THEME 11
LEXICAL AND SEMANTIC SEMANTIC FIELDS IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. LANGUAGE. NECESSA NECESSARY RY LEXICON LEXICON FOR SOCIALIS SOCIALISATIO ATION, N, INFORMA INFORMATIO TION N AND AND EX EXPR PRES ESSI SING NG ATTI ATTITU TUDE DES. S. TYPO TYPOLO LOGY GY OF ACTIVI ACTIVITI TIES ES TIED TIED TO TE TEAC ACHI HING NG AND AND LEAR LEARNI NING NG VOCA VOCABU BULA LARY RY IN TH THE E CLASSROOM. 1. Introdut!on Introdut!on.. ". L#$!%& %nd '#(%nt! )!#&d' !n t*# En+&!'* &%n+u%+#. ".1. M#%n!n+. ".". ord )or(%t!on. -. N## N##'' ''%r %r &#$! &#$!on on )or )or 'o! 'o!%& %&!' !'%t %t!o !on, n, !n)o !n)or( r(%t %t!o !onn %nd %nd #$/r #$/r#' #''! '!n+ n+ %tt!tud#'. -.1. So!%&!'%t!on. -.". In)or(%t!on. -.-. E$/r#''!n+ #(ot!on%& %tt!tud#'. -.0. E$/r#''!n+ !nt#&&#tu%& %tt!tud#'. 0. T/o&o+ o) %t!!t!#' t!#d to t#%*!n+ %nd &#%rn!n+ o%2u&%r !n t*# &%''roo(. 0.1. T#%*!n+ o%2u&%r. 0.". At!!t!#'. 0.-. T*# !(/ort%n# o) d!t!on%r. 3. B!2&!o+r%/*.
1
1. INTRODUCTION. An %2!&!t to (%n!/u&%t# +r%((%t!%& 'trutur# do#' not *%# %n /ot#nt!%& )or #$/r#''!n+ (#%n!n+ un&#'' 4ord' %r# u'#d. # t%&5 %2out t*# !(/ort%n# o) 6*oo'!n+ our 4ord' %r#)u&&7 !n #rt%!n '!tu%t!on, 2ut 4# %r# &#'' on#rn#d %2out *oo'!n+ 'trutur#' %r#)u&&. T*#n 'trutur%& %ur% '##(' to 2# t*# do(!n%nt )ou'. In r#%& &!)#, *o4##r, !t !' ##n /o''!2&# t*%t 4*#r# o%2u&%r !' u'#d orr#t& !t %n %n#& out 'trutur%& !n%ur%. For (%n #%r' o%2u&%r 4%' '##n %' !n!d#nt%& to t*# (%!n /ur/o'# o) &%n+u%+# t#%*!n+ 8 n%(#& t*# %9u!'!t!on o) +r%((%t!%& 5no4&#d+# %2out t*# &%n+u%+#. Vo%2u&%r 4%' n##''%r to +!# 'tud#nt' 'o(#t*!n+ to *%n+ on to 4*#n &#%rn!n+ 'trutur#', 2ut 4%' )r#9u#nt& not % (%!n )ou' )or &#%rn!n+ !t'#&). R##nt& (#t*odo&o+!'t' %nd &!n+u!'t' *%# !nr#%'!n+& 2##n turn!n+ t*#!r %tt#nt!on to o%2u&%r, 'tr#''!n+ !t' !(/ort%n# !n &%n+u%+# t#%*!n+ %nd r#%''#''!n+ 'o(# o) t*# 4%' !n 4*!* !t !' t%u+*t %nd &#%rnt. T#%*#r' '*ou&d *%# t*# '%(# 5!nd o) #$/#rt!'# !n t*# t#%*!n+ o) o%2u&%r %' t*# do !n t*# t#%*!n+ o) 'trutur#.
". LEXICAL AND SEMANTIC FIELDS IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. T*#r# %r# % %'t nu(2#r o) 4ord' t*%t %r# not )ound ##r4*#r#, 4ord' t*%t %r# r#'tr!t#d to % /%rt!u&%r ountr or to % /%rt!u&%r /%rt o) t*# ountr. Att#nd!n+ t*# &#$!%& %nd '#(%nt! )!#&d', t*#r# %r# % +r#%t nu(2#r o) %r!#t!#'. # %n #(/*%'!'# r#+!on%& %nd o&&o9u!%& %r!#t!#'. R#+!on%& d!%&#t 4ord' *%# ##r r!+*t to 2# !n&ud#d !n %n En+&!'* o%2u&%r ount. T*# %r# En+&!'* 4ord' ##n !) t*# %r# u'#d on& !n % '!n+&# &o%&!t. But no on# 5no4' *o4 (%n t*#r# %r#. Mo't r#+!on%& o%2u&%r 8#'/#!%&& t*%t u'#d !n !t!#' 8 !' n##r r#ord#d. T*#r# (u't 2# t*ou'%nd' o) d!'t!nt!# 4ord' !n*%2!t!n+ 'u* %r#%' %' Broo5&n, t*# E%'t End o) London, S%n Fr%n!'o,... non# o) 4*!* *%' ##r %//#%r#d !n %n d!t!on%r.
2
T*# (or# o&&o9u!%& %r!#t!#' o) En+&!'*, %nd '&%n+ !n /%rt!u&%r, %&'o t#nd to 2# +!#n !n%d#9u%t# tr#%t(#nt. In d!t!on%r 4r!t!n+, t*# tr%d!t!on%& *%' 2##n to t%5# (%t#r!%& on& )ro( t*# 4r!tt#n &%n+u%+#, %nd t*!' *%' &#d to t*# o(/!&#r' on#ntr%t!n+ on #du%t#d, 't%nd%rd )or('. T*# o((on& &#%# out non8 't%nd%rd #$/r#''!on', 'u* %' ##rd% '&%n+ %nd o2'#n!t!#', %' 4#&& %' t*# '&%n+ o) '/#!)! 'o!%& +rou/' %nd %r#%', 'u* %' t*# %r(, '/ort, /u2&! '*oo&, 2%n5!n+ or (#d!!n#. 1.1. M#%n!n+. T*# )!r't t*!n+ to r#%&!'# %2out o%2u&%r !t#(' !' t*%t t*# )r#9u#nt& *%# (or# t*%n on# (#%n!n+. *#n 4# o(# %ro'' % 4ord %nd tr to d#!/*#r !t' (#%n!n+ 4# 4!&& *%# to &oo5 %t t*# ont#$t !n 4*!* !t !' u'#d. So(#t!(#' 4ord' *%# (#%n!n+' !n r#&%t!on to ot*#r 4ord'. T*u' 'tud#nt' n##d to 5no4 t*# (#%n!n+ o) 6#+#t%2 %' % 4ord to d#'r!2# %n on# o) % nu(2#r o) ot*#r t*!n+' :%22%+#', %rrot',...; # und#r't%nd t*# (#%n!n+ o) % 4ord &!5# 6+ood7 !n t*# ont#$t o) % 4ord &!5# 62%d7. ord' *%# 6o//o'!t#'7 :%nton('; %nd 'non('. *%t % 4ord (#%n' %n 2# *%n+#, 'tr#t*#d or &!(!t#d 2 *o4 !t !' u'#d %nd t*!' !' 'o(#t*!n+ 'tud#nt' n##d to 5no4 %2out. ord (#%n!n+ !' )r#9u#nt& 'tr#t*#d t*rou+* t*# u'# o) 6(#t%/*or7 %nd 6!d!o(7. # 5no4 t*%t t*# 4ord 6*!''7 )or #$%(/&#, d#'r!2#' t*# no!'# t*%t 'n%5#' (%5#. But 4# 'tr#t* !t' (#%n!n+ to d#'r!2# t*# 4% /#o/&# t%&5 to #%* ot*#r. ord (#%n!n+ !' %&'o +o#rn#d 2 o&&o%t!on 8 t*%t !' 4*!* 4ord +o 4!t* #%* ot*#r. In ord#r to 5no4 *o4 to u'# t*# 4ord 6'/r%!n#d7 4# n##d to 5no4 t*%t 4*#r#%' 4# %n '% 6'/r%!n#d %n5, 6'/r%!n#d 4r!'t7, 4# %nnot '% 6'/r%!n#d r!27. # o)t#n u'# 4ord' !n #rt%!n 'o!%& %nd to/!%& ont#$t. *%t 4# '% !' +o#rn#d 2 t*# 't&# %nd r#+!'t#r 4# %r# !n. I) ou 4%nt to t#&& 'o(#on# ou %r# %n+r ou 4!&& *oo'# %r#)u&& 2#t4##n t*# n#utr%& #$/r#''!on o) t*!' )%t 6I<( %n+r7 %nd t*# !n)or(%& #r'!on 6I<( r#%&& /!''#d o))7. T*# &%t#r 4ou&d #rt%!n& '##( rud# to &!'t#n#r' !n #rt%!n ont#$t'. At % d!))#r#nt &##& 4# r#o+n!'# t*%t t*# t4o dotor' t%&5!n+ %2out %n !&&n#'' 4!&& t%&5 !n % d!))#r#nt r#+!'t#r t*%n on# o) t*#( 4*o t*#n t%&5' to t*# /%t!#nt !n 9u#'t!on, 4*o *%' n##r 'tud!#d (#d!!n#. 3
Stud#nt' n##d to r#o+n!'# (#t%/*or!%& &%n+u%+# u'# %nd t*# n##d to 5no4 *o4 4ord' o&&o%t#. T*# %&'o n##d to und#r't%nd 4*%t 't&!'t! %nd to/!%& ont#$t' 4ord' %nd #$/r#''!on' our !n. ".". ord )or(%t!on. ord' %n *%n+# t*#!r '*%/# %nd t*#!r +r%((%t!%& %&u# too. Stud#nt' n##d to 5no4 )%t' %2out 4ord )or(%t!on %nd *o4 to t4!'t 4ord' to )!t d!))#r#nt +r%((%t!%& ont#$t'. Stud#nt' %&'o n##d to 5no4 *o4 'u))!$#' %nd /r#)!$#' 4or5. T*#r# %r# o#r 1== o((on /r#)!$#' %nd 'u))!$#' !n En+&!'*. Anot*#r !(/ort%nt t#*n!9u# !' to >o!n t4o 4ord' to+#t*#r to (%5# % d!))#r#nt 4ord, % o(/ound, %' !n 2&%52!rd, '*o/5##/#r %nd )r!n+8/%n. Not# t*%t t*# (#%n!n+ o) % o(/ound !'n
%t % #&#(#nt%r &##&, t*# n##''%r &#$!on %nd 'trutur#' to d##&o/ 'o!%& r#&%t!on'. Ÿ To +r##t /#o/&#@ H#&&o, Good (orn!n+. N!# to '## ou... Ÿ *#n (##t!n+ /#o/&#@ Ho4 %r# ou I<( )!n#, t*%n5'. *%t %2out ou Ÿ Introdu!n+ %nd 2#!n+ !ntrodu#d@ M n%(# !'... H%# ou (#t... Ÿ *#n &#%!n+@ Good 2#. S## ou &%t#r. Good n!+*t. Ÿ A'5!n+ )or t*!n+'@ C%n ou +!# (#... Cou&d ou &#nd (#... Ÿ R#9u#'t!n+ ot*#r' to do 'o(#t*!n+@ Cou&d ou ..., /&#%'# Ÿ E$/r#''!n+ '(/%t*@ I<( 'orr. T*%t<' too 2%d. 4*%t % '*%(# Ÿ A/o&o+!'!n+@ I<( 'orr %2out ...+#rund. Ÿ Con+r%tu&%t!n+@ Con+r%tu&%t!on'. I<( +&%d T*%t<' 4ond#r)u& Ÿ O))#r!n+ t*!n+'@ Do ou 4%nt... ou&d ou &!5#... Do ou )%n... +#rund Ÿ O))#r!n+ to do 't*@ Do ou 4%nt (# to... S*%&& I... Ÿ A'5!n+ )or /#r(!''!on@ M% I... Do ou (!nd !) I... Ÿ In!t!n+@ ou&d ou &!5# to... Ÿ A+r##!n+ to (##t@ I<&& '## ou... L#t<' (##t... Ÿ T*%n5!n+@ T*%n5 ou T*%n5'. -.". In)or(%t!on In)or(%t!on %&'o !(/&!#' !t' tr%n'(!''!on. H%&&!d% d!!d#' t*!' )unt!on !nto t4o@ t*# &o+!%& )unt!on %nd t*# #$/#r!#n# )unt!on. T*# &%tt#r !' u'#d to o((un!%t# !d#%' %nd t*# )or(#r r#&%t#' t*#'#, /&%#' t*#( on t*# '%(# &##& or on % 'u2ord!n%t# &##&. A))!r(%t!# '#nt#n#' %r# u'#d to +!# !n)or(%t!on %nd 9u#'t!on' to %'5 )or !n)or(%t!on. Ÿ P#r'on%& !d#nt!)!%t!on@ 8N%(#@ *%t<' our n%(# I<(... 8Addr#'' %nd t#&#/*on# nu(2#r@ *#r# do ou &!# 8D%t# %nd /&%# o) 2!rt*, %+# %nd n%t!on%&!t@ *#r# 4%' *# 2orn *#r# %r# ou )ro( 8o2', )%(!&, *%r%t#r, /*'!%& %//#%r%n#@ *%t do#' *# do Ho4 (%n 2rot*#r' *%# ou +ot *%t<' *# &!5# *%t do#' '*# &oo5 &!5# Ÿ R#/ort!n+, D#'r!2!n+, N%rr%t!n+@ *%t *%//#n#d I %(#... Ÿ Corr#t!on@ You<# n##r 2##n !n L!#r/oo& Ÿ A'5!n+@ *#r# do ou '/#nd... *o<' our )%our!t#... 5
In En+&!'* 4# *%# %&'o t*# d!r#t or !nd!r#t '/##*, %nd t*# 9u#'t!on t%+' %' '/#!%& 'trutur#' )or +!!n+ %nd r##!!n+ !n)or(%t!on.
-.-. E$/r#''!n+ #(ot!on%& %tt!tud#'. It<' !(/ort%nt to #'t%2&!'* 'o(# +#n#r%& o2>#t!#' 2#%r!n+ !n (!nd t*%t our 'tud#nt' /o''#'' t*!' %))#t!# %2!&!t. T*#'# %r# (%!n&@ 8To 2#n#)!t )ro( t*# n#4 &%n+u%+#. 8To )!nd #n>o(#nt !n t*# n#4 &%n+u%+#. 8To d!'o#r % n#4 )or( o) o((un!%t!on. 8To d!'o#r % n#4 'our# o) d!#r'!on. Ÿ
F##&!n+'@ 8P&#%'ur#@ *%t )un I &o# 4%t*!n+... 8D!'/&#%'ur#@ I *%t# *o(#4or5. I dono t*# /%rt % &ot. 8M%5!n+ /&%n'@ L#t u' (##t %t <-= !n t*# /o't o))!#. 8Pro(!'#'@ I 4!&& 2# t*#r#. 8A'5!n+ %2out !nt#nt!on@ *%t %r# ou +o!n+ to do -.0. E$/r#''!n+ !nt#&&#tu%& %tt!tud#'. A #r !(/ort%nt +rou/ o) o((un!%t!# )unt!on' !' t*# on# 4*!* '#r# to #$/r#'' !nt#&&#tu%& %tt!tud#' t*%t %r# d##&o/#d 2 (#%n' o) % *u+# %nd o(/&#$ '#r!#' o) '/#!)! 'trutur#' %nd &#$!on. 6
Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ
E$/r#''!n+ %+r##(#nt %nd d!'%+r##(#nt@ I %+r## 4!t* ou. I don
3. BIBLIOGRAPHY. B!&&o4' F.L. T*# T#*n!9u#' o) L%n+u%+# T#%*!n+ :Lon+(%n 1; Br!+*t H.A. MGr#+or. T#%*!n+ En+&!'* %' % '#ond &%n+u%+# :Lon+(%n 1=; Do)) A. T#%* En+&!'* :C%(2r!d+# Un!#r'!t Pr#'' 1; H%r(#r . T*# Pr%t!# o) En+&!'* L%n+u%+# T#%*!n+. !do4'on H.G. T#%*!n+ L%n+u%+# %' Co((un!%t!on :O$)ord Un!#r'!t Pr#'' 1;.
7
