D/DGD&D/18/34/34
Army Code No 71384 (Part 1 Section 6 RE)
TACTICAL AIDE MEMOIRE PART 1 SECTION 6 ENGINEER INSERT IMMEDIATE USE Supersedes Royal Engineers Insert to the Tactical Aide Memoire (Part 11 Section 3) 1994, Army Code No. 71384
CONTENTS
May 1999
Prepared under the direction of The Chief of the General Staff Ministry of Defence Crown Copyright Reserved
Copyright
This work is Crown copyright and the intellectual property rights for this publication belong exclusively to the Ministry of Defence (MOD). No material or information contained in this publication should be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form outside MOD establishments except as authorised by both the sponsor and the MOD where appropriate.
Security
This document is issued for the information of such persons who need to know its contents in the course of their official duties. Any person finding this document should hand it in to a British Forces unit or to a British Police Station for its safe return to the MINISTRY OF DEFENCE, D MOD SY, LONDON SW1A 2HB, with particulars of how and where found. THE UNAUTHORISED RETENTION OR DESTRUCTION OF THIS DOCUMENT COULD BE AN OFFENCE UNDER THE OFFICIAL SECRETS ACTS OF 1911-1989.
Authority
This publication is issued under the overall direction of the CGS. It is an MOD Approved Code of Practice (ACOP). Where issues of health and safety are concerned it takes into account the provisions of the Health & Safety at Work Act 1974.
Status
The contents provide clear military information concerning the most up to date experience and best practice available for commanders and troops to use in their operations and training. If you are prosecuted for a breach of health and safety law, and it is proved that you have not followed the relevant provisions of the ACOP, a court may find you criminally liable unless you can show that you have complied with the requirements of health and safety legislation since it is a breach of this legislation which renders a person criminally liable. Breaches or omissions of the ACOP could result in disciplinary action under the provisions the Army Act.
Amendment Amendment No
Date
Amendment No
Date
Distribution As directed by Editor, RE Training Publications, Chatham, Kent, ME4 4UG who is the sponsor and to whom comments and queries concerning this publication should be addressed.
INTRODUCTION
CONTENTS
Aim. The aim of the RE insert to TAM is to provide an Aide Memoire of essential engineer information for use at sub-unit level and below.
Section 6.1
Operational Planning and Orders 6.1.1
Scope. The insert is intended for use by officers and NCOs in appointments ranging from squadron to section commander and concentrates on operations at troop level.
6.2
Engineer Task Aide Memoires Bridging Minefield Breaching Minefield Construction Demolitions Field Fortifications Water Supply
6.3
Planning Times for Engineer Tasks 6.3.1
Use. The insert is intended to be used in conjunction with Part 1 of the TAM. The information given is perforce condensed. The insert should not be used as a substitute for the volumes of Military Engineering listed in Part 2 that contain detailed information on military engineering subjects.
Page
6.2.1 6.2.1 6.2.3 6.2.5 6.2.7 6.2.9 6.2.11
i
INTENTIONALLY BLANK
ii
SECTION 6.1
OPERATIONAL PLANNING AND ORDERS
Orders must be brief, clearly delivered, unambiguous and relevant to the operation. Orders are intended to tell subordinates what must be done within the given constraints and why (commander’s intent), but not how it should be done. Although commanders must think through points of detail, these should not be included in orders if they are already known or are standard operating procedures. Other general points on orders and warning orders are in TAM Part 2, Section 2.
Format. The format for engineer orders is the same as the generic Orders Format given in TAM Part 2, Pages 2-3. Reference should be made to this section of the TAM for guidance on detail specific to the operation of war or transitional phase being conducted.
Operational Planning Check Notes.
Conduct Time Appreciation
Identify own decision point. Remember1/3:2/3 rule to ensure sufficient battle procedure time available for subordinates
Conduct Mission Analysis
Commander’s intent; Tasks Specified and Implied; Constraints (time, space and resources); Changed Situation; Confirmatory Check.
Issue Initial Warning Order
Do not delay sending the warning order. Any omissions in detail can be filled later. Include warning order for stores if appropriate
Missions. When formulating missions, maximum use should be made of defined doctrinal terms to afford consistency in approach and to avoid misunderstanding. Use of Aide Memoire. While paragraph headings are mandatory, their detailed contents are not. There is no requirement to use all the headings in every box. 6-1-1
Relative Strengths
Conduct Combat Estimate
Summary of possible tasks
Commander’s Decision
Identify Engineer capability using modified production rates Comparison of capability identified in Relative Strengths and Tasks identified in Mission Analysis. Priortise tasks and identify own Main Effort Engineer plan which best supports higher commanders intent
Update Initial Warning Order Conduct Recce
In addition to engineer data, also liaise with local Combined Arms commander reference C2 arrangements and G4 support, protection and CSMs
Write Orders
Incorporate information from recce
Deliver Orders
Orders. 1.
Preliminaries.
Security of Orders Group
Location; Sentries; Actions on Attack
Administration
Introduction of attached personnel; seating plan (take account of Task Org); Model and or diagrams; Map folds/traces/map marking
Weather
Time of First/Last Light; Forecast; Moon State; Visibility
Task Organization
Ensure C2 arrangements and G4 support for subordinates is clear
Ground Orientation
Should always be included wherever possible/practical
6-1-2
2.
Situation. En Forces Deductions from enemy and ground in the estimate process: Strengths Locations Weapons Equipment Morale Obstacles DFs Air Threat NBC Future Intentions
Friendly Forces
Atts/Dets
2 Up Commander’s Intent
Only if not covered under Task Org
1 Up – Comd’s Mission and Concept of Ops (Include Intent and Main Effort) Locations and future actions of neighbouring forces which may affect operation Outline Fire Support Plan Air
3.
Mission. Own mission from Execution paragraph of BG Comd’s/CO’s/OC’s Orders.
4.
Execution. a.
Concept of Operations. Tp Comd’s Intent (the overall effect to be achieved), Scheme of Manoeuvre (how the Tp will achieve its Mission) and Main Effort (activity crucial to success of Mission at that time). Key timings.
b.
Mission Statements. Given to subordinates in turn to include; Who; What; Where; When and Why.
c.
Co-ordinating Instructions. In addition to the table below, reference must be made to the Tactical Check Notes in TAM Part 2: Offensive Ops 3-1-1 Defensive Ops 3-2-1
6-1-3
Delaying Ops Transitional Ops Obstacle Crossing Timings Recce NMB NMB less recce First veh on site H Hr Task Complete
Deception/ Surprise/Security CSMs Track Plan STAP NTM Trenches – stage
Engineer Construction Details. See relevant Engineer Operation Recce and Co-ordinating Instructions Aide Memoire.
3-3-1 3-4-1 3-5-1
Con Measures FEBA Bdrys RVs AD WCS
NBC Threat Level Dress Cat Warning/ Reporting Detection Contamination Control
Mov
Actions On
SP & Rel Pt Routes Speed Guides/hide/ recce parties OOM Hides Emergency RV
En recce Air/Ground attack NBC attack PW Civs Vehicle Casualty
Mob Operations
Bridging Minefield Breaching
Page 6.2.1 Page 6.2.3
CMob Operations
Minefield Construction Demolitions
Page 6.2.5
Surv Operations
Field Fortifications Water Supply
Page 6.2.9
d.
Page 6.2.7
Page 6.2.11
Summary of Execution.
6-1-4
5.
Service Support.
SOP Variations
Log Sp
Med
Dress Equipment Weapons
Replen CSups IPE Engr stores
Locations CASEVAC Med Packs Morphine
6.
Rec Plan Locations: Echelon Rec Veh
Command and Signal. HQ
Comms
Codes
Locs Mov Altn Comd
CEI Changes
Codewords Nicknames Nicknumbers
7.
Tpt and Rec
Password ? Synchronise
watches
Questions.
6-1-5
INTENTIONALLY BLANK
6-1-6
SECTION 6.2
ENGINEER TASK AIDE MEMOIRES
Amphibious Bridging/Ferry Operation. Sequence.
BRIDGING
a.
Preparation in harbour area.
b.
Move, liaison, secure site and marshalling area.
c.
Construction:
Deliberate Dry Bridging Operation. Sequence. a. RV, check bridge equipment, rehearsals. b. Move, secure site and marshalling areas.
Call forward vehicles. Order of entry. Preparation of approaches and exits. Ferries (also during bridging operation). Anchorages. Reserves. Configurations. EOB. Defile marking.
c. Crossing construction: Site layout and preparation. Call forward vehicles. Bridge construction. Approaches and exits. Lay trackway. Defile marking. Vehicle recovery. d.
Traffic crossing.
e.
Recovery and regrouping.
d. Traffic bridge. e. Handover/maintain/strip.
6-2-1
Reconnaissance.
Co-ordinating Instructions.
Dry Bridging BR 90 Bridges. Ser (a) 1 2
3
4 5 6
Essential information (b) All sites should have straight approaches and exits to avoid vehicles slewing Bankseats: Minimum CBR 8%. Maximum cross slope to be within 5%. This is equal to 0.2m over the 4m width of the bridge Maximum bank height difference: CSB: GSB: Completed AFW 4012A Overhead clearance for CSB: No 10 - 15m, No 11 – 17m, No 12 – 14.5m Consider number and type of veh, veh recovery, cushion and waiting areas, trackway/hardcore
Timings Move from assembly area Move from marshalling area Recce on site Construction starts Crossing open Areas for Marshalling Cushioning Waiting Tp Harbour
Moves/Routes To marshalling area To site OOM Convoy Drills Critical Points
Safety Safety boats Construction safety User safety
Construction Details Site layout Defile marking Stores area Reallocation of resources Priority of work Recovery Anchorages
Control Reports and Returns RMP liaison ARV/Rec
User units Traffic quantity and type Times of use LOs
6-2-2
MINEFIELD BREACHING
Sequence. a b. c. d. e.
Collect and check stores, rehearsals. Move, liaise with covering troops, secure site. Setting out and breaching parties deploy to remove mines. Lane repair, defile marking. Disposal of mines, maintainance/handover, redeployment.
h. i. j. k. l. m. n. o. p. q. r.
Tape tracing. Winders tape. Pickets 1.8m. Sledgehammer/picket driver. Mine markers. Pulling cables. Lightweight marking sets. Safe lane stores. Dannert wire. Visors. Explosive stores
Stores Check List.
a. b. c. d. e. f. g.
Mine prodders. Mine detectors. Prismatic compass. Wire cutters. Pliers. Safety pins/25mm nails. 150mm nails.
6-2-3
Reconnaissance.
Determine:
Extent of minefield (front and rear edge) Types of mine and fuze and density. Number of rows/strips and approximate locations. Trip wires and anti lift devices. Ground conditions and other obstacles. Enemy positions. Number of lanes required. Vehicles/personnel using lanes. Silent/noisy breach. Day or night operation.
Co-ordinating Instructions. Timings Recce on site Move from assembly area On site Breaching starts Breach open
Moves/Routes OOM For recce To site Approaching breach Convoy drills Critical points
Control/Safety Orders to pull Entry and exit to minefield Mines dump Dangerous devices
Areas Waiting area Stores area Mines dump
Construction Details Sequence of operation Preparation of stores Spacing of parties Mines dump Vehicle loading
6-2-4
MINEFIELD CONSTRUCTION
Sequence. a. b. c. d.
e. f.
Collect and check stores/rehearsals. Move, secure site, set up, mines dump. Setting out, loading mines (loading plan). Minelaying and fence construction: Mine outloading and resupply. Mechanical laying (direction of lay, gaps and lanes, routes, end of row procedure). Route closure. Redeployment.
g. h. i. j. k. l. m. n.
Signs for mine rows. Lights for mine row markers. Beta lights. Perimeter marking kit. Prismatic compass. AFW 4017. Lane closure stores. Tracing tape.
Stores Check List. a. b. c. d. e. f.
Mine laying system. Mines with fuzes. 1.8m pickets. 0.6m pickets. Sledgehammers. Picket drivers. 6-2-5
Reconnaissance. Prepare a sketch map showing: a.
The ground including tracks, trees, ditches and other physical details.
b.
The exact location of proposed: Mine rows with direction of lay. Landmarks. Perimeter fence. Minefield lanes. Construction routes. Mine dump and resupply routes. Control point and RV.
c.
Scale of sketch map.
d.
North.
e.
Direction of enemy approach.
Co-ordinating Instructions. Timings Move to assembly area MCP open Setting out starts Construction starts
Moves/Routes OOM to mines dump Constructon routes Convoy drills Critical points Guides and marking
Plant Tasks and control point
Control At mines dump At MCP AFW 4017 (mines tally) Lane closure
Construction Details Direction of lay Order of construction Gaps (control and markings) Lanes (control, marking and closure) Setting out system End of row marking
6-2-6
DEMOLITIONS
Sequence. a. b. c. d. e.
Move to, and secure, site. Prepare charges and ringmains. Site/construct firing points. Prepare priority two tasks as required. Fire/handover demolition.
Briefing for Reconnaissance. Ensure you know: a. b. c. d. e. f.
Location and type of target. Aim of the demolition. Preliminary or reserved demolition Time to be at State 1. Restrictions on resources. When and where AFW 4012 is required.
Command and Control. a. Any formation commander may reserve a demolition providing their superior commander has not ordered it to be fired. b. AFW 9811 must be completed for all reserve demolitions (normally by formation staff) and may be prepared for preliminary demolitions (normally by engineer staff). c.
Changes of authorised commander are ordered via Box 8g and recorded in Box 12. 6-2-7
Reconnaissance. All Targets Determine method of attack. Take detailed measurements at charge location to enable the calculation of charges. Design firing circuits. Select firing point, stores area, harbour area and control point. Consider protection of own troops from blast/fragmentation and any secondary hazard released as a result of the demolition. Prepare the AFW 4012.
Reconnaissance. Bridges Categorise the bridge. Take recce measurements Select method of attack. Identify line of cut/s Take detailed measurements at cut/s locations.
Co-ordinating Instructions. Timings Move to assembly area Recce on site Task starts Task complete
Moves/Routes OOM Route to site Critical points
Control AF W9811 Authorised Commander Demolition Guard Reporting State 1 to State 2
Safety Explosives Working at height Working over water Secondary hazards Safety distances Warning of firing
Constucton Details Stores area Priority of work Charge details Ringmain details Firing circuits Firing points
6-2-8
FIELD FORTIFICATIONS Sequence. a.
Collect and check plant and stores.
b.
Move, secure site, set out.
c.
Construction: Cfm arcs of fire/obs. Remove turf. Excavate, dispose of surplus in accordance with spoil plan. Revetment and OHP. Camouflage. Further development as ordered.
d.
Handover, redeploy.
Reconnaissance and Planning. a.
Liaise with user unit and determine: Type and number of fortifications required. Schematic layout and marking system used. Priority of work. Stage to which construction to be taken. Counter-surveillance policy: Track plan during construction. Spoil plan. Deception. Timings.
b.
Plant and stores required/available.
c.
Plan and orders.
d.
Description. Type of fortifications. Extent of work. Sections and plant to tasks.
6-2-9
Co-ordinating Instructions. Timings
Plant
Priority
No move before Collect stores Arrival on site Completion
Type Allocation Control on site
Excavation Revetment Shelter construction OHP Camouflage
Safety
Construction Details Marking system Alignment Arcs of fire/obs Dimensions OHP Camouflage
Recovery
Working with plant
Site strip Plant availability Eqpt recovery/reload
6-2-10
WATER SUPPLY
Sequence. a. b. c.
Collect and check plant and stores. Move, secure site, set out. Construction: Set up WPU and storage tanks. Set up sedimentation tank. Pump water to all tanks. Construct tower. Construct distribution point. Erect signs. Construct fence. Camouflage. Send sit reps as required. Confirm quantity/quality and issue timings. Site development and maintenance. Neutralisation of sterilised water and disposal. Recovery and site restoration. Redeployment.
Reconnaissance and Planning. Subject (a)
Prior to recce (b)
Situation
Enemy update
Location
Map recce for: Likely sources Waiting areas Harbour areas Routes
Limitations
Manpower Equipment Time
During recce (c) Likely threat to waterpoint: NBC Industrial pollutants Upstream contamination Enemy action Establish exact location of: Waterpoint Tp har area include atts Waiting and Cushion area Routes to/from MSR Control points Source, quantity, ground, drainage, existing facilities, camouflage
6-2-11
(a) Quantity
Time
Layout
Recommendations
(b)
(c)
Quantity/ Type of water Output/Issues required
Quality/yield of source
Duration of operation
Timings for: Construction Running Issue periods Battle procedure
N/A
N/A
Siting of pumps, tanks, tower, fencing, signs, trackway, distribution points, guides, control point Confirm bids for stores, plant, transport, chemicals, fuel, recovery, assistance from other arms.
Co-ordinating Instructions. Timings
Rehearsals
Priority
No move before Collect stores Orders Arrival on site Opening times Duration of operation
Equipment familiarization Construction details Equipment layout
Equipment set up Pump connection Storage Fencing/protection Site improvement
Safety
Water quality Mode of operation Required standard Disposal of calcium hypochlorite Testing regime
Construction Details
Use of chemicals Tower construction
Mode of operation Site layout Route marking Distribution layout Use of chemicals
6-2-12
SECTION 6.3
PLANNING TIMES FOR ENGINEER TASKS
Planning Times. The table below is a guide to the times required for various activities. It assumes that units are at full establishment and that troops are experienced, rested and working in NBC Dress Category Zero by day. The following factors should be applied in other conditions: a.
b.
Working at night multiply time by a factor of 1.3.
c.
In the case of tired or inexperienced troops multiply the time by a factor of 1.8.
Working in NBC Cat Two in warm weather (suit worn with overboots) multiply time by a factor of 1.4.
Ser
Activity
Description
Unit
Rate/time
Remarks
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
per man
0.3 m3/hr
Basic Engineering 1
Digging by hand
Digging fd def in normal ground with occasional roots and stones. Spoil placed alongside excavation. Depth of excavation not exceeding 1.5 m
Halve rate for chalk or rock shale
6-3-1
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
2
Filling sandbags
Filling sandbags with dumped loose fill. One man filling, two men holding bag and tying
per man
20 bags/hr
Increase by factor of 1.6 for funnel filler
3
Defile marking
Marking a minefield safe lane with danart corners, pickets at 15 m spacing, cross tapes, and markers at 30 m spacing
one sect
400m of safe lane/hr
Marking a X-country route with pickets at 30m spacing plus markers and beta lights
one sect
750m of defile/hr
Assume pickets and wire dropped off veh and small stores carried on light veh. Assume normal ground
Minefield perimeter marking using lightweight marking set
half sect
1000m/hr
Assume light veh support
Construct a Type 2 catwire fence
one sect
55m/hr
Assume stores dumped by veh
Construct simplified Type 4 fence
one sect
75 m/hr
4
Wire obstacles
6-3-2
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
Mobility Support 5
AVRE
(1) Single fascine (3-4 m span) (2) Double fascine (5-7 m span)
AVRE AVRE
Up to 5 min Up to 5 min
On site On site
6
AVLB/No 10, and 12 brs
(1) (2) (3) (4)
AVLB AVLB
5 mins 5 mins
On site On site
7
MGB
Build 12 Bay DS MGB.
Launch No 10 br (effective span 20.5 m & 24.5 m) Launch No 12 br (effective span 12 m) Combination - to follow Over br - to follow
one tp
1 hr 30 min
Time includes pallet drop but excludes setting out. Assume unrestricted site and no site preparation required
6-3-3
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
8
Br90 GSB
Build 32 m GSB
10 man team 40 mins
9
EWBB
Build 30m Double Single EWBB, incl setting out
one tp
7 hrs
10
MGOB
Build 5 bay MGOB. Time includes placing packing
one sect
20 mins
11a M3
(f) Does not include setting out or emplacement of anchorages. Time includes emplacement of decks, kerbs and bridge edge markers
Construct 100m M3 floating br
one amph tp
30 min
Without bank prep
b
M3
Construct a 4 rig ferry
one amph sect 10 min
Without bank prep
12
Floating APB
Construct and launch one APB raft
two sects
1 hr 10 min
6-3-4
(a)
(b)
13
Mine Breaching
(c) Hand breach own minefield 800m deep
(d) one tp
(e)
(f)
8 hrs
Includes defile marking
Hand breach a safe lane 120m by 8m
one tp
7.5 hrs
Without defile marking
Breach a 360m safe lane with two Python and plough
one AVRE
25 min
Up to 4 hrs preparation required. No defile marking
Plough breach 4m wide lane (plough only)
AVRE
Up to 100 m per min
Leaves 1 m uncleared central strip
6-3-5
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
Counter Mobility Support 14
15
Pattern Minelaying
Abatis
Lay 1 km, 3 row light minefield
one tp
4 hrs
Lay 1 km, 5 row medium minefield
one tp
5.5 hrs
Lay 1 km, 7 row heavy minefield
one tp
7.5 hrs
Deny an area of woodland 500m by 200m
two tps
4.5 hrs
FV 432 towing barminelayer. Fenced but excludes recce and setting out Assume established woodland, no scrub. Using explosives
6-3-6
(a)
16
(b)
Br Dml
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
Destroy major RC continuous span br as a prelim dml
one tp
2.5 hr
Using shaped charges placed on the deck
Prep a major RC continuous span br as a res dml
one tp
6.5 hr
Roadway kept clear
Destroy a minor masonry arch br as a prelim dml
one sect
3.5 hrs
Cut span close to abutments using mined charges Using RCK
17
Route Denial
Close road using 2 angled rows of 3 craters, mining the upheave
one sect
1 hr 40 min
18
Combat Digging
Construct Atk ditch 3.5m wide 1.5m deep in normal ground
2 x MWT or 2 x CET or combination
40m per hr
Side hill cut slope to vertical face of 1.5 m
one MWT
35m per hr 6-3-7
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
Fortifications 19
20
Weapon Pits
MEXE
Dig a Type C weapon pit for a MBT
one MWT/ CET
50 min
No camouflage or revetting
Dig a weapon pit for one AS 90 How. Excluding shelter trenches for crews
one MWT/ CET
1 hr 15 min
5 hrs for 2 x CET/ MWT for a bty of 8 guns. No camouflage or revetting
Dig a weapon pit for FH 70 towed How including ammo bay and shelter trenches
one MWT 1 hr 10 min and one LWT
7.5 hrs for a bty of 8 guns
Dig pit for 81 mm Mor baseplate
one LWT
40 mins
Excluding revetting and OHP
Excavate for single MEXE shelter
one LWT
1 hr
Construct shelter and camouflage takes sect further 2.5 hrs 6-3-8
(a) 21
(b) Trenches
(c)
(d)
Excavate for 4 man trench
one LWT
(e) 20 mins
(f) 4 hrs to dig by hand Revetting and camouflage takes further 4.5 hrs
6-3-9
INTENTIONALLY BLANK
6-3-10
D/DGD&D/18/34/34
Army Code No 71384 (Part 1 Section 6 RE)
TACTICAL AIDE MEMOIRE PART 2 SECTION 6 ENGINEER INSERT REFERENCE USE Supersedes Royal Engineers Insert to the Tactical Aide Memoire (Part 11 Section 3) 1994, Army Code No. 71384
CONTENTS
May 1999
Prepared under the direction of The Chief of the General Staff Ministry of Defence Crown Copyright Reserved
Copyright
This work is Crown copyright and the intellectual property rights for this publication belong exclusively to the Ministry of Defence (MOD). No material or information contained in this publication should be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form outside MOD establishments except as authorised by both the sponsor and the MOD where appropriate.
Security
This document is issued for the information of such persons who need to know its contents in the course of their official duties. Any person finding this document should hand it in to a British Forces unit or to a British Police Station for its safe return to the MINISTRY OF DEFENCE, D MOD SY, LONDON SW1A 2HB, with particulars of how and where found. THE UNAUTHORISED RETENTION OR DESTRUCTION OF THIS DOCUMENT COULD BE AN OFFENCE UNDER THE OFFICIAL SECRETS ACTS OF 1911-1989.
Authority
This publication is issued under the overall direction of the CGS. It is an MOD Approved Code of Practice (ACOP). Where issues of health and safety are concerned it takes into account the provisions of the Health & Safety at Work Act 1974.
Status
The contents provide clear military information concerning the most up to date experience and best practice available for commanders and troops to use in their operations and training. If you are prosecuted for a breach of health and safety law, and it is proved that you have not followed the relevant provisions of the ACOP, a court may find you criminally liable unless you can show that you have complied with the requirements of health and safety legislation since it is a breach of this legislation which renders a person criminally liable. Breaches or omissions of the ACOP could result in disciplinary action under the provisions the Army Act.
Amendment Amendment No
Date
Amendment No
Date
Distribution As directed by Editor, RE Training Publications, Chatham, Kent, ME4 4UG who is the sponsor and to whom comments and queries concerning this publication should be addressed.
INTRODUCTION Military Engineering Volume, Title, Date
1.
Aim . The aim of the RE insert to TAM is to provide an aide memoire of essential engineer information for use at sub-unit level and below.
2.
Scope. The insert is intended for use by officers and NCOs in appointments ranging from squadron to section commander and concentrates on operations at troop level.
3.
Use. The insert is intended to be used in conjunction with Part 2 of the TAM. The information given is perforce condensed. The insert should not be used as a substitute for the volumes of Military Engineering listed in Part 2 which contain detailed information on military engineering subjects.
Volume II Pam 1 Part 1 Part 2 Pam 2 Pam 3 Pam 4 Pam 5 Pam 6 Pam 7 Pam 7A Pam 7B Pam 9 Pam 20 Volume III Part I Part III Part V -
Part VI
Field Engineering Basic Field Engineering Materials & Techniques 1996 Tools & Skills 1996 Field Fortifications 1993 Obstacles 1984 Demolitions 1988 Minelaying 1982 Breaching Minefields & Other Explosive Obstacles 1995 Gap Crossing in Combat Zone 1979 Basic Bridging 1981 Classification of Bridges 1994 Water Supply 1981 All Arms Guide to Field Engineering 1983 Bridging Basic Bridging 1981 Medium Girder Bridge 1980 Extra Wide Bailey Bridge – Normal Uses 1955 Extra Wide Bailey Bridge – Special Construction 1957
i
INTENTIONALLY BLANK
ii
Section 1.
Section Demolition Stores Demolition Targets Operational Safety Distances Demolition Tasks, Time and Labour
MOBILITY SUPPORT Route Reconnaissance Close Support Bridging General Support Bridging – BR 90 General Support Bridging – MGB General Support Bridging – APB and Overbridging General Support Bridging – Wet/ Floating Bridges and Boats Logistic Bridging and Expedient Surfacing Mine Counter Measures Defile and Minefield Lane Marking
2.
Page
6-1-1 6-1-9 6-1-13 6-1-17 6-1-19
3.
COUNTER MOBILITY SUPPORT British Mines and Minelaying Systems 6-2-1 Minefield Design, Reporting and Recording. 6-2-5
6-2-11 6-2-13 6-2-19 6-2-21
SURVIVABILITY SUPPORT Summary of Protection in TAM Part 2 6-3-1 Field Fortifications Techniques 6-3-3
6-1-21
6-1-27 6-1-29 6-1-31
Page
Water Supply 4.
6-3-9
GENERAL ENGINEER INFORMATION Vehicle Characteristics Measurement and Materials Improvised Measurement Cordage and Anchorages Basic Structures
6-4-1 6-4-11 6-4-15 6-4-19 6-4-23
iii
INTENTIONALLY BLANK
iv
SECTION 1
(3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
MOBILITY SUPPORT
ROUTE RECONNAISSANCE 1.
Purpose . The purpose of the reconnaissance must be clear: a.
(1) Width (one way/2 way with difficulty, etc). (2) Surface in terms of trafficability having regard to weather at the time. (3) Load capacity (normally governed by bridge MLC). b.
c.
Tactical Reconnaissance. Tactical reconnaissance may be limited to:
However, the following additional information may be required: (1) Location and extent of damage by enemy action. (2) Location and probable extent of mined areas.
2.
Visibility from enemy positions. Critical points. Temporary bridge or crossing sites. Locations of available resources. Essential repair work.
Technical Reconnaissance. The purpose may be to: (1) Assess the capacity of an existing road. (2) Determine the improvements required to bring it to a particular standard. (3) Prepare a road denial scheme.
Reports. Initial tactical reconnaissance reports are given in the format in TAM Part 1, Section 4 Reports and Returns, followed by an abbreviated technical report if necessary. Technical reports normally consist of 2 parts: a. The standard NATO route report described in Paragraph 9. b. Technical data for the engineer plan.
6-1-1
3.
NATO System. The NATO system has 2 parts: route classification and road classification.
4.
Route Classification. Route classification is the overall classification of the route and consists of 4 elements: a.
Minimum width of carriageway (metres).
b.
Type: X = All weather. Y = Limited all weather. Z = Fair weather.
c.
MLC of the route, defined by its weakest point or section.
d.
Restrictions, if any (normally height).
Example. 10.5/X/60/4 refers to an all weather, Cl 60 route, carriageway width 10.5 m with a height restriction of 4m. 5.
Road Classification. Each section of road is classified using a 6-part formula. The elements of the formula are given in Paragraph 10.
Example. B g s (f?) 3m/5m r (6.2km) (W) denotes a road with limiting factors, steep gradients, rough surface, doubtful foundations, 3m travelled way/5m across shoulders, waterbound macadam, crushed rock or coral, 6.2 km long and subject to flooding. 6.
Bridges. Data on bridges is recorded on a trace using the symbols in Paragraph 11.
7.
Obstructions . Obstructions are indicated by adding '(Ob)' to the road formula. Details are recorded using the symbols in Paragraphs 11 and 12. The following normally constitute an obstruction: a.
Overhead clearance less than 4.25m.
b.
Reductions in road widths which limit traffic capacity, e.g. craters.
c.
Gradients of 7 per cent and over.
d.
Curves with less than 30m radius.
e.
Fords and ferries. 6-1-2
8.
D
Route Restriction Overlay. Data should be recorded during the reconnaissance on an overlay (example below). ROUTE RESTRICTION OVERLAY BLUE ROUTE
GR 567890
Notes: (i) (ii)
Record the scale, and GRs of important points. Use the symbols in Para 11 and 12 to record features in their correct locations, adding GR if necessary. Other facts may be recorded by the side of the location.
9.
NATO Route Report. Route classification reports are made in the format overleaf which may also be used for other technical reports.
25 47
C
N
10-14%
4m
4m
6m
C B Map Sheet: Chichester and the Downs Sheet 197, 1:50 000
6m
30
B A 10m 43
4.5m 3.5m 26 4m
41
A
5m 18
5m
GR 123456
6-1-3
To . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(HQ ordering reconnaissance)
4.
Weather (to include last rainfall if known) ............
Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(Country, scale, sheet no)
5.
NATO Route Classification ....................
Date/Time Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(Of signature)
6.
Road Formula
From . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(Rank, name, unit)
General Information. 1.
a.
Road: a.
From GR .......... to GR ..........
From ......................... to .......................... b.
b.
Section A .....................
From ......................... to ......................... etc.
From GR .......... to GR .......... 7.
2.
Road marking ................... (Civil or military).
3.
Date/Time of reconnaissance ..................
Section B .................... etc.
Shoulders (type and whether usable in an emergency) .........................
6-1-4
8.
Obstructions:
Ser
Particulars
(a)
(b)
9.
Grid ref Rd Sect
(c)
(d)
Obstruction Details
Existing MLC
Recommendations for upgrade
(e)
(f)
(g)
Manpower Transport
(h)
(i)
Plant
Resources
Time
Upgrade MLC
(j)
(k)
(l)
(m)
Enclosures. Overlays, maps, sketches, calculations, works programme, job priority list, detailed drawings, resources. (These are as required). Signature .......................
6-1-5
10. Ser (a)
Symbols for Road Classification Formula. Element of Formula (b)
Symbol (c)
1
Prefix
A B
2 a b
Limiting factors: Sharp curves Steep gradients
'c' 'g'
c
Poor drainage
'd'
d
Weak foundations
'f'
e
Rough surface
's'
f
Excessive camber superelevation
'j'
g
Doubtful conditions
?
(a)
(b)
(c)
Meaning
h
Shoulders
(d)
3
Width
4
Construction material
a b
Type X route Type X route
'k' 'kb'
c d
Type X route Type X or Y route
'p' 'rb'
e
Type Y route
'r'
No limiting factors One or more limiting factors Radius less than 25m Gradients of 7 percent or over Inadequate or blocked drainage Unstable, loose or easily displaced Likely to reduce convoy speed Likely to cause heavy veh to skid or drag towards roadside Indeterminate or doubtful conditions expressed with ? and (), e.g (f?)
?m/?m
f
Type Y route
'l'
g
Type Y or Z route
'nb'
(d) No symbol but written reports should specify. Width travelled way/ width including shoulders
Concrete Bituminous or asphaltic concrete Paving brick or stone Bitumen penetrated macadam, waterbound macadam with superficial asphalt or tar cover Waterbound macadam, crushed rock or coral Gravel or lightly metalled Bituminous surface treatment on natural earth, stabilised soil, sand-clay etc.
6-1-6
(a) h
(b) Type Z route
i
(c)
(d)
'n'
Natural earth, stabilised soil, sandclay, shell, cinders etc Bituminous construction. To be used alone only when type of bituminous construction cannot be determined. Various other types not mentioned above
'b'
j
'v'
5
Length:
(?km)
Length of section may be added if desired
6a
Obstructions:
(Ob)
Symbol at end of formula indicates existence of obstruction (see paragraph 7) Regular, recurrent and serious snow blockage Regular flooding which impedes traffic
b
Snow
(T)
c
Flooding
(W)
11.
Route Reconnaissance Conventional Signs.
25m
Sharp curve (radius in feet or metres)
>14% 10-14% 7-10%
Steep grade, arrows point up hill,grade in percent (length of arrows may show length of grade when scale allows) Constriction (width in feet or metres)
4m
4m
3.5m
5m
4m
Arch constriction (width [left] and height [right] in feet or metres) Underpass constriction (width [left] and height [right] in feet or metres)
Bypass - easy
Bypass - difficult
Bypass - impossible
Level crossing
6-1-7
Bridge. Classification (top segment) overhead clearance [left] width (underneath) length [right]
3.5m 30 6m 3.6m
12.
(B2019) 6 25 1.0/x 2.5/G/0.4
TYPE OF ROAD
SPECIFICATIONS
All weather road hard surface non frost susceptible
With reasonable maint passable all year to unlimited volume of traffic
Cover (deciduous [left] evergreen [right])
All weather road loose or light surface locally frost susceptible
With reasonable maint kept open in all weather but sometimes only to a limited volume of traffic
Cover (woods) (deciduous [left] evergreen [right]). Arrow denotes possibility of driving off the road
Fair weather road without surface or lightly metalled
Becomes quickly impassable in adverse weather, cannot be kept open by maint short of reconstruction. limited volume of traffic
Limit of sector
A/Y
Conventional Symbols for Roads. ROAD SYMBOLS
Civil or Military Route Design Notation
Ferry. Type and seasonal limitations [top]. Capacity [centre]. Crossing width [bottom] A=Automobile P=Passenger Ford. Current velocity m/s and seasonal limitations [top]. Width. Nature of bottom. Depth [bottom]. Approach easy [left]. Exit difficult [right]
13.
Further Information. Further information on roads is given in ME, Vol II Pam 8A and Vol V Part 1.
6-1-8
CLOSE SUPPORT BRIDGING 1.
Chieftain AVLB. comprises:
The Chieftain AVLB system
a.
The Chieftain Bridgelayer, FV4205 (See Section 4).
b.
No 10 (22 m) Bridge, MLC 70, span 20.5 m.
c.
No 10 (26 m) Bridge, MLC 70, span 24.5 m (See Paragraph 7).
d.
No 11 (16 m) Bridge, MLC 70, span 14.5 m.
e.
No 12 (13.5 m) Bridge, MLC 70, span 12.0 m (See Paragraph 7).
f.
Tank Bridge Transporter (See Section 4).
6-1-9
2.
Combination Bridges. All combinations are MLC 70. Maximum depth of water on wet sites must be known. It is essential for safety reasons for the trafficable surface of the bridge to be above water. a. b. c.
No 10 + No 12 span 26.75 - 33.5m. 2 x No 10 span 32-46m. 3 x No 10 span 52-66m.
3.
Trestle. New trestle ISD 2002. Information to follow.
4.
Reconnaissance. a. All sites should have straight approaches and exits to avoid tracked vehicles slewing. b. Bankseats: Minimum CBR 8 percent. Max cross slope: No 10 & 12 (to be within ±5% (2.8 deg). This is equal to ± 0.2m over the 4m width of bridge) c. Consider number of vehicles (tracks and wheels) using the site. d. Check dimensions in paragraph 5 plus width and overhead clearance (No 10-15m, No 1214.5m).
e. 5.
Select alternative sites.
Setting Out. Sites for both bridges are marked as shown below. At least 3 pickets are placed on the home bank to indicate the direction of launch and the position at which the launcher must stop. Stop picket Line up pickets
L
x
d
L = Length of No 10 or No 12 bridge. d = Gap between angle of repose pegs.
D
15 2 paces paces
L-d D= 2 + 3.8m where 3.8m is constant and represents the length of AVLB boom. 6-1-10
L-d 2
must be greater than or equal to 0.75 m at both ends of bridge.
b.
Length Size Weight Transport
At night the pickets must carry a light: Lining up - Red or Beta light pointing up. Stop - Green or Beta light pointing down. 6.
Fascines. a.
Weight Transport
- 4.6 m. - one fascine 5.0 m gap, 2.5 m deep. - 2 fascines 7.0 m gap. - 2.5t (up to 5t if dirty). - 3 per Chieftain AVRE. - one per CET (operations only). - one per AVRE trailer.
-
4.6 m. diameter 0.55 m (6 pipes). 210 kg. AFV 432 or similar vehicle.
c.
Setting Out. Setting out for fascines is the same as that shown in Paragraph 5 except that the fascine stop picket is on the AR.
d.
No more than 2 fascines should be used for one crossing as they become unstable.
e.
Sites require additional work to accept light tracked/wheeled vehicles. This may involve trackway or plant.
Maxi Pipe Fascine (MLC 70). Length Span
Mini Pipe Fascine (MLC 15).
6-1-11
RESTRICTED 7.
Chieftain AVLB and BR 90 CSB. a.
No 10 (26).
Bridge Max/Min ground bearing capacity Min bank support full width of bridge Max bank support full width of bridge Max clear span Max cross slope - home bank Max cross slope - far bank Max longitudinal slope Max difference in far bank seat Max surface water speed Wind speed limitation: Launching/recovery Trafficking Launched and clear of traffic
No 10 (26) 2 20/11 tonnes/m 7.5 m 7.5 m 24.5 m ±5% (2.8 deg) ±5% (2.8 deg) ±10% (5.7 deg) ±2.45 m 0.5 m/sec
26.12m
24.5m 2.45m
24.5m
54 Km/h (Beaufort scale 6) 108 Km/h (Beaufort scale 10) 72 Km/h (Beaufort scale 8)
24.37m
b. 13.62m
12m 1.15m
12m 11.95m
No 12.
Bridge Max/Min ground bearing capacity Min bank support full width of bridge Max bank support full width of bridge Max clear span Max cross slope - home bank Max cross slope - far bank Max longitudinal slope Max difference in far bank seat Max surface water speed Wind speed limitation: Launching/recovery Trafficking Launched and clear of traffic
No 12 2 20/11 tonnes/m 7.5 m Complete bridge 12 m ±5% (2.8 deg) ±5% (2.8 deg) ±10% (5.7 deg) ±1.45 m 0.5 m/sec 54 Km/h (Beaufort scale 6) 108 Km/h (Beaufort scale 10) 72 Km/h (Beaufort scale 8)
6-1-12
RESTRICTED
GENERAL SUPPORT BRIDGING - BR 90 1.
Bridge Conditions. Br 90 GSB bridge constructions are: (Full details are in AESPS)
2.
The bridge is carried on bridging vehicles (BVs) and constructed with the ABLE vehicle and a team of 10 men.
3.
Site Selection. Sites should be straight drive on drive off where possible and have suitable building and off loading areas. Bank seats as level as possible. Minimum CBR 8%. Maximum cross slope ± 5% (± 0.2m over 4 m width of bridge).
4.
Note that 56m span cannot be constructed by ABLE before a reinforced launch rail is introduced in about 2007.
32m max untensioned single span 44m max tensioned single span
56m max tensioned single span
62m max floating double span
60m max double span using fixed pier (span A tensioned) Span A
6-1-13
5.
Main Components.
4m panel
2m panel
8m panel
2m hinge panel
8m ramp panel 4m tensioning panel 2m articulator panel
6-1-14
BR 90 General Support Bridge Design Proforma
Edition 7
Sheet No
Grid Ref
Site Name
MLC
Name
Unit
2. Select bridge Length (L):
A’A (Round up to nearest even No + 2m = L
1.
Measure AR Span A’A
3.
Position Bridge
m
______ + 2m = ______
WL
5.95m 13.3m
Min 1m Max 6m
RW FW
F'
A
F'A' ______
4.
Take Levels:
Location
Min 1m Max 6m
A' A'A ______
F
AF ______
Datum
FW
RW
F’
A’
A
F
Datum Staff Reduced 5.
Vehicle Launch Plane: The launch plane of the vehicle is stated as a percentage and is calculated using the following base formula:
Reduced level at FW (R) Slope in degrees = _______________________ x 100 = Distance from FW to A’ (D) 6.
Select launch envelope: (from Table 1 overleaf) Home bank A’
●
?%
R _____________ D
x 100 = _________%
High (H) Bridge on far bank can be anywhere within this area
Horizontal Low (L)
7.
Initial setting of tilt table pins: (from Table 2). Home to far bank readings to be taken from A’ to F. TABLE 2 Home to far bank height difference
ABLE operational mode
Able tilt pin pins requiring removal
Far Bank High
Up build
Rear
Level
Normal build
Front
Far Bank Low
Down build
Front
8.
Select Site Layout: (1 to 4 overleaf)
9.
Final Design: Minimum bridge length = Stop postion for ABLE RW from A’ = Cross slope within 5%
Site configaration ____________________________
________________ ________________
Remove ABLE tilt pins Level at F within H and L
Front/Rear Yes/No
Yes/No
6-1-15
TABLE 1 LAUNCH ENVELOPE FOR ABLE AND GSB
Select Site Layout 1. Preferred configuration - ABLE and two BVs
BV1
3.15m
1.4m
5.7m
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
(i)
1.4m
5.95m
8m
17m 1
RW
L - 1.6 H+0
L - 1.8 H+0
L - 2.0 H+0
L - 2.2 H+0
L - 2.4 H+0
L - 2.6 H+0
L - 2.8 H+0
L - 3.0 H+0
+ 9%
L - 1.4 H + 0.14
L - 1.6 H + 0.16
L - 1.8 H + 0.18
L - 2.0 H + 0.20
L - 2.2 H + 0.22
L - 2.4 H + 0.24
L - 2.6 H + 0.26
L - 2.8 H + 0.28
L - 3.0 H + 0.3
+ 8%
L - 1.4 H + 0.28
L - 1.6 H + 0.32
L - 1.8 H + 0.36
L - 2.0 H + 0.40
L - 2.2 H + 0.44
L - 2.4 H + 0.48
L - 2.6 H + 0.52
L - 2.8 H + 0.56
L - 3.0 H + 0.6
+ 7%
L - 1.4 H + 0.42
L - 1.6 H + 0.48
L - 1.8 H + 0.54
L - 2.0 H + 0.6
L - 2.2 H + 0.66
L - 2.4 H + 0.72
L - 2.6 H + 0.78
L - 2.8 H + 0.84
L - 3.0 H + 0.9
+ 6%
L - 1.4 H + 0.56
L - 1.6 H + 0.64
L - 1.8 H + 0.72
L - 2.0 H + 0.8
L - 2.2 H + 0.88
L - 2.4 H + 0.96
L - 2.6 H + 1.04
L - 2.8 H + 1.12
L - 3.0 H + 1.2
+ 5%
L - 1.4 H + 0.7
L - 1.6 H + 0.8
L - 1.8 H + 0.9
L - 2.0 H + 1.0
L - 2.2 H + 1.1
L - 2.4 H + 1.2
L - 2.6 H + 1.3
L - 2.8 H + 1.4
L - 3.0 H + 1.5
+ 4%
L - 1.4 H + 0.84
L - 1.6 H + 0.96
L - 1.8 H + 1.08
L - 2.0 H + 1.2
L - 2.2 H + 1.32
L - 2.4 H + 1.44
L - 2.6 H + 1.56
L - 2.8 H + 1.68
L - 3.0 H + 1.8
+ 3%
L - 1.4 H + 0.98
L - 1.6 H + 1.12
L - 1.8 H + 1.26
L - 2.0 H + 1.4
L - 2.2 H + 1.54
L - 2.4 H + 1.68
L - 2.6 H + 1.87
L - 2.8 H + 1.96
L - 3.0 H + 2.1
+ 2%
L - 1.4 H + 1.12
L - 1.6 H + 1.28
L - 1.8 H + 1.44
L - 2.0 H + 1.6
L - 2.2 H + 1.76
L - 2.4 H + 1.92
L - 2.6 H + 2.08
L - 2.8 H + 2.24
L - 3.0 H + 2.4
+ 1%
L - 1.4 H + 1.26
L - 1.6 H + 1.44
L - 1.8 H + 1.62
L - 2.0 H + 1.8
L - 2.2 H + 1.98
L - 2.4 H + 2.16
L - 2.6 H + 2.34
L - 2.8 H + 2.52
L - 3.0 H + 2.7
0
H + 1.4 L - 1.4
H + 1.6 L - 1.6
H + 1.8 L - 1.8
H + 2.0 L - 2.0
H + 2.2 L - 2.2
H + 2.4 L - 2.4
H + 2.6 L - 2.6
H + 2.8 L - 2.8
H + 3.0 L - 3.0
- 1%
H + 1.4 L - 1.26
H + 1.6 L - 1.44
H + 1.8 L - 1.62
H + 2.0 L - 1.8
H + 2.2 L - 1.98
H + 2.4 L - 2.16
H + 2.6 L - 2.34
H + 2.8 L - 2.52
H + 3.0 L - 2.7
- 2%
H + 1.4 L - 1.12
H + 1.6 L - 1.28
H + 1.8 L - 1.44
H + 2.0 L - 1.6
H + 2.2 L - 1.76
H + 2.4 L - 1.92
H + 2.6 L - 2.08
H + 2.8 L - 2.24
H + 3.0 L - 2.4
- 3%
H + 1.4 L - 0.98
H + 1.6 L - 1.12
H + 1.8 L - 1.26
H + 2.0 L - 1.4
H + 2.2 L - 1.54
H + 2.4 L - 1.68
H + 2.6 L - 1.87
H + 2.8 L - 1.96
H + 3.0 L - 2.1
- 4%
H + 1.4 L - 0.84
H + 1.6 L - 0.96
H + 1.8 L - 1.08
H + 2.0 L - 1.2
H + 2.2 L - 1.32
H + 2.4 L - 1.44
H + 2.6 L - 1.56
H + 2.8 L - 1.68
H + 3.0 L - 1.8
- 5%
H + 1.4 L - 0.7
H + 1.6 L - 0.8
H + 1.8 L - 0.9
H + 2.0 L - 1.0
H + 2.2 L - 1.1
H + 2.4 L - 1.2
H + 2.6 L - 1.3
H + 2.8 L - 1.4
H + 3.0 L - 1.5
- 6%
H + 1.4 L - 0.56
H + 1.6 L - 0.64
H + 1.8 L - 0.72
H + 2.0 L - 0.8
H + 2.2 L - 0.88
H + 2.4 L - 0.96
H + 2.6 L - 1.04
H + 2.8 L - 1.12
H + 3.0 L - 1.2
- 7%
H + 1.4 L - 0.42
H + 1.6 L - 0.48
H + 1.8 L - 0.54
H + 2.0 L - 0.6
H + 2.2 L - 0.66
H + 2.4 L - 0.78
H + 2.6 L - 0.78
H + 2.8 L - 0.84
H + 3.0 L - 0.9
- 8%
H + 1.4 L - 0.28
H + 1.6 L - 0.32
H + 1.8 L - 0.36
H + 2.0 L - 0.4
H + 2.2 L - 0.44
H + 2.4 L - 0.48
H + 2.6 L - 0.52
H + 2.8 L - 0.56
H + 3.0 L - 0.6
- 9%
H + 1.4 L - 1.14
H + 1.6 L - 0.16
H + 1.8 L - 0.18
H + 2.0 L - 0.2
H + 2.2 L - 0.22
H + 2.4 L - 0.24
H + 2.6 L - 0.26
H + 2.8 L - 0.28
H + 3.0 L - 0.3
- 10%
H + 1.4 L-0
H + 1.6 L-0
H + 1.8 L-0
H + 2.0 L-0
H + 2.2 L-0
H + 2.4 L-0
H + 2.6 L-0
H + 2.8 L-0
H + 3.0 L-0
F
25/100mm BV
ABLE
10m
1.4m
5.95m
3.15m BV
8m
17m 1
RW
F
3. Secondary configuration - restricted site width 5.95m
25/100mm BV
6m
ABLE
30m 1
RW
F
4. Secondary configuration - ABLE & one BV
(j)
L - 1.4 H+0
BV2
2. Secondary configuration - restricted site width & two BVs
30
+ 10% 15m
ABLE
Safe angle of respose span (clear span) and launch envelope of bridge (all dims in metres above/below horizontal)
ABLE Vehicle Launch plane (FW to A1)
ABLE
10m
1.4m
5.95m
3.15m BV
6-1-16
8m
17m RW
1
F
GENERAL SUPPORT BRIDGING - MGB MLC and maximum length of MGBs. Single Span Single Storey
2 Span (iii)
Double Storey
Double Storey Reinforced
Double Storey
Ser
MLC
Maximum Length (m)
Number of Bays
Maximum Length (m)
Number of Bays (i)
Maximum Length (m)
Number of Bays (i)
Maximum Length (m)
Number of Bays (i)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
(i)
(j)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
100(W)(ii) 70(T) 60 50 40 30 24 20 16
9.8 9.8 9.8 9.8 13.4 15.2 17.1 18.9 22.6
5 5 5 5 7 8 9 10 12
27.4 31.1 32.9 34.8 38.4 42.1 45.7 47.6 49.4(iv)
10 12 13 14 16 18 20 21 22
45.7 49.4(iv) -
20 22 -
Nil Nil 51.2(v) -
Nil Nil 23 -
Notes:
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi)
For Double Storey bridges the length of two ends of bridge (2E) must be added. A few vehicles may have difficulty negotiating the ramps. Restricted to MLC 60. This is the maximum length, limited by the equipment in the bridge sets. Beyond these lengths an additional span is needed. DS MGB only trained on by paragraph, Cdo and Air Mob Sqns.
6-1-17
INTENTIONALLY BLANK
6-1-18
GENERAL SUPPORT BRIDGING - APB AND OVERBRIDGING 1.
Airportable Bridge (APB) (Clear Span). Outline characteristics of clear span APB are given below and for floating APB and APB raft on Page 1-6-2. Further information is in ME Vol II, Pam 7 and detailed building instructions are contained in the User Handbook, Army Code No 60249.
e. f. g.
a. b. c. d.
Maximum Span. Overall length 15.85m, AR span 15.2m. Load Class. MLC 16 irrespective of span. Roadway Width. 3.35 m. Special Loads. The following vehicles may cross the bridge if the special conditions are observed: MWT - MLC 20 CET - MLC 18 FV 432, 433 and 434 - MLC 17-19 Special conditions. Maximum span of 14.02 m. Ramps are evenly seated.
h.
2.
Loads are kept to the bridge centreline. Speed is below 8 kph. Speed. Vehicles MLC 12 and over should not exceed 8 kph. Time/Labour to Build. 30 mins by day. 1 NCO + 16 men. Maximum Slope. 1 in 10 longitudinally and laterally, Transport. Three trailer loads plus a launching set.
MGB Overbridge. a. Deflections. The following table gives the central deflection in mm of simply supported MGB SS bridges under a tracked vehicle of the MLC shown.
6-1-19
b. Dead Load + Dead Load + Live Load Live Load (central) (eccentric)
Ser
No of Bays
MLC
Dead Load
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
70(T) 70(T) 40 40 30 24 20 16 16
15 25 38 51 70 89 108 146 184
51 83 121 133 190 210 267 324 406
58 95 140 152(i) 222 241 310 381 495
Notes: (i) This has not been confirmed by test and may be greater. (ii) The deflection under MLC 100(W) has not been tested but with 4 and 5 bay bridges it should not be greater than that for MLC 70(T).
3.
Clearance using Wedges. (1) For a 4-bay bridge using wedges at the centre of the bridge - clearance under a live load 110 mm. (2) For a 4-bay bridge using wedges at the ends of the first and third panel clearance under a live load 116 mm.
Heavy Girder Overbridge. a.
Dimensions:
Length (excl ramps) - 7.62m (max AR span 6.4m) Roadway width - 4.06m Underbridge clearance 75 mm when unloaded
b.
Transport:
2 x 4t or 8t vehs, or 1 x 14t
c.
Time and Labour: With a crane - 1 sect 30 mins Without a crane - 2 sects 1 hour 6-1-20
GENERAL SUPPORT BRIDGING - WET/FLOATING BRIDGING AND BOATS 1.
M3 Bridge and Ferry.
(8) Speed laden Cl 70 ferry c.
2.65 m/s
M3 Bridge Length.
a.
Land Travel Configuration. See Section 4.
L = (R x 11.50) - (CC x 5.04) + 8.35
b.
Amphibious Operation.
where: R = Number of rigs in bridge. CC = Number of close coupled points.
(1) Deck (roadway) width
4.76 m
(2) Max bank slope for entry
29°
(3) Max vertical drop for entry
0.60 m
(4) Draught unladen
0.54 m
(5) Draught laden Cl 70
1.02 m
(6) Draught (loading) Cl 70
1.10 m
(7) Draught laden (operating)
1.20 m 6-1-21
Floating APB and APB Raft. (See Page 1-5-1)
2. Ser (a)
Detail
Floating APB
(b)
(c)
(d) 16(i) 3.35 m 12.2 m 21.9 m -0.15 m to +1.07 m 0.35 m at 5m 1 + 24 1 hr by day 1+8 5 tlrs
1 2 3 4 5
MLC Deck width Deck length Overall length Bank range
6
Min water depth
16 3.35 m min 15.85 m -0.15 m to +1.07 m 0.35m at 5m
7 8 9 10 11
Max water depth Constr party Constr time Operating crew Transport
5.5 m(ii) 1 + 24 7 tlrs for 31.7 m
APB Raft
Notes:
(i) Following vehs may cross if the special conditions below are observed: MWT (MLC 20), CET (MLC 18), FV 432, 433, 434 (configurations MLC 17-19) Conditions: Deck length increased to 14.63 m Loads keep to the centreline. (ii) Based on the length of anchor cables with the set.
6-1-22
3.
Boats.
Ser (a) 1
Item (b) Recce boat (Avon Redcrest)
Capacity (c) 2 men 5 men as life raft
2
Gemini boat
3
Assault Boat Mk V
8 fully equipped men or 10 lightly equipped men 2 crew + 10 men
4
Combat Support Boat
2 Crew
Dimensions and Carriage (d) Packed: 0.46(diam) x 1.92 m Inflated 2.8 x 1.3 m Weight 18 kg
Remarks (e) Inflatable Paddled
4.7 x 1.9 m Weight 138 Kg
8.2 x 2.49 m Weight 4000 Kg Dedicated trailer
Inflated 25 or 40HP OBM Paddled or 25 HP OBM Draught 0.53 m Draught 0.56 m
4.9 x 1.7 m Weight 220 Kg
6-1-23
Ser (a) 5
6
Item (b) Rigid Raider Mk 1
Capacity (c) a. 7 fully equipped men + 91 Kg of stores or b. 9 lightly equipped men + 91 Kg of stores or c. 2 crew + 900 Kg of evenly distributed cargo
Dimensions and Carriage (d) 5.2 x 2.2 m Weight 700 Kg Dedicated trailer. Crib available to tpt on flat bed veh
Remarks (e) Draught 0.84 m 140 HP OBM
Large Rigid Raiding Craft MK 2
a.
8.35 x 2.6 m Weight 1880 Kg Dedicated trailer. Crib available to tpt on flat bed veh
Draught 0.9 m 2 x 140 HP OBM
2 crew + 8 Men + 680 Kg of cargo or 2 crew + 1000 Kg of cargo or c. Maximum payload 1850 Kg mixed cargo (if using NATO pallet for cargo seats will have to be removed) b.
6-1-24
Ser (a) 7
Note:
Item (b) Large Rigid Raiding Craft MK 3
Capacity (c) a. 2 crew + 8 Men + 680 Kg of cargo or b. 2 crew + 1000 Kg of cargo or c. Maximum payload 1900 Kg of mixed cargo (if using NATO pallet for cargo, seats will have to be removed)
Dimensions and Carriage (d) 7.5 x 2.6 m Weight 2100 Kg Dedicated trailer. Crib available for tpt on flat bed veh
Remarks (e) Draught 1.3 m 1 x 220 HP Inboard diesel
Draughts quoted are craft fully laden engine down. Dimensions are maximum, engines up where applicable.
6-1-25
INTENTIONALLY BLANK
6-1-26
RESTRICTED
LOGISTIC BRIDGING AND EXPEDIENT SURFACING Extra Widened Bailey Bridge.
1.
Ser
MLC
Time (hrs)
Max Span for Type of Construction
Qty 4t Vehs
Working Party
Day
Ni
Notes:
(i)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(ii)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
30 30 30 30 80 80 80 80 80
SS 15.2 m 5 bays DS 24.4 m 8 bays TS 33.5 m 11 bays DD 39.6 m 13 bays DS 15.2 m 5 bays TS 21.3 m 7 bays DD 24.4 m 8 bays DT 33.5 m 11 bays TT 45.7 m 15 bays
10 14 21 28 13 17 21 31 61
One tp One tp Two tps One sqn Two tps Two tps One sqn One sqn One sqn
5 7 9 12 5 7 10 16 30
10 11 18 24 9 12 20 28 60
(iii)
(iv) (v) (vi)
Bridges over MLC 80 can be built using chord reinforcement. Each bay of bridge is 10 feet (3.048 m) long. The maximum span that can support Challenger on transporter is 13 bays TDR. Roadway width is 4.2 m. Tp working strength should be minimum 1 + 48. Timings assume reasonable conditions of ground and weather and no enemy interference.
6-1-27
2.
Trackway. a.
Class 30 Trackway. (1) Dimensions. Roll 32 m long, 3.4 m wide. (2) Laying. Usually dispensed from a spool on a 4t veh. (3) Time to Lay. 5 mins by 5 men, but longer if it has to be secured to the ground. (4) Weight. (Clean) Loaded spool 3.3t.
b.
Class 70 Trackway. (1) Dimensions. Roll 15 m long, 4.5 m wide. (2) Laying. Usually laid by an AVRE, but can be laid by CET and by hand. (3) Time to Lay. With mechanical aid, one roll 4 mins by 4 men. By hand 1 NCO + 10 men, 30 min by day, 60 min by night. (4) Weight. (Clean) One roll 2.4 t. (5) Use. May be used by MLC 70(T) and 100(W) vehicles.
6-1-28
MINE COUNTER MEASURES (See ME Vol II Pam 6 for detailed information) (See TAM Part 2 Section 5). 1.
2.
Action on Encountering Mines. a. STOP all movement. b. WARN other tps in vicinity. c. REPORT up and down the chain of command. d. ASSESS the situation and CLASSIFY. e. ACT on your assessment. f. ASSESSMENT: Surface laid (SCATMIN?: self-destruct anti-handling) or buried. Mission critical: carry on and accept casualties or use engr eqpt. Mission non-critical: use engr eqpt (if avail) or await help or extract (look, feel, prod). CLASSIFY (see TAM Part 2, Page 518-6). Minefield Reconnaissance Patrol. a. RE element. 1 Offr or NCO + 2 sprs. b. Stores: Prismatic compass. Fish line and pegs. Mine markers.
51.
Short prodders. Mine detector. Trip wire feelers. Wire cutters. Safety pins for mines. Anti-mine visor. Hand Clearance. (See TAM Part 2, Page 5-18-6). a. Basic Data. (1) Setting out party. NCO + 2. 90m/hr. (2) Basic breaching party. NCO + 5. 60m/hr. (3) Parties work a minimum of 20m apart. (4) Pulling party. NCO + 3. Remove mines by: (a) Pulling, disarming/neutralising and then moving, or, (b) Destroy in-situ with explosive charge. Note: In extreme circumstances surface laid mines may be disrupted or destroyed with small arms fire (greater than 5.56 mm) but this is not a
reliable method.
6-1-29
b.
Stores Check List. (1) Mine detectors. (2) Mine prodders. (3) Prismatic compass. (4) Wire cutters. (5) Pliers. (6) Safety pins/25 mm nails. (7) Nails 150 mm. (8) Tape tracing. (9) Winders, tape. (10) Pickets, A/l 1.8 m. (11) Sledgehammer/picket driver. (12) Mine markers. (13) Pulling cable. (14) Markers, minefield, perimeter. (15) Markers, minefield, safe lane. (16) Markers, defile, illuminated (beta lights). (17) Dannert wire. (18) Wire for safe lane fences. (19) Anti-mine visors.
4.
Mine Plough (Full Width Attachment). a. Mounted on AVRE. b. Cleared lane 3.8 m wide with uncleared one metre wide central strip. Full width attachment in the centre allows complete 3.8 m to be cleared. c. Depth to bottom of blade 200 mm. d. Speed 4 to 6 km/hr. e. Maximum slope 20 degrees.
5.
Python. a. Trailer details, see Section 4. b. Hose box, 2160 kg (1.5t explosive). c. Effective length 180 to 200 m. d. Firing vehicle, AVRE, CET, MBT or similar vehicle with 24 volt system. e. Clears 90% single impulse blast susceptible mines in 8m wide lane. f. Use plough in combination when possible with plough tank straddling furrow. g. Crossing vehicles straddle furrow. h. Lane repair may be necessary for wheeled vehicles. i. Allow 50% reserve of Python equipment. 6-1-30
DEFILE AND MINEFIELD LANE MARKING 1.
Defile Marking System.
Illuminated wheel signs
Markers, minefield, safe lane, with Beta arrows or green or white lights at night
Illuminated wheel signs fixed beneath route markers
ES
UT
W
HE
EL
EL
RO
RO
HE
UT
W
ES
D E F I L E
TRACK ROUTES
TRACK ROUTES
APPROACH TRACKS Entrance lights
LINING UP BOX
Exit lights
30m approx Illuminated track signs
Illuminated tracksigns fixed beneath route markers
6-1-31
2.
Safe Lane Maximum Marking.
50m ENE
MINEFIELD
MY
Red triangles at 10-50m spacing
Signal cable 30m
70m NE
Cleared area for unexploded mines from the safe lane
FE
LA
Picket
SA
Tape or scrim
8m
MINEFIELD
Dannert coils continued at least 50 m from four corners 70m
Lane maintainance stores dump located near safe lane entrance
6-1-32
SECTION 2
COUNTER MOBILITY SUPPORT
(This chapter covers mines and demolitions. Other non-explosive obstacles are included in Tam Part 2 Section 5)
BRITISH MINES AND MINELAYING SYSTEMS Anti-tank Mines.
1. Ser
Mine
Packing
Arming
Disarming/Neutralising
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
1
Barmine Length 1.2m Width 110mm Height 80mm Weight 10.4 kg
4 mines per bundle, 18 bundles (72 mines) per pallet (weight 900kg)
Pressure fuze 1. Remove safety pin. 2. Turn arming lever 90o clockwise. Add-on-fuzes 1. Remove safety pins. 2. Move arming lever No 1 to armed position.
Disarm pressure fuze 1. Turn arming lever 90o anti-clockwise. 2. Insert safety pin. Neutralise add-on fuzes a. If both arming levers in armed position: 1. Move arming lever No 1 to safe position. 2. Move arming lever No 2 to safe position. 3. Wire lock arming levers in safe positions. b. If either arming lever not fully armed see user handbook. 6-2-1
(a)
(c)
(d)
(e)
Mk 7 mine Diameter 330mm Height 127mm Weight 13.6 kg
Two mines per wooden box. 30 boxes (60 mines) per pallet (weight 1114 kg)
No 5 Fuze 1. Unscrew mine cap. 2. Remove fuze safety clip. 3. Insert fuze. 4. Replace cap.
No 5 Fuze Reverse arming procedure
No 5 Fuze
28 fuzes in a steel ammunition box
3
Non-metallic mine L3A1 Diameter 266mm Height 145mm Weight 7.5 kg
Clipped in pairs with domed metal covers. 24 pairs (48 mines) per pallet (weight 504kg)
1. Remove split pin. 2. Pull key across rubber cover and lift to vertical, ensuring sleeve slips down into position. 3. Turn key 90o clockwise. 4. Withdraw key.
Disarm Reverse arming procedure
4
AT2 Diameter 103 mm Height 165 mm Weight 2.22 kg
2
(b)
Scatterable mine emplaced by MLRS. Laid life 3 to 96 hrs. Self destructs. Cannot be disarmed or neutralised. Anti-handling device. 6-2-2
(a) 5
(b) Volcano L35A1 Diameter 127mm Height 83 mm Weight 1.6 kg
(c) 6 mines per tube. 120 tubes per launcher plus 80 tubes for reload on the vehicle
(d) (e) Scatterable mine dispensed from Shielder. Laid life 4 hr, 48 hr or 15 days set at launch. Self destructs. Cannot be disarmed or neutralized. Integral anti-handling system.
Packing One Claymore and accessories in a bandolier. Six bandoliers in a box. (Weight 24.1kg)
Arming See instruction sheet with each claymore.
Other Devices.
2. Ser 1
Note:
Device Claymore Body: Width 213mm Height 82.5mm Thickness 35mm Weight 1.5kg Height on legs 171mm
Disarming/Neutralizing See instruction sheet with each claymore.
Claymore must only be command detonated.
6-2-3
3.
Barmine Layer. a. a.
Laying Rate. Planning figure 200 mines per hour.
b.
Laying Depth. All fuzes except AD - 80mm. AD fuze - 130mm. Depth to bottom of furrow.
c.
Minefield type Hasty
Towbar Positions.
Position
4.
Capabilities.
Towing vehicle hook height
Typical vehicle
Straight
250-600mm
FV 432
Cranked up
600-900mm
4 or 8t
Offset
350-700mm
Deliberate
Description
Frontage
1 x pass by 1 x Shielder laying a panel 50 – 150m deep.
The frontage for both types of minefield is:
1 x pass by 2 x Shielder laying two panels within depth required.
a. Light density – 1350m b. Medium density – 450m c. Heavy density –250m
Shielder. Vehicle Launched Scatterable Mine System (VLSMS). Dispensing system for the Volcano mine. Capable of dispensing 720 mines in 5 mins dependant on terrain and minefield density. 6-2-4
MINEFIELD DESIGN, REPORTING AND RECORDING 1.
Minefield Design. a.
Light Minefield. 10 percent General Stopping Power. Example content:
c.
Heavy Minefield. 50 percent General Stopping Power. Example content: Three rows of barmines with AD fuzes. Two rows of barmines with FWAM (E) fuzes. Two rows of barmines with FWAM (M) fuzes.
Two rows of barmines with FWAM (E) fuzes. One row of barmines with FWAM (M) fuzes.
b.
Medium Minefield. 25 percent General Stopping Power. Example content: One row of barmines with AD fuzes. Two rows of barmines with FWAM (E) fuzes. Two rows of barmines with FWAM (M) fuzes.
6-2-5
Minelaying Reports.
2. Ser (a)
Report (i) (b)
Initiator (c)
Sent to (d)
Details included (e)
1
Intention to lay
Unit or formation intending to lay a a minefield
Next higher formation
2
Start of laying
Laying unit
Next higher formation
3
Completion (ii)
Laying unit
Formation ordering laying
1. Time completed. 2. Marking of lanes
4
Change
Formation or unit ordering change.
Those concerned
Details of change
Notes:
1. Type of minefield. 2. Types of mine. 3. GRs of corners of field and locs of gaps and lanes. 4. Duration of minefield. 5. Estimated start and completion times. 1. Time started. 2. ETC. 3. Changes from intention to lay report.
(i) Reports are sent in the format directed by formation HQ. (ii) AF W4017 must be completed in addition to sending the completion report. 6-2-6
3.
Setting out Pickets. Light
Light
Row sign White tape
White tape wound around picket
White tape
Three paces
Three paces
a. Start laying.
Enemy approach
e. Stop laying.
b. Intermediate.
c. Change direction.
Enemy approach
f. Stop laying but continue ploughing.
d. Warning.
Tape
g. Last mine in the ground unarmed. 6-2-7
Mine Row Markers.
4.
Notes: (i)
Largest dimension of sign 0.3 m.
(ii)
Signs coloured on one side only.
(iii)
Signs drilled to take 14 gauge wire.
(iv)
If more than 7 rows repeat from row A.
(v)
The use of these signs is optional.
Ser
Row
Sign
Colour
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
1
A
Yellow
2
B
White
3
C
Red
4
D
Yellow
5
E
Blue
6
F
Red
7
G
White
6-2-8
+
+
+
+
Minimum 2m I1
Perimeter markers at between 10 and 50 m.
Minimum 15m
A1
I2
MINEFI
Minimum 15m (when handlaying)
B1
ELD LA
8m for vehicles
NE
C1
Minimum 8m (when laying mechanically)
Minimum 2m
D1
+ E1
+ +
+ +
+
+
Minimum 2m Minimum 2m
+
(i)
+
Notes:
ENEMY
+
Safety Distances.
+
5.
6-2-9
INTENTIONALLY BLANK
6-2-10
DEMOLITION STORES 1.
Explosives and Accessories. The main service items are listed below. Full details are given in ME Vol II Pam 4.
Ser (a) 1
Item (b) PE 4
Description /Packing/Remarks (c) 0.23 kg cartridge. 175 mm long. 35 mm diam. 10 cartridges per carton. 4 cartons (9.2 kg) per wooden box. 6 slabs of PE4 in metal container. Each slab 0.9 kg. 25 x 50 x 50 mm. 2 containers per carrier. Sheets 0.57 kg. 465 x 250 x 3 mm. 40 sheets per wooden box. 5 x CD 14 (Hayrick). Each CD14, 9.3 kg. 241 x 133 x 254 mm. One set in steel box.
2
CD L3A1
3
CD Sheet Explosive No 2
4
CD Necklace L1A1
5
Charge Linear Cutting
Two metre lengths with 25, 40, 80, 100, 120 or 180 g/m explosive.
6
Kit of 1 x 8 .5 kg conical charge and 2 x 9.8 kg bags of HE in steel box.
7
RCK L25A2 RBD Charges a. Conical L7A1 b. Underbridge L11A1 c. Overbridge L12A1
8
Expl Cutting Tape
Two metre lengths with 100, 240, 450 or 1150 gm explosive.
Diam 256 mm, height 362 mm, weight 17.6 kg. Length 282 mm, width 240 mm, height 375 mm, weight 26.5 kg. Length 473 mm, width 380 mm, height 490 mm, weight 100 kg.
6-2-11
Ser (a) 9
Item (b) Firing Device Kit Demolition Grip L41A4
Description /Packing/Remarks (c) Tin contains 1 x Firing Device Demolition Grip and 4 x initiators Flash. 15 tins per metal box, 2 boxes per metal carrier, initiators Flash also supplied separately 7 per tin.
10
Fuze Safety L1A2
Colour black but other types different colours. 8m per package, 10 packages per metal box, 300 mm burns between 36 and 44 secs.
11
Cord Detonating L4A1
Colour grey but other types different colours. 150 m per reel, 1 reel per metal box, 2 metal boxes plus clips and seals per wooden box.
12
Detonator Demolition L1A1
5 in polythene pack, 25 packs per metal base H82.
14
Demolition Remote Firing Device
One transmitter in L17A1 ammunition container. Two receivers in L17A1 ammunition container. Code plugs handled as classified items. Line of sight range 2 kms.
15
Platform Access Under Bridge
Single span 12.4 m. Double span 24.8 m.
6-2-12
DEMOLITION TARGETS 1.
Bridge Demolition. The economical demolition of some bridges is complicated. The techniques given below are simplified and may be wasteful. Wherever possible ME Vol II Pam 4 should be consulted.
2.
Demolition Priorities. a. Priority 1. Create a gap of at least 25 metres. b. Priority 2. In the following order: (1) Crater and mine the home abutment. (2) Mine likely adjacent bridging sites. (3) Crater and mine the enemy approaches. (4) Destroy piers.
3.
Conditions for a Successful Demolition. a. Condition 1. A collapse mechanism must be formed, either: (1) A see-saw mechanism, or (2) A beam mechanism, or (3) A member-without-support mechanism. b. Condition 2. The collapse mechanism must be free to move under its own weight to create the desired gap.
4.
Demolition Techniques. Bridges must be categorised into one of the 4 groups below and attacked as described: a. Simply Supported Steel Bridges. One angled attack cutting between 1/3 and midspan. Deck cut across its entire width. Beams and trusses above and below deck level cut at 70o to the horizontal at the location of the deck cut. b. Simply Supported Concrete Bridges. Cut between 1/3 and midspan using 2 parallel cuts not less than 1.5 x deck thickness apart. Any metal or concrete balustrades to be cut as Sub-paragraph a. c. Concrete Portals, Masonary Arches and all Spandrel Bridges. Two cuts spaced to create the required gap. d. All continuous bridges. At least 2 cuts in adjacent spans, located so that the distances from the cuts to the pier which separate them are in the proportion of at least 1:1.25.
6-2-13
5.
Bridge Categorisation a. Identification. (1) If simply supported see Sub-paragraph b. (2) If continuous see Sub-paragraph c. (3) If uncertain treat as continuous. (4) If neither, e.g suspension, attack from first principles. b. Simply Supported.
c.
Continuous.
CONTINUOUS CONCRETE
ARCH
PORTAL
STEEL
MASONARY ARCH
CANTILEVER
BEAM/TRUSS
SIMPLY SUPPORTED BOWSTRING
CONCRETE SLAB/BEAM
STEEL TRUSS
DECK BRIDGE
NORMAL
REINFORCED
BOTTOM SUPPORT
STEEL BEAM
THROUGH BRIDGE
TOP SUPPORT
CANTILEVER AND SUSPENDED SPAN
SOLID SPANDREL
WITH SHORT SIDE SPAN
OPEN SPANDREL
WITHOUT SHORT SIDE SPAN FIXED FOOTING
PINNED FOOTING
6-2-14
6.
Bridge Reconnaissance Measurements. a.
Simply Supported Bridges.
b.
Continuous Bridges.
L E1
E2
L
H
LS1
E = E1 + E2
H
LS2
LS = LS1 + LS2 2
Notes: (1) Record all information required for AFW 4012. (2) Record dimension of all members to be cut. (3) Value H in continuous bridges required only for arch and portal bridges.
6-2-15
Targets other than Bridges.
7. Ser
Target
Method
(a)
(b)
(c)
1
2
Roads
Tunnels
Use craters or mined charges at: (1) Bridge approaches. (2) Hillsides. Aim to blow away the road. (3) Embankments. Select sites where by-pass is difficult. (4) Cutting. Avoid if possible. (5) Culverts. Tamping needed. Aim to destroy the road or drainage system. Use falling block obstacles when available. In towns use rubble and mines. In woods fell trees and use mines. Attack the lining with small mined charges for a length of 15-25 m
(a) (b) 3 Airfields
(c) Crater runway so that maximum undamaged length is 500 metres. Contaminate aviation fuels stocks with water, gasoline or fire extinguisher foam. Damage pumping system.
4
Railways
Cut rails and remove 6 metres of straight line or 3 metres on the outside of a curve. Crater the track.
5
Buildings
Wooden buildings - burn. Houses - use concussion charge. Large buildings - cut supporting walls and pillars. Perhaps cut one side only and tilt the building. Attack a large central core with borehole charges to destroy reinforcement.
6-2-16
Continued.
8. (a)
(b)
(a) 9
6
Guns
(b)
(c)
(c) Block the barrel and then fire a round, or place a PE charge behind the blockages. 0.34 kg for 30 mm bore. 2.0 kg for 76 mm bore 3.5 kg for 100 mm bore Destroy the gun sights.
7
AFVs
Detonate 10 kg inside the hull, or place charge under the gun mantlet. Destroy the gun. Perhaps set the AFV on fire.
8
B Vehs
Use a sledgehammer on radiator and ignition system. Detonate 0.5 kg PE on the cylinder head. Fire the veh.
POL Installations
Rupture tanks and ignite fuel within bund walls. Attack valves and exposed piping. Attack jerrycans with GPMG. Contamination by cross mixing fuel is not recommended except for aviation fuel.
10 Ammunition
Initiate shells individually, unless containing lyddite or TNT when bulk detonation possible. Soak SAA in gasoline and burn. Bulk HE can be burnt (wartime only).
11 Concrete obstacles
Dragons teeth - breaching charge Massive walls - breaching charge Light walls - cutting charge Pill boxes - concussion charge
6-2-17
INTENTIONALLY BLANK
6-2-18
RESTRICTED
OPERATIONAL SAFETY DISTANCES Safety Distances Against Injury (operational use only). Distances in metres at which injury may be expected from an explosion in the open.
1.
Ser
Injury from blast Wt of Safe if Ear Serious Deaths expl protected damage injury possible (kg) against possible possible debris (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
10 15 25 35 45 65 90 140 190
25 30 30 35 40 45 50 55 65
15 17 20 20 20 25 30 30 35
8 9 11 12 12 14 18 20 20
5 6 6 7 7 8 9 10 10
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
10 11 12 13 14 15 16
250 350 450 700 900 1100 1300
75 80 85 100 105 115 120
40 45 50 55 60 65 70
20 25 25 30 30 35 35
15 15 20 20 25 25 25
Notes: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
Distance at which men are safe provided they have adequate protection from fragments and debris. Distance up to which men suffer acute aural discomfort and possibly some ear damage. Distance up to which there is likelihood of ear injury and possibility of more serious injury. Distance up to which men may sustain serious but probably not fatal injury and there is danger of fatalities by blast pressure or displacement. 6-2-19
Safety Distances Against Damage. Distances in metres at which damage to property may be expected from an explosion in the open.
2.
Ser
Damage to property Wt of Houses Houses Minor 50% expl destroyed badly house glass (kg) damaged damage broken (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
10 15 25 35 45 65 90 140 190 250 350 450
10 15 15 20 25 30
10 10 15 20 25 30 35 45 50
10 15 20 20 25 35 40 55 65 85 105 120
23 35 45 55 65 85 105 140 165 215 260 300
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
13 14 15 16
700 900 1100 1300
40 45 50 60
65 80 90 100
150 180 200 230
390 460 520 570
Notes: (i) Average distance up to which houses are badly damaged and require demolition. (ii) Average distance up to which houses are rendered uninhabitable. Extensive repairs necessary. (iii) Average distance up to which minor house damage occurs. (iv) Average distance up to which 50% of the glass is broken. 10% may be broken up to 3 times the distance.
6-2-20
DEMOLITION TASKS - TIME AND LABOUR ESTIMATES. Ser (a)
Task (b)
Manpower (c)
Time (d)
Remarks
(e)
1
Prepare a bridge over a major river (100m) for demolition
1 Fd Tp
4-5 hr
2
Cut one span of a bridge over a river or canal using RDD steel
1 Fd Sect
2-3 hr
3
Cut the span of a masonry or concrete arch bridge
1 Fd Sect
4-6 hr
4
Cut one span of a reinforced concrete slab and girder bridge
2 Fd Sect
4 hr
5
Prepare one bridge abutment using camouflet equipment
1 Fd Sect
2 hr
6
Destroy a pier using a pier footing charge
1 Fd Sect
1 hr
7
Crater a road using 3 measle shafts, and mine the debris
1 Fd Sect
1 hr
10 Anti tank mines per crater group
8
Crater a road using camouflet, 3 craters plus mines in debris
1 Fd Sect
3 hr
As Serial 7
With power tools A 2 stage attack may be required if RBD are not used
6-2-21
Ser (a)
Task (b)
Manpower (c)
Time (d)
1 Fd Sect
1 hr
9
Crater a road using RCK, 3 craters plus mines in debris
10
Tree felling and mining to make a road block
1 Fd Sect
2 hr
11
Prepare a pylon using PE4 cartridges
1 Fd Sect
0.5 hr
12
Destroy 4 Dragons Teeth
1 Fd Sect
0.5 hr
13
Prepare a 2 storey building using concussion charges
1 Fd Sect
1 hr
14
Build the Platform Access Under Bridge
1 Fd Sect
0.75 hr
Remarks
(e) As Serial 7
Depending on the number of apertures to be blocked
6-2-22
RESTRICTED
SECTION 3
SURVIVABILITY SUPPORT
SUMMARY OF PROTECTION IN TAM PART 2. 1.
(8)
MILAN Battle Trench (based on 4 Man Battle Trench Type A). (9) MILAN Battle Trench (with Chatham Arch OHP). (10) Emplacement for 81mm mortar.
Details of the following are in TAM Part 2 Section 5: a. b.
c. d.
Protective thicknesses of materials. Digging. (1) Stages. (2) Explosive digging. (3) LWT digging. Battle Trenches - standard dimensions. Standard designs for field fortifications. (1) 2 and 4 Man Battle Trench (using KIP) (2) Revetment using CGI/SHS. (3) Overhead cover using CGI/SHS. (4) 2 Man Battle Trench. (5) 4 Man Battle Trench Type A. (6) 4 Man Battle Trench Type B. (7) GPMG (SF) firing platform (based on 4 Man Battle Trench Type A).
e. f. g.
(11) Field shelter: (a) Time and labour to erect a field shelter. (b) Packaging of a field shelter. Packaging of defence stores. Protective slots for A vehicles. House prepared for defence.
6-3-1
INTENTIONALLY BLANK
6-3-2
FIELD FORTIFICATIONS TECHNIQUES 1.
Sandbagging. Filled sandbag is 500mm x 250mm x 125mm. 64 sandbags required for a m3. Sandbag constructions to be well compacted and bonded. Headers
Joints are broken and chokes not shown
Stretchers
Courses 1,3,5 etc.
(1)
Face of wall.
(2)
Courses 2,4,6 etc. Corners.
a. Bonding of sandbags.
b. Sandbag blast walls. Ref:
ME Vol II Pam No.2 Field Fortifications Pages: 1-22 to 1-26
6-3-3
2.
Revetment.
6-8 strands of wire windlassed tight
Wire pulling at right angles to the picket
0.30m
Anchor picket at an angle to the pull
Not less than twice the depth of the trench (2.7m min)
0.45m
b. a.
Sandbag revetment.
CGI and picket revetment. Notes: (i) (ii)
Ref:
ME Vol II Pam No.2 Field Fortifications Pages: 1-8 to 1-13
Not vertical. Bags at right angles to wall. 6-3-4
Breastwork.
3.
1.50m min
1.50m min
h __ 4
Slope 4/1
Slope 4/1
Anchor wire minmum 8 strands 14 SWG windlassed before earth is thrown up above this level
Brushwood, CGI etc
h
GL
GL
0.45m min
Slope 4/1 > 2h
a. Ref:
Sandbag and earth breastwork.
ME Vol II Pam No.2 Field Fortifications Pages: 8-4 to 8-6
b.
Earth breastwork and skin revetment. 6-3-5
4.
Defensive Work in Sand or Loose Material.
Stage 1 Sand falling away at an approximate slope of 1/1
Stage 2
Slope 4/1
Stage 3
Ref:
ME Vol II Pam No.2 Field Fortifications Pages: 8-2 to 8-3
Back fill of compacted sand
6-3-6
Drains and Soakaways.
5.
Section A - A
Slope Pit not less than 300mm cube
Slope Shelter bay
A
Large stones at bottom
a.
Ref:
Drainage sump.
ME Vol II Pam No.2 Field Fortifications Pages: 1-27 to 1-30
A Fire bay
b. Catch water drain.
6-3-7
INTENTIONALLY BLANK
6-3-8
WATER SUPPLY 1.
lake 'd' (m) and measure the depth 'h' (m) one quarter of the way across. Volume of water = 0.75 d2h cubic metres. Multiply by 1000 to give capacity in litres.
Yield Tests. a.
Wells. Lower the water level by pumping and measure the time taken to refill. Approximate yield = 780
hd 2
b.
c. Ref:
t d h
2.
= time to refill in minutes = diameter of well in metres = height in metres water level raised in time ’t’
Rivers. Tents are not necessary for large rivers. For small rivers and streams, obtain the cross-sectional area 'A' (m2) of the river by measuring the width, and depth at 3 or 4 places across its width. Measure the surface velocity 'V' (m/sec) in the centre of the river. Yield = 48,000 VA litres/minute Lakes. Estimate the average diameter of the
ME Vol II Pam No.9 Water Supply Pages: 3-5 to 3-6 and 5-5 to 5-12
Springs. Test the flow by timing the fill of a vessel of known capacity.
litres/minute
t Where
d.
pH and Residual Chlorine Levels. For potable water: pH between 5 and 9.2 but see Paragraph 3.c. Test using Universal Indicator Paper. Residual chlorine level - 5 mg/l or as directed by Med. Test using Checkit.
3.
Sedimentation. a.
When. Use sedimentation when the filter of the purification unit has to be backflushed frequently or if the filtered water is too cloudy and always when the WPU(S) is used.
b.
Timing. With alum added 1 to 6 hours, without 6 to 8 hours. Planning time 4 hours.
6-3-9
c.
d.
Acidity. For a floc to form with Alum, pH value should be in range 7.0 to 8.0. If too acid (below 7.0) add slaked lime; if too alkaline (above 8.0) add more alum. Allow about 15 minutes for floc to form. Test for pH value with Universal Indicator Paper.
4.
Sterilisation. a.
Fixed Dose Chlorination. Use 1g of 65% Calcium Hypochlorite per 100 litres of water. Wait at least 30 minutes (60 minutes in cold weather). Test using CHECKIT aiming for a residual chlorine level of 5 mg/litre and Universal Indicator Strip for pH between 5 and 9.2. If more chlorine is needed add doses of 0.25 g per 100 litres.
b.
Variable Dosing. Aim for residual chlorine level of 5 mg/l and test using Checkit.
c.
Detasting. Use 1 tablet per 100 litres. Mix just before use.
Quantities. Dosage required
Type and effective Ser capacity of tank
Chemical
g (approx)
cups
(e)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
1
Small collapsible tank (SCT) 1550 l
Crushed alum Slaked lime
100 50
2
Large collapsible tank (LCT) 8000 l
Crushed alum Slaked lime
500 250
21/2 to 4 1 /2 to 2
3
Per 10,000 litres
Crushed alum Slaked lime
600 300
3 to 51 2 to 2 /2
Ref:
ME Vol II Pam No.9 Water Supply Pages: 5-5 to 5-12
1
/2 to 11 /4 to /2
1
1
6-3-10
5.
Water Purification Sets. a.
Water Purification Unit (NBC). Normally mounted on dedicated 21/2 t trailer. Consists of: main unit, 2 additional pumps (source and distribution), 2 x 13,640 litre pillow tanks, hoses etc. Non-NBC operation. Kieselguhr filtration and calcium hypochlorite injection. Output 164,000 l/day. NBC operation. Reverse osmosis. Output 45,000 l/day. NB: RO elements are fragile. Follow the instructions in the AESP. Timings using 1 NCO and 4 men:
Pump - Output 6800 l/hr, maximum head 18.3 m. Sterilisation - VVD Filter unit - uses kieselguhr. Tanks - 2 x 11400 litres collapsible Hoses (44mm) - 4 x 3.05 m and 15 x 9.14 m. 6.
Pumps. a.
Pump Water Set 9000 l/hr. General purpose water pump held at squadron level. Uses Gilkes J30/180 TMJ pump, head 34m.
(1) Set up and fill one storage tank: NonNBC mode - 3 hr. NBC mode - 8.15 hr. (2) Close down, back flush, clean and repack - 3.5 hr. b.
Ref:
Water Purification Unit (Standard). (Weight 520 kg, transport 1 x 3/4t trailer)
ME Vol II Pam No.9 Water Supply Pages: 6-23 to 7-18
6-3-11
b.
c.
7.
Grindex Minex. Average Output 390 l/min. Max Head 13.5m. Part of Combat Power Tools Kit.
Storage. a.
Ref:
Godwin Model 6-DC. 100 mm borehole pump. Output 5400 1/hr at 30m head Max head 43m. Power supply 110v AC, from Combat Power Tools Generator. Issued c/w 30 m x 50 mm hose. Held by support and construction squadrons.
b.
Tanks.
Ser
Type (b) Large collapsible
Effective capacity (c) 8,000 litres
Nominal capacity (d) 11,400 litres
(a) 1
Dimensions (e) 3.75m diam, depth 1.2m
2
Small collapsible
1,550 litres
1,820 litres
1.8m diam, depth 0.9m
3
Pillow tank
13,640 litres
13,640 litres
4.5 x 4.35m depth 1.0m
Water Carriage Pack. Capacity 680 litres. Weight full 725 kg. Load onto vehicle before filling. Held by all arms.
ME Vol II Pam No.9 Water Supply Page: 9-6
6-3-12
c.
8.
Improvised. Line a pit or improvised frame with a tarpaulin or plastic sheet. A tank 7.0 x 7.0 x 0.75m has a capacity of 29,000 litres.
Water Tower. (See also Section 4). The standard Cuplok tower is illustrated below. It will support a tank holding 25,000 litres of water. The correct bracing is essential. It is similar for each storey and should be positioned on the lower storey before the ledgers of the upper storey are added. The bracing is inserted in sequence, starting at 'A', in a clockwise direction.
Scaffold boards Dualform beam
1.3m 1.3m Standards
!.3m ledgers 2m
2m standards
Plan of Cuplok Tower showing bracing
Side view of tower (Diagonal bracing not shown)
Grillages
Elevation of Cuplok Tower (bracing omitted). A
Ref: ME Vol II Pam No.9 Water Supply Pages: 9-15 to 9-27
6-3-13
9. Layout of Water Points using WPU (NBC) and Sedimentation, a.
Distance Head
= 6m = 4.5m
Distance Head
= 90m = 18m
WPU (NBC) Layout
Distance Head
Distance Head
= 100m = 18m
Distance Head
= 9m = 4.5m
= 18m = 10m
6-3-14
b.
Sedimentation - Site Layout.
Water Source
Pump
Alum solution drums
Sedimentation tanks Sterilisation tank 38mm canvas hose Cart and water bottle filling point
Metalled road or track with hard standing
Pump 38mm armoured hose
9-18m
6-3-15
INTENTIONALLY BLANK
6-3-16
SECTION 4 GENERAL ENGINEER INFORMATION VEHICLE CHARACTERISTICS 1. A Vehicles and SP Guns. Ser
Vehicle
Weight (tonnes)
MLC
Width (m)
Height (m)
Length (m)
Track width (m)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Challenger Challenger ARRV Chieftain ARRV CVR(T) Scimitar CVR(T) Spartan and Samson CVR(T) Sultan and Samaritan CVR(W) Fox Warrior FV 432 Saxon AS 90
62.0 61.5 53.5 7.76 8.15 8.68 6.36 25.4 15.1 11.67 44.5
70 70 60 10 10 10 8 30 15 12 50
3.50 3.85 3.53 2.18 2.21 2.41 2.23 3.09 2.97 2.49 3.43
2.95 3.01 3.43 2.12 2.23 2.49 2.20 2.74 2.17 2.65 3.0
9.80 (ii) 9.61 8.57 4.95 (i) 4.89 4.80 5.08 (i) 6.34 5.10 5.17 9.7
0.65 0.65 0.61 0.43 0.43 0.43 0.46 0.34 0.55
Notes
(i) (ii)
With gun to the front. With gun to the rear. 6-4-1
Engineer Specialist Vehicles.
2. Ser
Vehicle and Configuration
Weight (tonnes)
MLC
Width (m)
Height (m)
Length (m)
Trackwidth (m)
Remarks
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
(i)
61.2(i)
70
4.67(ii)
4.26(iii)
10.30(iv)
0.61
(i) With mineplough & 3 rolls Cl 60 t’way. (ii) With Cl 60 t’way & fascine. (iii) With fascine. (iv) With mineplough.
41.1 51.7 53.7 47.8 46.8 52.3
45 70 70 70 70 70
3.5 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00
3.2 4.00 4.08 3.49 3.23 3.94
10.56 14.53 14.53 16.03 13.90 14.00
0.61 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.61
Bridge launch time 3-5 minutes
1
Chieftain AVRE
2
Chieftain AVLB
a b c d e f
Unladen No 10 (22) bridge No 10 (26) bridge No 11 bridge No 12 bridge (one) No 12 bridge (two)
6-4-2
(a)
(b)
3
CET
a
With one fascine
4
AVRE Trailer
a
Unladen with CES
b
Laden
5
Python
6
TBT
a
With No 10 (22) (Spanned out) (Contracted) With No 10 (26) (Spanned out) (Contracted)
b
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
17.7
18
2.92
18
6.90 17.70
18
4.3
(g)
(h)
2.83
7.30
0.51
Winch 8 tonnes. Bucket 1.73m
4.6
3.4
7.3
0.51
Swimming speed 2.5m/sec
3.11
2.11
7.14
3.11
2.25
7.14
2.2
3.8
5.9
22.9
20(w)
3
3.05
11.5
33.5 33.5
31(w) 31(w)
4.07 3.18
4 4
14.24 13.21
35.5 35.5
33(w) 33(w)
4.07 3.18
4 4
14.45 13.45
(i) 3
6-4-3
(a) c
d
7a
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
(i)
With 1 x No 12 (Spanned out) (Contracted)
28.5 28.5
26(w) 26(w)
4.07 3.18
3.5 3.5
13.7 13.7
With 2 x No 12 (Spanned out) (Contracted)
34.1 34.1
31(w) 31(w)
4.07 3.18
4 4
14.48 14.48
26
26
3.35
3.93
12.822
Road travel mode
26
26
6.57
3.23
12.822
Water travel mode
M3
b 8a
BV Unladen
23.1
24
3.1
4
12.0
b
Laden
30.0
29
3.1
4
12.0
9
ABLE
37.0
35
3.1
4
12.0
Standard load half of 32 m GSB Bridge Set
6-4-4
B Vehicles.
3. Ser
(a) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Vehicle
Make
(b) MC Tlr Cargo 3/4t Truck Ut Lt Truck Ut Med Truck 8t 4 x 4 Drops MMLC Drops LWB Tlr Truck Cargo 4 t Truck Cargo 14t 6 x 6 MMLC Rec Veh GS 6x6
(c) Armstrong Various Rover 90 Rover 110 Bedford TM Leyland DAF King Leyland DAF Bedford TM Foden
Unladen Weight (tonnes)
Laden Weight (tonnes)
MLC
(d)
(e)
0.16 0.4 1.58 1.9 8.4 13.98 3.4 5.98(iii) 10.39
1.2 2.9 3.05 16.3 30.06 20.34 10.0 24.4
24
Dimensions (m) Height (i)
Length
Width
(f)
(g)
(h)
(i)
2 3 16 32 52 (ii) 16 30
1.08 2.04 2.04 3.0 3.21 1.16 2.66 3.06
2.17 2.95 3.72 4.56 6.6 9.27 7.75 6.63 8.59
0.79 1.40 1.79 1.79 2.48 2.50 2.49 2.34 2.47
27
3.35
9.06
2.49
6-4-5
(a) 11 12 13 14
(b) Tcr GS Tk Tptr and s/tlr 90t Oversnow Veh TTF 12,000 litre TTF 22,500 litre
Notes:
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
(i)
Scammell Commander
38
100
100(ii)
3.8
19.6
3.7
4.32 12.1 12.3
6.4 22.8 28.9
5 24 32
2.40 3.21 3.25
6.97 8.75 10.27
1.87 2.50 2.50
Volvo BV 206 Foden Foden
(i) Height includes normal canopy and superstructure. (ii) MLC is for the Gross Train Weight of prime mover and trailer. (iii) 6.66 tonne with winch.
6-4-6
C Vehicles.
4.
Dimensions (m) Ser
(a)
Equipment
Unladen Weight
(b)
(c)
Fuel (l)
MLC
(d)
Height
Length
Width
Capacity
Cons l/hr
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
(i)
3.89 With blade
295
24.0
1.
MCT Caterpiller D6D
17.8 With blade & winch
22
3.16 With cab 2.1 Less cab
5.92 With ripper
2.
MCE Atlas 1404 LC
17.0 With backhoe
17
2.75 With cab
8.9 Rigged for Tpt 2.8
215
14.2
3.
HCT Liebherr 742B
25.0 With blade & winch
30
3.3 With cab
6.2 With winch
3.99 straight blade 4.59 angled blade
450
28.0
25.06 With blade & ripper
7.14 With ripper
4.
HCE Hymac 201 LC
22.0
24
3.16
8.56
2.57
270
17.4
5.
ULWT JCB 3CX
7.36
9
3.8
6.15
2.24
90
9.0 6-4-7
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(h)
(i)
6.
LWT Hydrema 806
8.8
10
3.97
6.65
2.3
108
9.3
7.
MWT Terex 72/51
18.3
21
3.45 with cab
7.18
2.95
213
19.4
8.
MWT Volvo BM 4400
11.45
14
3.02
6.9
2.5
195
14.0
9.
MWT Case 721
17.5
20
3.55 With Cab
8.52
2.75
272
15.0
10. MWE O & K MH5
16.2
19
3.5
6.1
2.5
190
14.0
11. MWE O & K MH6
2.06
6.95
2.495
220
10.0
12. HWT Terex 72/71
44.55
83
4.14
11.4
3.63
680
20.0
13. MMG Aveling Barford ASG 113
14.72
15
3.29
11.81
2.49
259
17.6
27 (i) 4.0 35 (ii)
(f)
(g)
6-4-8
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
(i)
14. MDT Haulamatic
11.46
18
2.97
6.77
2.44
173
13.9
15. MDT Ford Iveco
16
25
3.4
8.0
2.5
300
15.0
16. SLDT Scammell S26
15.22
32
3.5
8.86
2.5
340
23.5
25
3.56 With beacon
11.2
2.67
320
20.5
53
3.52 Less beacon
17. HDT Frame Steer 23.8 Unladen with skip Terex 3066 (net) 43.80 Laden 18. Tcr Wld Fork Lift Rough Terrain JCB 410 M/C
7.4
8
3.65
5.62
2.25
95.5
5.0
19. Med Fd Crane Coles 315M
21.9
22
3.61
8.8
2.5
382
15.1
Note:
(i) Boom Retracted.
(ii) Boom Extended. 6-4-9
INTENTIONALLY BLANK
6-4-10
MEASUREMENT AND MATERIALS 1.
Units of Measurement . METRIC
IMPERIAL
Length 10 mm = 1 cm
12 in = 1 ft
100 cm = 1 m 1000 m = 1 km Area
2
10,000m = 1 ha
CONVERSION 1 mm = 0.039 in
3 ft = 1 yd 1 m = 1.09 yd 1760 yd = 1 mile 1 km = 0.621 (approx 5/8) mile (1 nm = 1.828 km = 1.136 miles) 2
4840 yd = 1 acre
1m2 = 1.196 yd2 = 10.75 ft2 1 ha = 2.47 acres
Volume 1 ml = 1 cc 1,000 cc = 1 litre 1,000 litre =1 m3
2 pt = 1 qt 1 litre = 2.2 04 pt = 0.220 gal 4 qt = 1 gal 3 1 ft = 6.23 gal 1 m3 =1.31 yd3 (1 gal = 1.20 gal (US))
1 in = 25.4 mm 1 ft = 0.305 m 1 yd = 0.914 m 1 mile = 1.609 km
1 in 2 = 645 mm2 1 yd2 = 0.836 m2 1 acre = 0.405 ha 1 pt = 0.454 litre 1 gal = 4.546 litre 1 yd3 = 0.765 m3
Mass 1,000 gm = 1kg 1,000 kg = 1 tonne
112 lb = 1 cwt 20 cwt = 1 ton
1 kg = 2.205 lb 1 tonne = 0.984 ton
1 lb = 0.45 kg 1 ton = 1.016 tonne
6-4-11
Density 1 kg/m3 = 0.0624 lb/ft3 1 tonne/m3 = 0.752 ton/yd3
1 lb/ft3 = 16.02 kg/m3 1 ton/yd3 = 1.33 tonne/m3
Force 1 kgf = 9.81 N 1 N = 0.225 lbf 1 kN = 0.100 tonf
1 lbf = 4.45 N 1 tonf = 9.96 kN
Area loading 1 tonne/m2 = 1.42 lb/in2 = 0.0914 ton/ft2
1 lb/in2 = 0.730 tonne/m2 1 ton/ft2 = 10.9 tonne/m2
Stress 1 N/mm2 = 145 lbf/in2 1 kN/m2 = 0.084 tonf/yd2
1 lbf/in2 = 6.895 kN/m2 1 tonf/in2 = 15.4 N/mm2
Velocity 1 knot = 1 nm/hr = 0.515 m/s = 1.85 km/hr = 1.15 mph
Volume flow 1 gal/min = 0.075 l/sec = 273 l/hr
1 l/s = 13.2 gal/min
Angle 1 degree = 17.778 mils, 90 degrees = 1600 mils, 1 mil = 202.5 seconds of arc
Power 1 kW = 1.34 hp 1 W = 3.41 Btu/h
1 hp = 0.746 kW 1 Btu/h = 0.293 W
6-4-12
Common Engineering Materials.
2. Ser (a)
Material
Units of Specification/Supply
(b)
Density/Dimensions
(c)
Remarks
(d)
(e)
1
Sand, soil, aggregates
Metre3
1.65 t/m3
Loose/dry
2
Sand, soil
Metre3
2.0 t/m3
Saturated/compacted
3
Cement
Bags (50kg, 0.036 m3)
1.45 t/m3
4
Water
Litres or metre3
1 t/m
5
Bricks
Number (390 to 500 bricks per pack)
Stacked bricks 1.85 t/m3
Allow 60 bricks per metre 2 of single skin (105 mm thick) wall
6
Masonry
2.2 to 2.6 t/m3
Bonded
7
Diesel fuel
Litres or metre3
0.85 t/m3
8
Timber
Cross section and length
0.5 to 1.2 t/m3
9
Iron/Steel
3
7.6 t/m3 6-4-13
(a)
(b)
(c)
10
Armco Culvert
11
Wire
a
Barbed Wire
Coils, 100 or 200m. 5000 m per pallet
b
Dannert Coils
Coils. 15 coils per pallet
c
D10 signal cable
1000 m per coil
d
14 SWG
25 kg coils (500 m). 20 Coils (10,000 m) per pallet
12
Nails
Specify by length (mm) Supplied by weight (kg)
13
CGI
Sheets. 200 per pallet
Sheets
(d)
(e)
All sections 0.61m long. Diameter: 0.3, 0.45, 0.6 or 0.9 m
Coil 15 m long
150mm nails. 30 per kg 100mm nails. 80 per kg 50mm nails. 400 per kg Sheets 24 gauge, 0.66m wide. Length: 1.8, 2.4, and 3.0m
Note: Standard NATO pallet measures 1016 x 1219 mm.
6-4-14
IMPROVISED MEASUREMENT 1.
Sun Compass.
2.
Setting out Angles.
Note: Adjust for summer time.
11
12
SOUTH
1 2
10 9
4
8
NORTH
a. 90 degrees.
3
7
5 6
SUN
b. 60 degrees. Ref:
ME Vol II Pam No.1 Basic Field Engineering Part 1 Pages: 1-1 to 1-22
6-4-15
3.
Improvised Levels. a.
b.
Flexible Tube.
Flat Bottle. Flat sided bottle half-full of water
Glass Tubes
1st Mark
1.5m
Water Level
25mm wide strip of paper with 6mm divisions
Zero or Horizontal half-way between 1st & 2nd marks 2nd Mark
Flexible Tube
Approx 3.0m
1st Reading
2nd Reading
Ref:
ME Vol II Pam No.1 Basic Field Engineering Part 2 Page: 1-19
6-4-16
4.
Gap Measurement.
AB =
DE x BC CD
6-4-17
INTENTIONALLY BLANK
6-4-18
CORDAGE AND ANCHORAGES 1.
Strength of cordage for field use. Ref: ME Vol II Pam 1 Pages 3-3 to 3-9. Ser
Cordage Type
Safe load (kg)
1
Natural fibre (Sisal/Manilla)
d2/100 x adj factor
2
Floating man-made fibre
1.7 x d2/100 x adj factor
3
Sinking man-made fibre
2.5 x d2/100 x adj factor
4
Steel wire rope (SWR)
d2/12 x reduction factor
Cordage adj factors 0.8
Old, worn or abraded Uneven distribution Knot or sharp bend Water saturated
0.7
SWR reduction factors Damaged/old rope Uneven stress
0.6
Sharp bend
0.66
Bulldog grips
0.75
Double throated clamps
0.95
Note: Further detail of reduction factors for man-made cordage are in the reference.
Note: 1. d = diameter in mm
6-4-19
2.
Loads on Sling Legs. The tension (T) in the leg of a sling is calculated as follows: W
W
T
T
s
T s T
a a b
S T2 = W2 4S2 - a2 a. 2-arm sling.
T2 S = W2 4 (4S2 - a2 - b2) b. 4-arm sling.
6-4-20
3.
Picket Anchorage.
Single
4.
1:1
Anchor Earth Holdfast.
(a)
(b) (c)
(e)
2:1 The bars and pins are approximately 1m long
(d)
3:2:1
Notes: (i) Pickets driven 2/3 length into ground at right angles to the pull. (ii) Lashings taut and at angle of pull. (iii) Capacity: Single picket 3.5kN. 1:1 pickets 7kN. 2:1 pickets 10kN. 3:2:1 pickets 20kN. Ref:
ME Vol II Pam No.1 Basic Field Engineering Pages: 7-1 to 7-19
Notes: (i) Normally all pins used in bar but 4 may suffice in hard ground. (ii) Angle between legs approximately 30o. (iii) Pull not to exceed 20o from horizontal. (iv) Capacity 10kN to 20kN per bar up to shackle capacity of 60kN. 6-4-21
5.
Buried Baulk Anchorage.
Main trench backfilled with earth and rammed Cable trench revetted if necessary
Notes: (i) Baulk to be protected from cutting by cable. (ii) Cable trench minimum width not backfilled. (iii) Main trench backfilled and compacted. (iv) Capacity. In normal ground a 0.3m diameter, 3m long timber, buried to 1.5m, will take a pull of 100kN at 20o to the horizontal.
Sheet metal bearing for cable
6-4-22
BASIC STRUCTURES 1.
Timber. The permissible stresses in common timber are given below: Permissible stress N/mm2 Ser
Type of timber
Density kg/m3
Bending
Tension
Compression
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
1
Common medium strength hardwoods
1000
2
Common softwoods
750
Shear parallel to grain
Along grain
Perp to grain
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
12.7
7.5
8.1
2.2
1.4
6.7
4.1
6.4
1.6
0.9
Note: With timber used in compression along the grain: (i) Length should be less than 40 x minimum cross section dimension. (ii) Should not deviate from straight more than minimum cross section dimension.
6-4-23
2.
Timber Shoring.
225x 50mm wallplate secured with metal wall hooks at approx 2.5m c/c/ 225x100mm cleat housed into wallplate as shown. The cleat is securely nailed in place to provide increased resistance to the thrust from the shore 300x100mm needle inserted into brick wall through wall plate and notched to receive cleat also
225x50mm Needle fixed to dead shore by dogs
Braces-100/150x25mm boards nailed to each side
Raking shore notched min 75mm over needle
220x200/225x225mm dead shores 150x25mm bracing
225x225mm rakers 225x225mm rider. A rider may be of smaller section than the lower rakers - this will facilitate handling. The rider is tightened by means of hardwood folding wedges
Folding wedges (hardwood)
Jack shore 225x225mm Hoop iron binding as alternative to boarding at base of shores
225x50mm sole plate Dogs 225x225mm sole plate
a.
Dead shore (spaced at 1.5 to 2.1m)
b.
Chock Transverse timbers or sleepers if ground conditions require load to be spread [ also known as a 'crib' or grillage]
Raking shore (spaced at 2 to 5m) 6-4-24
3.
Timber Fished Joints. d
d
d/2
6d 6d
6d
Wedge
Lashing 6d Wedge
a. Squared timber Ref:
ME Vol II Pam No.1 Basic Field Engineering Part 1 Pages: 2-16 to 2-20
b. Round timber 6-4-25
4.
Tubular Scaffolding. (See also Section 3 Water Supply)
Notes: Using 25 mm steel tubing: (i)
Tower should not exceed a height to width ratio of 3:1. (ii) Load capacity of structural verticals is 3 tonnes per vertical. (iii) Spacing of verticals not to exceed 2.4m. (iv) Maximum height of verticals between horizontals (ledgers) 1.7 m. (v) Load carrying ends of verticals not to exceed 0.3 m. (vi) No vertical should be out of true more than 0.05 m in 6 m. (vii) Each elevation to be diagonally braced with bracing in opposing directions on adjacent sides. (viii) Bracing to be connected to each tube it passes. (ix) Bracing also required in plan view.
50 - 75mm thick decking for flexible tanks
1.7m max
2.4m max
2.4m max
Ref:
ME Vol II Pam No.1 Basic Field Engineering Part 1 Pages: 4-1 to 4-13
6-4-26
5.
PW Cage. Gross space of 3500m2 required for 500 PW and 5750m2 for 1000 PW. Officers, NCOs, deserters, specialist arms, nationalities etc, and interrogated and uninterrogated PW should be segregated. Room for guards to patrol the perimeters of internal sub-cages. Diagrammatic layout for 500 PW is shown below. Fences: external perimeter - triple concertina, internal - double apron. 60m
25m
LATRINES
SPARE CAGE
NCOs
25m
SPECIAL ARMS
PRIVATES
OFFICERS
ASSEMBLY YARD FOR COLLECTION, LOADING AND UNLOADING PW
INTERROGATED
10m
UNINTERROGATED
25m
LATRINES
SPARE CAGE
NCOs
SPECIAL ARMS
PRIVATES
STAFF LINES
ROAD
OFFICERS
6-4-27
INTENTIONALLY BLANK
6-4-28
