ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA NACIONAL
SIMULACIÓN DE YACIMIENTOS
ING: BLADIMIR CERÓN G.
ECLIPSE
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ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA NACIONAL
INTRODUCCIÓN AL SIMULADOR ECLIPSE La familia de software software Schlumberger Schlumberger ECLIPSE Simulation Simulation de yacimientos ofrece ofrece el conjunto más completo y robusto de la industria de soluciones numéricas para la predicción rápida y precisa del comportamiento dinámico, para todo tipo de depósitos y grados de complejidad de la estructura, la geología, los líquidos y los planes de desarrollo. El simulador que estamos usando para el desarrollo de la materia es el Eclipse blackoil o Eclipse 100 de la compañía Schlumberger. Dicho software nos proporciona las herramientas necesarias para llevar a cabo la simulación de yacimientos de petróleo negro con gran eficiencia, ahora es necesario saber porque el uso de este simulador y no otro ya que en el mercado existen diversas compañías desarrolladoras, la respuesta principal radica radica en que Eclipse es el más usado en el mercado y cuenta con amplia compatibilidad con otras aplicaciones de gran importancia como las geológicas, además nos suministra data confiable y se mantiene en continuo desarrollo.
JUSTIFICACIÓN La simulación numérica de yacimientos es una disciplina relativamente moderna en ingeniería de yacimientos petroleros. Su potencial es enorme como herramienta de trabajo, para predecir el comportamiento de yacimientos bajo diferentes esquemas de explotación siempre y cuando se entiendan las bases sobre las que está desarrollada.
Procedimiento general de simulación con Eclipse 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
Definir los objetivos claramente Recolectar y revisar los datos Construir el modelo del yacimiento Especificar los pozos en el modelo Especificar la historia de producción Realizar el cotejo histórico (cotejo de presiones y producciones) Realizar sensibilidades en el modelo para validar el cotejo Diseñar esquemas de explotación
El modelo de simulación se desarrolla como archivo de texto y es leído como un archivo. DATA también conocida como “data file” en el cual toda la información del
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ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA NACIONAL SUMMARY, SCHEDULE. Con estas secciones el usuario puede usar comandos o Keywords para identificar data de entrada, requerir data de salida o especificar Keywords condiciones.
Para el desarrollo del modelo es indispensable tener conocimiento acerca de los comandos o Keywords a usar ya que estos serán la llave que permitirá que el programa lea y analice los datos o requerimientos que el usuario le está suministrando. El número de comandos existentes es muy amplio y es casi imposible tener conocimiento detallado de cada uno de ellos aunque con la práctica se tiende a conocer muy bien algunos que en forma general son los usados principalmente. Es por ello que es de vital importancia apoyarse en los manuales del programa los cuales serán nuestros principales amigos. El simulador posee dos principales manuales que son: el manual de referencia y el de descripción técnica, donde el de descripción técnica posee la información referente a los procedimientos que ejecuta el simulador para resolver sus procedimientos y el manual de referencia que será el guía o donde se encuentra el contenido detallado de los Keywords.
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ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA NACIONAL Para poder efectuar una simulación de la producción, factor de recobro y muchos otros parámetros de un yacimiento, es necesario poseer ante todo un modelo que represente la estructura geológica en cuestión. Es decir, llevar al simulador las características del yacimiento no sólo referentes a su extensión y dimensiones sino también relacionadas con porosidad, permeabilidad y saturación de fluidos. Parámetros de vital importancia para la simulación de yacimientos. Petrel es un software de la compañía Schlumberger que se encarga, entre otras cosas, de representar la estructura geológica del yacimiento. Permite que el usuario interprete datos sísmicos, construya los modelos del yacimiento, visualiza los resultados de una posible estimulación y diseñe estrategias de explotación para maximizar la producción del yacimiento. En realidad Petrel fue diseñado para ser más que un constructor de modelos geológicos, su verdadera intención es eliminar la necesidad de utilizar muchas herramientas y ser un software que conduzca la información sísmica hasta los resultados de una simulación.
PETRÓLEO
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ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA NACIONAL El petróleo original en sitio (POES) es el volumen inicial u original de petróleo existente en las acumulaciones acumulaciones naturales.
DEDUCCIÓN DE LA FÓRMULA: El método volumétrico utiliza valores puntuales que mejor representen a cada uno de los parámetros geológicos que caracterizan el yacimiento. Partimos del concepto de que, en una arena, una fracción de su volumen total corresponde al volumen poroso, y a la vez, una fracción de ese volumen poroso será ocupada por cierta cantidad del fluido, en este caso, de hidrocarburo.
Por lo general se tendrá entre los datos la saturación de agua y no la de petróleo, pero en un yacimiento de agua y petróleo éstas están relacionadas.
( ) La saturación y porosidad son adimensionales, así que el volumen del petróleo queda expresado en las mismas unidades del volumen bruto (Acre*pie). El factor 7758 permite convertir los Acre*pie en barriles, pero todas éstas son condiciones de yacimiento, así que toman el valor de barriles de yacimiento bls.
( ( ) ) Sin embargo, nos interesa cuantificar este volumen de petróleo a condiciones de superficie, llamadas condiciones normales o fiscales (14,7 psi, 60ºF), por eso la fórmula incluye el Bo que es el volumen de yacimiento, medido a condiciones de
yacimiento, que es ocupado por un barril a condiciones estándar de petróleo y su gas disuelto.
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ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA NACIONAL
Es posible determinar el volumen de petróleo para cualquier instante particular de la producción, y según la evolución de del yacimiento el Bo va a cambiar como función de la presión. Pero para determinar el volumen inicial del petróleo, POES (petróleo original en sitio) se utiliza el Boi (factor volumétrico inicial).
( ) Dónde: (acres). : Área del yacimiento (acres). h : Altura del yacimiento (pies). Ф: Porosidad (fracción). Sw : Saturación de agua (fracción) βo i : Factor volumétrico inicial del petróleo (by/bn). A
MODELO ESTÁTICO
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ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA NACIONAL vertical y lateral de las arenas, petrofísicas de los lentes, litología y límites de la roca, que unidos a pruebas de yacimientos (datos de presión, producción, pruebas de presión), permiten definir con mayor claridad el yacimiento.
Realización de un Modelo Estático
La construcción de un modelo de simulación es iniciada con el desarrollo del modelo estático del yacimiento en estudio, este es el encargado de representar las propiedades del medio poroso del yacimiento a partir de datos extraídos de pruebas realizadas en diferentes puntos del mismo. La construcción del modelo estático está basada en métodos geoestadísticos que integran datos cualitativos (geológicos) y cuantitativos (geofísicos y de laboratorio) con la finalidad de generar una matriz en la cual se representen los valores de cada propiedad del yacimiento en cada celda.
En términos de simulación de yacimiento podremos identificar una celda de manera visual como un volumen que forma parte del yacimiento, mientras que matemáticamente estas están representadas como la discretización de cualquiera de las propiedades del yacimiento. En general una celda va a representar un valor de una o varias propiedades. propiedades.
El yacimiento está dividido en muchas celdas que pueden ser de diferentes formas y tamaños y que en conjunto serán la base fundamental para el planteamiento coherente de las ecuaciones de flujo en el medio poroso, he aquí la importancia del desarrollo de un modelo estático para la simulación.
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ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA NACIONAL La geoestadística es una ciencia que aplica los conceptos estadísticos a las ciencias de la tierra. Con respecto a lo que nos compete en este artículo podemos decir que la geoestadística es la base fundamental para la generación del modelo estático de un yacimiento determinado. Esta ciencia es la encargada de generar valores en zonas donde no se tienen datos por medio de interpolaciones que pueden ser realizadas por diferentes métodos geoestadísticos, cuya utilización dependerá del comportamiento de la distribución de la propiedad estudiada en todo el volumen del yacimiento.
MÉTODOS GEOESTADÍSTICOS
En rasgos generales hay dos métodos geoestadísticos, los determinísticos y los estocásticos. Los determinísticos son capaces de generar una solución teóricamente exacta ya que estos no arrojaran ninguna incertidumbre, estos métodos son utilizados en casos donde hay datos en abundancia y las heterogeneidades son pocas, como sabemos esto no ocurre en los yacimientos de hidrocarburos por lo tanto nos ahorraremos la explicación. Los métodos estocásticos son más conscientes y generan muchos modelos xprobables con una incertidumbre asociada para posteriormente tomar un promedio de estos. Es la tendencia en general la mayor utilización de modelos estocásticos para la simulación de yacimientos, hay otras teorías que indican lo contrario, pero en lo personal se piensa que es más recomendable tener conocimiento de las imprecisiones que se pueden presentar que desconocerlas por completo.
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ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA NACIONAL
VARIOGRAMAS
Los variogramas son gráficos encargados de dar una estimación de la heterogeneidad heterogeneidad que puede tener una variable en una dirección determinada. Hay dos tipos de variogramas, el experimental y el teórico, el primero es calculado de los datos obtenidos en el campo y el segundo es una curva que se ajusta al experimental.
Variogramas experimentales experimentales
Se denominan variogramas experimentales a aquellos que son obtenidos por estimación a partir de los datos de una muestra. En general el procedimiento consiste en cambiar el h entre dato y dato y medir como afecta esto el cálculo del variograma. Como se puede observar, la ecuación tiene una forma similar a las de varianza, por lo que se puede decir que mientras más cambie este valor con un cambio de h, más heterogéneo será el sistema estudiado. En la siguiente figura se muestra un ejemplo de los parámetros de la ecuación para dos h determinado. determinado.
Variogramas teóricos.
Una vez que se ha obtenido el variograma experimental y se ha estudiado su comportamiento, el paso siguiente es encontrar algún modelo paramétrico que ajuste adecuadamente los datos muestrales, esto es realizado por medio de variogramas teóricos. A continuación se muestras los diferentes modelos de variogramas variogramas teóricos.
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ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA NACIONAL caso de que se esté estudiando en un plano horizontal. Dependiendo de los resultados se utilizará un método geoestadístico u otro. Generalmente la construcción del modelo estático se realiza por medio de un preprocesador como Petrel, entre otros. Además esta parte del modelo de simulación es desarrollada en la mayoría de los casos por geólogos. En este artículo se cumplió el objetivo de dar conocimientos de aspectos básicos pero importantes sobre el tema de los modelos estáticos. En las siguientes publicaciones se iniciara con la construcción del modelo dinámico citando las ecuaciones de flujo y el procedimiento de cálculo realizado por el simulador.
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ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA NACIONAL
DATA
especificaciones nes de la corrida ) RUNSPEC (especificacio
Esta sección está diseñada para determinar o especificar varios componentes como la cantidad requerida de memoria RAM, también la distribución de la memoria entre los componentes de la simulación que son: pozos, datos tubulares, la malla de simulación, simulación, vectores solución, en otras palabras las dimensiones del problema. También es necesaria para la especificación de las características básicas del modelo, como es el tipo de simulador que se empleará, el título de la simulación, la fecha de inicio, el número de fases empleadas, el tamaño de la malla de simulación, el tipo de unidades que se desea emplear en la simulación, entre otras. ECLIPSE genera la simulación ejecutando las soluciones para cada unidad de la malla y consecutivamente a la siguiente unidad de modo ortogonal, por lo que requiere de rápido acceso a muchas soluciones previas, este proceso es conocido como apilamiento de las soluciones o “Solver Stack”.
GRID (malla de simulación )
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ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA NACIONAL Block Centered: celdas rectangulares con horizontes paralelos y perpendiculares o Radial: Utilizado para estudios en las cercanías de los pozos. o PEBI (unstructured): se utiliza una malla no-estructurada en secciones falladas y donde se requiere de mayor detalle. o
No siendo posible mezclar varios tipos en el mismo estudio, pero con la ayuda de la acción refinamiento es posible redefinir ciertos sectores en los cuales se puede subdividir las celdas y cambiar el tipo de geometría.
EDIT (edición )
Aunque esta sección es opcional es utilizada cuando se requiere modificar el volumen poroso, profundidad del centro de cada bloque, tansmisibilidades, difusividad y otros datos generados en la sección GRID.
PROPS (propiedades )
Esta sección está diseñada para la importación, edición y manejo de datos de los fluidos, requeridos para determinar la distribución de los mismos en el reservorio en la
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ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA NACIONAL Esta sección es opcional pero está diseñada para dividir al reservorio en regiones de equilibrio de similares características PVT. Esta acción es realizada para la mejor caracterización caracterización del reservorio de acuerdo a variaciones zonales en las propiedades y/o para propósitos de reportes. Generalmente se asigna una región de equilibrio para cada contacto agua petróleo existente.
SOLUTION (solución )
Esta sección está diseñada para ejecutar la simulación y definir una solución inicial. inicial. Se determina las condiciones iniciales del reservorio como son: la distribución de presiones, caudales iniciales gas-petróleo o petróleo-gas para cada celda, dependencia de las propiedades de los fluidos del reservorio con respecto a la profundidad, condiciones condiciones iniciales de acuífero. La inicialización puede ser realizada de tres maneras distintas:
I.
Equilibración: el software calcula la presión y saturación inicial utilizando los datos ingresados. Como resultado se tiene un “RESTART FILE” con las
II.
condiciones iniciales determinadas para el campo y desde el cual parte el ajuste del modelo y las predicciones para el campo. Reinicio: la solución inicial es obtenida de un archivo de reinicio creado en
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ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA NACIONAL Esta sección es opcional pero es de especial interés cuando se requiere la especificación de variables que tienen que ser escritas en el o los archivos de salida luego de cada simulación. Si no hay una sección SUMMARY, ECLIPSE no crea un archivo de resumen. Esta sección es básicamente usada para la solicitud de información definida sea por bloque, campo o pozo.
SCHEDULE
Esta es la última sección y es usada para especifi car los “timesteps” o periodos de tiempo en que se dividirá la simulación. También es la sección en donde se ingresa los datos reales de presión y producción para ser comparados con los calculados por el programa. Esta sección es diseñada para ser utilizada en dos modos:
Ajuste Histórico o Predicciones o
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ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA NACIONAL El ajuste histórico se realiza al especificar las mediciones de: presión, producción e inyección históricas registradas en los pozos y las mediciones obtenidas como resultado del proceso de simulación. ECLIPSE simula el comportamiento de producción, inyección y presión tomando los datos ingresados al programa (modelo estático e inicialización) y herramientas matemáticas (ecuación general de movimiento de fluidos en medios porosos.) la cual es la ecuación diferencial parcial que rige el fenómeno de flujo de fluidos en medios porosos y la cual relaciona la presión y saturación con la posición, el tiempo y las propiedades petrofísicas, esta ecuación es obtenida en base a la Ley de conservación de la masa y a la ecuación de la continuidad.
* * + * * + * * + ( ) Ecuación general de movimiento de fluidos en medios porosos.
Dónde:
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ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA NACIONAL presión (campo o presión presión del reservorio) reservorio) 1. Ajustar la presión relación gas petróleo, petróleo, corte de agua, agua, etc. 2. Ajustar la relación presiones de flujo e índice índice de productividad. productividad. 3. Ajustar presiones Una vez que el modelo de simulación ha sido generado, es necesario validarlo con datos de campo, para determinar si los resultados de la simulación se asemejan a los datos históricos de producción del mismo. La validación de la información generada por el simulador vs el comportamiento real de campo se la realiza al analizar y comparar los datos de: producción, inyección, presiones y movimientos de los fluidos dentro del reservorio; reservorio ; y propiedades como: presión, tasas de producción, relación gas-petróleo, relación agua-petróleo e información de trazadores, si está disponible.
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ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA NACIONAL .
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ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA NACIONAL
PREDICCIONES
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ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA NACIONAL E300 Parallel E300 FrontSim FloGrid GRID Office GRAF FloViz GridSim SCAL Schedule SimOpt Weltest PVTi VFPi PVT
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ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA NACIONAL
ANALISIS DEL MEJOR ESCENARIO El presente análisis está determinado en gran medida por la recuperación acumulada
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ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA NACIONAL
MANEJO BÁSICO DE PETREL PARA UN PROCESO DE SIMULACIÓN DE YACIMIENTOS
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