Running Head: Obesity In Canada

Running Head: OBESITY IN CANADA

Obesity in Canada Ashwajit Kambe N!"#uest C!ege HEED $%%% S&h!a"y 'a(e" Reginad Nugent )ay *$+ *%$,

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2

OBESITY IN CANADA

Abstract

Obesity is a muti-.a&t!"ia dis!"de"+ whi&h is usuay &!""eated with dis(!siti!ns su&h as diabetes+ hy(e"tensi!n and !the" &a"di!/as&ua" diseases+ !ste!a"th"itis and &e"tain &an&e"s0 The &auses !.+ and &!nt"ibut!"s t!1 !besity a"e &!m(e2 and muti.a&eted0 Ou" unde"standing !. the unde"ying .a&t!"s that &!nt"ibute t! !besity is !.ten in&!m(ete+ s("ead !ut between di..e"ent studies and "esea"&h .indings0 They in&ude n!t !ny indi/idua &h!i&es 3what t! eat and whethe" t! be a&ti/e4+ but as! en/i"!nmenta and s!&ia dete"minants that sha(e (e!(e5s abiity t! ma6e heathie" &h!i&es0 The management !. !besity wi+ the"e.!"e+ "e#ui"e a &!m("ehensi/e &! m("ehensi/e "ange !. st"ategies .!&using !n th!se with e2isting weight ("!bems and as! !n th!se at high "is6 !. de/e!(ing !besity0 Hen&e+ ("e/enti!n !. !besity du"ing &hidh!!d sh!ud be &!nside"ed a ("i!"ity as the"e is a "is6 !. (e"sisten&e (e"sisten&e t! aduth!!d0 This (a(e" ("!/ides in.!"mati!n in.!"mati!n !n the (hen!men!n !. !/e"weight and !besity in Canada in te"ms !. ("e/aen&e+ heath im(i&ati!ns and e&!n!mi& bu"den0 This (a(e" as! highights h ighights /a"i!us ("e/enti/e as(e&ts and t"eatment ("!&edu"es !. !besity with s(e&ia em(hasis !n the .utu"e !. the heath issue0

.









3

OBESITY IN CANADA Introduction

As in !the" (a"ts !. the de/e!(ed w!"d+ !besity "ates in Canada ha/e in&"eased d"amati&ay !/e" the ast .ew de&ades0 Obesity is in6ed t! a numbe" !. &h"!ni& diseases i6e diabetes+ &!"!na"y hea"t disease and hy(e"tensi!n0 As a "esut+ !. the in&"ease in these &h"!ni& diseases due t! !besity+ the sustainabiity !. the Canadian heath &a"e system is signi.i&anty a..e&ted0 A "e&ent anaysis estimated the t!ta di"e&t &!sts att"ibutabe t! !/e"weight and !besity at 780% bii!n+ whi&h &!""es(!nds t! ,0$9 !. t!ta Canadian heath &a"e e2(enditu"es 3Anis+ hang+ Bansba&6+ ;uh+ Ama"si < Bi"mingham+ *%$%40

Description of Health Issue

Statistical evidence to indicate prevalence

O/e" am!st the (ast = de&ades+ the ("e/aen&e !. !besity+ de.ined by a b!dy mass inde2 3B)I4 !. =% !" highe"+ has aa"mingy in&"eased in many (a"ts !. the w!"d0 In Canada+ the ("e/aen&e !. !besity began t! in&"ease steadiy in the $>?%s0 A&&!"ding t! the $>?@ Canadian Heath '"!m!ti!n Su"/ey+ ab!ut 80$9 !. Canadian aduts we"e .!und t! be !bese+ &!m(a"ed with $?0$9 "e(!"ted ."!m the .indings !. the *%$% Canadian C!mmunity Heath Su"/ey 3CCHS4 3Sassi < De/au2+ *%$*+ Katma"y6 < )as!n+ *%%8+ Statisti&s Canada Canadian C!mmunity Heath Su"/ey+ *%%>*%$%40

Demographics

Obesity "ates .!" b!th men and w!men in&"ease with age+ sta"ting at age *% and









OBESITY IN CANADA

4

!. CCHS 3*%$%4+ an in&"eased ("e/aen&e in !bese &ass I was "e(!"ted .!" men a&"!ss a ("!/in&es and w!men we"e m!"e i6ey than men t! be &assi.ied as !bese &ass II and III0 The"e was as! a highe" ("e/aen&e ( "e/aen&e .!" the !/e"weight and !bese !be se &ass I &ateg!"ies in the !de" age &ateg!"ies 3,%@> and  8% y"4 &!m(a"ed with the y!unge" g"!u(0 In &hid"en b!ys 3$*094 we"e "e(!"ted t! be !bese than gi"s 380%940 Data as! sh!wed that !besity "ates a"e high am!ng !.. "ese"/e Ab!"igina aduts 3*,0?94+ &!m(a"ed t! the N!nAb!"igina 3$80894 aduts0

Effects on the Community

Obesity a..e&ts us by &!nt"ibuting t! muti(e eements !. heath and we-being0 Obesity d"i/es e&!n!mi& &!sts that a..e&t !bese (e!(e in additi!n a dditi!n t! thei" .amiies and !/ed !nes0 The m!neta"y &!st !. !besity as! a..e&ts s!&iety and a"ge" e&!n!mies0 It a..e&ts (hysi&ay by im(ai"ing y!u" abiity t! (e".!"m n!"ma+ daiy+ "e&"eati!na (hysi&a a&ti/ities by y!u"se. and with !the"s0 It may a..e&t a..e&t y!u" (hysi&a heath by in&"easing y!u" "is6 .!" a wide /a"iety !. &h"!ni& diseases+ su&h as diabetes+ &a"di!/as&ua" disease+ hy(e"tensi!n+ i/e" disease as we as b"east+ &!!n and ("!st"ate &an&e"0 Obesity in&"eases y!u" "is6 !. de/e!(ing s6in ("!bems 3im(etig! and im(ai"ed w!und heaing4 and gyne&!!gi&a g yne&!!gi&a ("!bems 3in.e"tiity and i""egua" menst"ua (e"i!ds40 It a..e&ts y!u y!u (sy&h!!gi&ay by diminishing y!u" #uaity !. i.e0 It &an in.i&t em!ti!na em!ti!na st"ain that &!nt"ibutes t! &!m.!"t eating and additi!na weight g ain0 aiu"e t! !se weight may w!"sen the (hysi!!gi&a e..e&ts !. !besity by &"eating a negati/e se.-image and









OBESITY IN CANADA

5

with !besity may ead y!u t! a/!id (ubi& (a&es !" a/!id using (ubi& .a&iities0 Y!u Y!u may is!ate y!u"se. ."!m !the"s as a "esut !. the em!ti!na and (hysi!!gi&a e..e&ts0 S!&ia is!ati!n may as! in&"ease y!u" "is6s !. m!"taity and an d m!"bidity0 It a..e&ts the s!&iety .inan&iay be&ause !bese (e!(e s(end m!"e !n heath and w!"6 "eated e2(enses than (e!(e with n!"ma weight0 Obesity-"eated diseases may &ause mii!ns !. !st w!"6days and thus &!nt"ibutes t! annua wage !sses 3H"amia6 et a0+ *%%40

Financial burden

The anaysis !. the study &!ndu&ted by E&!n!mi& Bu"den !. Iness in Canada+ between *%%% and *%%? sh!wed that the annua e&!n!mi& e&!n! mi& bu"den !. !besity in Canada in&"eased by 7=@ mii!n+ ."!m 7=0> t! 7,08 bii!n0 These studies de.ined e&!n!mi& bu"den !. !besity as b!th the di"e&t &!sts t! the heath &a"e system 3i0e0+ h!s(ita &a"e+ (ha"ma&euti&as+ (hysi&ian &a"e and instituti!na &a"e4 and indi"e&t &!sts t! ("!du&ti/ity 3i0e0+ the /aue !. e&!n!mi& e&!n! mi& !ut(ut !st as a "esut !. ("ematu"e death and sh!"t- and !ngte"m disabiity40 These studies .!&used !n eight &h"!ni& diseases &!nsistenty ass!&iated with !besity0 In a "e&ent anaysis+ the t!ta &!st !. !besity has been estimated t! be 7,0= bii!n 3*%%@ d!a"s41 7$0? bii!n in di"e&t heath&a"e &!sts and 7*0@ bii!n in indi"e&t &!sts 3Fannssen < Diene"+ *%%@40

Health related risks

Coronary heart disease: The "is6 .!" &!"!na"y hea"t disease 3CHD4 in&"eases as









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Obesity &an as! &ause hea"t .aiu"e &!nditi!n &!n diti!n in whi&h hea"t &an5t (um( en!ugh b!!d t! meet b!dy5s demands 3;uh et a0+ *%%>40 High blood pressure: The &han&e !. ha/ing high b!!d ("essu"e is g"eate" i. the

(e"s!n is !/e"weight !" !bese 3;uh et a0+ *%%>40 Stroke: E2&essi/e buid u( !. (a#ue &an &ause an a"ea !. (a#ue t! "u(tu"e

&ausing a b!!d &!t t! .!"m0 This &!t i. &!se t! y!u" b"ain &an b!&6 the .!w !. b!!d and !2ygen t! the b"ain and &ause a st"!6e0 As B)I "ises "ises the "is6 !. ha/ing a st"!6e in&"eases 3;uh et a0+ *%%>40 ype ! Diabetes: )!st (e!(e wh! ha/e diabetes ty(e * a"e !/e"weight+ and it is

!ne !. the eading &auses !. ea"y death 3;uh et a0+ *%%>40 Abnormal blood fats: Being !bese !" !/e"weight in&"ease the "is6 !. ha/ing

high e/es !. t"igy&e"ides and GDG 3bad4 &h!este"! and !w e/es !. HDG 3g!!d4 &h!este"! 3;uh et a0+ *%%>40 Cancer: Being !/e"weight !" !bese in&"ease the "is6 .!" &!!n+ b"east+

end!met"ia and gabadde" &an&e"s 3;uh et a0+ *%%>40 "steoarthritis: This is a &!mm!n ("!bem a..e&ting 6nees+ hi(s and !we" ba&6

whi&h !&&u"s i. the ("!te&ti/e tissue at the j!int wea"s away0 This ha((ens t! !bese (e!(e be&ause e2t"a weight &an (ut m!"e ("essu"e and wea" !n j!ints 3;uh et a0+ *%%>40











OBESITY IN CANADA

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"besity Hypoventilation Syndrome: This is a b"eathing ("!bem that a..e&ts

!bese (e!(e whi&h &an ead t! se"i!us heath ("!bems and may e/en &ause death 3;uh et a0+ *%%>40 #eproductive problems: Obesity &auses menst"ua issues and in.e"tiity in

w!men 3;uh et a0+ *%%>40 $all stones: ;ast!nes a"e m!sty made u( !. &h!este"! and (e!(e wh! a"e

!bese a"e at high "is6 !. ha/ing ga st!nes 3;uh et a0+ *%%>40

Selection % Analysis of &rograms' Services

The nati!na and inte"nati!na ite"atu"e "e/iew int"!du&ed /a"i!us a(("!a&hes t! .ight !besity and add"ess !bes!geni& en/i"!nments0 It &an be &assi.ied int! th"ee main &ateg!"ies 3Sa&6s+ Swinbu"n < Gaw"en&e+ *%%>4: $0

Hea Heath th se"/ se"/i& i&es es and and &i &ini ni&a &a int inte" e"/en /enti ti!ns !ns that that ta"g ta"get et indi indi/i /idua duas s11

*0

C!mm C!mmuni unity ty- -e/e e/e int inte" e"/en /enti ti!ns !ns that that di"e di"e&t &ty y in. in.u uen en&e &e indi indi/i /idu dua a and and

g"!u( beha/i!u"s1 and









OBESITY IN CANADA The "e&!mmendati!ns t! heath &a"e ("!.essi!nas by the *%%8 Canadian &ini&a ("a&ti&e !n the management and ("e/enti!n !. !besity in aduts and &hid"en ("!/ided st"ategies .!" the ("e/enti!n+ s&"eening and management !. !besity in &ini&a and &!mmunity heath settings0 The guideines suggested the .!!wing inte"/enti!ns:

•

Beha/i!" m!di.i&ati!n t"aining !" the"a(y+ in&uding .amiy-!"iented beha/i!" the"a(y .!" &hid"en &h id"en 3ais+ 3ais+ *%%40

•

Dieta"y inte"/enti!ns+ su&h as an ene"gy-"edu&ed diet 3)endes!n et a0+ *%%40

•

"egua" (hysi&a a&ti/ity in aduts 3'"udh!mme et a0+ *%%4

•

&!mbined dieta"y and (hysi&a a&ti/ity the"a(y 3an&e+ 3an&e+ Hanning < )&Ca"ga"+ *%%4

•

!" s!me indi/iduas+ ba"iat"i& su"ge"y and ("es&"i(ti!n medi&ati!ns 3See"s+ *%%40 B"ie. t"aining sessi!ns+ sha"ed &a"e with !the" heath ("!.essi!nas and dietitian-

8









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inte"/enti!ns .a&e e/en i. they a"e e..e&ti/e in ("!m!ting weight !ss is a/!iding weight "egain0 a"i!us a"i!us studies ha/e suggested inte"/enti!ns i6e se. m!nit!"ing+ "egua" (hysi&a a&ti/ity and nu"se &!unseing and su((!"t t! ("e/ent "ea(se0 H!we/e"+ in&"eased "is6s !. binge eating and unheathy weight &!nt"! ha/e been ass!&iated with ."e#uent se. m!nit!"ing 3R!ss+ *%%>40

Community based Interventions

These inte"/enti!ns in&ude ("!g"ams dei/e"ed in 6ey settings+ su&h as w!"6(a&es and s&h!!s+ as we as b!th ta"geted and uni/e"sa (ubi& edu&ati!na and in.!"mati!n &am(aigns dei/e"ed th"!ugh ("int+ b"!ad&ast and !nine media0 One e2am(e !. a &!m("ehensi/e &am(aign that ta"gets muti(e "is6 B"itish C!umbia5s A&t N!w BC 3;eneau et a0+ *%%>4 is !ne !. the e2am(e !. &!m("ehensi/e &! m("ehensi/e &am(aign that ta"gets muti(e "is6 .a&t!"s 3e0g0+ (hysi&a ina&ti/ity+ ina&ti/ity+ !w ."uit and /egetabe &!nsum(ti!n+ sm!6ing+ !/e"weight and !besity+ and a&!h! use du"ing ("egnan&y40 One &!mm!n &!mmunity-e/e heath ("!m!ti!n t!! is s!&ia ma"6eting &am(aigns that em(hasie (hysi&a a&ti/ity+ a&ti/ity+ heathy eating andJ!" heathy weights0 Canada5s 'a"ti&i(ACTION 'a"ti&i(ACTION 3(hysi&a a&ti/ity4 and 5 to 10 a Day 3."uit and /egetabe &!nsum(ti!n4 a"e s!me









OBESITY IN CANADA

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identi.ied a numbe" !. initiati/es that we"e e..e&ti/e in in.uen&ing tw! ! . the 6ey beha/i!"a .a&t!"s 6n!wn t! a..e&t !besity: (hysi&a a&ti/ity and heathy eating0 The m!st ("!mising a(("!a&hes in&uded the .!!wing 3ynn et a0+ *%%84: (!int-!.-de&isi!n ("!m(ts su&h as signage en&!u"aging the use !. stai"s1



s&h!!-based inte"/enti!ns .!" &hid"en and y!uth 3e0g0+ in&"eased



."e#uen&yJdu"ati!n !. (hysi&a edu&ati!n &asses+ additi!na t"aining .!" tea&he"s41 

C!m("ehensi/e w!"6site ("!g"ams that in&ude &!unseing+ edu&ati!n+

in&enti/es and a&&ess t! su((!"ti/e .a&iities su&h as !&6e" "!!ms+ sh!we"s and gyms1 (!int-!.-(u"&hase st"ategies+ su&h as menu and she. abeing+ t! in&"ease the



(u"&hase and &!nsum(ti!n !. heathie" .!!ds1 

!"6(a&e+ s&h!! and muni&i(a (!i&ies and en/i"!nmenta su((!"ts that

in&"ease a&&ess t! heathie" .!!ds and be/e"ages 3e0g0+ in /ending ma&hines "estau"ants and &a.ete"ias41 

Systemati& nut"iti!n "eminde"s and t"aining .!" heath &a"e ("!/ide"s0









OBESITY IN CANADA

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is ass!&iated with highe" B)I .!" w!men+ ath!ugh n!t .!" men0 En/i"!nmenta .a&t!"s that se"/e as ba""ie"s t! (hysi&a a&ti/ity a"e the a&6 !. sa.e and assessabe s(a&es .!" &hid"en t! (ay and a buit en/i"!nment that ("!m!tes m!t!"ied t"ans(!"tati!n than a&ti/e &!mmuting0 En/i"!nmenta .a&t!"s &an as! be in6ed t! .!!d &h!i&es+ diet #uaity # uaity and !besity0 S!me (ubi& (!i&y st"ategies that add"ess the 6ey in.uen&e !n !besity+ (hysi&a a&ti/ity and nut"iti!n that ha/e been dis&ussed !" im(emented a"e as .!!ws:

•

Subsidy ("!g"ams t! su((!"t heathy eating 3e0g0+ the !!d )ai '"!g"am

.!" n!"the"n Canada the N!"the"n "uit and egetabe egetabe 'i!t '"!g"am in Onta"i! and &!mmunity-based .!!d se&u"ity initiati/es41 •

Gand de/e!(ment+ u"ban (anning and t"ans(!"tati!n (anning that

("!m!te a&ti/e &!mmuting and "e&"eati!na (hysi&a a&ti/ity1 •

!!d abeing t! he( &!nsume"s unde"stand the heath im(i&ati!ns !.

thei" &h!i&es1 •

Reguati!n !. ma"6eting t! &hid"en+ (a"ti&ua"y .!" ene"gy-dense+

nut"ient-(!!" .!!ds and be/e"ages1 •

inan&ia in&enti/es t! ("!m!te (hysi&a a&ti/ity 3e0g0+ the Chid"en5s











12

OBESITY IN CANADA &!ud su((!"t the &!ntinua "eaignment and enhan&ement !. "es!u"&e in/estments by .a&iitating the eme"gen&e !. new 6n!wedge 3Gemmens et a0+ *%%?40

he Future of the Health Issue

A&&!"ding t! an a"ti&e (ubished in CMAJ, !besity "ates in Canada t"i(ed between $>?@ and *%$$+ ."!m 89 t! $?9+ with signi.i&ant in&"eases in the /e"y !bese &ateg!"ies1 it is ("!je&ted that a(("!2imatey *$9 !. Canad ian aduts wi be !bese by *%$>0 Obesity has an ass!&iated annua &!st in Canada estimated at between C7,08 and C70$ bii!n0 Inte"estingy+ the"e has been a sha"( "ise in the numbe" !. e2t"emey !/e"weight aduts+ with the highest ("!(!"ti!n !. !bese aduts in the Atanti& '"!/in&es and the !west in weathy and heathy B"itish C!umbia0 In .i/e ("!/in&es !. New.!undand and Gab"ad!"+ N!/a S&!tia+ New B"unswi&6+ Sas6at&hewan and )anit!ba









OBESITY IN CANADA

13

("!/in&ia /a"iati!ns that e2ist in the ("!/isi!n !. ba"iat"i& ba"iat"i& su"ge"y+ su"ge"y+ as we as the t"aining !" a&6 !. t"aining !. heath ("!.essi!nas in weight management and the a&6 !. (atient a&&ess t! dieti&ians and (sy&h!!gists0 LAn im("!/ed unde"standing !. why su&h substantia inte"("!/in&ia /a"iati!ns e2ist is ne&essa"y+ in&uding a .!&us !n e/auating e2isting (!i&ies+ ("!g"ams and a(("!a&hes t! the ("e/enti!n+ management and t"eatment !. !besity+M the auth!"s &!n&ude 3Twes+ ;"eg!"y+ ;"eg!"y+ Reddigan < )id!di+ *%$,40 Add"essing the .a&t!"s that &!nt"ibute t! !besity ea"y in a (e"s!n5s i.e i.e he(s "edu&e the i6eih!!d !. being !/e"weight !" !bese in ad!es&en&e and aduth!!d0 S! my "e&!mmendati!n t! ("e/ent this !besity e(idemi& is t! ta&6e it ea"y0 S!me suggesti!n t! de.eat this e(idemi& is by ma6ing s!&ia and (hysi&a en/i"!nments whe"e &hid"en i/e+ ea"n and (ay m!"e su((!"ti/e !. (hysi&a a&ti/ity and heathy eating+ by identi.ying the









OBESITY IN CANADA

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!besity t"ends in Canada ede"a+ '"!/in&ia and Te""it!"ia g!/e"nments+ a"e &!mmitted t! w!"6ing &!ab!"ati/ey t! &u"b !besity and ("!m!te heathy weights in Canadians0 ;!/e"nments wi &!ntinue t! ea"n th"!ugh the im(ementati!n !. su&&ess.u initiati/es a&"!ss the &!unt"y+ and t! sha"e thei" e2(e"tise in !"de" t! e2(and and buid !n what w!"6s0 E/e"y!ne has a "!e t! (ay in "edu&ing the "is6 !. disease+ d isease+ disabiity and inju"y+ in in ("!m!ting heath+ and in he(ing &hid"en and y!uth ha/e the heathiest (!ssibe sta"t in i.e0 C!ab!"ati!n is the 6ey - e..e&ti/ey add"essing !besity and su((!"ting heathy weights &as .!" a sustained+ &"!ss-g!/e"nmenta and muti-se&t!"a+ muti-.a&eted "es(!nse at a e/es0









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OBESITY IN CANADA #eferences

Ad/an&ed Te&hni#ues He( Diete"s Rea&h eight eight ;!as 000 3n0d040 Ret"ie/ed ."!m htt(:JJwww0!singweights.ast0&!mJad/an&ed-te&hni#ues-he(-diete"s-"ea&hweight-g!asJ Anis+ A0H0+ hang+ 0+ 0+ Bansba&6+ N0+ ;uh+ D0'0+ D0'0+ Ama"si+ 0+ Bi"mingham+ C0G0 3*%$%40 Obesity and !/e"weight in Canada: an u(dated &!st-!.-iness study0 Obesity Reviews+ $$3$4:=$-,%0

Cu"bing Chidh!!d Obesity: A ede"a+ '"!/in&ia and 000 3n0d040 Ret"ie/ed ."!m htt(:JJwww0(ha&-as(&0g&0&aJh(-(sJh-m/sJ." htt(:JJwww0(ha&-as(&0g&0&aJh(-(sJh-m/sJ."amew!"6-&ad"eJ*%$$Jhw-!s-*%$$ amew!"6-&ad"eJ*%$$Jhw-!s-*%$$-eng0(h(









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O"ganiati!ns+Q International Journal of Beavioral !utrition and "ysical Activity 8: ?0

ynn+ )0A0 et a0 3*%%840 Redu&ing Red u&ing Obesity and Reated Ch"!ni& Disease Ris6 in Chid"en and Y!uth: Y!uth: A Synthesis Synthesis !. E/iden&e with Best '"a&ti&e Re&!mmendati!ns+Obesity Reviews : -880 ;eneau+ R0 et a0 3*%%>40 )!biiing Inte"-se&t!"a A&ti!n t! '"!m!te Heath: The Case !. A&t N!w BC in B"itish C!umbia+ Canada , 'ubi& Heath Agen&y !. Canada0 ;uh+ D0 et a0+ 3*%%>40 QThe In&iden&e !. C!-)!"bidities Reated t! Obesity and O/e"weight: A Systemati& Systemati& Re/iew and )eta-Anaysis+Q "ublic #ealt >+ ??0 Ha"/ey+ E et a0 3*%%>40 Im("!/ing Heath '"!.essi!nas )anagement and the











OBESITY IN CANADA

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Gemmens+ 0 E0 '0 '0 et a0 3*%%?40 A Systemati& Re/iew !. the E/iden&e Rega"ding E..i&a&y !. Obesity '"e/enti!n Inte"/enti!ns am!ng Aduts+ Obesity Reviews >: ,,8-,@@0 )endes!n+ R0 et a0 3*%%40 Dieta"y Inte"/enti!ns .!" the T"eatment !. Obesity in Aduts+ $83?4:@-@>0 Canadian Medical Association Journal $83?4:@-@>0 New !!d C!ab!"ati/e in Onta"i! - News : Ree !!d0 3n0d040 Ret"ie/ed ."!m









OBESITY IN CANADA

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'"udh!mme+ D0 et a0 3*%%40 'hysi&a A&ti/ity and E2e"&ise The"a(y  Aduts+ $8 3?4: 8,-880 Canadian Medical Association Journal $8 'ubi& Heath Agen&y !. Canada 3*%%%40 E&!n!mi& Bu"den !. Iness in Canada+ Ottawa+ *%%> 3in ("ess40 R!ss+ R0 3*%%>40 The Chaenge !. Obesity T"eatment: A/!iding A/!iding eight eight Regain+ Canadian Medical Association Journal $?%: >>->>?0









OBESITY IN CANADA

Twes+ Twes+ G0 K0+ ;"eg!"y+ D0 )0+ Reddigan+ F0+ < )id!di+ 0 K0 3*%$,40 Current and &redicted &revalence &revalence of obesity in Canada( a trend analysis0 Ret"ie/ed )ay *%+

*%$,+ ."!m htt(:JJ&maj!(en0&aJ&!ntentJ*J$JE$?0.u

ais+ ais+ )0 3*%%40 Beha/!iu" The"a(y0 Canadian Medical Association Journal + $83?4: @,-@8.

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Running Head: Obesity In Canada

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