason for the purchase ‐ a very melodious sound. At first, I was not so happy with the remainder of the tracks. However, having played the CD a number of times, I am now of the opinion that all bar maybe two maximum are easy and pleasant listening. Who knows, I may well come to enjoy the whole CD greatly. In this case, I may well change the rating to excellent. I have a wide interest in music, both classical and popular ‐ "The Armed Man" is most unusual in its combinations of sound and like classical music needs to be listened to several times before coming to any firm conclusions. In other words the music 'grows on you'."
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Appendix C Wilson’s first draft of the mid section of the armed man: a mass for peace Source: email from Guy Wilson 4 May, 2008. “Here is the first attempt at the mid section of the work. You will see that we cut out quite a bit as we went along (I always tend to start with as much as I can find of relevance...)” Sections of the first draft that remained in the final version appear in bold, sections added later appear in grey italics. Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori The Trumpets loud clangor Excites us to arms With shrill notes of anger And mortal alarms. (Dryden) O what is that sound which so thrills the ears Down in the valley drumming, drumming? Only the scarlet soldiers, dear, The soldiers coming. O what is that light I see flashing so clear Over the distance brightly, brightly? Only the sun on their weapons, dear, As they step lightly. (Auden) Beat! beat drums! ‐ blow! bugles! blow! (Whitman) Tel me not, Sweet, I am unkind, That from the nunnery Of thy chaste breast and quiet mind To war and arms I fly. True, a new mistress now I chase, The first foe in the field; And with a stronger faith embrace A sword, a horse, a shield. Yet this inconsistency is such As thou too shalt adore; I could not love thee dear, so much, Loved I not honour more. (Lovelace) Beat! beat drums! ‐ blow! bugles! blow! How blest is he who for his Country dies (Swift) [The double double double beat Of the thundering drum Cries, Hark the Foes come;
Charge, Charge, tis too late to retreat (Dryden)] Beat! beat drums! ‐ blow! bugles! blow! The old lie: Dulce et decorum est Pro patria mori. If in some smothering dreams you too could pace Behind the wagon that we flung him in, And watch the white eyes writhing in his face, His hanging face, like a devil's sick of sin; If you could hear, at every jolt, the blood Come gargling from the froth‐ corrupted lungs, Obscene as cancer, bitter as the cud Of vile, incurable sores on innocent tongues, ‐ My friend, you would not tell with such high zest To children ardent for some desperate glory, The old lie: Dulce et decorum est Pro patria mori. (Owen) Dies Irae Let God arise, let his enemies be scattered: Let them that also hate him flee before him. (Psalm 68) Day of wrath and doom impending, David's word with Sibyl's blending: Heaven and earth in ashes ending. O, what fear man's bosom rendeth, When from heaven the judge descendeth, On whose sentence all dependeth! (anon 13th century) Pushing up through smoke From a world halfdarkened By overhanging cloud The shroud that mushroomed out And struck the dome of the sky, The angry flames _ Black, red, blue Dance in the air, Merge, Scatter glittering sparks, Already tower Over the whole city. Quivering like seaweed, The mass of flames spurts forward. Popping up in the dense smoke, Crawling out Wreathed in fire: Countless human beings On all fours. In a heap of embers that erupt and subside, Hair rent, Rigid in death, There smoulders a curse. (Sankichi)
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[The animals scattered in all directions, screaming terrible screams. Many were burning, others were burnt. All were shattered and scattered mindlessly, their eyes bulging. Some hugged their sons, others their fathers and mothers, unable to let them go, and so they died. Others leapt up in their thousands, faces disfigured and were consumed by the Fire. Everywhere were bodies squirming on the ground, wings eyes and paws all burning. They breathed their last as living torches. (Mahabharata)] Ah! that day of tears and mourning, From the dust of earth returning, Man for judgement must prepare him. Spare, O God, in mercy spare him: Lord, all‐pitying Jesus blest, Grant them thine eternal rest. (anon 13th century) Agnus Dei Word over all, beautiful as the sky, Beautiful that war and all its deeds of carnage must in time be utterly lost, That the hands of the sisters Death and Night incessantly, softly, wash again, and ever again, this soil'd world; For my enemy is dead, a man as divine as myself is dead, I look where he lies white‐faced and still in his coffin ‐ I draw near, Bend down and touch lightly with my lips the white face in the coffin. (Whitman) O lamb of God, that takest away the sins of the world, grant them thy peace O lamb of God, that takest away the sins of the world grant us eternal peace. [Agnus Dei qui tollis peccata mundi Miserere nobis Agnus Dei qui tollis peccata mundi dona nobis pacem. (Roman Liturgy)]
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Appendix D Full texts of Dryden’s “A
Notes that wing their heav’nly ways To mend the choirs above. VII Orpheus could lead the savage race; And trees unrooted left their place, Sequacious of the Lyre; 50 But bright Cecilia rais'd the wonder higher, When to her Organ Vocal breath was given, An angel heard, and straight appear'd Mistaking earth for heaven. GRAND CHORUS. As from the pow’r of sacred lays 55 The spheres began to move, And sung the great Creator's praise To all the Bles’d above; So when the last and dreadful hour This crumbling pageant shall devour, 60 The trumpet shall be heard on high, The dead shall live, the living die, And Music shall untune the sky! Source: John Dryden, The Poetical Works of John Dryden, Esq. In Three Volumes. With the Life of the Author, Elibon Classics Series. 2006 ed., vol. III (Edinburg: Apollo Press, 1777 [2006]), 150‐53. HORACE, BOOK III, ODE II TO THE EARL OF OXFORD, LATE LORD TREASURER SENT TO HIM WHEN IN THE TOWER, 1716 How blest is he who for his country dies, Since death pursues the coward as he flies! The youth in vain would fly from Fate's attack; With trembling knees, and Terror at his back; Though Fear should lend him pinions like the wind, Yet swifter Fate will seize him from behind. Virtue repulsed, yet knows not to repine; But shall with unattainted honour shine; Nor stoops to take the staff, nor lays it down, Just as the rabble please to smile or frown. Virtue, to crown her favourites, loves to try Some new unbeaten passage to the sky; Where Jove a seat among the gods will give To those who die, for meriting to live. Next faithful Silence hath a sure reward; Within our breast be every secret barr'd! He who betrays his friend, shall never be Under one roof, or in one ship, with me: For who with traitors would his safety trust, Lest with the wicked, Heaven involve the just? And though the villain’scape a while, he feels Slow vengeance, like a bloodhound, at his heels. Source: http://www.online‐literature.com/swift/3500/
Song. For St. Cecilia’s day, 1687,” and Swift’s adaptation of Horace (65‐8BC) Book III Ode II Song. For St Cecilia’s Day 1687. I. FROM harmony, from heavenly harmony, This universal frame began: When nature underneath a heap Of jarring atoms lay, And could not heave her head, 5 The tuneful voice was heard from high, 'Arise, ye more than dead!' Then cold, and hot, and moist, and dry, In order to their stations leap, And Music's power obey. 10 From harmony, from heav’nly harmony, This universal frame began: From harmony to harmony Through all the compass of the notes it ran, The diapason closing full in Man. 15 II What passion cannot Music raise and quell? When Jubal struck the chorded shell, His list’ning brethren stood around, And, wond’ring, on their faces fell To worship that celestial sound: 20 Less than a god they thought there could not dwell Within the hollow of that shell, That spoke so sweetly and so well. What passion cannot Music raise and quell! III The Trumpet's loud clangor 25 Excites us to arms, With shrill notes of anger, And mortal alarms. The double, double, double beat Of the thund’ring Drum 30 Cries Hark! the foes come; Charge, charge, 'tis too late to retreat! IV The soft complaining Flute, In dying notes discovers The woes of hopeless lovers, 35 Whose dirge is whisper'd by the warbling Lute. V Sharp violins proclaim Their jealous pangs and desperation, Fury, frantic indignation, Depth of pains, and height of passion, 40 For the fair, disdainful dame. VI But oh! what art can teach, What human voice can reach, The sacred Organ's praise? Notes inspiring holy love, 45
233
234
Appendix E: Amazon informal review statistics as at 30 July 2009: four concert Masses Title Composer Amazon.com results Aggregated Rating No. positive reviews* No. negative reviews* Total Amazon.co.uk results Title Aggregated Rating No. positive reviews* No. negative reviews* Total TOTAL BOTH SITES Title Aggregate Rating No. positive reviews* No. negative reviews*
Chanticleer multiple
4 4 1 5
Chanticleer 0 0 0 0
Mass Bernstein
4.5 African Sanctus 5 3 0 3
4 36 8 44
8 2 10
Mass 5 1 0 1
Chanticleer African Sanctus 4.00 4.62 4 80% 11 85% 1 20% 2 15%
All Four
The Armed Man Jenkins
5
4.0
1 1 Missa Gaia none 0 0 0
49 11 60
4.5
82% 18%
27 96% 1 4% 28 All Four The Armed Man 5.0 4.5 4 100% 44 86% 0 0% 7 14% 4 51
5
13
Mass 4.02 37 82% 8 18% 45
235
Missa Gaia Larsen
Total
African Sanctus Fanshawe
Missa Gaia 5.00 1 100% 0 0% 1
All four The Armed Man 4.1 4.5 53 83% 71 90% 11 17% 8 10% 64
79
236
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