Sanskri thasrema mai nedal anguageunchanged,nev ere vol vedbutwasper f ect l ydesi gnedi nt hever y be gi nni ngwi t he v er yt hi ngi n pl ac e.None w gr amm mma arr ul eswe r eadde dt oSans kr i tatanypoi ntof t i mel at er .Al lnew wor ds cr eat ed i n Sanskri tc an be t r aced backt oacomb mbi nat i on oft hese2012 dhat usand r el at ed gr amm mmarrul es,and al sor et ai ni ng t heori gi nali deaoft hosedhat us.So you don’ tneed eve rexpandi ng di ct i onari esi n Sanskri tasnew wor ds ar e cr eat ed,becauset heycan e a s i l ybes pl i ti nt ot h e i rr o o td ha t ust oe x t r a c tt heme me a ni ng so ft he s ene w wo r d s . I nSanskri tt hese tofDhat usr ema mai nsfixed,andal lnew wor dsar ederi vedf r om t heseDhat us.But Engl i sh di ct i onary becauseofi tbei ngi ndependentf r om i t sgramm mmar ,i severexpandi ng,st art ed wi t har ound3000wor ds,andt odayhasnear l y300, 000wor ds !Formo s toft he sewor dsy oune edt o havea di ct i onaryofEngl i sh t ofind i t sme meani ng,wher easi n Sanskri ty ou can cr eat emi l l i onsof wor dsands t i l lt her ewoul dn’ tbenee df oradi c t i onar y!Jus tspl i tt hewor dsi nt oi t sDhat usandy ou wi l lge tt heme ani ng!
Engl i sh A
Meani ng
asapr e fixt oa no t he rwo r d ,i tc ha ng e si ti nt ot hene g at i v e . e . g .v i dy a-kno wl e dg e ,a v i dy a-i g no r a nc e . ac har y a as pi r i t ualgui deort e ac her .Se es hankar ac har y a. us ed t or e f e rt ot he ' mi s t ake 't hat we make whe n we adhyasa ' super i mpose'a f al seappear anceupon t her eal i t yormi mi x upt her ealandt heunr eal . Adv ai t a not( a)t wo( dv ai t a) . Thatt ype ofs ans kar a whi c hi sg ene r at e di nr e ac t i on t o cur r ent si t uat i ons and whi ch wi l l not bear f r ui t unt i l agami mi n some met i me i nt he f ut ur e. I tl i t er al l y means ' i mpendi ng' , ' appr oachi ng'or ' comi mi ng' .Al so cal l ed kri yamA mANa,whi ch means' bei ngdone' .Seepr arabdha,sanchi t a,sanskar a. aham Iam. t het hought' Iam' m'asoppose dt ot hought saboutobj ec t s, aham vr i t t i f e el i ngse t c .-i dam vr i t t i .Se ev ri t t i . t hema maki ng ,ka r a( kAr a) ,o ft heut t e r a nc e' I ' ,a ha m( a ham)t hi si st heequi val entofwhatwewoul d cal lt he' ego'but ahankara s pe c i fic al l yr e f e r st ot hei de nt i fic at i o no rat t ac hme nto fo ur t rueSel fwi t hsome met hi ngel se-seeant akarana. a-noo rno t ;j At i-c r e at i o n;t hepr i nc i pl et hatt hewo r l d aj at i and e v e r yt hi ng i n i t , i nc l udi ng t he s e mi ndbody appe ar a nc e swe r ene v e rc r e at e do r' br o ug hti nt oe x i s t e nc e ' . anadi wi t houtanybe gi nni ng,of t e nus e dt or ef e rt o' i gnor anc e ' . ' t r ue 'happi ne s s;us ual l yc al l e d' bl i s s 't o di ffe r e nt i at ei t ananda f r om ' or di nary'happi nessbecauset hi si s a an aspectof ourt r uenat ur e.Seesat ,chi tandsat chi dananda. anandama may a t hesheat h ofbl i ss,i . e.t hesama madhiofdeep medi t at i on kosha t hel a s to ft hefiv es he a t hs( ko s ha)wi t hwhi c hwei de nt i f y . t hesheat h madeoff ood,i . e.t hegr ossmat er i albody-t he annama may akos ha fir s to ft hefiv es he a t hs( ko s ha)wi t hwhi c hwei de nt i f y . us e dt or e f e rt ot heov e r a l lf unc t i o nsofmi nd;t hes e ato f antakarana t houghtand f eel i ng.I tconsi st s ofa numberofs epar at e f unct i ons-seemanas,buddhi ,chi t t aandahankara. l i t e r a l l y' no tc o mi mi ngf r o m me n' ;us e dt or e f e rt ot hes hr ut iscr i pt ur al t ext s passed on ver bat i m f r om gener at i on t o apaurusheya gener at i on si nce t hei r ori gi nal observ at i on by r eal i sed s ag e s .-s e es hr ut i . a
arj avama marg a ar t ha asat
As t av akr a
at mabodha at man at mavi cara avacheda-vada av ar ana avi dy a B badha
Bhag av ad Bhagav adGi Gi t a bhakt a bhakt i bhas hy a Br ahma ma
br ahmac har y a
Br ahma man
di r e c tpat h( t e ac hi ng ) .Ar j a va-ho ne s t ,s i nc e r e ,di r e c t ne s s; mAr ga-t r ackofawi wi l dani mal ,anyr oadorpat h. ac qui s i t i ono fweal t h.Se epur us har t ha. none xi s t ent .Se esat . t heeponymo mous Sageoft heAs t av akr a Gi t a( orSamh mhi t a) . Thewor dl i t er al l yme ans' t wi s t e d'( v akr a)i n' e i ght '( aShTan) ways . As t av akr a was s oc al l e d bec aus e he was bor n se ve r el ydef or med af t erbei ngcur sed i nt hewo womb mb by hi s f at her( because t he unborn chi l d had cr i t i ci sed hi m f or ma ki ng mi s t a ke s whi l s tr e adi ng t hes c r i pt ur e s ! ) .Lat e ri n l i f e,af t er he had secur ed hi sf at her ' sr el ease t hr ough def eat i ng t he cour t phi l osopher i n debat e, hi sf at her bl e s se dhi m and,af t e rs wi mmi ngi n as ac r e dr i v e r ,hewas c ur e d.Se eg i t a ,s amhi t a. knowl edge ofSel f ;a book ascr i bed t o Shankar a( t hough t hi si sdi sput edbymo moder nschol ars) . t he Se l f .Us ua l l y us e dt or e f e rt oo ne ' st r ue ( i ndi v i dual ) nat ur eo rc o ns c i o us ne s s-s e ej i v a . vi c Ar ai nt hi sc ont e xt means r efle c t i on or e xami nat i on upont heAt man,t heSel f .Seeat man. t he o r yt ha tt heSe l fi sl i mi t e dbyi g no r a nc ei nt hef o r ms msof upadhi s.Seeupadhi . t he' v e i l i ng'po we rofmay a.Se emay a,v i ks he pa. i gnor anc e( i nas pi r i t uals e nse )-s e eal s omay a. subl at i on orsubr at i on -t hepr ocessbywhi chan accept ed poi ntofvi ew orunder st andi ngi ssuper seded by a t ot al l y di ffer entonewhensome menew i nf orma mat i oni sr ece i ved. i nt he cont extofBhagavad Gi t a,i tr ef er st ot he God, Kr i s hna and Bhag av ad Gi t a me ans Kr i shna' s Song. ( Bhagavatmeansprosper ous,happyet c. )Seegi t a. t he scr i pt ur alt extf ormi mi ng partoft he Hi ndu epi c,t he Mahabar at a.SeeBhagavad,smr mr i t i . onewhopr ac t i s esbhakt iy og a.Se ebhakt iy og a. dev ot i on orwor shi p as a means t o enl i ght enme ment .See karma ma,j nana. comme nt ar yons omeot he rs c r i pt ur aldoc ume nt . Godast hecr eat oroft heuni ve r sei nHi ndumyt hol ogy( t he ot her sareVi shnu,vi ShNu,t hepr eserv erandShi va,shi va, t hedes t oyer ) .N. B.Nott obeconf usedwi wi t hBr ahman! t he fir s ts t ag eo ft he t r adi t i o nalHi ndu s pi r i t ua lpa t h,i n whi c h t he Br ahman be gi ns hi sl i f e as an unmar r i ed, r e l i gi ous and c hast e s t udent ( c har y a me ans ' due obser vance ofal lri t es and cust oms ms' ) .See al so gri hast a, sanyasa,vanapr ast ha. t he uni v e r sal Se l f , Abs ol ut e or God. The r e i s onl y Br ahman. I t der i v e s f r om t he Sanskr i tr oo t bRRi h, meani ngt ogr ow gr eatorst r ongandcoul dbet houghtofas t headj e c t i v e' bi g 'madei nt oano un,i mpl y i ngt ha twhi c hi s gr eat er t han anyt hi ng. See al so at man, Br ahma, j i va,
Br ahmaSut r a
Br i hadar any aka buddhi
C c hai t any a chakra Chandogy a c har v aka c hat ur t a c hat ushpad chat usht aya sampat t i c he t ana chi dabhasa c hi nt ana c hi t c hi t t a c ho dy a D dakshi na
daksi na dama
j i v at man,par amat man. abo ok( i ns ut r af o r m,whi c hi st e r s ev e r s e ! )byVy a s a.Thi s book i st he be s tknown oft he t hi r d ac c ept e ds our c e of knowl edge ( nyaya pr ast hana) .Effect i vel y ,i tat t empt st o summar i set heUpani shads.Thet hr eemai n phi l osophi cal br anc he s of I ndi an t hought , Dv ai t a, Adv ai t a and Vi s hi s ht adv ai t ahav epr ov i ded c omment ar i es ,orbhas hy as ( br ahmasUt r abhAShya) . The pr oponent s ofeac h sc hool s t at et hati ts ubs t ant i at e st he i rbe l i e f s .Thatf o r Adv ai t a was wr i t t e n by Shankar a and pr ov i de d e xt e nsi v e arg ument sagai nstanyot heri nt er pr et at i on.Seebhashya, ny a y apr as t hana,s r ut i ,s mr i t i . oneo ft hemaj orUpani s hads.SeeUpani s had. t he or gan of mi nd r es ponsi bl ef or di sc r i mi nat i on and j udg e me nt .Se e al s o,ahankar a,ant akar ana,manas and c hi t t a. consci ousnes s ,uni v er s als oulors pi r i t . l i t e r a l l y" c i r c l e "or" whe e l " ;oneo ft hepoi nt si nt hes pi ne t hr ough whi c h ener gy i s suppose dt o flow i n kundal i ni y og a. oneoft hemaj orUpani s hads .Se eUpani s had. mat er i al i s tphi l os opher ,andt hes y s t e m name daf t erhi m. f our t h. f our s t ep,f our par te t c. t hef our f ol dpr er equi si t esspeci fiedbyShankaraasneeded by a se e ke r be f or e he c an ac hi e v e Se l f r e al i sat i on. chat uShTayameans" f our f ol d" ;sampat t imeanssucc essor ac c ompl i s hme nt . Se e s adhana, v ai r agy a, v i v e ka, mumuks hut v am. cons ci ous ne s s ,i nt e l l i g enc ee t c . f al se appear ance orre flect i on ( AbhAsa)ofconsci ousness ( c hi t )-i . e .t hee go. t hi nki ngorr e fle c t i ngupon;c onsi de r at i on. pur e t hought or Cons ci ousnes s . See ananda, s at , sat chi dananda. t he or gan ( par t ) ofmi nd r es ponsi bl ef or memor y . See ant akar ana,ahankar a,buddhi ,manas. goalmot i v at e d,i mpe l l edori nc i t e d. t heoffer i ngt hati smadeatasacri ficeort hecol l ect i on of t hos eoffer i ngs .guru dAkShi Nai st hepaymentmadebya s t ude ntt ohi st e ac he ro nc o mpl e t i o no fhi ss t udi e s( no ti n mo ne ybutus ua l l yasat as ko rs pe c i alg i f t ) . r i g ht( asoppos e dt ol e f t ) ;s out h,s out he r n;s t r a i g ht f or war d, c a ndi d,s i nc e r e .g ur u da kShi Nai st hef e e ,pr e s e nt ,g i f to r donat i onmadet ot hegur uf r om t hedi sci pl ef ort eachi ng. se l f r es t r ai ntbutunder s t ood asc ont r olov e rt he s e ns es ; one of t he si x qual i t i es t hat f or m par t of Shankar a' s chat usht ayasampat t i .Seec hat usht ayasampat t i ,shamAdi
shhaTkasampat t i . a udi e nc eorme e t i ng( wi t hag ur u) ;v i e wpo i nt ;o neo ft hes i x darshana cl assi cal I ndi an phi l osophi cal s ys t ems ( purv ami mamsa, ut t arami mamsa,nyaya,vai sheshi ka,samkhya,yoga) . deha pe r s on,i ndi v i dual ,out war df or m orappe ar anc e( body) . dehat mav ada mat er i al i s m. des ha spac e . ag ui de( s o me o nef a mi l i arwi t hapl a c e) ;mo r es pe c i fic al l y ,a de s i ka s pi r i t ualt e ac he ro rg ur u. de v a ( pl .noun)t hegods ;( adj . )he av e nl y ,di v i ne . f e l l ow, common noun f or " man" us e d i n phi l os ophy; devadatta l i t e r al l y" g odg i v en. " t he sc r i pt use d i n Sanskri tr epr es ent at i on. The wor d De v anagar i l i t er al l y means " ci t y oft he Gods"( deva -gods;nAgara be l ongi ngorr e l at i ngt oat ownorc i t y) . dhar ana concent r at i onoft hemi nd.Thes i xt hs t epofRaj ay og a. cust omary pr act i ce,conduct ,dut y ,j ust i ce and moral i t y . One oft he f ourpur uShAr t has.The f av or ed meani ng of mo s tt r adi t i o nalt e ac he r si s ,ho we v e r ," na t ur e ,c ha r a c t e r , dhar ma e s s e nt i alq ual i t y , "whi c ht he yo f t e nt r ans l at eas" e s s e nc e . " Ourowndhar ma( sv adhar ma)i swhatweoughtt odowi t h our l i v es i n or der t o di ss ol v e our acc umul at i on of saMskAr a.Seesanskar a,karma. aj us torri ght eous ki ng ( dhar ma + r Aj a) ;any ki ng or dhar mar aj a pr i nc e . dhuma smoke . medi t at i on,usual l yi nt he sense oft he mec hani calact dhyana usi ngamant r aasopposedt oni di dhyAsana. l i ght ,l amp, l ant er n. I n t he advai t t a bodha dI pi ka, i di pa pr ov i des t he ' knowl e dge of advai t a' t hr ough i t s i l l umi nat i o n. al ong v owel i n Sanskr i t( s ounded f or 2 mAt r As or di r g ha me as ur e s ) ;l i t e r al l yl ong,hi gh,t al l . dos ha de f ec t ,f aul t ;offenc e ,t r ans gr e s s i on;har m. dr av ya subs t anc e. " Di sc r i mi nat i on bet ween t heSee rand t heSee n"-a wor k d r g d r s y a v i v e k a at t r i but edt oShankara.dRRi ki st heseerorper cei verand dRRi shyat hatwhi chi sse enorwhi chcanbeobj ect i fied. dr i s ht ant a t hee ndorai m ofwhati ss e e n,e xa mpl eori ns t anc e . t het heoryt hatourmi st akenvi ew oft hewor l dari sesf r om a ment al i mag e( bas e d on me mor y and s e nse dat a) dr i s ht i s r i sht i super i mpose d upon t her eal i t y .dRRi ShTimeans" se ei ng" ; v ada sRRi ShTi me ans " c r e at i on" ;v Ada mea ns " t hes i s " or " doc t r i ne . "Se eal s oadhy as a,aj at i ,s r i s ht i dr i s ht i v ada. dukha pai n,s or r ow,t r oubl e . dual i t y ,phi l osophy ofdual i sm;bel i eft hatGod and t he dv ai t a at man ar esepar at e ent i t i es .Madhva i st he sc hol armost o f t e nas s oc i at e dwi t ht hi sphi l o so phy . dv ay a t wot hi ng s ;t wof ol dnat ur e ;dual i s t i c . dv es ha hat r e d,di s l i ke .
dvi t i y a E e ka ekagra e v a
G g andha Gaudapada ghana
gi t a
gocara grahana
grantha
g r i has t a
guna
guru
se c ond. one ,al o ne ,s i ng l e ,s ol i t ar y ,t hes ame ,i de nt i c al .Asoppos e d t onAnA-di ffe r e nt l y ,v ar i ous l y ,di s t i nc t l y ,s epar a t e l y ;or ( us e dasanadj e c t i v e )di ffe r e nt ,di s t i nc tf r o m. o ne po i nt e d,fix i ngo ne ' sa t t e nt i o no no nepo i nt .e kAg r a t Ai nt e nt ne s si nt hepur s ui to fo neo bj e c t . j us ts o,i nde ed,t r ul y;mo s tf r equent l yuse dt os t r e ngt hen t hemeani ngoft heassoci at edwor d-exact l y ,same,even, onl ye t c . sme l l( oneoft het anmAt r asorfiv es ubt l ese ns es ) . Theaut horoft hec omme nt ar y( kAr i kA)ont heManduky a Upani shad.Hei ssai dt ohavebeent het eacherof Shankar a' st eacher .Seekari ka,Mandukya,Upani shad. compactmassors ubs t ance . asacr edsongorpoem butmor eusual l yr ef er st o phi l os ophi c alorr e l i g i ousdoc t r i ne si nv e r s ef or m( g I t a means" sung" ) .Themos tf amousar et heBhagav adGi t a andAs t a v akr aGi t a.I ft hewo r di sus e do ni t so wn,i twi l l ber ef er r i ngt ot hef or mer .Se eBhag av ad,As t av akr a. ( l i t e r a l l y )pe r c e pt i bl ebyt hese ns e sbutal s or e g ar de das s e e nbyt hemi nd,i nf e r r e de t c . . l i t e r al l ys ei z i ng ,c at c hi nge t c ;pe r c e i v i ng ,unde r s t andi ng , compr ehensi on;agr ahaNameansnonco mpr ehensi onor nonper cept i on. t yi ng,bi ndi ng;knotRamanaMaharshir ef er r edt ot he ' kno t ' i nt hehe ar tt hatmus tbe' unt i e d'i nor d erf or r e a l i z at i o nt ooc c ur .I tal s or e f e r st oav e r s ec ompos i t i onor t r e at i s e. t hi si st hes ec onds t ag eo ft het r adi t i o nalHi ndus pi r i t ual pa t h,c al l e dt hepe r i o do ft heho us e ho l de r ,i nwhi c ht he Br ahmanper f or mst hedut i esofmast eroft hehouseand f at he ro faf ami l y .Se eal s obr a hmac ha r y a,g r i ha s t a , sanyasa,vanapr ast ha. Ac c or di ngt oc l as s i c als AMkhy aphol os ophy ,c r e at i oni s madeupo ft hr e e" q ual i t i e s , "s at t v a,r a j asandt amas . Ev e r y t hi ng-mat t e r ,t ho ug ht s ,f e e l i ng s-i s" madeupo f " t he s et hr e ei nv ar y i ngde gr e e sandi ti st her e l at i v e pr o po r t i o nst ha tde t e r mi net hena t ur eo ft het hi ngi n q ue s t i o n.Se es a t t wa,r a j asa ndt ama sf o rmo r ed e t a i l s . l i t e r al l y" he av y" ;us edt or e f e rt oone ' sel de r sorape r s onof r ev er encebutmor ecommonl yi nt heWes tt oi ndi cat eone' s s pi r i t ualt e ac he r .
H
hal ant a
aco ns onantt hati sno ts o unde dwi t hav owe laf t e ri t .I ti s mar kedassuchbyt heuseofavi r Ama.Thet er m der i ve s f r o mt hepr a t y AhAr a" hal , "whi c hr e f e r st o" any consonant , "andant a,whi chmeans" end, "si ncesuch consonant snor mal l yoccuratt heendofawor d.
hani
hatha
he t u hr asva hr i da y a
I i c c ha i dam v r i t t i i ha i ndr i y a
I shaUpani shad i s ht a I s v a r a
J j ada j ag at j agr at
j al pa j anana j anma j apa j ar a j at i j i j nasa
abandonment ,r el i nqui shment ;damage,l oss;i nsuffici ency . E. g .a na dv a i t ahAnii sas t at e me ntt hati sag a i ns tt he f undament alt enet sofadvai t aand,i ft rue,woul dmean t hatadv ai t awasi nv al i d. haThay o g ar e f e r st ot hephy s i c alas pe c t sofRa j ay o g a,i . e . As anasandpr ANayAma.I tl i t e r al l yme ans" v i ol e nc e ,f or c e o ro bs t i na c y , "" abs o l ut ene c e s s i t y "a nds t e msf r o mt hei de a o f" f o r c i ngt hemi nd"t owi t hdr a wf r o mo bj e c t s .Mo ni e r Wi l l i amshast headdi t i onalwor ds :" pe r f or me dwi t hmuc h s e l f t o r t ur e,s uc ha ss t a ndi ngono nel e g,ho l di ngupt he arms,i nhal i ngsmokewi t ht heheadi nver t edet c. . " causeorr eason;t hel ogi calr easonorar gumenti na s y l l o gi s m. as hor tv o we li nSans kr i t ;l i t e r a l l y ,s hor t ,s mal l ,dwar fis h, we ake t c . he ar t ,s e ato ff e e l i ng sands e ns at i o ns ;he ar to re s s e nc eof somet hi ng;t rueordi vi neknowl edge. wi s h,de s i r e ,i nc l i nat i on. t houg ht so fobj e c t s ,c onc e pt s ,f e e l i ng se t c . ,aso ppos e dt o a ha mv RRi t t i-t het ho ug ht" Iam. "Se ev r i t t i . i nt hi swo r l d;no w.( i hal o kaa so ppo s e dt opa r al o ka ,i nt he ' ne xtwor l d' ,i . e .a f t e rde at h) . t henumberfives ymbol i z i ngt hefivese nses .Thefivese nse org ansar ecal l edj ~nAnendri yasandt hefive" org ans"of act i onaret hekar mendr i yas. al soknownast heI savasyaUpani shad,becausei t sfir st v er s ebe gi ns :OM I s hAvAsy ami dam{ \m+}sar v aM. I shAvAsyameans" per vadedbyt hel or d. " wi s hed,de si r e d,l i ke d,be l ov e d. t heLo r d ;c r e at o ro ft hephe no me na luni v e r s e ;wi e l de ro f t hef or ceofmAyA.Seesag unaBr ahman. i ne r t ,l i f e l e s s . t hewor l d( e ar t h) ,manki nde t c . t hewaki ngst at eofconsci ousness.The" wakere go"i s c al l e dv i s hv a.Se eal s o,s us hupt i ,s v apna,t ur i y a. t al k,s pe e c h,di s c our s e ;di s put at i o nwi t h' o v e r be ar i ngand di s put e dr e j o i nde r ' ;ar g ui ngf o rt hes akeofwi nni ng , i r r e s pe c t i v eofwhoi sr i g ht .( Thr e et y pe sofdi s put at i on: j al pa,v i t aNDa,vAda. ) bi r t h. bi r t h. t hes i mpl er e p e t i t i o no fama nt r a ;us ual l yas s o c i at e dwi t h t hei ni t i als t ag eofme di t at i o n.Se emant r a. ol dag e . bi r t h,t hef or m ofe xi s t e nce( asman,ani male t c . ) ;ge nusor s p e c i e s . t hedesi r et oknow ( onesel f ) .Onewhodesi r est oknow one s el f ;as e eke ri scal l e daj i j ~nAs u.
j i v a
j i v anmukt i
j i v at man
j nana( y og a)
j nanakanda j nanani s ht a j nane ndr i y a
j naniorj nani n
j nat r i j ne y a j y ot i s
K Kai l s s a kai v al y a kal a Kal iy ug a kal pa kal pi t a
kama
kamy a
t hei dent i ficat i onoft heAt manwi t habodyandmi nd; some t i messpokenofas" t hee mbodi edAt man. "Seeat man. ( mukt ai st headj e c t i v e-l i be r a t e d;mukt ii st heno unl i be r a t i o n)t hee mo t i o nalbe ne fit sofSe l f kno wl e dg e ;t he ' secondary'gai nofenl i ght enment( dependentupon whe t he rt hes e e ke rwasf ul l yqual i fie sac cor di ngt o sAdhanachat uShTayasampat t i .Aj I vanmukt ai sonei s bot he nl i ght e ne dandwhol i v e swi t ht hes ebe ne fit s ,whi c h mani f es ti nout war dl ov eandcompass i on. anot herwordf orAt man,t oemphasi set hatwear er ef er ri ng t otheAt man i nt hi s' embodi edst at e' ,asopposedt ot he par amAt man,t he" supr emeSel f . "Seeat man. y og abas e dont heac qui s i t i onoft r ueknowl edge( j ~nAna means" knowl edge" )i . e.knowl edgeoft heSel fasopposed t omer ei nf ormat i onaboutt hewor l dofappear ances ( v i dy A) .Se eal s obha kt i ,ka r ma . t ho s es e c t i o nso ft heVe da sc onc e r ne dwi t hkno wl e dg e ,i . e . t heUpani shads. t hef ul landfinalkno wl e dg et hatt hi sSe l fi sal lt hatt he r e i s. anor g a no fpe r c e pt i on( e y e ,e ar ,no se ,t ong ue ,s ki n) ,pl ur a l j ~nAne ndr yAni . l i t er al l y ,onewhoi sendowedwi t hknowl edgeor i nt e l l i g e nc e ;as ag e ;of t e nus e dt or e f e rt oo newhoi s e nl i g ht e ne d.( j ~nAni ni st hepr At i padi kaj ~nAnIi st he no mi nat i v es i ng ul a rpa da . )Se ej na na( y o g a) . onewhoknowsorunder s t ands;al sos ome t i mesuse d i nt er changeabl ywi t hsAkShi n( wi t ness) . he ar t ,s e ato ff e e l i ng sands e ns at i o ns ;he ar to re s s e nc eof somet hi ng;t rueordi vi neknowl edge. l i g ht( ofs un,dawn,l i g ht ni nge t c . ) ;fir e ;l i g htast hedi v i ne pr i nc i pl eofl i f e ,i nt e l l i ge nc e . f abl edpar adi s eofShi v ai nt heHi mal ay as . absol ut euni t y ,det achmentoft hesoulf r om f urt her t r a ns mi g r a t i o n,l e a di ngt oe t e r nalhappi ne s sor emanci pat i on. t i me t hepr e s e nta ndfinalag e( I r o n ag e )i nac y c l eofc r e at i o n ( f ol l o we dbydi s s ol ut i on-pr a l a yaands t ar tag ai n) .Se e kal pa. onedayi nt hel i f eofBr ahma,t heCr eat or;equalt o994 cycl esofagesand4, 320, 000, 000year s. made ,f abr i c at e d,ar t i fici al ;i nv ent e d;suppos e d;i nf e r r e d. desi r e,l ongi ng;oneoft hef ourpuruShAr t has.Shankara di ffe r e nt i at e st hi sf r o mr Ag a :r Ag ai sat t a c hme ntt o some t hi ngoneal r eadyhaswher easkAmai swant i ng somet hi ngonedoesn' thave.( Nott obeconf usedwi t h kar ma. )Seepur ushar t ha. de s i r abl e ,agr e e abl e;mor eusual l ye ncount e r e di nt he
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cont extof' act i on'-kAmyakarmameansact i onspr ompt ed byde si r eort hewi s hf orpe r sonalbene fit ,asoppose dt o ni t yakarma,doneoutofasenseofdut y . par tors e c t i o n,di v i s i onofawor korbook,e s pe c i al l y r e l at i ngt ot heVe das .
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poi nt e r ;i ndi c at i ngore xpr e s s i ngi ndi r e c t l y ;ac c ur a t e de s c r i pt i o no rde fini t i o n. t hatwhi c hi st obec har ac t e r i z e d,de fine d,i ndi c a t e do r expressed. i mpl i e do ri ndi r e c t l ye x pr e s s e dme ani ng( a soppo s e dt o vAc hyAr t ha) . wor l dl y ,be l ongi ngt ooroc c ur r i ngi nor di nar yl i f e .l auki ka anumAnai si nf er encebysci ent i ficr easoni ng,basedon o bs e r v a t i o n. l i t e r al l y" di s sol ut i on"( andt hel as ts t a gei nt hecy cl eof c r e a t i o n,pr e s e r v at i o n andde s t r uc t i o no ft heuni v e r s e ) . Al s ous e dt or ef e rt ot hef our s t agepr oc e ssf ordi s sol v i ng i gnor ancedesc r i bedi nt heaShTAvakr agI t A.See As t av akr a,Gi t a. t r ac e ,s mal lpar torpor t i on. l i t e r a l l y" pl a y , "" amus e me nt "or" pas t i me " ;t hei de at hatt he appar e ntc r e a t i o ni sadi v e r s i o nf o rac r e at o r-ame ansf o r Hi mt oenj oyHi msel f .Hepl aysal lt hepart si nsuchaway t hatt he yar ei g no r a nto ft he i rr e alnat ur eandbe l i e v e t hemsel vesseparat e. si gn,mar korbadge;evi dence.Somet i mesusedasl i ~Nga s har I r at ode s c r i bet hes ubt l ebo dy . wor l d,uni v e r se ,s kyorheav e net c .( adj ec t i v el auki ka) . f ounde roft hes c hoolofdv ai t aphi l os ophy . mi ddl e,i nt er medi at e.madhyamA-medi at i ng;t het hi r d st agei nt hepr oduct i onofsound;t he" medi um"i nwhi ch somet hi ngi sexpr esse d. gr os se l e ment( e t her ,ai r ,fir e ,wat e r ,e ar t h) . I nSanskri t ,descr i besaconsonantt hati ssoundedwi t h addi t i o nale xpe l l i ngofai r .I tme ans" wi t hmuc hbr e at h. " Spe c i fic al l y ,i ti sus e df o rt ho s ec o ns o nant so nt he2nda nd 4t hr owsoft hemai ngr oups,namel ykh,Ch,Th,t h,ph andgh,j h,Dh,dh,bh. r e s pe c t a bl epe r s o n,no bl e ,mag na ni mo us ;' Si r 'a saf o r mo f address. gr eat ,i mpor t ant ,di s t i ng ui s he d. hi g hmi nde d,no bl e ;e x c e e di ng l ywi s e ;di s t i ng ui s he d;t he s upr e mes pi r i t ,g r e a ts oulo ft heuni v e r s e . mahameans" gr eat " ;vAkyameans" speec h,sayi ngor s t a t e me nt . "Thef o ur" g r e a ts a y i ng s "f r o mt heVe dasar e :" Co ns c i o us ne s si sBr a hma n, "" Thatt ho ua r t , "" Thi sSe l fi s Br ahman"and" Iam Br ahman. " agr eatl or d.
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i nt e r e s t i ngone s e l fabo utany t hi ng ;( mo r eus ual l y )t he no t i o nt hat' t hi si smi ne ' ,c . f .ahaMkAr a. t hecl eari ngofdoubt sbyaski ngques t i onsonwhathas be e nhear d( shr av aNa)f r om t hegur u.Thi si st hes ec ond s t ag eoft hec l as s i c als pi r i t ualpat h.Se eal s os ams ha y a, shr avana,ni di dhyasana. t he" org an"ofmi ndact i ngasi nt er medi arybet weent he sensesandt hei nt el l ect( buddhi )ont hewayi nandt he i nt e l l e c ta ndt heo r g a nso fac t i o no nt hewa yout .The s ear e i t spr i mar yf unc t i o nsand" t hi nki ng "o ug htt oc ons i s to nl y oft hepr o c e ss i ngofdat aonbe hal foft hei nt e l l e c t . Unf or t unat e l y ,i tus ual l yt r i e st ot akeont her o l eoft he i nt e l l e c ti t s e l fandt hi si swhe nt hi nki ngbe c ome sa pr obl em.Seeahankar a,ant akar ana,buddhiandchi t t a. Oneoft hemaj orUpani shadsandpossi bl yt hesi ngl emost i mport ant ,whenconsi der edi nconj unct i onwi t ht he kAr i kAwr i t t enbygauDapAda.( I nmanyver si onsoft hi s Upani shad,t her ei snodi st i nct i onmadebet weent he or i gi nalandt headdi t i onsmadebyg auDapAdaandt her e i ss omear gumentov erwhi chi swhi ch. )SeeGaudapada, kari ka,Upani shad. t houg ht ,r e fle c t i on,c ons i de r a t i on,wi s do m,i nt e l l i g e nc e . ( adj .manI Shaya) l o ssofc ons c i o us ne s s ;us e dt oi ndi c at eani nt e ns e' s pi r i t ual e xpe r i e nc e ' . t hement alsheat h( oneoft he" fiveCover i ngs"t hat sur r oundourt r ueess ence) . agr oupofwords( orsomet i mesonl yoneormoresyl l abl es) , t r a di t i o nal l yha v i ngs omemy s t i c als i g ni fic anc e ,be i ngi n manyrel i gi onsanact ual' nameofGod'orashortpr ayer . Of t enusedi nmedi t at i on( al waysi nTranscendent al Me di t at i o n) .Se ej apa. someonewhoj us tknows' about 'At manr at hert han knowi ngAt mandi r ect l y( anAt mavi d) . de at h. pa t h,t r ac k,wa y .v i c hAr amAr g ai st r ans l at e da s" Di r e c t Pat h, "r e f e r r i ngt ot hepar t i c ul arme t ho do ft e ac hi ng Adv ai t a. be l i e f( al s ot hought ,i de a,opi ni on,s e nt i ment ,doc t r i ne ) . Al s ous e di nt hes e ns eofa' phi l os ophy' . ( r e l i gi ous )c ol l e geort e mpl e . ameasur eofanyki nd.I nSanskr i t ,t heshortvoweli ssai d t obe1mAt r Aandt hel ongvowel2,i . e.soundedf ort wi ce t hel e ng t h. I nSans kr i t ,r e f e r st ot he14v o we l s ,t o ge t he rwi t ht he anusvAraandvi sar ga Me ani ng
Engl i sh N nai mi t t i kaakarma occasi onal ,speci aldut i es.
no tt hi s( na-no t ;i t i-t hi s ) .Us e dbyt hei nt e l l e c twhe ne v e r ne t i i ti st ho ug htt ha tt heSe l fmi g htbes ome' t hi ng 'o bs e r v e d e . g .bo dy ,mi nde t c . medi t at i ngupont hee ss enceofwhathasnow been i nt e l l e ct ual l yunde r s t oodunt i lt he r ei st o t a lc onv i c t i on.The ni di dhyasana t hi r ds t ag eoft hec l as s i c als pi r i t ualpat h.Se eal s o shr av anaandmanana. ' wi t ho utq ual i t i e s ' ;us ual l yr e f e r r i ngt oBr a hmanand ni r guna meani ngt hati ti sbeyondanydescr i pt i onort hought .See Br ahman,saguna,I sv ar a. ( r e f e r r i ngt os amadhi )' wi t ho ut 'do ubt sabo uto ne ' si de nt i t y ni r v i kal pa wi t ht heoneSel f .Sees av i kal pa,s amadhi ,v i kal pa. de s i r e l e s sor' r i g ht 'ac t i o n;t hema nne ri nwhi c ho neoug ht ni s hkamakar ma t oactsoasnott oi ncuranykarmaphal a. ni t y akar ma or di nar y ,usual ,obl i g at or ydut i e s . r e f e r st ol o gi c alandi nf e r e nt i almat e r i albas e dupo nt he Ve das ,ofwhi c ht hemos twe l lknowni st heBr ahmas ut r a nyay apras t hana ofVyasa( nyay ameansmet hod,axi om,l ogi calar gument e t c . ) .Se epr a mana,pr as t hanat r a y a ,s mr i t i ,s r ut i . P l i t e r al l yme a ns' fif t e e n'be c a us ei tha st hi smanyc hapt e r sPanc hadashi abookwr i t t enbyVi dyar anya( ,basedupon vi dyAr aNya) t heUpani shads. l i t e r al l y' wi s e'asanadj e ct i v eor' s chol ar ,t e ac her , phi l osopher 'asanounandusedi nt hi swayi nt he pandi t a scr i pt ur es.Howev er ,i thascomet omeansomeonewho kno wsal o to ft he or ybutdo esv e r yl i t t l epr ac t i c e . l i t e r al l y' bad'or' wi c ke d'butus edi nt hese ns eoft he' s i n' papa t hataccrues( accor di ngt ot het heoryofkarma)f r om per f ormi ngsel fishact i ons.Seeal sopunya. t he' supr emeSel f 'asopposedt ot heat mani nt he par amat man embodi edst at e,t hej i vat man.Seeat man. par amar t ha t hehi ghestt rut horr eal i t y;t henoumenalasopposedt o ( noun) ; t hephenomenalwor l dofappear ances( vyav ahari ka) .See par amar t hi ka pr at i bhasi kaandvyav ahari ka. ( adj . ) l i t e r a l l y' pr o ce e di ngf r o mo net oano t he r ' ;' g ur upar ampar a' par ampar a r e f e r st ot het r adi t i o no fg ur u-di s c i pl epas s i ngo n wi s do m t hr ought heages .Seeal sosampr adaya. ( v e r b)t okno wo runde r s t a nd,findo ut ,pe r c e i v eo rl e ar n; pr a j na ( no un)wi s do m,i nt e l l i g e nc e ,kno wl e dg e .No tt obec o nf us e d wi t hpr bel ow. Aj ~na t he' de e ps l e e pe g o'i nt hede e ps l e e ps t at eo f c ons ci ous ne ss ,s us hupt i .Li t e r al l y ,' wi s e,c l e ve r '( adj . )or' a pr a j na wi s eman'or' i nt e l l i g e ncedepe nde ntoni ndi v i dual i t y' .Se e al s ov i s va,t ai j as a. t hede s t r uc t i o no ft hewo r l da tt hee ndo fakal pa.Se e p r a l a y a kal pa. pr akr i t i l i t e r al l yt heor i gi nalornat ur alf or m orc ondi t i onof any t hi ng ;g e ne r al l yus e dt or e f e rt owha twewo ul dc a l l
' nat ur e ' . v al i dmeansf orac qui r i ngknowl e dg e .Ther ear e6oft he se i nVe dant a :-pe r c e pt i o n (r ,i nf e r enc e p at yaksha) ( ,s c r i pt ur a lorv e r b alt e s t i mony( anumAna) shabdaor pr amana ) ,anal og y( ,pr esumpt i on Agamashr ut i upamAna) ( )andnonappre hensi on( ) .Thefir s t ar t hApat t i anupal abdhi t hr eear et hemaj oronesr ef er r edt obyShankara. l i t e r al l yt he' br e at hofl i f e ' ;t hev i t alf or c ei nt hebodywi t h prana whi c hwei dent i f yi nt he' v i t als heat h' . t hes he at hmadeofai rorbr e at h,i . e .t he' v i t all i f e 'oft he pr anamay akos ha body-t hes e c ondoft hefiv es he at hs( kos ha)wi t hwhi c hwe i de nt i f y . t hepr a c t i c eofc ont r o l l i ngt hebr e at h;o neoft het e c hni q ue s pr anay ama o fAs ht ang aorRa j aYo g ai nPa t a nj a l i ' ss y s t e m. t hi sl i t e r al l yme ans' be gun'or' unde r t ake n' .Thef r ui tofal l o fo urp as ta c t i o nt hati sno w ha v i ngi t se ffe c t .Thi si sone prarabdha o ft het hr e et y pe so fs ans ka r a .Se ea g ami n,s anc hi t a , sanskara. me ans' s y s t e m'o r' c o ur s e 'i nt hes e ns eofa pr as t hAna j our ne y;t j us tme ans' t hr e e f ol d' .I tr e f e r st ot het hr e e r aya pr a s t ha nat r a y a s o ur c e sofkno wl e dg eoft heSe l f :ny a y apr a s t ha na,s r ut i andsmri t i . pr at i bhasa( noun) ' appe ar i ngoroc c ur r i ngt ot hemi nd' ,' e xi s t i ngonl yi n pr a t i bhas i ka( adj . ) appearance' ,ani l l usi on.Seeparamart ha,vyavahara. t het he or yt hatt hej i v ai sar e fle c t i o no ft heat man,s i mi l ar pr at i bi mbavada t oat her e fle c t i o no fano bj e c ti nami r r o r . l i t e r al l y' good'or' vi r t uous' ;us edt or e f e rt ot he' r e war d' punya t hataccr uest ous( accor di ngt ot het heoryofkarma) t hr ought heperf ormi ngofunsel fishact i ons.Seeal sopapa. Theg e ne r alme ani ngoft hi st e r mi s' anyobj ec tofhuman pur s ui t 'buti ti sus e dhe r ei nt hese ns eofhuman( i . e .s e l f ) purushartha e ffor tt oo v er c o me' f at e ' ,t hef r ui tofone ' spas tac t i ons .Se e karma,sanskar a. Engl i sh Me ani ng R Raj aYoga( =ki ng ,i . e .r o yal )i st heyog aofPat anj al i ,as r Aj a wr i t t enabouti n' TheYog aSut r asofPat anj al i ' .I ti sde fine d r a j ay og a as' t hesys t em ofconcent r at i onandmedi t at i onbasedon e t hi c aldi s ci pl i ne ' .I ti sal s oc al l e das ht ang a(aShTanga) y og a,meani ng' e i ght f ol d' . t hesecondoft het hr eeguna.Associ at edwi t hani mal sand r a j a s ac t i v i t y ,e mo t i o ns ,de s i r e ,s e l fis hne s sandpas s i o n. Adj e ct i v e-r aj as s i corr aj ass i ka. .Se eguna.
S sadguru sadhana s ag una
t heul t i mat egur u-o ne ' sownSe l f( s at=t r ue ,r e al ) .Se e guru. l i t e r al l y' l e adi ngs t r ai ghtt oagoal ' ;r e f e r st ot hespi r i t ual di s c i pl i ne sf ol l o we daspar tofa' pat h't o war dSe l f r e al i s a t i o n.Se eal s oc ha t us ht a y as ampat t i . ' wi t hqual i t i e s' ,usual l yuse dt or e f e rt oBr ahman
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sanatana
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pe r s o ni fie dast hec r e a t o r ,I s war a ,t os y mbo l i s et hemo s t spi ri t ualaspectoft hewor l dofappearances.SeeBr ahman, I s v a r a ,ni r g una . Onc eSe l f r e al i s at i o n hasbe e nat t ai ne d,t he r ei sf ul land l as t i ngkno wl e dg eoft heSe l f .' me ans' s t at e 'but sahaj a' t hi ss t ag eofs amadhii sno tas t at e-i ti sourt r uenat ur e . I ti sper manent( me ani ng' s t e ady 'or' r e mai ni ng ' ) , s t hi t i unl i ket hee ar l i e rs t ag e sofs amadhi .Se eni r v i kal pa, s amadhi ,s a v i ka l pa ,v i kal pa. ' be i ngorb e c omi ng '( wi t ne ss '( . bhAva)a' sAkshi n) se e i ng,obs e r v i ng,a' wi t ness ' ,e goo rs ubj e ct . c onc e nt r a t i on;oneoft he' s i xqual i t i e s 't hatf or m par to f Shankara' schat usht ayasampat t i .Seec hat usht aya sampat t i . t hes t at eoft o t alpe ac eands t i l l ne s sac hi e v e ddur i ngde e p me di t a t i o n-s e ev i kal pa,s a v i ka l pas ama dhi ,ni r v i kal pa samadhiandsahaj ast hi t i . aphi l o so phi c alo rr e l i g i o ust e xtc o ns t r uc t e dac c or di ngt o c e r t ai nr ul e sofs o und.Se eAs t a v akr a,g i t a. t het r a di t i o no re s t abl i s he ddo ct r i neoft e ac hi ngf r o m mast ert opupi lt hr ought heages. t hec ont i nualc y c l eofde at ha ndr e bi r t h,t r a ns mi g r a t i o n et c.t owhi chwear esupposedl ysubj ecti nt hephenomenal wor l dunt i lwebe c omee nl i ght e nedande s cape . unce r t ai nt y ,i r r e s ol ut i on,hes i t at i onordoubt .Seemanana. l i t e r al l y' e t e r nal 'or' pe r mane nt ' ;i nc onj unc t i onwi t h dha r ma ,t hi sr e f e r st ooure s s e nt i a lna t ur e .Thephr as e ' s anat anadhar ma'i sal s ous e dt or e f e rt ot het r adi t i o nal Hi ndupr act i cesorasasynonym f or' Hi ndui sm' .See dhar ma. o neo ft het hr e et y pe sofs ans kar a,l i t e r a l l yme ani ng ' c ol l e c t e d'o r' pi l e dup' ;t hats ans kar a,whi c hhasbe e n ac c umul a t e df r o m pas ta c t i o nbuthass t i l lno tma ni f e s t . Seeagami n,pr ar abdha,sanskara. Whene v e ranac t i oni spe r f or medwi t ht hede s i r ef ora s pe c i ficr e s ul t( whe t he rf o ro ne s e l fo ra no t he r ) ,s ans kar ai s cr eat edf ort hatper son.Theseaccumul at eanddet er mi ne t hes i t ua t i o nswi t hwhi c hwewi l lbepr e s e nt e di nt he f ut ur eandwi l li nflue nc et hes c o peo ff ut ur eac t i o ns .Se e agami n,kar ma,pr ar abdha,sanchi t aandkar ma. t hefinals t ag eo ft het r adi t i o nalHi ndus pi r i t ualpat h; i nv o l v e sc o mpl e t er e nunc i a t i o n.Thewo r dl i t e r a l l yme a ns ' put t i ngort hr o wi ngdo wn,l a yi ngas i de ' ;i . e .be c omi nga pr o f e s s i o na la s c e t i c .Onewhodo e ss oi sc al l e das any a s i n ( .Seebrahmacharya,gri hast a,vanapr ast ha. saMnyAsi n) e xi s t e nce ,r e al i t y ,t r ut h.Se eananda,c hi t ,sat c hi t ananda. t heo f tus e dwo r dt ode s c r i beo urt r uena t ur e ,t r a ns l a t e d asbe i ng c o ns c i o us ne s s bl i s s . associ at i onwi t ht hegood;keepi ng' goodcompany' ;most commonl yusednow t or ef ert oagr oupofpeopl egat her ed t o ge t he rt odi s c us s( Adv ai t a)phi l o so phy .
t hehi g he s to ft het hr e eguna.As s oc i at e dwi t hs t i l l ne s s , s a t t v a pe ac e ,t r ut h,wi s do m,uns e l fis hne s sands pi r i t ua l i t y . Adj e ct i v e-s at t wi cors at t vi ka.Se eguna. t he( 4t h)s t ag eonas pi r i t ualpat h,af t e rwhi c ht he r ei sno l ongeranyneedf oreffortt obemade( socal l edbecause s a t t v a p a t i t her ei snow anabundanceofsat t va) . pat means A t i ' e nt e r i ngi nt oas t at eorc ondi t i on' . ( r e f e r r i ngt os amadhi )s t i l l' wi t h'doubt sabouto ne ' s s a v i k a l p a i de nt i t ywi t ht heoneSe l f .Se eni r v i kal pa,s amadhi , vi kal pa. scr i pt ur alorver balt est i mony .Seepr amana,nyaya shabda pr as t hana,pr as t hanat r a y a,s r ut i ,s mr i t i . l i t e r a l l yt r anqui l l i t y ,abs e nc eofpas s i onbutmor eus ual l y t r a ns l at e dasme nt aldi s c i pl i neors e l f c ont r ol ;o neoft he s hama ' s i xqual i t i e s 't hatf o r m par to fShankar a ' sc hat us ht a y a sampat t i .Seechat usht ayasampat t i . 8t hCent uryI ndi an phi l osopherr esponsi bl ef orfirml y Shankara e s t abl i s hi ngt hepr i nc i pl e sofAdv ai t a. Thet i t l egi v e nt ooneoft hef ourt e ac her s( s e eac har y a) Shankaracharya f o l l o wi ngt het r adi t i o ni nI ndi ae s t abl i s he dbySha nka r a ( seeShankara) . f ai t h,t r us torbe l i e f( i nt heabs enc eofdi r e c tpe r s onal e xpe r i e nc e) ;oneoft he' s i xqual i t i e s't hatf or m par tof shraddha Shankara' schat usht ayasampat t i .Seec hat usht aya sampat t i . heari ngt het rut hf r om asageorr eadi ngabouti ti nsuch shravana wor ksast heUpani s hads .Se emanana,ni di dhy as ana. r e f e r st ot heVe das ,i nc or po r at i ngt heUpani s hads .Li t e r a l l y me a ns' he a r i ng 'a ndr e f e r st ot hebe l i e ft ha tt hebo oks shr ut i cont ai nor al l yt r ansmi t t ed,sacr edwi sdom f r om t hedawn oft i me.Seenyayapr ast hana,pr amana,smr i t i . ' g oodde s i r e ' ;t hei ni t i ali mpul s et hats t ar tusonas pi r i t ual s e ar c h.shubha me ans' a us pi c i o us ' ,' g oo d( i namo r a l shubhecha s e ns e ) 'andi me ans' wi s h' ,' de si r e ' . c hChA r e f e r st oma t e r i al' r e me mbe r e d'a ndsubs e q ue nt l ywr i t t e n do wn.I npr a c t i c e ,i tr e f e r st oboo ksofl a w( i nt hes e ns eof gui dancef orl i vi ng)whi chwer ewri t t enandbasedupont he s mr i t i knowl edgei nt heVedas,i . e.t hesocal l eddharma-s hAst r as -Manu, Yaj naval kya,Parashara.I nt hecont extofnyaya pr as t hana,i ti sus e dt or e f e rt oj us to neoft he s ebo okst heBhagavadGi t a.Seepr amana,nyayaprast hana,sr ut i . t het he o r yt hatt hewo r l di ss e pa r a t ef r o mo ur s e l v e s , s ri s ht i dr i sht i havi ngbeencr eat ed( byGodorbi gbang)andevol vi ng v ada i nde pe nde nt l yo fo ur s e l v e s .Se eal s oadhy as a,dr i s ht i s r i s ht i v ada. meani ngone' st andi ng'( n' wi s dom' (r ;aman s t hi t a)i p aj ~nA) ofst eadi nessandcal m,fir mi nj udgement ,cont ent ed.The s t hi t apr a j na namegi ve nbyt heBhagavadGi t at oonewhoi sSel f r e al i s ed. t hede e ps l e e ps t at eofc ons c i o us ne s s .The' s l e e pe re g o'i s sushupt i c al l e dpr a j na (r .Se ej ag r at ,pr a j na,s v apna,t ur i y a. p Aj ~na)
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one ' sowndhar ma.Se edhar ma. ' s l e e p'i ng e ne r a l ,butmo r es pe c i fic al l yt hedr e am s t at eof c ons c i o us ne s s .The' dr e ame re g o'i sc al l e dt ai j as a.Se eal s o, j agr at ,s us hupt i ,t ai j as a,t ui r i y a. Me ani ng same nes s ,i de nt i t yofnat ur eorc har ac t er . t hei ndi v i dual" dr e a me re g o "i nt hedr e am s t at eo f c o ns c i o us ne s s ,s v a pna .Se ea l s ov i s v a ,pr a j na. o neoft hepr i nc i palUpani s hads .( t ai t t i r I y awasoneoft he s c ho ol soft heY aj urV e da . ) t he" l o we s t "o ft het hr e eg una .As s o c i at e dwi t hmat t e ra nd c ar r y i ngc har a c t e r i s t i c ss uc hasi ne r t i a,l az i ne s s, he e dl e s s ne s sandde at h.I tl i t e r al l yme ans" da r kne s s "o r " g l o om. "Adj e c t i v e-t a mas i c( Eng . ) ;t Amas aort Amas i ka ( Sansk. ) .Seeguna. subt l eel ement ,ofwhi cht her earefive:shabda( sound, s pe e c h) ,s par s ha( t o uc h) ,r Upa( f o r m) ,r a s a( t as t e )and gandha( smel l ) .( Thegr ossel ement sar et hemahAbhUt as: e t he r ,ai r ,fir e ,wat e rande ar t h. ) ma i no re s s e nt i alpo i nt .( Al s odo c t r i neort he o r ya ndt he bodyofs c r i pt ur e sr e l at i ngt oat t ai ni ngmy s t i caluni onwi t h t hedi v i net hr o ug hme di t a t i o n. ) aus t e r i t y ,l i v i ngas i mpl el i f ewi t houtc omf or t s .Oneoft he fiveni yamasi nRaj ayoga. r e as oni ng,s pe c ul at i on,phi l os ophi cals y s t em ordoct r i ne. ( adj .f r o mt ar ka)r e l at e dt oorbe l ong i ngt ol og i c ;( noun,l e ss common)l ogi ci anorphi l osopher . s at i at i ng ,r e f r e s hi ng ,pr o c es sofpl e as i ng( e sp.ofg odsv i a appr opri at ec er emony) . apr oper t ydi st i nctf r om t henat ur eoft hebodyandyett hat bywhi c hi ti sknown.Ane xampl ewoul dbet el l i ngs ome one t hatt heho us et he yar er e f e r r i ngt oi nt hes t r e e tahe adi s t heonewi t ht hec r ow ont hec hi mney .Thehousei swhat t hel i s t e ne ri si nt e r e s t e di nbutt hec r o wi sat aT as t ha l akShaNa,i . e.t hatbywhi chi ti sknown. e v e r y whe r e( t at r ao ni t so wnme a ns' t he r e ,i nt hatpl ac e , t hi t he r ,ont hatoc c as i on) . fir e( o rl i g ht )-o neo ft hefiv ee l e me nt so rp a~nc ha bhUt a. As soc i at e dwi t hs i ght . comment ary ,es ponanot hercomment ary ,e. g.t hatby Anandagi r ionShankar a' sc omme nt ar yonGaudapada' s kAr i kA. shar p( oft hei nt e l l e ct-buddhi ) . f or be ar a nc eorpat i e nc e ;oneoft he" s i xqual i t i e s "t hatf or m partofShankara' schat uShTayasampat t i .Seec hat usht aya sampat t i ,shamadishat kasampat t i . t het hr e et i mesort e nses( pas t ,pr e s e ntandf ut ur e ) . t hatwhi c ht r a ns c e ndsp as t ,pr e s e ntandf ut ur e( de s c r i bi ng t heSe l f ) .
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cont e nt me nt ,s at i s f ac t i on. t hr eef ol d( noun)usedofknower knownactofknowi ng, s ee r s ee nac to fs ee i nget c ;( t r i puT ai st headj e ct i v e ) t hi r d. e mpt y ,v ai n,t r i fli ng ,l i t t l e ;al s ous edi nt hese ns eof' t o t al l y unr e al ' ,c . f .pr At i bhAs i ka. l i t e r al l yt he" f our t h"[ s t at eofc ons ci ous ne ss ] .I tr e f e r st o t henondualr eal i t y ,t hebackgr oundagai nstwhi cht he o t he rs t at e s( wa ki ng ,dr e a ma ndde e ps l e e p)ar i s e .I ti sour t r uena t ur e .Theo t he rt hr e es t a t e sar emi t hy A.( I fde fine d mer el yast hehi ghes t" st at e"t henRamanaMahars hical l s ourt r uenat ur e' t ur i y at i t a'butt hi swor di sno t e nc o unt e r e di nt hes c r i pt ur e s . ) r e nunc i at i on.
l i t e r a l l ybo t h,i nbo t hwa y s ,o fbo t hki nds ;ha v i ng i nt e r me di ar ys t at us . s uffic i e nt ,r e q ui r e d.Asi nuc hi t ade s hakAl a-( e v e r yo bj e c t uc hi t a r e q ui r e sac e r t ai namo unto fs pac ea nddur a t i o nf o ri tt o be' r eal ') . udahar ana e xampl e,i ns t ance ,i l l ust r at i on. o neoft hefiv e" v i t alai r s , "as s oc i at e dwi t ht het hr o at .Mo r e udana g e ne r a l l yr e l a t e st ot heunde r s t andi ngt hathasbe e n gai nedf r om pastexper i ence. l i t e r al l y" t heac to ft aki ngf oro ne se l f " ;us edt or e f e rt ot he upadana " mat er i alcause"i nl ogi c( upAdAnakaraNa) . upade sha i ns t r uc t i onort e ac hi ng . " AThousandTeachi ngs"-bookat t r i but edt oShankar a Upades haSahas r i ( wi t hmor ecer t ai nt yt hanmost ) .sAhasri kameans " c o ns i s t i ngofat ho us a nd. " Li t e r a l l y ,t hi sme anss ome t hi ngt hati sputi npl ac eof a no t he rt hi ng ;as ubs t i t ut e ,pha nt o mo rdi s g ui s e .I n upadhi Ve dant a,i ti sc ommonl yr e f er r e dt oasa" l i mi t at i on"or " l i mi t i ngadj unc t "i . e .o neoft he" i de nt i fic at i ons "madeby ahaMkAr at hatpr event susf r om r eal i zi ngt heSel f . upahi t a de pe ndi ngupon;c onne c t e dwi t h. upamana compar i s on,r e s e mbl anc e ,anal ogy . o neo ft he( 108+)bo oksf o r mi ngpa r t( us ua l l yt hee nd)o f oneoft hef ourVedas.Thepart soft hewordmean:t osi t ( Shad)ne aramas t e r( upa)athi sf e e t( ni ) ,s ot hatt hei de a i st hatwes i tatt hef e e tofamas t e rt ol i s t e nt ohi swor d s. upani shad Mo ni e r Wi l l i ams( Re f .5)s t at e st hat ," ac c or di ngt onat i v e a ut ho r i t i e s ,upa ni s ha dme ans" s e t t i nga tr e s ti g no r a nc eb y r e v e a l i ngt hekno wl e dg eoft hes upr e mes pi r i t . "Se e Ve dant a. de s i s t i ngf r o ms e ns uale nj o y me nt ;" r e v e l l i ng "i nt hatwhi c h i s" ne ar "i . e .one ' sownSe l f ;al s ot r a ns l at e dasf ol l o wi ng upar amaor o ne ' sdha r mao rdut y ;o neoft he" s i xq ua l i t i e s "t hatf o r m upar at i partofShankara' schat usht ayasampat t i .Seechat usht aya sampat t i ,shamadishat kasampat t i . ubhaya
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wor shi ppe r ,f ol l owe r ,se e ker . wor shi p,homag e,wai t i ngupon;l i t e r al l yt heac tofs i t t i ng upasana orbei ngneart o;somet i mesusedi nt hesenseof " me di t at i on. " c e s s at i o n,s t o ppi ng ,be c omi ngq ui e t . upas hama [ pr apa~nc hopas hamam i nt heMa.U. ] anot hert er mf or" pat h"( seemarga)-t hatbywhi chone upaya r eachesone' sai m,ameansorexpedi ent ,way . TheSanskr i tt e r mf ort hes i bi l ant s,s h,Shands ,t oge t he r ushman wi t hh.Thewor di t se l fl i t e r al l yme ans" he at ,s t e am or v apour . " ut kar s ha supe r i or ,e mi ne nt . ut t ama upper mos t ,e xce l l e nt ,hi ghe s t . t heVe da nt aphi l o s ophy ,ba s edo nt hel a t t e r( ut t ar a )par to f t heVe da sr at he rt ha nt hee ar l i e r( pUr v a ) .I t sf o unde rwa s Badar ay ana,whoaut hor edt heBr ahmasut r as.Ther ear e Ut t ar aMi mams a t hr e emai ns c ho ol swi t hi nt hi s-dv a i t a,adv a i t aa nd vi s hi ShTAdv ai t a.SeeBr ahmas ut r as ,mi mams a, pur v ami mams a,v e da. V v ac har ambhanaor dependi ngonmer ewor dsorsomemer el yv er baldi ffer ence . v ag al ambana nameo fo neo ft het wos c ho ol so fAdv a i t a,af t e rt he Vac has pat i phi l o so phe rv Ac has pat imi s hr a.I ti sal s ocal l e dt he bhAmat Is c hool .Theot he rsc hooli st hev i v ar aNas c hool . t hedi r e c t l ye xpr e s se dme ani ng( l i t e r a lde s cr i pt i on) ,as v ac hy ar t ha oppose dt ol akShyAr t ha. s pe e c h,pr o po s i t i o n,di s c o ur s e ,ar g ume nt ,di s c us s i o n, e xpl anat i o nore xpos i t i on( ofs c r i pt ur e se t c . ) ;di s put ewi t h v ada t heai mo fr e ac hi ngt her i g htc o nc l us i o n,i r r e s pe c t i v eof who' wi ns ' .( Thr e et ype sofdi s put at i on:j al pa,v i t aNDa, vAda) . v ai dar my a di ffer e nc e ,he t er og e nei t y . v ai dhar my a hav i ngdi ffe r e ntnat ur eorqual i t i e s ;he t e r oge nei t y . v ai khar i spe ec h;t hef our t hs t agei nt hepr oduc t i onofsound. v ai kunt ha he av en. det achmentordi spassi on;i ndi ffer encet ot hepl easur et hat r e s ul t sf r o ms uc c e s so rt hedi s appo i nt me ntt ha tr e s ul t s v ai r agy a f r o mf ai l ur e .Li t e r al l yt obe" de pr i v edof "( v ai )" pas si onor desi r e"( r Aga) .Seesadhana,chat usht ayasampat t i . oneoft hes i xc l as s i c alI ndi anPhi l os ophi e s ,al at e r dev el opmentofnyAyabyt het heol ogi an,Kanada;named v ai s he s hi ka af t e rt heni ne" e s se nt i al l ydi ffe r e nts ubs t anc e s"be l i e v e dt o c o ns t i t ut ema t t e r .Se eda r s ha na ,v i s he s ha. t hegrossphysi calcondi t i on,orwaki ngst at eofman( more usual l yknownasvi shva,t hewaker ) .br ahman " l ocat edi n" v ai s hv anar a t hebodi l yf or m.Li t e r a l l yme ans" r e l at i ngt oorbe l o ng i ngt o al lme n,uni v e r s a l . "Thewo r di sal s ous e df o rt he mac r o c os mi cl e v e l ,v i r Ajo rv i r AT . v ai s hy a awor ki ngman,t r ade rorf ar me r-t het hi r doft he
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t r a di t i onalf ourc as t e si nI ndi a. f al seness.Equi val entt omi t hyAt va.Usedi nsecondchapt er ofGaudapada' skAr i kAsonMa.U.t oexpl ai nmeani ngof pr apa~nchopas hamam i n7t hmAnt r a. speech,l anguagesound;speechper soni fiedast he Godde s s,wi f eofpr a j Apat i( l or dofc r e at ur e s ) . bookonSanskr i tgr ammar ,wr i t t e nbybhar t RRi har i . r e l at i ngt ot hes e c t i onsofpar t i cul arUpani s hads. t het hi r ds t a geoft het r a di t i onalHi ndus pi r i t ualpat h,i n whi c ht heBr ahmanr e t i r e sf r om l i f eandbe c ome sa" f or e s t dwe l l e r , "l i v i ngasahe r mi t .Tr a di t i onal l yspe aki ng ," a pr o pe r l yi ni t i at e ddv i j aort wi c e bor n. "Se eal s o br ahmac har y a,gr i has t a,sany as a. l i t e r a l l y' s onofabar r e nwoman' ;us e di ng e ne r a lt or e f e rt o any t hi ngt ha ti si ma gi nar yo ri mpo s s i bl e . l i t e r al l y" de si r i ng "o r" wi s hi ng "-l at e ntbe ha vi or a lt e nde nc y i none' snat ur ebr oughtaboutt hr oughpastact i on( karma) andt hesaMskAr at hatr esul t edf r om t hi s.Seekarma, sanskara. eponymoussageoft he" YogaVasi sht a"oneoft hecl assi cal wor ksofAdv ai t a. subs t ant i al ,r e al ,t r ue . at hi ngt hate xi s t s ,obj e ct ,s ubj e ctmat t e r .St r i c t l y speaki ng,t her ei sonl yonevast u-At man.Ever yt hi ngel se i si nci dent al-i tcomesandgoes.Onl yConsci ousnessi s al way st he r e ,i nt r i ns i c . o bj e c t i v e ,g ov e r ne dbyr e al i t y( asoppo se dt okar t RRi t ant r a orpur uShat ant r a ,t her e s ul to f' doi ng ' ) . ai r( orwi nd)-oneoft hefiveel ement sorpa~nchabhUt a. As soc i at e dwi t ht ouc h. knowl edge,butt hewor di snormal l yonl yusedt oref ert o oneoft hef ourVedas( seeVedant a)andvi dyAi susedf or knowl edgeperse.Seevi dya. l i t e r a l l y" e nd"or" c ul mi nat i on"( ant a)ofkno wl e dg e( v e da) butv e dai nt hi sc ont e xtr ef e r st ot hef ourVe das ,t heHi ndu e qui v al e nt soft heChr i s t i anbi bl e( c al l e dRi g ,RRi gv e da; Sama,samave da;At harva,at harvaveda;Yaj ur ,yaj ur v eda) .Tr adi t i onal l y ,t hel as tpar toft hev e das( i . e ." e nd" )i s dev ot edt ot heUpani shads.Seeupani shad. l i t e r a l l y" e s s e nc eo fVe dant a" ;at r e at i s eo nVe dant aby SadanandaYogi ndr a. dr e s s ,a ppa r e l ,e x t e r i o r ,a s s ume da ppe a r a nc ee t c . ;us e di n t hesenseoft hedi sgui seorout war dappearnacet hat c o nc e al so ne ' st r uena t ur e . al l pe r v a di ng ,o mni pr e s e nt ,e t e r nal ;mi g ht y ,po we r f ul ;l o r d, rul er ,sover i egn( al soappl i edt oBr ahma,Vi shnuand Shi v a) . ( Adj . )per v adi ng,abundant ,power f ul .( Noun)pl e nt y , abundance,super humanpower ,spl endor ,gl ory , magni ficence;t heashesofco w dung,smear edont he f o r e he ad.( I nde v o t i o nalc e r e mo ni e s ,as mal lbal lo fc o w
dung,t oget herwi t hafloweri susedt or epr esentt hegod gaNeshat opr ot ectt hehouse.Anew bal li susedeachday andt hesear ecol l ect edandt henbur ntt opr oducet he as h. )
V c ons i de r at i on,r e fle ct i on,de l i be r at i on,i nv e st i g at i on. vi c hAr amAr g ai st r ans l at e das" Di r ec tPat h" . bodi l e s s ,i ncor por e al ,de ad;v i de hamukt ii sde l i v e r anc eby v i de ha r e l e as ef r o mt hebo dy( de at h) . f or mul a,i nj unc t i on,r ul e ,pr e c e pt ,l a w;anypr e s cr i be dac t , v i dhi ri t eorcer emony;modeofconductorbehavi or . kno wl e dg e ,s c i e nc e ,l e ar ni ng ,phi l o s ophy( aso ppo s e dt o j ~nAna,whi c hr at he rr ef er st odi r e c tse l f knowl edg e .At ma v i dy a j ~nAna) .At ma vi dyAorbr ahmav i dyAi st heobj e c t i v e knowl edgeoft heSel ft aughtbyt hescr i pt ur esandguru. Vi dy ar any a aut horoft hePanc hadashi . l i t e r al l ybe l ong i ngt oano t he rc as t eort r i be ;di s si mi l aro r v i j at i het er ogeneous. di scer ni ng,under st andi ng,compr ehendi ng;" ri ght appr ehensi on"i nt hecaseofni di dhyAsanaasopposedt o v i j nana dhyAna.vi j ~nAnavAdai st hephi l osophi calt heoryof I de al i s m. t hei nt e l l e c t uals he at h( oneoft hefiv e" c ov e r i ng s"t hat v i j nanamay akos ha sur r oundourt r ueess ence) . v i kal pa doubt ,unce r t ai nt yori nde c i s i on. t r ansf ormat i on,modi ficat i on,changeoff orm ornat ur e. v i kar a Al s ov i kAr at v a-t hes t at eofc hang e ;andv i kAr av atunder goi ngchange s. v i kar ma pr ohi bi t e d,unl awf ul-ac t i onst hatmus tbeav oi de d. t he" pr oj ect i ng"powerofmAyA.I nt her opesnake v i ks he pa me t aphor ,t hi ssuperi mposest hei mageoft hesnakeupon t her ope.Seeav arana,maya. v i l aks hana di ffer e ntf r om;notadmi t t i ngofe xactdefini t i on. r e v e r s e d,i nv e r t e d,pe r v e r s e ,wr o ng ;c ont r a r y ;f al s e ,unt r ue . v i par i t a vi par I t al akShaNai sus i ngawor di nt heoppos i t es ens e ,i . e sa r c as m. i mag i ni ngwhati sunr e alo rf al s et ober e a lo rt r ue ;e r r o r v i par y as a bac ke dbyi gnor anc e ;s e l f i gnor anc epl uss e l f del usi on. er r or ,mi sappr ehensi on,mi xi ngupt henat ur eofonet hi ng v i par y ay a wi t hanot he rormi s t aki ngs ome t hi ngt obet heoppos i t eof whati tac t ual l yi s( l i t e r al l yr e v e r s e d,i nv e r t e d) . g r o s s ,mac r o c os mi ce q ui v a l e nto fv i s hv a( v a i s hv Ana r a )at v i r ajorv i r at t hel e v elofc r e at i on. v i r ama I nSans kr i t ,t hedi agonalmar kunde r ne at hac ons onantt o i ndi c at et hati ti sno tt obes ounde dwi t hav o we laf t e ri t . Thel i t er alme ani ngi s" c es s at i on,t e r mi nat i onore nd. "( Al l consonant sar esoundedwi t h' a'bydef aul t ,unl ess i ndi cat edot her wi se. )Aconsonantwi t hsuchamar ki s c al l e daha l a nt ac o ns o na nt .( Thet e r ma l s or e f e r st ot he s i ng l ev e r t i c almar kt oi ndi c at et hee ndo fase nt e nc eor v i c har a
s i ngl el i neofav er s eofpoe t r y . ) oppos i t i onhos t i l i t y ;a( l ogi c al )c ont r adi c t i onor v i r odha i nc ons i s t e nc y . t hi sl i t e r a l l yme ans" s e ndi ngout "or" e mi s s i on. "I n Sans kr i t ,i ti sr e pr e s ent e dasaH buti sno tac t ual l yal e t t e r a nddo e sno to c c uro ni t so wn.I t se ffe c ti st oaddabr i e f , v i s ar g a br e at hi ngouts oundaf t ert hev owe ls oundas s oc i at e dwi t h ac ons o na nt ;r e pr e s e nt e dbyt wodo t spl ac e dt ot her i g hto f t heas soc i at e dl e t t e r . o bj e c to fs e ns or ype r c e p t i o n;anysubj e c to rt o pi c ;t he subj ectofanargument .( nott obeconf usedwi t hvi shaya, v i s hay a wi t hapal at al' s h' ,meani ng' doubtorunc e r t ai nt y) . Adj e ct i v e-v i Shayi ka. l i t e r al l y" di s t i nc t i on"or" di ffe r e nc ebe t we en" ;par t i c ul aro r s pe c i fic .TheVa i s he s hi kaphi l o s ophybe l i e v e st hatt he v i s he s ha mat er i aluni ver sei smadeupofni nesubst ances,eachof ( noun) ; vi sheshana whi c hi s" e s s ent i al l ydi ffe r e nt "f r om anyot he r .Se e ( adj ) Vai s he s hi ka. adj e c t i v e-di s t i ngui s hi ng,s pe c i f yi ng, qual i fiy i ng . ( noun)t hatwhi chi st obedi st i ngui shed( f r om somet hi ng v i s he s hy a e l s e ) . v i s hi s ht a di s t i ngui s he d,par t i c ul ar ,e xc e l l e nt( asi ny og av as hi ShTa) . qual i fiednondual i sm;bel i eft hatGodandt heAt manar e v i s hi s ht adv ai t a di st i nctbutnotseparat e.Ramanuj ai st heschol armost o f t e nas s oc i at e dwi t ht hi sphi l o so phy .Se eadv ai t a,dv ai t a. v i s hv ar upa ma ni f ol d,v ar i ous . t he" wa ke re g o "i nt hewaki ngs t at eo fc o ns c i o us ne s s , v i s v a j agr at .Al s osome t i me sr e f e r r edt oasv ai s hvAnar a.Se eal s o t ai j as a,pr a j na. c av i l ,f al l ac i ousc ont r o v er s y ,pe r v er s eorf r i v ol ous ar g ume nt ,c r i t i c i s m;ar g ume ntpur e l yf o rt hes a keo f v i t anda wi nni ngt hepoi nt( t hr e et ype sofdi s put at i on:j al pa, vi t aNDa,v Ada) . l i t e r al l y" e x pl anat i on"or" i nt e r pr e t at i on" ;nameofoneof v i v ar ana t het wos c ho ol so fAdv a i t a .Theo t he rs c ho oli st he vAc as pat iorbhAmat is c hool . v i v ar t a anappar e ntori l l us or yf or m;unr e al i t ycaus e dbyavi dyA. V t het he o r yt hatt hewo r l di so nl yana ppar e ntpr o j e c t i o no f v i v ar t av ada I shv ar a( i . e .ani l l us i on) . di s c r i mi nat i o n;t hef unc t i o no fbuddhi ,ha v i ngt heabi l i t y v i v e ka t odi ffe r e nt i at ebe t we e nt heunr e ala ndt her e a l .Se e sadhana,chat usht ayasampat t i . t het i t l eofabookat t ri but edt oShankara.chUDAmaNii s t henamegi ve nt ot hej ewelwornont opoft hehead.An Vi v ekac hudamani Eng l i s hv e r s i o no ft hebo oki sc al l e d" TheCr e s tJe we lo f Di s c r i mi nat i o n. " i nt hecont extofVedant a,t hi smeansament aldi sposi t i on. I ngener al ,i tcanmeanamodeofconductorbehavi our , v r i t t i c har ac t e ro rdi s po si t i o n,bus i ne s so rpr o f e s s i o ne t c .Se e a ha mv r i t t iandi dam v r i t t i .
v y akhy a
( v)t oe xpl ai ni nde t ai l ;( n)e xpl anat i on,gl os s ,c omme nt . namegi ve nt ot hes ucc ess or sofShankar a,who v y akhy at a comment edonhi si nt er pr et at i onsand( of t en)gaveot her i nt e r pr e t at i ons . mani f e s t e d,appar e nt ,v i s i bl e ,pe r c e p t i bl et ot hese ns e sas v y akt a opposedt oavyakt a-t r anscendent al . vi s i bl eappe ar anc eormani f e s t at i on;s pec i ficappe ar anc e , v y akt i di s t i nc t ne s s ;a ni ndi v i dual( asoppo se dt oj At i ,t hege nus ) . oneoft hefiv e" v i t alai r s , "c onc e r ne dwi t ht hec i r c ul at or y v y ana s y s t e m.Mo r eg e ne r a l l y ,al l ude st ot hedi s c r i mi nat o r y f ac ul t i e s ,e v al uat i ngandj udg i nge t c . Sanskr i tt er mf oraconsonant ,meani nga" decor at i on"( of v y anj ana t hebasi cv owelsound) . i ns e pa r a bl epr e s e nc eo fo net hi ngi na no t he r ,i nv a r i a bl e v y apt i concomi t ance( asi ne. g.nosmokewi t houtfir e) . t hei ndi v i dualor" i ndi v i dual i t y "a soppos edt ot het o t a l i t y , v y as ht i samaShTi . di s t i nc t i o n,di ffe r e nc e ,s e par a t e ne s s,s e par a t i on,e x cl us i on; v y at i r eka as e par at eorp ar t i c ul are xi s t e nc e .Lo gi c aldi s c ont i nuanc e ( i n' anv ay av yat i r e ka' ) . v y at i r i kt a se par at e ,di ffer e ntordi s t i nc tf r om. t her e l at i v e ,pr ac t i c al ,o rphe no me nalwo r l do f v y av ahar a appear ance s;t henor malwor l di nwhi chwel i veandwhi ch ( noun) vyavahari ka weus ual l ybe l i e v et ober e al ;asoppos edt opAr amAr t hi ka ( adj . ) ( r e al i t y )andpr At i bhAs i ka( i l l us o r y) .Se epar amar t hi kaand pr at i bhas i ka . Y y agna wor shi p,de v ot i on,s ac r i fic e ,offe r i ng. r e s t r a i nt .Li t e r al l y ,r e i norbr i dl e .The r ear efiv eoft he se y ama f ormi ngt hefir stst epofRaj ayoga-ahi MsA,sat yam, br ahmac har y a,as t e y aandapar i gr aha. whe r e v er( y at r aoni t sownme ans' wher e ,wher e i n,t o y at r ay at r a whi c hpl ac e ,whi t he r ' ) . l i t e r al l y" j oi ni ng "o r" a t t ac hi ng "( ourwor d" y oke "de r i v e s f r o mt hi s ) .I ti sus e dg e ne r a l l yt or e f e rt oanys ys t e m who se y og a ai mi st o" j oi n"our" i ndi v i duals e l f "bac kt ot he" uni v e r s al Se l f . "TheY og as y s t e m pe dant i c al l yr e f e r st ot hats pe c i fie d byPat anj al i .Se ebhakt i ,j nana,kar ma. o neoft hef o ura g e si nt hec y c l eofc r e a t i o n.Se ekal pa,kal i yug a yug a. i ns t ant a ne o usc r e a t i o n,i . e .s i mul t ane o uswi t ht he yug apat s r i s ht i pe r c e pt i o no fi t .y ug a padme ans" t o g e t he r ,a tt hes a me t i me . " r easoni ng,argument ,i nduct i on,deduct i on( asopposedt o yukt i i nt ui t i o n-anubha v a) . uni t e d,c o mbi ne d,j o i ne d;c o nne c t e dwi t h,c o nc e r ni ng , yut a as s o c i at e dwi t h.
