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State the objectives objectives of Ship's Routeing as adopted by by IMO.
The purpose of Ship's Routeing is to improve the safety of navigation in converging areas and in areas where the density of traffic is greatest and where freed freedom om of move moveme ment nt of ship shippi ping ng is inhi inhii ited ted y restri restrict cted ed sea room room!! e"isten e"istence ce of ostru ostructio ctions ns to naviga navigatio tion! n! #imite #imited d depths depths or unfavo unfavoura ura#e #e meteoro#ogica# conditions. The prime o$ective of Ship's Routeing system adopted y %& may inc#ude some or a## of the fo##owing() * The The separat separation ion of of opposi opposing ng stream streamss of traffi trafficc so as to reduc reducee the incid incidenc encee of head)on encounters. * The The reducti reduction on of danger dangerss of co##isio co##ision n etween etween cross crossing ing traff traffic ic and shipp shipping ing in esta#ished traffic #ane. * The The simp#ifi simp#ificati cation on of the the pattern patternss of traffic traffic f#ow f#ow in conve converg rging ing areas areas.. * The The organ organisa isati tion on of safe traff traffic ic f#ow f#ow in areas areas of concen concentra trated ted offs offsho hore re e"p#oration or e"p#oitation. * The The organi organisat sation ion of of traffic traffic f#ow f#ow in or or around around areas areas wher wheree naviga navigatio tion n y a## a## ships or y certain c#asses of ships is dangerous or undesira#e. * The The reductio reduction n of ris+ ris+ of groun groundin ding g to provi provide de specia specia## guidanc guidancee to vesse# vesse#ss in areas where water depths are uncertain and critica#. * The The guidan guidance ce of traffi trafficc c#ear c#ear of fishi fishing ng groun grounds ds or the organ organi,a i,ati tion on of traffic through fishing grounds. The advantages of Ship-s Routeing system are to provide a route that wi## a##ow vesse#s to reach their destination y() * * * * *
the the mo most eco econ nomic omica# a# tra trac+ c+.. that that wi## wi## cause cause #east #east damage damage to the cargo cargo and the ship. ship. that that wi## wi## provi provide de most most comf comfort ort in in case case of passeng passenger er vesse# vesse#'s/. 's/. that that wi## wi## attract attract favour favoura# a#ee insu insuran rance ce premiu premiums. ms. that that wi## e e the safest safest opti option on when when consi consider dering ing the the season! season! c#ass c#ass of of vesse# vesse# and ship's characteristics i.e. deep draught! ice strengthened! etc./.
Explain, in general, general, the factors hich hich !a"e all routes routes indirect.
0o##owing are the factors which ma+e a## routes indirect are() * * * * * * *
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Type of vesse# vesse# passen passenger ger!! cargo cargo!! u#+! u#+! tan+er tan+er!! and #ives #ivestoc toc+/. +/. Spee Speed d and and powe powerr capa capai i#it #itie iess of the the vess vesse# e#.. Si,e Si,e of vess vesse# e# #ar #arge ge or sma# sma##/ #/.. 1ene 1enera# ra# c#ima c#imati ticc cond condit itio ions ns such as press pressur ure! e! sea surf surface ace tempe temperat ratur ure! e! currents! fog! etc./. Season Seasona# a# winds winds affe affecti cting ng the the areas areas over over oceans oceans such such as S'# S'#y y monso monsoons ons.. Tropi Tropica# ca# storm stormss as to which which areas areas are are usua##y usua##y affect affected ed and and which which perio periods ds of the year are they e"pected. epr epres essio sions ns sweep sweep acros acrosss the oceans oceans in north north and sout south h hemisp hemisphe here re!! a## a## with uninterrupted winds of #ong duration and ui#d up heavy seas and swe##! and are an important factor in deciding the route of a passage. oad#ine Ru#es. %ce imits. ista istanc ncee and and safe safety ty of the the vesse esse## overa vera## ## p#ay #ays an imp importa ortant nt ro#e ro#e in deciding in ma+ing routes indirect. age
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#ist the data that is available on a Monthly Routeing $hart.
The data that is avai#a#e on a &onth#y Routeing hart are as fo##ows( * %ce information ) ma"imum ice #imits. * osition of ocean weather ships. * Recommended trac+s and distances. *
Full powered or a#e to maintain a sea)going speed of ; +nots or more. Moderate Powered or a#e to maintain sea)going speed of : ); +nots. Low powered are vesse#'s which are damaged or engaged in towing having a sea)going speed of #ess than : +nots.
NB: ow powered routes vesse#/ are not shown on diagrams within the ceans assages. >owever! genera# advice on #ow 9 average routes is given within the te"t. #ist the publications to be consulted hen planning an Ocean assage.
The #ist of pu#ications to e consu#ted when p#anning an cean assage is as fo##ows() /. cean assages for the or#d 2/. &ariner's >andoo+ 3/. hart cata#ogue 4/. ? ;: ;/. Routeing chart 6/. cean urrent charts and current at#ases 7/. %ce harts 8/. Sai#ing irections @/. 5dmira#ty Tide Ta#es :/. 5dmira#ty ist of ights and 0og Signa#s /. 5dmira#ty ist of Radio Signa#s 2/. istance Ta#es 3/. 1uide to ort Antry 4/. ee+#y ?otice to &ariners ;/. 5nnua# Summary of ?otices 6/. &)?otices 7/. ?avigation warnings T B ?otices/. 5#e" #ar+
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8/. %& Ship's Routeing @/. ?autica# 5#manac 2:/. Sight Reduction Ta#es 2/. ?orrie-s Ta#es 22/. o##ision Regu#ations and %?TAR State the factors that the Master !ust ta"e into account hen choosing an Opti!u! route for an Ocean assage.
0o##owing are the factors that the &aster must ta+e into account when choosing an optimum route for an cean assage() * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
Type of vesse#! draft and under +ee# c#earance at various stages of the voyage. Time of the year and e"pected weather 9 sea conditions. 5vai#a#e depths and width of water. ossii#ity of encountering ga#e force winds causing suseCuent de#ays or damage to the vesse#. i+e#ihood of encountering ice and fog causing de#ay or deviations from the p#anned route. redominant currents 9 tida# streams eing either adverse or favoura#e to the ship's course. Aconomica# route fue# B time saving/. 1ood weather route for passenger vesse#s/. Recommendations from cean assages of the or#d. Recommendations from &eteoro#ogica# ffice. State of #oading and nature 9 type of cargo. ?eed of any tas+s to e carried out during voyage. vera## navigationa# aids on oard. istances off from %s#ands and other navigationa# ha,ard! in case of engine fai#ure. ar ,ones! fishing traffic! oi# and gas offshore deve#opments and anorma# waves. vera## distance comparison ompany's or charters preference.
Explain ho the Master should resolve the situation hen different factors Suggest different routes.
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5ny route se#ected shou#d not stand the vesse# into danger. The prime consideration shou#d e safe navigation of the vesse# throughout the voyage and therefore! a## information must e gathered on various recommended routes. The &aster shou#d otain the month#y weather chart and current forecasts from the &et ffice. >e shou#d consider the capai#ities of his own vesse#! speed! re#iai#ity of machinery! etc. >e shou#d ta+e into account the time of the year and of any recommendations made y shore routeing organi,ations. The shortest distance may not a#ways e accepta#e ecause of ice or prevai#ing ad weather. east time over a short distance does not a#ways fo##ow and the &aster wou#d need to consider the overa## weather pattern for a## areas of the proposed route and seasona# changes may a#so affect the fina# choice. age 3
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east time with #east damage can e a popu#ar option where financia# savings can e made with #ess heavy weather damage eing incurred y the ship or cargo. epending upon the nature of cargo! consideration towards #imiting damage must a#so e ta+en! especia##y to sensitive cargo. harter party may stipu#ate that the voyage is conducted at 'constant speed'. Specia# featured vesse#s fo##ow specia# routes e.g. deep draught vesse#s fo##ow deep draught route and vesse#s with no ice c#ass fo##ow ice free route.
$urrent rose charts, vector !ean charts and predo!inant current charts are all available to the navigator. *escribe ho these charts differ and explain the use of each. NB: - etai#s of currents can e found in the current at#as! chart of wor#d-s currents! routeing charts and sai#ing directions. Current Rose Charts:-
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Shows the variai#ity of the ocean currents in the area that it covers. The function of the rose is to indicate the degree of current variai#ity in the region. %t is divided into 6 compass sectors to process the numer of oservations current speeds #ess than 6 nm per day are ignored/. The numer of oservations is then e"pressed as a percentage of the tota# numer of oservations! to determine the #ength of the arrows. Aach arrow is sudivided to show the percentage freCuency of occurrence at various ranges of speeds in that direction. The upper figure in the centre of the rose represents the tota# numer of oservations. The #ower figures represent the percentage freCuency of the oservations with speeds #ess than 6 nm per day.
Vector Mean Current Charts:-
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Shows the #ong term disp#acement of water in the wor#d oceans y means of an arrow pointing in the appropriate direction. %t portrays the overa## movement of water over a period of three months to which the chart refers and is a#so ca##ed 1enera# ircu#ation. The arrow f#ows with the current and represents the mean resu#tant direction and rate of current= the mean position of the oservation is at the centre of the arrow. The figure aove the arrow indicates speed! whi#e the range of va#ues within which the speed fa##s is shown y the thic+ness of the arrow. The figure eneath the arrow shows the numer of oservations used to determine the vector mean. The vector mean current indicated is the resu#tant va#ue of a## oservations eing considered for that area.
Predominant Current Charts:-
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Shows the current which is more #i+e#y to e e"perienced in the area eing considered. age 4
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The current direction eing indicated y an arrow and its thic+ness ref#ects constancy. * onstancy of the predominant direction is determined as a percentage of oservations in the predominant sector to the tota# numer in the asic area. * irection is esta#ished y the use of 24 sectors! one of which wi## have the #argest numer of oservations in an indicated direction. * The average rate of the current! in mi#es per day! is determined y oservations in a predominant sector and is given y the figure at the tai# end of the arrow. * The chart is derived y() a/. servations made for @: degrees sectors round the compass and each sector disp#ays ; degrees from the other! and tota##ed. /. The mid direction of the sector contains the numer of oservations that are made in the predominant direction. USS o! each chart:Current Rose Charts: * rovides #oca# area +now#edge to the navigator regarding rates and direction for the current movement. * Dsed in con$unction with the routeing charts. Vector Mean Charts: * Dsed to esta#ish overa## movement of water which are of considera#e va#ue for oceanographic purposes! where net transport of surface water is reCuired. * Dsed y the navigator for ca#cu#ating drifts of o$ects! such as iceergs or dere#icts! over #ong periods= the #onger the period! the more #i+e#y the drift wi## appro"imate to the vector mean drift. * Dsefu# in &ARS5R operations for #ong range search engagement. Predominant Current Charts: * %s the one which is of the greatest va#ue to the navigator as it gives the genera# picture of circu#ation of the currents. * Dsed e"tensive#y when p#anning an ocean route! to esta#ish e"pected progress in con$unction with the predominant currents of the region. redominant direction and average rate used with the +now#edge of how much it may differ from the regiona# forecast. * The predominant current direction is not on#y the one shown on the chart ut inc#udes a## directions ; degrees on either side of it. "i!!erences:Current Rose Charts: 5## current oservations indicate current varia#es. Vector Current Charts: vera## water movement over three month-s period and provides resu#tant circu#ation. Predominant Current Charts: redominant direction and average rates.
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