FCA_UB] 1
Hnd 1.1< 1.1 < Ai bidravnid gh a pcysnfnai bxakninid a patnbit pa tnbit my "nkkbenatb" ausfu`atatngi, ni wcnfc wc nfc tcb egftgr p`afbe cns bar gi tcb fcbst gh tcb patnbit tg cbar tcb sguies kaeb my tcb `uids eurnid mrbatcnid. Ucb prnit scgws a drgup gh pcysnfnais, kbenfa` stuebits aie iursbs gmsbrvnid tcb pcysnfnai pbrhgrknid cns bxak.
Ucb stbtcgsfgpb was nivbitbe ni 1318 wcbi a yguid Hrbifc pcysnfnai iakbe ]bib Ucbgpcn`b Cyafnitcb @abiibf was bxakninid a yguid hbka`b patnbit. @abiibf was bkmarrassbe tg p`afb cns bar tg cbr fcbst (Nkkbenatb Ausfu`tatngi), wcnfc was tcb kbtcge gh ausfu`tatngi usbe my m y pcysnfnais at tcat tnkb. Cb rbkbkmbrbe a trnfj cb `baribe as a fcn`e tcat sguie travb`s tcrgudc sg`nes aie tcus cb rg``be up =5 scbbts gh papbr, p`afbe gib bie tg cns bar aie tcb gtcbr bie tg tcb wgkai's fcbst. Cb was eb`ndctbe tg ensfgvbr tcat tcb sguies wbrb igt gi`y fgivbybe tcrgudc tcb papbr fgib, mut tcby wbrb a`sg `gue aie f`bar. Ucb hnrst rbfgrebe kaiusfrnpt egfukbitnid ausfu`tatngi usnid tcb stbtcgsfgpb 1
(Kbenatb Ausfu`tatngi) was ni Karfc 3, 1314, wcbi @abiibf igtbe bxakninid a Karnb-Kb`ainb Massbt, wcg was 5? ybars g`e. @abiibf prbhbrrbe tg cavb cns nistrukbit snkp`y fa``be "@b Fy`nierb," as cb tcgudct iaknid sufc a huieakbita` nistrukbit was uiibfbssary. Cb mbfakb rbkgrsb at tcb iakbs nt was mbnid dnvbi my cns fg``badubs aie ebfnebe tcat nh nt scgu`e mb fa``be aiytcnid, nt scgu`e mb "Vtbtcgsfgpb," wcnfc ns ebrnvbe hrgk tcb Drbbj wgres hgr 'N sbb' aie 'tcb fcbst.' Cb frbatbe a stbtcgsfgpb hrgk a turibe pnbfb gh wgge wntc cg``gw mgrb ni tcb fbitbr. Nt was kaeb gh twg pnbfbs. Gib bie cae a cg`b tg p`afb adanist tcb bar aie tcb gtcbr bie was cg``gwbe gut nitg a huiib` scapbe fgib. Ucbrb was a p`ud tcat hnt nitg tcns fgib wcnfc cae a cg``gw mrass tumb p`afbe nisneb nt. Ucns p`ud was put ni tcb huiib` scapbe bie gh tcb stbtcgsfgpb tg `nstbi tg tcb cbart, aie rbkgvbe tg bxaknib tcb `uids. @abiibf pum`nscbe cns f`assnf trbatnsb gi kbenatb ausfu`tatngi ni 131> ni wcnfc cb ensfussbe kbenatb ausfu`tatngi aie n``ustratbe tcb ebsndi gh tcb stbtcgsfgpb. Ucb stbtcgsfgpb was ebsfrnmbe as mbnid 1= nifcbs `gid aie 1.2 nifcbs ni enakbtbr wntc a 6/3 nifc fbitra` mgrb cg`b tcrgudcgut nts `bidtc.
Hnd 1.=< Grndnia` vbrsngi gh tcb @abiibf stbtcgsfgpb kaeb gh a turibe ebisb, hnib`y dranibe, `ndct fg`grbe wgge, fnrfa 131>.
1.= Amgut tcb prglbft< Ucb prglbft wb cavb uiebrtajbi uie brtajbi anks tg ebsndi aie snku`atb ai b`bftrginf stbtcgsfgpb wcnfc wn`` igt gi`y prgvneb us wntc a mbttbr sndia` mut fai a`sg mb nitbrhafbe wntc fgkputbrs aie gtcbr ensp`ay ebvnfbs sg tcat nt fai mb hurtcbr aia`yzbe aie stgrbe hgr huturb usbs. Tb c avb kaeb tcns ebsndi fgkprnsnid gh vbry snkp`b aie wb`` jigwi fgkpgi bits `njb knfrgpcgib, gpbratngia` akp`nhnbr, `gw pass hn`tbr , cndc pass hn`tbr aie aia`gd tg endnta` fgivbrtbr aie sgkb `ndct bknttnid engebs. Ucb prglbft ns snku`atbe gi ku`tnsnk sghtwarb. Gur prglbft ns rba``y fgst bhhbftnvb as nt egbsi„t nivg`vbs aiy fgst`y fgkpgibits aie tcns ebsndi ns uiegumtbe`y uiegumtbe` y mbttbr tcai gtcbr afgustnf aie b`bftrginf stbtcgsfgpbs as n t prgvnebs wntc mbttbr ignsb faifb``atngi aie prgvnebs a dgge hgrk haftgr hgr tcb sndia`.
=
FCA_UB] =< UCBG]^<
=.1 Ebhnintngi gh stbtcgsfgpb< Ucb stbtcgsfgpb ns ai afgustnf kbenfa` afgustnf kbenfa` ebvnfb hgr ausfu`tatngi, gr ausfu`tatngi, gr `nstbinid `nstbinid tg tcb nitbria` nitbria` sguies gh a cukai mgey. Nt ns ghtbi usbe tg `nstbi tg `uid aie cbart sguies. Nt sguies. Nt ns a`sg usbe tg `nstbi tg nitbstnibs tg nitbstnibs aie m`gge h`gw ni artbrnbs ni artbrnbs aie vbnis. aie vbnis. Ni Ni fgkmniatngi wntc spcydkgkaigkbtbr, wntc spcydkgkaigkbtbr, nt nt ns fgkkgi`y usbe hgr kbasurbkbits gh m`gge m`gge prbssurb.
=.= Aiatgky gh stbtcgsfgpb< s tbtcgsfgpb< Hnd=.1Afgustnf Vtbtcgsfgpb
Hnd =.= Aiatgky Aiatgky gh ai Afgustnf Afgustnf Vtbtcgsfgpb 1. Cbaesbt < Ucb cbaesbt ns tcb kbta` part gh tcb stbtcgsfgpb gitg wcnfc tcb tumnid ns hnttbe. Ucb cbaesbt ns kaeb up gh tcb twg bar tumbs, tbisngi sprnids, aie tcb bar tnps. Ucb wbarbr fai aelust tcb tbisngi tg a fgkhgrtam`b `bvb` my pu``nid tcb bar tumbs apart tg `ggsbi tcb cbaesbt gr frgssnid tcbk gvbr tg tndctbi.
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=. Bar tnp < Vght-sba`nid bar tnps ghhbr nifrbasbe fgkhgrt, sba` aie euramn`nty, aie hbaturb a surhafb trbatkbit tcat nifrbasbs surhafb `umrnfnty aie rbeufbs `nit aie e ust aecbsngi.
6. Bar tumb < Ucb bar tumb ns tcb part tg wcnfc tcb bar tnps arb attafcbe.
5. Uuiam`b Enapcradk < A traentngia` stbtcgsfgpb fgisnsts gh a mb`` aie a enapcradk. Ucb mb`` ns usbe wntc `ndct sjni fgitaft tg cbar `gw hrbqubify sguies aie tcb enapcradk ns usbe wntc hnrk sjni fgitaft tg cbar cndc hrbqubify sguies.
2. Vtbk Ucb stbk fgiibfts tcb stbtcgsfgpb tumnid tg tcb fcbst pnbfb.
8. Uumnid Ucb tumnid fgisnsts gh twg gpbinids. Ucb tumnid gi a`` @nttkaii stbtcgsfgpbs ns kaiuhafturbe hrgk pg`yvniy` fc`grneb (_XF). Ucb tumnid egbs igt fgitani bntcbr iatura` rummbr `atbx gr ery iatura` rummbr.
4. Fcbst pnbfb Ucb fcbst pnbfb ns tcb part gh tcb stbtcgsfgpb tcat ns p`afbe gi tcb `gfatngi wcbrb tcb usbr waits tg cbar sguie.
=.6 B`bftrginf stbtcgsfgpb< 5
Ai b`bftrginf stbtcgsfgpb gvbrfgkbs tcb `gw sguie `bvb`s my b`bftrginfa``y akp`nhynid mgey sguies. Cgwbvbr, akp`nhnfatngi gh stbtcgsfgpb fgitaft artnhafts, aie fgkpgibit futghhs (hrbqubify rbspgisb tcrbscg`es gh b`bftrginf stbtcgsfgpb knfrgpcgibs, prb-akps, akps, aie spbajbrs) `nknt b`bftrginfa``y akp`nhnbe stbtcgsfgpbs' gvbra`` utn`nty my akp`nhynid kne-raidb sguies, wcn`b snku`taibgus`y attbiuatnid cndc- aie `gw- hrbqubify raidb sguies. Furrbit`y, a iukmbr gh fgkpainbs ghhbr b`bftrginf stbtcgsfgpbs. B`bftrginf stbtcgsfgpbs rbqunrb fgivbrsngi gh afgustnf sguie wavbs tg b`bftrnfa` sndia`s wcnfc fai tcbi mb akp`nhnbe aie prgfbssbe hgr gptnka` `nstbinid. Ri`njb afgustnf stbtcgsfgpbs, wcnfc arb a`` masbe gi tcb sakb pcysnfs, traiseufbrs ni b`bftrginf stbtcgsfgpbs vary wneb`y. Ucb snkp`bst aie `bast bhhbftnvb kbtcge gh sguie ebtbftngi ns afcnbvbe my p`afnid a knfrgpcgib ni tcb fcbstpnbfb. Mbfausb tcb sguies arb traisknttbe b`bftrginfa``y, ai b`bftrginf stbtcgsfgpb fai mb a wnrb`bss ebvnfb, fai mb a rbfgrenid ebvnfb, aie fai prgvneb ignsb rbeuftngi, sndia` bicaifbkbit, aie mgtc vnsua` aie aueng gutput.
Hnd =.6 B`bftrginf Vtbtcgsfgpb
=.5 Ucb Cbart<
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Ucb cbart ns tcb pukp statngi gh tcb mgey aie ns rbspgisnm`b hgr fnrfu`atnid m`gge tcrgudcgut tcb mgey. Nt ns amgut tcb snzb gh gur f`bifcbe hnst aie snts ni tcb fcbst favnty mbtwbbi twg `uids. Nts wa``s arb kaeb up gh kusf`b tcat fai squbbzb gr pukp m`gge gut bvbry tnkb tcb grdai "mbats" gr fgitrafts. Hrbsc, gxydbi-rnfc anr ns mrgudct tg tcb `uids tcrgudc tcb trafcba gr wniepnpb bvbry tnkb wb tajb a mrbatc. Ucb `uids arb rbspgisnm`b hgr eb`nvbrnid gxydbi tg tcb m`gge, aie tcb cbart fnrfu`atbs tcb m`gge tg tcb `uids aie enhhbrbit parts gh tcb mgey.
=.2 Huiftnginid gh tcb Cbart< Ucb cbart ns envnebe nitg hgur fcakmbrs kaeb up gh a rndct aie a `bht uint, sbparatbe hrgk bafc gtcbr my a partntngi wa`` jigwi as a sbptuk. Bafc fcakmbr ns sumenvnebe nitg ai uppbr aie a `gwbr fcakmbr. Ucb uppbr fcakmbr ns jigwi as ai atrnuk wcn`b tcb `gwbr fcakmbr ns rbhbrrbe tg as a vbitrnf`b. Ucb rndct atrnuk (]A) snts gi tgp gh tcb rndct vbitrnf`b (]X) gi tcb rndct sneb gh tcb cbart wcn`b tcb `bht atrnuk (@A) snts atgp tcb `bht vbitrnf`b (@X) gi tcb `bht. Ucb rndct sneb gh tcb cbart ns rbspgisnm`b hgr sbienid m`gge tg tcb `uids, wcbrb tcb rbe m`gge fb``s pnfj up hrbsc gxydbi. Ucns gxydbiatbe m`gge ns tcbi rbturibe tg tcb `bht sneb gh tcb cbart. Hrgk cbrb tcb gxydbiatbe m`gge ns traispgrtbe tg tcb wcg`b mgey supp`ynid tcb hub` tcat tcb mgey fb``s ibbe tg huiftngi. Ucb m`gge fb``s gh tcb mgey bxtraft gr rbkgvb gxydbi hrgk tcb m`gge. Ucb gxydbi-pggr m`gge ns rbturibe tg tcb rndct atrnuk, wcbrb tcb lguriby mbdnis. Ucns rguie trnp ns jigwi as tcb fnrfu`atngi gh m`gge.
Hnd =.5 huiftnginid gh tcb cbart Ucb hndurb scgwi amgvb ns a sbftngi gh tcb cbart, as vnbwbe hrgk tcb hrgit. Nt ebkgistratbs tcb hgur fcakmbrs. Nt ns a`sg gmsbrvbe tcat tcbrb ns ai gpbinid mbtwbbi tcb rndct atrnuk (]A) aie tcb rndct vbitrnf`b (]X). Ucns ns aftua``y a va`vb jigwi as tcb U]NFRV_NE va`vb. Nt cas tcrbb h`bxnm`b tcni
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parts, jigwi as `bah`bts, tcat gpbi aie scut. Ucb hndurb mb`gw scgws tcb kntra` aie trnfuspne va`vbs, as sbbi hrgk amgvb, ni tcb gpbi aie scut pgsntngi.
Hnd =.2 Cbart Xa`vbs Tcbi scut, tcb bedb gh tcb tcrbb `bah`bts tgufc bafc gtcbr tg f`gsb tcb gpbinid aie prbvbit m`gge hrgk `bavnid tcb ]X aie dgnid mafj nitg tcb ]A. Ucus, tcb trnfuspne va`vb sbrvbs as a trapeggr va`vb tcat a``gws m`gge tg kgvb gi`y ni gib enrbftngi - hrgk ]A tg ]X. Vnkn`ar`y, tcb KNU]A@ va`vb a``gws m`gge tg h`gw gi`y hrgk tcb `bht atrnuk tg tcb `bht vbitrnf`b. Ri`njb tcb trnfuspne va`vb, tcb kntra` va`vb cas gi`y twg `bah`bts. Ni tcb tgp enadrak, wb a`sg igtnfb tcni tcrbae `njb strufturbs attafcbe tg tcb bedbs gh tcb kntra` aie trnfuspne va`vbs. Ucbsb fcgres gr strnids arb jigwi as fcgreab tbienibab.Ucby fgiibfts tcb bedbs gh tcb trnfuspne aie kntra` va`vbs tg kusf`b maies gr papn``ary kusf`bs. Ucb papn``ary kusf`bs scgrtbi aie `bidtcbi eurnid enhhbrbit pcasbs gh tcb farenaf fyf`b aie jbbp tcb va`vb `bah`bts hrgk h`gppnid mafj nitg tcb atrnuk. Ucb fcgres arb ebsndibe tg fgitrg` tcb kgvbkbit gh tcb va`vb `bah`bts snkn`ar tg rgpbs attafcbe tg tcb san` gh a mgat. @njb rgpbs, tcby a``gw tcb san` tg mu`db gutwares ni tcb enrbftngi gh a wnie mut prbvbit tcbk hrgk cb`p`bss`y h`appnid ni tcb mrbbzb. Tcbi tcb tcrbb `bah`bts gh tcb trnfuspne mu`db up wares eurnid fgitraftngi gr bkptynid gh tcb vbitrnf`bs, tcbnr bedbs tgufc bafc gtcbr aie f`gsb ghh mafjware h`gw tg tcb rndct atrnuk. Ucns nkpgrtait hbaturb a``gws m`gge tg h`gw tcrgudc tcb cbart ni gi`y GIB enrbftngi, aie prbvbits nt hrgk `bajnid mafjwares wcbi tcb va`vb ns scut. Ucb twg `bah`bts gh tcb kntra` va`vb huiftngis ni a snkn`ar kaiibr aie a``gws h`gw gh m`gge hrgk tcb `bht atrnuk tg tcb `bht vbitrnf`b, mut f`gsbs aie futs ghh mafjware `bajadb nitg tcb `bht atrnuk wcbi tcb `bht vbitrnf`b fgitrafts aie starts tg bkpty.
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=.8 B`bftrnfa` fgieuftngi systbk gh tcb Cbart<
B` bftrn fa` fgieuftngi systbk gh tcb cbar t
Ucb igrka` b`bftrnfa` fgieuftngi gh tcb cbart a``gws b`bftrnfa` prgpadatngi tg mb traisknttbe hrgk tcb snigatrna` igeb tcrgudc mgtc atrna aie hgrware tg tcb atrngvbitrnfu`ar igeb. Igrka`/masb`nib pcysng`gdy a``gws hurtcbr prgpadatngi hrgk tcb AX igeb tg tcb _urjnilb Hnmbrs aie muie`b mraifcbs. Mgtc tcb VA aie AX igebs stnku`atb tcb kygfarenuk. Nt ns tcb tnkb grebrbe stnku`atngi gh tcb kygfarenuk tcat a``gws bhhnfnbit fgitraftngi gh tcb cbart, tcbrbmy a``gwnid sb`bftnvb m`gge pbrhusngi tcrgudcgut tcb mgey.
=.4 Fgieuftngi patcway< Vndia`s arnsnid ni tcb VA igeb (aie prgpadatnid tg tcb `bht atrnuk) stnku`atbs tcb atrna tg fgitraft. Ni para``b`, aftngi pgtbitna`s travb` tg tcb AX igeb vna nitbrigea` patcways. Ahtbr a eb`ay, tcb stnku`us ns fgieuftbe tcrgudc tcb muie`b gh Cns tg tcb muie`b mraifcbs aie tcbi tg tcb purjnilb hnmbrs aie tcb biegfarenuk at tcb apbx gh tcb cbart, tcbi hnia``y tg tcb vbitrnfu`ar kygfarenuk.
Hnd =.8 Nsg`atbe fgieuftngi systbk gh tcb cbart
Knfrgsfgpnfa``y, tcb wavb gh ebpg`arnzatngi prgpadatbs tg aelafbit fb``s vna dap luiftngis `gfatbe gi tcb nitbrfa`atbe ensj. Ucb cbart ns a huiftngia` syifytnuk. Ni a huiftngia` syifytnuk, b`bftrnfa` nkpu`sbs prgpadatb hrbb`y mbtwbbi fb``s ni bvbry enrbftngi, sg tcat tcb kygfarenuk huiftngis as a snid`b fgitraftn`b uint. Ucns prgpbrty a``gws rapne, syifcrgigus ebpg`arnzatngi gh tcb kygfarenuk. Tcn`b igrka``y aevaitadbgus, tcns prgpbrty fai mb ebtrnkbita` as nt pgtbitna``y a``gws tcb prgpadatngi gh nifgrrbft b`bftrnfa` sndia`s. Ucbsb dap luiftngis fai f`gsb tg nsg`atb eakadbe gr eynid tnssub, as ni a kygfarena` niharftngi. Hnd =.4 Cbart: fgieuftngi systbk
=.3 B`bftrgfarengdrak (BFD gr BJD)< Ai BJD ns ai nkpgrtait part gh tcb nintna` bva`uatngi gh a patnbit wcg ns suspbftbe tg cavb a cbart rb`atbe prgm`bk. Vka`` stnfjy b`bftrgebs arb app`nbe tg tcb patnbit's fcbst, arks aie `bds. Ucb b`bftrnfa` aftnvnty frbatbe my tcb patnbit's cbart ns prgfbssbe my tcb BJD kafcnib aie tcbi prnitbe gi a spbfna` drapc papbr. Ucns ns tcbi nitbrprbtbe my tcb pcysnfnai. Ucb BJD fai prgvneb nkpgrtait 3
nihgrkatngi amgut tcb patnbit's cbart rcytck, a prbvngus cbart attafj, nifrbasbe tcnfjibss gh cbart kusf`b, aie sndis gh ebfrbasbe gxydbi eb`nvbry tg tcb cbart, aie prgm`bks wntc fgieuftngi gh tcb b`bftrnfa` furrbit hrgk gib pgrtngi gh tcb cbart tg aigtcbr.
Hnd =.3< Ai bxakp`b gh ai BJD gh a patnbit wntc a cbart attafj
=.> Tavbhgrk< VA igeb< _ wavb Riebr igrka` fgientngis, b`bftrnfa` aftnvnty ns spgitaibgus`y dbibratbe my tcb VA igeb, tcb pcysng`gdnfa` pafbkajbr. Ucns b`bftrnfa` nkpu`sb ns prgpadatbe tcrgudcgut tcb rndct atrnuk, aie tcrgudc Mafckaii's muie`b tg tcb `bht atrnuk, stnku`atnid tcb kygfarenuk gh mgtc atrna tg fgitraft. Ucb fgieuftngi gh tcb b`bftrnfa` nkpu`sb tcrgudcgut tcb `bht aie rndct atrna ns sbbi gi tcb BFD as tcb _ wavb. As tcb b`bftrnfa` aftnvnty ns sprbaenid tcrgudcgut tcb atrna, nt travb`s vna spbfna`nzbe patcways, jigwi as nitbrigea` trafts, hrgk tcb VA igeb tg tcb AX igeb.
>
Hnd =.> Ucb BFD fgkp`bx. _ wavb, _];_] nitbrva`, _;Q]V;Q]V fgkp`bx, QU;QU nitbrva`, VU;VU sbdkbit, U;U wavb
AX igeb< _] nitbrva` Ucb AX igeb huiftngis as a frntnfa` eb`ay ni tcb fgieuftngi systbk. Tntcgut tcns eb`ay, tcb atrna aie vbitrnf`bs wgu`e fgitraft at tcb sakb tnkb, aie m`gge wgu`ei't h`gw bhhbftnvb`y hrgk tcb atrna tg tcb vbitrnf`bs. Ucb eb`ay ni tcb AX igeb hgrks kufc gh tcb _] sbdkbit gi tcb BFD. _art gh atrna` rbpg`arnzatngi fai mb rbprbsbitbe my _] sbdkbit. Ucb ensta` pgrtngi gh tcb AX igeb ns jigwi as tcb muie`b gh Cns.
_urjnilb hnmbrs/vbitrnfu`ar kygfarenuk< Q]V fgkp`bx Ucb twg muie`b mraifcbs tapbr gut tg prgeufb iukbrgus purjnilb hnmbrs, wcnfc stnku`atb nienvneua` drgups gh kygfarena` fb``s tg fgitraft. Ucb sprbae gh b`bftrnfa` aftnvnty (ebpg`arnzatngi) tcrgudc tcb vbitrnfu`ar kygfarenuk prgeufbs tcb Q]V fgkp`bx gi tcb BFD.
Xbitrnfu`ar rbpg`arnzatngi< U wavb Ucb `ast bvbit gh tcb fyf`b ns tcb rbpg`arnzatngi gh tcb vbitrnf`bs. Ucb traistcgrafnfa``y kbasurbe _Q]V pgrtngi gh ai b`bftrgfarengdrak ns fcnbh`y nih`ubifbe my tcb sykpatcbtnf ibrvgus systbk. Ucb U (aie gffasngia``y R) wavbs arb fcnbh`y nih`ubifbe my tcb parasykpatcbtnf ibrvgus systbk dunebe my nitbdratbe mranistbk fgitrg` hrgk tcb vadus ibrvb aie tcb tcgrafnf spnia` affbssgry daid`na.
1?
=.1? Cbart sguies< Ucb cbart sguies arb tcb ignsbs (sguie) dbibratbe my tcb mbatnid cbart aie tcb rbsu`tait h`gw gh m`gge tcrgudc nt. Ucns ns a`sg fa``be a cbartmbat . Ni farenaf ausfu`tatngi, ai bxaknibr usbs a stbtcgsfgpb tg `nstbi hgr tcbsb sguies, wcnfc prgvneb nkpgrtait nihgrkatngi amgut tcb fgientngi gh tcb cbart. Ni cba`tcy aeu`ts, tcbrb arb twg igrka` cbart sguies ghtbi ebsfrnmbe as a `um aie a eum (gr eup), tcat gffur ni sbqubifb wntc bafc cbartmbat. Ucbsb arb tcb hnrst cbart sguie (V1) aie sbfgie cbart sguie (V=), prgeufbe my tcb f`gsnid gh tcb AX va`vbs aie sbkn`uiar va`vbs rbspbftnvb`y. Ni aeentngi tg tcbsb igrka` sguies, a varnbty gh gtcbr sguies kay mb prbsbit nif`uenid cbart kurkurs, aevbitntngus sguies, aie da``gp rcytcks V6 aie V5. Cbart kurkurs arb dbibratbe my turmu`bit h`gw gh m`gge, wcnfc kay gffur nisneb gr gutsneb tcb cbart. Kurkurs kay mb pcysng`gdnfa` (mbindi) gr patcg`gdnfa` (amigrka`). Amigrka` kurkurs fai mb fausbe my stbigsns rbstrnftnid tcb gpbinid gh a cbart va`vb, rbsu`tnid ni turmu`bifb as m`gge h`gws tcrgudc nt. Amigrka` kurkurs kay a`sg gffur wntc va`vu`ar nisuhhnfnbify (gr rbdurdntatngi), wcnfc a``gws mafjh`gw gh m`gge wcbi tcb nifgkpbtbit va`vb f`gsbs wntc gi`y partna` bhhbftnvbibss. Enhhbrbit kurkurs arb auenm`b ni enhhbrbit parts gh tcb farenaf fyf`b, ebpbienid gi tcb fausb gh tcb kurkur.
Hnd =.1? Hrgit gh tcgrax, scgwnid surhafb rb`atngis gh mgibs, `uids (purp`b), _`bura (m`ub) aie cbart (rbe gut`nib). Cbart va`vbs arb `amb`be wntc ‐K‛,‛U‛,‛A‛ aie ‐_‛ Hnrst cbart sguie< fausbe my AX va`vbs - Kntra` (K) aie Urnfuspne (U).
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=.1?.1 Hnrst cbart sguie (V 1)< Ucb hnrst cbart tgib, gr V1, hgrks tcb "`umm" gh "`umm-eum" gr "`umm-eup" aie ns fgkpgsbe gh fgkpgibits K1 aie U1. Igrka``y K1 prbfbebs U1 s`ndct`y. Nt ns fausbe my tcb sueebi m`gfj gh rbvbrsb m`gge h`gw eub tg f`gsurb gh tcb atrngvbitrnfu`ar va`vbs, n.b. kntra` aie trnfuspne, at tcb mbdniinid gh vbitrnfu`ar fgitraftngi, gr systg`b. Tcbi tcb vbitrnf`bs mbdni tg fgitraft, sg eg tcb papn``ary kusf`bs ni bafc vbitrnf`b. Ucb papn``ary kusf`bs arb attafcbe tg tcb trnfuspne aie kntra` va`vbs vna fcgreab tbienibab, wcnfc mrnid tcb fusps gh tcb va`vb f`gsbe (fcgreab tbienibab a`sg prbvbit tcb va`vbs hrgk m`gwnid nitg tcb atrna as vbitrnfu`ar prbssurb rnsbs eub tg fgitraftngi). Ucb f`gsnid gh tcb ni`bt va`vbs prbvbits rbdurdntatngi gh m`gge hrgk tcb vbitrnf`bs mafj nitg tcb atrna. Ucb V1 sguie rbsu`ts hrgk rbvbrmbratngi wntcni tcb m`gge assgfnatbe wntc tcb sueebi m`gfj gh h`gw rbvbrsa` my tcb va`vbs. Nh U1 gffurs kgrb tcai s`ndct`y ahtbr K1, tcbi tcb patnbit `njb`y cas a eyshuiftngi gh fgieuftngi gh tcb rndct sneb gh tcb cbart sufc as a ]ndct muie`b mraifc m`gfj.
=.1?.= Vbfgie cbart sguie (V =)< Ucb sbfgie cbart tgib, gr V=, hgrks tcb "eum" gh "`umm-eum" gr "`umm- eup" aie ns fgkpgsbe gh fgkpgibits A= aie _=. Igrka``y A= prbfbebs _= bspbfna``y eurnid nispnratngi wcbi a sp`nt gh V= fai mb cbare. Nt ns fausbe my tcb sueebi m`gfj gh rbvbrsnid m`gge h`gw eub tg f`gsurb gh tcb agrtnf va`vb aie pu`kgiary va`vb at tcb bie gh vbitrnfu`ar systg`b, n.b. mbdniinid gh vbitrnfu`ar enastg`b. As tcb `bht vbitrnf`b bkptnbs, nts prbssurb ha``s mb`gw tcb prbssurb ni tcb agrta, agrtnf m`gge h`gw qunfj`y rbvbrsbs mafj tgware tcb `bht vbitrnf`b, fatfcnid tcb agrtnf va`vb `bah`bts aie ns stgppbe my agrtnf (gut`bt) va`vb f`gsurb. Vnkn`ar`y, as tcb prbssurb ni tcb rndct vbitrnf`b ha``s mb`gw tcb prbssurb ni tcb pu`kgiary artbry, tcb pu`kgiary (gut`bt) va`vb f`gsbs. Ucb V= sguie rbsu`ts hrgk rbvbrmbratngi wntcni tcb m`gge assgfnatbe wntc tcb sueebi m`gfj gh h`gw rbvbrsa`.
=.11 Bxtra cbart sguies< Ucb rarbr bxtra cbart sguies hgrk da``gp rcytcks aie arb cbare ni mgtc igrka` aie amigrka` sntuatngis.
=.11.1 Ucnre cbart sguie (V6) ]arb`y, tcbrb kay mb a tcnre cbart sguie a`sg fa``be a prgtgenastg`nf da``gp gr vbitrnfu`ar da``gp . Nt gffurs at tcb mbdniinid gh enastg`b ahtbr V= aie ns `gwbr ni pntfc tcai V1 gr V= as nt ns igt gh va`vu`ar grndni. Ucb tcnre cbart sguie ns mbindi ni ygutc aie sgkb tranibe atc`btbs, mut nh nt rb-bkbrdbs `atbr ni `nhb nt kay sndia` farenaf prgm`bks `njb a han`nid `bht vbitrnf`b as ni en`atbe fgidbstnvb cbart han`urb (FCH). V6 ns tcgudct tg mb fausbe my tcb gsfn``atngi gh m`gge mafj aie hgrtc mbtwbbi tcb wa``s gh tcb vbitrnf`bs nintnatbe my niruscnid m`gge hrgk tcb atrna. Ucb rbasgi tcb tcnre cbart sguie egbs igt gffur uitn` tcb knee`b tcnre gh enastg`b ns prgmam`y mbfausb eurnid tcb bar`y part gh enastg`b, tcb vbitrnf`bs arb igt hn``be suhhnfnbit`y tg frbatb bigudc tbisngi hgr rbvbrmbratngi.. Ni gtcbr wgres, ai V6 cbart sguie nienfatbs nifrbasbe vg`ukb gh m`gge wntcni tcb vbitrnf`b. Ai V6 cbart sguie ns mbst cbare wntc tcb mb``sneb gh tcb stbtcgsfgpb (usbe hgr `gwbr hrbqubify sguies).
1=
=.11.= Hgurtc cbart sguie (V5)< Ucb rarb hgurtc cbart sguie ns sgkbtnkbs auenm`b ni cba`tcy fcn`erbi aie adani ni tranibe atc`btbs, mut wcbi auenm`b ni ai aeu`t ns fa``be a prbsystg`nf da``gp gr atrna` da``gp . Ucns da``gp ns prgeufbe my tcb sguie gh m`gge mbnid hgrfbe nitg a stnhh/cypbrtrgpcnf vbitrnf`b. Nt ns a sndi gh a patcg`gdnf statb, usua``y a han`nid `bht vbitrnf`b, mut fai a`sg mb cbare ni gtcbr fgientngis sufc as rbstrnftnvb farengkygpatcy. Ucb sguie gffurs lust ahtbr atrna` fgitraftngi ("atrna` jnfj") at tcb bie gh enastg`b aie nkkbenatb`y mbhgrb V1, prgeufnid a rcytck sgkbtnkbs rbhbrrbe tg as tcb "Ubiibssbb" da``gp wcbrb V5 rbprbsbits tcb "tbii-" sy``am`b. Nt ns mbst cbare at tcb farenaf apbx wntc tcb patnbit ni tcb `bht `atbra` ebfumntus pgsntngi aie cg`enid cns mrbatc. Ucb fgkmnibe prbsbifb gh V6 aie V5 ns a quaerup`b da``gp . At rapne cbart ratbs, V6 aie V5 kay kbrdb tg prgeufb a sukkatngi da``gp .
=.1= Kurkurs< Cbart kurkurs arb prgeufbe as a rbsu`t gh turmu`bit h`gw gh m`gge, turmu`bifb suhhnfnbit tg prgeufb auenm`b ignsb. Ucby arb usua``y cbare as a wcggscnid sguie. Ucb tbrk kurkur gi`y rbhbrs tg a sguie mb`nbvbe tg grndniatb wntcni m`gge h`gw tcrgudc gr ibar tcb cbart: rapne m`gge vb`gfnty ns ibfbssary tg prgeufb a kurkur. ^bt kgst cbart prgm`bks eg igt prgeufb aiy kurkur aie kgst va`vb prgm`bks a`sg eg igt prgeufb ai auenm`b kurkur.
Hnd =.11 Kurkurs _rgeufbe my tcb Cbart Ucb hg``gwnid paradrapcs gvbrvnbw tcb kurkurs kgst fgkkgi`y cbare ni aeu`ts wcg eg igt cavb kalgr fgidbinta` cbart amigrka`ntnbs.
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]bdurdntatngi tcrgudc tcb kntra` va`vb ns my har tcb kgst fgkkgi`y cbare kurkur, sgkbtnkbs hanr`y `gue tg a praftnfbe bar, bvbi tcgudc tcb vg`ukb gh rbdurdntait m`gge h`gw kay mb quntb ska``. ^bt, tcgudc gmvngus usnid bfcgfarengdrapcy vnsua`nzatngi, prgmam`y amgut =?% gh fasbs gh kntra` rbdurdntatngi egbs igt prgeufb ai aue nm`b kurkur. Vtbigsns gh tcb agrtnf va`vb ns typnfa``y tcb ibxt kgst fgkkgi cbart kurkur, a systg`nf blbftngi kurkur. Ucns ns kgrb fgkkgi ni g`ebr aeu`ts gr ni tcgsb nienvneua`s cavnid a twg, igt a tcrbb `bah`bt agrtnf va`vb. ]bdurdntatngi tcrgudc tcb agrtnf va`vb, nh karjbe, ns sgkbtnkbs auenm`b tg a praftnfbe bar wntc a cndc qua`nty, bspbfna``y b`bftrginfa``y akp`nhnbe, stbtcgsfgpb. Dbibra``y, tcns ns a vbry rarb`y cbare kurkur, bvbi tcgudc agrtnf va`vb rbdurdntatngi ns igt sg rarb. Agrtnf rbdurdntatngi, tcgudc gmvngus usnid bfcgfarengdrapcy vnsua`nzatngi, usua``y egbs igt prgeufb ai auenm`b kurkur. Vtbigsns gh tcb kntra` va`vb, nh sbvbrb, a`sg rarb`y prgeufbs ai auenm`b, `gw hrbqubify sght rukm`nid kurkur, mbst rbfgdinzbe my a praftnfbe bar usnid a cndc qua`nty, bspbfna``y b`bftrginfa``y akp`nhnbe, stbtcgsfgpb. Bntcbr rbdurdntatngi tcrgudc, gr stbigsns gh, tcb trnfuspne gr pu`kgiary va`vbs bssbitna``y ibvbr prgeufbs auenm`b kurkurs. Gtcbr auenm`b kurkurs arb assgfnatbe wntc amigrka` gpbinids mbtwbbi tcb `bht vbitrnf`b aie rndct cbart gr hrgk tcb agrtnf gr pu`kgiary artbrnbs mafj nitg a `gwbr prbssurb cbart fcakmbr.
Draeatngis gh Kurkurs Draeb
Draeb 1 Draeb = Draeb 6 Draeb 5 Draeb 2 Draeb 8
(Ebhnibe masbe gi usb gh ai afgustnf, igt a cndc-hneb`nty akp`nhnbe b`bftrginf stbtcgsfgpb Ebsfrnptngi Xbry hanit, cbare gi`y ahtbr `nstbibr cas "tuibe ni": kay igt mb cbare ni a`` pgsntngis. Qunbt, mut cbare nkkbenatb`y ahtbr p`afnid tcb stbtcgsfgpb gi tcb fcbst. Kgebratb`y `gue. @gue, wntc pa`pam`b tcrn`` (n.b., a trbkgr gr vnmratngi hb`t gi pa`patngi) Xbry `gue, wntc tcrn``. Kay mb cbare wcbi stbtcgsfgpb ns part`y ghh tcb fcbst. Xbry `gue, wntc tcrn``. Kay mb cbare wntc stbtcgsfgpb bitnrb`y ghh tcb fcbst.
Uam`b =.1 Ebsfrnptngi gh Kurkurs
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FCA_UB] 6< BS_B]NKBIUA@ VBUR_ Ucb prglbft bifgkpassbs tcb nkp`bkbitatngi aie vbrnhnfatngi gh a hu``y huiftngia` b`bftrginf masbe stbtcgsfgpb tcat autgkatnfa``y nebitnhnbs tcb hgur sguies gh tcb cbart aie systg`nf aie enastg`nf kurkurs rb`atbe tg va`vu`ar nisuhhnfnbify aie stbigsns. Ug start wntc, a rgudc f`assnhnfatngi gh tcb hnrst aie sbfgie cbart sguie ns ibbebe. Ucbsb arb masbe gi tcb haft tcat tcb grndni gh cbart sguies aie kurkurs arb enhhbrbit: cbart sguies grndniatbs hrgk tcb f`gsnid gh tcb v a`vbs wcn`b tcb kurkurs arb dbibratbe hrgk a turmu`bit m`gge h`gw tcrgudc tcb va`vbs ni rbspgisb tg patcg`gdnbs ni tcb va`vb. Ucus tcb kurkurs arb kgrb fcagtnf tcai tcb cbart sguies. B`bftrginf stbtcgsfgpbs rbqunrb fgivbrsngi gh afgustnf sguie wavbs tg b`bftrnfa` sndia`s wcnfc fai tcbi mb akp`nhnbe aie prgfbssbe hgr gptnka` `nstbinid. Cbart sguies, rbspnratgry sguies aie kurkurs arb cbare `gue aie f`bar. Ucb hanit kurkur gr amigrka`ntnbs tcat arb ghtbi knssbe my tcb rbdu`ar stbtcgsfgpbs arb basn`y ebtbftbe wntc tcns stbtcgsfgpb. Nt gvbrfgkbs tcb `gw sguie `bvb`s my b`bftrginfa``y akp`nhynid mgey sguies. Ni tcb prglbft uiebrtajbi my us wb cavb usbe a stbtcgsfgpb cbae tg afqunrb tcb cbart sndia` aie gib bie gh ai afgustnfa``y nisu`atbe tumb ns nisbrtbe. Ni tcns cbae tcb afqunrbe sndia` ns passbe tg traiseufbr prbsbit ni tcb tumb at aigtcbr bie. Ucns traiseufbr fgivbrts tcb cbart sguie sndia` tg b`bftrnfa` sndia` sg tcat nt fai mb nitbrhafbe tg a fgkputbr. Tb wn`` rbqunrb ai aia`gd tg endnta` fgivbrtbr (AEF) tg fcaidb tcns aia`gd sndia` nitg endnta` sndia`. Mut hgr farrynid gut tcns fgivbrsngi, hnrst`y tcb sndia` ibbes tg mb akp`nhnbe aie a `bvb` scnhtbr ns a`sg rbqunrbe hgr `bvb` scnhtnid tcns sndia` as tcb AEF gpbratbs wntc tcb pgsntnvb part gh tcb sndia`. Ucb endnta` eata ns traishbrrbe tg a fgkputbr tcrgudc RVM pgrt. As tcb traiseufbr wn`` a`sg pnfj up tcb surrguienid ignsbs a ignsb faifb``atngi tbfcinqub wcnfc dnvbs 4?% ignsb rbeuftngi ns usbe. Ucns ebsndi prgvnebs a `gw prnfb b`bftrginf stbtcgsfgpb.
6.1 Vbqubifb gh tcb prglbft< Ucb prglbft wn`` mb affgkp`nscbe ni tcb hg``gwnid stadbs< Vtadb 1< Carewarb Nkp`bkbitatngi. Vtadb =< Vghtwarb Nkp`bkbitatngi.
12
FCA_UB] 5 Carewarb nkp`bkbitatngi< Carewarb nkp`bkbitatngi cas mbbi egib gi a sg`ebr `bss mrbaemgare utn`nznid tcb hg``gwnid fgkpgibits wcnfc arb ebsfrnmbe as hg``gws.
5.1 Mrbaemgare< A mrbaemgare ns usbe tg mun`e aie tbst fnrfunts qunfj`y mbhgrb hnia`nznid aiy fnrfunt ebsndi. Ucb mrbaemgare cas kaiy cg`bs nitg wcnfc fnrfunt fgkpgibits `njb NFs aie rbsnstgrs fai mb nisbrtbe. A typnfa` mrbaemgare ns scgwi mb`gw<
Hnd 5.1 Mrbaemgare Ucb mrbae mgare cas strnps gh kbta` wcnfc rui uiebribatc tcb mgare aie fgiibft tcb cg`bs gi tcb tgp gh tcb mgare. Ucb kbta` strnps arb `ane gut as scgwi mb`gw. Igtb tcat tcb tgp aie mgttgk rgws gh cg`bs arb fgiibftbe cgrnzgita``y wcn`b tcb rbkaninid cg`bs arb fgiibftbe vbrtnfa``y. Ug usb tcb mrbae mgare, tcb `bds gh fgkpgibits arb p`afbe ni tcb cg`bs. Bafc sbt gh cg`bs fgiibftbe my a kbta` strnp uiebribatc hgrks a igeb. A igeb ns a pgnit ni a fnrfunt wcbrb twg fgkpgibits arb fgiibftbe. Fgiibftngis mbtwbbi enhhbrbit fgkpgibits arb hgrkbe my puttnid tcbnr `bds ni a fgkkgi igeb. Ucb `gid tgp aie mgttgk rgw gh cg`bs arb usua``y usbe hgr pgwbr supp`y fgiibftngis. Ucb rbst gh tcb fnrfunt ns mun`t my p`afnid fgkpgibits aie fgiibftnid tcbk tgdbtcbr wntc lukpbr wnrbs. NFs arb p`afbe ni tcb knee`b gh tcb mgare sg tcat ca`h gh tcb `bds arb gi gib sneb gh tcb knee`b `nib aie ca`h gi tcb gtcbr.
5.= Dbibra` ebsfrnptngi< Ucb masnf fnrfunt enadrak nkp`bkbitbe ns as scgwi<
18
Hnd 5.= Dbibra` M`gfj Enadrak
Fgkpgibits
Ugta` quaitnty
Ebsfrnptngi
R=, R6,R4
6
R1
1
(@K451FI) gpbratngia` akp`nhnbr (?3?5) AEF
F1,F6
=
(?.2²H) fapafntgr
F=,F5
=
(?.54²H) fapafntgr
]1,]3,]5.]8
6
(66ℨj ) rbsnstgr
]=,]4
=
(28ℨj) rbsnstgr
]2,]6
=
(18?ℨj) rbsnstgr
]>
1
(54ℨj) rbsnstgr
14
]11
1
(=.=ℨj) rbsnstgr
S@X1
1
Knfrgpcgib
SVF1
1
F]G
S@X5
1
Vndia` Aia`yzbr
Uam`b 6.1 @nst gh Fgkpgibits Rsbe
5.6 Gpbratngia` akp`nhnbr< Ai gpbratngia` akp`nhnbr , wcnfc ns ghtbi fa``be ai gp-akp, ns a EF-fgup`be cndc-dani b`bftrginf vg`tadb akp`nhnbr wntc a enhhbrbitna` niput aie, usua``y, a snid`b-biebe gutput. Ai gp-akp prgeufbs ai gutput vg`tadb tcat ns typnfa``y kn``ngis gh tnkbs `ardbr tcai tcb vg`tadb enhhbrbifb mbtwbbi nts niput tbrknia`s.
Hnd 5.6 Xarngus gp-akp NFs ni bndct-pni eua` ni-`nib pafjadbs ("EN_s") Uypnfa``y tcb gp-akp's vbry `ardb dani ns fgitrg``be my ibdatnvb hbbemafj, wcnfc `ardb`y ebtbrknibs tcb kadintueb gh nts gutput ("f`gsbe-`ggp") vg`tadb dani ni akp`nhnbr app`nfatngis, gr tcb traishbr huiftngi rbqunrbe (ni aia`gd fgkputbrs). Tntcgut ibdatnvb hbbemafj, aie pbrcaps wntc pgsntnvb hbbemafj hgr rbdbibratngi, ai gp-akp bssbitna``y afts as a fgkparatgr. Cndc niput nkpbeaifb at tcb niput tbrknia`s (neba``y nihnintb) aie `gw gutput nkpbeaifb at tcb gutput tbrknia`(s) (neba``y zbrg) arb nkpgrtait typnfa` fcaraftbrnstnfs. Gp-akps arb akgid tcb kgst wneb`y usbe b`bftrginf ebvnfbs tgeay, mbnid usbe ni a vast array gh fgisukbr, nieustrna`, aie sfnbitnhnf ebvnfbs.
13
5.6.1 Fnrfunt igtatngi< Ucb fnrfunt sykmg` hgr ai gp-akp ns scgwi, wcbrb<
Hnd 5.5 Fnrfunt enadrak sykmg` hgr ai gp-akp
X+< igi-nivbrtnid niput X-< nivbrtnid niput Xgut< gutput Xs+< pgsntnvb pgwbr supp`y Xs-< ibdatnvb pgwbr supp`y
5.6.= Gpbratngi< Hnd 5.2 Gp-Akp as a Vwntfc Ucb akp`nhnbr's enhhbrbitna` niputs fgisnst gh a niput aie a niput, aie neba``y tcb gp-akp akp`nhnbs gi`y tcb enhhbrbifb ni vg`tadb mbtwbbi tcb twg, wcnfc ns fa``be tcb enhhbrbitna` niput vg`tadb. Ucb gutput vg`tadb gh tcb gp-akp ns dnvbi my tcb bquatngi,
wcbrb ns tcb vg`tadb at tcb igi-nivbrtnid tbrknia`, ns tcb vg`tadb at tcb nivbrtnid tbrknia` aie Dgpbi-`ggp ns tcb gpbi-`ggp dani gh tcb akp`nhnbr. (Ucb tbrk gpbi-`ggp rbhbrs tg tcb amsbifb gh a hbbemafj `ggp hrgk tcb gutput tg tcb niput.) Ucb kadintueb gh Dgpbi-`ggp ns typnfa``y vbry `ardb ― sb`egk `bss tcai a kn``ngi ― aie tcbrbhgrb bvbi a quntb ska`` enhhbrbifb mbtwbbi aie (a hbw knfrgvg`ts gr `bss) wn`` rbsu`t ni akp`nhnbr saturatngi, wcbrb tcb gutput vg`tadb dgbs tg bntcbr tcb bxtrbkb kaxnkuk gr kninkuk bie gh nts raidb, wcnfc ns sbt apprgxnkatb`y my tcb pgwbr supp`y vg`tadbs. Hni`by's `aw statbs tcat "Tcbi tcb nivbrtnid aie igi-nivbrtnid niputs gh ai gp-akp arb igt bqua`, nts gutput ns ni saturatngi." Aeentngia``y, tcb prbfnsb kadintueb gh Dgpbi-`ggp ns igt wb`` fgitrg``be my tcb kaiuhafturnid prgfbss, 1>
Tntc ig ibdatnvb hbbemafj, tcb gp-akp afts as a swntfc. Ucb nivbrtnid niput ns cb`e at drguie (? X) my tcb rbsnstgr, sg nh tcb Xni app`nbe tg tcb igi-nivbrtnid niput ns pgsntnvb, tcb gutput wn`` mb kaxnkuk pgsntnvb, aie nh Xni ns ibdatnvb, tcb gutput wn`` mb kaxnkuk ibdatnvb. Vnifb tcbrb ns ig hbbemafj hrgk tcb gutput tg bntcbr niput, tcns ns ai gpbi `ggp fnrfunt.
Hnd 5.8 Gp-Akp wntc hbbemafj Aeenid ibdatnvb hbbemafj vna ] h rbeufbs tcb dani. Bqun`nmrnuk wn`` mb bstam`nscbe wcbi Xgut ns lust suhhnfnbit tg rbafc arguie aie pu`` tcb nivbrtnid niput tg tcb sakb vg`tadb as Xni. As a snkp`b bxakp`b, nh Xni ; 1 X aie ] h ; ] d, Xgut wn`` mb = X, tcb akguit rbqunrbe tg jbbp X ‖ at 1 X. Mbfausb gh tcb hbbemafj prgvnebe my ] h, tcns ns a f`gsbe `ggp fnrfunt. Nts gvbr-a`` dani Xgut / Xni ns fa``be tcb f`gsbe-`ggp dani Df`gsbe-`ggp.
aie sg nt ns nkpraftnfa` tg usb ai gpbratngia` akp`nhnbr as a staie-a`gib enhhbrbitna` akp`nhnbr. Nh `nibar gpbratngi ns ebsnrbe, ibdatnvb hbbemafj kust mb usbe, usua``y afcnbvbe my app`ynid a pgrtngi gh tcb gutput vg`tadb tg tcb nivbrtnid niput. Ucb hbbemafj biam`bs tcb gutput gh tcb akp`nhnbr tg jbbp tcb niputs at gr ibar tcb sakb vg`tadb sg tcat saturatngi egbs igt gffur. Aigtcbr mbibhnt ns tcat nh kufc ibdatnvb hbbemafj ns usbe, tcb fnrfunt's gvbra`` dani aie gtcbr parakbtbrs mbfgkb ebtbrknibe kgrb my tcb hbbemafj ibtwgrj tcai my tcb gp-akp ntsb`h. Nh tcb hbbemafj ibtwgrj ns kaeb gh fgkpgibits wntc rb`atnvb`y fgistait, prbenftam`b, va`ubs sufc as rbsnstgrs, fapafntgrs aie nieuftgrs, tcb uiprbenftamn`nty aie nifgistaify gh tcb gp-akp's parakbtbrs (typnfa` gh sbknfgieuftgr ebvnfbs) eg igt sbrngus`y ahhbft tcb fnrfunt's pbrhgrkaifb. Nh ig ibdatnvb hbbemafj ns usbe, tcb gp-akp huiftngis as a swntfc gr fgkparatgr. _gsntnvb hbbemafj kay mb usbe tg nitrgeufb cystbrbsns gr gsfn``atngi. ]bturinid tg a fgisnebratngi gh `nibar (ibdatnvb hbbemafj) gpbratngi, tcb cndc gpbi-`ggp dani aie `gw niput `bajadb furrbit gh tcb gp-akp nkp`y twg "dg`ebi ru`bs" tcat arb cndc`y usbhu` ni aia`ysnid `nibar gp-akp fnrfunts.
5.6.6 Dg`ebi ru`bs gh gp-akp ibdatnvb hbbemafj< Nh tcbrb ns ibdatnvb hbbemafj aie nh tcb gutput ns igt saturatbe, 1. Mgtc niputs arb at tcb sakb vg`tadb. =. Ig furrbit h`gws ni gr gut gh bntcbr niput. Ucbsb ru`bs arb trub gh tcb neba` gp-akp aie hgr praftnfa` purpgsbs arb trub gh rba` gp-akps ui`bss vbry cndc-spbbe gr cndc-prbfnsngi pbrhgrkaifb ns mbnid fgitbkp`atbe (ni wcnfc fasb affguit kust mb tajbi gh tcnids sufc as niput fapafntaifb, niput mnas furrbits aie vg`tadbs, hnintb spbbe, aie gtcbr gp-akp nkpbrhbftngis) As a fgisbqubifb gh tcb hnrst ru`b, tcb niput nkpbeaifb gh tcb twg niputs wn`` mb ibar`y nihnintb. Ucat ns, bvbi nh tcb gpbi-`ggp nkpbeaifb mbtwbbi tcb twg niputs ns `gw, tcb f`gsbe-`ggp niput nkpbeaifb wn`` mb cndc mbfausb tcb niputs wn`` mb cb`e at ibar`y tcb sakb vg`tadb. Ucns nkpbeaifb ns fgisnebrbe as nihnintb hgr ai neba` gp-akp aie ns amgut gib kbdagck ni praftnfb.
5.6.5 Neba` aie rba` gp-akps< Ai neba` gp-akp ns usua``y fgisnebrbe tg cavb tcb hg``gwnid prgpbrtnbs, aie tcby arb fgisnebrbe tg cg`e hgr a`` niput vg`tadbs<
Nihnintb gpbi-`ggp dani (wcbi egnid tcbgrbtnfa` aia`ysns, a `nknt kay mb tajbi as gpbi `ggp dani D dgbs tg nihninty) Nihnintb vg`tadb raidb avan`am`b at tcb gutput (vgut) (ni praftnfb tcb vg`tadbs avan`am`b hrgk tcb gutput arb `nkntbe my tcb supp`y vg`tadbs aie ) Nihnintb maiewnetc (n.b., tcb hrbqubify kadintueb rbspgisb ns fgisnebrbe tg mb h`at bvbrywcbrb wntc zbrg pcasb scnht). =?
Nihnintb niput nkpbeaifb (sg, ni tcb enadrak, , aie zbrg furrbit h`gws hrgk tg ) \brg niput furrbit (n.b., tcbrb ns assukbe tg mb ig `bajadb gr mnas furrbit nitg tcb ebvnfb) \brg niput ghhsbt vg`tadb (n.b., wcbi tcb niput tbrknia`s arb scgrtbe sg tcat , tcb gutput ns a vnrtua` drguie gr vgut ; ?). Nihnintb s`bw ratb (n.b., tcb ratb gh fcaidb gh tcb gutput vg`tadb ns uimguiebe) aie pgwbr maiewnetc (hu`` gutput vg`tadb aie furrbit avan`am`b at a`` hrbqubifnbs). \brg gutput nkpbeaifb (n.b., ]gut ; ?, sg tcat gutput vg`tadb egbs igt vary wntc gutput furrbit) \brg ignsb Nihnintb Fgkkgi-kgeb rblbftngi ratng (FK]]) Nihnintb _gwbr supp`y rblbftngi ratng hgr mgtc pgwbr supp`y ran`s.
Ni praftnfb, igib gh tcbsb neba`s fai mb rba`nzbe, aie varngus scgrtfgknids aie fgkprgknsbs cavb tg mb affbptbe. Ebpbienid gi tcb parakbtbrs gh nitbrbst, a rba` gp-akp kay mb kgeb`be tg tajb affguit gh sgkb gh tcb igi -nihnintb gr igizbrg parakbtbrs usnid bqunva`bit rbsnstgrs aie fapafntgrs ni tcb gp-akp kgeb`. Ucb ebsndibr fai tcbi nif`ueb tcb bhhbfts gh tcbsb uiebsnram`b, mut rba`, bhhbfts nitg tcb gvbra`` pbrhgrkaifb gh tcb hnia` fnrfunt. Vgkb parakbtbrs kay turi gut tg cavb ibd`ndnm`b bhhbft gi tcb hnia` ebsndi wcn`b gtcbrs rbprbsbit aftua` `nkntatngis gh tcb hnia` pbrhgrkaifb tcat kust mb bva`uatbe.
Hnd 5.4 Ai bqunva`bit fnrfunt gh ai gpbratngia` akp`nhnbr tcat kgeb`s sgkb rbsnstnvb igineba` parakbtbrs.
5.6.2 Gpbratngia` akp`nhnbr NF (@K451FI)< Tb cavb usbe NF @K451FI gpbratngia` akp`nhnbr ni gur prglbft.
5.6.2.1 Dbibra` Ebsfrnptngi< Ucb @K451 sbrnbs arb dbibra` purpgsb gpbratngia` akp`nhnbrs wcnfc hbaturb nkprgvbe pbrhgrkaifb gvbr nieustry staieares `njb tcb @K4?>. Ucby arb enrbft, p`ud-ni rbp`afbkbits hgr tcb 4?>F, @K=?1, KF156> aie 453 ni kgst app`nfatngis. Ucb akp`nhnbrs ghhbr kaiy hbaturbs< Gvbr`gae prgtbftngi gi tcb niput aie gutput, Ig `atfc-up wcbi tcb fgkkgi kgeb raidb ns bxfbbebe Hrbbegk hrgk gsfn``atngis. Ucb @K451F ns nebitnfa` tg tcb @K451/@K451A bxfbpt tcat tcb @K451F cas tcbnr pbrhgrkaifb duaraitbbe gvbr a ?¿F tg +4?¿F tbkpbraturb raidb, nistbae gh ∝22¿F tg +1= 2¿F.
=1
5.6.2.= Nitbria` fnrfuntry gh 451 typb gp-akp< Ucgudc ebsndis vary mbtwbbi prgeufts aie kaiuhafturbrs, a`` gp-akps cavb masnfa``y tcb sakb nitbria` strufturb, wcnfc fgisnsts gh tcrbb stadbs< 1. Enhhbrbitna` akp`nhnbr ‖ prgvnebs `gw ignsb akp`nhnfatngi, cndc niput nkpbeaifb, usua``y a enhhbrbitna` gutput. =. Xg`tadb akp`nhnbr ‖ prgvnebs cndc vg`tadb dani, a snid`b-pg`b hrbqubify rg``-ghh, usua``y snid`bbiebe gutput. 6. Gutput akp`nhnbr ‖ prgvnebs cndc furrbit ernvnid fapamn`nty, `gw gutput nkpbeaifb, furrbit `nkntnid aie scgrt fnrfunt prgtbftngi fnrfuntry.
Hnd 5.3 A fgkpgibit `bvb` enadrak gh tcb fgkkgi 451 gp-akp. Egttbe `nibs gut`nib< furrbit knrrgrs (rbe): enhhbrbitna` akp`nhnbr (m`ub): f`ass A dani stadb (kadbita): vg`tadb `bvb` scnhtbr (drbbi): gutput stadb (fyai).
5.6.2.6 Niput stadb< ==
Fgistait-furrbit stamn`nzatngi systbk Ucb niput stadb EF fgientngis arb stamn`nzbe my a cndc-dani ibdatnvb hbbemafj systbk wcgsb kani parts arb tcb twg furrbit knrrgrs gi tcb `bht gh tcb hndurb, gut`nibe ni rbe. Ucb kani purpgsb gh tcns ibdatnvb hbbemafj systbk ― tg supp`y tcb enhhbrbitna` niput stadb wntc a stam`b fgistait furrbit ― ns rba`nzbe as hg``gws. Ucb furrbit tcrgudc tcb 6> jή rbsnstgr afts as a furrbit rbhbrbifb hgr tcb gtcbr mnas furrbits usbe ni tcb fcnp. Ucb vg`tadb afrgss tcb rbsnstgr ns bqua` tg tcb vg`tadb afrgss tcb supp`y ran`s ( ) knius twg traisnstgr engeb ergps (n.b., hrgk Q11 aie Q1=), aie sg tcb furrbit cas va`ub . Ucb Tne`ar furrbit knrrgr mun`t my Q1?, Q11, aie tcb 2 jή rbsnstgr prgeufbs a vbry ska`` hraftngi gh N rbh at tcb Q1? fg``bftgr. Ucns ska`` fgistait furrbit tcrgudc Q1?'s fg``bftgr supp`nbs tcb masb furrbits hgr Q6 aie Q5 as wb`` as tcb Q> fg``bftgr furrbit. Ucb Q3/Q> furrbit knrrgr trnbs tg kajb Q>'s fg``bftgr furrbit tcb sakb as tcb Q6 aie Q5 fg``bftgr furrbits. Ucus Q6 aie Q5's fgkmnibe masb furrbits (wcnfc arb gh tcb sakb grebr as tcb gvbra`` fcnp's niput furrbits) wn`` mb a ska`` hraftngi gh tcb a`rbaey ska`` Q1? fu rrbit. Vg, nh tcb niput stadb furrbit nifrbasbs hgr aiy rbasgi, tcb Q3/Q> furrbit knrrgr wn`` eraw furrbit away hrgk tcb masbs gh Q6 aie Q5, wcnfc rbeufbs tcb niput stadb furrbit, aie vnfb vbrsa. Ucb hbbemafj `ggp a`sg nsg`atbs tcb rbst gh tcb fnrfunt hrgk fgkkgi-kgeb sndia`s my kajnid tcb masb vg`tadb gh Q6/Q5 hg``gw tndct`y =X mb mb`gw tcb cndcbr gh tcb twg niput vg`tadbs.
5.6.2.5 Enhhbrbitna` akp`nhnbr< Ucb m`ub gut`nibe sbftngi ns a enhhbrbitna` akp`nhnbr. Q1 aie Q= arb niput bknttbr hg``gwbrs aie tgdbtcbr wntc tcb fgkkgi masb panr Q6 aie Q5 hgrk tcb enhhbrbitna` niput stadb. Ni aeentngi, Q6 aie Q5 a`sg aft as `bvb` scnhtbrs aie prgvneb vg`tadb dani tg ernvb tcb f`ass A akp`nhnbr. Ucby a`sg cb`p tg nifrbasb tcb rbvbrsb X mb ratnid gi tcb niput traisnstgrs (tcb bknttbr-masb luiftngis gh tcb I_I traisnstgrs Q1 aie Q= mrbaj egwi at arguie 4 X mut tcb _I_ traisnstgrs Q6 aie Q5 cavb mrbajegwi vg`tadbs arguie 2? X. Ucb enhhbrbitna` akp`nhnbr hgrkbe my Q1 ‖ Q5 ernvbs a furrbit knrrgr aftnvb `gae hgrkbe my traisnstgrs Q2 ‖ Q4 (aftua``y, Q8 ns tcb vbry aftnvb `gae). Q4 nifrbasbs tcb affurafy gh tcb furrbit knrrgr my ebfrbasnid tcb akguit gh sndia` furrbit rbqunrbe hrgk Q6 tg ernvb tcb masbs gh Q2 aie Q8. Ucns fgihnduratngi prgvnebs enhhbrbitna` tg snid`b biebe fgivbrsngi as hg``gws< Ucb sndia` furrbit gh Q6 ns tcb niput tg tcb furrbit knrrgr wcn`b tcb gutput gh tcb knrrgr (tcb fg``bftgr gh Q8) ns fgiibftbe tg tcb fg``bftgr gh Q5. Cbrb, tcb sndia` furrbits gh Q6 aie Q5 arb sukkbe. Hgr enhhbrbitna` niput sndia`s, tcb sndia` furrbits gh Q6 aie Q5 arb bqua` aie gppgsntb. Ucus, tcb suk ns twnfb tcb nienvneua` sndia` furrbits. Ucns fgkp`btbs tcb enhhbrbitna` tg snid`b biebe fgivbrsngi. Ucb gpbi fnrfunt sndia` vg`tadb appbarnid at tcns pgnit ns dnvbi my tcb prgeuft gh tcb sukkbe sndia` furrbits aie tcb para``b`be fg``bftgr rbsnstaifbs gh Q5 aie Q8. Vnifb tcb fg``bftgrs gh Q5 aie Q8 appbar as cndc rbsnstaifbs tg tcb sndia` furrbit, tcb gpbi fnrfunt vg`tadb dani gh tcns stadb ns vbry cndc. Ucb masb furrbit at tcb niputs ns igt zbrg aie tcb bhhbftnvb (enhhbrbitna`) niput nkpbeaifb gh a 451 ns amgut = Kή. Ucb "ghhsbt iu``" pnis kay mb usbe tg p`afb bxtbria` rbsnstgrs ni para``b` wntc tcb twg 1 jή rbsnstgrs (typnfa``y ni tcb hgrk gh tcb twg bies gh a pgtbitngkbtbr) tg aelust tcb ma`aifnid gh tcb Q2/Q8 furrbit knrrgr aie tcus nienrbft`y fgitrg` tcb gutput gh tcb gp-akp wcbi zbrg sndia` ns app`nbe mbtwbbi tcb niputs. =6
5.6.2.2 F`ass A dani stadb< Ucb sbftngi gut`nibe ni kadbita ns tcb f`ass A dani stadb. Ucb tgp-rndct furrbit knrrgr Q1=/Q16 supp`nbs tcns stadb my a fgistait furrbit `gae, vna tcb fg``bftgr gh Q16 tcat ns `ardb`y niebpbiebit gh tcb gutput vg`tadb. Ucb stadb fgisnsts gh twg I_I traisnstgrs ni a Ear`nidtgi fgihnduratngi aie usbs tcb gutput sneb gh a furrbit knrrgr as nts fg``bftgr `gae tg afcnbvb cndc dani. Ucb 6? pH fapafntgr prgvnebs hrbqubify sb`bftnvb ibdatnvb hbbemafj arguie tcb f`ass A dani stadb as a kbais gh hrbqubify fgkpbisatngi tg stamn`nsb tcb akp`nhnbr ni hbbemafj fgihnduratngis. Ucns tbfcinqub ns fa``be Kn``br fgkpbisatngi aie huiftngis ni a snkn`ar kaiibr tg ai gp-akp nitbdratgr fnrfunt. Nt ns a`sg jigwi as 'egkniait pg`b fgkpbisatngi' mbfausb nt nitrgeufbs a egkniait pg`b (gib wcnfc kasjs tcb bhhbfts gh gtcbr pg`bs) nitg tcb gpbi `ggp hrbqubify rbspgisb. Ucns pg`b fai mb as `gw as 1? Cz ni a 451 akp`nhnbr aie nt nitrgeufbs a ∝6 eM `gss nitg tcb gpbi `ggp rbspgisb at tcns hrbqubify. Ucns nitbria` fgkpbisatngi ns prgvnebe tg afcnbvb uifgientngia` stamn`nty gh tcb akp`nhnbr ni ibdatnvb hbbemafj fgihnduratngis wcbrb tcb hbbemafj ibtwgrj ns igi-rbaftnvb aie tcb f`gsbe `ggp dani ns uinty gr cndcbr. Cbifb, tcb usb gh tcb gpbratngia` akp`nhnbr ns snkp`nhnbe mbfausb ig bxtbria` fgkpbisatngi ns rbqunrbe hgr uinty dani stamn`nty: akp`nhnbrs wntcgut tcns nitbria` fgkpbisatngi kay rbqunrb bxtbria` fgkpbisatngi gr f`gsbe `ggp danis sndinhnfait`y cndcbr tcai uinty.
5.6.2.8 Gutput mnas fnrfuntry< Ucb drbbi gut`nibe sbftngi (masbe gi Q18) ns a vg`tadb `bvb` scnhtbr gr rummbr engeb (n.b., a X MB ku`tnp`nbr): a typb gh vg`tadb sgurfb. Ni tcb fnrfunt as scgwi, Q18 prgvnebs a fgistait vg`tadb ergp mbtwbbi nts fg``bftgr aie bknttbr rbdare`bss gh tcb furrbit tcrgudc tcb fnrfunt. Nh tcb masb furrbit tg tcb traisnstgr ns assukbe tg mb zbrg, aie tcb vg`tadb mbtwbbi masb aie bknttbr (aie afrgss tcb 4.2 jή rbsnstgr) ns ?.8=2 X (a typnfa` va`ub hgr a MLU ni tcb aftnvb rbdngi), tcbi tcb furrbit tcrgudc tcb 5.2 jή rbsnstgr wn`` mb tcb sakb as tcat tcrgudc tcb 4.2 jή, aie wn`` prgeufb a vg`tadb gh ?.642 X afrgss nt. Ucns jbbps tcb vg`tadb afrgss tcb traisnstgr, aie tcb twg rbsnstgrs at ?.8=2 + ?.642 ; 1 X. Ucns sbrvbs tg mnas tcb twg gutput traisnstgrs s`ndct`y nitg fgieuftngi rbeufnid frgssgvbr enstgrtngi. Ni sgkb ensfrbtb fgkpgibit akp`nhnbrs tcns huiftngi ns afcnbvbe wntc (usua``y twg) sn`nfgi engebs.
5.6.2.4 Gutput stadb< Ucb gutput stadb (gut`nibe ni fyai) ns a F`ass AM pusc-pu`` bknttbr hg``gwbr (Q15, Q=?) akp`nhnbr wntc tcb mnas sbt my tcb X mb ku`tnp`nbr vg`tadb sgurfb Q18 aie nts masb rbsnstgrs. Ucns stadb ns bhhbftnvb`y ernvbi my tcb fg``bftgrs gh Q16 aie Q1>. Xarnatngis ni tcb mnas wntc tbkpbraturb, gr mbtwbbi parts wntc tcb sakb typb iukmbr, arb fgkkgi sg frgssgvbr enstgrtngi aie qunbsfbit furrbit kay mb sumlbft tg sndinhnfait varnatngi. Ucb gutput raidb gh tcb akp`nhnbr ns amgut gib vg`t `bss tcai tcb supp`y vg`tadb, gwnid ni part tg X mb gh tcb gutput traisnstgrs Q15 aie Q=?. Ucb =2 ή rbsnstgr ni tcb gutput stadb afts as a furrbit sbisb tg prgvneb tcb gutput furrbit-`nkntnid huiftngi wcnfc `nknts tcb furrbit ni tcb bknttbr hg``gwbr Q15 tg amgut =2 kA hgr tcb 451. Furrbit `nkntnid hgr tcb ibdatnvb gutput ns egib my sbisnid tcb vg`tadb afrgss Q1>'s bknttbr rbsnstgr aie usnid tcns tg rbeufb tcb ernvb nitg Q12's masb. @atbr vbrsngis gh tcns akp`nhnbr sfcbkatnf kay scgw a s`ndct`y enhhbrbit kbtcge gh gutput furrbit `nkntnid. Ucb gutput rbsnstaifb ns igt zbrg, as nt wgu`e mb ni ai neba` gp-akp, mut wntc ibdatnvb hbbemafj nt apprgafcbs zbrg at `gw hrbqubifnbs.
=5
Ucb "451" cas fgkb tg ghtbi kbai a dbibrnf gp-akp NF (sufc as uA451, @K6?1, 223, @K6=5, UMA==1 - gr a kgrb kgebri rbp`afbkbit sufc as tcb U@?41). Ucb ebsfrnptngi gh tcb 451 gutput stadb ns qua`ntatnvb`y snkn`ar hgr kaiy gtcbr ebsndis (tcat kay cavb quntb enhhbrbit niput stadbs), bxfbpt< Vgkb ebvnfbs (uA453, @K6?1, @K6?3) arb igt nitbria``y fgkpbisatbe (rbqunrb ai bxtbria` fapafntgr hrgk gutput tg sgkb pgnit wntcni tcb gpbratngia` akp`nhnbr, nh usbe ni `gw f`gsbe-`ggp dani app`nfatngis). Vgkb kgebri ebvnfbs cavb ran`-tg-ran` gutput fapamn`nty (gutput fai mb tajbi tg pgsntnvb gr ibdatnvb pgwbr supp`y ran` wntcni a hbw kn``nvg`ts).
5.6.2.3 Amsg`utb Kaxnkuk ]atnids (451F)< Vupp`y Xg`tadb
±13X
_gwbr Enssnpatngi
2?? kT
Enhhbrbitna` Niput Xg`tadb
±6?X
Niput Xg`tadb
±12X
Gutput Vcgrt Fnrfunt Euratngi
Fgitniugus
Gpbratnid Ubkpbraturb ]aidb
?¿F tg +4?¿F
Vtgradb Ubkpbraturb ]aidb
∝82¿F tg +12?¿F
Luiftngi Ubkpbraturb
1??¿F
Vg`ebrnid Nihgrkatngi I-_afjadb (1? sbfgies) L- gr C-_afjadb (1? sbfgies) K-_afjadb Xapgr _casb (8? sbfgies) Nihrarbe (12 sbfgies)
=8?¿F 6??¿F =12¿F =12¿F
Uam`b 5.= Kaxnkuk ]atnids gh NF @K 451F
5.5 Aia`gd-tg-endnta` fgivbrtbr< Ai aia`gd-tg-endnta` fgivbrtbr (ammrbvnatbe AEF, A/E gr A tg E) ns a ebvnfb wcnfc fgivbrts fgitniugus sndia`s tg ensfrbtb endnta` iukmbrs. Uypnfa``y, ai AEF ns ai b`bftrginf ebvnfb tcat fgivbrts ai niput aia`gd vg`tadb (gr furrbit) tg a endnta` iukmbr prgpgrtngia` tg tcb kadintueb gh tcb vg`tadb gr furrbit. Cgwbvbr, sgkb igi-b`bftrginf gr gi`y partna``y b`bftrginf ebvnfbs, sufc as rgtary bifgebrs, fai a`sg mb fgisnebrbe AEFs. Ucb endnta` gutput kay usb enhhbrbit fgenid sfcbkbs, sufc as mniary, Dray fgeb gr twg's fgkp`bkbit mniary. =2
5.5.1 B`bftrnfa` Vykmg`
Hnd 5.> B`bftrnfa` Vykmg` gh AEF
5.5.= AEF strufturbs< Ucb kgst fgkkgi ways gh nkp`bkbitnid ai b`bftrginf AEF arb < A enrbft fgivbrsngi AEF gr h`asc AEF cas a maij gh fgkparatgrs sakp`nid tcb niput sndia` ni para``b`, bafc hnrnid hgr tcbnr ebfgebe vg`tadb raidb. Ucb fgkparatgr maij hbbes a `gdnf fnrfunt tcat dbibratbs a fgeb hgr bafc vg`tadb raidb. Enrbft fgivbrsngi ns vbry hast, fapam`b gh dndacbrtz sakp`nid I ratbs, mut usua``y cas gi`y 3 mnts gh rbsg`utngi gr hbwbr, snifb tcb iukmbr gh fgkparatgrs ibbebe, = 1, egum`bs wntc bafc aeentngia` mnt, rbqunrnid a `ardb bxpbisnvb fnrfunt. A suffbssnvb-apprgxnkatngi AEF usbs a fgkparatgr tg rblbft raidbs gh vg`tadbs, bvbitua``y sbtt`nid gi a hnia` vg`tadb raidb. Vuffbssnvb apprgxnkatngi wgrjs my fgistait`y fgkparnid tcb niput vg`tadb tg tcb gutput gh ai nitbria` endnta` tg aia`gd fgivbrtbr (EAF, hbe my tcb furrbit va`ub gh tcb apprgxnkatngi) uitn` tcb mbst apprgxnkatngi ns afcnbvbe. At bafc stbp ni tcns prgfbss, a mniary va`ub gh tcb apprgxnkatngi ns stgrbe ni a suffbssnvb apprgxnkatngi rbdnstbr (VA]). Ucb VA] usbs a rbhbrbifb vg`tadb (wcnfc ns tcb `ardbst sndia` tcb AEF ns tg fgivbrt) hgr fgkparnsgis. Hgr bxakp`b nh tcb niput vg`tadb ns 8? X aie tcb rbhbrbifb vg`tadb ns 1?? X, ni tcb 1st f`gfj fyf`b, 8? X ns fgkparbe tg 2? X (tcb rbhbrbifb, envnebe my twg. Ucns ns tcb vg`tadb at tcb gutput gh tcb nitbria` EAF wcbi tcb niput ns a '1' hg``gwbe my zbrgs), aie tcb vg`tadb hrgk tcb fgkparatgr ns pgsntnvb (gr '1') (mbfausb 8? X ns drbatbr tcai 2? X). At tcns pgnit tcb hnrst mniary endnt (KVM) ns sbt tg a '1'. Ni tcb =ie f`gfj fyf`b tcb niput vg`tadb ns fgkparbe tg 42 X (mbnid ca`hway mbtwbbi 1?? aie 2? X< Ucns ns tcb gutput gh tcb nitbria` EAF wcbi nts niput ns '11' hg``gwbe my zbrgs) mbfausb 8? X ns `bss tcai 42 X, tcb fgkparatgr gutput ns igw ibdatnvb (gr '?'). Ucb sbfgie mniary endnt ns tcbrbhgrb sbt tg a '?'. Ni tcb 6re f`gfj fyf`b, tcb niput vg`tadb ns fgkparbe wntc 8=.2 X (ca`hway mbtwbbi 2? X aie 42 X< Ucns ns tcb gutput gh tcb nitbria` EAF wcbi nts niput ns '1?1' hg``gwbe my zbrgs). Ucb gutput gh tcb fgkparatgr ns ibdatnvb gr '?' (mbfausb 8? X ns `bss tcai 8=.2 X) sg tcb tcnre mniary endnt ns sbt tg a ?. Ucb hgurtc f`gfj fyf`b snkn`ar`y rbsu`ts ni tcb hgurtc endnt mbnid a '1' (8? X ns drbatbr tcai 28.=2 X, tcb EAF gutput hgr '1??1' hg``gwbe my zbrgs). Ucb rbsu`t gh tcns wgu`e mb ni tcb mniary hgrk 1??1. Ucns ns a`sg fa``be mntwbndctnid fgivbrsngi, aie ns snkn`ar tg a mniary sbarfc. Ucb aia`gdub va`ub ns rguiebe tg tcb ibarbst mniary va`ub mb`gw, kbainid tcns fgivbrtbr typb ns kne-rnsb. Mbfausb tcb apprgxnkatngis arb suffbssnvb (igt snku`taibgus), tcb fgivbrsngi tajbs gib f`gfj-fyf`b hgr bafc mnt gh rbsg`utngi ebsnrbe. Ucb f`gfj hrbqubify kust mb bqua` tg tcb sakp`nid hrbqubify ku`tnp`nbe my tcb iukmbr gh mnts gh rbsg`utngi ebsnrbe. =8
A rakp-fgkparb AEF prgeufbs a saw-tggtc sndia` tcat rakps up gr egwi tcbi qunfj`y rbturis tg zbrg. Tcbi tcb rakp starts, a tnkbr starts fguitnid. Tcbi tcb rakp vg`tadb katfcbs tcb niput, a fgkparatgr hnrbs, aie tcb tnkbr's va`ub ns rbfgrebe. Unkbe rakp fgivbrtbrs rbqunrb tcb `bast iukmbr gh traisnstgrs. Ucb rakp tnkb ns sbisntnvb tg tbkpbraturb mbfausb tcb fnrfunt dbibratnid tcb rakp ns ghtbi lust sgkb snkp`b gsfn``atgr. A spbfna` aevaitadb gh tcb rakp-fgkparb systbk ns tcat fgkparnid a sbfgie sndia` lust rbqunrbs aigtcbr fgkparatgr, aie aigtcbr rbdnstbr tg stgrb tcb vg`tadb va`ub. A vbry snkp`b (igi-`nibar) rakp-fgivbrtbr fai mb nkp`bkbitbe wntc a knfrgfgitrg``br aie gib rbsnstgr aie fapafntgr Ucb Tn`jnisgi AEF was ebsndibe my E. C. Tn`jnisgi ni 1>2?. Ucb Tn`jnisgi AEF ns masbe gi tcb fgkparnsgi gh ai niput vg`tadb wntc tcat prgeufbe my a fcardnid fapafntgr. Ucb fapafntgr ns a``gwbe tg fcardb uitn` nts vg`tadb ns bqua` tg tcb akp`ntueb gh tcb niput pu`sb. (A fgkparatgr ebtbrknibs wcbi tcns fgientngi cas mbbi rbafcbe.) Ucbi, tcb fapafntgr ns a``gwbe tg ensfcardb `nibar`y, wcnfc prgeufbs a rakp vg`tadb. At tcb pgnit wcbi tcb fapafntgr mbdnis tg ensfcardb, a datb pu`sb ns nintnatbe. Ucb datb pu`sb rbkanis gi uitn` tcb fapafntgr ns fgkp`btb`y ensfcardbe. Ucus tcb euratngi gh tcb datb pu`sb ns enrbft`y prgpgrtngia` tg tcb akp`ntueb gh tcb niput pu`sb. Ucns datb pu`sb gpbratbs a `nibar datb wcnfc rbfbnvbs pu`sbs hrgk a cndc-hrbqubify gsfn``atgr f`gfj. Tcn`b tcb datb ns gpbi, a ensfrbtb iukmbr gh f`gfj pu`sbs pass tcrgudc tcb `nibar datb aie arb fguitbe my tcb aeerbss rbdnstbr. Ucb tnkb tcb `nibar datb ns gpbi ns prgpgrtngia` tg tcb akp`ntueb gh tcb niput pu`sb, tcus tcb iukmbr gh f`gfj pu`sbs rbfgrebe ni tcb aeerbss rbdnstbr ns prgpgrtngia` a`sg. A`tbriatnvb`y, tcb fcardnid gh tcb fapafntgr fgu`e mb kgintgrbe, ratcbr tcai tcb ensfcardb Ai nitbdratnid AEF (a`sg eua`-s`gpb gr ku`tn-s`gpb AEF) app`nbs tcb uijigwi niput vg`tadb tg tcb niput gh ai nitbdratgr aie a``gws tcb vg`tadb tg rakp hgr a hnxbe tnkb pbrnge (tcb rui-up pbrnge). Ucbi a jigwi rbhbrbifb vg`tadb gh gppgsntb pg`arnty ns app`nbe tg tcb nitbdratgr aie ns a``gwbe tg rakp uitn` tcb nitbdratgr gutput rbturis tg zbrg (tcb rui-egwi pbrnge). Ucb niput vg`tadb ns fgkputbe as a huiftngi gh tcb rbhbrbifb vg`tadb, tcb fgistait rui-up tnkb pbrnge, aie tcb kbasurbe rui-egwi tnkb pbrnge. Ucb rui-egwi tnkb kbasurbkbit ns usua``y kaeb ni uints gh tcb fgivbrtbr's f`gfj, sg `gidbr nitbdratngi tnkbs a``gw hgr cndcbr rbsg`utngis. @njbwnsb, tcb spbbe gh tcb fgivbrtbr fai mb nkprgvbe my safrnhnfnid rbsg`utngi. Fgivbrtbrs gh tcns typb arb usbe ni kgst endnta` vg`tkbtbrs hgr tcbnr `nibarnty aie h`bxnmn`nty. A eb`ta-bifgebe AEF gr Fguitbr-rakp cas ai up-egwi fguitbr tcat hbbes a endnta` tg aia`gd fgivbrtbr (EAF). Ucb niput sndia` aie tcb EAF mgtc dg tg a fgkparatgr. Ucb fgkparatgr fgitrg`s tcb fguitbr. Ucb fnrfunt usbs ibdatnvb hbbemafj hrgk tcb fgkparatgr tg aelust tcb fguitbr uitn` tcb EAF's gutput ns f`gsb bigudc tg tcb niput sndia`. Ucb iukmbr ns rbae hrgk tcb fguitbr. Eb`ta fgivbrtbrs cavb vbry wneb raidbs, aie cndc rbsg`utngi, mut tcb fgivbrsngi tnkb ns ebpbiebit gi tcb niput sndia` `bvb`, tcgudc nt wn`` a`ways cavb a duaraitbbe wgrst-fasb. Eb`ta fgivbrtbrs arb ghtbi vbry dgge fcgnfbs tg rbae rba`-wgr`e sndia`s. Kgst sndia`s hrgk pcysnfa` systbks eg igt fcaidb amrupt`y. Vgkb fgivbrtbrs fgkmnib tcb eb`ta aie suffbssnvb apprgxnkatngi apprgafcbs: tcns wgrjs bspbfna``y wb`` wcbi cndc hrbqubifnbs arb jigwi tg mb ska`` ni kadintueb.
5.5.6 AEF ?3?5 Tb cavb usbe NF AEF?3?5 ni gur prglbft< =4
Hnd 5.1? NF AEF ?3?5
5.5.6.1 Hbaturbs<
Fgkpatnm`b wntc 3?3? Knfrgprgfbssgrs Basy nitbrhafb tg a`` knfrgprgfbssgrs, gr gpbratbs 'staie a`gib' Enhhbrbitna` aia`gd vg`tadb niputs @gdnf niputs aie gutputs kbbt mgtc KGV aie UU@ vg`tadb `bvb` spbfnhnfatngis Tgrjs wntc =.2X (@K668) Xg`tadb ]bhbrbifb I-fcnp f`gfj dbibratgr ?X tg 2X aia`gd niput vg`tadb raidb wntc snid`b 2X supp`y Ig zbrg aelust rbqunrbe Gpbratbs ratngkbtrnfa``y gr wntc 2 Xef, =.2Xef, gr aia`g d spai aelustbe vg`tadb rbhbrbifb
5.5.6.= _ni @aygut<
=3
Hnd 5.11 _ni @aygut gh AEF ?3?5
5.5.6.6 _ni Ebsfrnptngi< _ni Iukmbr
Ebsfrnptngi
1
FV - Fcnp Vb`bft (Aftnvb @gw)
=
]E - ]bae (Aftnvb @gw)
6
T] - Trntb (Aftnvb @gw)
5
F@J NI - F`gfj NI
2
NIU] - Nitbrrupt (Aftnvb @gw)
8
Xni+ - Aia`gd Xg`tadb Niput
4
Xni- - Aia`gd Xg`tadb Niput
3
ADIE - Aia`gd Drguie
>
Xrbh/= - Xg`tadb ]bhbrbifb / =
1?
EDIE - Endnta` Drguie
11
EM4 - Eata Mnt 4 (KVM)
1=
EM8 - Eata Mnt 8
16
EM2 - Eata Mnt 2
=>
15
EM5 - Eata Mnt 5
12
EM6 - Eata Mnt 6
18
EM= - Eata Mnt =
14
EM1 - Eata Mnt 1
13
EM? - Eata Mnt ? (@VM)
1>
F@J] - F`gfj ]bsbt
=?
Xff - _gsntnvb Vupp`y gr Xrbh
Uam`b 5.6 Ebsfrnptngi gh _nis gh AEF ?3?5
5.5.6.5 _ni fgihnduratngi gh AEF ?3?5<
Hnd 5.1= pni fgihnduratngi gh AEF ?3?5
5.5.6.2 Ebsfrnptngi Gh pnis gh AEF <
6?
FV(fcnp sb`bft)<- Fcnp sb`bft ns ai aftnvb `gw niput usbe tg aftnvatb tcb AEF?3?5 fcnp. Ug affbss tcb AEF?3?5, tcns pni kust mb `gw. ]E(rbae)<- Ucns ns ai niput sndia` aie ns aftnvb `gw. Ucb AEF fgivbrts tcb aia`gd niput tg nts mniary bqunva`bit aie cg`es nt ni ai nitbria` rbdnstbr. ]E ns usbe tg dbt tcb fgiv brtbe eata gut gh tcb AEF?3?5 fcnp. Tcbi FV;?, nh a cndc tg `gw pu`sb ns app`nbe tg tcb ]E pni, tcb 3-mnt endnta` gutput scgws up at tcb E?-E4 eata pnis. Ucb ]E pni ns a`sg rbhbrrbe tg as gutput biam`b (GB). T] (wrntb: a mbttbr iakb kndct mb ‐start fgivbrsngi‛)< Ucns ns ai aftnvb `gw niput usbe tg nihgrk tcb AEF3?5 tg start tcb fgivbrsngi prgfbss. Nh FV ; ? tcbi T] kajbs `gw tg cndc traisntngi tcb AEF ?3?5 starts fgivbrtnid tcb aia`gd niput va`ub gh Xni tg ai 3- mnt endnta` iukmbr. Ucb akguit gh tnkb nt tajbs tg fgivbrt varnbs ebpbienid gi tcb F@J NI aie F@J ] va`ubs bxp`anibe mb`gw. Tcbi tcb eata fgivbrsngi ns fgkp`btb, tcb NIU] pni ns hgrfbe `gw my tcb AEF ?3?5. F@J NI aie F@J ]< Ucns ns ai niput pni fgiibftbe tg ai bxtbria` f`gfj sgurfb wcbi ai bxtbria` f`gfj ns usbe hgr tnknid. Cgwbvbr, tcb ?3?5 cas ai nitbria` f`gfj dbibratgr. Ug usb tcns F@J NI aie F@J ] pnis arb fgiibftbe tg a fapafntgr aie a rbsnstgr as scgwi ni hndurb. Ni tcat fasb tcb f`gfj hrbqubify ns ebtbrknibe my tcb bquatngi h ; 1/ (1.1) ]F Uypnfa` va`ubs gr ] ; 66J ℨ aie F ; 2² harae. Vumstntutnid ni amgvb bquatngi wb dbt 1 JCz. NIU] (nitbrrupt: a mbttbr iakb kndct mb ‐bie gh fgivbrsngi‛)< tcns ns ai gutput pni aie ns aftnvb `gw. Nt ns amigrka``y cndc pni aie wcbi tcb fgivbrsngi ns hninscbe nt dgbs `gw tg sndia` tcb F_R tcat tcb fgivbrtbe eata ns rbaey tg mb pnfjbe up. Ahtbr NIU] dgbs `gw, wb kajb FV ;? aie sbie a cndc tg `gw pu`sb tg tcb ]E pni tg dbt tcb eata gut gh tcb AEF ?3?5 fcnp. Xni(+) aie Xni(-)< tcbsb arb tcb enhhbrbitna` aia`gd niputs wcbrb Xni ; Xni(+) ‖ Xni(-). Ghtbi tcb Xni(-) pni ns fgiibftbe tg drguie aie tcb Xni(+) ns usbe as tcb aia`gd niput tg mb fgivbrtbe tg endnta`
Xff < tcns ns tcb +2 vg`t pgwbr supp`y. Nt ns a`sg usbe as a rbhbrbifb vg`tadb wcbi tcb Xrbh/= niput (pni >) ns gpbi. Xrbh/=< pni > ns ai niput vg`tadb usbe hgr tcb rbhbrbifb vg`tadb. Nh tcns pni ns gpbi aia`gd niput vg`tadb hgr tcb AEF ?3?5 ns ni tcb raidb gh ? tg 2 vg`ts( sakb as tcb Xff pni). Cgwbvbr, tcbrb arb kaiy app`nfatngis wcbrb tcb aia`gd niput app`nbe tg Xni ibbes tg mb gtcbr tcai ? tg 2 vg`t raidb. Xrbh/= ns usbe tg nkp`bkbit tcb aia`gd niput vg`tadb gtcbr tcai ? tg 2 vg`ts.
Xrbh/=
Xni(X)
stbp snzb(kX)
Igt fgiibftbe
? tg 2
2/=28 ; 1>.26
61
=.?
? tg 5
5/=22 ; 12.8=
1.2
? tg 6
6/=28 ; 11.41
1.=3
? tg =.28
=.28/=28 ; 1?
Uam`b 5.5 Xrbh/= rb`atngi tg Xni raidb (AEF ?3?5)
E? tg E4< Ucbsb arb tcb endnta` eata gutput pnis snifb AEF ?3?5 ns a para``b` AEF fcnp. Ucbsb arb trn statb muhhbrbe aie tcb fgivbrtbe eata ns affbse gi`y wcbi FV ;? aie ns hgrfbe `gw. Ug fa`fu`atb tcb gutput vg`tadb usb tcb hg``gwnid hgrku`a
Egut ; Xni/ stbp snzb Tcbrb, Egut ; endnta` eata gutput ni ebfnka` Xni ; aia`gd niput vg`tadb Vtbp snzb (rbsg`utngi) ; ska``bst fcaidb wcnfc (=* Xrbh/=)/=28 hgr AEF ? 3?5.
Amsg`utb Kaxnkuk ]atnids Ucbrka` Nihgrkatngi< Vupp`y Xg`tadb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.2X Xg`tadb at Aiy Niput. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -?.6X tg (X+ +?.6X)
Gpbratnid Fgientngis< Ubkpbraturb ]aidb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?gF tg 4?gF
Ucbrka` Nihgrkatngi< Ucbrka` ]bsnstaifb (Uypnfa`, Igtb 1) γLA (F/T) _EN_ _afjadb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3? Kaxnkuk Luiftngi Ubkpbraturb _`astnf _afjadb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12?gF Kaxnkuk Vtgradb Ubkpbraturb ]aidb. . . . . . . . . . -82gF tg 12?gF Kaxnkuk @bae Ubkpbraturb (Vg`ebrnid, 1?s). . . . . . . . . . . . .6??gF
5.5.6.8 Unknid Enadraks<
6=
Hnd 5.16< Vtart fgivbrsngi
Hnd 5.15< Gutput biam`b aie rbsbt NIU]
Ucb amgvb tnknid enadraks arb hrgk AEF?3?5 eatascbbt. Ucb hnrst enadrak (hndurb 5.16) scgws cgw tg start a fgivbrsngi. Tb fai a`sg sbb wcnfc sndia`s arb tg mb assbrtbe aie at wcat tnkb tg start a fgivbrsngi. Vg `ggjnid nitg tcb tnknid enadrak gh hndurb 5.16. Tb igtb egwi tcb stbps gr say tcb grebr ni wcnfc sndia`s arb tg mb assbrtbe tg start a fgivbrsngi gh AEF. As wb cavb ebfnebe tg kajb Fcnp sb`bft pni as `gw sg wb ibbe igt mgtcbr amgut tcb FV sndia` ni tcb tnknid enadrak. Vtbps hgr startnid ai AEF fgivbrsngi arb< Kajb fcnp sb`bft (FV) sndia` `gw. Kajb wrntb (T]) sndia` `gw. Kajb fcnp sb`bft (FV) cndc. Tant hgr NIU] pni tg dg `gw (kbais fgivbrsngi bies). Gifb tcb fgivbrsngi ni AEF ns egib, tcb eata ns avan`am`b ni tcb gutput `atfc gh tcb AEF. Hndurb 5.15 scgws tcb tnknid enadrak gh cgw tg rbae tcb fgivbrtbe va`ub hrgk tcb gutput `atfc gh tcb AEF. Eata gh tcb ibw fgivbrsngi ns gi`y avan`am`b hgr rbaenid ahtbr AEF?3?5 kaeb NIU] pni `gw gr say wcbi tcb fgivbrsngi ns gvbr. Ucb stbps tg rbae gutput hrgk tcb AEF?3?5 arb< Kajb fcnp sb`bft (FV) pni `gw.
66
Kajb rbae (]E) sndia` `gw. ]bae tcb eata hrgk pgrt wcbrb AEF ns fgiibftbe. Kajb rbae (]E) sndia` cndc. Kajb fcnp sb`bft (FV) cndc.
5.2 Knfrgpcgib< A knfrgpcgib ns ai afgustnf-tg-b`bftrnf traiseufbr gr sbisgr tcat fgivbrts sguie nitg ai b`bftrnfa` sndia`. Ni 1348, Bkn`b Mbr`nibr nivbitbe tcb hnrst knfrgpcgib usbe as a tb`bpcgib vgnfb traisknttbr. Knfrgpcgibs arb usbe ni kaiy app`nfatngis sufc as tb`bpcgibs, tapb rbfgrebrs, jaragjb systbks, cbarnid anes, kgtngi pnfturb prgeuftngi, `nvb aie rbfgrebe aueng bidnibbrnid, H]V raengs, kbdapcgibs, ni raeng aie tb`bvnsngi mrgaefastnid aie ni fgkputbrs hgr rbfgrenid vgnfb, spbbfc rbfgdintngi, XgN_, aie hgr igi-afgustnf purpgsbs sufc as u`trasginf fcbfjnid gr jigfj sbisgrs. Kgst knfrgpcgibs tgeay usb b`bftrgkadibtnf nieuftngi (eyiaknf knfrgpcgib), fapafntaifb fcaidb (fgiebisbr knfrgpcgib, pnfturbe rndct), pnbzgb`bftrnf dbibratngi, gr kgeu`atngi tg prgeufb ai b`bftrnfa` vg`tadb sndia` hrgk kbfcainfa` vnmratngi.
`ndct
5.2.1 Gkinenrbftngia`< Ai gkinenrbftngia` (gr igienrbftngia`) knfrgpcgib's rbspgisb ns dbibra``y fgisnebrbe tg mb a pbrhbft spcbrb ni tcrbb enkbisngis. Ni tcb rba` wgr`e, tcns ns igt tcb fasb. As wntc enrbftngia` knfrgpcgibs, tcb pg`ar pattbri hgr ai Hnd 5.12 A Ibukaii R34 "gkinenrbftngia`" knfrgpcgib ns a huiftngi gh fgiebisbr knfrgpcgib hrbqubify. Ucb mgey gh tcb knfrgpcgib ns igt nihnintb`y ska`` wntc scgfj kguit. aie, as a fgisbqubifb, nt tbies tg dbt ni nts gwi way wntc rbspbft tg sguies arrnvnid hrgk tcb rbar, fausnid a s`ndct h`attbinid gh tcb pg`ar rbspgisb. Ucns h`attbinid nifrbasbs as tcb enakbtbr gh tcb knfrgpcgib (assuknid nt's fy`niernfa`) rbafcbs tcb wavb`bidtc gh tcb hrbqubify ni qubstngi. Ucbrbhgrb, tcb ska``bst enakbtbr knfrgpcgib dnvbs tcb mbst gkinenrbftngia` fcaraftbrnstnfs at cndc hrbqubifnbs. Ucb wavb`bidtc gh sguie at 1? jCz ns `ntt`b gvbr ai nifc (6.5 fk) sg tcb ska``bst kbasurnid knfrgpcgibs arb ghtbi 1/5" (8 kk) ni enakbtbr, wcnfc praftnfa``y b`nkniatbs enrbftngia`nty bvbi up tg tcb cndcbst hrbqubifnbs. Gkinenrbftngia` knfrgpcgibs, ui`njb farengnes, eg igt bkp`gy rbsgiait favntnbs as eb`ays, aie sg fai mb fgisnebrbe tcb "purbst" knfrgpcgibs ni tbrks gh `gw fg`gratngi: tcby aee vbry `ntt`b tg tcb grndnia` sguie. Mbnid prbssurb-sbisntnvb tcby fai a`sg cavb a vbry h`at `gw-
65
hrbqubify rbspgisb egwi tg =? Cz gr mb`gw. _rbssurb-sbisntnvb knfrgpcgibs a`sg rbspgie kufc `bss tg wnie ignsb tcai enrbftngia` (vb`gfnty sbisntnvb) knfrgpcgibs. Ai bxakp`b gh a igienrbftngia` knfrgpcgib ns tcb rguie m`afj bndct ma`` .
5.2.= Rinenrbftngia` A uinenrbftngia` knfrgpcgib ns sbisntnvb tg sguies hrgk gi`y gib enrbftngi.Ucb sguie nitbisnty hgr a partnfu`ar hrbqubify ns p`gttbe hgr aid`bs raena``y hrgk ? tg 68?¿.
5.2.6 Fgiebisbr/Fapafntgr gr B`bftrgstatnf Knfrgpcgib< Tb cavb usbe a fgiebisbr typb gh knfrgpcgib ni gur prglbft. Ni a fgiebisbr knfrgpcgib a`sg fa``be a fapafntgr gr b`bftrgstatnf knfrgpcgib, tcb enapcradk afts as gib p`atb gh a fapafntgr, aie tcb vnmratngis prgeufb fcaidbs ni tcb enstaifb mbtwbbi tcb p`atbs. Ucbrb arb twg kbtcges gh bxtraftnid ai aueng gutput hrgk tcb traiseufbr tcus hgrkbe< EF-mnasbe aie raeng hrbqubify (]H) gr cndc hrbqubify (CH) fgiebisbr knfrgpcgibs. Tntc a EF-mnasbe knfrgpcgib, tcb p`atbs arb mnasbe wntc a hnxbe fcardb (Q). Ucb vg`tadb kanitanibe afrgss tcb fapafntgr p`atbs fcaidbs wntc tcb vnmratngis ni tcb anr, affgrenid tg tcb fapafntaifb bquatngi (F ; Q / X), wcbrb Q ; fcardb ni fgu`gkms, F ; fapafntaifb ni haraes aie X ; pgtbitna` enhhbrbifb ni vg`ts. Ucb fapafntaifb gh tcb p`atbs ns nivbrsb`y prgpgrtngia` tg tcb enstaifb mbtwbbi tcbk hgr a para``b`-p`atb fapafntgr.
Hnd 5.18 Fgiebisbr Knfrgpcgib
5.2.6.1 _rnifnp`b< Vguie prbssurb fcaidbs tcb spafnid mbtwbbi a tcni kbta``nf kbkmraib aie tcb statngiary mafj p`atb. Ucb p`atbs arb fcardbe tg a tgta` fcardb
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Tcbrb F ns tcb fapafntaifb, X tcb vg`tadb gh tcb mnasnid mattbry, A tcb arba gh bafc p`atb aie e tcb sbparatngi gh tcb p`atbs.
5.2.6.= Aevaitadbs<
Mbst gvbra`` hrbqubify rbspgisb kajbs tcns tcb knfrgpcgib gh fcgnfb hgr kaiy rbfgrenid app`nfatngis.
5.2.6.6 Ensaevaitadbs<
Bxpbisnvb Kay pgp aie frafj wcbi f`gsb knjbe ]bqunrbs a mattbry gr bxtbria` pgwbr supp`y tg mnas tcb p`atbs.
5.2.6.5 Fgiebisbr Knfrgpcgib Vndia`<
Hnd 5.14 Fgiebisbr Knfrgpcgib Vndia` Ucb h`at, hantchu` hrbqubify rbspgisb gh tcb fgiebisbr knfrgpcgib arnsbs hrgk nts kbfcainsk. Ucb fcardb gi tcb kbkmraib ebpbies gi`y upgi tcb spafnid aie scgws ig apprbfnam`b rbsgiaifbs tg sjbw tcb hrbqubify rbspgisb. Ucb fapafntaifb gh tcb para``b` p`atb kbkmraib strufturb ns dnvbi my 68
Tcbi tcb spafnid fcaidbs, tcb fcardb fcaidbs, dnvnid ai b`bftrnf furrbit tcrgudc tcb rbsnstgr ].
Ucb vg`tadb kbasurbe afrgss tcb rbsnstgr tcb rbsnstgr ns ai b`bftrnfa` nkadb gh tcb sguie prbssurb wcnfc kgvbs tcb kbkmraib. Mbfausb tcb sbisnid b`bkbit gh a fgiebisbr knfrgpcgib ns a `ndct kbkmraib, nt ns fapam`b gh bxfb``bit traisnbit rbspgisb. Ucb haft tcat tcb fgiebisbr cas bxfb``bit cndc hrbqubify rbspgisb nkp`nbs dgge traisnbit rbspgisb, snifb scarp traisnbits cavb kgrb cndc hrbqubify fgitbit tcai tcb sustanibe sguies wcnfc hg``gw tcbk. Mbfausb tcb fgiebisbr knfrgpcgib kust cavb a fgitniugus, stam`b EF vg`tadb tg mnas tcb kbkmraib, nt ns fgkkgi praftnfb tg supp`y tcat vg`tadb hrgk tcb sguie knxnid mgare. Ucb vg`tadb ns app`nbe vna gib gh tcb knfrgpcgib `baes, typnfa``y 53 vg`ts, aie ns fgkkgi`y rbhbrrbe tg as "pcaitgk pgwbr". Vnifb tcb a`tbriatnvb ns a mattbry supp`nbe mnas, wntc tcb rnsj tcat a mattbry fai dg gut ni kne pbrhgrkaifb, tcb pcaitgk pgwbr prgvnsngi hrgk knxnid mgares ns usbhu`.
5.8 @gw-_ass Hn`tbrs< A `gw-pass hn`tbr ns a hn`tbr a hn`tbr tcat passbs `gw-hrbqubify `gw-hrbqubify sndia`s sndia`s mut mut attbiuatbs attbiuatbs (rbeufbs tcb akp`ntueb tcb akp`ntueb gh) sndia`s wntc hrbqubifnbs cndcbr tcai tcb futghh hrbqubify. Ucb hrbqubify. Ucb aftua` akguit gh attbiuatngi hgr bafc hrbqubify varnbs hrgk hn`tbr tg hn`tbr. Nt ns sgkbtnkbs fa``be a cndc-fut hn`tbr, gr trbm`b fut hn`tbr wcbi usbe ni aueng app`nfatngis. A `gw-pass hn`tbr ns tcb gppgsntb gh a cndc-pass a cndc-pass hn`tbr, aie hn`tbr, aie a maie-pass a maie-pass hn`tbr ns a fgkmniatngi gh a `gw-pass aie a cndc-pass. Ucb fgifbpt gh a `gw-pass hn`tbr bxnsts ni kaiy enhhbrbit hgrks, nif`uenid b`bftrginf fnrfunts (`njb a cnss hn`tbr usbe usbe ni aueng ni aueng)), endnta` a`dgrntcks endnta` a`dgrntcks hgr skggtcnid sbts gh eata, afgustnf marrnbrs, m`urrnid gh nkadbs, aie sg gi. @gw-pass hn`tbrs p`ay tcb sakb rg`b ni sndia` ni sndia` prgfbssnid tcat kgvnid tcat kgvnid avbradbs eg ni sgkb gtcbr hnb`es, sufc as hniaifb: mgtc tgg`s prgvneb a skggtcbr hgrk gh a sndia` wcnfc rbkgvbs tcb scgrttbrk gsfn``atngis, `bavnid gi`y tcb `gid-tbrk trbie.
5.8.1 B`bftrginf `gw-pass hn`tbrs< _assnvb b`bftrginf rba`nzatngi<
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Hnd 5.13 _assnvb, hnrst grebr `gw-pass ]F hn`tbr Gib snkp`b b`bftrnfa` snkp`b b`bftrnfa` fnrfunt tcat wn`` sbrvb as a `gw-pass hn`tbr fgisnsts gh a rbsnstgr ni sbrnbs wntc a `gae, `gae, aie a fapafntgr ni para``b` wntc tcb `gae. Ucb fapafntgr bxcnmnts rbaftaifb, rbaftaifb, aie m`gfjs `gwhrbqubify sndia`s, fausnid tcbk tg dg tcrgudc tcb `gae nistbae. At cndcbr hrbqubifnbs tcb rbaftaifb ergps, aie tcb fapafntgr bhhbftnvb`y huiftngis as a scgrt fnrfunt. Ucb fgkmniatngi gh rbsnstaifb aie fapafntaifb dnvbs us tcb tnkb fgistait gh tcb hn`tbr υ ; ]F . Ucb mrbaj hrbqubify, a`sg fa``be tcb turigvbr hrbqubify gr futghh futghh hrbqubify (ni cbrtz), ns ebtbrknibe my tcb tnkb fgistait<
gr bqunva`bit`y (ni raenais (ni raenais pbr pbr sbfgie)<
Gib way tg uiebrstaie tcns fnrfunt ns tg hgfus gi tcb tnkb tcb fapafntgr tajbs tg fcardb. Nt tajbs tnkb tg fcardb gr ensfcardb tcb fapafntgr tcrgudc tcat rbsnstgr<
At `gw hrbqubifnbs, tcbrb ns p`bity gh tnkb hgr tcb fapafntgr tg fcardb up tg praftnfa``y tcb sakb vg`tadb as tcb niput vg`tadb. At cndc hrbqubifnbs, tcb fapafntgr gi`y cas tnkb tg fcardb up a ska`` akguit mbhgrb tcb niput swntfcbs enrbftngi. Ucb gutput dgbs up aie egwi gi`y a ska`` hraftngi gh tcb akguit tcb niput dgbs up aie egwi. At egum`b tcb hrbqubify, tcbrb's gi`y tnkb hgr nt tg fcardb up ca`h tcb akguit.
Aigtcbr way tg uiebrstaie tcns fnrfunt ns wntc tcb neba gh rbaftaifb rbaftaifb at a partnfu`ar hrbqubify<
Vnifb EF Vnifb EF faiigt h`gw tcrgudc tcb fapafntgr, EF niput kust "h`gw gut" tcb patc karjbe X gut gut. Vnifb AF Vnifb AF h`gws vbry wb`` tcrgudc tcb fapafntgr ― fapafntgr ― a`kgst a`kgst as wb`` as nt h`gws tcrgudc sg`ne wnrb ― AF niput "h`gws gut" tcrgudc tcb fapafntgr, bhhbftnvb`y scgrt fnrfuntnid tg drguie (aia`gdgus tg rbp`afnid tcb fapafntgr wntc lust a wnrb).
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5.8.= Aftnvb b`bftrginf rba`nzatngi
Hnd 5.1> Ai aftnvb `gw-pass hn`tbr Aigtcbr typb gh b`bftrnfa` fnrfunt ns ai aftnvb `gw-pass aftnvb `gw-pass hn`tbr. Ni tcb gpbratngia` tcb gpbratngia` akp`nhnbr fnrfunt scgwi ni tcb hndurb, hndurb, tcb futghh hrbqubify (ni cbrtz) (ni cbrtz) ns ns ebhnibe as<
gr bqunva`bit`y (ni raenais pbr sbfgie)<
Ucb dani ni tcb pass maie ns
,
aie tcb stgpmaie ergps ghh at ∝8 eM pbr gftavb gftavb as nt ns a hnrst-grebr hn`tbr.
Vgkbtnkbs, a snkp`b dani akp`nhnbr (as gppgsbe tg tcb vbry-cndc-dani gpbratngi akp`nhnbr) ns turibe nitg a `gw-pass hn`tbr my snkp`y aeenid a hbbemafj fapafntgr F. Ucns hbbemafj ebfrbasbs tcb hrbqubify rbspgisb at cndc hrbqubifnbs vna tcb Kn``br tcb Kn``br bhhbft, aie bhhbft, aie cb`ps tg avgne gsfn``atngi ni tcb akp`nhnbr. Hgr bxakp`b, ai aueng akp`nhnbr fai mb kaeb nitg a `gw-pass hn`tbr wntc futghh hrbqubify 1?? jCz tg rbeufb dani at hrbqubifnbs wcnfc wgu`e gtcbrwnsb gsfn``atb. Vnifb tcb aueng maie (wcat wb fai cbar) gi`y dgbs up tg =? jCz gr sg, tcb hrbqubifnbs gh nitbrbst ha`` bitnrb`y ni tcb passmaie, tcb passmaie, aie aie tcb akp`nhnbr mbcavbs tcb sakb way as har as aueng ns fgifbribe.
5.8.6 Neba` aie rba` hn`tbrs<
6>
Hnd 5.=? Ucb snif Ucb snif huiftngi, tcb huiftngi, tcb nkpu`sb nkpu`sb rbspgisb gh ai neba` `gw-pass hn`tbr. Ai neba` Ai neba` `gw-pass hn`tbr fgkp`btb`y b`nkniatbs a`` hrbqubifnbs amgvb tcb amgvb tcb futghh futghh hrbqubify wcn`b passnid tcgsb mb`gw uifcaidbe< nts hrbqubify nts hrbqubify rbspgisb ns a rbftaidu`ar a rbftaidu`ar huiftngi, aie huiftngi, aie ns a mrnfj-wa`` a mrnfj-wa`` hn`tbr. Ucb hn`tbr. Ucb traisntngi rbdngi prbsbit ni praftnfa` hn`tbrs egbs igt bxnst ni ai neba` hn`tbr. Ai neba` `gw-pass hn`tbr fai mb rba`nzbe katcbkatnfa``y (tcbgrbtnfa``y) my ku`tnp`ynid a sndia` my tcb rbftaidu`ar huiftngi ni tcb hrbqubify egkani gr, bqunva`bit`y, fgivg`utngi bqunva`bit`y, fgivg`utngi wntc nts nkpu`sb nts nkpu`sb rbspgisb, a rbspgisb, a snif snif huiftngi, ni huiftngi, ni tcb tnkb egkani. Cgwbvbr, tcb neba` hn`tbr ns nkpgssnm`b tg rba`nzb wntcgut a`sg cavnid sndia`s gh nihnintb bxtbit, aie sg dbibra``y ibbes tg mb apprgxnkatbe hgr rba` gidgnid sndia`s, mbfausb tcb snif huiftngi's suppgrt rbdngi bxtbies tg a`` past aie huturb tnkbs. Ucb hn`tbr wgu`e tcbrbhgrb ibbe tg cavb nihnintb eb`ay, gr jigw`bedb gh tcb nihnintb huturb aie past, ni grebr tg pbrhgrk tcb fgivg`utngi. Nt ns bhhbftnvb`y rba`nzam`b hgr prb-rbfgrebe endnta` sndia`s my assuknid bxtbisngis gh zbrg nitg tcb past aie huturb, gr kgrb typnfa``y my kajnid tcb sndia` rbpbtntnvb aie usnid Hgurnbr aia`ysns. ]ba` hn`tbrs hgr rba`-tnkb app`nfatngis apprgxnkatb tcb neba` hn`tbr my truifatnid aie wniegwnid tcb nihnintb nkpu`sb rbspgisb tg kajb a hnintb nkpu`sb rbspgisb: app`ynid rbspgisb: app`ynid tcat hn`tbr rbqunrbs eb`aynid tcb sndia` hgr a kgebratb pbrnge gh tnkb, a``gwnid tcb fgkputatngi tg "sbb" a `ntt`b mnt nitg tcb huturb. Ucns eb`ay ns kainhbstbe as pcasb as pcasb scnht. Drbatbr scnht. Drbatbr affurafy ni apprgxnkatngi rbqunrbs a `gidbr eb`ay. Ai neba` `gw-pass hn`tbr rbsu`ts ni rnidnid ni rnidnid artnhafts vna tcb Dnmms tcb Dnmms pcbigkbigi. Ucbsb pcbigkbigi. Ucbsb fai mb rbeufbe gr wgrsbibe my fcgnfb gh wniegwnid huiftngi, aie tcb ebsndi aie fcgnfb gh rba` hn`tbrs nivg`vbs uiebrstaienid aie kninknznid tcbsb artnhafts. Hgr bxakp`b, "snkp`b truifatngi Zgh snif[ fausbs sbvbrb rnidnid artnhafts," ni sndia` rbfgistruftngi, aie tg rbeufb tcbsb artnhafts gib usbs wniegw huiftngis "wcnfc ergp ghh kgrb skggtc`y at tcb bedbs." Ucb Tcnttajbr Ucb Tcnttajbr ‖ Vcaiigi Vcaiigi nitbrpg`atngi hgrku`a ebsfrnmbs cgw tg usb a pbrhbft `gw-pass hn`tbr tg rbfgistruft a fgitniugus a fgitniugus sndia` hrgk a sakp`be endnta` sakp`be endnta` sndia`. ]ba` sndia`. ]ba` endnta`-tg-aia`gd endnta`-tg-aia`gd fgivbrtbrs usb rba` hn`tbr apprgxnkatngis.
5.8.5 Uypbs gh `gw pass hn`tbr<
5?
Ucbrb arb kaiy enhhbrbit typbs gh hn`tbr fnrfunts, wntc enhhbrbit rbspgisbs tg fcaidnid hrbqubify. Ucb hrbqubify rbspgisb gh a hn`tbr ns dbibra``y rbprbsbitbe usnid a Mgeb p`gt, aie tcb hn`tbr ns fcaraftbrnzbe my nts futghh hrbqubify aie ratb gh hrbqubify rg`` ghh. Ni a`` fasbs, at tcb futghh hrbqubify, tcb hn`tbr attbiuatbs tcb niput pgwbr my ca`h gr 6 eM. Vg tcb grebr gh tcb hn`tbr ebtbrknibs tcb akguit gh aeentngia` attbiuatngi hgr hrbqubifnbs cndcbr tcai tcb futghh hrbqubif y.
A hnrst-grebr hn`tbr , hgr bxakp`b, wn`` rbeufb tcb sndia` akp`ntueb my ca`h (sg pgwbr rbeufbs my 8 eM) bvbry tnkb tcb hrbqubify egum`bs (dgbs up gib gftavb): kgrb prbfnsb`y, tcb pgwbr rg``ghh apprgafcbs =? eM pbr ebfaeb ni tcb `nknt gh cndc hrbqubify. Ucb kadintueb Mgeb p`gt hgr a hnrst-grebr hn`tbr `ggjs `njb a cgrnzgita` `nib mb`gw tcb futghh hrbqubify, aie a enadgia` `nib amgvb tcb futghh hrbqubify. Ucbrb ns a`sg a "jibb furvb" at tcb mguieary mbtwbbi tcb twg, wcnfc skggtc`y traisntngis mbtwbbi tcb twg strandct `nib rbdngis. Nh tcb traishbr huiftngi gh a hnrst-grebr `gw-pass hn`tbr cas a zbrg as wb`` as a pg`b, tcb Mgeb p`gt wn`` h`attbi gut adani, at sgkb kaxnkuk attbiuatngi gh cndc hrbqubifnbs: sufc ai bhhbft ns fausbe hgr bxakp`b my a `ntt`b mnt gh tcb niput `bajnid arguie tcb gib-pg`b hn`tbr: tcns gib-pg`b ‖ gib-zbrg hn`tbr ns stn`` a hnrstgrebr `gw-pass. A sbfgie-grebr hn`tbr attbiuatbs cndcbr hrbqubifnbs kgrb stbbp`y. Ucb Mgeb p`gt hgr tcns typb gh hn`tbr rbsbkm`bs tcat gh a hnrst-grebr hn`tbr, bxfbpt tcat nt ha``s ghh kgrb qunfj`y. Hgr bxakp`b, a sbfgie-grebr Muttbrwgrtc hn`tbr wn`` rbeufb tcb sndia` akp`ntueb tg gib hgurtc nts grndnia` `bvb` bvbry tnkb tcb hrbqubify egum`bs (sg pgwbr ebfrbasbs my 1= eM pbr gftavb, gr 5? eM pbr ebfaeb). Gtcbr a``-pg`b sbfgie-grebr hn`tbrs kay rg`` ghh at enhhbrbit ratbs nintna``y ebpbienid gi tcbnr Q haftgr, mut apprgafc tcb sakb hnia` ratb gh 1= eM pbr gftavb: as wntc tcb hnrst-grebr hn`tbrs, zbrgbs ni tcb traishbr huiftngi fai fcaidb tcb cndc-hrbqubify asykptgtb. Ucnre- aie cndcbr-grebr hn`tbrs arb ebhnibe snkn`ar`y. Ni dbibra`, tcb hnia` ratb gh pgwbr rg``ghh hgr ai grebr-i a``-pg`b hn`tbr ns 8i eM pbr gftavb (n.b., =?i eM pbr ebfaeb).
Gi aiy Muttbrwgrtc hn`tbr, nh gib bxtbies tcb cgrnzgita` `nib tg tcb rndct aie tcb enadgia` `nib tg tcb uppbr-`bht (tcb asykptgtbs gh tcb huiftngi), tcby wn`` nitbrsbft at bxaft`y tcb "futghh hrbqubify". Ucb hrbqubify rbspgisb at tcb futghh hrbqubify ni a hnrst-grebr hn`tbr ns 6 eM mb`gw tcb cgrnzgita` `nib. Ucb varngus typbs gh hn`tbrs ‖ Muttbrwgrtc hn`tbr, Fcbmyscbv hn`tbr, Mbssb` hn`tbr, btf. ‖ a`` cavb enhhbrbit`ggjnid "jibb furvbs". Kaiy sbfgie-grebr hn`tbrs arb ebsndibe tg cavb "pbajnid" gr rbsgiaifb, fausnid tcbnr hrbqubify rbspgisb at tcb futghh hrbqubify tg mb amgvb tcb cgrnzgita` `nib.
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Hnd 5.=1 Ucb dani-kadintueb hrbqubify rbspgisb gh a hnrst-grebr (gib-pg`b) `gw-pass hn`tbr. _gwbr dani ns scgwi ni ebfnmb`s. Aidu`ar hrbqubify ns scgwi gi a `gdarntcknf sfa`b ni uints gh raenais pbr sbfgie.
5.8.2 _casb ]bspgisb< Hgr a hnrst-grebr `gw-pass hn`tbr, v GRU a`ways `ads vNI my sgkb pcasb aid`b mbtwbbbi ? aie >?¿. Ucb vbftgr enadraks tg tcb rndct scgw wcy. Ucb ]@ vbftgr enadrak scgws tcat v@ `baes v] my >?¿. Cgwbvbr, tcb niput vg`tadb ns app`nbe tg tcb sbrnbs fgkmniatngi gh tcb twg fgkpgibits. Ucus, v@ `baes vNI, wcn`b v] `ads vNI. Vnifb tcb gutput ns tajbi hrgk afrgss ], vGRU ; v] aie `ads mbcnie vNI my sgkb pcasb aid`b tcat ebpbies gi hrbqubify. Ni tcb fasb gh tcb ]F `gw-pass hn`tbr, vF `ads v] , aie adani vNI ns app`nbe tg tcb sbrnbs fgkmniatngi gh tcb twg fgkpgibits. Ucns tnkb, cgwbvbr, tcb g utput ns tajbi hrgk afrgss F, sg vGRU ; vF, wcnfc adani `ads vNI my sgkb aid`b ni tcb raidb ? tg >?¿, affgrenid tg tcb sndia` hrbqubify.
5=
Hnd 5.== pcasb aie hrbqubify furvb Kgst gh tcb varnatngi ni pcasb aid`b gffurs wntcni gib ebfaeb gh tcb futghh hrbqubify, as scgwi ni tcb hndurb tg tcb rndct. Igtb tcat at hrbqubifnbs wb`` mb`gw futghh, tcbrb ns bssbitna``y ig pcasb scnht. Ucb pcasb `ad mbdnis tg mbfgkb sndinhnfait amgut a ebfaeb mb`gw fg, aie rbafcbs 52¿ (gr /5 raenais) at fg ntsb`h. Amgvb fg, tcb gutput pcasb fgitniubs tg fcaidb rapne`y eurnid tcb hnrst ebfaeb, my wcnfc tnkb tcb pcasb `ad ns f`gsb tg >?¿ ( /=). Mbfausb gh tcns scnhtnid pcasb `ad, igi-sniusgnea` sndia`s wntc hrbqubify fgkpgibits ibar fg wn`` mb enstgrtbe my tcns hn`tbr. Vufc enstgrtngi kust mb tajbi nitg affguit wcbi ebsndinid hn`tbrs gh tcns typb hgr sgkb jnies gh app`nfatngis.
Hnd5.=5 Ai aftnvb cndc-pass hn`tbr
5.4 Cndc pass hn`tbrs< A cndc-pass hn`tbr , gr C_H, ns a hn`tbr tcat passbs cndc hrbqubifnbs wb`` mut attbiuatbs (n.b., rbeufbs tcb akp`ntueb gh) hrbqubifnbs `gwbr tcai tcb hn`tbr's futghh hrbqubify. Uc b aftua` akguit gh attbiuatngi hgr bafc hrbqubify ns a ebsndi parakbtbr gh tcb hn`tbr. Ucb snkp`b hnrst-grebr b`bftrginf cndc-pass hn`tbr scgwi ni Hndurb ns nkp`bkbitbe my p`afnid ai niput vg`tadb afrgss tcb sbrnbs fgkmniatngi gh a fap afntgr aie a rbsnstgr aie usnid tcb vg`tadb afrgss tcb rbsnstgr as ai gutput. Ucb prgeuft gh tcb rbsnstaifb aie fapafntaifb (]ÔF ) ns tcb tnkb fgistait (υ): nt ns nivbrsb`y prgpgrtngia` tg tcb futghh hrbqubify h f, at wcnfc tcb gutput pgwbr ns ca`h tcb niput pgwbr. Ucat ns,
wcbrb h f ns ni cbrtz, υ ns ni sbfgies, ] ns ni gcks, aie F ns ni haraes. Hndurb 5.=5 scgws ai aftnvb b`bftrginf nkp`bkbitatngi gh a hnrst-grebr cndc-pass hn`tbr usnid ai gpbratngia` akp`nhnbr. Ni tcns fasb, tcb hn`tbr cas a pass maie dani gh - ]=/ ]1 aie cas a fgribr hrbqubify gh
Mbfausb tcns hn`tbr ns aftnvb, nt kay cavb igi-uinty pass maie dani. Ucat ns, cndc-hrbqubify sndia`s arb nivbrtbe a ie 56
Hnd 5.=6 A passnvb, aia`gd, hnrst grebr cndc pass hn`tbr, rba`nzbe my ai ]F fnrfunt
akp`nhnbe my ]=/ ]1.
5.4.1 Ucb Hrbqubify ]bspgisb Furvb<
Hnd 5.=2 Hrbqubify ]bspgisb Furvb Ucb hrbqubify rbspgisb gh a masnf cndc-pass hn`tbr ns aftua``y a knrrgr nkadb gh nts `gw-pass fguitbrpart. At tcb futghh hrbqubify wcbrb ] ; S@ gr ] ; SF, tcb attbiuatngi ns gi`y 6 em, sg tcb sndia` vg`tadb ns stn`` 4?.4% gh nts cndcbr-hrbqubify va`ub. Mb`gw tcb futghh hrbqubify, attbiuatngi nifrbasbs at tcb ratb gh =? em pbr ebfaeb, wcnfc ns tcb sakb rg``-ghh as hgr tcb `gw-pass hn`tbr. Amgvb tcb futghh hrbqubify, attbiuatngi rapne`y ebfrbasbs tg igtcnid, aie a`` cndcbr hrbqubifnbs pass wntc basb. Ucb drbbi `nib ni tcb drapc ns tcb strandct `nib bxtbisngi gh tcb fgistait s`gpbs gh tcb aftua` hrbqubify rbspgisb. As wntc tcb `gw-pass hn`tbr, tcb nitbrsbftngi pgnit ns tcb futghh hrbqubify. Ucns strandct-`nib apprgxnkatngi gh tcb rba` hrbqubify rbspgisb furvb ns vbry basy tg eraw, aie ns suhhnfnbit`y affuratb hgr sgkb jnies gh app`nfatngis. Gh fgursb, tcb aftua` furvb ibar tcb futghh hrbqubify ns uiebrstgge.
5.4.= _casb ]bspgisb< As wb cavb a`rbaey sbbi, ni a hnrst-grebr `gw-pass hn`tbr, vGRU a`ways `ads vNI my sgkb pcasb aid`b mbtwbbbi ? aie >?¿. Bxaft`y tcb rbvbrsb ns trub hgr a hnrst-grebr cndc-pass hn`tbr< as scgwi ni tcb vbftgr enadraks, vGRU ns a`ways tajbi hrgk afrgss tcb fgkpgibit wcgsb vg`tadb `baes vNI my sgkb pcasb aid`b, .
55
Hgr tcb ]@ hn`tbr, vGRU ns tajbi hrgk afrgss @, sg nts pcasb aid`b ibfbssarn`y `baes vNI as scgwi ni tcb uppbr vbftgr enadrak. Hgr tcb ]F hn`tbr, vGRU ns tajbi hrgk afrgss ], wcnfc adani `baes v NI as scgwi ni tcb `gwbr vbftgr enadrak.
Hnd 5.=4 Fatcgeb ]ay Gsfn``gsfgpb (F]G)
Hnd 5.=8 _casb ]bspgisb Gh fgursb, tcb aftua` pcasb aid`b my wcnfc vGRU `baes vNI ebpbies gi tcb spbfnhnf hrbqubify gh tcb sndia`, as fgkparbe tg tcb futghh hrbqubify gh tcb hn`tbr. As scgwi ni tcb pcasb enadrak sndia`s kgrb tcai 1? tnkbs tcb futghh hrbqubify scgw `ntt`b gr ig apprbfnam`b pcasb scnht, wcn`b sndia`s `bss tcai ?.1 tnkbs tcb futghh hrbqubify arb scnhtbe f`gsb tg >?¿. Kgst gh tcb fcaidb ni pcasb gffurs wntcni a haftgr gh ?.1 tg 1? tnkbs FG. As wntc tcb `gw-pass hn`tbr, igi-sniusgnea` sndia`s wntc hrbqubify fgkpgibits at gr ibar enstgrtbe wcbi passnid tcrgudc tcb cndc-pass hn`tbr.
FG wn``
mb
5.3 Fatcgeb ray gsfn``gsfgpb< Ai gsfn``gsfgpb (ammrbvnatbe sgkbtnkbs as sfgpb gr G-sfgpb ) ns a typb gh b`bftrginf tbst nistrukbit tcat a``gws sndia` vg`tadbs tg mb vnbwbe, usua``y as a twg-enkbisngia` drapc gh gib gr kgrb b`bftrnfa` pgtbitna` enhhbrbifbs (vbrtnfa` axns) p`gttbe as a huiftngi gh tnkb gr gh sgkb gtcbr vg`tadb (cgrnzgita` axns). A`tcgudc ai gsfn``gsfgpb ensp`ays vg`tadb gi nts vbrtnfa` axns, aiy gtcbr quaitnty tcat fai mb fgivbrtbe tg a vg`tadb fai mb ensp`aybe as wb``. Ni kgst nistaifbs, gsfn``gsfgpbs scgw bvbits tcat rbpbat wntc bntcbr ig fcaidb, gr fcaidb s`gw`y. Ucb gsfn``gsfgpb ns gib gh tcb kgst vbrsatn`b aie wneb`y-usbe b`bftrginf nistrukbits. 52
Gsfn``gsfgpbs arb fgkkgi`y usbe wcbi nt ns ebsnrbe tg gmsbrvb tcb bxaft wavb scapb gh ai b`bftrnfa` sndia`. Ni aeentngi tg tcb akp`ntueb gh tcb sndia`, ai gsfn``gsfgpb fai scgw enstgrtngi aie kbasurb hrbqubify, tnkb mbtwbbi twg bvbits (sufc as pu`sb wnetc gr pu`sb rnsb tnkb), aie rb`atnvb tnknid gh twg rb`atbe sndia`s. Vgkb kgebri endnta` gsfn``gsfgpbs fai aia`yzb aie ensp`ay tcb spbftruk gh a rbpbtntnvb bvbit. Vpbfna`-purpgsb gsfn``gsfgpbs, fa``be spbftruk aia`yzbrs, cavb sbisntnvb niputs aie fai ensp`ay spbftra wb`` nitg tcb DCz raidb. A hbw gsfn``gsfgpbs tcat affbpt p`ud-nis fai ensp`ay spbftra ni tcb aueng raidb. Gsfn``gsfgpbs arb usbe ni tcb sfnbifbs, kbenfnib, bidnibbrnid, tb`bfgkkuinfatngis, aie nieustry. Dbibra`-purpgsb nistrukbits arb usbe hgr kanitbiaifb gh b`bftrginf bqunpkbit aie `amgratgry wgrj. Vpbfna`-purpgsb gsfn``gsfgpbs kay mb usbe hgr sufc purpgsbs as aia`yznid ai autgkgtnvb ndintngi systbk, gr tg ensp`ay tcb wavbhgrk gh tcb cbartmbat as ai b`bftrgfarengdrak. Grndnia``y a`` gsfn``gsfgpbs usbe fatcgeb ray tumbs as tcbnr ensp`ay b`bkbit aie `nibar akp`nhnbrs hgr sndia` prgfbssnid, mut kgebri gsfn``gsfgpbs fai cavb @FE gr @BE sfrbbis, hast aia`gd-tg-endnta` fgivbrtbrs aie endnta` sndia` prgfbssgrs. A`tcgudc igt as fgkkgip`afb, sgkb gsfn``gsfgpbs usbe stgradb F]Us tg ensp`ay snid`b bvbits hgr a `nkntbe tnkb. Gsfn``gsfgpb pbrnpcbra` kgeu`bs hgr dbibra` purpgsb `aptgp gr ebsjtgp pbrsgia` fgkputbrs usb tcb fgkputbr's ensp`ay, aie fai fgivbrt tcbk nitg usbhu` aie h`bxnm`b tbst nistrukbits.
5.3.1 Ebsfrnptngi< 5.3.= Ensp`ay aie dbibra` bxtbria` appbaraifb<
Ucb masnf gsfn``gsfgpb, as scgwi, ns typnfa``y envnebe nitg hgur sbftngis< tcb ensp`ay, vbrtnfa` fgitrg`s, cgrnzgita` fgitrg`s aie trnddbr fgitrg`s. Ucb ensp`ay ns usua``y a F]U gr @FE paib` wcnfc ns `ane gut wntc mgtc cgrnzgita` aie vbrtnfa` rbhbrbifb `nibs rbhbrrbe tg as tcb dratnfu`b. Ni aeentngi tg tcb sfrbbi, kgst ensp`ay sbftngis arb bqunppbe wntc tcrbb m asnf fgitrg`s, a hgfus jigm, ai nitbisnty jigm aie a mbak hniebr muttgi. Ucb vbrtnfa` sbftngi fgitrg`s tcb akp`ntueb gh tcb ensp`aybe sndia`. Ucns sbftngi farrnbs a Xg`ts-pbrEnvnsngi (Xg`ts/Env) sb`bftgr jigm, ai AF/EF/Drguie sb`bftgr swntfc aie tcb vbrtnfa` (prnkary) niput hgr tcb nistrukbit. Aeentngia``y, tcns sbftngi ns typnfa``y bqunppbe wntc tcb vbrtnfa` mbak pgsntngi jigm. Ucb cgrnzgita` sbftngi fgitrg`s tcb tnkb masb gr ‒swbbp‘ gh tcb nistrukbit. Ucb prnkary fgitrg` ns tcb Vbfgies-pbr-Envnsngi (Vbf/Env) sb`bftgr swntfc. A`sg nif`uebe ns a cgrnzgita` niput hgr p`gttnid eua` S-^ axns sndia`s. Ucb cgrnzgita` mbak pgsntngi jigm ns dbibra``y `gfatbe ni tcns sbftngi. Ucb trnddbr sbftngi fgitrg`s tcb start bvbit gh tcb swbbp. Ucb trnddbr fai mb sbt tg autgkatnfa``y rbstart ahtbr bafc swbbp gr nt fai mb fgihndurbe tg rbspgie tg ai nitbria` gr bxtbria` bvbit. Ucb prnifnpa` fgitrg`s gh tcns sbftngi wn`` mb tcb sgurfb aie fgu p`nid sb`bftgr swntfcbs. Ai bxtbria` trnddbr niput (BSU Niput) aie `bvb` aelustkbit wn`` a`sg mb nif`uebe. Ni aeentngi tg tcb masnf nistrukbit, kgst gsfn``gsfgpbs arb supp`nbe wntc a prgmb as scgwi. Ucb prgmb wn`` fgiibft tg aiy niput gi tcb nistrukbit aie typnfa``y cas a rbsnstgr gh tbi tnkbs tcb 'sfgpb's niput 58
nkpbeaifb. Ucns rbsu`ts ni a .1 (-1?S) attbiuatngi haftgr, mut cb`ps tg nsg`atb tcb fapafntnvb `gae prbsbitbe my tcb prgmb fam`b hrgk tcb sndia` mbnid kbasurbe. Vgkb prgmbs cavb a swntfc a``gwnid tcb gpbratgr tg mypass tcb rbsnstgr wcbi apprgprnatb.
5.3.6 Vnzb aie _grtamn`nty< Kgst kgebri gsfn``gsfgpbs arb `ndctwbndct, pgrtam`b nistrukbits tcat arb fgkpaft bigudc tg mb basn`y farrnbe my a snid`b pbrsgi. Ni aeentngi tg tcb pgrtam`b uints, tcb karjbt ghhbrs a iukmbr gh kninaturb mattbry-pgwbrbe nistrukbits hgr hnb`e sbrvnfb app`nfatngis. @amgratgry draeb gsfn``gsfgpbs, bspbfna``y g`ebr uints wcnfc usb vafuuk tumbs, arb dbibra``y mbifc-tgp ebvnfbs gr kay mb kguitbe nitg ebenfatbe farts. Vpbfna`-purpgsb gsfn``gsfgpbs kay mb rafj-kguitbe gr pbrkaibit`y kguitbe nitg a fustgk nistrukbit cgusnid.
5.3.5 Niputs Ucb sndia` tg mb kbasurbe ns hbe tg gib gh tcb niput fgiibftgrs, wcnfc ns usua``y a fgaxna` fgiibftgr sufc as a MIF gr RCH typb. Mnienid pgsts gr maiaia p`uds kay mb usbe hgr `gwbr hrbqubifnbs. Nh tcb sndia` sgurfb cas nts gwi fgaxna` fgiibftgr, tcbi a snkp`b fgaxna` fam`b ns usbe: gtcbrwnsb, a spbfna`nsbe fam`b fa``be a "sfgpb prgmb", supp`nbe wntc tcb gsfn``gsfgpb, ns usbe. Ni dbibra`, hgr rgutnib usb, ai gpbi wnrb tbst `bae hgr fgiibftnid tg tcb pgnit mbnid gmsbrvbe ns igt satnshaftgry, aie a prgmb ns dbibra``y ibfbssary. Dbibra`-purpgsb gsfn``gsfgpbs cavb a staiearensbe niput rbsnstaifb gh 1 kbdgck ni para``b` wntc a fapafntaifb gh arguie =? pnfgharaes. Ucns a``gws tcb usb gh staieare gsfn``gsfgpb prgmbs. Vfgpbs hgr usb wntc vbry cndc hrbqubifnbs kay cavb 2?-gck niputs, wcnfc kust mb bntcbr fgiibftbe enrbft`y tg a 2?-gck sndia` sgurfb gr usbe wntc \? gr aftnvb prgmbs. @bss-hrbqubit`y-usbe niputs nif`ueb gib (gr twg) hgr trnddbrnid tcb swbbp, cgrnzgita` ebh`bftngi hgr S^ kgeb ensp`ays, aie trafb mrndctbinid/earjbinid, sgkbtnkbs fa``be "\-axns" niputs.
5.3.2 _rgmbs< Gpbi wnrb tbst `baes arb `njb`y tg pnfj up nitbrhbrbifb, aie tcbnr fapafntaifb at tcb prgmnid bie ns `njb`y tg ensturm tcb fnrfunt/ebvnfb mbnid bxaknibe. Ucby arb apprgprnatb gi`y hgr `gw hrbqubifnbs aie `gwnkpbeaifb ebvnfbs. Ibar`y a`ways, prgmbs kaeb hgr 'sfgpb usb arb tcb greniary kbais gh fgiibftnid tg tcb ebvnfb mbnid bxaknibe. Ucb prgmb fam`b ns a spbfna` fgaxna` typb (wntc a rbsnstnvb fbitbr fgieuftgr tg eakp gut rnidnid), wntc quntb-bhhbftnvb scnb`enid. Nts fapafntaifb ns drbatbr tcai tcat gh ai gpbi wnrb, aie ni sgkb fasbs, sufc a prgmb ns satnshaftgry. Cgwbvbr, a typnfa` 'sfgpb prgmb fgitanis a >-kbdgck sbrnbs rbsnstgr scuitbe my a `gw-va`ub fapafntgr: fgkmnibe wntc tcb niput rbsnstaifb aie fapafntaifb gh a staieare 'sfgpb niput, tcb prgmb aie tcb 'sfgpb niput hgrk a hanr`y-affuratb 1?<1 attbiuatgr tcat (up tg a fbrtani maiewnetc) ns hrbqubify-niebpbiebit. Ucns ebdraebs tcb 'sfgpb's sbisntnvnty my a haftgr gh 1?, mut tcb fapafntaifb at tcb prgmb tnp as gi`y a hbw pH (pnfgharaes), wcnfc ns igt bigudc tg ensturm kaiy typnfa` fnrfunts. (Ibvbrtcb`bss, tcb rbaftaifb gh bvbi tcat hbw pH ns sndinhnfait`y `gw at cndc hrbqubifnbs wntcni tcb prgmb aie 'sfgpb's maiewnetc.) Ni tcb drbat kalgrnty gh fasbs, tcb `gss gh sbisntnvnty ni grebr tg dani `bss ensturmaifb tg tcb fnrfunt mbnid gmsbrvbe ns vbry wgrtc wcn`b.
54
Attbiuatgr prgmbs eg igt ibfbssarn`y katfc tcb niput gh a dnvbi 'sfgpb, aie tcbnr fapafntaifb ibbes tg mb aelustbe nh tcby arb fgiibftbe tg a enhhbrbit 'sfgpb. As wb``, tcby scgu`e mb fcbfjbe pbrngenfa``y bvbi wcbi igt kgvbe. Ucby arb fcbfjbe aie nh ibfbssary aelustbe my `ggjnid at a squarb wavb wntc a quntb-h`at tgp aie mgttgk. Tcbi prgpbr`y aelustbe, tcb cgrnzgita` trafb gh tcb squarb wavb egbs igt tn`t bntcbr upware gr egwiware. Mbfausb tcb prgmb, fgkmnibe wntc tcb 'sfgpb niput, hgrks a hrbqubifyfgkpbisatbe attbiuatgr, tcns prgfbeurb ns ghtbi fa``be "fgkpbisatnid" a prgmb. Aiy ebfbit 'sfgpb cas ai gutput lafj tcat prgvnebs a jigwi-akp`ntueb squarb wavb wntc bxfb``bit scapb hgr fcbfjnid aie aelustnid prgmbs. _rgmbs wntc 1?<1 attbiuatngi arb my har tcb kgst fgkkgi: hgr `ardb sndia`s (aie s`ndct`y-`bss fapafntnvb `gaenid), 1??<1 prgmbs arb igt rarb. Ucbrb arb a`sg prgmbs tcat fgitani swntfcbs tg sb`bft 1?<1 gr enrbft (1<1) ratngs, mut gib kust mb awarb tcat tcb 1<1 sbttnid cas sndinhnfait fapafntaifb (tbis gh pH) at tcb prgmb tnp, mbfausb tcb wcg`b fam`b's fapafntaifb ns igw enrbft`y fgiibftbe. Dgge 'sfgpbs a``gw hgr prgmb attbiuatngi, basn`y scgwnid bhhbftnvb sbisntnvnty at tcb prgmb tnp. Vgkb gh tcb mbst gibs cavb nienfatgr `akps mbcnie trais`ufbit wniegws ni tcb paib` tg prgkpt tcb usbr tg rbae bhhbftnvb sbisntnvnty. Ucb prgmb fgiibftgrs (kgenhnbe MIF's) cavb ai bxtra fgitaft tg ebhnib tcb prgmb's attbiuatngi. (A fbrtani va`ub gh rbsnstgr, fgiibftbe tg drguie, "bifgebs" tcb attbiuatngi.) Ucbrb arb spbfna` cndc-vg`tadb prgmbs wcnfc a`sg hgrk fgkpbisatbe attbiuatgrs wntc tcb 'sfgpb niput: tcb prgmb mgey ns pcysnfa``y `ardb, aie gib kaeb my Ubjtrginx rbqunrbs part`y hn``nid a fainstbr surrguienid tcb sbrnbs rbsnstgr wntc vg`atn`b `nqune h`ugrgfarmgi tg ensp`afb anr. At tcb 'sfgpb bie ns a mgx wntc sbvbra` wavbhgrk-trnkknid aelustkbits. Hgr sahbty, a marrnbr ensf jbbps gib's hnidbrs enstait hrgk tcb pgnit mbnid bxaknibe. Kaxnkuk vg`tadb ns ni tcb `gw tbis gh jX. (Gmsbrvnid a cndc-vg`tadb rakp fai frbatb a stanrfasb wavbhgrk wntc stbps at enhhbrbit pgnits bvbry rbpbtntngi, uitn` tcb prgmb tnp ns ni fgitaft. Ritn` tcbi, a tniy arf fcardbs tcb prgmb tnp, aie nts fapafntaifb cg`es tcb vg`tadb (gpbi fnrfunt). As tcb vg`tadb fgitniubs tg f`nkm, aig tcbr tniy arf fcardbs tcb tnp hurtcbr.) Ucbrb arb a`sg furrbit prgmbs, wntc fgrbs tcat surrguie tcb fgieuftgr farrynid furrbit tg mb bxaknibe. Gib typb cas a cg`b hgr tcb fgieuftgr, aie rbqunrbs tcat tcb wnrb mb passbe tcrgudc tcb cg`b: nt's hgr sbkn-pbrkaibit gr pbrkaibit kguitnid. Cgwbvbr, gtcbr typbs, hgr tbstnid, cavb a twg-part fgrbs tcat pbrknt tcbk tg mb p`afbe arguie a wnrb. Nisneb tcb prgmb, a fgn` wguie arguie tcb fgrb prgvnebs a furrbit nitg ai apprgprnatb `gae, aie tcb vg`tadb afrgss tcat `gae ns prgpgrtngia` tg furrbit. Cgwbvbr, tcns typb gh prgmb fai sbisb AF, gi`y. A kgrb-sgpcnstnfatbe prgmb (grndnia``y kaeb my Ubjtrginx) nif`uebs a kadibtnf h`ux sbisgr ni tcb kadibtnf fnrfunt. Ucb prgmb fgiibfts tg ai akp`nhnbr, wcnfc hbbes (`gw hrbqubify) furrbit nitg tcb fgn` tg faifb` tcb sbisbe hnb`e: tcb kadintueb gh tcat furrbit prgvnebs tcb `gw-hrbqubify part gh tcb furrbit wavbhgrk, rndct egwi tg EF. Ucb fgn` stn`` pnfjs up cndc hrbqubifnbs. Ucbrb ns a fgkmninid ibtwgrj ajni tg a `guespbajbr frgssgvbr ibtwgrj.
5.3.8 Ucb trafb< Ni nts snkp`bst kgeb, tcb gsfn``gsfgpb rbpbatbe`y eraws a cgrnzgita` `nib fa``be tcb trafb gr swbbp afrgss tcb knee`b gh tcb sfrbbi hrgk `bht tg rndct. Gib gh tcb fgitrg`s, tcb tnkbmasb fgitrg` , sbts tcb spbbe at wcnfc tcb `nib ns erawi, aie ns fa`nmratbe ni sbfgies gr ebfnka` hraftngis gh a sbfgie pbr 53
envnsngi. Nh tcb niput vg`tadb ebparts hrgk zbrg, tcb trafb ns ebh`bftbe bntcbr upwares (igrka``y hgr pgsntnvb pg`arnty) gr egwiwares (ibdatnvb). Aigtcbr fgitrg`, tcb vbrtnfa` fgitrg` , sbts tcb sfa`b gh tcb vbrtnfa` ebh`bftngi, aie ns fa`nmratbe ni vg`ts pbr envnsngi. Ucb rbsu`tnid trafb ns a p`gt gh vg`tadb adanist tnkb, wntc tcb kgrb enstait past gi tcb `bht aie tcb kgrb rbfbit past gi tcb rndct.
5.3.4 Hrgit paib` fgitrg`s< 5.3.4.1 Hgfus fgitrg`
Ucns fgitrg` aelusts F]U hgfus tg gmtani tcb scarpbst, kgst-ebtan`be trafb. Ni praftnfb, hgfus ibbes tg mb aelustbe s`ndct`y wcbi gmsbrvnid quntb-enhhbrbit sndia`s, wcnfc kbais tcat nt ibbes tg mb ai bxtbria` fgitrg`. H`at-paib` ensp`ays eg igt ibbe a hgfus fgitrg`: tcbnr scarpibss ns a`ways gptnkuk. 5.3.4.= Nitbisnty fgitrg`
Ucns aelusts trafb mrndctibss. V`gw trafbs gi F]U 'sfgpbs ibbe `bss, aie hast gibs, bspbfna``y nh tcby egi't rbpbat vbry ghtbi, rbqunrb kgrb. Gi h`at paib`s, cgwbvbr, trafb mrndctibss ns bssbitna``y niebpbiebit gh swbbp spbbe, mbfausb tcb nitbria` sndia` prgfbssnid bhhbftnvb`y syitcbsnzbs tcb ensp`ay hrgk tcb endntnzbe eata.
5.3.4.6 Mbak hniebr
Kgebri gsfn``gsfgpbs cavb enrbft-fgup`be ebh`bftngi akp`nhnbrs, wcnfc kbais tcb trafb fgu`e mb ebh`bftbe ghh-sfrbbi. Ucby a`sg kndct cavb tcbnr F]U mbak m`aijbe wntcgut tcb gpbratgr jigwnid nt. Ni sufc fasbs, tcb sfrbbi ns m`aij. Ug cb`p ni rbstgrnid tcb ensp`ay qunfj`y aie wntcgut bxpbrnkbitatngi, tcb mbak hniebr fnrfunt gvbrrnebs aiy m`ai jnid aie bisurbs tcat tcb mbak wn`` igt mb ebh`bftbe ghh-sfrbbi: nt `nknts tcb ebh`bftngi. Tntc a ensp`ay, nt's usua``y vbry basy tg rbstgrb a igrka` ensp`ay. (Tcn`b aftnvb, mbak-hniebr fnrfunts kndct tbkpgrarn`y enstgrt tcb trafb sbvbrb`y, cgwbvbr tcns ns affbptam`b.) 5.3.4.5 Dratnfu`b
Ucb dratnfu`b ns a drne gh squarbs tcat sbrvb as rbhbrbifb karjs hgr kbasurnid tcb ensp`aybe trafb. Ucbsb karjnids, wcbtcbr `gfatbe enrbft`y gi tcb sfrbbi gr gi a rbkgvam`b p`astnf hn`tbr, usua``y fgisnst gh a 1 fk drne wntc f`gsbr tnfj karjs (ghtbi at = kk) gi tcb fbitrb vbrtnfa` aie cgrnzgita` axns. Gib bxpbfts tg sbb tbi kalgr envnsngis afrgss tcb sfrbbi: tcb iukmbr gh vbrtnfa` kalgr envnsngis varnbs. Fgkparnid tcb drne karjnids wntc tcb wavbhgrk pbrknts gib tg kbasurb mgtc vg`tadb (vbrtnfa` axns) aie tnkb (cgrnzgita` axns). Hrbqubify fai a`sg mb ebtbrknibe my kbasurnid tcb wavbhgrk pbrnge aie fa`fu`atnid nts rbfnprgfa`.
5>
Affurafy aie rbsg`utngi gh kbasurbkbits usnid a dratnfu`b ns rb`atnvb`y `nkntbe: mbttbr 'sfgpbs sgkbtnkbs cavb kgvam`b mrndct karjbrs gi tcb trafb tcat pbrknt nitbria` fnrfunts tg kajb kgrb rbhnibe kbasurbkbits. Mgtc fa`nmratbe vbrtnfa` sbisntnvnty aie fa`nmratbe cgrnzgita` tnkb arb sbt ni 1 - = - 2 - 1? stbps. Ucns `baes, cgwbvbr, tg sgkb awjware nitbrprbtatngis gh knigr envnsngis. At =, bafc gh tcb hnvb knigr envnsngis ns ?.5, sg gib cas tg tcnij ?.5, ?.3, 1.=, aie 1.8, wcnfc ns ratcbr awjware. Gib Ubjtrginx p`ud-ni usbe a 1 - =.2 - 2 - 1? sbqubifb, wcnfc snkp`nhnbe bstnkatnid. Ucb "=.2" enei't `ggj as "ibat", mut was vbry wb`fgkb. 5.3.4.2 Unkbmasb Fgitrg`s
Ucbsb sb`bft tcb cgrnzgita` spbbe gh tcb F]U's spgt as nt frbatbs tcb trafb: tcns prgfbss ns fgkkgi`y rbhbrrbe tg as tcb swbbp. Ni a`` mut tcb `bast-fgst`y kgebri 'sfgpbs, tcb swbbp spbbe ns sb`bftam`b aie fa`nmratbe ni uints gh tnkb pbr kalgr dratnfu`b envnsngi. Quntb a wneb raidb gh swbbp spbbes ns dbibra``y prgvnebe, hrgk sbfgies tg as hast as pnfgsbfgies (ni tcb hastbst 'sfgpbs) pbr envnsngi. Rsua``y, a fgitniugus`y-varnam`b fgitrg` (ghtbi a jigm ni hrgit gh tcb fa`nmratbe sb`bftgr jigm) ghhbrs uifa`nmratbe spbbes, typnfa``y s`gwbr tcai fa`nmratbe. Ucns fgitrg` prgvnebs a raidb sgkbwcat drbatbr tcai tcat gh fgisbfutnvb fa`nmratbe stbps, kajnid aiy spbbe avan`am`b mbtwbbi tcb bxtrbkbs. 5.3.4.8 Cg`eghh fgitrg`
Hguie gi sgkb mbttbr aia`gd gsfn``gsfgpbs, tcns varnbs tcb tnkb (cg`eghh) eurnid wcnfc tcb swbbp fnrfunt ndigrbs trnddbrs. Nt prgvnebs a stam`b ensp`ay gh sgkb rbpbtntnvb bvbits ni wcnfc sgkb trnddbrs wgu`e frbatb fgihusnid ensp`ays. Nt ns usua``y sbt tg kninkuk, mbfausb a `gidbr tnkb ebfrbasbs tcb iukmbr gh swbbps pbr sbfgie, rbsu`tnid ni a enkkbr trafb. 5.3.4.4 Xbrtnfa` sbisntnvnty, fgup`nid, aie pg`arnty fgitrg`s
Ug affgkkgeatb a wneb raidb gh niput akp`ntuebs, a swntfc sb`bfts fa`nmratbe sbisntnvnty gh tcb vbrtnfa` ebh`bftngi. Aigtcbr fgitrg`, ghtbi ni hrgit gh tcb fa`nmratbe-sb`bftgr jigm, ghhbrs a fgitniugus`y-varnam`b sbisntnvnty gvbr a `nkntbe raidb hrgk fa`nmratbe tg `bss-sbisntnvb sbttnids. Ghtbi tcb gmsbrvbe sndia` ns ghhsbt my a stbae y fgkpgibit, aie gi`y tcb fcaidbs arb gh nitbrbst. A swntfc (AF pgsntngi) fgiibfts a fapafntgr ni sbrnbs wntc tcb niput tcat passbs gi`y tcb fcai dbs (prgvnebe tcat tcby arb igt tgg s`gw -- "s`gw" wgu`e kbai vnsnm`b). Cgwbvbr, wcbi tcb sndia` cas a hnxbe ghhsbt gh nitbrbst, gr fcaidbs quntb s`gw`y, tcb niput ns fgiibftbe enrbft`y (EF swntfc pgsntngi). Kgst gsfn``gsfgpbs ghhbr tcb EF niput gptngi. Hgr fgivbinbifb, tg sbb wcbrb zbrg vg`ts niput furrbit`y scgws gi tcb sfrbbi, kaiy gsfn``gsfgpbs cavb a tcnre swntfc pgsntngi (DIE) tcat ensfgiibfts tcb niput aie drguies nt. Ghtbi, ni tcns fasb, tcb usbr fbitbrs tcb trafb wntc tcb Xbrtnfa` _gsntngi fgitrg`. Mbttbr gsfn``gsfgpbs cavb a pg`arnty sb`bftgr . Igrka``y, a pgsntnvb niput kgvbs tcb trafb upware, mut tcns pbrknts nivbrtnid -- pgsntnvb ebh`bfts tcb trafb egwiware. 5.3.4.3 Cgrnzgita` sbisntnvnty fgitrg`
2?
Ucns fgitrg` ns hguie gi`y gi kgrb b`amgratb gsfn``gsfgpbs: nt ghhbrs aelustam`b sbisntnvnty hgr bxtbria` cgrnzgita` niputs. 5.3.4.> Xbrtnfa` pgsntngi fgitrg`
Ucb vbrtnfa` pgsntngi fgitrg` kgvbs tcb wcg`b ensp`aybe trafb up aie egwi. Nt ns usbe tg sbt tcb igniput trafb bxaft`y gi tcb fbitbr `nib gh tcb dratnfu`b, mut a`sg pbrknts ghhsbttnid vbrtnfa``y my a `nkntbe akguit. Tntc enrbft fgup`nid, aelustkbit gh tcns fgitrg` f ai fgkpbisatb hgr a `nkntbe EF fgkpgibit gh ai niput. 5.3.4.1? Cgrnzgita` pgsntngi fgitrg`
Ucb cgrnzgita` pgsntngi fgitrg` kgvbs tcb ensp`ay snebwnsb. Nt usua``y sbts tcb `bht bie gh tcb trafb at tcb `bht bedb gh tcb dratnfu`b, mut nt fai ensp`afb tcb wcg`b trafb wcbi ebsnrbe. Ucns fgitrg` a`sg kgvbs tcb S-^ kgeb trafbs snebwnsb ni sgkb 'sfgpbs, aie fai fgkpbisatb hgr a `nkntbe EF fgkpgibit as hgr vbrtnfa` pgsntngi. 5.3.4.11 Eua`-trafb fgitrg`s
Bafc niput fcaiib` usua``y cas nts gwi sbt gh sbisntnvnty, fgup`nid, aie pgsntngi fgitrg`s, a`tcgudc sgkb hgur-trafb 'sfgpbs cavb gi`y knknka` fgitrg`s hgr tcbnr tcnre aie hgurtc fcaiib`s. Eua`-trafb 'sfgpbs cavb a kgeb swntfc tg sb`bft bntcbr fcaiib` a`gib, mgtc fcaiib`s, gr (ni sgkb 'sfgpbs) ai S-^ ensp`ay, wcnfc usbs tcb sbfgie fcaiib` hgr S ebh`bftngi. Tcbi mgtc fcaiib`s arb ensp`aybe, tcb typb gh fcaiib` swntfcnid fai mb sb`bftbe gi sgkb 'sfgpbs: gi gtcbrs, tcb typb ebpbies upgi tnkbmasb sbttnid. Nh kaiua``y sb`bftam`b, fcaiib` swntfcn id fai mb hrbb-ruiinid (asyifcrgigus), gr mbtwbbi fgisbfutnvb swbbps. Vgkb _cn`nps e ua`-trafb aia`gd 'sfgpbs cae a hast aia`gd ku`tnp`nbr, aie prgvnebe a ensp`ay gh tcb prgeuft gh tcb niput fcaiib`s. Ku`tnp`b-trafb 'sfgpbs cavb a swntfc hgr bafc fcai ib` tg biam`b gr ensam`b ensp`ay gh tcat trafb's sndia`. 5.3.4.1= Eb`aybe-swbbp fgitrg`s
Ucbsb nif`ueb fgitrg`s hgr tcb eb`aybe-swbbp tnkbmasb , wcnfc ns fa`nmratbe, aie ghtbi a`sg varnam`b. Ucb s`gwbst spbbe ns sbvbra` stbps hastbr tcai tcb s`gwbst kani swbbp spb be, a`tcgudc tcb hastbst ns dbibra``y tcb sakb. A fa`nmratbe ku`tnturi eb`ay tnkb fgitrg` ghhbrs wneb raidb, cndc rbsg`utngi eb`ay sbttnids: nt spais tcb hu`` euratngi gh tcb kani swbbp, aie nts rbaenid fgrrbspgies tg dratnfu`b envnsngis (mut wntc kufc hnibr prbfnsngi). Nts affurafy ns a`sg supbrngr tg tcat gh tcb ensp`ay. A swntfc sb`bfts ensp`ay kgebs < Kani swbbp gi`y, wntc a mrndctbibe rbdngi scgwnid wcbi tcb eb`aybe swbbp ns aevaifnid, eb`aybe swbbp gi`y, gr (gi sgkb 'sfgpbs) a fgkmniatngi kgeb. Dgge F]U 'sfgpbs nif`ueb a eb`aybe-swbbp nitbisnty fgitrg` , tg a``gw hgr tcb enkkbr trafb gh a kufc-hastbr eb`aybe swbbp tcat ibvbrtcb`bss gffurs gi`y gifb pbr kani swbbp. Vufc 'sfgpbs a`sg arb `njb`y tg cavb a trafb sbparatngi fgitrg` hgr ku`tnp`bxbe ensp`ay gh mgtc tcb kani aie eb`aybe swbbps tgdbtcbr. 21
5.3.4.16 Vwbbp trnddbr fgitrg`s
A swntfc sb`bfts tcb Urnddbr Vgurfb . Nt fai mb ai bxtbria` niput, gib gh tcb vbrtnfa` fcaiib`s gh a eua` gr ku`tnp`b-trafb 'sfgpb, gr tcb AF `nib (kanis) hrbqubify. Aigtcbr swntfc biam`bs gr ensam`bs Autg trnddbr kgeb, gr sb`bfts snid`b swbbp, nh prgvnebe ni tcb 'sfgpb. Bntcbr a sprnid-rbturi swntfc pgsntngi gr a puscmuttgi arks snid`b swbbps. A @bvb` fgitrg` varnbs tcb vg`tadb gi tcb wavbhgrk wcnfc dbibratbs a trnddbr, aie tcb V`gpb swntfc sb`bfts pgsntnvb-dgnid gr ibdatnvb-dgnid pg`arnty at tcb sb`bftbe trnddbr `bvb`.
5.3.3 Tavbhgrks gmtanibe hrgk tcb F]G<
Hnd 5.=3 Niput wavbhgrk
2=
Hnd 5.=> Tavbhgrk wntc ignsb
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Hnd 5.6? Gutput wavbhgrk
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5.> Fapafntgrs< A fapafntgr gr fgiebisbr ns a passnvb b`bftrginf fgkpgibit fgisnstnid gh a panr gh fgieuftgrs sbparatbe my a enb`bftrnf (nisu`atgr). Tcbi a pgtbitna` enhhbrbifb (vg`tadb) bxnsts afrgss tcb fgieuftgrs, ai b`bftrnf hnb`e ns prbsbit ni tcb enb`bftrnf. Ucns hnb`e stgrbs bibrdy aie prgeufbs a kbfcainfa` hgrfb mbtwbbi tcb fgieuftgrs. Ucb bhhbft ns drbatbst wcbi tcbrb ns a iarrgw sbparatngi mbtwbbi `ardb arbas gh fgieuftgr, cbifb fapafntgr fgieuftgrs arb ghtbi fa``be p`atbs. Ai neba` fapafntgr ns fcaraftbrnzbe my a snid`b fgistait va`ub, fapafntaifb, wcnfc ns kbasurbe ni haraes. Ucns ns tcb ratng gh tcb b`bftrnf fcardb gi bafc fgieuftgr tg tcb pgtbitna` enhhbrbifb mbtwbbi tcbk. Ni praftnfb, tcb enb`bftrnf mbtwbbi tcb p`atbs passbs a ska`` akguit gh `bajadb furrbit. Ucb fgieuftgrs aie `baes nitrgeufb ai bqunva`bit sbrnbs rbsnstaifb aie tcb enb`bftrnf cas ai b`bftrnf hnb`e strbidtc `nknt rbsu`tnid ni a mrbajegwi vg`tadb. Fapafntgrs arb wneb`y usbe ni b`bftrginf fnrfunts tg m`gfj tcb h`gw gh enrbft furrbit wcn`b a``gwnid a`tbriatnid furrbit tg pass, tg hn`tbr gut nitbrhbrbifb, tg skggtc tcb gutput gh pgwbr supp`nbs, aie hgr kaiy gtcbr purpgsbs. Ucby arb usbe ni rbsgiait fnrfunts ni raeng hrbqubify bqunpkbit tg sb`bft partnfu`ar hrbqubifnbs hrgk a sndia` wntc kaiy hrbqubifnbs.
5.>.1 Ucbgry gh gpbratngi< A fapafntgr fgisnsts gh twg fgieuftgrs sbparatbe my a igi-fgieuftnvb rbdngi.Ucb igi-fgieuftnvb sumstaifb ns fa``be tcb enb`bftrnf kbenuk, a`tcgudc tcns kay a`sg kbai a vafuuk gr a sbknfgieuftgr ebp`btngi rbdngi fcbknfa``y nebitnfa` tg tcb fgieuftgrs. A fapafntgr ns assukbe tg mb sb`h-fgitanibe aie nsg`atbe, wntc ig ibt b`bftrnf fcardb aie ig nih`ubifb hrgk ai bxtbria` b`bftrnf hnb`e. Ucb fgieuftgrs tcus fgitani bqua` aie gppgsntb fcardbs gi tcbnr hafnid surhafbs aie tcb enb`bftrnf fgitanis ai b`bftrnf hnb`e. Ucb fapafntgr ns a rbasgiam` y dbibra` kgeb` hgr b`bftrnf hnb`es wntcni b`bftrnf fnrfunts. Ai neba` fapafntgr ns wcg``y fcaraftbrnzbe my a fgistait fapafntaifb F , ebhnibe as tcb ratng gh fcardb ±Q gi bafc fgieuftgr tg tcb vg`tadb X mbtwbbi tcbk<
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Vgkbtnkbs fcardb mun`eup ahhbfts tcb kbfcainfs gh tcb fapafntgr, fausnid tcb fapafntaifb tg vary. Ni tcns fasb, fapafntaifb ns ebhnibe ni tbrks gh nif rbkbita` fcaidbs<
Ni VN uints, a fapafntaifb gh gib harae kbais tcat gib fgu`gkm gh fcardb gi bafc fgieuftgr fausbs a vg`tadb gh gib vg`t afrgss tcb ebvnfb.
5.>.= Bibrdy stgradb< Tgrj kust mb egib my ai bxtbria` nih`ubifb tg kgvb fcardb mbtwbbi tcb fgieuftgrs ni a fapafntgr. Tcbi tcb bxtbria` nih`ubifb ns rbkgvbe, tcb fcardb sbparatngi pbrsnsts aie bibrdy ns stgrbe ni tcb b`bftrnf hnb`e. Nh fcardb ns `atbr a``gwbe tg rbturi tg nts bqun`nmrnuk pgsntngi, tcb bibrdy ns rb`basbe. Ucb wgrj egib ni bstam`nscnid tcb b`bftrnf hnb`e, aie cbifb tcb akguit gh bibrdy stgrbe, ns dnvbi my<
5.>.6_ara``b` p`atb kgeb`<
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Hnd 5.6= Enb`bftrnf ns p`afbe mbtwbbi twg fgieuftnid p`atbs, bafc gh arba A aie wntc a sbparatngi gh e. Ucb snkp`bst fapafntgr fgisnsts gh twg para``b` fgieuftnvb p`atbs sbparatbe my a enb`bftrnf wntc pbrknttnvnty β (sufc as anr). Ucb kgeb` kay a`sg mb usbe tg kajb qua`ntatnvb prbenftngis hgr gtcbr ebvnfb dbgkbtrnbs. Ucb p`atbs arb Hnd 5.66 Vbvbra` fgisnebrbe tg bxtbie uinhgrk`y gvbr ai arba A aie a fapafntgrs ni para``b` . fcardb ebisnty ± ρ ; ±Q/ A bxnsts gi tcbnr surhafb. Assuknid tcat tcb wnetc gh tcb p`atbs ns kufc drbatbr tcai tcbnr sbparatngi e , tcb b`bftrnf hnb`e ibar tcb fbitrb gh tcb ebvnfb wn`` mb uinhgrk wntc tcb kadintueb B ; ρ/β. Ucb vg`tadb ns ebhnibe as tcb `nib nitbdra` gh tcb b`bftrnf hnb`e mbtwbbi tcb p`atbs
Vg`vnid tcns hgr F ; Q/X rbvba`s tcat fapafntaifb nifrbasbs wntc arba aie ebfrbasbs wntc sbparatngi
. Ucb fapafntaifb ns tcbrbhgrb drbatbst ni ebvnfbs k aeb hrgk katbrna`s wntc a cndc pbrknttnvnty.
5.>.5 Ibtwgrjs< 5.>.5.1 Fapafntgrs Fgiibftbe ni para``b`< Fapafntgrs ni a para``b` fgihnduratngi bafc cavb tcb sakb app`nbe vg`tadb. Ucbnr fapafntaifbs aee up. Fcardb ns appgrtngibe akgid tcbk my snzb. Rsnid tcb sfcbkatnf enadrak tg vnsua`nzb para``b` p`atbs, nt ns apparbit tcat bafc fapafntgr fgitrnmutbs tg tcb tgta` surhafb arba.
24
5.>.5.= Fapafntgrs Fapafntgrs ni sbrnbs Fgiibftbe ni sbrnbs, tcb sfcbkatnf enadrak rbvba`s tcat tcb sbparatngi enstaifb, igt tcb p`atb arba, aees up. Ucb fapafntgrs bafc stgrb nistaitaibgus fcardb mun`e-up bqua` tg tcat gh bvbry gtcbr fapafntgr ni tcb sbrnbs. Ucb tgta` vg`tadb enhhbrbifb hrgk bie tg bi e ns appgrtngibe tg bafc fapafntgr affgrenid tg tcb nivbrsb gh nts fapafntaifb. Ucb bitnrb sbrnbs afts as a fapafntgr ska``br tcai aiy gh nts fgkpgibits.
Fapafntgrs arb fgkmnibe ni sbrnbs tg afcnbvb a cndcbr wgrjnid vg`tadb, hgr bxakp`b hgr skggtcnid a cndc vg`tadb pgwbr supp`y. Ucb vg`tadb ratnids, wcnfc arb masbe gi p`atb sbparatngi, aee up. Ni sufc ai app`nfatngi, sbvbra` sbrnbs fgiibftngis kay ni turi mb fgiibftbe ni para``b`, hgrknid a katrnx. Ucb dga` ns tg kaxnknzb tcb bibrdy stgradb utn`nty gh bafc fapafntgr wntcgut gvbr`gaenid nt. Vbrnbs fgiibftngi ns a`sg usbe tg aeapt b`bftrg`ytnf fapafntgrs hgr AF usb.
5.>.2 Fbraknf fapafntgr< Ni b`bftrginfs, a fbraknf fapafntgr ns a fapafntgr fgistruftbe gh a`tbriatnid `aybrs gh kbta` aie fbraknf, wntc tcb fbraknf katbrna` aftnid as tcb enb`bftrnf. Ucb tbkpbraturb fgbhhnfnbit ebpbies gi wcbtcbr tcb enb`bftrnf ns F`ass 1 gr F`ass =. A fbraknf fapafntgr (bspbfna``y tcb f`ass =) ghtbi cas cndc enssnpatngi haftgr, cndc hrbqubify fgbhhnfnbit gh enssnpatngi.
Hnd 5.65 Vbvbra` fapafntgrs ni sbrnbs
5.>.2.1 Fgistruftngi< A fbraknf fapafntgr ns a twg-tbrknia`, igi-pg`ar ebvnfb. Ucb f`assnfa` fbraknf fapafntgr ns tcb "ensf fapafntgr".Fbraknf ensf fapafntgrs arb ni wnebsprbae usb ni b`bftrginf bqunpkbit, prgvnenid cndc fapafnty aie ska`` snzb at `gw prnfb fgkparbe tg gtcbr `gw va`ub fapafntgr typbs. Fbraknf fapafntgrs fgkb ni varngus scapbs aie sty`bs, nif`ueni d<
ensf, rbsni fgatbe, wntc tcrgudc-cg`b `baes ku`tn`aybr rbftaidu`ar m`gfj, surhafb kguit marb `bae`bss ensf, snts ni a s`gt ni tcb _FM aie ns sg`ebrbe ni p`afb, usbe hgr RCH app`nfatngis tumb scapb, igt pgpu`ar igw 23
5.>.2.= F`assbs gh fbraknf fapafntgrs Ucrbb f`assbs gh fbraknf fapafntgrs arb fgkkgi`y avan`am`b<
F`ass N fapafntgrs < affuratb, tbkpbraturbfgkpbisatnid fapafntgrs. Ucby arb tcb kgst stam`b gvbr vg`tadb, tbkpbraturb, aie tg sgkb bxtbit, hrbqubify. Ucby a`sg cavb tcb `gwbst `gssbs. F`ass NN fapafntgrs < mbttbr vg`ukbtrnf bhhnfnbify, mut `gwbr affurafy aie stamn`nty. A typnfa` f`ass NN fapafntgr kay fcaidb fapafntaifb my 12% gvbr a ∝22 ¿F tg 32 ¿F tbkpbraturb raidb. A typnfa` f`ass NN fapafntgr wn`` cavb a enssnpatngi haftgr gh =.2%. Nt wn`` cavb avbradb tg pggr affurafy (hrgk 1?% egwi tg +=?/-3?%). F`ass NNN fapafntgrs < cndc vg`ukbtrnf bhhnfnbify, pggr affurafy aie stamn`nty. A typnfa` f`ass NNN fapafntgr wn`` fcaidb fapafntaifb my -==% tg +28% gvbr a tbkpbraturb raidb gh 1? ¿F tg 22 ¿F. wn`` cavb a enssnpatngi haftgr gh 5%. Nt wn`` cavb hanr`y pggr affurafy (fgkkgi`y, =?%, gr +3?/=?%). At gib pgnit, F`ass NX fapafntgrs wbrb a`sg avan`am`b, wntc wgrsb b`bftrnfa` fcaraftbrnstnfs tcai F`ass NNN, mut bvbi mbttbr vg`ukbtrnf bhhnfnbify. Ucby arb igw ratcbr rarb aie fgisnebrbe gmsg`btb.
Hnd 5.62 Ai b`bftrg`ytnf fapafntgr
mut
Nt
Hnd 5.68 Axna` `bae (tgp) aie raena` `bae (mgttgk) b`bftrg`ytnf fapafntgrs
5.>.8 B`bftrg`ytnf fapafntgr< Ai b`bftrg`ytnf fapafntgr ns a typb gh fapafntgr tcat usbs ai nginf fgieuftnid `nqune as gib gh nts p`atbs wntc a `ardbr fapafntaifb pbr uint vg`ukb tcai gtcbr typbs. Ucby arb ghtbi rbhbrrbe tg ni b`bftrginfs usadb snkp`y as "b`bftrg`ytnfs". Ucby arb va`uam`b ni rb`atnvb`y cndc-furrbit aie `gw-hrbqubify b`bftrnfa` fnrfunts. Ucns ns bspbfna``y tcb fasb ni pgwbr-supp`y hn`tbrs, wcbrb tcby stgrb fcardb ibbebe tg kgebratb gutput vg`tadb aie furrbit h`uftuatngis ni rbftnhnbr gutput. Ucby arb a`sg wneb`y usbe as fgup`nid fapafntgrs ni fnrfunts wcbrb AF scgu`e mb fgieuftbe mut EF scgu`e igt. B`bftrg`ytnf fapafntgrs fai cavb a vbry cndc fapafntaifb, a``gwnid hn`tbrs kaeb wntc tcbk tg cavb vbry `gw fgribr hrbqubifnbs.
2>
5.>.8.1 Fgistruftngi< A`ukniuk b`bftrg`ytnf fapafntgrs arb fgistruftbe hrgk twg fgieuftnid a`ukniuk hgn`s, gib gh wcnfc ns fgatbe wntc ai nisu`atnid gxneb `aybr, aie a papbr spafbr sgajbe ni b`bftrg`ytb. Ucb hgn` nisu`atbe my tcb gxneb `aybr ns tcb aigeb wcn`b tcb `nqune b`bftrg`ytb aie tcb sbfgie hgn` afts as tcb fatcgeb. Ucns stafj ns tcbi rg``be up, hnttbe wntc pni fgiibftgrs aie p`afbe ni a fy`niernfa` a`ukniuk fasnid. Ucb twg kgst pgpu`ar dbgkbtrnbs arb axna` `baes fgknid hrgk tcb fbitbr gh bafc fnrfu`ar hafb gh tcb fy`niebr, gr twg raena` `baes gr `uds gi gib gh tcb fnrfu`ar hafbs.
5.1? ]bsnstgrs< A rbsnstgr ns a twg-tbrknia` b`bftrginf fgkpgibit tcat prgeufbs a vg`tadb afrgss nts tbrknia`s tcat ns prgpgrtngia` tg tcb b`bftrnf furrbit passnid tcrgudc nt ni affgreaifb wntc Gck's `aw< X ; N] Hnd 5.64 ]bsnstgrs ]bsnstgrs arb b`bkbits gh b`bftrnfa` ibtwgrjs aie b`bftrginf fnrfunts aie arb umnquntgus ni kgst b`bftrginf bqunpkbit. _raftnfa` rbsnstgrs fai mb kaeb gh varngus fgkpguies aie hn`ks, as wb`` as rbsnstaifb wnrb (wnrb kaeb gh a cndc-rbsnstnvnty a``gy, sufc as infjb`/fcrgkb). Ucb prnkary fcaraftbrnstnfs gh a rbsnstgr arb tcb rbsnstaifb, tcb tg`braifb, kaxnkuk wgrjnid vg`tadb aie tcb pgwbr ratnid. Gtcbr fcaraftbrnstnfs nif`ueb tbkpbraturb fgbhhnfnbit, ignsb, aie nieuftaifb. @bss wb``-jigwi ns frntnfa` rbsnstaifb, tcb va`ub mb`gw wcnfc pgwbr enssnpatngi `nknts tcb kaxnkuk pbrknttbe furrbit h`gw, aie amgvb wcnfc tcb `nknt ns app`nbe vg`tadb. Frntnfa` rbsnstaifb ns ebtbrknibe my tcb ebsndi, katbrna`s aie enkbisngis gh tcb rbsnstgr. ]bsnstgrs fai mb nitbdratbe nitg cymrne aie prnitbe fnrfunts, as wb`` as nitbdratbe fnrfunts. Vnzb, aie pgsntngi gh `baes (gr tbrknia`s) arb rb`bvait tg bqunpkbit ebsndibrs: rbsnstgrs kust mb pcysnfa``y `ardb bigudc igt tg gvbrcbat wcbi enssnpatnid tcbnr pgwbr.
5.1?.1 B`bftrginf sykmg`<
8?
5.1?.= Rints< Ucb gck (sykmg`< ή) ns tcb VN uint gh b`bftrnfa` rbsnstaifb, iakbe ahtbr Dbgrd Vnkgi Gck. Fgkkgi`y ∝6 usbe ku`tnp`bs aie sumku`tnp`bs ni b`bftrnfa` aie b`bftrginf usadb arb tcb kn``ngck (1x1? ), jn`gck 6 8 (1x1? ), aie kbdgck (1x1? ).
5.1?.6 Ucbgry gh gpbratngi< Gck's `aw
Ucb mbcavngr gh ai neba` rbsnstgr ns enftatbe my tcb rb`atngiscnp spbfnhnbe ni Gck's `aw<
Gck's `aw statbs tcat tcb vg`tadb (X) afrgss a rbsnstgr ns prgpgrtngia` tg tcb furrbit (N) tcrgudc nt wcbrb tcb fgistait gh prgpgrtngia`nty ns tcb rbsnstaifb (]). Bqunva`bit`y, Gck's `aw fai mb statbe<
Ucns hgrku`atngi gh Gck's `aw statbs tcat, wcbi a vg`tadb (X) ns kanitanibe afrgss a rbsnstaifb (]), a furrbit (N) wn`` h`gw tcrgudc tcb rbsnstaifb.
5.1?.5 Vbrnbs aie para``b` rbsnstgrs< ]bsnstgrs ni a para``b` fgihnduratngi bafc cavb tcb sakb pgtbitna` enhhbrbifb (vg`tadb). Ug hnie tcbnr tgta` bqunva`bit rbsnstaifb ( ]bq)<
Hnd 5.63 _ara``b` Fgkmniatngi gh ]bsnstgrs
81
Ucb para``b` prgpbrty fai mb rbprbsbitbe ni bquatngis my twg vbrtnfa` `nibs "||" tg snkp`nhy bquatngis. Hgr twg rbsnstgrs,
Ucb furrbit tcrgudc rbsnstgrs ni sbrnbs stays tcb sakb, mut tcb vg`tadb afrgss bafc rbsnstgr fai mb enhhbrbit. Ucb suk gh tcb pgtbitna` enhhbrbifbs (vg`tadb) ns bqua` tg tcb tgta` vg`tadb. Ug hnie tcbnr tgta` rbsnstaifb<
Hnd 5.6> Vbrnbs gh ]bsnstgrs
5.1?.2 _gwbr enssnpatngi< Ucb pgwbr enssnpatbe my a rbsnstgr (gr tcb bqunva`bit rbsnstaifb gh a rbsnstgr ibtwgrj) ns fa`fu`atbe usnid tcb hg``gwnid< A`` tcrbb bquatngis arb bqunva`bit. Ucb hnrst ns ebrnvbe hrgk Lgu`b's hnrst `aw. Gck„s @aw ebrnvbs tcb gtcbr twg hrgk tcat. Ucb tgta` akguit gh cbat bibrdy rb`basbe ns tcb nitbdra` gh tcb pgwbr gvbr tnkb<
Nh tcb avbradb pgwbr enssnpatbe ns kgrb tcai tcb rbsnstgr fai sahb`y enssnpatb, tcb rbsnstgr kay ebpart hrgk nts igknia` rbsnstaifb aie kay mbfgkb eakadbe my gvbrcbatnid. Bxfbssnvb pgwbr enssnpatngi kay ransb tcb tbkpbraturb gh tcb rbsnstgr tg a pgnit wcbrb nt muris gut, wcnfc fgu`e fausb a hnrb ni aelafbit fgkpgibits aie katbrna`s. 8=
5.11 @ndct bknttnid engebs< A `ndct-bknttnid engeb (@BE) ns a sbknfgieuftgr `ndct sgurfb. @BEs arb usbe as nienfatgr `akps ni kaiy ebvnfbs, aie arb nifrbasnid`y usbe hgr `ndctnid. Nitrgeufbe as a praftnfa` b`bftrginf fgkpgibit ni 1>8=, bar`y @BEs bknttbe `gw-nitbisnty rbe `ndct, mut kge bri vbrsngis arb avan`am`b afrgss tcb vnsnm`b, u`travng`bt aie nihrarbe wavb`bidtcs, wntc vbry cndc mrndctibss. Ucb @BE ns masbe gi tcb sbknfgieuftgr engeb. Tcbi a engeb ns hgrware mnasbe (swntfcbe gi), b`bftrgis arb am`b tg rbfgkmnib wntc cg`bs wntcni tcb ebvnfb, rb`basnid bibrdy ni tcb hgrk gh pcgtgis. Ucns bhhbft ns fa``be b`bftrg`uknibsfbifb aie tcb fg`gur gh tcb `ndct (fgrrbspgienid tg tcb bibrdy gh tcb pcgtgi) ns ebtbrknibe my tcb bibrdy dap gh tcb sbknfgieuftgr. Ai @BE ns usua``y ska`` ni arba (`bss = tcai 1 kk ), aie nitbdratbe gptnfa` fgkpgibits arb usbe tg scapb nts raenatngi pattbri aie assnst ni rbh`bftngi. @BEs prbsbit kaiy aevaitadbs gvbr nifaiebsfbit `ndct sgurfbs nif`uenid `gwbr bibrdy fgisukptngi, `gidbr `nhbtnkb, nkprgvbe rgmustibss, ska``br snzb, hastbr swntfcnid, aie drbatbr euramn`nty aie rb`namn`nty. Cgwbvbr, tcby arb rb`atnvb`y bxpbisnvb aie rbqunrb kgrb prbfnsb furrbit aie cbat kaiadbkbit tcai traentngia` `ndct sgurfbs. Ucb fgkpaft snzb gh @BEs cas a``gwbe ibw tbxt aie vnebg ensp`ays aie sbisgrs tg mb ebvb`gpbe, wcn`b tcbnr cndc swntfcnid ratbs arb usbhu` ni aevaifbe fgkkuinfatngis tbfcig`gdy. Ucb masnf kbfcainsk gh b`bftrg- kadibtnf raenatngis hrgk tcb ebvnfb ns nilbftngi `uknibsfbifb. Ucns gffurs ni twg stbps 1. Nilbftngi gh knigrnty farrnbrs afrgss tcb luiftngi. =. Ucb raenatnvb rbfgkmniatngi gh knigrnty farrnbrs. Tcbi tcb engeb cas zbrg mnas uiebr tcbrka` bqun`nmrnuk fgientngi, tcb spafb fcardb ( gr ebp`btngi) `aybr pgtbitna` prbvbits tcb frgss-gvbr gh `ardb fgifbitratngis gh kgmn`b fgieuftngi maie b`bftrgis aie tcb va`aifb maie cg`bs afrgss tcb luiftngi. Tcbi a hgrware mnas ns app`nbe tg tcb ebvnfb tcb kadintueb gh tcns marrnbr pgtbitna` ns rbeufbe kajnid nt pgssnm`b hgr enhhusngi gh b`bftrgis aie cg`bs afrgss tcb luiftngi. Uc b knigrnty farrnbr fgifbitratngis gi mgtc snebs gh tcb luiftngi arb fgisnebram`y nifrbasbe wcnfc nifrbasbs tcb ratb gh rbfgkmniatngi. Ucns ns rbspgisnm`b hgr b`bftrgkadibtnf raenatngi. Uwg typb gh raenatnvb rbfgkmniatngi kbfcainsk arb fgkkgi`y bifguitbrbe ni @BE„s ebpbienid upgi tcb maie dap fcaraftbrnstnfs gh tcb sbkn-fgieuftgr katbrna` usbe. Ucbsb arb< 1. Enrbft rbfgkmniatngi =. Nienrbft rbfgkmniatngi Ucb bknssngi gh pcgtgis as a rbsu`t gh rbfgkmniatngi gh b`bftrgis aie cg`bs ns pgssnm`b gi`y wcbi bibrdy aie kgkbituk arb fgisbrvbe. A pcgtgi fai cavb fgisnebram`b bibrdy mut nts kgkbituk ch/f ns vbry ska``. Ucbrbhgrb tcb snkp`bst aie tcb kgst prgmam`b rbf gkmniatngi prgfbss wn`` mb tcat wcbrb tcb b`bftrgis aie cg`bs cavb tcb sakb va`ub gh kgkbituk. Ucb sntuatngi bxnsts ni kaiy drgup 6 tg 2 fgkpguies sbknfgieuftgrs wcnfc arb gh tcb enrbft maie dap typb. Tntc tcb fgieuftngi maie kninkuk aie va`aifb maie kaxnkuk mbnid at zbrg kgkbituk pgsntngi. 86
Ni nienrbft maie dap sbkn-fgieuftgrs tcb fgieuftngi maie kninkuk aie tcb va`aifb maie kaxnkuk gffur at enhhbrbit va`ubs gh kgkbituk tcbrbhgrb, ni tcns fasb nt ns ibfbssary tg nivg`vb a tcnre partnf`b tg fgisbrvb a kgkbituk. Ucbrbhgrb tcns prgfbss ns jigwi as nienrbft typb rbfgkmniatngi. _cgigis aie fcbknfa` nkpurntnbs arb usbe hgr tcns gpbratngi
5.11.1 MasnfUbfcig`gdy<
Hnd. 5.5? _arts gh ai @BE
Hnd.5.51 Frgss sbftngi gh @BE
85
Hnd. 5.5= N-X enadrak hgr a engeb ai @BE wn`` mbdni tg bknt `ndct wcbi tcb gi-vg`tadb ns bxfbbebe. Uypnfa` gi vg`tadbs arb =-6 Xg`t
5.11.= _cysnfs gh @BEs< @njb a igrka` engeb, tcb @BE fgisnsts gh a fcnp gh sbknfgieuftnid katbrna` egpbe wntc nkpurntnbs tg frbatb a p-i luiftngi. As ni gtcbr engebs, furrbit h`gws basn`y hrgk tcb p -sneb, gr aigeb, tg tcb i-sneb, gr fatcgeb, mut igt ni tcb rbvbrsb enrbftngi. Fcardb-farrnbrs ― b`bftrgis aie cg`bs ― h`gw nitg tcb luiftngi hrgk b`bftrgebs wntc enhhbrbit vg`tadbs. Tcbi ai b`bftrgi kbbts a cg`b, nt ha``s nitg a `gwbr bibrdy `bvb`, aie rb`basbs bibrdy ni tcb hgrk gh a pcgtgi. Ucb wavb`bidtc gh tcb `ndct bknttbe, aie tcbrbhgrb nts fg`gr, ebpbies gi tcb maie dap bibrdy gh tcb katbrna`s hgrknid tcb p-i luiftngi. Ni sn`nfgi gr dbrkainuk engebs, tcb b`bftrgis aie cg`bs rbfgkmnib my a igi-raenatnvb traisntngi wcnfc prgeufbs ig gptnfa` bknssngi, mbfausb tcbsb arb nienrbft maie dap katbrna`s. Ucb katbrna`s usbe hgr tcb @BE cavb a enrbft maie dap wntc bibrdnbs fgrrbspgienid tg ibarnihrarbe, vnsnm`b gr ibar-u`travng`bt `ndct. @BE ebvb`gpkbit mbdai wntc nihrarbe aie rbe ebvnfbs kaeb wntc da``nuk arsbineb. Aevaifbs ni katbrna`s sfnbifb cavb kaeb pgssnm`b tcb prgeuftngi gh ebvnfbs wntc bvbr-scgrtbr wavb`bidtcs, prgeufnid `ndct ni a varnbty gh fg`grs. @BEs arb usua``y mun`t gi ai i-typb sumstratb, wntc ai b`bftrgeb attafcbe tg tcb p-typb `aybr ebpgsntbe gi nts surhafb. _-typb sumstratbs, wcn`b `bss fgkkgi, gffur as wb``. Kaiy fgkkbrfna` @BEs, bspbfna``y DaI/NiDaI, a`sg usb sappcnrb sumstratb. Kgst katbrna`s usbe hgr @BE prgeuftngi cavb vbry cndc rbhraftnvb nienfbs. Ucns kbais tcat kufc `ndct wn`` mb rbh`bftbe mafj nitg tcb katbrna` at tcb katbrna`/anr surhafb nitbrhafb. Ucbrbhgrb @ndct bxtraftngi ni @BEs ns ai nkpgrtait aspbft gh @BE prgeuftngi, sumlbft tg kufc rbsbarfc aie ebvb`gpkbit.
5.11.6 Fg`gurs aie katbrna`s< Fgivbitngia` @BEs arb kaeb hrgk a varnbty gh nigrdainf sbknfgieuftgr katbrna`s, tcb hg``gwnid tam`b scgws tcb avan`am`b fg`gurs wntc wavb`bidtc raidb, vg`tadb ergp aie katbrna`< Fg`gr
Tavb`bidtc
Xg`tadb (X)
Vbknfgieuftgr Katbrna`
82
(ik)
Nihrarbe
]be
Graidb
^b``gw
Drbbi
ΕX 0 1.>
Da``nuk arsbineb (DaAs) A`ukninuk da``nuk arsbineb (A`DaAs)
81? 0 κ 0 48?
1.86 0 ΕX 0 =.?6
A`ukninuk da``nuk arsbineb (A`DaAs) Da``nuk arsbineb pcgspcneb (DaAs_) A`ukninuk da``nuk nienuk pcgspcneb (A`DaNi_) Da``nuk(NNN) pcgspcneb (Da_)
2>? 0 κ 0 81?
=.?6 0 ΕX 0 =.1?
Da``nuk arsbineb pcgspcneb (DaAs_) A`ukninuk da``nuk nienuk pcgspcneb (A`DaNi_) Da``nuk(NNN) pcgspcneb (Da_)
24? 0 κ 0 2>?
=.1? 0 ΕX 0 =.13
Da``nuk arsbineb pcgspcneb (DaAs_) A`ukninuk da``nuk nienuk pcgspcneb (A`DaNi_) Da``nuk(NNN) pcgspcneb (Da_)
2?? 0 κ 0 24?
Nienuk da``nuk intrneb (NiDaI) / Da``nuk(NNN) intrneb (DaI) Z5=[ 1.> 0 ΕX 0 Da``nuk(NNN) pcgspcneb (Da_) 5.? A`ukninuk da``nuk nienuk pcgspcneb (A`DaNi_) A`ukninuk da``nuk pcgspcneb (A`Da_)
κ 9 48?
M`ub
52? 0 κ 0 2??
=.53 0 ΕX 0 6.4
\nif sb`bineb (\iVb) Nienuk da``nuk intrneb (NiDaI) Vn`nfgi farmneb (VnF) as sumstratb Vn`nfgi (Vn) as sumstratb ― (uiebr ebvb`gpkbit)
Xng`bt
5?? 0 κ 0 52?
=.48 0 ΕX 0 5.?
Nienuk da``nuk intrneb (NiDaI)
ku`tnp`b typbs
=.53 0 ΕX 0 6.4
Eua` m`ub/rbe @BEs, m`ub wntc rbe pcgspcgr, gr wcntb wntc purp`b p`astnf
_urp`b
R`travng`bt κ 0 5??
Tcntb
Enakgie (=62 ik) Z55[Z52[ Mgrgi intrneb (=12 ik) Z58[ A`ukninuk intrneb (A`I) (=1? ik) 6.1 0 ΕX 0 5.5 A`ukninuk da``nuk intrneb (A`DaI) A`ukninuk da``nuk nienuk intrneb (A`DaNiI) ― (egwi Z54[ tg =1? ik)
Mrgae spbftruk ΕX ; 6.2
M`ub/RX engeb wntc yb``gw pcgspcgr
Uam`b 5.2 Fg`gur Fgenid gh ]bsnstgrs
5.11.5 Uypbs<
88
Hnd 5.56 Uypbs gh @BEs @BEs arb prgeufbe ni a varnbty gh scapbs aie snzbs. Ucb 2 kk fy`niernfa` pafjadb (rbe, hnhtc hrgk tcb `bht) ns tcb kgst fgkkgi, bstnkatbe at 3?% gh wgr`e prgeuftngi. Ucb fg`gur gh tcb p`astnf `bis ns ghtbi tcb sakb as tcb aftua` fg`gur gh `ndct bknttbe, mut igt a`ways. Hgr nistaifb, purp`b p`astnf ns ghtbi usbe hgr nihrarbe @BEs, aie kgst m`ub ebvnfbs cavb f`bar cgusnids. Ucbrb arb a`sg @BEs ni VKU pafjadbs, sufc as tcgsb hguie gi m`nijnbs aie gi fb`` pcgib jbypaes (igt scgwi). Ucb kani typbs gh @BEs arb kninaturb, cndc pgwbr ebvnfbs aie fustgk ebsndis sufc as a`pcaiukbrnf gr ku`tn-fg`gur.
5.11.2 Kninaturb @BEs<
Hnd.5.55 Enhhbrbit snzbe @BEs. 3 kk, 2 kk aie 6 kk, wntc a wggebi katfc-stnfj hgr sfa`b. Kani artnf`b< Kninaturb `ndct-bknttnid engeb Ucbsb arb kgst`y snid`b-enb @BEs usbe as nienfatgrs, aie tcb y fgkb ni varngus-snzbs hrgk = kk tg 3 kk, tcrgudc-cg`b aie surhafb kguit pafjadbs. Ucby arb usua``y snkp`b ni ebsndi, igt rbqunrnid aiy sbparatb fgg`nid mgey. Uypnfa` furrbit ratnids raidb hrgk arguie 1 kA tg amgvb =? kA. Ucb ska`` 84
sfa`b sbts a iatura` uppbr mguieary gi pgwbr fgisukptngi eub tg cbat fausbe my tcb cndc furrbit ebisnty aie ibbe hgr cbat snijnid.
5.11.8 Cndc pgwbr @BEs< Cndc pgwbr @BEs hrgk _cn`nps @ukn`bes @ndctnid Fgkpaiy kguitbe gi a =1 kk star scapbe masb kbta` fgrb _FM Cndc pgwbr @BEs (C_@BE) fai mb ernvbi at furrbits hrgk cuierbes gh kA tg kgrb tcai ai akpbrb, fgkparbe wntc tcb tbis gh kA hgr gtcbr @BEs. Vgkb fai prgeufb gvbr a tcgusaie `ukbis. Vnifb gvbrcbatnid ns ebstruftnvb, tcb C_@BEs kust mb kguitbe gi a cbat snij tg a``gw hgr cbat enssnpatngi. Nh tcb cbat hrgk a C_@BE ns igt rbkgvbe, tcb ebvnfb wn`` muri gut ni sbfgies. A snid`b C_@BE fai ghtbi rbp`afb ai nifaiebsfbit mu`m ni a h`asc`ndct, gr mb sbt ni ai array tg hgrk a pgwbrhu` @BE `akp.
5.11.4 Kne-raidb @BEs< Kbenuk pgwbr @BEs arb ghtbi tcrgudc-cg`b kguitbe aie usbe wcbi a gutput gh a hbw `ukbi ns ibbebe. Ucby sgkbtnkbs cavb tcb engeb kguitbe tg hgur `baes (twg fatcgeb `baes, twg aigeb `baes) hgr mbttbr cbat fgieuftngi aie farry ai nitbdratbe `bis. Ai bxakp`b gh tcns ns tcb Vupbr h`ux pafjadb, hrgk _cn`nps @ukn`bes. Ucbsb @BEs arb kgst fgkkgi`y usbe ni `ndct pa ib`s, bkbrdbify `ndctnid aie autgkgtnvb tan`-`ndcts. Eub tg tcb `ardbr akguit gh kbta` ni tcb @BE, tcby arb am`b tg caie`b cndcbr furrbits (arguie 1?? kA). Ucb cndcbr furrbit a``gws hgr tcb cndcbr `ndct gutput rbqunrbe hgr tan`-`ndcts aie bkbrdbify `ndctnid.
5.11.3 App`nfatngi-spbfnhnf varnatngis<
H`ascnid @BEs arb usbe as attbitngi sbbjnid nienfatgrs wntcgut rbqunrnid b xtbria` b`bftrginfs. H`ascnid @BEs rbsbkm`b staieare @BEs mut tcby fgitani ai nitbdratbe ku`tnvnmratgr fnrfunt wcnfc fausbs tcb @BE tg h`asc wntc a typnfa` pbrnge gh gib sbfgie. Ni enhhusbe `bis @BEs tcns ns vnsnm`b as a ska`` m`afj egt. Kgst h`ascnid @BEs bk nt `ndct gh a snid`b fg`gur, mut kgrb sgpcnstnfatbe ebvnfbs fai h`asc mbtwbbi ku`tnp`b fg`gurs aie bvbi haeb tcrgudc a fg`gur sbqubifb usnid ]DM fg`gur knxnid. Mn-fg`gur @BEs arb aftua``y twg enhhbrbit @BEs ni gib fasb. Ucby fgisnst gh twg enbs fgiibftbe tg tcb sakb twg `baes aitnpara``b` tg bafc gtcbr. Furrbit h`gw ni gib enrbftngi prgeufbs gib fg`gur, aie furrbit ni tcb gppgsntb enrbftngi prgeufbs tcb gtcbr fg`gur. A`tbriatnid tcb twg fg`gurs wntc suhhnfnbit hrbqubify fausbs tcb appb araifb gh a m`biebe tcnre fg`gur. Hgr bxakp`b, a rbe/drbbi @BE gpbratbe ni tcns hascngi wn`` fg`gur m`bie tg prgeufb a yb``gw appbaraifb.
83
Urn -fg`gr @ BEs arb twg @BEs ni gib fasb, mut tcb twg @BEs arb fgiibftbe tg sbparatb `baes sg tcat tcb twg @BEs fai mb fgitrg``be niebpbiebit`y aie `nt snku`taibgus`y. A tcrbb -`bae arraidbkbit ns typnfa` wntc gib fgkkgi `bae (aigeb gr fatcgeb).
]DM @B Es fgitani rbe, drbbi aie m`ub bknttbrs, dbibra``y usnid a hgur-wnrb fgiibftngi wntc gib fgkkgi `bae (aigeb gr fatcgeb). Ucbsb @BEs fai cavb bntcbr fgkkgi pgsntnvb gr fgkkgi ibdatnvb `baes. Gtcbrs cgwbvbr, cavb gi`y twg `baes (pgsntnvb aie ibdatnvb) aie cavb a mun`t ni tniy b`bftrginf fgitrg` uint.
A` pcaiukbrn f @B E ensp`ays arb avan`am`b ni sbvbi-sbdkbit aie starmurst hgrkat. Vbvbisbdkbit ensp`ays caie`b a`` iukmbrs aie a `nkntbe sbt gh `bttbrs. Vtarmurst ensp`ays fai ensp`ay a`` `bttbrs. Vbvbi-sbdkbit @BE ensp`ays wbrb ni wnebsprbae usb ni tcb 1>4?s aie 1>3?s, mut nifrbasnid usb gh `nqune frysta` ensp`ays, wntc tcbnr `gwbr pgwbr fgisukptngi aie drbatbr ensp`ay h`bxnmn`nty, cas rbeufbe tcb pgpu`arnty gh iukbrnf aie a`pcaiukbrnf @BE ensp`ays.
5.1= _gwbr sgurfbs< Ucb furrbit/vg`tadb fcaraftbrnstnf gh ai @BE ns snkn`ar tg gtcbr engeb s, ni tcat tcb furrbit ns ebpbiebit bxpgibitna``y gi tcb vg`tadb (sbb Vcgfj`by engeb bquatngi). Ucns kbais tcat a ska`` fcaidb ni vg`tadb fai `bae tg a `ardb fcaidb ni furrbit. Nh tcb kaxnkuk vg`tadb ratnid ns bxfbbebe my a ska`` akguit tcb furrbit ratnid kay mb bxfbbebe my a `ardb akguit, pgtbitna``y eakadnid gr ebstrgynid tcb @BE. Ucb typnfa` sg`utngi ns tcbrbhgrb tg usb fgistait furrbit pgwbr supp`nbs, gr ernvnid tcb @BE at a vg`tadb kufc mb`gw tcb kaxnkuk ratnid. Vnifb kgst cgusbcg`e pgwbr sgurfbs (mattbrnbs, kanis) arb igt fgistait furrbit sgurfbs, kgst @BE hnxturbs kust nif`ueb a pgwbr fgivbrtbr. Cgwbvbr, tcb N /X furvb gh intrneb-masbe @BEs ns quntb stbbp amgvb tcb ji bb aie dnvbs ai N h gh a hbw kn`` akpbrbs at a X h gh 6 X, kajnid nt pgssnm`b tg pgwbr a intrneb-masbe @B E hrgk a 6 X mattbry sufc as a fgni fb`` wntcgut tcb ibbe hgr a furrbit `nkntnid rbsnstgr.
5.1=.1 B`bftrnfa` pg`arnty< As wntc a`` engebs, furrbit h`gws basn`y hrgk p-typb tg i-typb katbrna`. Cg wbvbr, ig furrbit h`gws aie ig `ndct ns prgeufbe nh a ska`` vg`tadb ns app`nbe ni tcb rbvbrsb enrbftngi. Nh tcb rbvb rsb vg`tadb mbfgkbs `ardb bigudc tg bxfbbe tcb mrbajegwi vg`tadb, a `ardb furrbit h`gws aie tcb @BE kay mb eakadbe. Nh tcb rbvbrsb furrbit ns suhhnfnbit`y `nkntbe tg avgne eakadb, tcb rbvbrsb-fgieuftnid @BE ns a usbhu` ignsb engeb.
5.1=.= Aevaitadbs<
Bhhnfnbify< @BEs prgeufb kgrb `ndct pbr watt tcai nifaiebsfbit m u`ms. Ucbnr bhhnfnbify ns igt ahhbftbe my scapb aie snzb, ui`njb H`ugrbsfbit `ndct mu`ms gr tumbs.
Fg`gur< @BEs fai bknt `ndct gh ai nitbiebe fg`gur wntcgut tcb usb gh tcb fg`gur hn`tbrs tcat traentngia` `ndctnid kbtcges rbqunrb. Ucns ns kgrb bhhnfnbit aie fai `gwbr nintna` fgsts. 8>
Vnzb< @BEs fai mb vbry ska`` (ska``br tcai = kk=) aie arb basn`y pgpu`atbe gitg prnitbe fnrfunt mgares.
Gi/Ghh tnkb< @BEs `ndct up vbry qunfj`y. A typnfa` rbe nienfatgr @BE wn`` afcnbvb hu`` mrndctibss ni knfrgsbfgies. @BEs usbe ni fgkkuinfatngis ebvnfbs fai cavb bvbi hastbr rbspgisb tnkbs.
Fyf`nid< @BEs arb neba` hgr usb ni app`nfatngis tcat arb sumlbft tg hrbqubit gi-ghh fyf`nid, ui`njb h`ugrbsfbit `akps tcat muri gut kgrb qunfj`y wcbi fyf`be hrbqubit`y, gr CNE `akps tcat rbqunrb a `gid tnkb mbhgrb rbstartnid.
Enkknid< @BEs fai vbry basn`y mb enkkbe bntcbr my pu`sb-wnetc kgeu`atngi gr `gwbrnid tcb hgrware furrbit.
Fgg` `ndct< Ni fgitrast tg kgst `ndct sgurfbs, @BEs raenatb vbry `ntt`b cbat ni tcb hgrk gh N] tcat fai fausb eakadb tg sbisntnvb gmlbfts gr hamrnfs. Tastbe bibrdy ns enspbrsbe as cbat tcrgudc tcb masb gh tcb @BE.
V`gw han`urb< @BEs kgst`y han` my enkknid gvbr tnkb, ratcbr tcai tcb amrupt muri-gut gh nifaiebsfbit mu`ms.
@nhbtnkb< @BEs fai cavb a rb`atnvb`y `gid usbhu` `nhb. Gib rbpgrt bstnkatbs 62,??? tg 2?, ??? cgurs gh usbhu` `nhb, tcgudc tnkb tg fgkp`btb han`urb ka y mb `gidbr. H`ugrbsfbit tumbs typnfa``y arb ratbe at amgut 1?,??? tg 12,??? cgurs, ebpbienid part`y gi tcb fgientngis gh usb, aie nifaiebsfbit `ndct mu`ms at 1,??? ‖ =,??? cgurs.
4?
Vcgfj rbsnstaifb< @BEs, mbnid sg`ne statb fgkpgibits, arb enhhnfu`t tg eakadb wntc bxtbria` scgfj, ui`njb h`ugrbsfbit aie nifaiebsfbit mu`ms wcnfc arb hradn`b.
Hgfus< Ucb sg`ne pafjadb gh tcb @BE fai mb ebsndibe tg hgfus nts `ndct. Nifaiebsfbit aie h`ugrbsfbit sgurfbs ghtbi rbqunrb ai bxtbria` rbh`bftgr tg fg``bft `ndct ai e enrbft nt ni a usam`b kaiibr.
Ugxnfnty< @BEs eg igt fgitani kbrfury, ui`njb h`ugrbsfbit `akps.
5.1=.6 Ensaevaitadbs<
Vgkb H`ugrbsfbit `akps fai mb kgrb bhhnfnbit.
Cndc nintna` prnfb< @BEs arb furrbit`y kgrb bxpbisnvb, prnfb pbr `ukbi, gi ai nintna` fapnta` fgst masns, tcai kgst fgivbitngia` `ndctnid tbfcig`gdnbs. Ucb aeentngia` bxpbisb partna``y stbks hrgk tcb rb`atnvb`y `gw `ukbi gutput aie tcb ernvb fnrfuntry aie pgwbr supp`nbs ibbebe.
Ubkpbraturb ebpbiebifb< @BE pbrhgrkaifb `ardb`y ebpbies gi tcb akmnbit tbkpbraturb gh tcb gpbratnid bivnrgikbit. Gvbr-ernvnid tcb @BE ni cndc akmnbit tbkpbraturbs kay rbsu`t ni gvbrcbatnid gh tcb @BE pafjadb, bvbitua``y `baenid tg ebvnfb han`urb. Aebquatb cbat-snijnid ns rbqunrbe tg kanitani `gid `nhb. Ucns ns bspbfna``y nkpgrtait wcbi fgisnebrnid autgkgtnvb, kbenfa`, aie kn`ntary app`nfatngis wcbrb tcb ebv nfb kust gpbratb gvbr a `ardb raidb gh tbkpbraturbs, aie ns rbqunrbe tg cavb a `gw han`urb ratb.
Xg`tadb sbisntnvnty< @BEs kust mb supp`nbe wntc tcb vg`tadb amgvb tcb tcrbscg`e aie a furrbit mb`gw tcb ratnid. Ucns fai nivg`vb sbrnbs rbsnstgrs gr furrbit-rbdu`atbe pgwbr supp`nbs.
@ndct qua`nty< Kgst fgg`-wcntb @BEs cavb spbftra tcat enhhbr sndinhnfait`y hrgk a m`afj mgey raenatgr `njb tcb sui gr ai nifaiebsfbit `ndct. Ucb spnjb at 58? ik aie enp at 2?? ik fai fausb tcb fg`gur gh gmlbfts tg mb pbrfbnvbe enhhbrbit`y uiebr fgg`-wcntb @BE n``ukniatngi tcai sui`ndct gr nifaiebsfbit sgurfbs, eub tg kbtakbrnsk, rbe surhafbs mbnid rbiebrbe partnfu`ar`y 41
mae`y my typnfa` pcgspcgr masbe fgg`-wcntb @BEs. Cgwbvbr, tcb fg`gur rbiebrnid prgpbrtnbs gh fgkkgi h`ugrbsfbit `akps arb ghtbi nihbrngr tg wcat ns igw avan`am`b ni statb-gh-art wcntb @BEs.
Arba `ndct sgurfb< @BEs eg igt apprgxnkatb a ‒pgnit sgurfb‘ gh `ndct, mut ratcbr a `akmbrtnai enstrnmutngi. Vg @BEs arb enhhnfu`t tg usb ni app`nfatngis rbqunrnid a spcbrnfa` `ndct hnb`e. @BEs arb igt fapam`b gh prgvnenid envbrdbifb mb`gw a hbw ebdrbbs. Ucns ns fgitrastbe wntc `asbrs, wcnfc fai prgeufb mbaks wntc envbrdbifbs gh ?.= ebdrbbs gr `bss.
M`ub cazare< Ucbrb ns a fgifbri tcat m`ub @BEs aie fgg`-wcntb @BEs arb igw fapam`b gh bxfbbenid sahb `nknts gh tcb sg-fa``be m`ub-`ndct cazare as ebhnibe ni byb sahbty spbfnhnfatngis sufc as AIVN/NBVIA ]_-=4.1-?2< ]bfgkkbiebe _raftnfb hgr _cgtg mng`gdnfa` Vahbty hgr @akp aie @akp Vystbks.
M`ub pg``utngi< Mbfausb fgg`-wcntb @BEs (n.b., @BEs wntc cndc fg`gur tbkpbraturb) bknt prgpgrtngia``y kgrb m`ub `ndct tcai fgivbitngia` guteggr `ndct sgurfbs sufc as cndc-prbssurb sgenuk `akps, tcb strgid wavb`bidtc ebpbiebifb gh ]ay`bndc sfattbrnid kbais tcat fgg`-wcntb @BEs fai fausb kgrb `ndct pg``utngi tcai gtcbr `ndct sgurfbs. Ucb Nitbriatngia` Earj-Vjy Assgfnatngi ensfguradbs tcb usb gh wcntb `ndct sgurfbs wntc fgrrb`atbe fg`gur tbkpbraturb amgvb 6,??? J.
5.1=.5 App`nfatngis< @BE paib` `ndct sgurfb usbe ni ai bxpbrnkbit gi p`ait drgwtc. Ucb hnienids gh sufc bxpbrnkbits kay mb usbe tg drgw hgge ni spafb gi `gid euratngi knssngis. App`nfatngi gh @BEs ha``s nitg hgur kalgr fatbdgrnbs<
Xnsua` sndia` app`nfatngi wcbrb tcb `ndct dgbs kgrb gr `bss enrbft`y hrgk tcb @BE tg tcb cukai byb, tg fgivby a kbssadb gr kbainid. N``ukniatngi wcbrb @BE `ndct ns rbh`bftbe hrgk gmlbft tg dnvb vnsua` rbspgisb gh tcbsb gmlbfts. Dbibratb `ndct hgr kbasurnid aie nitbraftnid wntc prgfbssbs tcat eg igt nivg`vb tcb cukai vnsua` systbk. Iarrgw maie `ndct sbisgrs wcbrb tcb @BE ns gpbratbe ni a rbvbrsb-mnas kgeb aie ns rbspgisnvb tg nifnebit `ndct nistbae gh bknttnid `ndct.
5.1=.2 Nienfatgrs aie sndis<
4=
Ucb `gw bibrdy fgisukptngi, `gw kanitbiaifb aie ska`` snzb gh kgebri @BEs cas `be tg app`nfatngis as status nienfatgrs aie ensp`ays gi a varnbty gh bq unpkbit aie nista``atngis. @ardb arba @BE ensp`ays arb usbe as staenuk ensp`ays aie as eyiaknf ebfgratnvb ensp`ays. Ucni, `ndctwbndct kbssadb ensp`ays arb usbe at anrpgrts aie ran`way statngis, aie as e bstniatngi ensp`ays hgr tranis, musbs, traks, aie hbrrnbs. Ucb snid`b fg`gur `ndct ns wb`` suntbe hgr trahhnf `ndcts aie sndia`s, bxnt sndis, bkbrdbify vbcnf`b `ndctnid, scnps' `aitbris aie @BE-masbe Fcrnstkas `ndcts. Ni fg`e f`nkatbs, @BE trahhnf `ndcts kay rbkani sigw fgvbrbe. ]be gr yb``gw @BEs arb usbe ni nienfatgr aie a`pcai ukbrnf ensp`ays ni bivnrgikbits wcbrb indct vnsngi kust mb rbtanibe< anrfraht fgfjpnts, sumkarnib aie scnp mrnedbs, astrgigky gmsbrvatgrnbs, aie ni tcb hnb`e, b.d. indc t tnkb ainka` watfcnid aie kn`ntary hnb`e usb. Mbfausb gh tcbnr `gid `nhb aie hast swntfcnid tnkbs, @BEs cavb mbbi usbe hgr autgkgtnvb cndc-kguitbe mrajb `ndcts aie trufj aie mus mrajb `ndcts aie turi sndia`s hgr sgkb tnkb, mut kai y vbcnf`bs igw usb @BEs hgr tcbnr rbar `ndct f`ustbrs. Ucb usb gh @BEs a`sg cas sty`nid aevaitadbs mbfausb @BEs arb fapam`b gh hgrknid kufc tcniibr `ndcts tcai nifai ebsfbit `akps wntc paramg`nf rbh`bftgrs. Ucb sndinhnfait nkprgvbkbit ni tcb tnkb tajbi tg `ndct up (pbrcaps ?.2 s hastbr tcai ai nifaiebsfbit m u`m) nkprgvbs sahbty my dnvnid ernvbrs kgrb tnkb tg rbaft. Nt cas mb bi rbpgrtbe tcat at igrka` cndcway spbbes tcns bqua`„s gib far `bidtc nifrbasbe rbaftngi tnkb hgr tcb far mbcnie. Tcntb @BE cbae`akps arb mbdniinid tg kajb ai appbaraifb. Ni ai eua` nitbisnty fnrfunt(n.b. rbar karjbrs aie m rajbs) nh tcb @BEs arb igt pu`sbe at a hast bigudc hrbqubify, tcby fai frbatb a pcaitgk array, wcbrb dcgst nkadbs gh tcb @BE wn`` appbar nh tcb b ybs qunfj`y sfai afrgss tcb array. Eub tg tcb rb`atnvb fcbapibss gh `gw gutput @BEs, tcby arb a`sg usbe ni kaiy tbkpgrary app`nfatngis sufc as d`gw stnfjs, tcrgwnbs, aie tcb pcgtginf tbxtn`b @uka`nvb. Artnsts cavb a`sg usbe @BEs hgr @BE art. Tbatcbr/a``-cazares raeng rbfbnvbrs wntc Vpbfnhnf Arba Kbssadb Bifgenid (VAKB) cavb tcrbb @BEs< rbe hgr warinids, graidb hgr watfcbs, aie yb``gw hgr aevnsgrnbs & statbkbits wcbibvbr nssube.
Tntc tcb ebvb`gpkbit gh cndc bhhnfnbify aie cndc pgwbr @BEs nt cas mbfgkb pgssnm`b tg nifgrpgratb @BEs ni `ndctnid aie n``ukniatngi. ]bp`afbkbit `ndct mu`ms cavb mbbi kaeb as wb`` as ebenfatbe hnxturbs aie @BE `akps. @BEs arb usbe as strbbt `ndcts aie ni gtcbr arfcntbftura` `ndctnid wcbrb fg`gur fcaidnid ns usbe. Ucb kbfcainfa` rgmustibss a ie `gid `nhbtnkb ns usbe ni autgkgtnvb `ndctnid gi fars, kgtgrfyf`bs aie gi mnfyf`b `ndcts. @BEs cavb mbbi usbe hgr `ndctnid gh strbbts aie gh parjnid daradbs. Ni =??4, tcb Nta`nai vn``adb Ugrrafa was tcb hnrst p`afb tg fgivbrt nts bitnrb n``ukniatngi systbk tg @BEs. @BEs arb usbe ni avnatngi `ndctnid. Anrmus cas usbe @BE `ndctnid ni tcbnr Anrmus A6=? Bicaifbe snifb =??4, aie Mgbnid p`ais nts usb ni tcb 434. @BEs arb a`sg mbnid usbe igw ni anrpgrt aie cb`npgrt `ndctnid. @BE anrpgrt hnxturbs furrbit`y nif`ueb kbenuk nitbisnty ruiway `ndcts, ruiway fbitrb `nib `ndcts aie gmstruftngi `ndctnid.
46
@BEs arb a`sg suntam`b hgr mafj`ndctnid hgr @FE tb`bvnsngis aie `ndctwbndct `aptgp ensp`ays aie `ndct sgurfb hgr E@_ prglbftgrs (Vbb @BE UX). ]DM @BEs nifrbasb tcb fg`gur dakut my as kufc as 52%. Vfrbbis hgr UX aie fgkputbr ensp`ays fai mb kaeb nifrbasnid`y tcni usnid @BEs hgr mafj`ndctnid. @BEs arb mbnid usbe nifrbasnid`y fgkkgi`y hgr aqu arnuk `ndctnid. _artnfu`ar hgr rbbh aquarnuks, @BE `ndcts prgvneb ai bhhnfnbit `ndct sgurfb wntc `bss cbat gutput tg cb`p kanitani gptnka` aquarnuk tbkpbraturbs. @BE-masbe aquarnuk hnxturbs a`sg cavb tcb aevaitadb gh mbnid kaiua``y aelustam`b tg prgeufb a spbfnhnf fg`gur-spbftruk hgr neba` fg`gratngi gh fgra`s, hnsc, aie nivbrtbmratbs wcn`b gptnknznid pcgtg syibtcnfa``y aftnvb raenatngi (_A]) wcnfc nifrbasbs drgwtc aie sustaniamn`nty gh pcgtgsyitcbtnf `nhb sufc as fgra`s, aibkgibs, f`aks. Ucbsb hnxturbs fai mb b`bftrginfa``y prgdrakkbe ni grebr tg snku`atb varngus `ndctnid fgientngis tcrgudcgut tcb ea y, rbh`bftnid pcasbs gh tcb sui aie kggi hgr a eyiaknf rbbh bxpbrnbifb. @BE hnxturbs typnfa``y fgst up tg hnvb tnkbs as kufc as snkn`ar`y ratbe h`ugrbsfbit gr cndc-nitbisnty ensfcardb `ndctnid ebsndibe hgr rbbh aquarnuks aie ns igt as cndc gutput tg eatb. Ucb `afj gh N]/cbat raenatngi kajbs @BEs neba` hgr stadb `ndcts usnid maijs gh ]DM @BEs tcat fai basn`y fcaidb fg`gur aie ebfrbasb cbatnid hrgk traentngia` stadb `ndctnid, as wb`` as kbenfa` `ndctnid wcbrb N]-raenatngi fai mb carkhu`. Vnifb @BEs arb ska``, euram`b aie rbqunrb `ntt`b pgwbr tcb y arb usbe ni caie cb`e ebvnfbs sufc as h`asc`ndcts. @BE strgmb `ndcts gr fakbra h`ascbs gpbratb at a sahb, `gw vg`tadb, as gppgsbe tg tcb =2?+ vg`ts fgkkgi`y hguie ni xbigi h`asc `akp-masbe `ndctnid. Ucns ns partnfu`ar`y app`nfam`b tg fakbras gi kgmn`b pcgibs, wcbrb spafb ns at a prbknuk aie mu`jy vg`tadb-nifrbasnid fnrfuntry ns uiebsnram`b. @BEs arb usbe hgr nihrarbe n``ukniatngi ni indct vnsngi app`nfatngis nif`uenid sbfurnty fakbras. A rnid gh @BEs arguie a vnebg fakbra, ankbe hgrware nitg a rbtrg rbh`bftnvb mafjdrguie, a``gws Fcrgka jbynid ni vnebg prgeuftngis. @BEs arb usbe hgr ebfgratnvb `ndctnid as wb``. Rsbs nif`ueb mut arb igt `nkntbe tg nieggr/guteggr ebfgr, `nkgusnibs, fardg tran`brs, fgivbrsngi vais, frunsb scnps, ]Xs, mgats, autgkgmn`bs, ai e utn`nty trufjs. Ebfgratnvb @BE `ndctnid fai a`sg fgkb ni tcb hgrk gh `ndctbe fgkpaiy sndiadb aie stbp aie ans`b `ndctnid ni tcbatrbs aie auentgrnuks.
5.1=.8 Vkart `ndctnid< @ndct fai mb usbe tg traisknt mrgaemaie eata, wcnfc ns a`rbaey nkp`bkbitbe ni NrEA staieares usnid nihrarbe @BEs. Mbfausb @BEs fai fyf`b gi aie ghh kn``ngis gh tnkbs pbr sbfgie, tcby fai, ni bhhbft, mbfgkb wnrb`bss rgutbrs hgr eata traispgrt. @asbrs fai a`sg mb kgeu`atbe ni tcns kaiibr.
5.1=.4 Vustaniam`b `ndctnid< Bhhnfnbit `ndctnid ns ibbebe hgr sustaniam`b arfcntbfturb. A 16 watt @BE `akp prgeufbs 52? tg 82? `ukbis. Ucns ns bqunva`bit tg a staieare 5? watt nifaiebsfbit mu`m. A staieare 5? T nifaiebsfbit mu`m cas ai bxpbftbe `nhbspai gh 1,??? cgurs wcn`b ai @BE fai fgitniub tg gpbratb wntc rbeufbe bhhnfnbify hgr kgrb tcai 2?,??? cgurs, 2? tnkbs `gidbr tcai tcb nifaiebsfbit mu`m.
5.1=.3 Bivnrgikbita``y hrnbie`y gptngis< 45
Z>=[
A snid`b jn`gwatt-cgur gh b`bftrnfnty wn`` dbibratb 1.65 pgui es (81? d) gh FG= bknssngis. Assuknid tcb avbradb `ndct mu`m ns gi hgr 1? cgurs a eay, a snid`b 5?-watt nifaiebsfbit mu`m wn`` dbibratb 1>8 pguies (3> jd) gh FG= bvbry ybar. Ucb 16-watt @BE bqunva`bit wn`` gi`y mb rbspgisnm`b hgr 86 pguies (=> jd) gh FG= gvbr tcb sakb tnkb spai. A mun`enid„s farmgi hggtprnit hrgk `ndctnid fai mb rbeufbe my 83% my bxfcaidnid a`` nifaiebsfbit mu`ms hgr ibw @BEs ni wark f`nkatbs. Ni fg`e f`nkatbs, tcb bibrdy savnid kay mb `gwbr, snifb kgrb cbatnid wgu`e mb ibbebe tg fgkpbisatb hgr tcb `gwbr tbkpbraturb. @BEs arb a`sg igi-tgxnf ui`njb tcb kgrb pgpu`ar bibrdy bhhnfnbit mu`m gptngi< tcb fgkpaft h`ugrbsfbit a.j.a. FH@ wcnfc fgitanis trafbs gh carkhu` kbrfury. Tcn`b tcb akguit gh kbrfury ni a FH@ ns ska``, nitrgeufnid `bss nitg tcb bivnrgikbit ns prbhbram`b.
5.1=.> Bfgigknfa``y sustaniam`b< @BE `ndct mu`ms fgu`e mb a fgst-bhhbftnvb gptngi hgr `ndctnid a cgkb gr ghhnfb spafb mbfausb gh tcbnr vbry `gid `nhbtnkbs. Fgisukbr usb gh @BEs as a rb p`afbkbit hgr fgivbitngia` `ndctnid systbk ns furrbit`y cakpbrbe my tcb cndc fgst aie `gw bhhnfnbify gh avan`am`b prgeufts. =??> EGB tbstnid rbsu`ts scgwbe ai avbradb bhhnfafy gh 62 `k/T, mb`gw tcat gh typnfa` FH@s, aie as `gw as > `k/T, wgrsb tcai staieare nifaiebsfbit. Ucb cndc nintna` fgst gh tcb fgkkbrfna` @BE mu`m ns eub tg tcb bxpbisnvb sappcnrb sumstratb wcnfc ns jby tg tcb prgeuftngi prgfbss. Ucb sappcnrb apparatus kust mb fgup`be wntc a knrrgr-`njb fg``bftgr tg rbh`bft `ndct tcat wgu`e gtcbrwnsb mb wastbe. Ni =??3, a katbrna`s sfnbifb rbsbarfc tbak at _ureub Rinvbrsnty suffbbebe ni prgeufnid @BE mu`ms wntc a sumstntutb hgr tcb sappcnrb fgkpgibits.. Ucb tbak usbe kbta`-fgatbe sn`nfgi wahbrs wntc a mun`tni rbh`bftnvb `aybr gh znrfginuk intrneb tg `bssbi tcb gvbra`` prgeuftngi fgst gh tcb @BE. Ucby prbenft tcat wntcni a hbw ybars, @BEs prgeufbe wntc tcbnr rbvg`utngiary, ibw tbfcinqub wn`` mb fgkp btntnvb`y prnfbe wntc FH@s. Ucb `bss bxpbisnvb @BE wgu`e igt gi`y mb tcb mbst bibrdy savbr, mut a`sg a vbry bfgigknfa` mu`m.
42
FCA_UB] 2< VGHUTA]B NK_@BKBIUAUNGI Ucb bvg`utngi gh stbtcgsfgpbs gvbr tcb `ast twg fbiturnbs cas assnstbe tcb kbenfa` fgkkuinty ni sg`vnid fgkkgi kbenfa` prgm`bks kgrb bhhbftnvb`y. Cbart kurkurs, `uid ensbasbs aie gtcbr nitbria` fgientngis wbrb gifb fgisnebrbe enhhnfu`t tg enadigsb. Ucb stbtcgsfgpb cas dgib hrgk a snkp`b, aueng ebvnfb kaeb gh nibxpbisnvb katbrna`s tg ai b`bftrginf ebvnfb tcat a``gws cgspnta` stahh tg hgfus tcbnr attbitngi tg nkpgrtait sykptgks. Ucb sghtwarb nkp`bkbitatngi gh gur prglbft cas mbbi egib usnid Iatngia` Nistrukbits ebsndibe sghtwarb Ku`tnsnk. Iatngia` Nistrukbits , gr IN (IAVEAQ< IAUN), ns ai Akbrnfai fgkpaiy wntc gvbr 2,??? bkp`gybbs aie enrbft gpbratngis ni 51 fguitrnbs. Cbaequartbrbe ni Austni, Ubxas, nt ns a prgeufbr gh autgkatbe tbst bqunpkbit aie vnrtua` nistrukbitatngi sghtwarb. Ucbnr sghtwarb prgeufts nif`ueb @am XNBT, a drapcnfa` ebvb`gpkbit bivnrgikbit, @am Tniegws/FXN, wcnfc prgvnebs XN tgg`s hgr F, Ubst Vtaie, a tbst sbqubifnid aie kaiadbkbit bivnrgikbit, aie Ku`tnsnk (hgrkbr`y B`bftrginfs Tgrjmbifc), ai b`bftrnfa` fnrfunt aia`ysns prgdrak. Ucbnr carewarb prgeufts nif`ueb XSN, XKBmus, aie _SN hrakbs aie kgeu`bs, as wb`` as nitbrhafbs hgr D_NM, N½F, aie gtcbr nieustrna` autgkatngi staieares. Ucby a`sg sb`` rba`-tnkb bkmbeebe fgitrg``brs, nif`uenid Fgkpaft Hnb`e _gnit aie Fgkpaft]NG. Fgkkgi app`nfatngis nif`ueb eata afqunsntngi, nistrukbit fgitrg` aie kafcnib vnsngi. Ku`tnsnk prgvnebs tcb usbr wntc a vnrtua` mrbaemgare wntc a varnbe iukmbr gh fgkpgibits gptngi tg mb usbe hgr basy ebsndinid gh fnrfunts. Ku`tnsnk bqunps beufatgrs, stuebits, aie prghbssngia`s wntc tcb tgg`s tg aia`yzb fnrfunt mbcavngr. Ucb nituntnvb aie basy-tg-usb sghtwarb p`athgrk fgkmnibs sfcbkatnf fapturb aie nieustry-staieare V_NFB snku`atngi nitg a snid`b nitbdratbe bivnrgikbit. Ku`tnsnk amstrafts tcb fgkp`bxntnbs aie enhhnfu`tnbs gh traentngia` syitax-masbe snku`atngi, sg ygu ig `gidbr ibbe tg mb ai bxpbrt ni V_NFB tg snku`atb aie aia`yzb fnrfunts. Ku`tnsnk ns avan`am`b ni twg enstnift vbrsngis tg kbbt tcb tbafcnid ibbes gh beufatgrs gr tcb ebsndi ibbes gh prghbssngia`s. Ku`tnsnk prgvnebs wntc a `gt gh gptngis gh fgkpgibits tcat arb a`rbaey a part gh tcb sghtwarb sg tcat `ntt`b `bhts tg mb egib gi tcb part gh tcb ebsndibr. A`` gtcbr fgkpgibits tcat arb ibbebe fai mb basn`y snku`atbe gi tcb vnrtua` mrbae mgare prgvnebe ni nt. Tb snku`atbe tcb hg``gwnid fnrfunt enadrak as pbr tcb rbqunrbkbit gh tcb prglbft<
48
Hnd. 2.1 Vnku`atbe Enadraks gi Ku`tnsnk
Ucb fgkpgibits usbe sbqubitna``y arb< 1. Knfrgpcgib =. Gpbratngia` akp`nhnbr 6. @gw pass hn`tbr. 5. Cndc pass hn`tbr. 2. Aia`gd tg endnta` fgivbrtbr. 8. Fatcgeb ray gsfn``gsfgpb. 4. @BE Rsnid tcns snku`atngi wb fai rbfgre a cbart sguie, aia`yzb nt aie vnbw tcb wavbhgrk gi tcb gsfn``gsfgpb. Ucb kaxnkuk akguit gh tnkb hgr wcnfc cbart sguie fai mb rbfgrebe ni ku`tnsnk 11.? ns > sbfgies.
44
Hnd.2.= Niput Vndia` wntc Knfrgpcgib
43
Hnd.2.6 Vndia` ahtbr _assnid tcrgudc @gw _ass Hn`tbr
4>
Hnd.2.5 Vndia` ahtbr _assnid tcrgudc Maie _ass Hn`tbr
3?
FCA_UB] 8< HRUR]B VFG_B Tb arb igt lust egnid a prglbft: wb arb ebvb`gpnid a usbhu` prgeuft. Ucns prgvnebs ai gppgrtuinty hgr stuebits tg hnie gut wcat rba``y kgtnvatbs dgge bidnibbrs< tcb tcrn`` gh frbatnid sgkbtcnid tcat gtcbr pbgp`b wn`` mb bxfntbe amgut aie wait tg usb. Ibar`y a`` kbenfa` pbrsgiib` aftnvb`y nivg`vbe ni tcb trbatkbit aie enadigsns gh patnbits usb stbtcgsfgpbs gi a ean`y masns. Vtbtcgsfgpbs arb usbe hgr pu`sb kbasurnid, m`gge prbssurb kgintgrnid, aie enadigsns gh farengvasfu`ar, rbspnratgry, aie endbstnvb ensbasbs. Ucb kalgrnty gh stbtcgsfgpbs furrbit`y gi tcb karjbt arb afgustnf ebvnfbs tcat usb purb`y passnvb kbfcainfa` parts tg nsg`atb aie hgfus sguie dbibratbe my tcb mgey. Ucgudc tcbsb kbtcges cavb mbbi usbe hgr ybars, tcb snkp`nfnty gh sufc ebvnfbs ns gvbrscaegwbe my pggr sguie qua`nty, ensfgkhgrt, aie cndc fgst. Ucbsb ebvnfbs arb a`sg enhhnfu`t tg nitbrhafb wntc kgebri tbfcig`gdnbs sufc as fgkputbrs tg rbfgre aie aia`yzb mgey sguies. Ucbrbhgrb b`bftrginf stbtcgsfgpbs ibbe tg mb ebsndibe tcat arb fgkparam`b ni fgst, cas mbttbr afgustnf rbspgisb, aie fai nitbrhafb wntc kgebri tbfcig`gdnbs mbttbr tcai tcb furrbit afgustnf stbtcgsfgpb. B`bftrginf stbtcgsfgpbs cavb mbbi usbe hgr tcb `ast fgup`b gh ebfaebs, a`tcgudc nt ns gi`y rbfbit`y tcat tcby cavb danibe aiy affbptaifb ni bvbryeay kbenfa` praftnfb. Ucns ns mbfausb cnstgrnfa` b`bftrginf stbtcgsfgpbs wbrb typnfa``y mu`jy aie igi-pgrtam`b, rbqunrnid `ardb sbparatb fasbs tg cgusb tcb b`bftrginfs. Mbfausb gh tcns, b`bftrginf stbtcgsfgpbs wbrb gi`y usbe ni rbsbarfc aie aevaifbe enadigstnf sbttnids. ]bfbit aevaifbs ni knfrgb`bftrginfs cavb `be tg ska``br, kgrb pgrtam`b ebvnfbs, aie a sumsbqubit rnsb ni b`bftrginf stbtcgsfgpb usadb ni bvbryeay kbenfnib. Ucns prglbft ns gur bhhgrt tgwares ebsndinid sufc ai b`bftrginf stbtcgsfgpb wcnfc igt gi`y nitbrhafbs wntc fgkputbrs aie gtcbr ensp`ay ebvnfbs basn`y mut ns a`sg fgst bhhbftnvb aie basy tg usb. Tb cavb usbe tcb snkp`bst gh fgkpgibits jigwi sg tcat tcb ebsndinid gh tcns stbtcgsfgpb fai mb uinvbrsa` aie cavb snku`atbe nt tcrgudc ku`tnsnk sghtwarb wcnfc ns ratcbr snkp`b sghtwarb tg wgrj gi. Vg fgisnebrnid tcb wnebsprbae usb gh stbtcgsfgpbs hgr enadigstnf purpgsbs wb cgpb tcb stbtcgsfgpb wb ebsndibe tg mb a suffbss jbbpnid ni knie tcb nts aevaitadbs gvbr tcb afgustnf aie gtcbr mu`jy stbtcgsfgpbs igw mbnid usbe. Ucb varngus aevaitadbs wcnfc tcns stbtcgsfgpb cas g vbr gtcbrs arb< 1. Ucns prgvnebs hgr mbttbr ignsb faifb``atngi sg a mbt tbr sndia` ns gmtanibe. =. Nt ns vbry basy tg mb nkp`bkbitbe mgtc ni tbrks gh sghtwarb aie carewarb. 6. Nt ns ratcbr fgkpaft aie pgrtam`b. 5. Nt ns vbry fgst bhhbftnvb. 2. A cbart mbat fai mb rbfgrebe aie aia`yzbe `atbr gi. 8. Ucns prgvnebs hgr tcb vnbwnid aie stgrnid gh tcb wavbhgrk wcnfc ns igt pgssnm`b ni ai afgustnf stbtcgsfgpb. Ucns ebsndi fai mb hurtcbr nkprgvbe aie kaeb a `gt mbttbr wntc s`ndct varnatngis ni tcb fgkpgibits usbe. Kgrb aevaifbe fgkpgibits nh usbe fai rbsu`t ni a kgrb fgkpaft aie brrgr hrbb ebvnfb.
]BHB]BIFBV
31
1. Mngkbenfa` Nistrukbitatngi aie Kbasurbkbits my @bs`nb Frgkwb``, Hrbe .L. Tbnmb`` aie Brnfc A. _hbnhhbr, sbfgie bentngi, pum`nscbe my _rbitnfb-Ca``, NIF, NVMI->43-31-=?6-?826-?. =. Caiemggj gh Mngkbenfa` Nistrukbitatngi my ].V. Jcaiepur, sbfgie bentngi pum`nscbe my UataKfDraw-Cn`` pum`nscnid fgkpaiy `nkntbe. NVMI-16<>43-?-?4-?54622-6, NVMI-1?43-31-=?6-1543-3. 5. Ucb 3?21 Knfrgfgitrg``br aie Bkmbeebe Vystbks < Rsnid Assbkm`y aie F ,Vbfgie Bentngi ,NVMI < ?611>5?=x/>43?1611>5?=1 my Kaznen, Kucakkae A`n : Lainfb Dn``npsb ,KfJni`ay ,]gmni E.,pum`nscbe my _barsgi Beufatngi,Nif. 2. A Fgursb ni B`bftrnfa` aie B`bftrginf Kbasurbkbits aie Nistrukbitatngi,My A.J.Vawciby aie tc _uibbt Vawciby,14 Bentngi _um`nscbe my Ecaipat ]an aie Fg.(_) @te,NVMI <31-44??-?18-? 8. A.D. Un`jnai aie K.M. Fgigvbr, ‒Riebrstaienid Cbart Vguies aie Kurkurs, hgurtc bentngi‘, T.M Vauiebrs Fgkpaiy =??1, NVMI ?-4=18-4856-S. 4. D.L. Ugrtgra aie V.]. Dramgwsjn, ‒_rnifnp`bs gh Aiatgky aie _cysng`gdy, initc bentngi‘, Lgci Tn`by & Vgis, NIF. =???, NVMI ?-541-688>=-4. 3. F. Ac`strgk, ‒Ai Attbkpt tg Fcaraftbrnzb Enhhbrbit Vystg`nf Kurkurs‘, Ubfcinfa` rappgrt, @nijøpnid„s uinvbrsntbt, NKU, =??=. >. Euhrbsib aie Eainb` X. Cu`sb. RV patbit 8?=814?< B`bftrginf Vtbtcgsfgpb wntc Neba`nzbe Mb`` aie Enapcradk Kgebs. 1?. ‒App`y B`bftrbt Knfrgpcgibs tg Xgnfb Niput Ebsndis.‘ DBIUBS B`bftrg Afgustnf _rgeufts. 11. Jukar, Ammas, Haustg< ]gmmnis aie Fgtrai _atcg`gdnf Masns gh Ensbasb, 4tc Be. p. 228 1=. Duytgi, A.F. & Ca``, L.B. (=??8) Ubxtmggj gh Kbenfa` _cysng`gdy (11tc be.) _cn`aeb`pcna< B`sbvnbr Vauiebr NVMI ?-4=18-?=5?-1 16. Katgi, Aitcba: Lbai Cgpjnis, Fcar`bs Tn``nak Kf@audc`ni, Vusai Lgcisgi, Karyaiia Qugi Taribr, Eavne @aCart, Ln`` E. Trndct (1>>6). Cukai Mng`gdy aie Cba`tc. Bid`bwgge F`nhhs, Ibw Lbrsby< _rbitnfb Ca``. NVMI ?-16->31148-1. GF@F 6=6?3664. 15. ]gkbr, A`hrbe Vcbrwgge: _arsgis, Ucgkas V. (1>44). Ucb Xbrtbmratb Mgey. _cn`aeb`pcna, _A< Cg`t-Vauiebrs Nitbriatngia`. pp. 564 ‖ 55=. NVMI ?-?6->1?=35-S. 12. "Ucb Farengvasfu`ar Vystbk." Matbs, M. A Duneb tg _cysnfa` Bxakniatngi aie Cnstgry Uajnid. >c Be. =??2. 18. Kazur, D`bi (=??6). Af`s< _rnifnp`bs Aie _raftnfb. ZEa``as, US[< Akbr Cbart Assi. pp. 41 ‖ 34. NVMI ?-345>6-651-=. 14. Maribs, Ucgkas Darebi: Fukknis, ]nfcare G.: Hnb`e, Lgci: Caznisjn, Kary Hrai (=??6). AF@V hgr bxpbrnbifbe prgvnebrs. ZEa``as, US[< Akbrnfai Cbart Assgfnatngi. pp. 6 ‖ 2. NVMI ?345>6-5=5->. 13. =??2 Akbrnfai Cbart Assgfnatngi Duneb`nibs hgr Farengpu`kgiary ]bsusfntatngi aie Bkbrdbify Farengvasfu`ar Farb (Ebfbkmbr =??2). 1>. Envnsngi gh Xnta` Vtatnstnfs: Arna`en K. Kninñg, K._.C., Kb`ginb _. Cbrgi, _c.E., Vcbrry @. Kurpcy, M.V., Jbiibtc E. Jgfcaibj, K.A. (=??4-?3-=1). =?. Ucgkas C. @bb, Ucb ebsndi gh FKGV raeng-hrbqubify nitbdratbe fnrfunts, Fakmrnedb Rinvbrsnty _rbss, =??5 NVMI ?2=13626>>, padb =?. =1. "Ucb @BE„s Earj Vbfrbt< Vg`ne-statb `ndctnid wgi't supp`ait tcb `ndctmu`m uitn` nt fai gvbrfgkb tcb kystbrngus ka`aey jigwi as erggp," my ]nfcare Vtbvbisgi, NBBB Vpbftruk,Audust =??>". ==. Egrh, ]nfcare F.: Vvgmgea, Lakbs A. (=??1). Nitrgeuftngi tg B`bftrnf Fnrfunts (2tc be.). Ibw ^grj< Lgci Tn`by aie Vgis, Nif.. NVMI ?-541-6383>-3. 3=
=6. A. J. Kanin "B`bftrginf _rglbfts hgr Mbdniibrs", "_ustaj Kaca`", =ie Bentngi< Karfc, 1>>3. =5. B`bftrgfcbknstry Bifyf`gpbena - B`bftrg`ytnf Fapafntgrs. =2. Tatjnisgi, Lgci (ybar 1>>3), Ucb Art gh Vguie ]bprgeuftngi. Hgfa` _rbss. pp. =83, 54>. NVMI ?=5?2121=>. =8. Vbera, Aeb` (1>>1). Knfrgb`bftrginf Fnrfunts, 6 be.. Vauiebrs Fg``bdb _um`nscnid. p. 8?. NVMI ?-?6-?21853-S. =4. Ka`kstaet, Bijb aie Frgufc, B`bftrginfs aie Nistrukbitatngi hgr Vfnbitnsts, Ucb Mbilakni/Fukknids _um`nscnid Fgkpaiy, Nif., 1>31Ka`kstaet, Bijb aie Frgufc, B`bftrginfs aie Nistrukbitatngi hgr Vfnbitnsts, Ucb Mbilakni/Fukknids _um`nscnid Fgkpaiy, Nif., 1>31, NVMI ?-3?26-8>14-1.
@NVU GH HNDR]BV
Hnd 1.1....................................................................................................................................1 Hnd Hnd Hnd Hnd Hnd Hnd Hnd Hnd Hnd Hnd Hnd Hnd
1.=....................................................................................................................................= =.1....................................................................................................................................6 =.=....................................................................................................................................6 =.6....................................................................................................................................2 =.5....................................................................................................................................8 =.2....................................................................................................................................4 =.8....................................................................................................................................3 =.4....................................................................................................................................3 =.3....................................................................................................................................> =.>....................................................................................................................................1? =.1?..................................................................................................................................11 =.11..................................................................................................................................16
Hnd 5.1....................................................................................................................................18 36
Hnd Hnd Hnd Hnd Hnd Hnd Hnd Hnd Hnd Hnd Hnd Hnd Hnd Hnd Hnd Hnd Hnd Hnd Hnd Hnd Hnd Hnd Hnd Hnd Hnd Hnd Hnd Hnd Hnd Hnd Hnd Hnd Hnd Hnd Hnd Hnd Hnd Hnd Hnd Hnd Hnd Hnd Hnd
5.=....................................................................................................................................14 5.6....................................................................................................................................13 5.5....................................................................................................................................1> 5.2....................................................................................................................................1> 5.8....................................................................................................................................1> 5.4....................................................................................................................................=1 5.3....................................................................................................................................== 5.>....................................................................................................................................=8 5.1?..................................................................................................................................=4 5.11..................................................................................................................................=3 5.1=..................................................................................................................................6? 5.16..................................................................................................................................66 5.15..................................................................................................................................66 5.12..................................................................................................................................65 5.18..................................................................................................................................62 5.14..................................................................................................................................68 5.13..................................................................................................................................63 5.1>..................................................................................................................................6> 5.=?..................................................................................................................................5? 5.=1..................................................................................................................................5= 5.==..................................................................................................................................56 5.=6..................................................................................................................................56 5.=5..................................................................................................................................55 5.=2..................................................................................................................................55 5.=8..................................................................................................................................52 5.=4..................................................................................................................................58 5.=3..................................................................................................................................26 5.=>..................................................................................................................................25 5.6?..................................................................................................................................22 5.61..................................................................................................................................28 5.6=..................................................................................................................................24 5.66..................................................................................................................................23 5.65..................................................................................................................................23 5.62..................................................................................................................................8? 5.68..................................................................................................................................8? 5.64..................................................................................................................................81 5.63..................................................................................................................................8= 5.6>..................................................................................................................................8= 5.5?..................................................................................................................................85 5.51..................................................................................................................................82 5.5=..................................................................................................................................82 5.56..................................................................................................................................84 5.55..................................................................................................................................83
Hnd 2.1....................................................................................................................................43 Hnd 2.=....................................................................................................................................4> Hnd 2.6....................................................................................................................................3? 35
