SUBANEN HISTORY A Legend of the Subanen "Buklog"
The term Subanen is given to to a group of Philippine ethni tribes tribes that inhabits areas areas in !amboanga "el Sur an" !amboanga "el Norte penin#sula an" the mountain areas of $isamis Oi"ental on the islan" of$in"anao% Subanen means means &river"'eller &river"'eller%(The %(The tale of the origin origin of the bu)log ame from the Subanens Subanens inthe inthe muniipal muniipalit* it* of +apu*an, +apu*an, loate" on the northern northern shore shore of -uman#.uil -uman#.uilas as Ba* in !amboanga !amboanga "el Sur% Sur% The name +apu*an is is "erive" from from the Subanen 'or" 'or" gepu*an, 'hih means means (a plae for oo)ing%(+ong ago, ago, 'hen the Subanen 'ere still in their hunting an" /shing stage, the* 'oul" ome to the ban) of the river to oo) their foo" after a long an" tiring hunt for 'il" pigs in the area% The* alle" the plaegepu*an, 'hih in turn beame the name name tubig gepu*an 'hih 'as later later Hispani0e" to Rio "e +apu*an or +apu*an river% river% One of the anient Subanen lea"ers 'ho settle" along the oast on theban)s of the +apu*an river 'as 1omotan Ra2a%3 A tall balono tree 'hih'as believe" to have been plante" b* him several enturies ago is stillstan"ing on the ban) of 4anon ree), a tributar* of +apu*an river%At about this time other Subanen lea"ers 'ere settling in otherparts of !amboanga "el Sur% One of them 'as 1omotan Sangira% Hesettle" in $egusan $egusan near 5umalarang 5umalarang an" an" later his lan oupie" the the 1uillian hill hill near +apu*an% 1omotan 1omotan Sangira ha" three sons, Pala#gan"ing an" Rain"ing, 'ho 'ere t'ins, 1omee", an" a sister name"Bula'%6 The* 'ere )no'n )no'n to be goo" goo" s'or"smen, s'or"smen, an" tales have have been •
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The evolution of the name "Zamboanga" provides an interesting insight into its historical background. The early Malay settlers called the region "ambangan"!hich means Land of the #loers. These Malays ho built their settlements by the river banks ere the subanons! that is the "$eople of the %iver". Their chief! Saragan! lived ith his family atop the legendary Mount $ulumbato that today lords over $asonanca and &limaco #reedom $ark 'formerly Abong(Abong $ark) then later on! the Samals and the Bad*aos ho came on their frail vintas also settled here! building their frail huts huts along the shorelines shorelines and confused "ambangan" ith "Samboangan" hich hich comes from the ord "Sabuan"! the ooden pole used to help push their vintas in shallo aters or to tie them for anchorage purposes.
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The original people of Zamboanga ere the Subanen of +ndonesian origin ho came at about ,!--- to !--- years ago. They ere coastal people ho believe in the spirit of their ancestors and the forces of nature. /hen /hen the the Musl Muslim ims s arri arrive ved! d! they they ere ere push pushed ed into into the the hint hinter erla land nds s and and live lived d alon along g the the riverbanks. Thus! the name 0Suba!0 meaning people of the river. The Subanens Subanens ho communicat communicate e through through their Subano Subano language language prefer and ear colorful colorful clothes and accessories. Black! red! and hite are their favorite colors. The omen often ear red earrings that match ith beaded necklaces. Like other tribes! Subanens have their on entertainment or ay of en*oying life. They like music. The 1inarang or Migboat! Basimba! 1atagan and Sirdel or Sumumigaling are some of their songs. These are sung ith the accompaniment of their instruments like 1ong! 2utapi! Sigitan! Lantoy! 2ulaying and Tambubok. court through songs and dances. Their marriage custom is done through taltal. But aside from their court dance! they also have ar and ritual dances that they perform during social gatherings and special occasions such as eddings! etc. The tribe0s political structure consists of a Timuay e3uivalent to the barangay captain that e have today. The Timuay tries cases involving crimes and moral turpitude. +n case the Timuay cannot decide on the case or if the case involves heinous crimes! he does not give the 4nal verdict.
Subanen 'as establishe" in $in"anao Islan" before 788 B4, 9:; before the Neolithi Era, or Ne' Stone Age 'here the perio" in the "evelopment of human tehnolog* ta)en plae beginning <8,888 B4 aor"ing to the ASPRO hronolog* =bet'een :,788 an" 3,888 B4>% The evi"ene of ol" stone tools in !amboanga "el Norte ma* in"iate a late Neolithi presene% Burial 2ars, both earthen an" gla0e", as 'ell as 4hinese ela"ons, have been foun" in aves, together 'ith shell braelets, bea"s, an" gol" ornaments% $an* of the erami 'ares are from the Yuan Yuan an" $ing perio"s% Evi"entl*, there 'as a long histor* of tra"e bet'een the Subanon an" the 4hinese long before the latter?s ontat 'ith Islam% @or @or some time before before the Spaniar"s Spaniar"s ame ame "uring "uring the perio" of olonial olonial rule, the Subanon ha" tra"e tra"e onta ontats ts 'ith the Tausug ausug an" the $arana $aranao% o% As the* the* are are un"er un"er the protet protetion ion of the Sultanat Sultanate e of $aguin"anao, the* also provi"e materials, 'arriors an" help in the 'ar eorts of the Sultanate% The* are also entitle" to share in the 'ar spoils% The oming of Spain to the Philippines as a olonial po'er ompliate" the piture% The Spanish olonial government sought to eten" its sovereignt* over the 'hole of southern Philippines% -elaring its intention to Cprotet& the un#4hristiani0e", non#$uslim Subanen of the Sibugue* =no' !amboanga> peninsula, the government un"er 1eneral Daleriano e*ler e*ler onstrute" a series of forti/atio f orti/ations ns aross the Tu)uran isthmus Cfor the purpose of shutting out the $alanao $oros% % % from the Subanon ountr*, an" preventing further "estrutive rai"s upon the peaeful an" in"ustrious peasants of these hills& =@inle* =@inle*
% Spanish militar* ontrol of the Tu)uran garrison an" forti/ations en"e" in <FF, un"er the terms of the Treat* of Paris%
E4ONO$I4 +I@E
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The Subanen people are farmers% The* ultivate rops, 'ith rie as the most important rop, but the* are also )no'n to raise livesto) inlu"ing pigs, hi)ens, attle, an" 'ater bualoes% Subanen houses are built along hillsi"es an" ri"ges overloo)ing famil* /el"s% The anestors of the Subanen pratie" "r* agriulture, an" most li)el* ha" )no'le"ge of potter* ma)ing% The Subanen are mainl* agriulturists 'ho pratie three t*pes of ultivation% Along the oastal area, 'et agriulture 'ith plo' an" arabao is the metho" of pro"uing their staple rie% Be*on" the oasts, both 'et an" "r* agriulture is foun"% S'i""en farming is the norm in the interior, partiularl* the uplan"s% Along the oasts, oonuts are raise" asi"e from rie% @urther inlan", orn beomes an a""itional rop asi"e from the /rst t'o% Apart from the prinipal rops raise"'hih are mountain rie an" ornthe root rops amote, assava, gabi =taro>, an" ubi =*am> are also gro'n% These are roaste", boile", or ma"e into preserves an" s'eets% In some plaes, tobao is plante"% The people supplement their inome an" their foo" suppl* b* /shing, hunting, an" gathering of forest pro"uts% The etra rie the* an pro"ue, plus the 'a, resin, an" rattan the* an gather from the forest are brought to the oastal stores an" tra"e" for loth, bla"es, aes, betel boes, ornaments, 4hinese 2ars, porelain, an" gongs% Tra"e bet'een the mountain# an" valle*#"'elling Subanen, on the one han", an" the oastal people of !amboanga, the $oro ehanges goes ba) man* enturies% An ol" Subanen legen" tells about the possible origins of this anient tra"e% Aor"ing to the legen", the /rst Subanen hieftain 'as a giant name" Tabuna'a*% He rule" over his people long before the $oros an" the Spaniar"s appeare" on Subanen lan"% He live" near a plae alle" Na'ang ='hih later beame !amboanga>% It 'as "uring his time that the $oros /rst appeare" in Na'ang% The* saile" upriver until the* reahe" the plae of Tabuna'a* an" his people% The $oros 'ante" to ehange the /sh the* aught at sea, 'ith the fruits an" other pro"uts of Na'ang% The* plae" their ath on ro)s an" 'aite" for the Subanon to ome "o'n from the hills% The Subanen taste" the /sh, an" li)e" it% The* then put their o'n foo" of rie, sugarane, an" *ams on the same ro)s for the $oros to ta)e% This 'as the beginning of tra"e bet'een the Subanon an" the $oros% The oming of the $oros to !amboanga 'as reor"e" to have ta)en plae in <68, an" tra"e bet'een the t'o has been going on for hun"re"s of *ears% Sometimes there are rop failures, as a result of "rought or infestation b* pests% +a)ing rie, the Subanen resort to gathering buri an" lumbia or lumba*, 'hih are palm t*pes 'ith a pith along the entire length that is a rih soure of starh* Jour% This is etrate" an" proesse" into foo"% The Subanen an also gather sago in the forests, partiularl* along the riverban)s, for their Jour% There are also varieties of 'il" e"ible roots in the 'oo"lan"s% here orhar"s, gar"ens, an" small plantations are ultivate", s.uash, eggplant, melons, bananas, papa*as, pineapples, 2a)fruit, an" lan0ones provi"e the Subanen a""itional foo"% In some oastal settlements, the Subanen have been )no'n to ultivate oonuts for foo" an" for tra"ing purposes% The* also gro' hemp or abaa, an" use the /ber for ma)ing ropes, 'eaving loth, or ehanging for /nishe" pro"uts in the barter tra"e% 4asal = refers to the Subanen of Sin"angan Ba* in !amboanga "el Norte as Cpossibl* the most rie# onsious& of all Philippine groups, beause of their mar)e" preferene for rie above all other staples, as 'ell as the amount of labor an" attention the* "evote to their rie lan"s% Before the rie harvest in September, the Subanon subsist on root rops an" bananas% The relationship bet'een natural phenomena an" the agriultural *le is 'ell establishe" in the fol) )no'le"ge of the Sin"angan Subanen% The* stu"* 'in" patterns, loo)ing out for tell#tale signs of imminent 'eather hanges% Base" on their native metho"s of meteorolog*, the Subanon i"entif* three "istint seasons 'ithin the agriultural *leG pen"upi, from Lune to September, harateri0e" b* 'in"s blo'ing from the south'estM mi*an, from -eember to Lanuar*, a time of 'in"s an" northeast monsoon rainsM an" pemeres, from $arh to April, the hot an" "r* season% The Subanen also re)on agriultural time b* the stars, notabl* the onstellation Orion% Among the Subanen, as it is 'ith other $in"anao groups, the appearane of this star group signals the time for the learing of a ne' s'i""en% The monthl* rotation of the stars is a gui"e for the s'i""en *le "uring the /rst months of the *ear =4asal %
PO+ITI4A+ +I@E •
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Subanen soiet* is patriarhal, 'ith the famil* as the basi governmental unit% =@inle* % There is no politial hierarh* on the village level, as in the "atu s*stem of government% The title of "atu 'as use" oasionall* in the past "uring the Sultanate% Timua* is the tra"itional title for the ommunal lea"er 'ho is also the hief arbiter of onJit bet'een the families of a ommunit* or a onfe"eration% The 'or" Ctimua*& =variousl* spelle" timuai, timu'a*, tim'a*> is also use in $aguin"anao 'or" 'hih means Chief& or Clea"er%& It onnotes both ivil an" religious authorit* for the bearer of the title% The title of timua* ma* be realle" b* the ommunit* an" given to another tas)e" 'ith the responsibilit* of lea"ing the ommunit*% The timua* invo)es this authorit* in ases of violations of soial norms, suh as aronts or insults, violations of ontrats, an" other oenses% Un"er his lea"ership, an assoiation or onfe"eration of families forms a ommunit*% If the timua* proves to be an eient an" popular lea"er, the ommunit* of families un"er his authorit* ma* epan"% The authorit* of the timua* "oes not orrespon" to a partiular territor*% ithin the same area, his authorit* ma* epan" or "erease, "epen"ing on the number of families 'hih put themselves un"er his authorit*%
4onse.uentl*, C'hen a famil* beomes "issatis/e" 'ith the on"ut an" ontrol of the hief, the father see"es an" plaes his famil* un"er the "omination of some other timua*& =@inle* %
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This, then, is the basis of Subanon patriarhal soiet*G the absolute authorit* of the father to assert the suprema* of famil* rights 'ithin a ommunit* voluntaril* organi0e" un"er a "esignate" timua*% -uring the Spanish an" Amerian oloni0ation, there 'ere several attempts to organi0e the Subanon into politiall* a"ministere" to'ns or villages, but these attempts 'ere resiste" b* the people% Suh 'as the premium the Subanen put on the in"epen"ene of the in"ivi"ual famil*% In fat, *oung Subanen 'ho marr* brea) o from their families an" start their o'n families in other plaes%
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In reent times, the Subanen timua* have been onfronte" 'ith onerns ranging from loal issues aeting their partiular ommunit* to larger, regional issues onfronting the entire Subanen group% These issues inlu"e the "efense of the Subanen anestral "omain against the enroahments of loggers an" mining ompanies% Highl* politii0e" Subanen lea"ers have been ative in organi0ing their people an" oor"inating 'ith non#government organi0ations of tribal a"voates%9
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SO4IO#4U+TURA+ +I@E Subanens "o not pratie "ivision of labor base" on se% $en an" 'omen 'or) in the /el"s together, an" men an oo) an" are for the hil"ren 'hen neessar*% Subanons have little soial strati/ation% Ever*one is e.ual in the Subanon ommunit* beause ever*one has the same famil* for several *ears if he annot aor" to pa* the shama*a% It is onsi"ere" a blessing to have more "aughters than sons beause the father 'ill be able to reover the "o'r* he pai" for his 'ife% There is a general belief that all human beings shoul" marr*% 9K;
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A neighborhoo" of 7 to <3 househol"s beomes a unit of soial organi0ation, 'here members engage in fre.uent interations% In ases of "ispute, members ma* intervene to me"iate, so that the* ma* over time "evelop as eient arbitrators of "isputes, an" beome reogni0e" as suh b* this neighborhoo"% There are man* suh ommunities in Subanen soiet*% A bigger group of interating ommunities ma* ontain as man* as 78 househol"s%
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$arriage in Subanen soiet* is through parental arrangement, 'hih an ta)e plae even before the parties reah the age of pubert*% The ontrating families go through preliminaries for the purpose of "etermining the bri"e# prie, 'hih ma* be in the form of ash or goo"s, or a ombination of both% Negotiations are un"erta)en bet'een the t'o sets of parents through the me"iation of a go#bet'een 'ho is not relate" to either famil*% One the bri"e#prie is "etermine", a partial "eliver* of the artiles inlu"e" in the agreement ma* be ma"e, to be omplete" 'hen the atual marriage ta)es plae% After the marriage eremonies have been hel", an" the 'e""ing feast elebrate", the ne'l*'e"s sta* 'ith the girl?s househol"% The man is re.uire" to ren"er servie to his 'ife?s parents, mainl* in the pro"ution of foo"% After a ertain perio" of matriloal resi"ene, the ouple an selet their o'n plae of resi"ene, 'hih is usuall* "etermine" b* proimit* to the s'i""en /el"s%
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@amil* properties 'hih are overe" b* inheritane onsist mainl* of a.uire" 4hinese 2ars, gongs, 2e'elr*, an", in later times, urren*% The o'nership of ultivate" lan", the s'i""en /el", is "eeme" temporar*, beause the Subanen famil* moves from plae to plae, an" neessitate" b* the pratie of shifting agriulture% The grains store" in bins or 2ars "o not last long, an" therefore are not overe" b* inheritane% The famil* as a orporate unit omes to an en" through "ivore, ab"ution of the 'ife, or "eath of either spouse% But it an be imme"iatel* reonstitute" through remarriage% The surviving 'i"o' an be marrie" to a brother, marrie" or not, of the "eease" husban", or the parents of the "eease" 'ife almost imme"iatel* marries o to the 'i"o'er one of their unmarrie" "aughters or niees% Soioeonomi nee"s bring about lose relationships in Subanen soiet*% Spouses an epet assistane in man* ativities from both their parents an" their )in, an" the* in turn eten" their help to these relatives 'hen it is nee"e"% Non#relatives are epete" to give an" reeive the same )in" of help% B* the mere fat that the* live in a neighborhoo", non#relatives beome assoiates in ativities that annot be "one b* the hea" of the famil* alone, suh as onstruting a house, learing the /el", planting, an" hol"ing a feast% %eligious Beliefs and $ractices The tribe believes in a supreme being the* all (-i'ata $igbeba*a(% The tribe has no religion although it is believe" that the* ha" a hol* boo) at one time% To"a* the Subanen people have a"opte" either 4atholi 9; or Islam% Those Subanen 'ho a"opte" Islam are )no'n as the 5olibugan or 5alibugan, an" some Subanen 'ho 'ere tra"itionall* animist have sine a"opte" 4atholism%
The Subanen osmogon* eempli/es the basi "ualit* of mortal life an" spiritual realm, 'ith a omple s*stem of interrelationships bet'een these t'o osmi elements% The ph*sial 'orl" is inhabite" b* the )ila'an =visible mortals>, 'ho beome si) an" 'hose ailments are attribute" to supranatural auses% In the nonmaterial realm eist the )anag)ila'an =supernaturals>, 'ho are not visible to or"inar* mortals, but 'ho an be pereive" an" a""resse" b* the balian =me"ium or shaman>% The supernatural beings are of four )in"sG gimuu" =souls>, mitibug =spirits>, getautelunan ="emons>, an" "i'ata ="eities>% In plae of a hierarh* or pantheon of supreme beings, the Subanen believe in the spirits 'ho are part of nature% Spirits an" "eities are sai" to inhabit the most stri)ing natural features 'hih are onsi"ere" the
han"i'or) of the go"s, suh as unusuall* large trees, huge ro)s balaning on a small base, peuliarl* shape" moun"s of earth, isolate" aves, an" pea)s of ver* tall mountains% The ative relationship bet'een or"inar* mortals an" the supernaturals begins 'hen an in"ivi"ual falls si)% The Subanen believe that an ailing person?s soul momentaril* "eparts from the person?s bo"*% It is up to the balian to reall the stra*ing soul, reintegrate it 'ith the ailing person so that the illness oul" en"% @ailing this, the patient "ies% The soul then beomes a spirit% The balian, as in an* tra"itional shamanisti ulture, oupies a ver* speial plae in Subanen religious an" soial life% The balian are believe" to be apable of visiting the s)*'orl" to atten" the great gatherings of the "eities, )no'n as bihara =assembl* or meeting>% The* are also a)no'le"ge" to have the po'er of raising the "ea"%
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5isual Arts and &rafts Unli)e the gla0e" importe" 2ars in some househol"s, the in"igenous earthen'are of the Subanen are simpler in eeution an" "esign% Ever* househol" has at least one 'oman 'ho is )no'le"geable in the art of potter*, an" 'ho turns out 2ars as re.uire" b* "omesti nee"s% •
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Several t*pes of bas)ets ma* be foun" in a t*pial Subanen house% The 'omen shape roun" bas)ets from materials of "ierent olors, suh as the nito vine, split rattan, bamboo, an" sometimes 'oo" or tree bar)% 4loth 'eaving is basiall* similar to the st*le of the neighboring $uslim region% The 'eaving loom is set up insi"e the house% 4otton threa"spun from otton b* 'omenusing the "ista rafte" b* menan" abaa /ber are ommonl* use"% Before otton 'as intro"ue" b* $uslim an" 4hristian tra"ers, the Subanen use" abaa /ber for their lothing an" blan)ets% The /ner metalraft possesse" b* the Subanen, suh as bla"e" 'eapons li)e the )ris, )ampilan, an" barong, an" hopping )nives alle" pes, have been obtaine" through tra"e 'ith the $oro% But the Subanen also pro"ue some of their 'eapons an" implements% The* also use steel, espeiall* in ma)ing bla"e e"ges% The Subanen forge has bamboo bello's, 'hile the anvil is ma"e of 'oo" 'ith an iron piee on top 'here the hot metal is 'or)e" into shape%
Literary Arts Subanen oral literature inlu"e the fol)tales, short, often humorous, stories reounte" for their sheer entertainment valueM an" the epis, long tales 'hih are of a serious harater% To "ate, three Subanen epis have been reor"e" an" publishe"G The 1uman of -umalinao, the Ag Tobig nog 5ebo)lagan =The 5ing"om of 5ebo)lagan>, an" 5eg Sumba neg San"a*o =The Tale of San"a*o>% All performe" "uring the 'ee)#long bu)log, 1uman ontains :,8K3 versesM 5ebo)lagan ,7F8M an" San"a*o K,7% •
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$erforming Arts Subanen musial instruments inlu"e the gagong, a single brass gongM the )olintang, a set of eight small brass gongs of gra"uate" si0esM an" the "urugan, a hollo'e" log 'hih is beaten li)e a "rumM an" the "rums% Doal musi inlu"es the hants for the epi, an" several t*pes of songs, 'hih inlu"e the "ionli =a love song>, bu'a =lullab*>, an" gilo* =a funeral song for a "ea" hieftain>% One bu'a sung b* the Subanon of the Sin"angan Ba* goesG To be at peae 'ith the "i'ata of the tribe, the Subanen perform ritual "anes, sing songs, hant pra*ers, an" pla* their "rums an" gongs% The balian, 'ho is more often a 'oman, is the lea" performer in almost all Subanen "ane rituals% Her trane "ane involves ontinuous hanting, fren0ie" sha)ing of palm leaves, or the bran"ishing of a bolo alternate" 'ith the Jipping of re" piees of loth% Upon reahing a feverish lima, the balian stops, snaps out of her trane, an" proee"s to give instrutions "itate" b* the "i'ata to the people% •
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-ane among the Subanen ful/lls a multitu"e of eremonial an" ritual funtions% $ost important of the ritual "anes is the bu)log 'hih is performe" on a platform at least K<8 meters above the groun"% The most epensive ritual of the Subanon, the bu)log is hel" to ommemorate a "ea" person, so that his aeptane into the spirit 'orl" ma* be failitate", or to give than)s for a bountiful harvest, or to as) for suh a harvest as 'ell as other favors from the "i'ata% The soten is an all#male "ane "ramati0ing the strength an" stoi harater of the Subanon male% It emplo*s fan* movements, 'ith the left han" luthing a 'oo"en shiel" an" the right han" sha)ing "rie" leaves of palm% The "i'ata is a "ane performe" b* Subanon 'omen in !amboanga "el Norte before the* set out to 'or) in the s'i""en% In this "ane, the* suppliate the "i'ata for a bountiful harvest% The farmers arr* bas)ets la"en 'ith grains% The* "art in an" out of t'o bamboo planting sti)s lai" on the groun", 'hih are stru) together in rh*thmi a"ene b* the male "aners% The lapping se.uene is similar to that of the tini)ling or bamboo "ane% The lapal is a "ane of the balian as a form of ommuniation 'ith the "i'ata, 'hile the sot is a "ane performe" b* Subanon men before going o to battle% The balae is a "ane performe" b* *oung Subanon 'omen loo)ing for husban"s% The* 'his) "rie" palm leaves =See logo of this artile>, 'hose soun" is suppose" to please the "eities into granting their 'ishes% The pangalita'ao is a ourtship "ane of the Subanen of !amboanga "el Sur, usuall* performe" "uring harvest time an" in other soial oasions% Tra"itional ostumes are 'orn, 'ith the 'omen hol"ing shre""e" banana leaves in eah han", 'hile the men hol" a )alasa* in their right han"%
4HADA4ANO HISTORY 4havaano or 4habaano 9tQa a)ano; is a Spanish#base" reole language spo)en in the Philippines% The 'or" Chabacano is "erive" from Spanish, meaning (poor taste(, (vulgar(, for the 4havaano language 'hih 'as "evelope" in 4avite 4it* Ternate !amboanga Ermita • • • •
It also "erive" from the 'or" chavano 'hih 'as oine" b* the people of !amboanga% Si "ierent "ialets have "evelope"G !amboangueo in !amboanga 4it*, -avaoeo !amboangueo 4astellano Aba)a* in -avao 4it*, Ternateo in Ternate, 4avite, 4aviteo in 4avite 4it*, 4otabateo in 4otabato 4it* an" Ermiteo in Ermita% Linguistic signi4cance The 4havaano language is the onl* Spanish#base" reole in Asia% It has survive" for more than :88 *ears, ma)ing it one of the ol"est reole languages in the 'orl"% Among Philippine languages, it is the onl* one 'hih "oes not belong to the famil* of Austronesian languages, although it sho's a harateristi ommon to the sub#lassi/ation of $ala*o#Pol*nesian languages, the re"upliation% •
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Linguistic signi4cance The 4havaano language is the onl* Spanish#base" reole in Asia% It has survive" for more than :88 *ears, ma)ing it one of the ol"est reole languages in the 'orl"% Among Philippine languages, it is the onl* one 'hih "oes not belong to the famil* of Austronesian languages, although it sho's a harateristi ommon to the sub#lassi/ation of $ala*o#Pol*nesian languages, the re"upliation% •
6ialects This reole has si "ialets% Their lassi/ation is base" on their substrate languages an" the regions 'here the* are ommonl* spo)en% The three )no'n "ialets of 4havaano 'hih have Tagalog as their substrate language are the +u0on#base" reoles of 'hih are &avite7o =spo)en in 4avite 4it*>, Bahra or Ternate7o =spo)en in Ternate, 4avite> an" 8rmite7o =one spo)en in the ol" "istrit of Ermita in $anila an" is no' etint>% •
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!amboangueo 4havaano emanate" from 4aviteo 4havaano as evi"ene" b* prominent !amboangueo families 'ho "esen"e" from Spanish Arm* oers =@rom Spain an" +atin#Ameria>, primaril* 4aviteo mesti0os, statione" at @ort Pilar in the , this "ialet has an inJuene from 4hinese an" Lapanese, also "ivi"e" into t'o sub#"ialets namel* Castellano Abakay Chino an" Castellano Abakay Japón, an" &otabate7o =spo)en in 4otabato 4it*>% Both 4otabateo an" -avaoeo evolve" from !amboangueo% The 4havaano languages in the Philippines are reoles base" on $eian Spanish an" Portuguese% In some 4havaano languages, most 'or"s are ommon 'ith An"alusian Spanish, but there are man* 'or"s borro'e" from Nahuatl, a language native to 4entral $eio, 'hih are not to be foun" in An"alusian Spanish%
$an* of the 'or"s in the 4havaano voabular* are mostl* "erive" from $eian Spanish, 'hile its grammar is mostl* base" on other Philippine languages, primaril* Ilonggo, Tagalog an" 4ebuano% Its voabular*, has inJuenes from Italian, Portuguese an" the Native Amerian languages Nahuatl, Taino, Wuehua, et% as an be evi"ene" b* the 'or"s hongo =mon)e*, instea" of Spanish VmonoV>, tiange =mini mar)ets>,et% 9citation needed; The voabular* of the Ternateo "ialet, in partiular, has a ma2or inJuene from the Portuguese language an" the language of Ternate in In"onesia sine the spea)ers of the sai" "ialet are the "esen"ants of the In"onesian sol"iers brought b* the Spaniar"s in the area% This an be seen in the use of the 'or" VnaV instea" of the Spanish VenV%
4havaano or 4habaano
originate" from the Spanish 'or" chabacano 'hih literall* means (poor taste(, (vulgar(, (ommon(, (of lo' .ualit*(, or (oarse(% -uring the Spanish olonial perio", it 'as alle" b* the Spanish#spea)ing population as the ( lenguaje del calle(, (lenguaje de parian( =language of the street>, or (lenguaje de cocina( =)ithen Spanish to refer to the 4habaano spo)en b* 4hinese#@ilipinos of $anila, partiularl* in Ermita> to "istinguish it from the Spanish language spo)en b* the peninsulares, insulares, mestizos, or the elite lass alle" the ilustrados% This ommon name has evolve" into a 'or" of its o'n in "ierent spellings 'ith no negative onnotation, but to simpl* mean as the name of the language 'ith that "istint Spanish Javour% Ho'ever, most of its earlier spea)ers 'ere born of mie" parentage Hispani0e" urbane natives, 4hinese migrants an" Spanish or +atin Amerian sol"iers an" ivil servants "uring the Spanish olonial perio"% On 36 Lune of the Philippines fore" the Spanish missionar* friars to re.uest reinforements from the olonial government%
#orms and style 4havaano =espeiall* !amboangueo> has t'o registers or soioletsG The ommon, ollo.uial, vulgar or familiar an" the formal registersoiolets% •
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The Zamboangue7o people are a @ilipino ethni group native to !amboanga% Although the pro"ut of Spanish oloni0ation in southern Philippines, the* are of Austronesian sto) numbering aroun" 78,888% The !amboangueos onstitute an authenti an" "istint ethnolinguisti i"entit* for t'o reasonsG laim to a "istint language, !amboangueo =also alle" Chavacano or Chabacano>, an" un"eniable vestiges of Spanish oupation =ph*sial features of mesti0os, Spanish fol) art, /estas an" Roman 4atholiism%
People from other ethnolinguisti groups ame to Lambangan =present#"a* !amboanga 4it*>, 'hen the onstrution of the present#"a* @ort Pilar begun% The olonial Spanish government or"ere" the onstrution of a militar* fort to guar" o the it* from moro pirates an" slave rai"ers of Sulu% +aborers from 4ebu, 4avite, Bohol, Pana* an" other islan"s 'ere brought to the it* to help buil" the fort % Thru inter#marriage among themselves an" 'ith the Spanish, the* foun" their ne' ulture 'ith their ne' Ethno#+inguisti 1roup, alle" !amboangueo% an" Beause these people from "ierent islan"s spo)e "ierent languages, the* also foun" their ne' language alle" 4havano an" eventuall* evolve into 4havaano% thus, a pi"gin begun an" eventuall*, the !amboangueo 4havaano "evelope" into a full#ple"ge reole language to beome the lingua frana of !amboanga 4it* an" then the oial language of the Republi of !amboanga% so to spea), !amboanga 4it* onsi"er to be the birthplae of the !amboangueo 4havaano +anguage an" as a ne' 4ultural Ethno#+inguisti 1roup, as a ne' people 'ith "istint Ethni Rae an" I"entit* alle", !amboangueo% The 4harater of the !amboangueo People are uni.ue as 'e an sa* for their 5inship @amil* S*stem, +ove for oneVs 4ultural Heritage, Propensit* for etravagane, @iestas an" Siestas, an" Aristorati behavior% 'hile their Soial +ive usuall* resolve aroun" religious praties, the tra"ition of the banta*anon, /estas, fon"as, inlu"es their bailes the baile#valse, rego"on an" paso "oble% The !amboangueo ustoms are base" on Spanish, +atin Ameria an" European notions of patriarhal authorit*, eti.uette, familial obligation, as 'ell as a feeling of superiorit* # harateri0e" b* eessive pri"e, vanit*, 2ealous*, boastfulness, an" snobbishness # over their less#esterni0e" neighbors% The* are mostl* "evout Roman 4atholis% The !amboangueo ourtship tra"itions are elaborate an" regulate" b* a long list of re.uire" soial graes% @or eample, a perfetl* respetable !amboangueo +atino aballero =gentleman> 'oul" not sit unless permitte" to "o so b* the 'oman?s parents, he then ha" to en"ure .uestions pertaining to his lineage, re"entials, an" oupation% @inall*, the ourtship urfe', an" the nee" to ultivate the goo"'ill of all the members of the 'oman?s famil* 'ere paramount onsi"erations before an* hea"'a* oul" be ma"e in pursuing a !amboanguea senoritaVs han" in marriage% !amboangueo songs an" "anes are "erive" primaril* from SpanishIberian performanes% Spei/all*, the Lota !amboanguea, a !amboangueo version of the .ui)#stepping Jameno 'ith bamboo lappers in lieu of Spanish astanets, are regularl* presente" "uring /estas an" formal (tertulias( or other !amboangueo festivities%
+i)e'ise, !amboangueo tra"itional ostumes are losel* assoiate" 'ith Spanish formal "ress% $en 'ear lose#ne)e" 2a)ets as the* alle" &amiseta Zamboangue7o, ("e baston( pants, an" European st*le shoes, omplete 'ith the "e rigueur (bigotillos( =mustahe>% $ore reentl*, !amboangueo men have a"apte" to 'earing the formal Barong Tagalog, 'orn b* men throughout the Philippines% !amboanguea 'omen laim o'nership of the Mascota, a formal go'n 'ith a /tting bo"ie, her shoul"ers "rape" "emurel* b* a luuriousl* embroi"ere", though sti, panuelo an" fastene" at the breast b* a brooh or a me"al% The s)irt tapers "o'n from the 'aist but ontinues on to an eten"e" trail alle" the (ola(% The (ola ma* be hel" on one han" as the la"* 'al)s aroun", or it ma* li)e'ise b* pinne" on the 'aist or slippe" up a or" =belt> that hol"s the "aint* (abanio( or purse% The tra"itional !amboangueo "ress has been limite" to formal funtions, replae" b* the more ommon shirt, "enim 2eans an" snea)ers for men, an" shirts, blouses, s)irts or pants, an" heele" shoes for 'omen% There are several important events of festival that an be 'itness "uring VSemana SantaV, a !amboangueo Epression of Hol* ee)% these inlu"es 'athing peliulas all about Lesus an" his teahings, Disitaiones "e las Inglesias, Proession, Novenas an" the limbing an" pra*ing at the Estaiones "e 4ru0 in $t% Pulong Bato
% @iesta Pilar a festivit* in honor to Sra% +a Dirgen "el Pilar "e !arago0a en !amboanga an", the -ia "e !amboanga an" -ia "e +os !amboangueos4havaanos 'hih is elebrate" ever* <7 August ever* *ear for foun"ation of !amboanga an" birth of the !amboangueo People on <7 of August
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Zamboanga Architecture =<F#<F:> Die' of a to'er an" part of the village of anient (Lambangan( b* @ernan"o Brambila, from olletion of "ra'ings an" engravings ma"e on the $alaspina Epe"ition% The native Philippine house 'as harateri0e" b* a pithe" roof 'ith t'o or four angles, supporte" on a frame'or) resting on four or more 'oo"en pillars% It raise" above the groun" on a platform of earth%
TAUSU1 4U+TURE •
The Taus9g or Suluk people are an ethni group of the Philippines, $ala*sia an" In"onesia% The Tausg are part of the 'i"er politial i"entit* of $uslims of $in"anao, Sulu an" Pala'an )no'n as the $oro ethni group, 'ho onstitute the thir" largest ethni group of $in"anao, Sulu an" Pala'an% 9citation needed; The* originall* ha" an in"epen"ent state )no'n as the Sulu Sultanate, 'hih one eerise" sovereignt* over the present "a* provines of Basilan, Pala'an, Sulu, Ta'i#Ta'i, the eastern part of the $ala*sian state of Sabah =formerl* North Borneo> an" North 5alimantan in In"onesia%
8tymology (Tausug( means (the people of the urrent(, from the 'or" tau 'hih means (man( or (people( an" sūg =alternativel* spelle" sulug or suluk > 'hih means (9sea; urrents(%9<; The term Tausūg 'as "erive" from t'o 'or"s tau an" sūg =or suluk in $ala*> meaning (people of the urrent(, referring to their homelan"s in the Sulu Arhipelago% Sūg an" suluk both mean the same thing, 'ith the former being the phoneti evolution in Sulu of the latter =the + being "roppe" an" thus the t'o short UVs merging into one long U>% The Tausg in Sabah refer to themselves as Tausg but refers to their ethni group as (Sulu)( as " oumente" in oial "ouments suh as birth erti/ates in Sabah, 'hih are 'ritten $ala*% •
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:istory !Sultanate 8ra •
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The histor* of Sulu begins 'ith 5arim#ul $a)h"um, a $uslim missionar*, 'ho arrive" in Sulu in <68% He intro"ue" the Islami faith an" settle" in Tubig In"angan, Simunul, until his "eath% The $os.ueVs pillars at Tubig#In"angan, 'hih he built, still stan"% In <6F8, Ra2ah Baguin"a Ali lan"e" at Buansa, an" eten"e" the missionar* 'or) of $a)h"um% The Lohore#born Arab a"venturer Sa**i" Abuba)ar Abirin arrive" in <:78, marrie" Baguin"aVs "aughter, -a*ang#"a*ang Paramisuli% After Ra2ah Baguin"aVs "eath, Sa**i" Abuba)ar beame Sultan, thereb* intro"uing the sultanate as a politial s*stem =the Sultanate of Sulu>% Politial "istrits 'ere reate" in Parang, Pansul, +ati, 1itung, an" +uu), eah hea"e" b* a panglima or "istrit lea"er% After Sa**i" Abuba)arVs "eath, the sultanate s*stem ha" alrea"* beome 'ell establishe" in Sulu% Before the oming of the Spaniar"s, the ethni groups in Sulu the Tausug, Samal, Ya)an, an" Ba2au # 'ere in var*ing "egrees unite" un"er the Sulu sultanate, onsi"ere" the most entralise" politial s*stem in the Philippines% 4alle" the (Spanish$oro onJit(, these battles 'ere 'age" intermittentl* from <7 till <F, bet'een the Spanish olonial government an" the Bangsamoro people of $in"anao an" Sulu%
Prior to mo"ern times, the Tausg 'ere un"er the •
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Sultanate of Sulu %
The s*stem is a patrilineal s*stem, onsisting of the title of Sultan as the sole sovereign of the Sultanate =in Tausg languageG Lupah Sug, literall*G (+an" of the 4urrent(>, follo'e" b* various $ahara2ah an" Ra2ah#title" sub"ivisional prines% @urther "o'n the line are the numerous anglima or loal hiefs, similar in funtion to the mo"ern Philippine politial post of the Barangga* !apitan in the Barangga* s*stem% Of signi/ane are the Sarip =Sharif> an" their 'ives, Sharifah, 'ho are Hashemite "esen"ants of the Islami prophet, $uhamma"% The* are respete" as religious lea"ers, though some ma* ta)e up a"ministrative posts%
6emographics The Tausg urrentl* number about F76,888 in the Philippines% The* populate the @ilipino provine of Sulu as a ma2orit*, an" the provines of !amboanga "el Sur, Basilan, Ta'i#Ta'i, Pala'an, 4ebu an" $anila as minorities% $uh of these @ilipino#Tausgs have 'or) in neighbouring Sabah, $ala*sia as onstrution labourers in searh for better lives% Ho'ever, man* of them have violate the la' b* oversta*ing illegall* an" involve" in riminal ativities% The @ilipino#Tausgs are not reognise" as a native to Sabah% 9note <;9<<; •
%eligion The over'helming ma2orit* of Tausgs follo' Islam, as Islam has been a "e/ning aspet of native Sulu ulture ever sine Islam sprea" to the southern Philippines% The* follo' the tra"itional Sunni setion of Islam, ho'ever the* retain pre#Islami religious praties an" often pratie a mi of Islam an" Animism% A 4hristian minorit* eists% -uring the Spanish oupation, the presene of Lesuit missionaries in the Sulu Arhipelago allo'e" for the onversion of entire families an" even tribes an" lans of Tausgs, an" other Sulu natives to Roman 4atholiism% @or eample, A0im u"#-in I of Sulu, the
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language of the provines Surigao "el Norte, Surigao "el Sur an" Agusan "el Sur an" the Butuanon language of northeastern $in"anao speiall* the root Tausug 'or"s 'ithout the inJuene of the Arabi language, sharing man* ommon 'or"s% The Tausg, ho'ever, "o not onsi"er themselves as Disa*an, using the term onl* to refer to 4hristian Bisa*a#language spea)ers, given that the vast ma2orit* of Tausgs are $uslims in ontrast to its ver* losel* relate" Surigaonon brothers 'hih are pre"ominantl* Roman 4atholis% Tausug is also relate" to the ara*#ara* language%
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Tausug soiet* is hierarhiall* strati/e" an" has been sine at least the foun"ing of the Sulu sultanate% Three ma2or ran) ategories 'ere formerl* reogni0e"G nobles, ommoners, an" slaves% The nobilit* onsiste" of "atu, men hol"ing patrilineall* inherite" titles 'ho eerise" regional po'er, an" salip, religiousl* revere" men an" 'omen 'ho laime" "esent from the Prophet%
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Marriage $arriage is i"eall* arrange" b* parents% 4ontats bet'een the sees are restrite" an" marriageable 'omen are )ept in relative selusion to protet their value to their famil* as politial an" eonomi assets% @irst an" seon" ousins are favore" spouses ='ith the eeption of the hil"ren of brothers>% A series of negotiations pree"es marriage, onlu"ing 'ith an agreement on the amount of bri"e#'ealth an" other epenses to be pai" b* the bo*Vs famil*% In a""ition to arrange" marriages, 'ives ma* be obtaine" b* elopement or ab"ution, both ommon alternatives% e""ings are hel" in the groomVs parentsV house imme"iatel* upon pa*ment of bri"e#'ealth an" are oiate" b* an imam% Ne'l* marrie" ouples generall* resi"e uoriloall* for the /rst *ear, or until the birth of a hil", after 'hih the* are free to 2oin the husban"Vs famil*, remain 'ith the 'ifeVs famil*, or, preferabl*, buil" a ne' house of their o'n, t*piall* lose to the husban"Vs natal ommunit*% In"epen"ent resi"ene is the eventual i"eal% Relations bet'een husban" an" 'ife are harateristiall* lose an" en"uring% -ivore is permitte" but is infre.uent, ourring in less than <8 perent of all marriages an", although pol*g*n* is allo'e", fe' men ta)e more than one 'ife%
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6omestic ;nit. The Tausug househol" onsists of either a nulear famil* or a stem famil*, the
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latter being omprise" of parents, unmarrie" hil"ren, plus a marrie" hil", spouse, an" gran"hil"ren% @ull* eten"e" families are rare%
+nheritance. +an" is usuall* "ivi"e" bet'een sons, 'ith some preferene given to the el"est%
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Sociali an" temporaril* selu"e" imme"iatel* after birth% At aroun" < or 3 *ears of age, both bo*s an" girls un"ergo a ritual hairutting an" imme"iatel* after'ar" are name"% $ost prea"olesent hil"ren atten" Wurani shool or stu"* the Wuran 'ith a private tutor, an" 'hen pro/ient the* "emonstrate their s)ills at reitation in a publi eremon* alle" pagtammat" This is t*piall* a festive oasion, its sale reJeting the famil*Vs status an" eonomi means% Bo*s are irumise" = pagislam > in their earl* teensM girls un"ergo a similar rite = pagsunnat >, but 'ithout eremon* an" atten"e" onl* b* females, 'hen the* reah the age of 7 or K%
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Soiali0ation emphasi0es sensitivit* to shame, respet for authorit*, an" famil* honor% To"a* hil"ren atten" publi shools, but fe' attain more than a p rimar* e"uation% Onl* one in /ve 'ho begin shool omplete gra"e si%
%eligious Beliefs. •
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The Tausug are Sunni $uslims, follo'ers of the Shaft shool% The @ive Pillars are observe", although onl* the el"erl* pratie "ail* pra*ers regularl*% All illness, ai"ents, an" other misfortunes are ultimatel* 1o"Vs 'ill% Ho'ever, the Tausug retain elements of pre#Islami belief an", a""itionall*, see the 'orl" as inhabite" b* loal spirits apable of ausing goo" or ill fortune% @ol) urers = mangungubat > ma* be sought in time of illness% Tra"itional me"ial speialists, 'ho obtain their po'ers through "reams or b* the instrution of ol"er urers, heal mainl* b* herbal reme"ies an" pra*ers%
%eligious $ractitioners. The imam is an important ommunit* /gure% He oiates at life# risis rites, oers religious ounsel, an" lea"s the faithful in pra*er% Religion is entral to Tausug i"entit* an" tra"itionall* pla*e" a ma2or role in maintaining the hierarhial struture of the state% The sultan, as hea" of an Islami polit*, 'as investe" 'ith religious authorit*% Oial genealogies trae" his "esent to the Prophet an" in his person he 'as epete" to eemplif* i"eal .ualities of virtue an" religious "evotion% Paralleling the politial p*rami" 'as a religious one, unite" at its ape in the sultanVs person, an" onsisting, from state to ommunit* level, of kadi# ulama# imam, hatib# an" bilal# 2uri"ial an" religious a"visors, an" mos.ue oials% &eremonies. $a2or events in the religious alen"ar inlu"e fasting "uring Rama"anM Hari Ra*a Puasa, a "a* of feasting imme"iatel* follo'ing Rama"anM Hari Ra*a Ha"2i, the feast of sari/e on the tenth "a* of the month of Lul#Ha"2M $auli"een Nabi, the birth"a* of the Prophet, on the t'elfth "a* of $aulu"M an" Panula) Balah =lit%, (to sen" a'a* evil(>, a "a* of ritual bathing on the last e"nes"a* of Sappal%
Arts. -aning, instrumental musi, an" song are popular forms of entertainment, but the "eorative arts are unelaborate"%
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6eath and Afterlife. @our ats must be performe" at "eathG bathing the orpse, enshrou"ing it, reiting the pra*er for the "ea", an" burial% Burial is follo'e" b* a seven#"a* vigil% -epen"ing on a famil*Vs eonomi irumstanes, ommemorative feasts ma* be hel" on the th, 38th, :8th, an" <88th "a*, an" on the /rst, seon", an" thir" anniversaries of "eath% Eah person is believe" to have four souls that leave the bo"* at "eath% The bo"* goes to hell, 'here the length of punishment it suers is "etermine" b* the mis"ee"s an" aumulate" religious merit of the "eease"% On the /fteenth "a* of the month of Shaaban, one of the souls = ro > of the "ea" is sent ba) to earthG here the "eease" is honore" 'ith pra*ers an" on the follo'ing "a* graves are leare"%
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Subsistence and &ommercial Activities. Subsistene is base" primaril* on agriulture, /shing, an" tra"e, 'ith some livesto) raising =attle, hi)ens, "u)s>% The Tausug pratie plo' agriulture, gro'ing "r* rie on permanentl* "i)e", nonirrigate" /el"s, using attle or 'ater bualo as "raft animals% Rie is interroppe" 'ith orn, assava, an" a small amount of millet, sorghum, an" sesame% There are three annual harvestsG /rst, orn an" other erealsM seon", rieM an" thir", assava% +ndustrial Arts. $ost farm an" househol" items are ma"e of bamboo% Iron implements are forge" loall* an" the manufature of bla"e" 'eapons has historiall* been an important loal raft% omen pro"ue pan"anus mats an" 'oven hea"loths for both home use an" sale% Trade. @rom the foun"ing of the Sulu sultanate until the mi"#nineteenth entur*, the Tausug on"ute" an etensive tra"e 'ith 4hina in pearls, bir"sV nests, trepang, amphor, an" san"al'oo"%
Tausug mananasal or bla)smiths pro"ue bolo, )alis, an" barong =bla"e" 'eapons>% @ishing implem# ents are also ma"e, suh as the sang)il =single#po#inte" spear> an" the sapang =three#pronge" spear>% The more epensivel* fashione" bla"es have Joral an" geometri inisionsM the gan2a or metal strips 'hih lo) the han"le an" the bla"e are a "eorative as 'ell a funtional "evie% Bron0e asting is not as 'ell "evelope" as it is in +anao%
5isual Arts and &rafts Tausug visual arts are represente" b* arvings, metal'or)s, 'oo"'or)s, tapestr* an" embroi"er*, mat ma)ing an" bas)etr*, tetile an" fashion, potter*, an" other minor arts =S0anton % In general, Tausug visual arts follo' the Islami prohibition of representing human or animal forms% 4onse.uentl*, $in"anao an" Sulu have "evelope" u))il or abstrat motifs 'hih are arve", printe", or painte" into various me"ia% These motifs are suggestive of leaves, vines, Jo'ers, fruits, an" various geometri shapes% Tausug arving is best eempli/e" b* the sun"u) or grave mar)er% Although not as st*li0e" as those of the Samal, the Tausug sun"u) are 'oo" or stone arv#ings of geometri or Joral forms% omenVs grave mar)#ers are Jatter 'ith arve" geometri "esigns, those of the men are more Joral% Sa)a*an or outriggers present *et another me"ia for Tausug arving% A"ornments are usuall* ma"e on the pro' an" sometimes on the sambili or strips aross the hull% The arvings are "one either on the boat itself, or on a separate piee of 'oo" 'hih is then attahe" to the vessel% Abstrat mano)#mano) =bir"> motifs are the most ommon% A2ong#a2ongsula#sula are arve" tips supporting the 'rappe" sailM the hi"2u) ="ar) or"> on the sangpa" =pro'#plate> also serve as "eoration% 4arve" saam or ross##piees supporting the outriggers are alle" the mata =e*es> of the boat% 4olors use" on the /nishe" arvings are *ello', re", green, 'hite, an" blue =S0anton % The female bi*ata'i is a blouse ma"e of plain material li)e satin an" is ornamente" 'ith tambu)u =gol" or silver buttons> on the breast, shoul"ers, an" us% •
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The pata"2ung is an all#purpose s)irt 'orn b* both men an" 'omen% It has various other usesG as a turung or hea"over, sash or 'aistban", blan)et, ham#mo), an" others% @untion an" simpliit* "e/ne Tausug potter*% -eorations are limite" to simple geometri lines as the emphasis has al'a*s been on the .uantit* not .ualit* of the pro"ut% Eamples inlu"e pots, vases, 2ugs, an" various piees of )ithen'are =S0anton % Tutup or plate overs are ma"e b* Tausug men an" 'omenM smaller piees are alle" turung "ulang ri)i#ri)i, an" are use" as 'all a"ornment% Tutup mea#sure about 7 m in "iameter an" are ma"e of oonut leaves insi"e, an" silal or buri leaves outsi"e% 4olore" pan"an leaves are se'n on the eterior an" serve as "eoration =S0anton % 4alligraph* is foun" printe" or arve" on "oors an" gates, as 'ell as on tapestries% $usial instruments, espeiall* the gabbang =native *lophone>, are also "eorate" b* the Tausug =S0anton % Tausug literatu @ol) nonnarrative poetr* inlu"es tigum#tigum or tu)u"#tu)u" =ri""les>, masaalaa =proverbs>, "aman =poeti "ialogue or a"vie>, pitu'a =maims>, mali)ata ='or" inversions>, tili) =love spells>, an" tarasul =poems> =Tuban % re inlu"es poetr* an" prose, an" narrative an" nonnarrative forms% Tausug fol) narratives inlu"e the salsila =ethno#historial narratives>, the )aa'n )issa =reation stories>, the usulan )issa =origin stories>, an" the )ata)ata =marhen>%
BA-LAO 4U+TURE •
(Sea Noma"s( The Sama(Ba*au refers to several Austronesian ethni groups of $aritime Southeast Asia% The name olletivel* refers to relate" peoples 'ho usuall* all themselves the Sama, Samah, or SamalM or are )no'n b* the eon*m Ba*au =baZ"[a\, also spelle" Bad*ao, Ba*a, Ba*ao, Bad*au, Bad*a, Ba*o or Bayao>% The* usuall* live a seaborne lifest*le, an" use small 'oo"en sailing vessels suh as the
perahu, djenging, balutu, lepa, pilang, an" vinta =or lepa$lepa>%96;9:; Some Sama#Ba2au groups native to Sabah are also )no'n for their tra"itional horse ulture% •
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The Ba"2aos are popularl* )no'n as the (Sea 1*psies( of the Sulu an" 4elebes sea% The name Ba"2ao is a $ala*#Bornean 'or" 'hih onnotes (man of the seas% The Sama#Ba2au are tra"itionall* from the man* islan"s of the Sulu Arhipelago in the Philippines%
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+i)e the term 5a"a0an#-usun, Sama#Ba2au is a olletive term, use" to "esribe several losel* relate" in"igenous peoples 'ho onsi"er themselves a single "istint bangsa =(ethni group( or (nation(>% 96;9F; It is generall* aepte" that these groups of people an be terme" Sama or Ba2au, though the* never all themselves (Ba2au( in the Philippines% Instea", the* all themselves 'ith the names of their tribes, usuall* the plae the* live or plae of origin% @or eample, the sea#going Sama#Ba2au prefer to all themselves the Sama -ilaut or Sama $an"ilaut =literall* (sea Sama( or (oean Sama(> in the PhilippinesM 'hile in $ala*sia, the* i"entif* as Ba2au +aut% 9<8;9<<; (Sama( is believe" to have originate" from the Austronesian root 'or" sama meaning (together(, (same(, or ('e(% 9<6;9<:;9<7;9% 9
HISTORY •
@or most of their histor*, the Sama#Ba2au have been a noma"i, seafaring people, living o the sea b* tra"ing an" subsistene /shing% 9
=ral traditions $ost of the various oral tra"itions among the Sama#Ba2au have a ommon theme 'hih laims that the* 'ere originall* a lan"#"'elling people 'ho 'ere the sub2ets of a )ing 'ho ha" a "aughter% After she is lost b* either being s'ept a'a* to the sea =b* a storm or a Joo"> or being ta)en aptive b* a neighbouring )ing"om, the* 'ere then suppose"l* or"ere" to /n" her% After failing to "o so the* "ei"e" to remain noma"i for fear of faing the 'rath of the )ing% 96;9<;938; •
:istorical records Sama#Ba2au 'ere /rst reor"e" b* European eplorers in <73< b* Antonio Pigafetta of the $agellan# Elano epe"ition in 'hat is no' the present#"a* !amboanga Peninsula% Pigafetta 'rites that the (people of that islan" ma)e their "'ellings in boats an" "o not live other'ise(% The* have also been present in the 'ritten reor"s of other Europeans heneforthM inlu"ing in Sula'esi b* the -uth olonies in
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The SamaBa2au peoples spea) some ten languages of the SamaBa2au subgroup of the estern $ala*o#Pol*nesian language famil*%977; Sinama is the most ommon name for these languages, but the* are also alle" Ba2au, espeiall* in $ala*sia% The Tausg people refer to these languages as Siamal% 9<8; $ost Sama#Ba2au an spea) multiple languages% 9F;
$USI4,ART an" -AN4E •
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Sama#Ba2au tra"itional songs are han"e" "o'n orall* through generations% The songs are usuall* sung "uring marriage elebrations = kanduli pagka%in>, aompanie" b* "ane = pang$igal> an" musial instruments li)e pulau =Jute>, gabbang =*lophone>, tagunggo& =)ulintang gongs>, an" in mo"ern times, eletroni )e*boar"s% 93:; There are several t*pes of Sama#Ba2au tra"itional songs, the* inlu"eG isun$ isun, runsai, najat , syair , nasid, bua$bua anak , an" tinggayun%9<6;9K; Among the more spei/ eamples of Sama#Ba2au songs are three love songs olletivel* referre" to as Sangbayan% These are 'alling 'alling, 'uldang 'uldang, an" akiring akiring%93:; The most 'ell#)no'n of these three is akiring akiring =literall* (moving the hips(>, 'hih is more familiar to the Tausg in its ommerialise" an" mo"ernise" form 'ayang 'ayang% The Tausg laim that the song is native to their ulture, an" 'hether the song is originall* Tausg or Sama#Ba2au remain ontroversial% 93:; $ost Sama#Ba2au fol) songs are beoming etint, largel* "ue to the 'aning interest of the *ounger generations%9<6; Sama#Ba2au people are also 'ell )no'n for 'eaving an" nee"le'or) s)ills%
:orse culture The more settle" lan"#base" est 4oast Ba2au are epert e.uestrians 'hih ma)es them remar)able in $ala*sia, 'here horse ri"ing has never been 'i"esprea" an*'here else% •
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Though some Sama#Ba2au hea"smen have been given honori/ titles li)e ("atu(, (mahara2a( or (panglima( b* governments =li)e un"er the Sultanate of Brunei>, the* usuall* onl* ha" little authorit* over the Sama#Ba2au ommunit*% Sama#Ba2au soiet* is tra"itionall* highl* in"ivi"ualisti, 93<; an" the
largest politial unit is the lan luster aroun" mooring points, rarel* more% Unli)e most neighbouring peoples, Sama#Ba2au soiet* is also more or less egalitarian, an" the* "i" not pratie a aste s*stem% The in"ivi"ualism is probabl* "ue to the generall* fragile nature of their relationships 'ith lan"#base" peoples for aess to essentials li)e 'oo" or 'ater% hen the relationship sours or if there is too muh pressure from lan"#base" rulers, the Sama#Ba2au prefer to simpl* move on else'here% •
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Panggi=assava> an" /sh the staple foo" of Ba"2aos% Rie is serve" onl* for "essert or on speial oasions% The 'omen engage in mat 'eaving, gathering lams, snails, sea'ee", an" so forth at lo' ti"e% A Ba"2ao settlement onsists of a )a'man, panglima% 5a'man the e.uivalent of the lan"#base" puro)% Panglima #the hea" of )a'man% Its main funtion is to settle "isputes, ollet /nes, an" oiate at 'e""ings% The position is usuall* inherite", but the title is onferre" b* the sultan%
&eremonies •
The annual Islami alen"ar inlu"esG a month of fasting = puasa > M Hari Ra*a Puasa, a feast to elebrate the en" of Rama"anM Hari Ra*a Ha2i, a feast of sari/e observe" "uring the month of Lul#Ha"2M tulak bala&# a ritual bathing performe" to leanse a'a* evil "uring the month of SappalM an" $aulu", the birth"a* of the Prophet% Among boat#"'elling an" formerl* boat#"'elling groups, ommunit* spirit me"iums are assemble" at least one a *ear for a publi sXane an" nightl* trane#"aning = magigal jin >% In times of epi"emi illness, the* are also alle" on to set a spirit#boat = pamatulikan > a"rift in the open sea be*on" the village or anhorage site in or"er to remove illness#ausing spirits from the ommunit*%
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Arts. Ba2au raftsmen have tra"itionall* reate" ornaments of shell an" turtle shell, an" embellishe" houses, boats, house furnishings, an" grave mar)ers 'ith arve" "esigns% Pan"anus mats are ma"e b* 'omen for both sale an" home use% In the Tempasu) area of 'estern Sabah, Ba2au 'omen 'eave several t*pes of tetiles% The most important are kain mogah# long loths of small, some'hat somber "esign, use" mainl* as tra"e loth an" for house hangings, an" destar# s.uare hea"loths 'orn b* men, 'oven mainl* in retangular "esign elements, using brighter "*es an" often inorporating /gurative motifs% $usi an" "ane are rihl* elaborate"% $usial instruments inlu"e the )ulintangan, an i"iophone of bet'een seven an" nine )nobbe" gongs suspen"e" hori0ontall* in a 'oo"en frame% The )ulintangan, provi"ing the main melo"i line, is pla*e" b* 'omen, together 'ith suspen"e" gongs an" "rums, t he latter pla*e" b* male musiians, either alone or in aompaniment to "ane% The gabbang# a 'oo"en *lophone, normall* of seventeen )e*s, is also pla*e" b* 'omen, either as a solo instrument or in aompaniment to singing an" "aning% The main "ane form that emplo*s the gabbang is the daling$daling# performe" usuall* at 'e""ings or betrothals, in 'hih male an" female "aners ehange improvise" verses of song%
YA5AN 4U+TURE •
The >akan people are among the ma2or in"igenous muslim tribes in $in"anao% Having a signi/ant number of follo'ers of Islam, it is onsi"ere" as one of the <6 $oro groups in the Philippines% The Ya)ans mainl* resi"e in Basilan but are also in !amboanga 4it*% The* spea) a language )no'n as Bahasa Ya)an, 'hih has harateristis of both Sama#Ba2au Sinama an" Tausug =Lun"am % It is 'ritten in the $ala*an Arabi sript, 'ith a"aptations to soun"s not p resent in Arabi =Sherfan %
:istory •
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The Ya)ans 'e "ont tr* to 2u"ge them in the Sulu Arhipelago, situate" to the 'est of !amboanga in $in"anao% Tra"itionall* the* 'ear olorful, han"'oven lothes% The 'omen 'ear tight/tting short blouses an" both sees 'ear narro'ut pants resembling breehes% The 'omen overs it partl* 'ith a 'rap#aroun" material 'hile the man 'raps a sash#li)e loth aroun" the 'aist 'here he plaes his 'eapon usuall* a long )nife% No'a"a*s most Ya)ans 'ear 'estern lothes an" use their tra"itional lothes onl* for ultural festivals%
The Spaniar"s alle" the Ya)an, (Sameacas( an" onsi"ere" them an aloof an" sometimes hostile hill people =ul % In the earl* akan is the language of Basilan Islan" in the Philippines% It is the onl* Bornean language in that ountr*%
4ontats 'ith Settlers from +u0on, Disa*as an" the Amerian Peae 4orps brought about hanges in the art an" st*le of 'eaving% $an* resorte" to the onveniene of hemial "*es an" the* starte" 'eaving table runners, plaemats, 'all "eor, purses an" other items 'hih are not
present in a tra"itional Ya)an house% In other 'or"s, the natives atere" beause of eonomi reason to the nee"s of their ustomers 'hih manifest their tra"ing aumen% Ne' "esigns 'ere intro"ue" li)e kenna$kenna, patterne" after a /shM da%en$da%en, after the leaf of a vineM pene mata$mata, after the shape of an e*e or the kabang buddi , a "iamon"#shape" "esign%
