1. ResearchHypothesisand DefningVariables 2. RESEARCH HYP!HES"S# si$ply an ed%cated g%ess or h%nch that can be s%pported by theory and pre&io%s research.# A 'ise g%ess that is (or$%lated and te$porarily adopted to e)plain the obser&ed (acts co&ered by the st%dy *Cal$orin and Cal$orin+1,,,-.# A declarati&e state$ent that is tentati&e in nat%re.# "t $%st be tested+ e)plained and $eas%red/0,012 ree te$plate (ro$ '''.brainybetty.co$ . !'o !ypes o(Hypothesis 3. !'o !ypes o( Hypothesis# 4%ll Hypothesis 5 a denial o( an attrib%te+ an e)istence+ a di6erence or an e6ect or relationship e)pressed e)pressed in negati&e state$ent.# E)a$ple7 5 8!here is no signifcant di6erence in the perception o( the di6erent gro%ps o( respondents on the e6ecti&eness o( the progra$ in ter$s o( its &ision9/0,012 ree te$plate (ro$ '''.brainybetty.co$ :. !'o !ypes o( Hypothesis# Alternati&e Hypothesis 5 a;r$s the e)istence o( a pheno$enon+ acceptance o( the attrib%te o( relationship+ e6ects and di6erences.# di6erences.# E)a$ple7 5 8!here is a signifcant di6erence in the perception o( the di6erent gro%ps o( respondents on the e6ecti&eness o( the progra$ in ter$s o( its &ision.9/0,012 ree ree te$plate te $plate (ro$ '''.brainybetty.co$ '''.brainybetty.co$ /. Characteristicso( Characteristicso( Hypotheses <. Characteristics o( HypothesesA good hypothesis has se&eral basic characteristics7 characteristics7 5 !estable 5 logical 5 directly related to the research proble$ 5 represents a single %nit or s%bset o( the proble$/0,012 ree te$plate (ro$ '''.brainybetty.co$ =. Characteristics o( Hypotheses 5 (act%ally or theoretically theoretically based > states a relationship relationship bet'een &ariables 5 sets li$its o( st%dy > stated in a (or$ that can be accepted or re?ected/0,012 ree te$plate (ro$ '''.brainybetty.co$ ,. So%rces o(Hypothesis 1. So%rces o( Hypothesis# based on obser&ation7 obser&ation7 5 En&iron$ent En&iron$ent 5 on literat%re 5 on other e$pirical data 5 personal e)periences/0,012 ree te$plate (ro$ '''.brainybetty.co$ 11. Criteria (or E&al%ating ResearchHypothesis # stated in declarati&e (or$ # be consistent 'ith @no'n (acts+ pre&io%s researches+ and theories # state$ent sho%ld (ollo' (ro$ the state$ent o( the research proble$/0,012 ree te$plate (ro$ '''.brainybetty.co$ 12. Criteria (or E&al%ating ResearchHypothesis # state the e)pected relationship bet'een t'o or $ore &ariables # !estable # stated clearly and concisely # !he le&el
o( signifcance $%st be indicated 'hen stating the n%ll hypothesis/0,012 ree te$plate (ro$ '''.brainybetty.co$ 1. E)a$ple o( a Research Hypothesis7# !he (ollo'ing hypothesis 'ere tested at .: le&el o( signifcance# !here is no signifcant gain bet'een the pre>test and post>test scores o( st%dents e)posed to Co$p%ter>Aided "nstr%ction in Analytic eo$etry# !here is no signifcant gain bet'een the pre>test and post>test score o( the st%dents e)posed to Classroo$ "n(or$ation Syste$ in Analytic eo$etry.# !here is no signifcant di6erence in the per(or$ance o( st%dents e)posed to Co$p%ter>Aided "nstr%ction and Classroo$ "n(or$ation Syste$./0,012 ree te$plate (ro$ '''.brainybetty.co$ 13. RESEARCHVAR"ABES 1:. RESEARCH VAR"ABES # are %alities+ properties or characteristics o( person+ things or sit%ations that change or &ary./0,012 ree te$plate (ro$ '''.brainybetty.co$ 1/. Characteristics o( Variables # "denti(y the concepts to be st%died # Variables are $eas%rable # Variables are %s%ally specifc in (oc%s/0,012 ree te$plate (ro$ '''.brainybetty.co$ 1<. Di6erentClassifcation o(Variables 1=. Di6erent Classifcation o( Variables 1. According to possible n%$ber o( &al%es 5 Dichoto$o%s Variables # &ariables that ta@e only t'o &al%es 5 E)a$ple7 Religion *catholic or non>catholic- 4at%re o( e$ploy$ent *part>ti$e or (%ll>ti$e- Se)0ender *Fale or e$ale- 5 Polyto$o%s Variables # &ariables that ta@e $ore than t'o &al%es 5 E)a$ple7 4ationality *Chinese+ Gapanese+ ilipinos+ A$ericans+ and Falaysians- /0,012 ree te$plate (ro$ '''.brainybetty.co$ 1,. Di6erent Classifcation o(Variables2. "ndependent or Dependent 5 "ndependent Variable # @no'n as the pres%$ed ca%se # it is the antecedent # it is the &ariable predicted (ro$/0,012 ree te$plate (ro$ '''.brainybetty.co$ 2. Di6erent Classifcation o(Variables2. "ndependent or Dependent 5 Dependent Variable # @no'n as the pres%$ed e6ect # it is the conse%ent # it is the &ariable predicted to/0,012 ree te$plate (ro$ '''.brainybetty.co$ 21. SAFPE7# An e)peri$enter $ight co$pare the e6ecti&eness o( (o%r types o( antidepressants.# !he &ariable is 5 type o( antidepressant.# Ihen a &ariable is $anip%lated by an e)peri$enter+ it is called an independent &ariable.# !he e)peri$ent see@s to deter$ine the e6ect o( the independent &ariable on relie( (ro$ depression.# "n this e)a$ple+ relie( (ro$ depression is called a 5 dependent &ariable./0,012 ree te$plate (ro$ '''.brainybetty.co$
22. Concl%sion# "n general+ 5 the independent &ariable is $anip%lated by the e)peri$enter and 5 its e6ects on the dependent &ariable are $eas%red./0,012 ree te$plate (ro$ '''.brainybetty.co$ 2. S"!JA!"4K# Can bl%eberries slo' do'n agingL A st%dy indicates that antio)idants (o%nd in bl%eberries $ay slo' do'n the process o( aging. "n this st%dy+ 1,>$onth old rats *e%i&alent to />year old h%$ans- 'ere (ed either their standard diet or a diet s%pple$ented by either bl%eberry+ stra'berry+ or spinach po'der. A(ter eight 'ee@s+ the rats 'ere gi&en $e$ory and $otor tests. Altho%gh all s%pple$ented rats sho'ed i$pro&e$ent+ those s%pple$ented 'ith bl%e berry po'der sho'ed the $ost notable i$pro&e$ent./0,012 ree te$plate (ro$ '''.brainybetty.co$ 23. MJES!"4K1. Ihat is the independent &ariableL. Ihat are the dependent &ariablesL/0,012 ree te$plate (ro$ '''.brainybetty.co$ 2:. A4SIER. . .1. Ihat is the independent &ariableL *diet7 bl%eberries or no bl%eberries-3. Ihat are the dependent &ariablesL *$e$ory test and $otor s@ills test-/0,012 ree te$plate (ro$ '''.brainybetty.co$ 2/. Di6erent Classifcation o( Variables. M%antitati&e or M%alitati&e 5 M%alitati&e Variables > &ariables that e)press characteristics or properties > e)press a %alitati&e attrib%te > E). hair color+ eye color+ religion+ (a&orite $o&ie+ gender+ age+ socio> econo$ic stat%s o( respondents 5 M%antitati&e Variables > &ariables that e)press a$o%nt and those n%$erical in nat%re 5 E). height+ 'eight+ and shoe siNe./0,012 ree te$plate (ro$ '''.brainybetty.co$ 2<. Sa$ple7# "n the st%dy on the e6ect o( diet 5 the independent &ariable O type o( s%pple$ent7 none+ stra'berry+ bl%eberry+ and spinach. # !he &ariable type o( s%pple$ent is a %alitati&e &ariable 5 the dependent &ariable $e$ory test is a %antitati&e &ariable # $e$ory per(or$ance can be $eas%red on a %antitati&e scale./0,012 ree te$plate (ro$ '''.brainybetty.co$ 2=. Di6erent Classifcation o(Variables3. Contin%o%s or Categorical 5 Categorical Variables0Discrete Variables # %alitati&e in nat%re # &ariables 'ith no infnite set o( &al%es 'ithin the category. # M%alitati&e &ariables are al'ays considered categorical &ariables # A R 44E *e). Age+ se)+ blood type- 5 Contin%o%s Variables # infnite in nat%re # can ta@e an ordered set o( &al%es 'ithin a certain range # Reect a ran@ order/0,012 ree te$plate (ro$ '''.brainybetty.co$ 2,. Sa$ple7# Discrete Variables 5 n%$ber o( children in a ho%sehold 5 Yo%r possible ans'er $ay beLLL # Ans'er O 1+ 2+ + 3# Contin%o%s Variables 5 !i$e 5 Possible ti$eL Ihat ti$e is itL # Ans'er O ,7a$ or ,77/a$ or ,77/7</0,012 ree te$plate (ro$ '''.brainybetty.co$ . ther Qinds o(Variables
1. ther Qinds o( Variables# E)traneo%s or e)ogeno%s &ariables 5 not the direct interest o( the researcher and sho%ld be controlled in order that the hypothesis can be &alidly tested./0,012 ree te$plate (ro$ '''.brainybetty.co$ 2. E)traneo%s or e)ogeno%s &ariables# are &ariables other than the independent &ariable that $ay bear any e6ect on the beha&ior o( the s%b?ect being st%died.# Ho' to control7 5 &ariable is @ept the sa$e (or all s%b?ects in the research+ or 5 they balance the &ariables in a gro%p./0,012 ree te$plate (ro$ '''.brainybetty.co$ . Sa$ple7# An e)peri$ent+ in 'hich a salesperson sells clothing on a door>to>door basis.# !he independent &ariable is 5 the salesperson# the dependent &ariable is 5 the clothing sales# !he e)traneo%s &ariables are 5 the salespersons gender+ age+ or price./0,012 ree te$plate (ro$ '''.brainybetty.co$ 3. ther Qinds o( Variables# Abstract Variables 5 !hese are (actors that ha&e di6erent &al%es 'hich are %antitati&ely $eas%red and statistically tested to pro&e the hypotheses. /0,012 ree te$plate (ro$ '''.brainybetty.co$ :. ther Qinds o( Variables# Acti&e Variables 5 the researcher creates and 0or $anip%lates 5 co$$only %sed in e)peri$ental st%dies. 5 Can 4Y be an independent &ariable/0,012 ree te$plate (ro$ '''.brainybetty.co$ /. ther Qinds o( Variables# Attrib%te Variables 5 pre>e)isting characteristics o( the s%b?ects 'hich the researcher si$ply obser&es and $eas%res. 5 "t can be an independent and dependent &ariable 5 Cannot be $anip%lated by the researcher 5 E). "ntelligence+ se)+ attit%de/0,012 ree te$plate (ro$ '''.brainybetty.co$ <. Defnition o(Variables =. Defnition o( Variables# Concept%al defnition 5 A %ni&ersal defnition o( a ter$ %nderstood by people.# perational defnition 5 !he researchers o'n defnition o( ter$s as %sed in his0her st%dy. 5 "t is concrete and $eas%rable+ based on obser&able characteristics o( 'hat is being defned 'ithin the conte)t o( the st%dy./0,012 ree te$plate (ro$ '''.brainybetty.co$ ,. Variable Concept%al perational Defnition Defnition *as %sed in the st%dy-A pro(essional An indi&id%al 'ho Any indi&id%al 'ith practices a partic%lar (o%r years o( College pro(ession ed%cationCo%rtesy Ci&ility+ politeness !he %se o( polite 'ords and e)pressions 'hen/0,012 greeting elders and ree te$plate (ro$ '''.brainybetty.co$ a%thorities 3. AC!"V"!Y 31. 1. FAQE A HYP!HES"S YJR S!JDY.. A(ter (or$%lating the research hypothesis+ the gro%p sho%ld identi(y the &ariables in their st%dy and gi&e its operational and concept%al defnition.. E)pected o%tp%t 'ill be s%b$itted and
presented to the class the (ollo'ing $eeting./0,012 ree te$plate (ro$ '''.brainybetty.co$
