Starter Set Manual R
Type R 360
Starter Set Manual ecolog 100plus
03/ 2005, from software version CRxxxx_P
Guarantee note This manual was written with the utmost care. However, we cannot assume any guarantee for the contents. Since errors cannot be avoided despite all efforts we appreciate any comment. We reserve the right to make technical alterations to the product which might result in a change of contents of the manual.
Starter Set Manual ecomat 100 Type R 360
What you can find in this manual 1.
What you should know...........................................................1-1
Required previous knowledge ......................................................................... 1-1 Structure of the manual .................................................................................... 1-1 How to find your way around .................................................................... 1-1 1.1.
Overview of the documentation............................................................. 1-2
Hardware ............................................................................................................ 1-3
2.
Installation...............................................................................2-1
2.1.
Hardware of the PC................................................................................. 2-1
2.2.
Software set-up ....................................................................................... 2-1
2.3.
Program start .......................................................................................... 2-4
Settings 2-6 New project............................................................................................... 2-6 Directories................................................................................................. 2-6 Libraries .................................................................................................... 2-8 Hardware configuration............................................................................2-11
3.
The start...................................................................................3-1
3.1.
Basics and concepts .............................................................................. 3-1
3.2.
A short ecolog 100plus project as a start ............................................... 3-3 Description................................................................................................ 3-3 Add Program............................................................................................. 3-5 Defining variables ..................................................................................... 3-6 Saving..................................................................................................... 3-12 Other languages ..................................................................................... 3-13 Program test ........................................................................................... 3-13 Visualisation............................................................................................ 3-16
3.3.
Online Test ............................................................................................ 3-27 Preparations ........................................................................................... 3-27
I
Operating system.................................................................................... 3-28 Program test online ................................................................................. 3-32 Sampling Trace ....................................................................................... 3-38 Documentation ........................................................................................ 3-43
4.
Exercises ................................................................................ 4-1
4.1.
Logic functions ....................................................................................... 4-1 Program structure ..................................................................................... 4-1 Example 1! Error! ...................................................................................... 4-3 Example 2 ................................................................................................. 4-4
4.2.
Higher-level functions ............................................................................ 4-5 Timer and counter function ....................................................................... 4-5 Practical application .................................................................................. 4-6
5.
Appendix ................................................................................. 5-7
5.1.
Buttons .................................................................................................... 5-7 File functions............................................................................................. 5-7 General functions...................................................................................... 5-8 Online functions ........................................................................................ 5-8 General editing functions .......................................................................... 5-8 Editing functions for SFC .......................................................................... 5-9 Editing functions for LD ............................................................................. 5-9 Editing functions for FBD ........................................................................ 5-10 Functions for Sampling Trace ................................................................. 5-10 Functions for Visualisation .......................................................................5-11
5.2.
Brief instructions .................................................................................. 5-12 New Project............................................................................................. 5-12 Libraries and hardware configuration ...................................................... 5-13
5.3.
Remarks for solutions .......................................................................... 5-13
6.
Index ......................................................................................... 15
II
Starter Set Manual ecomat 100 Type R 360
1
What you should know In this chapter we will give you an overview of the following points:
Why this manual?
• •
What previous knowledge is required to be able to work with this manual? What is the structure of this manual?
•
How do you find your way through this manual?
•
What information you find in this manual.
Every user knows the problem: new software and new hardware. You will come across many unknown issues which at the beginning take up a lot of time and thus money.
When you work with the system more frequently you will find that many work steps keep repeating themselves. You no longer concentrate on how to create a new project or how to declare a variable, but concentrate on the process to be controlled. This manual therefore describes in many details, step by step, the procedure of creating programs and handling the hardware. When you use this manual as recommended, you will be able to quickly reach your goal to effectively use the controller system ecomat 100.
1.1
Required previous knowledge This training manual is directed at people who have some basic technical knowledge. Some experience in controller technology and PLC programming skills are useful.
1.2
Structure of the manual This manual provides learning support for starters. As experience increases more interim steps can be skipped.
How to find your way around To facilitate work with this manual we have added some helps for you. To be able to directly get to a certain subject use the table of contents of this manual. The index will also help you get to the term you are looking for. At the beginning of a chapter we are giving you a brief overview of the contents of that chapter.
1-1
Overview of the documentation
Headers
The header of each page on the right provides you with the title of the current chapter. On the left you will find the current header of second order.
Footnotes
In the footnotes of each page you will find the chapter-related number of the page.
selective reading
In the marginal column you will find comments which make finding certain paragraphs easier for you.
There you will also find pictograms and markings the meaning of which is explained below.
Paragraphs marked with this pictogram give safety-related information. Read these paragraphs very carefully. Note
Arrow
Here you are given important notes to help you with the correct handling of ecomat 100.
1.3
Overview of the documentation Working with a controller of the ecomat R 360 system requires several documents. A brief overview should help you to cope.
1-2
●
Catalogue Overview of the data sheets
●
Manual for the program development with ecolog 100plus Software description
●
System manual ecomat 100 type R 360 Technical description, hardware-specific function blocks
●
Mounting and installation instructions hardware specific, are supplied with the unit
●
Training manual Step-by-step introduction
What you should know
www.ifmelectronic.com
Each printed medium such as this manual will become obsolete sooner or later; looking at the speed of technical changes, rather sooner. This also applies to hardware and software. To find out about the current version, please see the web address indicated on the left. Usually you will find there updates of the software and the current version of the documentation for downloading (see e.g. page 2-3).
1.4
Hardware In the training manual reference will be made quite often to the hardware. To be noted: The different types of the controller ecomat 100 type R 360 (e. g. CR2500, CR0020, CR0501) vary in their different hardware configurations.
For the programming software this means: ●
it has to be adapted to the hardware. The process will be briefly described below. You will find more information in the programming or system manual.
●
it might be necessary to change e.g. the addresses of inputs or outputs in example programs.
It would be much too complicated to write an introduction into the software for each type. That is why as an example the handling of the controller CR 2500
will be described.
When you work with another version later on, this must, of course, be taken into account for the examples. Another subdirectory must be set and other libraries must be loaded. Since the type designation, here CR0015, is also used for the directory and file names, e.g. subdirectory CR0015, this should be no problem. To keep the following text clear, this will not be pointed out separately.
When, for example, you work with the starter set of the controller CR 0105, virtually everywhere 2500 can be replaced by 0105 in the following examples. The only difference is that with the starter set some steps can be skipped. Here some settings have already been made to facilitate the start. No harm will be done, though, if for example you load the operating system once again for reasons of practical training.
1-3
2
Installation
2.1
Hardware of the PC
Minimum
PC with Pentium processor MS Windows © from version 95 16 MB RAM Hard disk with 20 MB available Mouse and additional serial interface
2.2
Software set-up
Set-up
The installation is started as usual. If the autostart function of the CD-ROM drive is active, the ecolog software installer starts. The selection will be described below.
Figure 1: Installer The following programming examples were created using the programming software version 2.1. In this version the language is selected.
2-1
Software set-up
Figure 2: Version The version you use depends for example on your hardware version, on the version of its operating system, etc. If you use different versions it may become necessary to also install different software versions. You can, of course, install this and other programs subsequently, for example if you want to work with a PDM or with CAN modules. You may also want to install the documentation on your PC. To be able to see or print the documentation here or on CD you need Acrobat Reader. These installations will not be described in this training manual. The software is installed by clicking on ‘Set-up’. The individual steps will not be described here. We recommend to adopt the default settings, e.g. the directory name, paths, etc. This will save unnecessary work. This will also make it easier to understand the following examples.
The following directories are then on the hard disk: C:\Program Files\ifm electronic\ecop_21e
Program file ecolog 100plus
C:\Program Files\ifm electronic\ecop_21e\LIB
general libraries
C:\Program Files\ifm electronic\ecop_21e\LIB\CR2500_N unit-specific files C:\Program Files\ifm electronic\ecop_21e\PROJEKTE examples
2-2
your
projects,
Installation
The directory CR2500_N is an example of the starter-set. If you work with another version, e.g. CR0501, it is CR0501_N that has to be opened as will be described in the next chapter.
N
This letter N stands for the date of the update (release). The current version can be found on the web (see 1.3). The new versions are, for example, required for the new hardware versions. We recommend to change these versions only if it is necessary. It is a lot easier, if all systems used are of the same version, even it is not the latest one.
At any rate the downloader should also be installed.
Figure 3: Downloader set-up
2-3
Program start
2.3
Program start ecolog 100plus is started via the icon in the start menu, for example.
Figure 4: Program start
Info
The information is displayed for a short time. If required, it can be called up under menu item Help, e.g. for checking which software version (in this case 2.1) has been installed.
An example program is loaded.
Error message
If one or several error messages are displayed, other paths may have been selected during set-up. For the time being they can be ignored. Further below we will describe the adaptations that will have to be made.
The example program may look like this:
2-4
Installation
Figure 5: Example program
We will not deal with this any further here. The continuous work on this project is made easier if the one opened last is loaded automatically during program start-up. Therefore the example program will open here If you do not want this, you can change it via ‘Project’ ’Options’ 'Auto load'..
Figure 6:Project options 1
2-5
Settings
2.4
Settings New project Before starting with the programming of the controller you would normally have to make some additional settings. In the starter set all required settings have already been made. In this case the following information is for information only. These settings are part of each project and are saved with it. This way you can easily work on projects for various hardware configurations with the same user interface. To show how the settings are made we open a new project via ‘File’ a new project. ’New’ or
Figure 7: New project This start window will be discussed in more detail further below. For the time being we select the option FBD and confirm it by OK.
Directories Search path
2-6
Since the same programming surface is used for different hardware configurations, the required files need to be accessible. The unit-specific files are listed in different subdirectories. It would be confusing to provide all of them right from the start. First, it has to be stated in which subdirectory they can be found.
Installation
This is done via the menu items: 'Project' 'Options'. Select the category Directories in the displayed dialogue window (see Figure 8).
Figure 8: Set directories
The first line indicates where the library files can be found and the second line where the program files are to be stored. It is indicated:
C:\Program Files\ifm electronic\ecop_21e\lib C:\Program Files\ifm electronic\ecop_21e\projekte
Starter set CR2500
This is the controller type CR2500. The unit-specific libraries are in the subdirectories, e.g. of the starter set C:\Program Files\ifm electronic\ecop_21e\lib \CR2500_N and are linked via ‘Insert’ ‘Additional library’.
Model panel CR0020
During the trainings a model panel with the controller CR 0020 is used.The unit-specific libraries are in the subdirectory C:\Program Files\ifm electronic\ecop_21e\lib \CR0020_Q The index _Q following the unit designation indicates the current software version (see page 2-3). In the starter set the directory for the unit-independent libraries is already set.
2-7
Settings
Libraries Predefined functions
A modern programming software to IEC 61131-3 should allow the administration of self-created program modules. They only have to be created once and can then be used as often as required. Administration in ecolog 100plus is handled via libraries. Furthermore, a number of standard functions and hardware-specific functions have been predefined. These libraries have to be loaded if necessary.
File size
Each added library makes the project file bigger. Therefore no unnecessary libraries should be added. At the beginning it may be difficult to judge which library is necessary and which is not necessary. A hint is given by the name of the library. If, for example the name is CRXXXX*.*, you will only need the library if you work with the unit CRXXXX. As experience increases, differentiation is getting easier. However, the file size is only critical with very complex programs. A consequence resulting from the keyword file size affects the program modules created. It is unfavourable to combine them all in one library. If they are separated it is easier to focus on those that are actually needed.
No menu active
At the beginning the question is occasionally asked what is to be done if most menu items are not active at first which is shown by the grey colour. This happens, for example, when the work on a project was finished with ‘File’ ‘Close’. To activate them a project has to be opened. This is done via the menu item ‘File’ ‘New’ or the respective button (you will find an overview of the buttons in the annex, see 5.1. The procedure was described above, see page 2-6). To be sure let us compare: The top line then reads: 'EcoPlus - (Untitled)*' The name can be assigned when saving the file.
CR2500 as an example
Below we will show how to prepare a project for the controller CR2500 as an example.
Entries
The menu items ‘Window’ ‘Library Manager' open a window in which no entries can be seen at first.
2-8
Installation
Figure 9: Library Manager 1 Entries can be made via ‘Insert’ ‘Additional library'.
Figure 10: Additional library The available libraries are shown on a mouse click.
Figure 11: Selection of libraries Standard.LIB
As mentioned above you can find many libraries here. The (unit-independent) Standard:LIB should be loaded in any case.
2-9
Settings
After the libraries have been inserted the library manager looks as follows:
Figure 12: Library Manager 2 A glance at the library manager shows what kind of module it is. This also explains the name of the library. Help
If during program creation you are not sure which module is needed or what the inputs and outputs mean you have the possibility to call help via ‘Help’ in the toolbar. There you will find detailed descriptions and examples. Often it is faster and easier to call the library manager and to mark the respective module there. Then you can often find the information you are looking for in the declaration part (see figure 12 top right). This applies above all to the unit-specific libraries (see figure 14). The help would be much too extensive if all unit-specific modules were explained there. A glance at the library manager can save leafing through the manual.
CR2500
Now the unit-specific library has to be added. By double-clicking the folder Cr2500_N (see figure 11) is opened.
Figure 13: Unit-specific library
2-10
Installation
By clicking on ‘Open’ the library is added.
Figure 14: Library Manager 3 We are not done yet! Programming not only requires the library files but also e.g. the operating system. It is therefore not sufficient to only enter the libraries in the manager.
Hardware configuration CR2500
Here again we refer to the unit CR2500. As mentioned above, the settings for CR2500 have already been made for the completed examples so that we do not have to worry about them in the starter set. For a new project for the starter set the library Cr2500_N has to be inserted again. Since the features of the hardware versions are fixed, various variables have also been declared in advance.
Declarations
As is the case with each efficient software, ecolog 100plus declares variables. Declarations, presentation, notations etc. are described in detail in the manual for the program development. In our manual we will describe this process briefly in the individual steps (see e.g. page 3-37).
Below we will describe the process of loading the hardware configuration.
2-11
Settings
There are again several possibilities to open the respective window. You can either click on the Resources index in the navigation bar and double-click on the controller configuration (then you can also check if the libraries have been integrated) or directly via the button. At first the respective window is empty.
Figure 15: Navigation bar Resources
Figure 16: PLC Configuration empty The requested PC configuration, the firmware, is called via ‘Add’ ‘Firmware’. Open subdirectory CR2500_N in the window and select file CR2500_N.M66 which you will find there. The file format should not be changed.
2-12
Installation
Figure 17: Insert firmware At first the usual dialogue field to open a file is displayed. If you did not indicate any other names or directories during installation, you will find the respective file as in Figure 18 at c:\programme\ifm electronic\ecop_21\.Lib\Cr2500_N
Figure 18: Select firmware
N
Remember: N is the designation for the current version. You might find another letter for another version.
After marking the file and confirmation with displayed.
the called configuration is
2-13
Settings
Figure 19: Configuration selected ready!
Preparations are now finished and the work can start!
Now the actual programming can start. For those who find it a little hard at the beginning of a new project to go through the work steps correctly and completely, the procedure is summarised in the annex once again without any detailed explanation as above.
2-14
3
The start This chapter is a kind of "introductory course for ecolog 100plus“. You will get to know the operation and the handling of the program, i.e. you will get a brief insight into almost every function of ecolog 100plus. The most important part of this introductory course is the complete creation of a program example directly on your PC.
3.1
Basics and concepts
What is ecolog 100plus?
ecolog 100plus is a complete development environment for your controller of the ecomat R 360 range (ecolog 100plus stands for ecolog, the programming language, and 100plus for the improvements as compared to the earlier version of the ecomat 100). ecolog 100plus is an easy-to-handle tool for creating control programs to IEC61131-3.
What is IEC61131-3?
IEC-61131-3 is an international standard for the creation of control programs. It is important to know that only the programming language has been standardised, not the programming surface (window structure, presentation of values in the online mode, data saving, etc.). The programming languages of ecolog 100plus meet this standard.
What is a project?
In ecolog 100plus a project is the combination of components. These components solve a given control task (e.g. sequential control of a device, signal pre-processing for a part of a plant, ...).
Which are the main components of an ecolog 100plus project?
The main components of an ecolog 100plus project are:
Which programming languages are available?
ecolog 100plus supports the following programming languages:
POUs (program organisation unit, executable program) structures (data organisation) visualisations
LD
(ladder diagram)
IL
(instruction list)
FBD
(function block diagram)
SFC
(sequential flow chart)
ST
(structured text)
CFC
(graphical function block diagram)
3-1
Basics and concepts
How is a project defined?
The definition of a project includes: The hardware configuration - definition of inputs and outputs The creation of components - POUs - structures - visualisations
How do I test my project?
The true test of a project is the commissioning of the actual system. On the other hand, the simulation mode of ecolog 100plus has proven to be a very valuable possibility for testing the program.
What is the simulation mode?
The simulation mode simulates the program run of the controller in the PC. This type of test without using the control system or the plant enables the elimination of errors at the desk, thus saving time and nerves. The effect can be enhanced by displaying the simulated plant by means of visualisation. The use of the simulation in conjunction with the versatile debug functions (troubleshooting functions) in ecolog 100plus allows a simple and efficient complete program test.
Which debug functions does ecolog 100plus have?
ecolog 100plus includes the following debug functions: Forcing (writing) of I/Os and variables Definition of watch windows for data presentation Setting of breakpoints in the simulation mode (stop of the program run) Execution of programs - as single scan - from breakpoint to breakpoint in the simulation mode Sampling Trace (diagram of variables as a function of time)
And the documentation ?
The complete project can be documented at any time in whole or in parts or can be exported into a text file.
Conclusion
This overview shows that ecolog 100plus as a complete development environment for your ecomat controller exceeds the functions of a common programming surface. Let's take a little project to show that we are not promising too much.
3-2
The start
3.2
A short ecolog 100plus project as a start Description This chapter will describe a short project demonstrating the basic steps in ecolog 100plus. The processes are more or less described like a "recipe".
Task
A lamp C is to be ON when two switches A and B are closed. This really simple system can be shown as in Figure 20.
Figure 20: Problem ecolog 100plus is to ●
implement and
●
visualise this system
The first step The first steps usually are as follows: ●
Start ecolog 100plus
●
Open an existing project or start a new one
●
Integrate libraries and hardware configuration in the new project
Starting a new project
To start a new project select option 'File' ‘New’ or alternatively click on the button . This step was already described in 2.4, page 2-5.
PLC_PRG
Usually a new object is added via the menu. Since the first step in a new project should always be adding the main program module PLC_PRG which plays a particular role, the window ‘New module’ will open automatically when a new project is started with the preset PLC_PRG. As shown in Figure 7 and again in figure Figure 21
3-3
A short ecolog 100plus project as a start
●
the object is to get the name PLC_PRG,
●
the type is to be a Program and
●
the language is to be FBD
Check if all these points correspond ●
Name: PLC_PRG
●
Type: Program
●
Language: FBD
Figure 21: PLC_PRG as FBD FBD
FDB was chosen because it is the language most frequently used. Click on
to get a screen similar to Figure 22.
Figure 22: PLC_PRG window We have now added the module PLC_PRG to the project. PLC_PRG is executed cyclically and activates the modules (programs, functions, function blocks; for details see below) that are called.
Please observe the following very important instructions:
3-4
The start
All projects must have one and only one PLC_PRG. All modules to be directly activated via PLC_PRG, must be called here, otherwise they will not be executed! Point 1 has already been described. To illustrate point 2 we want to add a second program to the project and call it with PLC_PRG to ensure its cyclical execution. Settings
If you have not yet done so, work through the sections until hardware configuration starting on page 2-6.
Add Program Adding an FB_AND
Add a program with the name FB_AND to the project with menu item ‘Project‘ ‘Object‘ ‘Add...‘ (Figure 23).
Figure 23: Project Add Object A window similar to Figure 24 should show.
Figure 24: Window Module FB_AND
3-5
A short ecolog 100plus project as a start
Defining variables Variables can be displayed in form of a table or text. Below we will describe the text form but you can change the form of displaying variables at any time. In the context of programming, the definition of the characteristics of a variable is called a declaration. We use the option declaration as text. That is the default setting. It can be changed under ‘Project’ ‘Options’ ‘Editor’, if requested.
Defining variables (text form)
Key word
The new variables A and B are to be defined as binary, i.e. BOOL. To do so, we proceed as follows: ●
Move the cursor to the end of line 0002 and press the ‘Enter’ key (Figure 25).
●
A new empty line has been added in line 0003.
●
Enter the definition as in Figure 26.
BOOL is a so-called key word. Its meaning is predefined. For example, it cannot be used as a name for a variable. Since ecolog 100plus knows the key words, the programmer is supported during entry. The notation, whether small or capital letters, is not important. After entering, the text is checked and recognised key words are automatically represented correctly and highlighted in colour, see Figure 26.
Move the cursor to the end of line 0002 and press 'ENTER'. A blank line shows. You can enlarge the upper part of the window by pulling down the separating line with the mouse. Figure 25: Declarations as text Do not forget the semicolon!
Figure 26: Enter declarations There are alternative possibilities for the declaration which will be shown shortly (Figure 34).
3-6
The start
Add ‘AND’ operation Network 0001 with dotted rectangle as cursor
Figure 27: Add Operator Click on the first network (grey field with the number 0001 in the bottom part of the window), as shown in Figure 27. The form of the cursor, here shown as a dotted rectangle, can be changed, if requested, via ‘Project’ ‘Options’ ’Mark’. Add the ‘AND’ by ●
clicking on
●
calling ‘Insert’ ‘Operator’ (see Figure 28)
in the symbol bar or by
Figure 28: Menu Insert Operator Independent of the method you use, an AND module should now be added to network 0001 (figure 29).
If windows with such a coloured background appear on the screen, remember F2!
Figure 29: Inserted operator
3-7
A short ecolog 100plus project as a start
F2: The key
In this place we want to point out a possibility to help you program more efficiently and avoid typing errors at the same time: the
key. When working with ecolog 100plus you often reach points requesting a selection between several input possibilities. You can see an example in Figure 29. ecolog 100plus has entered an AND operator here as default setting. The field with the coloured background (Windows standard setting is blue) signals such an option. Press to open a dialogue window. Try it, and you will get a list of operators that can be used here. You can select the requested operator by means of a double-click. This option saves a lot of typing and also prevents typing errors! In our case the default setting AND is okay and you should close the window by pressing (Figure 30).
Move the bar to the requested operator and select it with doubleclick or ‘OK’.
Figure 30: Help Manager Forgotten the settings
A common mistake in the early stages is to open a new project and to forget the libraries and the hardware configuration (page 2-7 and 2-11) in the heat of the work. You will become aware of it when you use the help manager for function blocks, for example. If you do not find any the reason why is that you have not linked any library.
Operands
Add the operands A and B as inputs of the AND operator by replacing ??? as shown in Figure 31.
Figure 31: Add operands The result of the operation has to be assigned to an operand. This is, for example, done by clicking on:
3-8
The start
A click to the right of the AND operator symbol generates a cursor (dotted rectangle) as shown in Figure 31.
Click on the IM - R icon and replace ??? by C.
Figure 32: Add operand
Figure 33: Operand added When you leave the input field the system detects that variable C has not yet been defined and automatically opens a window for the variable declaration (Figure 34).
Figure 34: Window Variable declaration
The entries in this window can be changed individually. In this case they are exact. A comment should be added. You should make it a matter of habit to add many comments. This is taking some time at the moment. However, you will save a lot of time for troubleshooting or modification of the program. This should be acknowledged by pressing . The variable declaration is now entered in the top part of our module window.
3-9
A short ecolog 100plus project as a start
Figure 35: Declared variables A and B could have been defined in the same simple and comfortable way. We just wanted to demonstrate the different selection possibilities for declarations. In figure 35 you can also see the syntax for entering comments. They can, of course, also be subsequently added or modified. Should the variable declaration window not open, the option ‘Autodeclaration’ under ‘Project’ ‘Options’ ‘Editor’ has to be activated.
Figure 36: Autodeclare In the fields class and type the default settings were simply taken over. We would just like to point out that the variables in the example were declared locally. That means that the declaration only applies to this module. If a variable, e.g. an input, is to be used in several modules it is easier to declare it as a global variable. Using the selection field type helps to avoid invalid declarations. During declaration the option ‘Autodeclare’ also helps to prevent syntax errors which may cause confusing error messages in compilation, especially at the beginning .
Local
This completes our little module. Activating FB_AND PLC_PRG
3-10
in
The program FB_AND is to be called in PLC_PRG. For this purpose please activate the window of PLC_PRG (Figure 37) and call menu item ‘Insert' ‘Function Block’ (Figure 38).
The start
Function block
1. Open PLC_PRG by doubleclicking
2. Enter the program call Figure 37: Enter program call in PLC_PRG In the dialogue window (the Help Manager) that appears please select the option User defined Programs on the left (Figure 38). Select FB_AND in the box on the right and 0001 of PLC_PRG.
. You find the call for FB_AND in network
Figure 38: Added module And all this just for an AND?
Of course, an AND operation can also be directly inserted in PLC_PRG. We have selected the way via the subroutine call in PLC_PRG for an important reason. We wanted to demonstrate that all modules (in this case module FB_AND) to be activated directly via PLC_PRG need to be listed there. It is therefore not enough to just create the module (--> The modules of a project are not called automatically!).
3-11
A short ecolog 100plus project as a start
Only module PLC_PRG is automatically processed cyclically. That is why all other modules have to be activated directly or indirectly by PLC_PRG. It is not sufficient for the execution of a module that it is entered in the module list of the project!
Saving At first, it will take some time for you to achieve this result. Later you will be able to program an easy link very fast. In any case it should become normal to save the result after each work step. This can be done e.g. via ‘File’ ‘Save’.
Figure 39: Save file Once the project has been saved for the first time, the window ’File’ ‘Save as’ opens automatically:
Figure 40: Save file as... The file will be saved in the directory Projekte (default). It is clearer to save the files here.
3-12
The start
Other languages And what about the other languages?
At this point it would go too far to explain the other languages in more detail. Still, we want to show you our little program example in Instruction List, in Structured Text and in Ladder Diagram (Figure 41).
Figure 41: Examples in other languages The CD contains further program examples giving an overview of the individual programming languages. They are described in detail in the manual for the program development ecolog 100plus saved on the CD as PDF file. What have we achieved so far?
So far we have written two programs (PLC_PRG and FB_AND). The subroutine FB_AND was entered in PLC_PRG so that P_AND is now also activated by PLC_PRG.
Program test How do we continue?
Our project has now reached a stage where we can test if it meets our expectations. The first program test is normally carried out as follows.
'Online' 'Simulation'
Select the option ‘Online’ and make sure that the simulation mode is active. This is the case when you see a tick (9) before Simulation. Should that not be the case click on ‘Simulation’ (Figure 42).
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Figure 42: Simulation ‘Online’ ‘Login’
Selecting the option ‘Online’ ‘Login’ (see Figure 40) or clicking on compiles the project. If a syntax error is detected, ecolog 100plus will give you a message in the Messages window and will refuse login. We cannot explain all possible syntax errors in this place. Double-clicking on the error message automatically takes you to the faulty line. Let's assume that the program contains no errors or that all errors have been corrected. In both cases the system should have logged in correctly.
‘Online’ ‘Start’
Activate the program run by ‘Online’ ‘Start’ (see Figure 42) or press the F5 key or click on The status line (shown below in the program window) should .
now show
Display the FB_And program on the monitor (double-click on the program name in the module list on the left in the program window). The program window should look like Figure 43.
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ONLINE, SIM and RUN must be active.
Figure 43: Program active If the status line cannot be seen at all, activate ‘Project’ ‘Options’ ‘Desktop'. Just click to activate the tick (9).
Change variable values
As shown in Figure 43 the values of the three variables A, B and C are FALSE (OFF). By means of the option ‘Online’ ‘Write Values' the values can be changed as follows: Double-click on FALSE at A and B, and TRUE appears in red as shown in figure 44. However, these changes are not yet active! They have to be sent to the (simulated) controller first.
Figure 44: Change values This is done with option ‘Online’ ‘Write Values' (Figure 45) or alternatively with the key combination +. The values of the variables A and B are now TRUE (ON). This causes variable C to change from FALSE to TRUE (the colour in the bottom part of the window changes to blue) as a result of the And link (see Figure 46).
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The colour changes may be difficult to see on the (monochrome) printout. This shows that going through this manual does not replace the practical work with the controller. It is meant to support you. You will get most benefit by putting the example in practice and trying own ideas.
Figure 45: Write Values You can test other combinations of A and B in the same way, e.g. Figure 46.
Figure 46: Vary values
Visualisation Now that we have tested the function of the system let's move to visualisation which will be explained below. Visualisation with ecolog 100plus has to be done offline. To be on the safe side before you should try to remember to stop the program processing by logging out. Then log out ecolog 100plus by calling the option ‘Online’ ‘Logout' or by clicking on .
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Figure 47: Insert visualisation insert new visualisation screen
Upon calling the option ‘Project’ ‘Add Object...’ you will be asked to state the name of the new visualisation image (figure 48). We have chosen the name AndVis. Once the name has been entered a new empty visualisation screen appears (see figure 49).
Figure 48: Name visualisation
Figure 49: Visualisation start window Grid
At first a grid is displayed in the default setting. If you do not need it, you can eliminate it under ‘Extras’ ‘Settings...’.
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Drawing a picture
Eight different types of elements can be drawn and animated with the visualisation. First, we will use the rectangle. The other elements are created and animated in the same way. Call the option ‘Insert ‘ ‘Rectangle’ (Figure 50) or click on the button draw a rectangle by
and
●
placing the cursor on the empty screen
●
pressing the left mouse key and keeping it pressed
●
pulling the mouse to the bottom right until a rectangle of the required size appears
●
releasing the mouse key.
The result should be similar to Figure 51.
Figure 50: Visualisation Insert Object
Figure 51: Inserted Rectangle
Context:
To establish a context between picture element and module variable you need to define a context between (visualisation) action and (variable) value. These entries are made in the screen ‘Regular Element Configuration’. For entering variables can be used again. But first, the project needs to be compiled in order to generate the variable list. For this purpose, call option 'Project' ‘Rebuild all'. In this case, however, it is not necessary since we were logged in before (page 3-14) and the project is compiled automatically after login.
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Configuring element
A double-click on your new rectangle opens the window for the configuration of picture elements in the visualisation (figure 52). For each category there are input fields describing the picture element. It is not necessary to make an entry for each field. First select the category Variables.
Figure 52: Variable configuration To change the colour of the picture element (in this case the rectangle) move the cursor to the field next to Colour: press to open a screen for selecting variables (Figure 53). A double-click on the module FB_AND generates a list of the defined variables (Figure 54). Another double-click on variable A generates a correct variable entry in the field Colour: the window Regular Element Configuration. The assignment is now complete. Under '.' you can select the global variables of the project
A doubleclick on FB_And opens a list of the defined variables
Figure 53: List of variables
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Figure 54: Variables of the POU F2
The help manager is particularly helpful in this context because it often happens that only A instead of FB_And.A is entered. Then you will not get the result described further below, however. In this context we would like to remind you that A, for example, is a local variable. FB_And.A means the variable A in the POU FB_And. The assignment is thus clear.
Interaction
Interaction between the user and the variables of the system is to happen via mouse click on the picture element. The state (TRUE/FALSE) of the assigned variable is to be changed and displayed accordingly (the so-called toggling, see Figure 55).
Colour change
The status of the variables is indicated by the colour of the picture element. This happens after the following assignment between picture element and variable value has been made: colour → variable FALSE alarm colour → variable TRUE
Activate interaction
Click on category Input: To allow the user to change the variable value, click Toggle Variable in the category Input and enter again FB_And.A.
Figure 55: Input Toggle Variable Colour
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Select screen Regular Element Configuration and click on Colour.
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Figure 56: Regular Element Configuration Colour Click on
to open the colour selection screen in the category
Colours. Select a colour by clicking and confirm with As this is the colour for the FALSE state of the variable, we have selected grey for our example. Repeat this process for and, if requested, for the frame of the . We have selected the colour green for the Alarm Colour element Inside (TRUE state). However, as is usually the case with colours, this, of course, always a matter of taste and discussion.
Figure 57: Colour selection Text
To give our rectangle a name, please enter the letter A in the field Text. This designation is entered in the centre of the element. The window Regular Element Configuration should now look like Figure 58. If this is the case, please close by pressing
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Figure 58: Regular Element Configuration Variable B (a simple copy)
We now want to create another picture element for variable B that should look like the one for variable A. The option Merge/Insert will be helpful. To do so: ●
Click on element A
●
Click on
→ A copy of the element (with settings) is made (in the temporary storage) ●
Click on
→ The copy is inserted in the picture above the original. Move the cursor on the new element A, press the left mouse key, drag the element to the requested position and release the mouse key (see figure 59 and figure 60). When the element A is marked, click on the Merge icon and then on the Insert icon. Then click on the copy and drag it to the new position.
Figure 59: Merge Element
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Doubleclick to set the new configuration
Figure 60: Element merged and pasted Now configure the second element: ●
Call up the element configuration with a double-click,
●
replace A by B for variables, input and text and
●
acknowledge the entry with
.
The element for variable B has been successfully inserted. Variable C
Copy the element of variable A again for the presentation of variable C. Change the configuration of the new element as follows: Shape
: ellipse
Input
: no input
Colours/Alarm Colour/Inside : red Variables/Colour Change
: FB_AND.C
Text
:C
Whichever way you have taken - the configuration window should look like Figure 61.
Figure 61: Configuration Element C The visualisation window should at least resemble Figure 62 (artistic license granted).
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Figure 62: Finished visualisation Working with the visualisation
We can now test the newly created visualisation picture. Log in ecolog 100plus and start the program. Proceed as described before. The following points will serve as a reminder: ●
‘Online’ ‘Simulation’ ( ‘9’ shows that the simulation is active)
●
‘Online’ ‘Login’
●
‘Online’ ‘Start’
First click on rectangle A in the visualisation, then on rectangle B. The colours of the two rectangles should change to green (or to another colour, should you have used your artistic licence). The green colour shows that the variables now have the state TRUE in the program. If you now watch the colour of the ellipse of variable C you will see the result of the programmed link – the colour of the element changes to red (or to what your artistic license has defined). The red colour corresponds to the value TRUE of variable C as a result of the AND operation (C=A AND B). By clicking on the rectangles you can set the different plant states and watch the reaction of the program (see Figure 63 and Figure 64).
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Figure 63: Visualisation state 1
Figure 64: Visualisation state 2 And now Save
To save your project, use the option ‘File' ‘Save as...’ (see Figure 40).
Figure 65: Window Save As... Here you enter the name of the project in the field for the file name as is common in Windows. The file name must have the extension .pro, so replace . ‘*‘ by e.g. Easyand and acknowledge with
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When the correct option is activated (‘Project’ ‘Options’ ‘Ask for Project Info'), a dialogue window for project information is shown automatically before saving (figure 66).
Figure 66: Project information You can fill it in (or leave it). We strongly recommend to make abundant use of the various possibilities to document the project. Your complete project including the visualisation is now saved in the file Easyand.pro! A simple ‘Save' instead of ‘Save as...’ would have been sufficient. We have described the process in detail in case that, in the heat of the work, you have forgotten to save before (see Figure 39). But now it's time for a break and we will leave the programming system for the time being. For this purpose stop the program ('Online' 'Stop') (see page 3-16), then log out ('Online' 'Logout'). Then use the option ‘File' ‘Exit' or the key combination + to close the program ecolog 100plus. We hope that this quick introduction has given you a little overview of ecolog 100plus making you curious to find out more about the other possibilities of the system. The following chapters will consolidate your knowledge and very quickly turn you into an ecolog 100plus expert!
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3.3
Online Test We now want to load the same program into the controller and test it there.
Copy project
Of course, we have to modify the first project Easyand for the on-line test. For this purpose we will first create a copy with the name ANDOL (online) with ‘Save as...' as described above.
Preparations Simulator
Forcing
Starter set
We will now work with the physical hardware. You will need to define the input states and watch the reaction of the outputs. That is what we use the EC 2014 simulator for. It can be used directly for testing simple program functions. A different simulator box is used for the starter set.
Besides the “manual” preset of input states, e.g. on the simulator box, it is also possible to force the states in the controller. This means that e.g. the state of an input is defined without any consideration of the actual state. When playing with the software without any inputs and outputs connected there is, however, no difference to the off-line program test in the simulation mode. In practice this function is more useful to the skilled user for debugging. The user should be skilled because forcing might start unintended processes when the controller is connected to the peripheral equipment. If you use this function you should know exactly the kind of damage that might be caused by a possible avoidance of safety scans in the program.
When working with the starter set the following section can be skipped. It concerns the simulator EC 2014. Familiarise yourself with the accessories of the simulator. It consists of:
EC 2022
a digital box with 6 switches to simulate digital inputs (2 pieces).
EC 2023
an analogue box with 6 pots to simulate analogue inputs.
EC 2014
the actual simulator. The plug on its cable is a special version. An additional socket is brought out of it which permits the connection of another CAN component.
Adapter RS 232
an adapter, e.g. to connect the PC.
Adapter
We do not need the second adapter right now. To be connected to the simulator (see also the installation instructions of the simulator supplied): ●
Supply voltage
The 24 V power supply is to be ordered separately. It is to be connected to the terminals of the multi-way connector strip marked VBB and GND.
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●
Controller ecomat R 360, CR 2500 (or CR0020,...)
The connecting cable is firmly connected with the simulator. On the controller side it has a 55-pin connector used in mobile controllers to ensure the high protection rating. ●
Control box
To test easy program functions it is sufficient to connect the control box designated 0 – 5 to the socket designated 00 – 05. In addition to another control box an analogue box to simulate analogue input signals is also supplied with the simulator. ●
PC
The connection is made via the supplied cable. It has a 9-pole socket on the side of the PC. If the PC has COM2 as a 25-pole connector, an additional adapter is required. It has a multi-way connector strip on the side of the simulator. The corresponding location on the simulator is marked RS 232/RxD and RS 232/TxD. Above it there is the marking CANH and CANL to point out that the CAN bus can be connected to the unassigned terminals. A power supply is integrated in the control panel used during the trainings. As long as you work with the simulator, the supply voltage can be taken via the CAN connection because the supply voltage is on the same potential in the whole (simulator) system.
Operating system In principle, the steps for loading the operating system must be executed only once. When the system is delivered, no operating system is stored in the controller. It must be loaded only once. The procedure must only be repeated (again only once) when a new version of the operating system is required. This shows how flexible the control system is. For a PC for example the installation of a new BIOS required the exchange of an EPROM. This is only successful if hardware compatibility was checked thoroughly. This has only changed for the current version. For the ecomat R 360 only the software has had to be loaded.
For the controller in the starter kit the operating system CR02500_N.H86 (and the first test program) has already been loaded.
If you have to load another operating system version or if you want to load an operating system into a new controller, use the program downloader. This program is on the CD "Software, tools and documentation" and can be installed via the installation platform. Here you will also find the description of the downloader. If you have not prepared this step, the downloader will now have to be installed. Start the set-up as described in 2.2, Figure 1 to Figure 3. By clicking ecolog downloader Figure 67 will take the place of Figure 3. .
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Figure 67: Downloader set-up For detailed information see ‘Description’ tab. Continue
After successful installation the downloader can be started.
Figure 68: Downloader Start A first test of the correct communication is clicking ‘Get Identity’.
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Figure 69: Get Identity If there is already an operating system on the controller, its version number is displayed. This ensures that the communication works reliably. Hex-File
Click on Open File and change to the directory C:\Program Files\ifm electronic\ecop_21e\Lib\Cr0015_Q. Mark the file Cr0015_Q.h86.
Figure 70: Open downloader file After clicking Open the name of the file is shown in the title line.
Figure 71: Downloader with open file Now the operating system can be loaded. Here there is a brief overview of the downloader. If you want to continue working right away, skip this paragraph. For detailed information about the downloader see “Documentation” on the CD. Using the downloader ensures, e.g.:
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- to load the operating system in the controller (which happens in the next step) - to read the program file from the controller - to write the program file in the controller - to save data from the controller To be more precise, the program file is read as a Hex file. This depends on the fact that the entire file for the project, the source file, with visualisation, assignments, declarations, comments, etc. is stored on the hard disk of the PC. The compiled program file is then loaded into the controller as a hex file. After reading, this file can virtually not be edited. Reading would make sense, e.g., if you want to transfer a program from one controller to another and the source file is not accessible. The other functions are self-explanatory. The file needed has been opened in the downloader. The only thing that remains to be done is to click on ‘Download’ (Figure 71) and to wait until the process is completed. Interface
If you receive an error message while the connection between the PC and the controller is established (figure 72 or figure 69 instead), you should check if: the correct controller is switched on or the correct interface is set up. E.g.
Figure 72: Communication error Click on 'Interface parameter' in the menu bar (Figure 71).
Figure73: Downloader Interface Parameter In this case the COM port is set to Com2. Change this setting as required. The other settings are usually not changed. The downloader is a powerful tool which, however, requires more experience and background knowledge to make full use of its possibilities.
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Figure74: Downloader Break of Endless Loop In this context we do not want to describe all possibilities but only give an important example. It is possible that the controller gets into an uncertain state. This hardly ever happens in standard operation but e.g. if a fault occurs while the program is being loaded. The proven measure of resetting, switching off and switching on again can help. If necessary, the operating system will have to be loaded again. In any case the connection to the controller can be made. If, however, an endless loop caused by a fault in the program occurs, this case is more critical. This can also happen to an experienced programmer, if for example a forward jump turns into a backward jump when networks are shifted in the FBD. In this case a reset will not help because the program gets into the loop again after restart. The relevant function of the downloader (Figure74) will solve this problem. Now the usual process of programming should be continued. The downloader is terminated and we will return to ecolog 100plus .
Program test online In the following text we will start to gradually leave out the description of the intermediate steps. When working with ecolog 100plus a lot will (hopefully) become routine. You can focus on the important points, the process to be controlled, and it will not take a long time to find what you need in the menu items. However, should a problem come up you can find the solution in the step-by-step instructions above. Login
First of all the connection to the controller is established by ‘Online’ ‘Login’ or . You will get the message to download the program (simulation mode off).
Figure 75: Message Download Program
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Compilation is only started when the program has been changed. As you have already started the function Login before, the program file for the controller is already there and does not need to be generated again. If no program had been loaded into the controller before, you will receive a message that is slightly different from figure 75. If, however, there is already a program in the memory of the controller, it will be overwritten by the new one and thus it is lost if the source program is no longer available. Before overwriting the loaded program you can, if required, save it with the independent DOWNLOAD program. You can, of course, only save the program file of the controller, the source program is not saved in the controller. The program file has been saved, but cannot be edited (see page 3-33). The message can now be acknowledged with Start program
.
When the program has been loaded in the controller, program processing has to be started. The line at the bottom, the status line, reads (after starting):
Figure76: Status line When the program runs it can be tested as before. Assignment
At first you cannot see any difference to the simulation mode. But the simulator has not even been used yet! The state of the inputs does not influence the state of the variables A, B and C! This would not be possible anyhow since no assignment has been made. In our example it would make sense to assign A and B to the inputs and C to an output. But how can the controller start processing the program without this assignment? A, B and C were declared as BOOL. This is a declaration for bits that are not assigned to any input or output. In a PLC such bits are a useful tool. They are markers (flags). That means that the program is only processed in the marker range. It is also possible to assign a defined address to a marker. If this assignment is not made by the programmer it is done automatically by the program. In many cases it is of no importance which marker address is used. So the project still needs some modification before it can be tested with the simulator.
Declarations
To demonstrate the process again, we will simply delete the declarations using the common editing functions: Mark and Delete. The new declarations are entered automatically so that the blank lines can also be deleted.
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Figure 77: Edit declarations Once again
If variable A is entered again in FB_AND(PRG-FBD) of the AND function, the declaration window will open again (if the Autodeclaration option is active). A can now be assigned to a physical address.
Figure 78: Declaration of an input Local or global? The class VAR is left unchanged. Thus the variable is declared to be local, as stated above. If this input is used in several POUs, it may be easier to declare it to be global (class VAR_GLOBAL). The advantage is that it only has to be declared once. The disadvantage is that it does not appear on the list of variables of the POU during the program test (see Figure 43): The separate window Global Variables has to be opened. To do so, click on the Resources tab in the navigation bar (see Figure 15) and then the window is opened by double-clicking on Global_Variables. Below or above
will open:
Figure 79: Global variables
For a correct assignment it is necessary to observe the correct spelling very carefully. This will be briefly described below. Please refer to the hardware documentation to find out which addresses are available and which of these are binary or analogue inputs or outputs.
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Syntax of declarations
%IX0.08 Mark for physical address
depending on the controller configuration
Type
Length
I: input
X: 1 bit (BOOL) B: 8 bits (BYTE) W: 16 bits (WORD) D: 32 bits (DOUBLE WORD)
Q: output M: marker
Figure 80: Syntax of declarations The first input is assigned to address %IX0.08.
Finish the input with
and the following entry will appear in the declaration window:
Figure 81: Entered declaration AT
Note the key word AT which stands for the actual assignment. The assignment of the inputs results from the location of the control box (see labelling of the simulator). B and C are declared accordingly, C of course as an output (%IX0.8 and %QX0.0). The visualisation also needs to be adapted. Above the window Regular Element Configuration was opened by double-clicking the object designated A. In Input the function: Toggle Variable was selected.However, this does not make sense any longer. It is the real states that are to be displayed. Therefore the tick is removed in Input for A, B (see Figure 69), for C it should not have been possible before to make an entry. The project has now been modified for testing in the controller. Before the online test, you should check if controller and simulator are ready.
Login
The program is then compiled again via menu item ‘Online’ ‘Login' or (compilation is started automatically after a modification) and loaded in the controller ('Online' 'Simulation' not active!).
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Figure 82: Error message The example shows the error message that will appear if you forget to declare C. This also results in the warning that a non-declared variable is used in the visualisation. In Figure 82 the window for messages was already enlarged. By double-clicking on the error message the POU in which the error has occurred will open. If the tick is removed from ‘Messages’ in the menu ‘Window’ (simply click on it), the window will be closed. After C has been declared, the declaration window should show the following:
Figure 83: Declarations complete After a new login the message is displayed again if the program has to be loaded (Figure 75). Acknowledge with
and the program is downloaded.
A look at the status line reminds us that the program needs to be started. Online
The declaration part shows the current status. In addition, the function AND simplifies the checking of the state of the variables by showing them in different colours depending on their status. The presentation on the monitor, in AND and in the visualisation, should show no change of the simulation. The difference is that we do not work with markers any longer which change their state via mouse click, but with the physical inputs and outputs. The state of the inputs is defined by switching the simulator box. The following text can be skipped, when you use the Starter set. Continue reading the chapter Sampling Trace on page 3-38. When you use other hardware versions, e. g. CR 0020, please refer to the data sheet if there is used a relay.
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Output
So the program should now be processed as in the simulation. The state of the inputs can now also be verified on the simulator. At the same time it is noticeable that the state of the output changes according to the state of the inputs in AND as well as in the visualisation (see above for the description of how to activate it). However, it does not change on the simulator. Why is that so? In this context we have to remind you of the monitoring concept, see system manual. There it is described that the RELAY bit has to be set so that the outputs are not only switched internally like markers but also externally.
RELAY
For the time being, this bit will not be further processed by the program in this simple example. It can be easily used as the first program network. Before the first network a new program network is created by ‘Insert’ ‘Network’ (before) in the window PLC_PRG. The content reads: TRUE ─── RELAIS
Figure 84: Set relay The name and the assignment to a marker address are predefined. This information is given in the window PLC Configuration. In the Help Manager (F2) you will find the variable as system variable. Program test
After login during which the changed program is compiled again the program has to be restarted. The relay should now energise with a perceivable click. You can now also see on the simulator that the output is switched.
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Sampling Trace For a program test it is very useful that the current states of the variables are displayed. But there are limits. If you, for example, want to simultaneously monitor several variables defined in different windows it is not always possible to change the windows fast enough. For this purpose you can enter different variables in a special window, the Watch Window. This happens via ‘Resources’ ‘Watch- and Receipt Manager’. We will not go into any further details. You can find a detailed description in the Manual for the Program Development. Trace Tool
It is a matter of luck (even in the Watch window) to detect e.g. short input pulses on the monitor. In many cases it would be of advantage if the variables were shown in a timing diagram, like on an oscilloscope. ecolog 100plus provides this possibility. It is called Sampling Trace. Since it is an important tool we will give you a brief example.
Sampling Trace
The states of A, B and C are to be sampled. To do so click on ‘Sampling Trace’in the window ‘Resources’.
Figure85: Sampling Trace The window Sampling Trace opens.
Figure 86: Sampling Trace new
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Trace configuration
You find the other functions via the context-sensitive menu Extras. First, we define the variables to be monitored. This is done via ‘Extras’ ‘Trace configuration’.
Figure 87: Trace configuration In this window you enter the variables (maximum 8) the values of which are to be sampled. Before doing so we will briefly explain the fields of the window.
Figure 88: Window Trace Configuration
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How does it work?
Let us first explain the background. Max. 500 values of each Trace Variable can be saved. When the memory is full, sampling starts again from the beginning. The oldest values are overwritten. If you e.g. want to evaluate the Sampling Trace in peace, you have to stop it so that the values are not overwritten. That can be done “manually”, via the menu, or automatically by means of the Trigger Variable. If you enter A here, for example, the next 50% of the values will be sampled after A has changed its state from 0 to 1. Sampling would then be stopped. In the example the Trigger Variable is not used. The field remains empty. That's the way it should be. But: In an earlier version of the software this field should not have been empty for the option ‘Trace Auto Read’. Just enter a variable that does not change. The variable RELAY (see above) is a good choice. In the following version this little flaw was eliminated.
Scanning frequency
The scanning frequency can be selected in multiples of 10 ms. The default value 0 means scanning in each cycle. Since the cycle time is in the ms range for the short program, this would be much too fast. Here a scanning frequency of 100 ms has been selected.
Trace variables
To enter the Trace variables in the list, enter them in the bottom field first. Use . Double-click on P_AND. and A, B and C are displayed. They are selected and entered in the list. Since they were defined in the module P_AND, the module name, separated by a dot, is used as a prefix.
Figure 89: Help Manager Trace Variables finishes the configuration. Assignment
3-40
The window Sampling Trace is empty. The variables now have to be assigned next to the field below the colours with which their state is shown. Click on Var 0 and the variables that can be selected are shown. Click on FB_AND.A and Var 0 is assigned to variable A. Do the same to enter FB_AND.B and FB_AND.C.
The start
Figure 90: Assignment Trace Variables Start Trace
To be able to monitor the state of the variables, establish the connection to the controller via ‘Online’ ‘Login' or . The trace is sampled in the controller as communication is too slow to save all values in the PC. The Trace Configuration therefore has to be downloaded in the controller. After the program has been started, the Trace configuration has to be downloaded into the controller and activated with ‘Extras’ ‘Start Trace’. At first, you see nothing. Sampling is started in the controller, but you first have to give the instruction to transfer the contents of the Trace Buffer to the display. For this purpose use menu item ‘Extras’ ‘Read Trace’ . A kind of snapshot is loaded. It is more interesting to have a dynamic presentation of the state by means of ‘Extras' 'Auto Read'. It is worthwhile to have a quiet look at all the possibilities of the sampling trace. This tool is very powerful. You can say: ecolog 100plus saves the oscilloscope. And during the normal hectic during set-up you might lose too much time if you are not really familiar with the sampling trace.
Buttons
When working with the sampling trace some (context sensitive) buttons appear which help you speed up your work. These buttons are described in the appendix.
Examples:
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Figure 91: Sampling Trace 1
Figure 92: Sampling Trace 2
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Figure 93: Sampling Trace 3 In this short introduction we cannot describe all functions such as saving sampling trace in detail. We refer you to the manual for program development. Just one quick note on the sampling trace: If the signals have such a high frequency that the sampling trace is difficult to read (e.g. figure 92), the presentation can be stretched via ‘Extras’ ‘Stretch’.
Documentation A complete project also requires, of course, some documentation. Again, please refer to our manual for the program development. Below we will only show some examples. Documenting
In the menu ‘Project’ you will find e.g. the item ‘Document'.
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Figure 94: Document Project Click on this item, and a window opens:
Figure 95: Window Document Project Here you can select what is to be documented. You can also select several components using the standard marking functions.
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Figure 96: Selection of modules for documentation The following points will only be described briefly, not in detail. Documentation Set-up
If you don't like the form of documentation you can click on e.g. ‘File' ‘Printer Setup...’.
Figure 97: Documentation Setup You will find that you can load predefined formats.
Figure 98: Selection of formats for the documentation
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Online Test
In order to modify the file in which the parameters of the frame, as it is called in ecolog 100plus, are saved, click on ’Edit...’. The settings can be made in the window which is opening.
Figure 99: Options for setting up the documentation And just to remind you of what we have already mentioned for sampling Trace: We recommend that you familiarise yourself with all these options calmly. To create a documentation under time pressure, when the project should already be finished, will probably not lead to the optimum results.
3-46
4
Exercises
4.1
Logic functions In the brief introduction of chapter 3 only a simple logic function (AND) was used as an example. Those who have studied this chapter should not have any problems to set up other logic functions or networks from linked logic functions without any help. This will not be described in detail here. Some exercises should help you become more familiar with the subject. For some short hints for the solution see the annex.
Program structure Some brief remarks should help to clearly structure the programs. Experience has shown that even experienced programmers do not understand their own program any more after some weeks. The meaning of a good structure becomes particularly evident if some people work on partial programs or if several people are to make modifications. In such cases it is necessary to make exact agreements and to set up rules how the program is to be structured. Even though this takes quite some time in the beginning and seems to be quite complex, it will become clear during the first search for errors at the latest, that this time was a good investment. Documentation
Besides the item “structure” which is being dealt with in detail below, we also want to remind you that detailed and clear comments are always helpful.
Program structure
There is not THE ideal program structure so that you can simply give an example solution which can serve for orientation. Therefore you will find below tips which should be seen as suggestions.
Networks
It is confusing to have one network for each link. In principle you can assign a marker to the result of a link and to further link this marker in the next network. Then it is pretty tiring to pursue the effects of the change of a bit in the first network via many other networks. Vice versa it is also confusing when there are many links in one network. This is in particular the case if lateral scrolling is necessary because the chain of links is too long. Then the process described above is of advantage. As is often the case it is a matter of finding a good compromise between these extremes.
4-1
Logic functions
S/R
It helps to set up the program in a clear way if you regularly use the self-hold function. This does not have to be done for each auxiliary marker. The author prefers a program structure that has two networks for each output. At the end of one of them you find “SET OUTPUT”, at the end of the other one “RESET OUTPUT”. This structure has the following advantages:
Division
It is mostly very different conditions with which the output is switched ON or OFF. In complex situations this easily causes conflicts. The division described above divides the problem into two partial problems each of which – when looked at separately – can be easily handled.
Troubleshooting
Troubleshooting during program creation or during operation is made easier. Only two cases are possible: one output becomes active although it should not (hopefully a rare case because it is dangerous) one output does not become active although it should. In either case the structure described will help to quickly find the cause.
Priority
The priority is also easily defined. An alarm lamp should for example be protected against unauthorised switching off; a drive, however, should not start running once the limit position has been reached. The sequence of the two networks defines the priority.
Consequence
If you decide for the function block diagram – which is often the case – you should stick to it consistently. You have to bear in mind: The sequence of the networks has nothing to do with the chronological sequence of the process. An example for illustration:
Example conveyor
A conveyor transports a workpiece for processing. After processing the conveyor transports the workpiece further on. Often the program is structured as follows: 1 (or several) network(s) conveyor 1 (or several) network(s) processing 1 (or several) network(s) conveyor This is confusing. This structure can cause many errors when there are several processing stations. This structure is OK for the sequential flow chart. The function block diagram does usually not reflect the chronological sequence of the process. If the conveyor starts twice it does not have to be started in two networks. In the interest of the switching logic this only means that in one of the networks there is an OR function with two conditions for starting the conveyor. Apart from that more interlocks and safety scans are, of course, implemented by other links.
You will get a clear program structure if you set up the network “from the back”, i.e. from the output.
4-2
86
Here other conditions and links for Start1 and Start2 are inserted.
Exercises
Here other operators such as an AND operator for safety scans can be inserted. Figure100: Example program structure
The following example shows an error that occurs frequently.
Example 1! Error! Q and I are meant to stand for output and input. Study the following example:
Figure101: Example of a program error What is the reaction of the output?
4-3
Logic functions
Example 2
Material Length
Position Cap
OK
ALARM Reset
Figure 102: Example filling Task 1
Vessels are to be filled. 1. If the cap and the material are there, the green lamp will light (OK). 2. If the vessel is at the wrong height or in the wrong position, the red lamp will light (alarm). The presence of caps and material are indicated by sensors (for the time being one sensor should be sufficient for the material, the example can be extended later on to monitor minimum and maximum level).
Task 2
Modification of 2 (new project): In case of a fault a horn blows until it is reset. To do so another input is required, the reset button.
Implementation
4-4
The correct function of the programs can be tested using a simulator if the hardware is present and ready for operation. It can also be tested without any hardware in the simulation mode. A visualisation is a good choice. If more inputs are needed than there are on the (small) simulator (e.g. maximum level or reset button), you can work with a combination of physical inputs on the simulator box and inputs “simulated” in a visualisation.
86
4.2
Exercises
Higher-level functions Timer and counter function There are very many functions. In the following examples, however, we only want to practise the two most important and most frequently used functions, to be more precise, function blocks. These are the timers and counters. Details about these functions will not be treated here any more. We want to remind you only where this information can be found. The library manager opens in ‘Window’ ‘Library Manager’. There you click on STANDARD.LIB. By selecting the function block TON or CTU (see further below) the meaning of the inputs and outputs and/or types of variables can easily be seen. If you want more detailed information, see there for help. It has to be noted, however, that it is easier to find this information if you look for the term “TIMER”.
Task 3
Task 1 above is to be slightly modified according to practical experience in real life. Sometimes the sensor generates a signal for the wrong position when it detects the edge of a correct vessel. This is to be avoided by the signal that is to be present for at least 3 s before an alarm is given (some kind of “debounced” signal). It is best to create a new project, e.g. testtime 1.
Task 4
A ventilator starts running when the light is switched on. There is an after-glow of 10 s when the light has been turned off (new project). Now on to the counter:
Task 5
The vessels in the example above (Figure 102) have been filled, closed by means of the lid and they are counted by a photocell when they arrive at the packing station. The package consists of 12 vessels. One output (e.g. full: lamp) is set when the preset value 12 has been reached. Implementation using up counter Implementation using down counter What is to happen when the package is full?
4-5
Higher-level functions
Practical application
Start Drive
Figure103: Example slide Task 6
A workpiece is put onto a reception plate (e.g. of a handling robot). It is detected by a photocell. After activation of the start button the slide moves to the right. It remains in its right end position for 3 s and then it moves back left. It remains in the left end position until the next start. The photocell further to the right, at the beginning of the conveyor belt, does not need to be considered here. When this process is simulated, whether in the simulation mode with visualisation or with the simulator box, in each case it has to be ensured that no “impossible” situations occur. If e.g. the process has been started, the output Drive_to_right (move slide) has been switched, then the workpiece should be moved on. That means the slide leaves the left limit switch and the photocell at the workpiece reception is free again.
If these tasks are not very difficult for you, you are ready for practical applications.
4-6
86
Appendix
5
Appendix
5.1
Buttons
Toolbar
This appendix will give you a short overview of the different buttons in the toolbar. The toolbar, the third bar from the top, offers a variety of buttons (if activated via ‘Options’ ‘Toolbar'). Regularly used functions can be started with a single mouse click. They are, of course, also available as menu items. Just like the menus they are context sensitive. That means the buttons can vary depending on the open and active windows. Some can be seen at all times, and they will be described first. Later, we will explain those buttons that can e.g. only be found in the FBD editor. For detailed descriptions of the functions please refer to the manual for program development. This short overview will not tell you if the function can e.g. be found in the menu 'Extras' or 'Insert'. In most cases that is obvious in the context. To save space we do not state "... at the marked position" for each function. It is self-understood that the position in which e.g. something is to be inserted requires marking. Neither will we state that it might not make sense to insert an element in just any place depending on the function. It does not make sense e.g. to insert an operator following an assignment. Some elements have a default value, e.g. TRUE for Boolean variable. This default value can be overwritten with the requested entry. The F2 key (help manager) can be useful for this.
File functions ‘New' Opens a file named Untitled. If no file is open (e.g. following the instruction File Close) almost all (context sensitive) menus are empty or the menu items are shown in grey, i.e. they are inactive. To do something, a file has to be open. ‘Open...’ Opens the window for selecting a file. ‘Save' Saves the open file. It is recommended to click on this button repeatedly during your work.
5-7
Buttons
General functions ‘PLC Configuration' Opens the window in which you can see or download the hardware-specific declarations.
Online functions ‘Run' Starts the program processing. ‘Stop’ Stops the program processing. ‘Step over' Carries out the next instruction (debugging). ‘Toggle Breakpoint’ Stops the program processing at the current instruction (debugging); useful e.g. in combination with Single Step To. ‘Login' Establishes the connection to the controller (only if the program is correct). If the program was changed a new compilation is started. In the simulation mode, only the compilation is carried out, if required. Remember: Program processing has to be started additionally.
‘Logout' Separates the connection to the controller e.g. to change the program or for trace configuration.
General editing functions ‘Cut' Deletes marked modules or lines and transfers them into the temporary storage. ‘Copy' Transfers marked modules or lines into the temporary storage. ‘Paste' Inserts the contents of the temporary storage. ‘Find...’ Opens the window for entering the search criteria.
5-8
86
Appendix ‘Find next' Finds the next correspondence.
Editing functions for SFC ‘Step-Transition (before)’ Enters a step with transition after the marked block. ‘Step-Transition (after)’ Enters a step with transition after the marked block. ‘Alternative Branch (right)’ Enters a branch on the right of the marked block. ‘Alternative Branch (left)’ Enters a branch on the left of the marked block. ‘Parallel Branch (right)’ Enters a parallel branch on the right of the marked block. ‘Parallel Branch (left)’ Enters a parallel branch on the left of the marked block. ‘Jump' Enters a jump at the end of the alternative branch of the marked block. ‘Transition Jump' Enters a transition with jump at the end of the parallel branch of the marked block.
Editing functions for LD ‘Contact’ Enters a contact (input) in the network in front of the marked position. ‘Parallel Contact’ Enters a contact (input) in the network in parallel to the marked position. ‘Coil' Enters a coil (output) at the marked position or in parallel. ‘Negate’ Inverts a contact (input).
5-9
Buttons
Editing functions for FBD ‘Input' Enters an additional input at an operator, e.g. an AND function. ‘Output' Enters an additional output at an operator. ‘Operator’ Enters an operator. The default setting AND operator has to be overwritten. ‘Assign' Transfers the result of the linked operators of the network to the address to be indicated (output). ‘Jump' Enters a jump. ‘Return’ Enters a return to finish the function. ‘Function’ Enters a function. ‘Function Block’ Enters a function block. ‘Negate’ Enters a negation for an input or output. ‘Set/Reset’ The appropriate outputs take on the state TRUE or FALSE (R: double-click) if the preceding link is TRUE. This value is retained even if the condition is no longer fulfilled.
Functions for Sampling Trace ‘Start Trace' Loads the trace definition into the controller. Starts the sampling trace. ‘Read Trace’ Transfers the sampling trace to the PC. Enables the graphical representation of the values. ‘Stop Trace’ Stops the sampling trace.
5-10
86
Appendix ‘Stretch' Stretches the time axis of the graphical representation for a better overview of fast changing states. ‘Compress' The opposite of stretch.
Functions for Visualisation ‘Select’ Selects an element. ‘Rectangle’ Enters a rectangle. ‘Rounded rectangle’ Enters a rounded rectangle. 'Ellipse' Enters a circle or an ellipse. 'Polygon' Enters a polygon (closed polyline). ‘Polyline’ Enters a polyline. ‘Graph’ Enters a free-hand graph. 'Bitmap' Enters a bitmap. Once the size and the position have been defined, a dialogue window for the file opens. 'Visualisation' Enters a visualisation. Once the size and the position have been defined, a dialogue window for the file opens.
5-11
Brief instructions
5.2
Brief instructions New Project
PLC_PRG
At the beginning of a new project you always need to define module PLC_PRG. For a new project the window opens automatically: ‘Project’ ‘Add Object...’
(see Figure 21) Please note: The name of this module must not be changed!
Press
to open the window of this module.
see Figure 22 If you prefer another language the module does, of course, look different. Add object
5-12
The next step should always be to add a new object.
86
Appendix
see Figure 23 In the example in chapter 3 it was the object FB_And in FBD. The program becomes very confusing if you write everything in PLC_PRG. There may, of course, be exceptions. One exception is e.g. setting the RELAY, see Figure 84.
Libraries and hardware configuration Should you have tried to set the relay right away, you will find that it has not yet been declared. The reason is that for each new project the libraries and the hardware configuration have to be integrated. We do not want to describe it here again in detail, see pages 2-7 to 2-14. Relay
When the relay has been set the preparations are completed. Now the actual programming can start.
5.3
Remarks for solutions We pointed out above: There is hardly ever one and the optimum solution. Furthermore it is better at the beginning to find solutions on one’s own instead of adopting ready-made patterns. Therefore we will give only some hints as suggestions.
Example 1 (page 4-3)
The second network defines the state of the output. The first one can be left out. It would fulfil the obviously intended purpose to combine the two networks and to link the results of the AND operation with an OR operator. Here you can see again that an S (set) function is of advantage. If you had an S before the output of networks 1 and 2 there could be no conflicts. You need, however, more networks for resetting.
5-13
Remarks for solutions
Task 1 (page 44)
To start, simple logic functions are sufficient. Using SET/RESET is somewhat more complex. This could only become necessary for a more precise or changed definition of the task. An example in this context:
Task 2 (page 44)
Should be no problem (remember the priority!).
Task 3 (page 44)
It is confusing to program very many links in one network. It is also confusing to have one network for each link. It is important to find a happy medium. In the example network 2 does not look too confusing. What can you find in network 1 (remember useful priorities!)?
Figure 104: Example 1 We should give a brief comment on the timer function. The preset value PT (preset time) is fixed here. It cannot be changed while the program is running. The only possibility is to change the source program. This may be useful in some cases. If, however, it should be possible to change the value, e.g. by the engine driver via an input device, this value has to be declared to be a symbolic variable which can be changed by other modules. The actual value ET (elapsed time) does not have to be assigned to a variable in each case. In Figure 104 above you can see when this may be useful, e.g. for displaying this value. More variants are possible, e.g.:
Task 4 (page 45)
●
OR operator before the timer function, then both inputs are debounced, or
●
further timer functions between ‘Length’ and OR operator so that the second input can be debounced with another timer value, etc.
The easiest solution is to use the function block TOF. A little additional task in this context: The output should only switch after the input (e.g. with 1 s) has been debounced. Here it is easiest to use two function blocks TON in conjuction with S and R.
Task 5 (page 45)
5-14
Hopefully, the timer functions CTU or CTD should not be too difficult. Only the case “package full” has to be considered more closely. If you simply use the condition “actual value = preset value” to reset the timer, then the output Q of the counter is on TRUE for just a short time. The signal has to be “retained”.
6
Index
%IX0.08 .......................................................3-35
‘Rounded rectangle’.................................. 5-11
.pro ...............................................................3-25
‘Run' .............................................................. 5-8
???................................................................. 3-8
‘Save'............................................................. 5-7
‘Alternative Branch (left)’............................ 5-9
‘Select’ ........................................................ 5-11
‘Alternative Branch (right)’......................... 5-9
‘Set/Reset’ .................................................. 5-10
‘Assign' .......................................................5-10
‘Start Trace' ................................................ 5-10
‘Coil'............................................................... 5-9
‘Step over'..................................................... 5-8
‘Compress' .................................................5-11
‘Step-Transition (after)’............................... 5-9
‘Contact’........................................................ 5-9
‘Step-Transition (before)’ ........................... 5-9
‘Copy' ............................................................ 5-8
‘Stop Trace’ ................................................ 5-10
‘Cut' ............................................................... 5-8
‘Stop’ ............................................................. 5-8
‘Find next' ..................................................... 5-9
‘Stretch'....................................................... 5-11
‘Find...’........................................................... 5-8
‘Toggle Breakpoint’..................................... 5-8
‘Function Block’.........................................5-10
‘Transition Jump'......................................... 5-9
‘Function’....................................................5-10
100plus ............................................................... 3-1
‘Graph’ ........................................................5-11
address ........................................................ 3-35
‘Input'...........................................................5-10
assignment ............................... 3-33, 3-34, 3-35
‘Jump'...................................................5-9, 5-10
AT ................................................................ 3-35
‘Login'............................................................ 5-8
Auto load ...................................................... 2-5
‘Logout' ......................................................... 5-8
Autodeclaration ......................................... 3-10
‘Negate’ ................................................5-9, 5-10
B .................................................................. 3-35
‘New'.............................................................. 5-7
'Bitmap' ....................................................... 5-11
‘New’ .............................................................. 3-3
breakpoint ...................................................... 3-2
‘Open...’......................................................... 5-7
buttons ........................................................... 5-7
‘Operator’....................................................5-10
Catalogue ...................................................... 1-2
‘Output' .......................................................5-10
CFC................................................................ 3-1
‘Parallel Branch (left)’.................................. 5-9
colour ........................................................... 3-20
‘Parallel Branch (right)’............................... 5-9
compilation............................................3-35, 5-8
‘Parallel Contact’ ......................................... 5-9
Compilation.................................................. 3-33
‘Paste'............................................................ 5-8
context sensitive ............................................ 5-7
‘PLC Configuration'..................................... 5-8
conveyor ........................................................ 4-2
‘Polyline’ .....................................................5-11
copy.............................................................. 3-27
‘Read Trace’ ...............................................5-10
counter ........................................................... 4-5
‘Rectangle’..................................................5-11
CR0020.......................................................... 1-3
‘Return’ .......................................................5-10
CR0501.......................................................... 1-3
15
CR2500 ..........................................................1-3
hardware configuration .......................... 3-2, 3-3
CR2500_N .....................................................2-3
Hardware configuration................................2-11
current version................................................1-3
Hardware of the PC .......................................2-1
D ................................................................. 3-35
help....................................................... 2-10, 4-5
data sheets.....................................................1-2
help manager ...................... 3-8, 3-11, 3-20, 5-7
debugging.................................................... 3-27
Hex-File ........................................................3-30
Debugging ............................................ 3-2, 5-8
I ..................................................................3-35
declaration......................... 2-11, 3-6, 3-33, 3-35
IEC-61131-3...................................................3-1
default................................................... 3-12, 5-7
IL ....................................................................3-1
Defining variables...........................................3-6
input..............................................................3-35
directory...........................................1-3, 2-2, 2-6
Input..............................................................3-20
documentation................................................1-2
installation.......................................................2-1
Documentation............................................ 3-43
instruction list..................................................3-1
downloader........................................... 2-3, 3-28
Instruction List ..............................................3-13
ecolog software installer ................................2-1
Interaction.....................................................3-20
Editing functions for FBD ............................ 5-10
'Interface parameter'..................................3-31
Editing functions for LD..................................5-9
key ..................................................................3-8
Editing functions for SFC ...............................5-9
Key word ........................................................3-6
element........................................................ 3-18
ladder diagram ...............................................3-1
element Configuration................................. 3-18
Ladder Diagram ...........................................3-13
'Ellipse' ....................................................... 5-11
LD ...................................................................3-1
Error................................................................4-3
leaving the programming system ................3-26
error message .............................2-4, 3-31, 3-36
library..................................... 2-8, 2-9, 3-3, 5-13
F2.......................................................... 3-8, 3-19
library manager ............................................2-10
FBD ................................................................3-1
load in the controller.....................................3-31
FDB ................................................................3-4
local ...........................................3-10, 3-20, 3-34
File functions ..................................................5-7
log out...........................................................3-16
file size............................................................2-8
logic function ..................................................4-1
forcing................................................... 3-2, 3-27
Login.............................................................3-14
function block diagram...................................3-1
M ..................................................................3-35
Functions for Sampling Trace..................... 5-10
Manual for the program development...........1-2
Functions for Visualisation.......................... 5-11
Mark ...............................................................3-7
General editing functions ...............................5-8
marker ..........................................................3-35
General functions...........................................5-8
Mounting and installation instructions ...........1-2
global .................................................. 3-10, 3-34
N .......................................................... 2-7, 2-13
graphical function block diagram...................3-1
name...............................................................3-6
grid............................................................... 3-17
network...........................................................3-7
guarantee ..........................................................II
new project....................................2-6, 3-3, 5-12
16
86
Index
new visualisation..........................................3-17
Save as........................................................ 3-27
notes .............................................................. 1-2
save data ..................................................... 3-31
online...................................................3-13, 3-24
scanning frequency ..................................... 3-40
Online..................................................3-14, 3-32
sequential flow chart...................................... 3-1
Online functions............................................. 5-8
Settings .......................................................... 2-6
Online Test...................................................3-27
SFC................................................................ 3-1
operand.......................................................... 3-8
simulation..............................................3-2, 3-13
operating system ................................3-28, 3-31
simulator ...................................................... 3-27
operator.......................................................... 3-8
slide................................................................ 4-6
Orientation Help............................................. 1-2
source file..................................................... 3-31
Footnotes ...................................................... 1-2
ST................................................................... 3-1
Headers ........................................................ 1-2
Start.............................................................. 3-14
Pictograms .................................................... 1-2
oscilloscope .................................................3-38 other languages...........................................3-13 output ...........................................................3-35 physical address..........................................3-35 PLC_PRG............................3-3, 3-5, 3-10, 5-12 'Polygon' .....................................................5-11 POU ........................................................3-1, 3-2 program organisation unit ............................. 3-1 Program start ................................................. 2-4 Program structure.......................................... 4-1 program test.................................................3-38 Program test ................................................3-13 programming languages ......................3-1, 3-13 project ........................................... 2-6, 3-1, 5-12 Project Information ......................................3-26 Q ..................................................................3-35 read the program file ...................................3-31 Read Trace .................................................3-41 Rebuild all...................................................3-18 rectangle ......................................................3-18 RELAY ................................................3-37, 5-13 Required previous knowledge....................... 1-1 Resources................................. 2-12, 3-34, 3-38 result .............................................................. 3-8 Sampling Trace ....................................3-2, 3-38 save.....................................................3-12, 3-25
Start Trace ................................................... 3-41 starter set ....................................................... 2-7 Starter set ...................................................... 2-7 status line.................................. 3-14, 3-33, 3-36 structure ..................................................3-1, 3-2 structured text ................................................ 3-1 Structured Text ............................................ 3-13 System manual.............................................. 1-2 test ................................................................. 3-2 Text .............................................................. 3-21 timer ............................................................... 4-5 Toggle .......................................................... 3-20 toolbar ............................................................ 5-7 Trace Auto Read ......................................... 3-40 Trace Buffer................................................ 3-41 Trace Variable ............................................. 3-40 Training manual............................................. 1-2 Trigger Variable ........................................... 3-40 unit-specific.................................................... 2-2 User defined Programs ............................... 3-11 variable ......................................... 2-11, 3-6, 3-9 version .................................2-3, 2-7, 2-13, 3-30 visualisation .........................3-1, 3-2, 3-16, 3-35 'Visualisation'............................................. 5-11 W.................................................................. 3-35 Watch- and Receipt Manager ..................... 3-38
17
watch window.................................................3-2
write the program .........................................3-31
Watch Window ............................................ 3-38
Write Values.................................................3-15
web ......................................................... 1-3, 2-3
X ..................................................................3-35
18
