LONGMAN
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Writing Teac Te ache her' r'ss Bo Bool< ol<
Mary Stephens
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Sed Se dion
Page page pag e 2
ised ePE Pap Pape er 2: Dos and Don' Don'ts e\--ed ePE Pa per 2: Task types Compositio Compo sition n mar k ki ng e'i ed ePE Paper 2: 2 : Marking criter criter ia ia :-on notes notes (Uni Units ts 1-20) book s: inf or mation mation and sam pl ple e questi questions
page pa ge 2 pag age e 3 page pa ge 4 pag pa ge 5 pa p age 7
New Ne w Pr Prof ofic iciienc Wri riti ting ng:: an ove verv rvie iew w ides es syst systemat atiic train trainiing in t th he wr iting sk sk ills ills re requir quir ed f or Pa P a p pe er r 2 2 of th the New Ne w Pro Pro f f icie iciency ncy Wri Writ t in g pr ovid R evise sed d Pr of of iciency exa examina minattion ion.. The boo ook k is d divid ivide ed into six sec secttio ion ns co cov verin ring g ea eac ch of the six dif f fe r ent text text ty p pes es:: lett tte er s, articles articles,, essa essays, pr oposa oposalls, r e p po or ts ts and re rev views. Each unit starts starts with an exam ques question tion so that st stu udents ca can n see the tas task k to be be ac ach hie iev ved. T Th he ques qu estio tion ns that f oll llow ow are are designed to devel develop st stu udent nts' s' awar eness of their tar get r ead eader and their pu p ur p po ose in in w wri ritting, and the type of format and and sty stylle whi hic ch w would ould be be a p pr o p priat riate e f or their text. Stu St udent ntss ar e t th hen help lped ed,, throug through h a vari variety ety of acti activ vities, es, t to o buil ild d u p the so p ph hist istica icatted range of voca b voca bul ula ar y and str ucture requi required red at thi thiss leve evell o of f wri w rittin ing, g, as as we welll as l lea earn rniing th the e essen essentia tiall sk ills of plan pl annin ning g an and d organ rganiisation sation..
At a At an n ap p pro ro p pr r iate po poin intt in each unit unit there is a is a model textt wh whiich exe exemplifies mplifies t th he ess sse ent ntial ial f eatu eatur es es model tex of th t hat part rtiicul ula ar tex extt ty p pe e. It is h ho o p pe ed that th the e tea eac cher and stud tude ents will ill s see ee t th he mod ode el pr imar ily as an exa exampl mple e of a a tex extt ty p pe e th that at the student may b be e un unfa famili milia ar with ra ratthe,r than a strai straight j ja acket wh which cou co uld be an o b bsstac aclle to th the e st stud ude ent's own cr eati ativ vity. ty.T The leve vell of wri w riti tin ng in model tex extts has been pitc p itch hed at a l lev eve el th t hat stu students can emul ulate ate in in t th heir ow own n work , r athe ather tha han n a s standa tandar r d that stud student ntss might f ind daun untin ting g and dis discour agin aging. g.
Enc En cour age age stude students to: r ead ead the qu que esti tio on car efu full lly y. • an answe swerr the qu questi estio on in f ull. ull. I If f it i t is a P Part art 1 qu quest estio ion n, they ey mu musst co cove verr all ll as as p pe ect ctss of the qu question. estion. If it it i iss a Part 2 qu ques estion tion,, they m mu ust give su s uffici fficie ent wei we ight to eac each h as p pe ect of th the quest estio ion. n. • br ainstor m id ide eas and make a pl p lan before they they start to wr wr ite. • orga organise their tex extt into clear par p ar agr a p ph hs or sect ctiions. • con onn nect their para parag gr a ph phss so that th the lin ink k be b etwee een n them is clear clear . • use link ers to jo join simpl imple e sente ten nce cess together together , bu butt not make se sent nte ences too lon long g or too compl omplex. ex. • use a wide r ange of voca voca bul bula ar y and st structur ructur es e s at th the r equir ed leve vell f or Profic Proficiency cy.. (A co com m pos posiition that wo would uld ge gett a g go ood grad rade e at FCE wo would uld no not necess ecessa ar ily m me eet the re requir quir ed lev eve el t to o pass the the CPE PE exa exam m.) • ch che eck th t heir ir gramm gramma ar and s p pel ellin ling g while they ar e wr iting. iting. Th They ey shou oulld also all llo ow tim ime e to r ead ead their wri riti tin ng when they have ave f f inis inished. Exa Exam miner s penali lise se ba bassic err or or s heav eavil ily. y.
Adv Ad vise stud ude ents not to to:: • wr ite out whol whole e com position positionss or pa par ts ts of compos comp osiitio tions ns th that at they they h ha ave ve learnt learnt by by h hea ear r t. T Th hey are unlike unli kelly to answer the qu que esti stio on cor r re ctl tly y. Exa Examin mine er s will know know what th they ey ar e doin ing g and will pe p enali lise se them hea heav vil ily y. • wr ite anythin hing g that is ir rel relev eva ant. • excee exceed d t th he wor d limit imit.. They m may ay m ma ak e m more ore mi mista stak k es and will ill prob proba a b blly ru run n out of ti t ime. • ove ver r use se co conn nnect ector or s. This wil illl mak e th the eir wri ritting sound un unna nattura rall and it w will ill be be di diffic fficul ultt to to fo foll llow. ow. • ove ver r use se i id diom ioma ati tic c ex pr essio ession ns, es p pec ecia iall lly y w wh her e they ey a ar r e inappropri appropria ate for the th e to ton ne or sty tylle of of text text they th ey h ha ave b bee een n ask ed to write. write.
Thi hiss wiI wiIII be be on a th them eme e whi hich ch woul would be suitable suitable for publi publicat cation ion in a newspap wspape er , magaz gazin ine e, journal or newslette ter r . Th The e target au audi die ence in indi dicat cate ed is is im im p port ortant ant as it will ill inf inf luence luence the the reg regiist ste er an and d to ton ne of the ar ticle. Som ome e descr script iption ion and na n arrati rrative ve ma may y be included luded.. Ther e wil illl u ussual uallly b be e a cen enttral idea to pr p r ovi ovide a point or purpo purpose to the writ ritiing or reading of the ar ticle.
Candidat Ca ndidates es will use the pr ompt ompt mat mate er ial to produce a comp compos osiitio ion n on a re relleva van nt topi topic c. Th The e essa ssay y shou oulld be co com m pl ple ete in itse itsellf , with with an in introductio troduction n, bod ody y and conc conclusion and be uni united by a centr centr al idea id ea whi hich ch provi provides a poin pointt and purp urpose ose to th the wr iting or r ead eading of the the essay essay.
Form Fo rma al let ettters ar e t th he most most su suiita ta bl ble, e, e.g e.g. a letter to a ne news ws p pape aperr giv giviing an opin opinio ion n and making a point.. A l point let ettter may i in nclud lude e nar rati rative se secti ctio ons to illu llust str r ate a poi oin nt or int inte er est the reade reader . In In Part Part 2, it could have have a nar rat rative f ocus, e e..g. a lett tte er of compl ompla aint a bout an ev eve ent which did not live live up to th the e wr iter iter 's ex p pe ectati ctatio ons ns..
Report The report report wi will ll hav ave e a spe speci cif f ied audi die ence ce,, e.g .g.. your boss boss.. It invol involves th t he pr esenta esentation and interpretation nterpretation,, in wel elll-or or gan aniise sed d pr ose, ose, of informa information in rela relation to a sp spe ecified contex contextt. Candidates Candidates may ma y u use se sec section head adiings gs..
Proposal A p prop roposa osall has a sim simil ilar ar format format to a r e port port,, but wher eas eas a r e port is an acc accoun ountt of som s ome ethin thing g that hass ha p ha p p pe ened ed,, th the e f ocus ocus of the the proposal proposal is on the f utur e, with the main fo focu cuss being on making r ecomme commen nda dati tio ons fo for r discussion. discussion. Pro po possals shoul ould d be we well ll str str uctu tur r ed with with cle clea ar secti sections. Candidate andidatess may u usse section hea headin dings gs..
A rev reviiew may may be a b bou outt a boo ook k , f ilm, ilm, p pllay or place, e. e.g g. a res restau tauran rantt or hote hotell. Th The e r ead eadership is clear ly indi indic cat ate ed in th the question question, and ca cand ndiidat ates es should write in an a ppr o pri priat ate e re regist giste er . In addi dditio tion n to pr ovid oviding in inf f or or mati ation on abo abou ut the book , fi film lm,, e ettc. t th he r eview ew m ma ay em b bo ody nar r r ative as w we ell a ass descrip ripttive and eval alu uati tiv ve la lan nguag uage e and a ra ran nge of vo v oca bu bullar y r elat atin ing g, f or o r examp examplle, to liter ature or the medi dia a.
Compo Com posit sition ion ma marki rki n Samp Sam ple marke marked d te text xt
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Wr ong
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Cor Co r rect r ect wo word rd,, but ch cha ange th the e fo form rm
SP
Spellin Spe lling g er r ror o r
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Puncttua Punc uattio ion n
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Ten Te nse error error
wo
Wor d order i s wr ong ong
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In thi his s lin line, e, cr cros oss s ou outt one one wor word d
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Some Som ething
The follow followin ing g is a sam p plle discursiv scursivee compo composition whi hich ch onee st on stu udent wrote in answ answer er to t he qu ques estio tion n below low.. You hav have been ask as ked to wr ite ite a c compositio omposition n f or or yo you ur teacher , refe re ferr rrin ing g to th the ex exttr act act abo above ve (see ' (see 'N New Prof icie icien ncy Wr iting ng',', page 58) 58) and say saying ing whe heth ther er yo you u think think ke kee epin ping g an aniimals in zoos or usi using ng f or r them them for res research earch is eve everr justi justifi fie ed and if it is, is, under what cir cumstan cumstances. ces.
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We lik e to thi hink nk th that at we live live in in a civil iviliised socie society yet we we are ca ca pa bl blee still still of gre great at crue ruellty. y. A A good examp xamplle Wf
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of this ca can n be fin find in the the wa way y we tre treat at th thee ani nima malls. We keep the them ga gaol oled ed in con ond ditio ions ns wh whiich are often often appalling,, an appalling and d we even even use use them them in laborator ies in or orde der r A tes testt new dru drugs gs,, cosmet etiics and oth other S4?
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ph p harmacetica armaceticall pr oducts. oducts. It is difficu difficult lt seeing seeing how thi thiss tre treatm atmeent ca can n be justif justifiied. As r egar ds zoos, zoos, it must WW
bee acce b acce pted that a few few,, usua usuall lly y those in large citie cities, ar e worri worried ed wit with h the probl problem em of anim nimaal we wellfare an and T
do atte attem p ptt to off off er anim imal alss the kin kind of surround rroundiings they ar e hav avin ing g in the wi willd. Ma Man ny other zoos zoos ar aree S4?
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not so responsa responsab ble an and d animal animals in these pl place acess are kept oft ofteen in tin iny y cages whi which offer offer them litt ittlle WW
o pp pport ortuni unitty to mov moveme emen nt. A lot of an anim imal alss show signs of distress distress. But some some zoos zoos don don''t bot oth her ab abo out X
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thin hings gs li like ke as ani anima mall co con nserva servati tio on; they exi exist purel purely to sati satisfy th the curio curiosit sity y of the public. public. It eve even is is m more ore Wf
difficult to jus justif y the way we tr eat ani nimal malss in laborato laborator r ies. ies. It is ver y ha hard rd fo forr the the public public ga gaini ining ng acc access ess to S4?
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thesee es thes estta bli blisshement ntss, wh whiich mak makes es peo eopl plee to wo wor r ry. ry. Ther Ther e may be a str str ong ar gume gument fo for r usi sin ng an anim imaals WW
for r esear ch ch int into o dis diseas eases es lik likee ca cancer , but there seems f ew excuse for usi sin ng th theem to test produ product ctss like X
cosmet etic icss an and d sham ampo poos os.. It is is un unacceptab acceptablle to ke kee p the wil ild d anim animals in zoos zoos or to ex p per er ime men nt on th them, at least in my opinion opinion.. We understand
abou ut A abo
aniimals no an now w than we did in the past. past. This shoul should d mak e us
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Reviised CP E Pa er 2: Ma Rev Marrkin criteria Pa p peer 2 f the R evi evise sed d CPE ex examin aminaation has two parts. parts. In Par Par t 1 ther e is on onee com p pul ulso sor r y, conte ontex xtualise sed d ta task sk . St Stud udeent ntss ar e r equir ed to writ writee one of o f the f ollow llowiing tex extt types types in 300 00--350 words wo rds:: • an artic rticlle • an ess ssay ay • a lette letter r • a p proposa roposall There is guid uidaance to th the co con ntex textt and co con nten tentt fro from m both bot h in instr str uction ctionss and on onee or mor e shor t tex texts ts and ther e may be a visual prom p prom ptt as we well ll.. T Th he func functio tion n of the th e task in i n Part 1 is disc iscu ursive rsive:: pre prese sen nting and an d d eve evellop opin ing g ar gum umeents ts,, ex pr essin essing g and sup porting o pinion pinions, s, eva valu luat atiing id ideas eas,, etc etc..
Both Pa Part rtss 1 and 2 of Pa P a p peer 2 carr y eq equ ual mark s. s. An impr ess ssiion mark is awarded to each ea ch piece of o f wr itin ing g usi sing ng th thee ge gen ner al mark sche scheme below. The The genera nerall im impr pr essi ession mar k is u use sed d in co conjuncti njunctio on with a task -s p peecifi cificc mar ark k sc sch heme, whic ich h focuse focus es on criteri riteriaa s p pec ecif if ic i c to each eac h tas ask k .
In Part 2, 2, st stud udeents can can choo choose se to a nsw sweer one of fou fo ur context ontextu uali lise sed d writ writiing tas tasks ks,, inclu lud din ing g th thee set book op book optt ion(s) (s).. They wil will be r equir ed e d to wr ite one of of th thee fol follo low wing text types in 30 word rdss: 300 0-350 wo • an art artiicle • an essay • a l let ettter • a p pro ro pos posaal • a r e p port ort • a rev reviiew There is guida idan nce to th the co con ntext an and d co con ntent thro rou ugh in insstr uct uction ionss. The f unctio nction n may be to descri be be, persu pers uade ade,, nar r r ate, ate, evalu evaluate ate,, mak e r ecomm mmeenda ndattio ion ns, give ve infor infor mati tio on, summ ummaari rise se,, etc.
Mark ing: Band scores Each pie piecce of of w wr r itin ing g is assi assigned to a ba b and of betwee b etween n 0 and 5, as descri be bed on page 4, 4 , and can be awar aw ar ded one of th t hree performan rformance ce levels w wiithi hin n th that at ba band nd.. For exa exampl mple, e, in Band 4, 4.1 r e p pr r esents esents a weak er performanc rformancee withi thin n Ban Band d 4; 4.2 r e pr esents esents typ ypiica call perfo perfor r man mance within Ban Band d 4 ; 4. 4.3 3 repr esen esents stron trong g per for for mance withi thin n Band 4. 'Accepta bl ble' e' pe perfo rfor r mance at CPE lev eveel is represe rep resen nted by a band ban d of 3. Thee crit Th riter er ia use sed d by the exa examin miners ers in awar din ding mark s are: • r eal ealisat isatiion of th t he ta tassk set/ set/re rellevanc evancee of the text to th t he questi uestion on.. (In Incclu lussion of irr irr elevant materi riaal lea earn rntt by hea ear r t is h heeavi avilly pe pen nalised ised..) • ra rang ngee of v oca bul bular ar y, co coll lloca ocati tion on an and d ex p pr r essi ssion on app approp ropr r iate to the task . • st sty yli list stiic devic devi ces: appr appro o pri priaacy of r egi e gister and f orma ormat. • accur acy, a cy, a pprop a ppropr r iac acy y and ra ran nge of stru truccture ture.. (Candi (Cand ida date tess a r e expe expect cteed to dem demons onstra trate te so som me so phi phist stic icaati tio on of lang angu uage us use. e. Nar Nar row rowness of ex press pressio ion n an and d the use of very simpl implee langu nguage, age, altho alth ough accur ate may not not be enough to achi ac hieeve a pass at a t this leve evell.) • or gani ganisat satio ion n of text text and coh coheer ence ce,, includi ludin ng par paragr agr a p phin hing g an and d linki li nkin ng. • dev eveelo pm pmeent of the to pi picc. (Can Cand did idaates ar e awar ded ma mar r ks ks de p pen endin ding g on ho how w ambi ambiti tiou ouss they have beeen in deve b evello p piing the to pi picc and how ho w well th they ey hav avee ac ach hiev ieved ed this is..) • acc accur acy acy of la l anguage ge,, in inccluding gra gramm mmar ar , s p peelling and pun punct ctu uat atiion. eff ect on the target target rea reader der .
Note: Answe Note: swer r s mu much ch sh sho ort rteer than th thee 300-35 requir quir ed are penalise ised. d. 0-350 0 wor ds re Hand ndw writ ritin ing g tha thatt interferes with with comm ommuni unicat catio ion n, bu butt does does not not pr even event it it,, is p peenali lise sed d. Tota otall lly y ill lleg egib iblle answer ans werss re receive ceive O.
Genera Gen erall Mar Mark k Schem chemee Her He r e is a shor t guide to th the Ge Gen ner al Mark Scheme Schem e. Band Ba nd 5
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Outs Ou tsttandin nding g r eali ealisat satiion of the task set: set :
Sophi ophist stic icate ated d use of exte exten nsive ra ran nge of voc v ocaa b bu ular y, co coll lloca ocatio tion n and ex pr ess ssiion, entire enti relly a ppr opri opriaate to t he task set se t
• •
Ef fecti fectiv ve u use se of st s tylistic dev evic ices es:: r egi egist ster er and fo form rmat at w holl holly y ap appr pr o p pr r iate
•
Vir tuall lly y error -free
Im pressive Im pressive use of a wi wid de ran rang ge of structu struct ures
kilf f ully ully orga organi nise sed d and coh oheeren rentt • Skil Excellent develo pm pmeent of to topi picc • Excell Imp mpres resses ses the read reader and has a po possiti itive ve effect ffect..
Band 4
Good r eali ealisat satiion of of t th he task set:
• • • • • •
Fluent and natur al us Flue usee of a wide wid e r ang ngee of voc vo ca bula bulary ry,, collo collocatio cation n and ex pr ession, succcess su essfull fully y meetin meeting g th thee requir ement ntss of th thee task task se sett Good use of st s tyli list stiic device vicess: r egi gisster and f or or mat wholl holly y appr o p pr r iat atee Good Goo d use of a wid w idee ra ran nge of str stru u ctur es es Well We ll or gani ganise sed d and co coh here erent nt Good Goo d and amb mbit itiious dev evelopm elopmeent of topi top ic Mino norr and unobtrus obtrusiive err or s, ar ising fr fro om att tteem pts at compl mplex ex lan ang guage
Hass a pos Ha posiitiv tivee eff ect on the r ead eader . Band 3
Satiisfactor y rea Sat reali lisa sati tion on of t he task task set: Reasona bl bly y f lue luent and nat na tura rall use of a ran ra nge of vo vo ca bul bulaary and ex p pr r essi ession on,, • Reason adequ adeq uat atee to the task set Evid ideence of sty s tyli list stiic devi evicces; r egi egist ster er and format format gene genera rall lly y appr o p pr r iate • Ev Adequ quate ate r ange of structur structur es es • Ade orgaa ni nised sed and ge gener ner all lly y coh coheer ent ent • Cleaearlrlyy org unaambitious mbitious,, co cove ver r age a ge of to p to pic ic • Adequauatte, ththoough un Occas casiional non-imp impeedin ding g err errors ors • Oc Achieve Achi evess th thee desi des ire red d ef fect f ect on the rea read d er .
Inadequat e at atttem p ptt at the task set: set : Band 2 Inadequate
• •
•
• •
•
Lim Li mite ted d and nd//or in inacc accurat uratee ran range ge of voca bul voca bulaar y and ex pr ession ession No evid evideenc ncee of styli lisstic dev devic ices; es; little little or no at atte tempt mpt at r egi gisster and for mat Lack La ck of str str uct ctur ur al ra ran nge Poor Poo r ly org organ aniise sed d, lea eadin ding g to inc inco oher enc ncee Litt ttlle re relleva evan nce to to pi to picc, and nd//or too shor t Numero merou us er r r ors, ors, whi hicch dis distr tr act and oft ofteen im pe ped de co com mmunic unicat atiion
Has a ver ver y n negati egative ve effec effectt on o n the r eader eader . Band Ba nd 1
Negli Neg lig gibl iblee or no att tteem pt at the task task set set::
• • • •
Tota otall lly y incomp ncompr r ehensibl iblee
duee to ser ious err du error or
Tota otall lly y irr eleva evan nt Inssufficient lang In angu uage to asse sess ss (fewer th than 20% o off th thee requir ed nu numb mbeer of word w ordss Tota otall lly y ill illeg egibl iblee
Letters
3
No. Industrially ndustrially--dev deveelop lopeed co cou unt ntr r ies con consum sumee huge amou mounts nts of the world orld''s na natu tura rall resou resour ces. The inhabi inh abitan tants ts of th theese countries ca can n throwaw throwaway goods very easil asily y becaus causee th they ey can r eadil adily y af ford f ord to buy bu y new ones.. ones
4
They poiso They poison n the atmosph atmospheere wit ith h th theeir exhau hausst fumees; roa fum roads ds,, parking parking spac space, e, etc. ta t ak e up a lot of the th e land lan d are areaa of th th e planet.
Writ Wr itin ing g to the the Ed Edit itor or 2 Th Thin ink k ab abou outt yo you ur read reader er (pA) 1 a new ewsp spaa per article article;; 2 the the edito editorr of the the news newspaper paper ; 3 the ne new wspaper 's re read ader erss
If peop ople le made mo more re use us e of publi publicc tr ansport nsport,, th theer e would wou ld be fewer fewer cars on th thee road road and less pollutio ollution n; carss cou car could ld u se cl cleean aner er techno chnologie logiess (e.g (e.g.. solar solar po pow wer).
3 Th Thiink abou outt r egi egiste ter r (p (p..5) b compl comple ex senten ntenc ces es:: all except: except : I am afr afraid aid I have hav e to disagree..; Furthermore disagree urthermore,, I would would lik likee to remind remind you ... out outsid sidee towns. towns.; Sure ly it woul would d be bette ter r ... towns tow ns and cities. cities. sophis histtica icatted vocabula abulary ry us used ed wit with preci precisio ion: n: r aise a ise (a numbe numberr of) issue issuess , commende commend ed, un und d er on onee roof, acces accessible sible,, environ environmenta mentall cons consequ equeenc nces es,, shopping shopp ing outle outlets ts,, inevitably, inevitably, swallow walloweed up up,, impact passsive for pas forms: ms: out-of out-of -to town wn cent ntr r es es ar e to be commen com mended ded;; Lar Large ge areas areas of th thee countr count r ysid idee are inevit ine vitabl ably y swa swallo llowed wed up for de ve velopm lopmeent, mor e ro roaads are buil built, t, and polluti pollution on i s increased r aid I have hav e to poliite or d iplom pol plomatic atic phrasing ng:: I am af r disagree..; Fur disagree Furthe thermo rmore re,, I woul would d lik e t to o r emind you Not be bein ing g a moto motori risst myse self lf , I par artic ticiiple clauses: Not find fin d these cen centre tress an any yth thin ing g bu butt co con n veni enieent. relatiive clau relat lausses es:: I am writ riting ing to you a b bo o u t .. . shopping shopp ing centr centres es,, which you publis publi shed last week .; The article article raised raised a numbe numberr of iss i ssu ues, whi hicch I wo would uld likee to comment lik comment on here. here . c formal
4 Identi ntify fy th the e key poi oin nts in the que questi stio on (p (p..6) a
b
You are writin writing g a letter letter (1) to com comm m ent on th thee arti rticcle, (2) to to re resp spon ond d to the point pointss ra rais ised ed b y th thee ar ticle and (3) to giv givee your your own views on wh eth theer we can and should sho uld do someth something ing abo about ut glo global bal warmin rming. g. 1 T The he wri writer ter sug sugges gests ts tha thatt alt althou hough gh 'we all w worr orr y abo ab out ut'' it it,, we are also resig resigned ned to it. 2 He He//She thi thinks nks that that 'th theere is ver y li litt ttlle we can do about abo ut it with ithout out ret return urning ing to the the "dar k k ages es"".' 3 Power statio station n s, industry, industry, cars, cars, consum consumeer go goods ods tha thatt we throwawa throwaway (e.g. refrig refrigeera rattor s, mo bil bilee phones, phones , etc..). etc 4 W Wee cann annot ot do with ithout out th these ese things things any more more.. S 'In the the face of all this, this, is the ther e r eall ally y an any ythi thing ng we can do to tackle tackle the probl probl em? m?''
5 Br ains nsto tor r m th the e top topiic (p.7) Suggeste Suggest ed an ansswers Electri lectricity city from power sta stattion ionss mak es our li liv ves possible: provid providees li ligh ghtt an and d h eat at,, pow poweers electr electrical ical and elect electronic ronic appli applianc ancees an and d eq equi uipm pmen ent, t, dr driv ivees machinery mach inery and industry, industry, etc . Factor actories ies supp suppll y us with virtu irtuaally all the the goods goods w e need. 2
They emit waste waste gases, gases , inclu includin ding g car carbon bon dio dioxid xidee and other oth er poi poison sonous ous gas gases. es. Other Other liq liquid uid and sol solid id waste is dumpeed in dump into to the the envir envir onment o nment (e. (e.g. g. river riverss , soil, the seaa). se pow w ered by pollu pollutin ting g fos fossil sil fuels, fuels, but If they wer e not po by b y altern lternaativ tivee en eneergy source sourc es, th they ey woul would d be cl c leaner . Liquid and sol solid id waste could could b e tr eat ated ed so that that it is is less harmf ul to the envir environ onme ment nt be befo fore re it is i s disposed of .
S Stud tudeent nts' s' own opinio opinion n sa say ying wheth theer it is is f ea easible sible to put som omee of the the ab abo o ve into effect.
6 Make a plan (p (p..8) a Stude Students sho should uld tic tick k all all of the not notes es exc except ept:: • habita habitat des destru tructi ction on b
• worl orld d pov poveerty Par f f lgraph l graph 2 : Why we should should and must tac tackle kle the problem Paragraph 3: How we can reduce reduce emissio missions ns from power stations stations;; wh why y we shoul should d us usee fewer cons con sume umerr goo goods ds Para Pa ragr grap aph h 4: Othe Otherr wa ways ys to to r educ ducee global global warmi warming ng e.g. using using cl cleean aner er technologies Parag r raph a ph
5: Conclusion / summary
of my views
7 Think abo about ut style (p.m 1 b; 2 a; 3 b b;; 4 a; 5 b
8 Re Rea ad a mode (p..9) dell le lette tter r (p 1 yes yes;; 2 yes; 3 yes; 4 ye yes; s; 5 yes yes;; 6 yes; 7 no; 8 yes
9 Thi Thin nk ab abo out para aragrap graph hing (p.10) a Paragraph
Reas ason on fo forr wr itin i ting: g: to com comme ment nt on th the 1: Re articl e
Paragr Parag r aph a ph 2: Why Why I disa disagr gree ee with with the write writer r - why we must must tac tackle kle the th e problem Para aragra graph ph 3 : How we can can r edu duce ce emissions emissions from poweer st pow stat atiion onss by cutt cuttin ing g do down wn on manufa man ufactu cturin ring g and consum consuming ing few feweer goods Para Pa ragr grap aph h 4: Ot Oth h er way wayss to red reduce uce glo global bal war warmin ming g Paragraph
b
5: Conclusion / summary
of my views
Yes.. Stude Yes Students nts shoul should d unde underlin rlinee the follo following wing:: Paragraph 1: I am writing writing to you about about the article article on glo glo bal warm arming ing whi which ch appeare appeared d in your newspap newspaper er last Saturday Saturday.. Paragr a ph 2: At the st star artt of the the ar artt icle cle,, the the write writer appear app earss to claim that that the situatio situation n wit with h regaard to global reg global war warmin ming g is hopel hopeless ess.. Paragr Par agraph aph 3: In my opi opinio nion n , we have to work togeth tog ether er to persu persuade ade ind indust ustry ry to cut emissi emi ssions ons of gases gases from fa facctories and poweer stations pow tations.. Para Pa ragr grap aph h 4: The There ar e other other way wayss we can tackle globall warmin globa warming g , to too. o. Paragr Par agraph aph 5: In conclu conclusio sion n , I wan wantt to say say that that it is dangeero dang rous us to sugg suggeest th that at al alll our efforts to tackle tackl e globa globall war warmin ming g ar e useless.
p.10> 10 Thin Think about language ( (p
7 Th Thin ink k about about r egi gis ster (p. (p.11S)
a
Mark th the fo foll llo owing with a cross: cross: agg ggre ress ssive ive langua language; a larg arge e numb numbe er of phr phr asa sall ve ver r b bs; s; idioma idiomatic lang languag uage e or slang; a per son sonal to ton ne; a n nu umbe mberr of ve ver y s short hort sent nte ence cess; a li limit mite ed r ange of voca voca bu bullar y
Stud St uden ents ts sh shou oulld und underli erline ne th the e follow followiing ng:: (Parag (Pa ragra ra ph 2:) 2:) W What hat is more more;; (Parag (Paragraph 3:) Howe wev ver ; On the the other hand and;; (P (Para aragr gr a ph 4:) too too;; (Par agr a ph 5 :) moreover
o ther hand; hand; neve vert rth heless ess;; al alttho hou ugh; b Contra Contrast: st: on the ot howe how ever furthermore; what's more; moreov moreover ; Addittion: furthermore; Addi add dde ed to this this c
The con conc cludin uding g para parag gr a p ph h is in intr tr odu duce ced d with 'In conclusio conclusi on:. Alte Altern rna ati tiv ve p ph hra rases ses ar ar e: A Alll i in n all, .. .... ; To sum up, up, ...;
8 Thi Think nk about about sty style le (p (p..1S) 1 a; 2 a; 3 b; 4 a; S b b;; 6 a
9 Read a model (p..16) model letter (p 1 yes es;; 2 ye yes
11 Think about vocabulary (p. (p.ll1) a
1 c; 2 a; 3 e; 4 f ; S d; 6 b
b
1 s stron trong gly; y; 2 2 clai laim; m; 3 measur es; es; 4 lead; lead; S fa fail il;; 6 was astte
10 Think about para paragraph graphing ing (p.ll) a
Stud tude ent ntss should un underlin derline e the follow followin ing: g: Paragr a ph 2: As you ar e no doubt awa aware re,, th the e level of tr affic ffic t throu hroug gh ou our r vill illag age e h has as inc ncre rea ased at an alarmin larming g ra ratte over the pa past f ew ew years.
Letters Supp Su ppor orti ting ng an issu issue e
Parag ragr r aph aph 3: Our vill illa age ge w was as not buil built to cop ope e with this vo volum lume e of tra t raf f fic. fic. Par agra agra p ph h 4: I un unde der r stand stand tha that a propo proposa sall has been put fo for r ward to build a by b y p pass ass around the th e vill illage age..
2 Th Thiink about your reader (p (p..13) 1 to the local council 2
They ar e r espon sponsible sible fo for r loc lo cal go gov ver nme nment and make decisionss on local iss decision issue uess like r oads oads.
3
the inhabitant nhabitantss of the the villag illage/ e/r r egion
4
They ey can can decide decide that a bypas bypass need edss to be bu buiilt.
S
in an an assertive/ assertive/f f irm, irm, but poli pol ite way; way; fo for r mal
3 Ide Ident ntiify the the ke key y po poin ints ts in the quest question ion (p (p..13) a
1 in a villag villa ge; 2 Th The er e is too muc mu ch tra traf f fic fic on o n it, s so o it is dange dangerou rouss.; 3 in a local new newspap spape er ; 4 Underl rliine: 'refer to the the acci ccid dent' nt';; 'stating yo you ur con onc cern rn''; 's 'sttate you yo ur support support f or the by by pass pass'; '; 'ma 'make ke a sugg gges esti tio on abou abo ut what what sho hould uld happen happen n ex extt'.
b
1 an accid cide ent nt;; 2 outside the ga gates tes of the the sc sch hool; the lorry took the be b end at th the e bridge bridge too quick quicklly a and nd skidded skidd ed and cr ash ashed; 3 no (it is is th the e third accid ide ent thiis month); th month); 4 the traffic; traffic; to buil bui ld a by pa pass ss;; S nothing; 6 to supp upport ort his proposal proposal and wr ite to the council in order to put pr essur e on them to do som ome ething about the problem problem
c forma formal
5 Thi Think nk about about form format at (p.14 .14)) 1 you your r address; address; 2 the date date; 3 the name and address of the r eci pi pie ent nt;; 4 the greetin reeting g (Dear X , ); closing losing phr ase ase ); S c (e.g. I look forward .r the e ending .r to hearing f ro rom m you you.. ); ); 6 th (e.g. Yours 7 your name Yours faith faithfully fully , ); );
(p..1S) 6 Make a plan plan (p Par agraph 4: Say Say you know that a propo propossal ha hass be been made to buil bui ld a by pass pass;; wh why y you thi think this is a is a good good id ide ea; how do other r esidents esidents of the th e villa illage ge feel feel;; s suggest uggest what shoul should be done nex next
b 'The f ir ir st paragr a ph do doe es no nott f ollow ow this pattern. The writer ex pl pla ain inss, illustrates illustrates and dev evelops elops r easo asons ns for writing in the whole whol e of the the lett tte er that follo follows. ws.
11 Think about language (p (p..1? 1?)) 1 e ex x pre press ss m my y c co once cern rn;; 2 th the e r ecent s p pa ate of accidents; a ccidents; 3 As you are no doubt doub t awar e; 4 day a and nd nig night ht;; S a sharp rise; rise; 6 co pe with ith;; 7 pose a (hi hig gh) ris risk; 8 take their liv lives in the their hand ndss; 9 a p pr r opos oposal has been put f or ward ard;; 10 I would str ongly u ur r ge; ge; 11 ta tak k e p plac lace; e; 12 put thei heirr argum rgume ent ntss
12 Think about grammar (p.18> 1 A publi public c meeting is is b be eing he held at thi hiss ver y m mo oment ment.. 2 A ne new w pr o p pos osal al has ju just st b bee een n put f or ward and (it (it)) will be discuss discussed by the counc council af ter ter lu l unch. 3 Yest ste erda rday y a teen teenager who was on on hi hiss way to way to sc school hool was kno knoc cked down and injur inj ur ed (b (by y a vehi hic cle) le).. 4 Driver s who break break the th e s p pe eed limi imitt mus mustt be punish punishe ed more severel erely y in future. future. S The pro po possed by p pass ass is l lo ong over due due - it it should should hav ave e be bee en built ye yea ars ago. ago. 6 For tuna unattel ely y, a oneone-way system i iss going to be inttroduc in roduce ed in the the vill villag age e n next ext yea ear r . 7 Work Work on the new r oad oad ma may y be compl ompleted eted in a ye a year ar from now. now. 8 When we lef t the co coun unc cil meeting ting,, the matter was still st ill bei bein ng di disscu cusse ssed d by r e pre pressent entat ative ivess from the the traf f fic i c de p pa artm rtme ent nt.. 9 We we were re delay ayed ed,, so by the tim time e we a arri rriv ved at the council mee meeting ting a vote vot e h ha ad alrea already be bee en taken ken.. 10
The coun counc cillor promis promised that our our propo propossal wo woul uld d be be considere consid ered d again at next next month month''s mee eetin ting. g.
Letters
t I Complaining
3
2 Th Thin ink k ab abou outt yo your ur reade reader (p.2Q) 1 b;
2 c; 3 Tic Tick k a, b, b, d a nd nd e; 4 b;
The wr The writ iter er sa says ys wha whatt he expects expects to be done done (i (i..e. he antici ant icipat pates es rece receivi iving ng an apo apolog logy y and sub substa stanti ntiaal refu re fund nd fr from om th thee co comp mpan any) y).. Th This is is im impo port rtan antt beca be caus usee (a)) it mak (a makes es cl clea earr wh what at wi will ll sa sati tisf sfy y hi him m an and d (b (b)) gives gives thee ho th holi lida day y co comp mpan any y th thee ch chan ance ce to rect rectif ify y th thee situation,, th situation thus us re reso solv lvin ing g ma matt tteers sa sati tisf sfaactorily.
5 a
3 Iden Identi tify fy th the e ke key y po poin ints ts in in the ques question tion (p.21) 1 Yo You u have have ju just st retur returne ned d fro from m an anot othe herr co coun untr tr y. 2 You You we were re on ho holi lida day. y. 3 You You stay stayed ed at a ho hote tell in a re reso sort rt.. 4 A wellwell-kn know own n ho holi lida day y compa company ny or orga gani nise sed d th theem. 5 It It did did no nott co come me up to your expect expectation ationss, you we were re disappointed. 6 You have have to (1) co comp mpla lain in ab abou outt as asp pec ects ts of your holiday, '(2 (2)) outl outlin inee th thee re reas ason onss fo for r your diss ssat atiisfac sfaction, tion, (3)) sugg (3 sugges estt wh what at st step epss yo you u th thin ink k th thee co comp mpan any y should take ta ke to recti rectify fy th thee pr prob oble lems ms fo forr holida holiday y maker maker s in th the futu fu ture re an and d (4 (4)) say what what ki kind nd of com comp pensat ensatiion you expect.. expect
9 Thi Think nk about about pun punctu ctuati ation on (p.25) (Please (Pl ease poi poin nt out out to stud studen ents ts th that at al alth thou ough gh th thee punctuation has been corrected corrected,, th thee let lette terr is sti still ll full full of erro rrors rs an and d fla flaws ws.) .) It cos costt th them em a lot lot of mon money ey bu butt th they ey di didn dn''t thou ough ghtt we wer e goin going g to a min ind. d. T Th hey th good go od pl plac acee. When When we went went to the the tr trav avel el the th e man ma n said sa id that th at the th e reso re sort rt was wa s age ag ent's 's,, good go od fo forr youn young g pe peop ople le bu butt wh when en we got got found it wa wass fu full ll of boring, there ere,, we found boring, grey gr ey--haire aired d old people. There was noth no thin ing g to se see and and do an and d no nowh wheere for us us to go in the the eveni evenings gs,, so [optional comm co mma] a] we were were re real ally ly bo bore red. d. Th Thee ho hote tell wass no good wa good be beca caus usee th ther eree we were re no disc sco os, just ol old d-fashioned singe singers rs and ente en terta rtain iner erss and an d ever ever yth thin ing g fi fini nish shed ed by even ning ing.. We ju the eve just st ha had d to go to 10.30 in the bed and it was really disappointing.
5 Th Thin ink k about about r egister egister (p.22) 1 a;
2 b; 3 b; 4 a
6 Co Comp mpar are e tw two o le lette tters rs (p.22) a
The tr The trav avel el ag agen entt sa said id th that at we wou would ld ha have ve a hote ho tell ro room om wi with th a sea sea vi view ew an and d a bal balco cony ny but when we got the ourr ro roo om wa wass at there, re, ou thee ba th back ck an and d th thee balc balcon ony y wa wass so smal smalll we coul co uld d on onlly stand couldn''t sit do down or and.. We couldn sunbathe.. An sunbathe And d th thee vie view fr from om ou ourr ro room om wa wass nott of the no the se sea, a, it was was of the the ba back ck of the the hoteel wh hot wheere they pu putt al alll the ru rubb bbis ish h. It smelt sm elt rea reallly bad, [o [opt ptio iona nall co comm mma] a] to too. o.
1 A (d (doe oess no nott su sugg gges estt wh what at st step epss the wri ritter thinks the comp co mpan any y sh shou ould ld ta take ke to recti rectify fy the pr obl oblem emss f or holi ho lida day y ma make kers rs no norr sa say y what what ki kind nd of comp co mpen ensa sati tion on he//sh he shee ex expe pects cts)); 2 B; 3 A: 4 B; 5 B; 6 B; 7 B; 8 B; 9 B; 10 A; 11 B
b Parag Paragrap raph h
3: Co Conc ncret retee ex exam ampl plees of the ways in which thee re th reso sort rt di did d no nott com come u p to our expectations
Para Pa ragr grap aph h
4: Conc Concre rete te ex exam ampl ples es of the wa ys ys in which thee ho th hote tell di did d no nott com comee u p to to'' our expectations
Para Pa ragr grap aph h
5: Su Sugg gges esti tion onss ab abou outt what ste p pss the comp co mpan any y sh shou ould ld tak e to r ectif y the probleems f or probl or ho holida day y make aker r s in the future
Letters
4
Writin Writ ing g a pe pers rson onal al recommendation
7 Thi Think nk about about voc vocabu abular lary y (p.24)
2 Th Thin ink k ab abou outt yo your ur re read ader er (p.26)
1 book; 2 over -dev deveeloped; 3 recom recommend nd;; 4 as asssure ure;; 5 pictur picturesque; esque; 6 anticipate; anticipate; 7 di dissused ed;; 8 uns unsightly; 9 ind indeescribable scribable;; gett ho hold ld of 10 ge
1 b;
8 Think abou aboutt parag paragraphi raphing ng (p.24 (p.24)
a formal
Yes. It clear Yes. clearly ly st state atess th thee rea reasson f or or writ ritiing ng.. The writer says sa ys th that at he is writ writin ing g to compl complaain abou about a disa di sapp ppoi oint ntin ing g holi ho lida day y wh whic ich h he b ooked wit ith h the recipient''s tr recipient trav avel el comp compan any. y. 2 Studen Students ts Para Pa ragr grap aph h
shou sh oulld
und un der erli line ne
thee foll th follow owin ing g:
2: W Whe hen n I bo boo oke ked d th thee holid lidaay, toget gether her with wi th tw two o fr frie iend ndss of min minee, we ma made de it clear to your rep represe resenta ntati tive ve that we want wa nted ed a sma small ll beach res esort ort whi hich ch wa wass live li vely ly but no nott to too o no noii sy or over-developed.
Para Pa ragr grap aph h
3: Whe When w e ar ri rived at Arosa rosa,, we disc di scov over ered ed our our mistake.
Para Pa ragr grap aph h
4: Our Our ho hottel was equally disap disappointi pointing. ng.
Para Pa ragr grap aph h
5: As you you ca can n im imag agin ine, e, I am di disg sgus uste ted d with wi th th thee ho holi lida day y we we were so sold ld
2 c
3 Th Thin ink k ab abou outt re regi gist ster er (p.27) b adjectiv adjectives that desc escr ribe pe per rsonal qualities: academ aca demical ically ly
gifted gif ted,, tal talent ented, ed,
happy hap py,, r esil silien ient, t,
popu pop ular
writin ting g, ha hass be been en,, is, has has pre pr esen entt ten ensses: am wri (consistently (consistentl y) shown, is shown,
come, is is,, ha hass (j (jus ust) t) been award awarded ed,,
hass ha
relati ativ ve clau ausses: who ha hass be been en a pup pupil il at thi thiss sc scho hool ol for th for thee past past th thre reee years ears;; who is po popu pula larr stud st uden ents ts an and d te teac achi hing ng st staf afff alike alike
with wi th he herr fe fell llow ow
(the whole ext extract ract)) complex sentence cess: (the who,, and, and, an and d, who a rang range of li link ing word rdss: who c formal
4 Iden Identi tify fy th the e key poin points ts in the th e qu ques estion tion (p.2l) '1
b
Parag Para gra ph 1: R easo eason f or wr itin iting. Paragra ph 2: My r My r elat ation ionsship with Jaso ason n; why he is suite ted d to what he does at th thee loca ocall yout uth h ce cen ntr e wher e he is a vo volun luntee teer r (he is comm ommiitted to helpi helping ng oth thers ers,, resourcef ul, a bl blee to cope in a cri rissis).
An inte inter r natio national aid orga organi nisa sattion.
2 They are an inter in ter natio tiona nall or ganis nisaati tion on;; th theey ar e staff ed part partlly by volunteers lunteers;; they provide provide train trainin ing g for volun vo luntee teer r s; s; th theey do work in le l ess p pri rivi vileg leged ed part artss of the wor ld. ld.
Par agr aph aph 3: How I know he is a bl blee to work in a tea eam m.
3 They wo woul uld d lik e p peeop oplle to a pp pplly to be vo volun luntee teer r s.
Paragraph Paragrap h 4: How I k now he is physic icaall lly y f it, it, adven enttur ous. willin ing g to endur e har sh liv li ving conditio nditions ns..
4 Ther e ar e ten r equ quiir ements ts.. 5 They wil illl wo wor r k k on pro pro je ject ctss in less pr ivil ileeged part rtss of thee wor ld. th ld.
Paragr Parag r a ph 5: How I kn kno\' \',,- h hee is is pract practiical al..
6 No Non ne.
Par Pa r agr a ph 6: A s sum umm mary of why why I thin hink k Jaso ason n is a suitab suit ablle yol olunteer unteer .
7 A y you oun ng per son you k now now. S He/ He/She wants yo you u to wri write te a let ettter of r ecommend mmendaation.
c
Eacch pa Ea paragr ragr a ph has a to t o p piic senten sentence: Pam gmph
P et ers , ers , who i s ap ap plying plying yourr organisat you a nisat ion.
9 Yes. 10
c
Par Pa r agr agr a ph 3: One of th thee most impo mpor r tan tant r equi equir emen entts fo forr us at at th the yo you uth centre is that we wo work rk toget togeth her as a tea eam m.
yo our letter letter of r eco comm mmeendat atiion, you wou oulld not 2 In y reaall re lly y nee eed d to r ef er to the per son' son's age.
Par agraph agraph 4: Phys ysiically, Ja Jasson is ver y f it.
3 Stu tud dents nts'' own ide deas as..
,Paragr aph aph 5: Although he ha hass no professi profess ional quaali qu lifi fica cattions ons.. Jaso ason n has many practical practical sk ills ills.
Gr ou p 2: re ressour cef cef ul, ul, pra ract ctiical al,, a b blle to cop opee in a cri crissis Group Gro up 3: a bl blee to wor k k as part of a t eam
inflexi ble ble:: opp oppos osiite
=
immattur e: o pp imma ppos osit itee
= m maatu ture re
Let etter ter s
I-'t Gi Givin ving g
an opi opinio nion n
f lex lexibl iblee
selfi sel fissh: o pp ppo osit itee = u un nselfi lfissh/co con nsid ideerate rate// thoughtf ul/ ul/ki kind nd,, etc. b
Paragr Parag r a ph 6: Jaso ason n is a gen geneer ous us,, tho houg ugh htf ul ul and r esou esourc rceful eful youn oung g ma man n and would see seem m to f it y yo our r equir equir ement mentss perfe rfectl ctly. y.
Stud udeents could cou ld gr oup o up po poin intts in a numb umbeer of ways. wa ys. One pos osssib ibiili litty is: Gro rou u p 1: adve adven ntur ous, phys physiicall lly y fi fit, t, willi illin ng to endur e hars ha rsh h li liv vin ing g con cond ditio ition ns
a
to wor orkk fo for r
Paragra ph 2: I have kno kn own Jaso ason n Pet Peters ers for fou four year s.
Stud udeent ntss' own id idea eas. s. 1 St
a
beh half of of J J a son 1: I am writ ing to you on be
1 Jas Jason is g eneT done a lot of work w ork for eneT Ous Ous and has done vari va rio ous chari aritties es.. 2 He is ver y r esou esourcef rcef ul , any cir cumsta cumstan nce cess.
the te tellevisio evision n pr ogramme ogra mme;; 1 to the mak ers of th 2 c; 3 b; 4 f airl irly y se ser r ious; 5 fo form rmal al
3 Ident dentiif y the key poi point nts s in the que questi stion on (p.32 32))
so he can co pe with alm lmo ost
3 Hav Having ing worked worke d for for a a time tim e as a vo volunt lunteer eer fi fir r ef ef ighter , Jaso ason n is tough.
A v viiewe wer r (i.e. a p per er son who pro b baa b blly watch watched the pr ogramm rammee a b bo out youn ung g peo pl plee's ha bi bits ts). ). 2
Young pe peopl oplee ar e s p peendin nding g f ar mo mor r e tim timee usin ing g com p put uteer s than rea read ding bo books. oks.
3
You Yo u mu must st::
4 Jason app appeears detac ache hed d bu butt in f act ct,, he is sens nsit it ive ive. 5 He is se can n be lef t to work sel l f -mot iva ivat ed , so he ca without sup upeer vision. 6 He is extr emely l evel evel -headed, foo fo olishl lishly y.
so he doesn't behave
7 He is r el iab iabl e , so you can be sure he will never let you do dow wn. S Jason is t ol emnt and gets on on well with ev eveer y b bo ody.
• suggest why young peop oplle ar e s p peendin nding g f ar ar more time usin ing g co computer mputer s than rea read ding book s • give y yo our views on on whic ich h of the th e two activ activiti ities es is pr p r eferab ferablle • say w wh hy th thiis is so
4 Think abo abou ut r egi egister (p (p..33) 1 b b;;
2 b; 3 a; 4 b; 5 a
(p..36) 8 Th Thin ink k abou aboutt lang langu uage (p b
one of the no notes tes is ir rel releva evant nt,, and ther efor e all could be in cou includ ludeed. How owev ever er,, som omee ar e not ve ver r y use seful ful or mfo mfor r mative mative,, e.g. 'co 'compu mpute ter r s ar e becomin coming g ch chea ea p peer to bu buy y'; 'acces esss to a co compu mpute ter r is ea easy sy'; '; 'not eve ever r yon onee can ca n af fo ford rd a compu ompute ter r '.
a
e;; 2 f ; 3 g; 4 b 1 e b;; 5 a;
6 d; 7 c
b
1 your fi ndin ndings gs;; 2 dec eclin line; e; 3 a wea ealt lth h of inf orma inf ormation tion;; 4 inva valu luaa bl blee; 5 indi indiss p peensabl ablee; 6 pro rolon longe ged d/sustai stain ned; 7 refl fleectin cting; g; 8 By f or egoin egoing g
a
Fir st st of all all,, .. .... ; A se second poin intt to r ememb mbeer Ano noth ther er re reaason f or ... ; A fin final al consi conside derat ratio ion n
b
Sugge uggested sted ans answe wers rs
The stude student might dec ecid idee to omit omit som omee of the the less imp mpor orta tant nt po poin ints ts in or der to e x pand on oth otheer notes.
a
Thee wri Th write terr -
does do es not not in incclud ludee
thee fol th follo lowi wing ng
nottes: no
1
to pl play games com ompu pute ters rs
ar e ch chea ea p peer to buy
acc cces esss to a compu computter childr chil dren en Internet
not everyone
Comp Co mpu ute ters rs ar e now esse essenti ntiaal to our our live lives. s. However/Neverth wever/Nevertheeless, they will will never never rep replac lacee
is ea easy sy
can ca n acce access uns unsuit uitabl ablee
mateerial mat
ove verr th thee
have gr grea eatter a pp ppea eall
ar e ch chea ea p per er
The writ riteer ha hass co cove ver r ed
all po poiint ntss
She has us useed th thee co corr rr ect e ct fo for r mat at,, c
d
Para rag gr a ph
boo bo oks.
to
In sp spit itee of the the f act act that compu mpute terrs are no now esse ssen ntial our ou r li lives, ves, th theey will ill never ever r e pl place ace book s. s.
it's it 's easier to re rela lax x with a bo book ok b
to our our
Des es pit pitee th thee fa facct th thaat co comput mputeer s ar e now now es esse sent ntia iall our li liv ves, th theey will will neve everr r e pl place ace books.
than books
les esss time av avai ailla bl blee book s
; .
Com ompu pute ters rs ar e now esse senti ntiaal to ou our lives. They They will neveer re nev repl plac acee bo book okss, ho howeve wever r .
can ca n aff ord a co comput mputer er
multi-meedia multi-m
Although hough//Whil Whilee com p pu uters ar e no now esse sent ntia iall livees, they liv they wi will ll never r e pl plaace books.
is is
2 aske as ked d for .
Although lthough//Whil hilee you yo u ca can n look up fa fact ctss in a boo book , the process pro cess is mu mucch quick er on the In Inte terne rnet. t. You can look up f act acts in a boo ook k . Howev Howe ver l Nev Neveer theles ess, s, thee pr ocess th ocess the In Inte tern rnet. et.
sty st yle and ton one. e.
1: R eason eason
for fo r wr iti iting (to re spond to the r esul esultts of th the sur vey on you oung ng peop oplle's ha bi bitts).
to
is mu much ch qu quic ick k er
You can look up facts a cts in a book . Th Thee process process quick er on the In Inte tern rneet, howev oweveer .
on
is mu mucch
Par Pa r agraph agraph
2:
Why yo Why youn ung g peop oplle are usi using computeer s mor e (benefits) comput efits)..
Des es pite pite the f act act th that at you ca can n lo loo ok up fact facts in a bo boo ok , the pr oces o cesss is muc much quick er on the Int Intern erneet.
Par Pa r agr aph
3:
Why, in s pit Why pitee of thi thiss, co compu mpute ter r s cann nnot ot r e pl plaace boo books ks (com com pa pari riso son n betw be twee een n r eadin eading g of f a co com pu putter sc scr r een een and r eadin ading g from a bo book) ok)..
In s pit pitee of the the f act that you ca can n lo look ok up fact facts in a bo b ook , the pr proc ocess ess is mu mucch quick er on the the In Inte tern rneet.
Para Pa ragr grap aph h
4: Furth Furtheer pr o bl bleems cau caused by use use of computeers (hea comput ealt lth h pr prob obllems).
Para Pa ragr grap aph h
5:
Mor e proble problems cau caussed by use use of computeer s (addicti comput ddictio on to co comp mpu uter games gam es,, antinti-soc sociial ha bit bitss, heal alth th ri rissk s).
Para Pa ragr grap aph h
6:
Both co Bot compu mpute ter r s valu va luaa bl blee.
Stud St uden ents ts
shou sh ould ld
Par agraph
und ndeerlin rlinee
and boo ooks ks ar e
the fo foll llow owing: ing:
1: I watch watched
your yo ur r ece cen nt programme programme and an d was inte inter este ested to lea earn rn the re ressul ultts of thee surve th rvey y you ca car r r r ied out.
Paragr Parag r a ph
2:
The f act that more you The oung ng peopl oplee ar e usin ing g co com m puters is hardl rdly y surpris urprisin ing. g.
Par Pa r agr agr a ph
3:
However Howeve r , ther e ar e r eason onss why computters can neve compu everr r e pla place ce book s. s.
Paragr Parag r a ph
4:
Anot oth her reason reason fo forr no nott us usin ing g computeer s f or comput or sustained period riodss r eadin eading g is f or or health reasons reasons..
of
Par agr agr a ph
5:
A f inal con onssid ideer ation is the amount amount tim imee som omee peo eo pl plee spen spend d playing comput co mputeer gam amees.
of
Par agr agr a ph
6:
I do no n ot f or a mo mome ment nt di disp sput utee th thee necessity f or necessi or you oung ng pe peop ople le to us us e compute compu ter r s bu butt neit ithe herr mu must st th theey lose touc ouch h wi witth the pri printe nted d boo book k .
3
Although lthough//Whil Whilee it is tru ruee tha hatt co comp mput uter erss ma mak k e information easil eas ily y access cessibl iblee, r ead ader erss ca can n't r elax wi witth a co comp mput uter er in th the sam amee wa y as with with a book book . It is tru truee th that at co comp mput uteer s make info inform rmat atio ion n easil eas ily y acces acc essi sibl ble. e. Ho How wever /Nev /Never the theless, readers can't re lax wit ith h a compu computter in the sa sam me way as with with a boo book . It is tr tru ue th that at comput mputeer s mak e information easil eas ily y accessibl access iblee. R ead adeer s ca can n't r elax wit ith h a co comp mput uter er in the sam sa me way as with a book , howeve owever r . Des es pit pitee th thee fa fact ct tha that com pu putters mak makee inf inform ormaati tio on easil eas ily y access accessibl iblee, rea read ders can't r ela lax x with a co compu mputter in the sam amee wa way y as with a book . In s pi pite te of the f act that compu mpute ter r s mak e inform informaati tio on easil eas ily y accessi accessi bl ble, e, r ead eader s can't r elax with a compu omputer ter in the sa sam me wa way y as with a bo book ok .
Artiicl Art clees (.
viv vi vid and descr descrip ipttive: We ratt rattled led through and moun mounttain ins, s, peer erin ing g the st stun unn ning scener y. y.
Descri Des cribin bing g an exp exper erien ience ce
appe peal alss to the the read ade er's im ima agin gina ation tion:: We visited r uins uins stee p stee ped ed
in hi hissto tor r y and bus bustling tling,,
modeern mod
cities.
dra raws ws on the wr writ iter' er'ss persona rsonall experien experience: We
2 Think ab abou outt yo your ur re read ade er r (p.38> (p.38> 1 a travel travel mag magazin azine; e; 3 a , c; 4 c
thro th roug ugh h
valley valle ys grim gr imy y windows windows at
lea earnt rnt to cop copee with the vagari ries es of f or or eign timetabl tablees and an d becam amee ade pt at communicatin mmunicating g by mea ean ns of hand signal alss.
2 'A Great Great Wa Way y to Travel Travel!' !';;
narrat rratiive tenses: In Ru Russsia we got got lo losst whil ilee we wer e visiting the K r re mlin vagran va granccy!
3 Ide Identi ntifY fY the key poi points nts in in the que quest stiion (p.39)
Did d the tr ip i p me meaasure rhet rh etor oriical que quest stiions: Di
No, it ca No, cann nnot ot have have b bee een n bo bori ring ng or disa disast stro rous us.. Th Thee two tw o ad adje ject ctiv ives es th that at tell you this ar are: e: pleasurable' 'pleasurable' and 'eventful'' . 'eventful 2
You mus You mustt gi giv ve r eas ason onss tr ans p po ort rt..
for fo r you ourr ch chos osen en
meaans me
comee to plan your grand com
of e
own ow n ide ideas
It is releva rele vant nt an and d to the the po poin intt, gr grab abss th thee re read ader er 's at atten tentio tion n and an d is well well--con consstruc tructted of mo more re th than an on onee sentence ence,, but does do es no nott waff le. le.
up to
take a tip f rom r om me wh when en you semi--form semi formal al ton tone e: So take
1 e; 2 d; 3 b b;; 4 a; 5 c
b Students' Students'
f or or
our ex ex p pect ectaati tions'? ons'? tour .
Par Pa r agra agra p ph h
1: H Ho ow yo you u wou oulld choose choose to tra travel el..
Par Pa r agr aph aph
2: Our desti stina nattio ion n, our me meaans of tr ans port and an d r ea ea ons for choo oosi sing ng it it..
Paragraph
3: Descript escriptiion of the ple pleaasu surab rable le saw sa w an and d cl cliid.
Parag Para graph
4: The ad adventure venture train.
Paragr Pa ragr a ph
5: Wh Why y the tr ain ain as a goo ood d way to tr avel.
5 Th Thin ink k ab abou outt a ti titl tle e (p. (p.39) 39) a
and wer eree ne neaar ly arrested
involve ved d
thin th ing gs
in tr ave avellin lling g
we by
wou uld ma make ke a good introd introduction uction.. Para rag graph raph b b wo
Paragra graph ph a a 'waffles waffles'' withou with outt either .
much mu ch point' 'point'
1 in inttrepid; 2 whi hizzz; 3 op optt f or or : 4 agonise agonised d long and hard rd;; 5 buck et shop op;; 6 sedu duccti, i,ee: 7 mea easu sur r e up to to; 8 stee ped in hi hisstor y; y; 9 imper imper vious to: 10 vag agaarie riess
and has overlong sentences to th them. It is not not ver ver y int inteer esting esting,,
conssis ists ts of a sin singl glee sent nteenc ncee Par ara agra graph ph c con
10 Thin Think k about gram grammar mar (pA 2)
whi hich ch is not not
1 to go; go; 2 to ho p on; 3 set setttin ing g of f f : 4 flving flving;; 5 to tr ave avel; 6 Back p paack ing; 7 to e rn rne: 8 trav raveellin ling g;
interesting.. interesting
Parag agr raph a wo woul uld d mak e a good co con nclusion lusion.. reader a sen rea ense se of closu closur r e, e, car r ri es a pun punch ch,, constructeed construct and lo longer th than an on onee se sent nten ence ce
It gi giv ves th thee is well in le leng ngth th..
11 Think Think abo about ut ten tenses ses (pA pA3 3) a
Althou Alth ough gh it gi giv ves a sens sensee of clos osu ure, it co cont ntri ri but butes es nothing of inte intere resst and is bor borin ing g an and d pr pred edic ictta bl blee.
The mod modeel arti rticl clee us uses es th thee fo folllow lowin ing g: Past Pa st Simpl implee, Past Co Con ntinu inuous ous,, Passt Pe Pa Per r f fe ct Sim pl ple, e, Pr esent Si Sim m p plle ( b but ut not to tal talk abo abou ut past exp xpeeri rieence) ce)..
nott give a sense of clos closure. It is not Parag Par agr raph c does no
b
1 arriv arrived ed,,
had s p pen entt
2 stopped opped,, a
1 yes; 2 no no;; 8 no; 9 no no;; b
3 halted ed//had checkin hecking g
Thee tex Th extt is a go good od model: 3 no no;; 4 no; 10 yes
5 ye yess;
6 no no;;
There are ma There man ny exampl examples es of th thee f ollow ollowing the art articl iclee. Here ar e som omee:
7 yes;
5 sto stolle/had in
an appro propr priat iate e tit titlle: 'The 'The Jou Journe rney y of a Li Life fettim imee' onee addres add resses ses the re reader directly ctly:: Would you be on of those intr e pid ty p pes es who set off with no notthin hing g baackpack , a m b map ap,, an and d a pr pr aye ayer ? You be bett it did! did! a l lively ively tone: tone: You
wer e go goin ing g halted ted,,
4 ha had bee een n waiti tin ng,
f ea eature uress
butt a bu
you yo u wo would uld
Past Simpl Past implee, Past Co Con ntinuous tinuous.. Pas astt Per fect fect Simpl Simple, Past Pa st Perf ect Continu nuou ouss. Third Conditiona onditionall.
is not not a goo ood d co con nclu lussion ion.. Par Pa ragraph b is
well con well const str r uct ucted as it talk s abou aboutt th thee las astt part of the trip i n a ra th theer di dism smis issi siv ve f ash shio ion n an and d then is ra ratthe herr bo borin ring g when wh en it talks a bou boutt having to g o ba b ack to wor k k .
desccrib ribiing aspect ctss of a past ex ex p peeri rieence nce.. In des pr o babl bably y use th the fo foll llo owing:
sto tollen,
checked cked//had pull pu lleed was sl sleeeping
6 had ea eatten. had taken taken
checked cked//was
Articles
Desc scri ribi bing ng t • De
6 It took place place ...; ... ; The guests, .. ... sa satt in in rows rows in in fr ont of an an altar .. ... ; the we weddin dding g mar ch ch st stm mck u p and the br ide gli lide ded d tow towa ards us ... ; Th The e brideg brid egr r oom oom, who was wai waitin ing g at th the e al alta tar r , t tu ur ned and bea eam med at her . Soo Soon n, the we weddin dding g ce cer r emony was und was under er way; way; No soon soo ner had the co coupl uple e ta tak k en the th eir vows than than the r ibbo ibbons and ga gar r land landss we wer r e whi hissk ed f r r om the altar altar .. .... ; when th they ey had r egain gained ed terr terr a f ir ma ma and the r ece ece p pttion was in in f ull ull swing sw ing,, I go gott th the e chance to rid ride e i in n t th he hot air ball ba llo oon; It was exci exciti tin ng, ... ; As wedd ddiings go, thi thiss one was was def inite initelly me mem mora bl ble e!
an even eventt
a qu qua ali litty mon montthl hly y magazi agazin ne; 2 c; 3 You You a ar r e asked asked t to o (1) des escrib cribe e somethin something g, (2) comp compare are it it w with ith somet eth hing and (3) to gi g ive yo y our o pini pinion on..
3 Ident IdentitY itY the the ke key y poi points nts in the ques questtion (pA4) 1
'Marriag Marriage e - Pa Passt and Pr esent'
2
A wedding. No No, it it co cou uld not have b bee een n bo boring ring.. T Th he ad j ject ectiive th t hat tell tellss yo you u t thi hiss is 'me 'memor a bl ble e'.
3
You are ask ed to (1) descr ibe ibe a m memo emor r abl able we wedd ddin ing g you have atte attend nde ed, (2 (2)) co comp mpa ar e it it w wiith the sort of wedding we dding your gr eateat-gr andp ndpa ar ent ntss might ha have ve h ha ad and (3) s (3) sa ay whe w hetther you t thi hin nk the weddings of to t oda day y r efl flect ect ch chang nges es th tha at hav ave e ta tak k en pl pla ace in the in inst stiitution of ma m arria rriage ge in r ece cen nt ye years. ars.
4 Thi Think nk about about vo voca cabu bula lary ry (p (pA AS) a
br r ide ide, gr oom om;; 2 best man; 3 bride bridesm smai aid ds; 4 stag stag, 1 b hen; S re reg gistr y offi office ce;; 6 r ece pti ptio on; 7 honey eymo moon on
b
1 g got ot;;
2 condu conduct cte ed; 3 ex exchang change ed; 4 wa wass held ld;; S m ma ade; 6 pr o p pos ose ed
c
clos ose e-k nit nit; 2 forge; forge; 3 ext extend nde ed; 4 single; 1 cl S vows ws;; 6 co com mmitm mitme ent nt;; 7 sac acr r ed; 8 spo spouse se,, st stigm igma a
7 Think Thinking ing about about yo your ur introduction (pAl)
7 altar , elabor atel ately decke ecked d, ribbons ribbons,, garlands, garlands, the wedding ma mar ch str uck up up,, glid lide ed, flower ed arc arch h, assem asse m b blled comp ompa any, bea eam med, under way, innovatio nnovation n, tak en their vow ows, s, w whi hisked sked from the the alt ltar ar , reve revea al, b bo orn rne e awa away, y, romantic romantic bli bliss ss,, r egain egaine ed terra f irm rma, a, in in f ull sw ull swin ing g, invigorating invigorating,, con onve vention ntiona al, when it co com mes es down to it, it , in essence essenc e, mu muc ch the sa sam me, exc exch hangin ing g vows
sollemn mnity ity;; 2 decked; decked; 3 str uck u p u p;; 4 bea ean nle led d; 1 so S innovat novatiion; 6 bli bliss ss;; 7 regain regaine ed terr a fi fir r ma; 8 in in fu full ll swin swi ng
10 Thin Think k abo about ut ref refere erence nce wor words ds (pAS) It = my c cou oussin's we wed dding ding;; whi hic ch = an alta tar r ; it = the basket of a a h hot ot air ba b all lloo oon n; th the ey = t th he new ewlly-weds weds;; it = t th he rid ride e in the hot air r b ba all lloo oon n; thi hiss one = we weddin dding g; thi hiss = the we weddi dding ng I a atte ttend nde ed; it = my cou ousi sin n's we weddin dding g; it = t th he ce cer r emon mony y
11 Think Think abo about ut sen senten tence ce str structu ucture re (pAS)
Par agraph agraph c wo would uld mak e a g goo ood d in inttr oductio uction n. It awak ens your inte inter r est e st and and ma mak k es you wan wa nt to r ead the th e r est of th the arti rtic cle; e; i itt f ocu ocuses es on on the theme of th t he ar ticl ticle; it contains a numbe number of se s entences tha thatt ar e we well ll link li nk ed; it conta contain inss se sen nte ten nces th that dev eve elo p one cent ntr r al ide id ea; it will ill pr pr o b ba a bl bly y lea ead d easil easily int into o the nex extt paragraph. Paragr Parag r aph aph a is b bo orin ring g and con conssists of only only o on ne sen se nte tenc nce e tha thatt does not develop anv i id dea ea..
S Wavin ing g to the guests, th the new ewlly-wed edss s sa ailed away away in in their balloo oon n.
Par agr agr aph aph b consists of a sing single, ra ram m blin bling. g. bad adlly cons onsttmcted se sen nte ten nce.
6
rrive ved d smilin miling g shyl shyly. 1 The br ide arri 2
The br idegro The groom om was standin nding g near the altar wa waitin ing g for her .
3
Feeling ing h hot ot,, I we wen nt to sit sit in the the shade.
4
Having fini finisshed th the e se ser r vice ce,, t th he vicar left l eft the the chur ch.
Ho pin ping g to get get som somet ethin hing g to eat eat, I w wen entt towa ward rdss the ref r reshm e shme ent te ten nt.
12 Mak Make e your article article vivid (pA9) a
Stud St ude ents ts'' own id ide eas
b
Ther e ar e seve ver r al examp examplles of the the follo follow win ing g fe fea atur es in t in th he article rticle. He Her r e ar e some ome:: 1
So mu muc ch f or in innovat novatiion, yo you u may ma y think .
2 So ho how w does all all t th his comp compa ar e with the sor t of weddin edding g our gr eateat-gra grandp ndpa ar ents mi mig ght ha have ve celle brated ce brated? ? 3 Just Just i imagin magine e ou our r surpr ise when th the e new ewlly-wed wedss ste pp ppe ed int into o it and wer e b bo orn rne e aw awa ay i into nto the the sun unsset et,, the pict pictu ur e of r r omantic bli liss! ss! 4 But wa waiit! So much f or innova innovati tio on, you may may t thi hink nk . S Tak e my cou coussin in''s weddin wedding g fo for r ex example ample.. Late Lat er , w wh hen t hey had r egai egained terra firma and the r ece p pttion was was in in f ull sw swin ing g, I go gott th the e chan hance ce to ride rid e in the the hot air ball ba lloon. oon.
1
Can you im imag agiine how amazed amazed we we wer r e when we r eali ealise sed d wha whatt was ha ppening?
2
Imagi agin ne ho how w delig igh hted the newl newly-we wed ds were wh when they h hear ear d th the e news ws..
3
Pict ctur ur e to yours ourse elf how h ow astoni astonisshed th the e guests wer wer e.
4
I wo wond nde er if yo you have ave e ever ver be b een to a r eall ally y unc un con onve ven ntional weddin ding g.
S
So what wo would uld our gr and par ents ha hav ve made of mode mod ern we weddin ddings gs,, I won wond der?
Articles
8
in the fi fir r st st plac ace e no longer exists ists.. Ther e ar are e many many such exa examp mple less all over over the wo wor r ld. In the the Sw Swiiss Al ps, for exampl examp le, touri tourists sts co com me to s ee ee th t he pi pict ctu ures resqu que e Swiss mou mount ntai ain n vi villlages ages,, However However , the Sw Swiiss mount unta ain farme farmers fi find nd that that th they ey can can no now w ea earn rn a li liv ving more mo re ea eassil ily y in the touri risst in indu dusstry ry,, and are thu thuss a b ba andonin ndoning g their pi pict ctur ur esq squ ue fa farm rms. s. Thes ese e ar e fa fall lling ing int nto o deca ecay, y, and ther efor e one of the r eas aso ons f or or touri to urissm in th the e ar ea is being destr destr oyed oyed by to tou ur ism itself itse lf .
Discus Disc ussi sing ng be bene nefi fits ts an and d drawbacl
(p..5O> 2 Th Thiink about your reader (p 1 a lea eadi din ng po litician itician''s; in a new ewsp spap aper er;; 2 a to tour ur ist mag ma gazine ne;; 3 th the e r ead eaders of th the maga gaz zin ine, e, Le Le.. th the e ge gen neral public; publi c; 4 Yo You u ar e wri writtin ing g to give your your opin opinion ionss on the be b enefi efitts and and dr aw aw b bac ack k s of tourism tourism,, and to comm comme ent on the polit litic ician ian's 's state atem ment.
3 Identi dentify fy the the key poi point nts s in (p..51) the quest question (p
(p.5 52) 8 Ma Make ke a pla plan n (p. a
Put a cr oss o ss nex extt to the fo foll llo o wing: • a his histtor y of tour ism ism
1
Yes, es, on on th the e whole.
• ho how w to attract attract mor ore e tou touri rissts to our r egi egion
2
b
• descr i pti ptio on
3
The holid oliday ay mak er and th the e ho hosst co cou unt ntr r y hav have e benef ite be ited.
4
The host The host cou count ntry ry has proba proba bl bly y economic eco nomica all lly y.
b
7
• one par agra a graph ph
• one par agraph agraph
• one para arag gr aph aph
Putt a c Pu cr r oss oss nex extt to the f oll llow owin ing: g: • a f o ormal, rmal, scienti scientif f ic style' • a lot of ve ver r y bas asiic se sent nte ence st str r uct ctur ur es es
• one par agra a graph ph
It bro aden adenss th the eir horizons rizons;; it allows the hem m to lea earn rn a bou boutt ot oth her co countr untr ies and cul cultures and so becom ecome mor e tol tole er ant nt..
2
It all llows ows an exc exch hange it prov rovid ides es jo b bs. s.
of id idea eass and o pinion pinions; s;
3
If to touri urissts visit an ar ea e a to se see e its wildli ildlife fe,, the loca ocall inha inh a bit bita ants ar e moti otivate vated d to pr otec o tectt the wi wild ld an anim ima als and plant antss.
4
Deve evello pm pme ent of ar eas to cr eate tour ist re reso sor r ts ts and facili fac ilitie tiess ca can n destr oy oy nat natu ura rall ha bi bita tats ts;; incr ease eased pollu po llutio tion n; mor e peop oplle in an ar ea ea can di dist stu urb anim nima als and ca cause use erosi erosion of land nd..
S
Touri Tou rissm can provi rovid de job obss fo for r loca ocall co communiti mmunities es;; it ca can n hel p r evi evive in inte ter r es t in an area; it ca can n encour age age invest vestm ment in an area area and im prove fac faciiliti ities es an and d ser se r vice v icess (e (e..g. hosp ospiita talls, r oads, ai air r po por r ts) ts) for the loca ocall inh nhab abit ita ant nts. s.
6
The life of an area The area ca can n be di dissrup rupte ted d by ove verrdeve evello pm pme ent (noise, po poll llu ution) ion);; fa farming rming,, f ishin hing g and oth ot her mean meanss of ea earn rnin ing g a li livin ving g may be inco incomp mpa atib tiblle witth tou wi tour r ism; ism; an ar ea ca can n becom ome e too ex p ex pe ensiv nsive e to liv li ve in.
7 Touri Tourists sts ma may y initia initiall lly y be attr act acted to an ar ea ea beca ecau use it is uns poilt poilt.. Howeve owever r , th the e touri urissts themselves con co ntri tri bu butte to th the deve evelopm lopme ent (a (and nd so som metim time es over deve evello pm pme ent) of an ar ea. So Soo on the r eason eason they cam came e
thatt su tha sum m
up wh what has bee een n sa said id:: 4
that sums up wha whatt has be bee en sa said id:: 4
that th at leads l eads in into to the topi topic:
• a se section (of one par agr agr aph aph or mo more re)) wh which ich deals with th the e nex extt se sett of posi positi ti\\"e an and d r elated elated negati gative ve//unp unpre redi dictabl ctable e effect effects: 3
• slang
1
1
• a sect ctio ion n (of one pa par r agr agr aph aph or mor e) whic hich h dea eals ls with the f ir ir st s t set of pos positi iti\\"e an and d re rela late ted d negatiive negat ve//unpyed npyediictabl ctable e effect ctss: 2
(p..51) 4 Think abou outt r egis istter (p
Suggested answer answ er s
int nto o the top topiic:
B
is a good thin hing. g. A 'cur se' se' is a bad th thin ing. g.
(p..52) 5 Br Brai ains nsto tor r m th the e topic (p
that th at lead
• a se secti tio on (of one on e par agraph agraph or mor e) e) whi hic ch dea ealls wit ith h th the e posi ositive aspects of tOuri tOurism sm:: 2/3
'We mu musst as ask k ourse rsellves whet eth her touris rism m on the the sca scalle we have it now is a bl ble essin ssing g or a cur se. se.' 'On the sc sca ale we have it no now' = the size and mag ma gnitud ude e of the effec ffects ts of the tour ist in industr dustr y in tod to day ay's 's wo wor r ld A ' blessi blessing ng''
A • a section (of one on e par aQIa a QIaph ph or mo mor r e) e) which dea ealls wit ith h th the e negative egative or r unpredicta bl unpredicta ble e aspe spects cts of touri to urissm: 2/ 2/3 3
benefit fite ed
S Loca Locall communi ommunitties and wildli ildlife fe hav ave e also been af fect fected by touri urissm. The adj djecct ecctiive and ph phra rase se ar e 'unpr edi dic cta bl ble e', 'not 'n ot al always pos osiitive tive''. 6
of my last hol holiida day y
53)) 7 Thi hink nk about about style style (p.53 Suggeste Sugge sted d answers 1
Many/Som Man Some e to touri urists sts have li littl ttle e res p pect ect fo for r the envi vironm ronme ent.
2
Many/Som Man Some e holi lida day y ma make ker r s can be/ be/ar e and unp unpll easa easan nt.
3
(Man (Ma ny/Som Some e) develo p pe er s ofte ften n bui uilld hotel hotels in envir onm nmenta entallly se sen nsiti itive ve place cess.
4
Touri To urissm of ten ten br ings gs//can
S
Many/ Man y/Som Some e environm nvironme ent
oft fte en ro rowd wdy y
brin br ing g wea eallth to a po poor ar ea. ea.
peo pl ple e don't car e/care nowada waday ys.
litttle a b li bo out the
8 Rea ead d a mod mode el article (p (p..54) a
Outline A
b
1 Y Yes es;; 2 Y Ye es; 3 No; 4 Yes; S No; 6 Ye Yes; s; 7 Ye Yess; 8 Yes; 9 No No;; 10 Yes; 11 Yes; 12 Yes The to pi pic c se sen nte ten nces Para Pa ragr gr aph aph
ar e: e:
urist st indust industr r y is booming, boomin g, but 1: The touri should we be pl please eased d or wo wor rie ried a bo bou ut itss eff ects '? it
Par Pa r agr agraph
2:
Lett's begin wi Le with th the positi positive si sid de.
Par Pa r agraph agraph
3:
If there ar e so man many benefi nefits ts to tou to uris rism m, what hat's the probl roble em'?
Par Pa r agr agr aph aph 4: 4:
So is touri ourissm
a bless essin ing g or a cur se'? se'?
(p,,5S) 9 Thi Think nk about about voca vocabul bulary ary (p
6 Mak ake e a pl plan (p.6 (p.61 1>
a
a
boomin ming g; 1 is boo
2 their natural natural habitats; 3 rowdy; 4 di dissr uptin upting g; 5 wip wipe e out out;; 6 subscr i be to to;; 7 impact; impact; 8 les esssening
Students should tic tick all of all of th the e not note es exc xce e pt: • cruelty cruelty t to o pet petss • ho how w we uSe animal animalss to hel p us us,, e.g. g guide uide dogs dogs
b c
1 on; 2 in; 3 for ; 4 to; 5 on; 6 on; 7 wit h / b y y;; 8 on
Parag aragr r aph aph 3: co cond nditi ition onss in som some e zoos oos;; k ee ee p piing animalls in zoos is anima is wr ong; how ca pt ca ptiivity vity a aff ff ects animals
7 Rea Read d a mode modell article article (p.61> a
1
yes es;; yes
Students Studen ts should underline underline the following following:
2
Stud tude ents should underli underline the foll fol low owiing:
It see eem ms ... ; Let's begin with the positiv positive s siide; Thi hiss is of particula rticular r importance importance in ... ; Anoth nothe er co con nce cern rn is ... ;
Paragr a ph 1: We l like ike to to think that we w e live in a civilised soc so ciet iety y, bu butt we we ar ar e s sti tilll capable capable of gre reat at crue cru elty lty..
Think, for for exampl xample, e, of ... ; The ans an swer must be that it is ... ; Pa Part rt of the probl prob lem is tha thatt ... ; Per ha p pss we need to ... b Stud Stude ents should under underlline th the e fol folllowing: Finally inally,, . ... .. ; To begi begin n wi with th,, ... Oth the er items could be be: Introductor y ph Introducto phra rasses: First of all, all, ... ; Fir stly, ; In the first place place, ... ; Th The e first point point to consider is ; The first concern must be ... ; S Second econd,, ... ; Secondly Secondl y, ... ; Another concern is i s ... ; Las asttly, .. .... ; The Th e last point to consider is ... Conclludin Conc uding g phras hrase es: To con conc clud lude e, . Add Ad ding informa nformati tion: on: in additio addition n, .
11 Edi Editt a text text (p (p,,56) Par agraph agraph 1: at at;; ha hav ve create created d Paragraph 2: peopl Paragraph people's; prosper prosperity ity;; (may (may oth other wise) hav ave e been bee n; wh whos ose; e; by; on; be bene nefi fitted ed;; will (protect); On;; worse On worse
Paragr a ph 3: Now consider the plight of thos those anima animals mice, rabbits, rabbits, dog dogss, cats, and monkeys monkeys that are kept kept in laboratories. laboratories. 3 ye yess; 4 yes yes;; 'Con Consside iderr the way way we we tr tr eat animal animals.' 'Tak e a look at a t a zoo near you. you .' 5 yes yes;; 6 yes; 7 yes; examples exampl es or explan explanations ations fo folllow low i immediatelly mmediatelly af ter all statem tatement entss; 8 no; 9 no; 10 no
(p..62) 8 Th Thin ink k abou aboutt your your co con ncl clus usio ion n(p Par agra rap ph a would mak mak e a good conclusion to the the arti rtic cle. It is linked to the paragr a phs be bef f ore o re it a it and nd also links back the themat matiically to the first pa p aragraph ragraph.. It conta contains a number number of sentenc s entences es that ar e well ell--link ed. It summarise summarises the th e th the eme of the the ar ticle and takes it on whil while at the same same time ma makin king g th the e article article f eel compl comple ete te.. Paragraph b links back to onl on ly one aspect of the article, which is inappr inappropriate opriate.. It cons consist istss of only one sentence entence.. Par agra agra ph c link s back to only onl y one aspect of the th e articl article, which is inappropria inappropriate.
9 Th Thiink abou boutt langu langua age ( (p. p.63) 63)
Articles
I:
Paragr a ph 2 : Take Take a look look at a z zoo oo nea ear r you.
Giving Giv ing an opi opinio nion n
1 reputabl reputable; 2 pac pace e (up and down) down);; 3 li listlessly stlessly;; 4 br eed; eed; 5 endure; 6 plight; 7 adm admiitted ted;; 8 guarantee
10 Com Compar pare e two text texts (p. p.63 63)) 2 Think about your your r eader (p (p,,58 58> > 1 c b;; 4 c c;; 2 b; 3 b
3 Ide Identi ntify fy the ke key y po poiint nts s in the qu que estion (p (p,,58> The su su bj bje ect was the ways in which whi ch w we e explo xploiit aniimals an mals.. 2 You mus mustt consid conside er (1) whe wh eth the er you think k ee ee ping anima anim als in zoos or us using the them f or or research is e is ev ver ju j ustified an and (2) if it i iss, u unde nderr what circumstance circumstances. You musst also r efer to the extract a bov mu bove e
(p,,59) 4 Th Thin ink k ab abou outt voca cab bul ulary ary (p a
1 g (d (d,, a) a);; 2 aid;
3 die die;;
4 f; 5 b; 6 e; 7 c (i); (i);
(c) c);; 9 h 8 i (
b
1 c r am am p pe ed; 2 humane; 3 appa appalllin ling/ g/ barbaric( barbaric(//cruel) cruel);; 4 crue ruel(/ b ba ar ba bari ric) c);; 5 a p p pallin alling/ g/ barbari barbaricl clinexcusabl inexcusable e
b Students should tic ti ck the following columns: columns : 1 Ess ssa ay; 2 A Article; rticle; 3 Essay Essay;; 4 Article; Article; 5 Article Article;; 6 Essay say;; 7 A Ar r ticle le;; 8 Articl rticle e; 9 Article
(p..64) 11 Thi Think nk about about lan langua guage ge (p There are many many possible answe answers for each e ach que question stion.. One exampl ex ample e is given: While it might be argued tha Whi th at some experime experiments on animals are done done for medical medical reasons, reasons, the truth is that in the majority majority of case casess th the ey ar e not not.. Although some som e experiments on ani animal malss are done for medica medic al reas reasons ons,, it mus must be r ememb mbe er ed that in the the majority of case cases they they are not. not. Some peopl people claim that some experiments on animalls are done anima done for me medical r easons asons.. Wh Wha at they forge forg et is that in the the majority majority of cas ase es the they y ar e not not.. Despite claims tha that some experim xperime ents on animals ar e done for me medical r easons asons,, it is a fact that in the ma j ma jority ority of case cases th the ey ar e not not.. It may may be true that some som e exp xpe erim rime ent ntss on animals ar e done for for me m edi dica call r easons but all too often they they are not.
10 Re Rea ad a model essay (p.70 70> > 1 yes yes;;
2 no:
3 ,-e -e::
4 yes:
5 yes:
6 yes:
7 no;
8 yes
11 Thin Think k about conn conne ectors (p. p.7 71) Ther e ar e ex exam amp ples of the fo foUo Uom mno whil hilee, how owever ever . alth thouoh ouoh
2 Thi Think nk about about your your reader reader (p.66)
in the model essay:
1 an essay; essay; 2 your co cou ur se se tuto tor r ; 3 a; 4 c; S to give an o p pini inio on; to comm commeent on the ex exttract
Essa
3 Iden Identi tify fy the key poin points in (p..67) the qu question estion (p TIle subj TIle ubjeect was the cau causes of delinqu linqueency beeha b hav viour in youn ung g peo ple ple. 2 TIle TIley y may be guil uiltty of rowd rowdy beha havi viou ourr vandali vanda lissm, dr ug-ta ta1 1
4
in pu publ bliic,
Four possib ossiblle r easo eason ns ar e: (1) par ent ntss ar e not stri strict ct eno noug ugh h wi with th the th eir off s p pri ring ng,, (2) the pr essur es es young peop pe oplle fa face ce in to tod day ay''s wo wor r ld, (3 (3)) the the inf luence of film and tel eleevi vission and (4) pee peerr pr essur e. Studeent Stud ntss should und ndeer line the f ollowing: (1) 'comm commeentin ing g on the ex exttr act' (2) 'exam amiinin ning g th e r eason easons why some young peop oplle behave badly' (3) give your op opin iniion as to to wh whether pare aren nts should be stri triccter with chil hildr dr en'.
6 Th Thin ink k abo bou ut vocabu ocabullary (p (p..6B> a
Ad ject jectiives that de desc scri ribe be easy sy--go goiing ng,, harsh harsh, leni nieent, Adjectives Adjecti dissobedi di obedieent, People: Peopl e:
Verbs: b
noun no unss:
hooli liga gan n, dissciplin di iplinee,
disc sciplin ipline, e,
2 Thi Think nk about about yo
3 Think about regist register
4 Ide Identify the the key po' po ' the qu ques estion tion ( (p p.73 73)) Our genes come f r rom o m 0 our ph phys ysiica call a pp ppear ear ance an
neglec ectt,
r e b beel, r e p pri rim mand and,,
toleeran tol rance ce sco colld
2
4 7 r ebel ebelli liou ouss
4 It wo would uld
seem see m to me that
,/
They cann nno ot cl clon onee hu huma man n bein~ a b blle to do so in the fu fur r ur e. e.
b
to beli lieve eve that
.... ; As I se .. seee it, ... ;
(p..69) 9 Th Thiink about style (p 1
a over -general raliisat satiion
b quali qualifie fiess
2
a qua quallifie fiess
b
ove ver r -ge gen neral raliisati tio on
3
a ove over r -genera rallisati tio on
b
qualif ies
4
a qu quaali lif f ies
b ove ver r -genera rali lissati tio on
S
a ov over -ge genera nerali lisa sati tio on
b qualifie lifiess
a st statement
6
a ove verr-ge gen nerali ralisa sattion
b qu quaalifie ifiess
a statement
a stat ateement
Accordin rding g to the lecr urer urer . oe ne nenc encinee ineer r ing inteerf er es int es with th thee na nar r ur al praces es o f ev evolu luttion, and we do not kno now w or un und der stand the lon long g-ter m ef f fects e cts of this.
8 j; 9 e;
10 a
a
1 f; 2 d; 3 i; 4 h: 5 b: 6 c: 7
b
Verbs: alter , avoid. ban ban.. br eed. eed. clo clone ne.. crea reatte, cr o p p,, design, devel evelop. dis discO cO''-er . en ure ure.. OO OO'" '"eer n, har m, inh nheerit rit,, mutat tate, e, re reas assu sure. re. r esearch esearch
0:
... '/
Mor e exa Mor examp mplles ar e: e: In my o p pini inio on, I am of the o p piinion that ... ;
a statem statement
yer. but but may well be
5 Thi hin nk about about vocabu vocabulary lary (p.73)
... '/
7 Beli lieeve me, ... X 8 I am in incclin ineed
Clones ar e geneti etical calll~- exac;: copi of an or gani nissm created f rom rom the D A of 0 e 0 m maa r oroa roan nism's cell llss.
... X
S You have to be mad to beli lieeve 6 I te ten nd to think that
e. 'stal talllr ro dise sease ase;; a:--oer and heal alth thiier ; 0 - a: di.qoa oass in hum umaan . G10
Scientist Sci entistss ca can n now clone a.ni.ma: ma:ss: the fi fir r r succe ccessf ssf ul cloni clo ning ng of a mam amm mal was Do . th the "hee " hee p p..
S X
can nO nO'\ '\"" alre alrerr gen
they can mak e an anima imall they th ey can tr eat eat inheri erirred
3 stric stricter;
to say say th thaat ... X to beli liev evee that
Scientists
3
1 I firml firmly beli lieeve th that at .. .... ,/
3 It's stupid
.73)
1 b b;; 2 a
re b beel, vand andaal
1 easy-go goiing/leni nieent; 2 di disscip ipli lin ne; 4 disobed sobediient nt//un undis discci p pllin ineed( d(//r e b beellious); S hoo hooli ligans gans;; 6 delin linq quent nts/ s/v vanda ndalls; (/ diso bedi dieent/un disc iscii p lin ineed)
2 It's rubbi rubbish
reade re ader r (p.72)
1 a lec ecttur e on gen geneetic en -~g: 2 f rom rom the lect ctu ur er er 's talk ; 3 an ess essay ay:: 4 the -'0-:-'0-:-;; of your your sc scho hool ol news pap paper er , your fellow fellow !W.l !W.llde ldenrs nrs.. pr obably obably me memb mbeer s of the teachin aching g sta taff ff : 5 (Q e:l e ad,a ,an ntage agess and ri rissk s of ge gen net etiic en eng gineerin eerino o an - o pi pin nio ion n on wheth theer the advant ntaages oum'eioh
8 Think nk about about lang langu uage (p (p..69) a
Presenting both Presenting both sides of an argument
autthor ita au tari riaan,
tha hatt de desc scr r i be young peo p ple le:: deli linq nqu uent, r e b beelli llio ous, und undiisci plin plined ed,, wellwe ll- b beehave aved d
delinqu linqueent,
Abstr act act
pare ren nts ts:: str st r ict
11
and bad
a state atem ment
a statement
Nounss: Noun alar mist mist,, ban ban.. beha' beha';o ;our ur.. bre reaakt kthro hrou ugh, br eed eed, char acter acter isti tic. c. clone. con con um umeer . cro cro p p,, des esiign, evo ev olu luti tio on, harm arm,, pest est.. pesti stici cid de. r esea earch. rch. safet safety, selectiion select on,, sp spec eciies, techniqu chniquee. ther a py Adje djectives ctives:: alarm armiist st,, ama amazzing. charac aractteris risttic, gen ge net etiic, immun munee, li lif f e-t e-thr eaten eatening, pr of itabl ablee. unacce unacce p pta ta b blle, worrying worryin g c inherit inheriteed; behaviour ; enginee eer r ing; ing; immun munee; br eed eed; clon one; e; techniqu hniquee; geneticall lly y; therap rapy; y; design
8 Thi Think nk about about con connec nector tors s (p. 76)
c
The hey y = sc sciientist stss This = grow This growing ing cro crop p s en eng gin ine eer ed to be be re resi sisstant dr ough oughtt and di dise sea ase and and to natur al pe pest stss
Other Oth er po possi ssibil biliti ities es are are:: and d st Weig We igh hing u p an sta ating ar ar guments: It think think it is tru rue e that ... ; It is que question stiona a ble whether ... ... ; ; I am su sur r e that at//I doubt do ubt wh wheth ethe er ... .. ; ; It is tru true that On th the e oth the er ha hand nd,, ... ; While While nobody nobody can de deny that , I wo woul uld d like to po poiint outt tha ou thatt ; I agre gree e tha thatt ... Howe However ver , ; Alth though ough it is true tru e tha thatt , we must must re reme memb mber er th that at ; It coul could d be argued arg ued tha thatt ... However However , I wou would ld li like ke to to poin intt out that ... ; De Desp spit ite e al alll the argu argumen mentt s, I still f eel eel tha thatt ... ; Notwiithstandin Notw thstanding g the th e cla laim im th tha at ... , I woul ould d arg argu ue th that at ... ; It may may be tru true e th that ... , but ... ; Surel urely y it is un unaccepta accepta bl ble e thatt .. tha .... Summ mma arisin rising g: In conclusion, .. .... ; All in all all,, I ten end d to the vie vi ew th that at//I am o f the opin opinion ion tha thatt ...
to
the th em = pes pestts such as insects Anoth nother er adva advantag ntage e engin ngine eering
= an advan advanta tage ge
they = bab babies ies wit with h inh inheri eritted
of geneti enetic c
dise di seas ases es
This = th This the e abili ability to re redu duce ce th the e ri risk sk of developing fattal disease fa disease
a
this in this inf f ormation ormation = th the e informat informa tion from a 'gene profile',', which would ena bl profile ble e som omeo eone ne to see see if if a pe p erso son n is lik ely to develop a f atal di disseas e as th they grow older this = th the e f act a ct ttha hatt they wil illl be able able to de dessign the perf ect hum huma an be bein ing g
(p..76) 10 Thi Think nk abo about ut you yourr con conclu clusio sion n (p
that = the the id ide ea th tha at anyone can ju jud dge what is 'norm norma al' and 'a 'acc cce e pt pta a bl ble e' in hu hum man beings and eli elimin mina ate char act cte eristic risticss the hey y di dissappro approv ve of
Para rag graph b wou woulld ma make ke the be besst concl clu usion on..
It is link ed to t he he par agraph graphss bef before ore it and also li lin nks back back thematicallly to the firs thematical firstt pa para rag graph raph.. It con onttain ainss a numbe umber r of sent nten ence cess th that at ar are e wel elll linked. linked. It sum umm mar ises the es essa say y and an d ta take kess it on on wh whil ile e maki king ng it feel feel com pl ple ete te..
this new new scienc science = geneti tic c engineering
Parag aragra ra ph a wou woulld not male a go goo od con conc clu lussion.
It cons co nsis ists ts of a singl ingle e sente senten nce th tha at ad add ds li litttle of valu va lue e or inter est to t he inte he es essa say y.
Esssa s Es
Parag aragr r a ph c wou would ld no nott mak e a go good concl clus usiion on..
12
It does not summ summari arise se the essa essay and and in sty style it is in inappro appro priate priate.. It is clearl arly y an 'add add--on on'' simply simply in ord orde er to sa sav v omet eth hing at the the end nd..
(p.78) 78) 2 Th Thin ink k ab abou outt yo your ur re read ader er (p.
11 Thi Think nk abo about ut par paragr agraph aphing ing (p.77) a
Parag Pa ragr r aph aph
1: Wha hatt geneti genetic c eng ngiineering
can ca n achi hiev eve e
now no w and in the the fut futur e Para Pa ragr grap aph h
2:
The benefit The fitss of geneti tic c eng engin ine eer ing ing agricult ricultu ure and r e lat ated ed ri risk sk s
to
Para Pa ragr grap aph h
3:
The bene nefi fits ts of gen ene etic en eng ginee eeri rin ng medic medi cin ine e an and d re rellated r isk s
to
Para Pa ragr grap aph h
4:
The futur e of genetic engin The ginee eering ring:: design igniing a pe 'per f f ect ect' hum uma an be bein ing, g, an and d clonin oning g peop people le
Par agr a ph
b Stude Student ntss Paragraph
5:
Conclussion dra wn f r Conclu ro m po poin ints ts ma mad de abov ab ove e - knowle knowledge mu musst be used mat atur ur ely and r es p e s pon onssi b blly
sho hould uld und unde e r line line
Ouitlining Ouitlining prob problems lems and offerin offering g a soluti solution on
1 a ma mag gazin ine e ar arti ticl cle e; 2 an essay ay;; 3 Yo You u must must (1) examin amine e som some e of th the e cause sess of stre ress ss (2) out outllining some stra rateg tegiies to co cope with the pro probl blem em an and d ( 3) say wh whe eth the er you think think li lif f e tod toda ay is more str essfu essfull th tha an it wa was in the the past pa st.. 4 yo your ur co cou ur se tutor ; 5 b
3 Iden Identi tify fy th the e ke key y po poin ints ts in .78) 8) the quest question ion (p.7 Str St r ess ess is a disor disorder der whi hich ch re ressul ultts f rom r om li liv ving unde under pr essu essur e. e. It is a pr o blem bec beca aus use e it cau causses vari rio ous medi dica call di dissor der der s. 2
It ma may y be ca cau use sed d by (1) the the pac pace e of chan change ge,, (2) doubtss a bout tradit doubt traditiion ona al beliefs fs,, or (3) li liv ving unde under pr ess ssur ur e.
3
They migh mightt be more more s tre ressf ssf ul ul becaus use e (1) th the e pace of chan cha nge is gre grea ater now than it was was in the the past, (2) we hav ha ve do doub ubts ts ab abou outt tr trad adii tion ional al bel belief iefss, whi hich ch in the the pas p astt were th the e pr prop opss of human exis iste tenc nce e an and d (3) we are ar e li liv ving unde under more pr essure than our for foreb ebear ears. s.
the f oll llo owin ing g:
verr th the e pa passt decad cade es scient ntiists have 1: Ove made ma made majo jorr di disc sco ove ver r ies in geneti tic c engin ngine eerin ring g.
Par Pa r agr agrap aph h
2:
One of the the gr eates eatest be ben nef its in ge gen netic engineer ing engine ing could ould be in agr icultu tur r e.
Par agr agraph
3:
Another adva van nta tage ge medic medi cin ine e.
Paragraph Pa ragraph
4:
Som ome e sc sciientists claim that in the fu futur tur e they th ey will will be abl able e to des esiign the perf perfect ect huma hu man n b eing and th thiis might might sou ound nd li lik k e yet anot anothe herr advant antag age e at fir first st..
Parag Para graph
5:
On ba balanc nce, e, it would se see em that that genetic engi ngin neering off e er r s benefit benefits but a allso trem reme endou ndouss risks. risks.
lies li es in th the e f ield of
4 Studen Studentts shou houlld und underl erlin ine e the followi followin ng: (1) exa xami mini ning ng so som me of the the causes causes of st stre ress ss,, (2) ou outtlining som ome e strate strategi gies es to cop cope e with the problem,, (3) re problem ress pon pond d to th the e qu que esti tion onss po possed in th the e artic arti cle le,, (4) sa say y whet eth her you thin ink k li life fe toda today y is more stress stre ssf f ul th tha an it was in the the past
bout.. your your vocabulary (p 4 Th Thin ink k about vocabulary (p..79) a 1 st stra rattegi egies es;; 2 ni nigg gglling; 3 fr eneti tic c; 4 re reli lie ef ; S e evo vollve ved d; 6 all lla ay; 7 upr upro oot ot;; 8 ties
S Som Some p peop eoplle who/that fa faiil to cope cope w wiith str ess can can becom beco me serio riou usly ill ill.. 6
Stre ss ss r r elievers ar e acti activ vities ities w which hich//th tha at r elie iev ve the eff ectsof stre stress ss..
(p.83 83)) 9 Thi Think nk abo about ut language (p. c 1 trem blin bling g fi fin nge ger r s; 2 emoti emotional suppo upport rt;; 3 sweat sweaty y p pa alms; 4 irr ati ational f ear ear s; s; S de dee e p br eathin thing g; 6 chr onic nic stress stress
Stude Stud ents should should unde underli rline ne the fo foll llow owiing ng:: Anyone wh Anyon who o has ... ... will ill (re (reco cog gni nise) se) . .... ; Fortun Fortunate atelly, ther e are (strate (strategies we w e c ca an adopt)
7 Re Read ad a model model essa essay y (p.81) the bett etter er con conc clusio ion n. It is b Para Parag graph a would make th lin inke ked d to the par agr a ph phss befor e it, t, a and nd also links inks b back ack thema ematic tical allly to the f irs rstt p pa ar agr agr a ph. It conta contaiins two well we ll link ed s ed se ent nte enc nces es and mak es t the he essay fee feel compl co mple ete. con nsist sistss of only one se sen ntence and is a Paragraph Paragrap h b co r ath the er lam ame e way o off f inis inishing an es essa say y.
(p..84) 2 Thi Think nk about about your your reader reader (p
c 1 Yes es;; 2 0; 3 Yes es;; 4 No; S No ; 6 Yes; 7 No No;; 8 Yes Y es;; 9 No; 10 10 No No
1 c c;; 2 a; 3 to mak e sug ugg gest estiion onss, to recomme recommend someth some thiing ng,, to put fo for r ward ideas ideas
d Para rag grap raph h 1: Th The e sy sym m pto ptom ms of str str ess; ess; w wh hat is str ess?
(p..85) 3 Thin Think k about about registe register r (p
Par agrap agraph h 2:
The surviva rvivall va vallue of str str ess e ss for ani anima malls and pr imitive pe peop oplle - facing physi physical dan da nger .
a
Stu St ude den nts shou houlld tick the th e fo foll llowing: owing: • imp imper er son sonal state statements
The ca cau uses ses of of str ess in ess in the mo mod der n wor ld ar e ment menta al rather than physi physical cal:: the th e r esul esults. ts.
• pa passsi sive ve f orms orms
Paragra ph 4:
Str St r ategies egies t to o combat stress.
• a so so ph phist istiicate cated d vocabul vocabulary ary,, u used sed with pr pr ecision
Par agr a ph 5:
Summ umma ar y a and nd conclu conclusion.
Par agraph agraph 3:
e Yes, the write writerr has inc includ lude ed topic topic se sentenc ntences es.. Students sh shou oulld under under line line the fo folllowing: Par agr agr a ph 1: Most Most of us us feel feel s str tr essed at at some tim time e in our liv lives. Par agr a ph 2:
Stres St resss is no notthin hing g new.
Paragra ph 3:
The wor ld has changed ed,, how howe eve ver r , and the sor t of stres s tresss we ex p pe er ienc nce e nowa now adays is ment nta al r ather ather tha than ph p hysic ysica al.
Parag ragr r a ph 4:
For tun unate atelly, t th her e ar e st str r ateg ategiies we can adop doptt to to miti mitigate gate or even even d diispe spell th the e ef fects f ects of str str ess. ess.
Paragrap ragraph h 5:
The wo The wor r ld today today is chang changiing an and d dev eve elopin oping g at such uch a a rapid pa pace that it is bound to leave leave u uss feeling feeling s sttre ressed ssed and anxiou ious. s.
• compl complex ex senten sentences ces • a tentati tentative ve,, diplo diplomatic styl style
4 Iden Identi tify fy the the key poin points ts in the question (p.85) 1 a touri urist st off ice 2 Tou Tour ists (a (a) f rom y rom your our own own co cou unt ntr r y and ( b ( b)) f rom rom a broad 3 It It w will ill be benefit th the e local econom onomy. y. 4
He/She wa want ntss you to outlin ine e some wa ways ys of of impr impr oving oving amenitie menitiess.
S
• How How to att ttr r act tourists (a (a)) fr om our own cou co untry and ( b b)) f r r om ab abr r oad. oad. • Wri rite te a pro p posa osall on way wa ys to attract mor e tour ists. • Ou Outlin tline e some ideas ideas on how to improv improve e to tou urist ameniti nities es in in the th e ar ea. ea.
(p..86) 7 Thin Think k about about your introduc introduction tion (p
8 Thi Think nk about about gram gramma mar r (p.82) We live We li ve in in a a wo worl rld d which/ which/that oft often en see seem ms unpredi unpre dictab ctablle an and d unco uncontr ollabl ollable.
wou uld make the best best introduction introduction.. It is is i in n Paragr aph b wo Paragra an appr appr o p pr r iat ate e reg regiist ste er , it i iss b br r ief an and d cl clear ear and mak es es the topic of th t he proposa proposall immed immediate iatelly c cllear to to the rea read der . (I (Itt is g is good ood office office and busin siness ess pra prac cti tice ce not not to was w aste te the rea re ader 's time time by forcin forcing g them to re read ad throu roug gh th the e text looking for the the to to pi pic c of a propo proposa sall.)
2
People who/ who/tha hatt have ave b bee een n force forced to uproot the th emse msellve vess to search f search f or o r work la l ack emotio emotional su pport in t in tiimes of cr isis.
3
Str ess ess i iss a react reactio ion n to a thr t hr eat e at which which/th that at ca can n b be e r eal or per cei ceived ved..
would uld not mak e a good introducti introduct ion on.. It Paragraph a wo does no nott make cl clea ear r What What the pr oposal oposal is a a bout bout.. It is is i in n not in an appro pri priate ate r egister, either .
4
Ther e are recog The recogni nissab ablle sympto symptoms ms of stress, stress, w whi hich ch we ha\''e all ex p ha\ pe erie rienc nce ed.
wo oul uld d not mak e a go goo od in intro trod duct uctiion, Paragraph c w eith the er . It is in a an n inappr o pr iat ate e r egister egister .
8 Thi hink nk ab abou outt yo your ur co con nclu clus sion ion (p (p..8?)
6 Make a pla lan n (p.93)
Paragr a p ph h a woul would d make the better concl conclusion usion.. It is in an appr o priate register and is brief and clear . I Itt r ound undss off the pro p pro posal osal by justifying justifying the recomme recommend ndat atiions made and entrusts the concl conclusion usionss to the reader .
a
1'/;
b
This helps the the writer to focus on what he or she has to say and to write cle cl ear paragraphs. paragraphs. This helps the reader reader by making making the proposal proposal easy and and clea clearr to follow.
Paragra ph b would Paragra would not mak make e a goo good d c onclu nclussion. It is not in an appropriate appropriate regist register er . Neither Neither does it justif justif y t th he recommend recom mendation ationss made made..
2'/;
3 X; 4'/;
5X
(p..94) 7 Re Read ad a mo mode dell pro prop posa osall (p
9 Compar ~ tw two o proposals (p.8?) proposals (p.8?)
1 yes
1 A and B; 2 B; 3 B; 4 B; 5 B; 6 B; 7 B; 8 B; 9 B;
2
10 B
yes
3 The The pro propos posal al is on the the top topic ic ask asked ed for for . The writer has nott wri no writte tten n an any ything irrelevant.
(p.89) 10 Th Thin ink k about language (p.89)
4
She has has used a range of complex complex structures structures correc correctly tly..
Students Stud ents shou should ld unde underline rline the following following:
5
There Ther e is a good range of vocabu vocabulary lary..
I propo propose se we (shoul (should) d) ... ; We could could ... ; One (solutio solution n) might/wou migh t/would ld be to ... ; Ano Anothe therr po possib ssibili ilitty would be to .. .... ; I wou would ld like like to see see ...
6
yes
7
yes
8
yes
8 Think abo about ut you yourr con conclu clus sion (p.95) Par agraph agraph b would mak e a goo good d con conclu clusio sion. n. It is in an appropriate appro priate regi regisster and is brief and clear . It rou round ndss off the proposal proposal by justifying justifying the recommendatio recommendations ns made and entrus ntrusts ts the concl conclusion usionss to the reader .
(p.90> 2 Th Thiink abo about ut you yourr rea reader der (p.90> 1 the directors of the charity; 2 to mak e recommendation recommend ations; s; to give your opinion opinion,, to hy p hy pothes othesise ise about the results of the action you r ecomm ecommend end:: 3 a
Paragr Parag r a ph a would not make a conclusion. It is not in an appropriate appropriate register . Ne Neither ither does it justif justify y the the recommenda recom mendations tions made.
9 Think abo about ut language (p.95) Example ampless of hyperthe hyperthetical statements statements are: .... it would be impossible as well as un .. unde desir sirab able le
3 Iden Identtify th the e ke key y po poin ints ts in the que quest stiion (p.91)
.
The extra funds would allow us to buy medicines medicines
.
1 an internati international onal charit charity y
With the funds available, available, we could improve condition cond itionss in these camps ...
2
an anonymou anonymouss dona donation tion of £200 £200,,000
Thesse volunteers The volunteers wou would ld work alongside alongside drug users ...
3
the directors directors
It would would also be possibl possible e to set up more cen centre tress .. ....
4
• to target this sum on one large l arge pr o ject on several smaller ones
0 1'
01' ' to k ee p som • to use the money now 01 some e of the funds in reserve to be used in future future emergenc emergenciies
5
2
Students Stud ents should underline underline the following following:: I believe ... ; I feel strongly that
You must:
Possible alt alternati ernativ ves:
• suggest how the funds should be allocate cated d • say which which projects shou should ld benefit • give your justification for the the ex p pe enditur e
Personally I feel that ... Let me explain why. In my opinio opinion, n, . .. As I see it, it, ...
(p..91) 4 Thi Think nk about about vocabul vocabulary ary (p b
c
(Suggested answer) HU1'Ticanes , floods earthquakes, rthquakes, floods , , ea droughts, drou ghts, famine famine,, epide epidemics, mics, storm tormss (e.g. tornadoes, hurricanes,, cyclones, hurricanes cyclones, bliz blizz zard ardss), fires fires 1 do dona nati tion on;; 2 raise; 3 appeal appeal;; 4 malnourished; 5 distre distressing ssing;; 6 urgent urgent;; 7 desp spe erate rate;; 8 victims
It seems seems to me me that
.
I wou would ld argue argue tha thatt
for the fol follow lowing ing reas reasons ons..
I am con convi vinc nced ed th that at
.
I am of the the opinio opinion n tha thatt ... I am very much in fav fa vour of /aga agains instt ... I am completely completely oppose oppos ed to ... The reasons reasons wh why y I believe that ... are as follows.
e
1 urge urgent nt action action;; 2 desperate plight; plight; 3 humanitarian crisis; 4 worthw worthwhile hile cause; 5 starving starving//desperate people; 6 disaster zone
3
Yes.Ex s.Exampl ample es ar e: e:
2 The r esul esult is that peo pl peo ple e are un unf f it an and d unhea ealth lthy y. Obe Ob esit sity y ma may y b be e a pro bl blem em and there is an incr eased incide incidence of heart h eart di dise seas ase e.
Howeve owever r , give ven n t th hat such a f und und alr eady exists sts,, a and nd tha hatt we can ex p pect ect to to ra raiise se mor mor e money in eme emer r gen ency cy ap ap p pe eals as and when th the occas occasion ari rises ses,, I suggest that we pu we putt thi hiss un unexpect expecte ed gift to immediat immediate e use. I believ lieve e it wo would uld be impos impossibl sible e as well a well ass undes undesirabl irable e to favour favo ur one si sin ngle pro j pro ject ect,, or , i inde ndee ed one co countr untr y, a b bove ove oth thers. ers. For th that reas reaso on, I wo woul uld d r ecomm mme end ...
3 The The wri rite terr think s the co comp mpa any should take urgen urgent stepss to en step enc cour age age its wor kf kf or or ce ce to become fitter and healthier .
4 Th Think ink abo about ut forma formatt (p (p..99)
Afr ica ica must continu ontinue e to be on one e of our to p pr iorit ioritie ies. s. Mill illio ion ns of peo pl peo ple e ar e th threa reattened by A Aid ids, s, ... Th The extra f unds unds wo would uld all llow ow us to bu buy y me medi dici cin nes es,, .. ....
Stud ude ents shoul ould d ti tic ck the fo foll llow owin ing; g; •
text divided in into to secti sections
War and dr ough ughtt ha have ve forced people people .. .... int into o r efug fugee ee camps. camp s. W Wiith the f unds unds avail availa a bl ble e, we could could imp mprove rove con ond ditions in these camp campss .. ....
•
head eadin ings gs
•
su b b-h -headi eadin ngs
•
an im p pe er sonal tone
Drugs ar e r uining Drug uining th the e liv lives es of of y youn oung g peo eo pl ple e .. .... , s so o I fe feel el str ongly th that at we sh should all llocate ocate som some of th the funds funds to traiin vo tra volun luntee teer r s.
•
r ecom ecomme men ndat atiion
•
compl mple ex sentenc tences es
•
hypot ypoth het etiical st statements atements
•
sophi ophist stiicat cate ed vo voca ca bu bular lar y used used with pr ecisi ecisio on
•
pass assiive forms forms
b
1 all allo ocat ate e; 2 re reserve fund fundss; 3 In the ev eve ent of; of; 4 as and when th the e occasi occasion ari rise ses; s; 5 to favour favour ... a bov bove e ... ... ; 6 one of ou o ur r top pri prior or itie ities; 7 con onqu que er their ad add dicti tio on; 8 give ve i itt due co con nsid ide er ati ation
forr f uture ac fo action tionss
5 Thin Think k about about vocabu vocabulary lary (p.99) a
The ve ver r b that col ollloc ocate atess ,,;th ,,;th all th the phrases is ' is 'ttak e'. e'.
b
Poss ossibl ible e answer s ar e:
10 Thin Think k about about grammar grammar (p (p..96) b
c
1 all allocat ocatiing ng;; 2 that we appr approac oach; h; 3 to raise raise;; 4 to be; be; 5 f undin unding; 6 that we u we usse; 7 to in invest vest;; 8 to use use 1 th that at one of ou our r e pr esen esenta tati tives ves (sh (shoul uld) d) go ou outt/goes out 2 that wellwell-know known n pub ubli lic c figu figures (sh (should uld)) mak e/mak es 3 that peo pl ple e (s (sh houl uld) d) make 4 th that at the publi public c (should) help/ help/help helpss 5 sp spe ending
1 b be egin in//sta star r t, ha hav ve. laun launch. ch. oroanise
2 b beg egin in/sta /star r t, ha have ve,, h hold old.. oroani oroani e 3
advise ad vise,, e en ncoura courag ge, help. lp. make. make. tell
4
build,, co build con nstr uct, have. p plan lan
5
just ju stif if y, y, ma mak k e u u p p for . offs offset et
c
1 campai aig gn; 2 pra ract ctiical al:: 3 co commo mmon n: 4 be ben nefits fits;; 5 fa faciliti cilitie es; 6 su su b bst stanti antial al
8 Co Compa mpare re two two pro propo posal sals s ( p p..l0l) Both prop roposa osalls cov ove er th t he poin ints ts a ked for for in the the exa xam m question. questio n. How Howe ever Pr opo opo al A i be bene ner r f or or the followi followin ng main reason reasons:
Writi Wri ting ng a propos proposal al (3) (p..98> 2 Th Think ink abou aboutt your reader reader (p 1
a lar ge co comp mpa any; a sta staff ff re pr re pr esent esenta ati tive ve;;
2
a memo; on one e of the man managers gers;; 3 c; 4 a; 5 to ex pla ex pl ain the reason for a sta state of affai affairs rs,, to sugg gge est ways wa ys t to o de dea al with the the pr o blem blems, s, and to ju justify stify an any ex p ex pe endi ndittur e in invo vollve ved d
3 Iden Identi tify fy the the key poin points ts in the question (p (p..99) a
You must You must (1) suggest way ways to deal wit ith h th the e pr o bl ble ems outlined in the ext extra ract ct and (2) just justif if y any ex penditur e inv in volve ved d.
b
1 Me Memb mbe ers of st s taff te t end to lea ead d unhea ealth lthy y lifesty lifestyle les. s. ~Iany people people exist on a diet of of fast f fast f ood oods. Few ei: i:erci erci e as as the\' the\' should should.. with the the majo ajori ritty s p pe endin nding g ree rim rime in eden denttar v activities ivities.. The wri rite ter r - ei ei;; f ree e food food they they ea eatt is not not healthy and - exe exer r ci c i e en enouoh uoh..
ritte en in th the e cor r rect e ct format for for a pr o p po osa sall, with (1)) It is writt (1 clear he h eadings and sub subhead headiino . Pr o p posa osall B i iss in an inco cor r rect r ect f ormat rmat.. pa part rtlly pr oposa oposal f or or mat and partl partly letter fo for r mat. mat. (2) Pr (2) Pr o p posa osall A us uses es an a ppr opri o priat ate e tv tvlle a and nd r egi egiste ster r thr oughout, wh whe er eas Pr opo opo al B do does es no nott. Exa Exampl mples es of ina p p pr pr opri opriat ate e la lan nguag age e are: 'do not ha have ve a clu lue e', 'I reck rec k on', 'Why not get staff staff to ..... (3) Pr (3) Pr o p posa osall A us uses es a go goo od r ange of voca v oca bul bulary ary corr corr ectl ectly y and a numbe number of com co m pl plex ex sente sentenc nce es. Prop ropo osal B, o on n the other other hand nd,, is wr itt tte en using larg large ely b bas asic ic voca bul bula ar y and sim p ple le sent nte enc nce es. (4)) Pr o p (4 posa osall A h has as an a pp ppr r o pri priate ate introducti introductio on an and d con co nclu lussion ion,, wh whe ere rea as Pr o posa posall B does does not. Pro p posa osall A h has as the the r ight numb numbe er of wo word rdss, wherea ereass Pro ro p pos osal al B is to is too o sho shor r t.
9 Th Thin ink k ab abou outt la lang ngua uage ge (p.102)
5 We hav avee ex p per er ience ced d
a
6 The st staff aff are una una bl blee
Wor ds Wor ds an and d ph phras rasees to make reco recomme mmenda ndatio tions: ns: I r eco ecomm mmeend that ... ; we sh s houl uld d .. .... ; I prop propo ose that ... ; I sugge suggesst Words
an d
statem sta emeents: (have)) (have b
phra ses
to make
staff .
to co co p pe. e.
8 Re Read ad a model model repor reportt (p.109)
hypot ypothet hetiical
If we wer e to ... , woul uld d;
diff icul ulty ty (in) gett ttin ing g
(Staff ) would
1 su bmi bmitt ttin ing; g; 2 sta staff ff /wor k kfor f or ce; ce; 3 In th thee meant ntiime; 4 are are in the the hab habiit of workin rking; g; 5 It is commo common n pr p r actic acticee; 6~o ~ommut mmutee con co nsidera bl blee distan dis tances ces;; 7 of f fset s et
The model check ch eck list list..
is we well ll wr itt tteen.
It has all the the f eat atur ur es es
in the
9 Link your text (p (p..110> a
they the y = th thee r adi diato ator r s This = the disco it = the di dissco they = non non--resid resideents it = the disco thee pr th pro o bl bleem
= noise
f rom rom the di disc sco o
her e = i in n the r esta taur ur ant ant in this this ar ea ea = the long delays in ge getting peal times peal Thi hiss = smok ing
(p.104 .104)) 2 Thi Think nk about about your your reader reader (p 1 c; 2 a; a; 3 to descr ibe ibe so som met ethi hing, ng, to mak e sug sugges gesttio ion n s; 4 You must (1) r evi view ew the co com m pl plaaint intss and (2) sugges ggestt how ho w the situation ca can n be im im p pr r oved. oved.
(p.104) 3 Thi Think nk about about form format at (p.104 Temp Te mpllate
B is su suiitab tablle
The li lift ft is is out of or der .
Thee r ecep Th eptioni tionissts
to car arry ry the guests ests''
b
makin king g
a lot of noi oisse.
Writin Wri ting g a report report (2)
The hotel is old and in a state state of disr epair epair . The st staf aff f ch chat at toge getther
instead
of ser vin ing g the gue uests sts..
2 Thi Think nk about about your your reader reader (p.112)
5 Thi Think nk about about vocabul vocabulary ary (p.106)
b
1 noi noisy sy;;
3 h; 4 i; 5 b; 6 a; 2 stuf fy; fy;
5 cram p peed;
3 Althoug though h;
luggage gage..
Theere is li Th litte tter r on the f loor .
1 g; 2 j;
1 W Whil hile, e, nevert everth heless; 2 con onseq sequ uentl ntly y; 4 Ov Oveeral ralll; 5 Never theless theless;; 6 where reas as
ignore the guest ests. s.
Ther e ar e wor k k men
a
zone zo ne
1 In the in interi terim m; 2 restrict; 3 peak ti time mess; 4 our fu full ll com om p plem lemeent of staff ; 5 envisag sagee; 6 per sist; 7 im pl plem emeent nt;; 8 designat ate; e; 9 r ectifi ectifieed; utsstandi anding ng 10 out issu iss ues
Suggeste uggested d answers
Ther e is no po por r ter
thiss ar ea = t thi th he no smok ing i ng
(p.1110> 10 .Think abou aboutt vocab vocabulary ulary (p.1
forr a r e p fo port ort..
4 Bra Brains instor torm m the top topic ic ( (pp.10S .10S)) a
serve se rved d at
3 fil filtthy;
6 r ude;
7 c; 8 e: 9 f : 10 d
4 out of or der der :
7 exo exorb rbiitant tant::
1 c; 2 to give in info for r mati mation about the two res restaur ants; 3 in or d der er to be a bl blee to r ecomme mend nd them to visito tor r s bo botth from fro m your own own countr countr y and a bro broaad; 4 b
8 in ineedi di bl blee
3 Iden Identtify the key poi point nts s in (p.112)) the question (p.112 d
1 f ix/ x/r r e p paair; 2 dismi misss/fir e; 4 looked oked in into to//inv inveesti tig gat ateed;
3 installin stalling g/ putt puttin ing g 5 propo roposse/r ecomm mmeend;
in;
6 di dissr egard gard//ignor e
6 Th Thiink about style (p (p..107> b
1 b;
2 b;
3 b;
4 a;
5 b;
6 a;
1 two two;; 2 contr contr asti a sting ng on onees; 3 go good od ones es;; 4 both r estau estaurants; 5 You You mu must st in incl clu ude (a (a)) com comm ments on the size and l oc ocati tio on of the rest restaur auraants and ( b b)) co comm mmeents on thee at th atm mos ph pheere, ser vic icee an and d ty typ pe of di dishes ser ved ved.
(p..113) 4 Thi Think nk about about vocab vocabula ulary ry (p
7 a; 8 a
a c
1 Som Some gue uests sts have bee een n disreg sregaardi rding ng smok ing ing sign.
thee no th
2 Gues estts f loor .
on the gro groun und d
we re re all alloc ocaate ted d
s p peecia ciall rooms rooms
3 I pr o po pose se (th thaat) we (s (sho houl uld) d) ban smok ing in th thee r estaur estaur ant. / I pr o po posse (that at)) smok ing ing (s (sh houl uld d) be baann b nneed in th thee re resstaur ant. 4 Most of tth he pro ro blem blemss have bee een n recti rectif ied ed.. rectif re ctif ied most of th thee proble problems ms..
/ We have
Positi ositiv ve or ne neutra l adjectives: cri s p p,, de deli liccio iou us, exotic exot ic,, f r r esh esh, heal altthy, im imag agiinati nativ ve, me melt-in lt-in--th thee-m -mouth outh,, mouthmo uth-water water ing, ing, plain' n'''', raw", raw", s pi picy cy,, st stunn unning ing,, suc ucccul uleent nt,, su pe perb rb,, tend ndeer Negativ Negati ve adje ad ject ctiv ivees: disa sa pp ppo ointing inting,, drieed-up dri up,, fatty, fatty, gr easy, easy, limp, limp, ove over r -cook -cook ed, sta stalle, tastel tasteless ess,, to tou ugh '''''' pl ' plain in'' and 'r aw' aw' co could uld be use sed d with a nega negattive mea eanin ning g de p peendin nding g on th the cco ontext.
b
c
delic liciious us/t /tasteless, asteless, te tender nder /tough, exot otiic/ plai plain n, f r r esh esh/sta talle, s pi picy cy// p p''lain
Size and and loc location ation::
Size: cra cramped mped,, roomy roomy, sp spac aciou iouss
Restaura Restau ran nt Y = v vast, ast, on two two f loors, loors, se sea ats abou about 100. Situat uate ed on one of the th e mai ain n av ave enue nuess le lea ading in into to th the e town tow n. A p po o pul pular ar tou touris ristt are area a.
Pri rice ce:: pr priicey, r easonab easonablly- pr iced, ov ove er - pri price ced d Servi rvice ce/St /Staff: aff: at atttentive ve,, cou our r teo eou us, eff icient, f riendl riendly, y, offh ffha and Location ocation:: centra trall. co conv nve enient nt,, of f the th e beate eaten n tr ack Atmoss ph Atmo phe ere: d
cos osy y, fr iendly, iendly, sophi sophist stiicate cated d
1 pricey; 2 sophi sophisti stic cated ated;;
3 tend nde er /succ ccul ule ent; 4 courte courteou ous; s; S mouthmouth-wa watterin ring g/deli lic ciou iouss/sup uper er b b;; 6 off th t he beat ate en tr ack ack ; 7 sp spiicy; 8 cos osy y
R estau estaura ran nt X = small ll,, seats a b bou outt 40 ma max x. Tuc Tu ck ed away aw ay in back stree streets of th t he town, town, ne nea ar th the e artists' artists' qua uar r ter ter .
Types Typ es of dishe dishes and pr ices: Restaur Restau r ant ant X = delici cio ous home-made fa fare, re, u ussin ing g guar ant nte eed org rga anic pro produ duce ce.. Loca ocall di dishes shes cooked cooked accordin acc ording g to tradit radition iona al r eci p eci pes. es. Mou Moutthh-wa wateri terin ng desserts. desserts. Gr eat va valu lue e fo forr money ey.. Resta Rest aura uran nt Y = El Ele egant dishe dishes. Wid W ide e va vari riety ety.. Fis Fish ha s p pe eciali ciality ty.. Pr icey icey b bu ut worth it f or or that th at s p pec eciial occasion casion.. Serv erviice ce::
5 Brains rainsto tor r m the topic topi c (p.114) a
Sugges este ted d an answ swer er s Enco coura urage ge stude students to use th the eir im imag agin inat atiion when answ swe er ing th these ese qu que estio stions ns.. The Lem Lemon on Tr Tre ee: elegant egant,, formal formal, spaci spacious, cou ourte rteou ouss service rvice,, p pr r icey icey The Th e Green Green Lodg dge e: re rellaxe xed, d, cosy, h cosy, ho omely, y, o off ff the the beate be aten n tr ack , r eason easona a b blly priced, priced, deli lic cio ious us hom home e-m -ma ade f ar e
b
Resta Rest aurant X att tte ent ntive. ive.
=
Fami Fa millyy-run run r estaurant. ser vic vice f r r iendl ndly y and
R estau estaura ran nt Y = Fo Form rmal al bu butt ve ver r y eff icient nt.. Atm At mos os ph pher er e: e: R est estauran urantt X
= co cossy,
homely f eel home eel. Very intima intimate te..
R estau estaura ran nt Y = e ellegant, bea eau utif ully d de eco corate rated d but rat rath her cold. co ld. Conc Con clu lussion ion:: R estau estaura ran nts qui uite te di diffe ffer r ent but bot oth h ex excell celle ent in their own ow n ways. ways. N No o hes esiitatio tation n in r eco com mme mending nding them bo botth.
The Th e Le Lemo mon n Tre Tree e Size Siz e: s p pac aciou ious, s, seat seats about about 100 din dine er s
9 Thi Think nk about your introdu introducti ction on (p.116)
Location ation:: in the ce centr ntr e of town town
Staf Sta f f and se ser r vice: f or mal mal and atte ten ntive
a To: To: To Tou ur ist Offi ffic ce Man anag ager er From Fr om:: your name name Datte: to Da toda day's y's dat date e Su b Su b jec jectt: R ecomm ecomme enda ndattions f or or r estaur estaur ant ntss in the town
Atmosphere: r oma Atmosphe omant ntiic, candl candlelit atmo tmoss pher e, e, glass chand nde eli lie er s and a huge huge log f ire. ire. Mu Music ic prov provid ide ed mo mosst evenin eve nings gs b by y a firs firstt-class strin tring g ensem sem bl ble. e.
b The appropr iate introdu roduc ction is N is Numb umbe er 3. Numb mbe er 1 is to too o in info form rma al. Numb umbe er 2 is is too too shor t. Number 4 is unc un clear and to too o long.
Type of dishe Type dishes: extens nsiive m me enu nu,, succ ccul ule ent ste steaks aks,, su p pe erb fis fish di disshes Price rices: s: pr icey icey - ar aro ound £4 £40 0 pe per r perso person n
The Green Green Lod Lodge ge Siz ize e: small but but no nott cramp rampe ed, se sea ats a b bo out 40 max Locati Loc ation: on: off the the be beat ate en trac track Type of dishes dishes:: home ome--cook ed, tr aditiona ditionall loc oca al rec re cip ipe es, mo mou uthth-w wat ate erin ring g desse esser r ts ts Prices Pric es:: ve ver r y r eason easona a b blle Stafff an Staf and d se ser r vice: vice: genuine hos pi hos pittality offer ed b by y owne own er Manu nue el and hi hiss wife Atmo moss p phe her r e: e: cosy sy,, intim ntima ate at atm mos os ph phe er e wher e dine iner r s can rel relax. Th The er e are re r r eal log f ires and and on mos mostt eveni nin ngs gs l live ive e entert nterta ainment usua uall lly y in the the fo for r m of a class assical ical g guit uitar ar ist.
7 Th Think ink abou about styl style (p.115) Stud tuden ents ts should unde underl rliine the the f ollow owin ing g: gr eat eat big; r eall eally y, r eally popu popullar ; posh; pop op p pe ed in in;; like a dog's dinner ; th the e fri frig ght of my my l liif e; e; r eal eally p pr r icey; icey; ear : I suppo supposse
answers an swers ~:rli"~
ill
e t th hei eir r imagi maginatio nation ns to deve evello p
c Su Sugg gge est sted ed ans nsw wer s ave n now ow visite ted d bot oth h of the th e leisur e c ce entr es e s we 1 I have wer e con onssiderin idering g for our sta staff ff scheme scheme a an nd have prepar ed th prepa the e followin following r e por t and r ecomm comme endat ndatio ion ns fo for r your cons consid iderati eratio on. 2 Thi This r e po port rt con conta tain inss informati information a b bo out both both of the sch sc hools we we w we er e con conssidering f or or ou ourr st stud ude ent ntss and my r ecomm comme end nda ation tions. s.
(p..117) 10 Think about yo you ur conclu conclus sion (p The a ppr o pria The priate te co con nclusi usio on is is 3 3.. Conclu Conclusion 1 is ina pp ppro ro p pr r iate becau cause se the qu question estion as asks ks for a re port re port on two tw o r estaurant estaurantss that yo you u wo woul uld d re Conclu nclussion 2 reccomme ommend. nd. Co is too casua casual. Co Conclu nclussion 4 is r ath ather con confus fusin ing g.
11 Edi Editt you yourr text (p. (p.1118) Introduc ntroducttion:
on; rec ecomm omme end nd;; in
Size and loc locati atio on: s paci pacio ous us,, air y; in in;; seat at;; in inssid ide e and on th the e ter race race at the bac back k , . . . ; vi view ew;; small small, fam famiily r est estaura rant nt;; on; wor th visitin ing; g; a marve arvell llo ously re rellaxe axed d and co cossy at atmo moss ph phere; ere; sea eatt; al altthou houg gh; in in;; perm rmiits Ty p pes es of dishes: cate aters rs;; caviar , w wild ild sa salmon on;; vari ariety; ety; dessse de sert rts; s; Alth ltho ough; does of fer fer /offe offer r s; s ; me men nu Atmosphere and se servic rvice e: bot oth h elega egant nt and so p ph histica ticate ted d Pr ices ices:: mu muc ch hi hig gher ; gi give ve good good valu alue e Concllus Conc usion: ion:
both bot h to be ex exc cellent nt;; in
(p..124) 8 Th Thin ink k about vocabu vocabullary (p
Reviiews Rev
r ~:J
1 i id dyllic; 2 at ease eas e; 3 geni nial; al; 4 drast drastiic; S s squarin quaring g
Wri Writi ting ng a fi film lm re revi view ew
9 Thi Think nk abou aboutt languag language e (p (p.1 .124) 24) a
2 Think about your reader (p.12Q)
1 Whil hile e film goers film goers will will love ve th the e film film,, rea read der s of th t he novel may may fe fee el disappointed. di sappointed.
1 b b:: 2 nothi hing ng.. exce p ptt t th hey are in are inte ter r ested in ested in the th e medi dia; a; 3 c c:: 4 b: 5 to comp ompa are two thin t hings, gs, to to gi give ve an a n opinion; opinion; o iu rif y your vie views; to to inf orm rm;; to interes nterestt
2 Des pi pite te bein ing g alr ead eady engaged gaged,, the heroine fall fa llss in love love with w ith an Ita tallian so soldi ldie er . / Desp espiite the factt that the fac the heroin roine e is alr ead eady engag age ed, she fall fallss in lov love with an It Ita alian soldi oldie er .
3 Iden Identi tify fy th the e ke k ey poin points in (p..12Q) the ques question (p
3 Althou lthough gh C a pt pta ain Cor elli is a sold soldiier , h he e h hates ates war . 4
You must (1) write a revie review w of a a film that is b based ased on a novel (2) and comm com ment on how successf ul th the e dramatiisat dramat satio ion n has been.
S Where Whereas as the the nove novell high highli light ghtss the rol role played by by oth ot her countrie countries in th the e war , th the e fi fillm glosse glosses ov ove er those details. details.
4 Think about bout vocabula vocabulary ry (p.121) a
1 shot ot;; 2 cas castt; 3 directe directed; 4 th the eme me;; S ba based sed;; 6 villai illain n; 7 scene; scene; 8 set
c
1 s scene cene;; 2 characte character r ; 3 atmos atmos ph phe ere re;; 4 cuts; cuts; Sturn urn;; 6 s pe pellll- binding binding;; 7 unfol unfo lds; 8 clima imax; x; 9 for e bodin boding; g; e scape 10
6 Mak ake e a pl plan an (p (p..122)
In spi spitte of the the f act that that the film cover cover s fewe fewer events, it i it iss j ju ust as e ex xcit citiing as the book . / In spite spite of the fi fillm covering covering fewe fewer r events eve nts,, it i iss just as excitin exc iting g as the book .
Reviews
r~'
Writin Writ ing g a bool< bool< re revi view ew
Par agraph 4: How successf ul ul was th the e dramatisation.
7 Read a model revi review (p.123) a
The model is well writte The writt en. It has has all the features features in the the che ch eckl ckliist st..
b Yes Yes, both parts of th the e exam exam qu ques estion tion are covered. covered. Th The e writer gi gives enough enough attenti ntion on to both area areass. Paragraph Paragrap hs 2 and and 3 r evi eview th the e film itsel itself . Par Paragraph agraph 4 commentts on the commen the issue issue of how successf ul th the e dramatiisati dramat sation on has bee been. n. c
The wri rite ter r uses uses pr esent tenses. tenses. Present Sim Present Simple ple:: the they y apologise f r requ e quen entl tly y; Capta Captain Corell Core llii, ha hattes wa war; r; He is billeted; th the e two you youn ng pe p eopl ople e are attrac attracted to ea each ch othe other ; events take an unex un ex pected turn Pr esent e sent Co Con ntin inuous uous:: The Ita Itallian army army are occu occu p py yin ing g Ce pha phallonia onia;; Althoug Although th they ey ar e clea ear r ly enjo enjoy ying the the local del delig igh hts
d The wr iter use uses t th he Pr esent esent Simpl Simple and Pres Presen entt Perfect rfect:: The book is i s l lo ong and i s rich rich;; Onl Only y a f ew ew of these th ese are portraye portrayed d; the cut utss ha have ve been been quite quit e dr asti astic; c; Nichola N icholass Cage does does not fit t fit th he des escriptio cription n of Cor C or elli lli;; The proble problem m ... is tha hatt r ead eader s hav have e bui buillt a pictur e e
(p.126) 2 Thin hink k about about yo you ur r ead eader (p.12 1 a; 2 a; 3 to inter est est; to inform; inform; to evaluate evaluate
3 Identi Identify fy the the ke key y poi oin nts in the que uest stiion ( (p. p.11 26) 1 a book ; 2 for childr en; 3 you ar e impressed; impressed; 4 th the e f eat atu ures that make make it it a an n ideal ideal book for chil c hildr dr en; S St Stu udents sh shoul uld d und nde er line th the e f oll ollow owin ing g: Write e a review of the the book for a m magaz agazin ine e and (1) Writ (2) comm comme ent on the featu featur es that make i make itt an id idea eall book for childr childr en.
4 Th Thin ink k about vocabular y (p.12?) a
b
c
1 title; 2 marvell marvellous ous;; 3 illustrat ustrate ed; 4 cas cast; S plot ot;; 6 sc sce ene; 7 chapt apte er s, s, cliff -hange ger r ; 8 hard b hard back ack , pape pap erback 1 humorous; 2 grippin gripping; g; 3 conv convincing incing;; 4 intriguing; intriguing; S inve invent ntive ive I w wa as not a bl ble e to sto p sto p readin reading g becaus use e it gripped my my atten attentio tion n. 2 a develo developme pment nt in the st sto or y that took me me b by y surprise be because I was n no ot ex p pe ecting it
Yes, es,the there re is. The topic topic se sen nte tence ncess ar e:
3 mak es es you believe somethin something g that tu turns out to be be wrong or diff er ent from what you ex pected
Paragraph Paragrap h 1: Ca p the lat late est pta taiin C ar ar el l li ' s M andolin andolin is the bllockb b ockbu uste sterr to hit ou o ur cinemas.
4 I must not tel tell y you ou so much that you ar e a abl ble e to guess what ha pp ppe ens.
Paragraph Paragrap h 2: It i is, s, a att heart art,, a l lov ove e stor y.
S wa wass as goo good d as I ex p pec ectted it to be
Paragraph Paragrap h 3:
Dir ected by by John John Madden, the fi fillm ca p pttures all ll the the be beauty of the th e Gr eek island and,, with its cl clear bl b lue ski kie es a and nd sun--dr ench sun nche ed beac ach hes es..
Paragraph Paragrap h 4:
Whil hile e fi fillm-go m-goe erswi rswill ll undo undoubt ubted edlly lo lov ve the film, film, thos those e who have read th the nove novel may ma y f eel disa ppointe ppointed d.
6 Ma Make ke a pla plan n (p (p..128)
6 Make a pl pla an (p (p..134)
Suggested Sugg ested answe answers rs''
Paragrap aragraph h 3: Areas th that need im proving
Par Pa r agrap raph h 2: Outlin line e of th the plot Par agraph agraph 3: Comme Commen nt on the the main main c har acters acters an and wh why y they are ap p pea ealin ling g Par Pa r agra agra ph 4: The features that make th the bo boo ok id ide eal f or childr en
7 Rea Read d a mode modell review review (p (p..13 134 4) a The ans answe wer r to t o all que questions is ' 'y yes es''. For ques estio tion n 5, the topic se sentences ar e as as foll follows ows:: Paragr Parag r aph aph 1:
Thos ose e who ar e searching for a good good hote otell nee need d look no furthe furth er th tha an T he he St ar.
7 Com Compar pare e two two rev review iews s (p.129) 1A
and B (h-ow owe eve ver r ,the the r egist egister in in B i iss inap p pr r o pr iat iate); 2 A; 3 A; 4 A; A; 5 A an and d B; 6 A; A; 7 A ; 8 A A;; 9 A and B; 10 A and B
Paragr Parag r aph aph 2:
When I toured toured the hot ote el, I was impr essed essed by the spacious spaciousness of the the accommodattion accommoda ion..
Paragr Parag r a ph 3:
While Whil e T he Star ' ' has much to recomme recomm end it, som some areas could could be be im prove proved d.
Par Pa r agr a ph 4:
In sp spit ite e of these th ese few few critic criticisms, sms, my my over ove r all ll imp impr r essi essions of th t he ho hottel we wer r e extreme extrem ely favo favour ur abl able.
8 Think about language (p.13D) ar r chety pal pal;; 2 picks; 3 perme rmeates ates;; 4 lar ge; 5 prey; pre y; 1 a 6 for for ces; c es; 7 cli cliffff-h hange ger r ; 8 drawn rawn;; 9 sensi sensitive ve//vu vuln lne era bl ble; e; 10 swot; swot; 11 thi thic ck ; 12 inge genui nuity ty
9 Th Thin ink k abou aboutt te tenses (p (p.1 .13 3D Present Simp Presen Simple le:: is; su suck ck out; ar e fo for r ced ced; end nds; s; ke kee e ps Present Con Conttinu nuo ous: is being hunte hunt ed Pr esent esent Per fect: fect: has esca p ped ed
(p..13S) 8 Thi Think nk abou aboutt langua language ge (p All th All t he phr ases ases in the the box have been used been used,, exce pt pt ' 'II was disap di sap poin pointe ted d to find tha that ... '.
9 Th Thiink about grammar (p.136) Located in the centre of th t he town town, the hotel hotel is ver y con co nvenient for th the sho p pss.
Reviews ~ ~ , ] Wr Writ itin ing g a rev revie iew w of a pla place ce (p.132) 2 Thi Think nk about about your your read reader er (p.132) criticise som some as p pects ects of a hote hotel, to pr aise se other other 1 to criti as p pects ects of it i t, to descr descr i b be e and eval eva luate it; it; 2 b
3 Iden Identi tify fy the the ke key y point points s in the th e questi question (p.132) 1 a new hote otell; 2 you were sho show wn ar ound it; r ecen centl tly; y; 3 Some Some as as p pects ects impresse impressed you bu butt you a allso found found as p pects ects to to cr itic ticiise.
4 Thi Think nk about about vocab vocabula ulary ry (p.133) a
chilly hilly//war m; 2 cr am pe ped d/sp spac aciious; 1 c 3 disa disa pp ppoi oin ntin ing g/sup upe erb; 4 fil filtthy/imma mac cul ulate; ate; 5 huge/ti tin ny; 6 imp mpersona ersonall/intimate ntimate;; 7 lu lux xuri urious ous//spa spar r tan tan; 8 off -putt -puttiing ng//we wellcom comin ing g
b
imma acul ula ate; 2 lu lux xur ious/sup upe erb; 1 imm 4 intimate intimate/wa warm rm//we wellco comin ming g; 6 chilly chilly/imp imperso ersonal nal/s /s p pa artan
3 cr amp mpe ed; 5 off - put putttin ing g/chill hilly; y;
2
Designed by a f amou amous ar chit hitect ect,, the bui building domin do minat ates es the cen centtr e. e.
3
Overl rlooki ookin ng the sea, sea, t th he r est estaur ant is a su p pe erb pla place to eat. eat.
4
Built to Ol Olym p pic ic standar ds, the swimmin swimming p poo ooll is is a a star featur e of this hotel. hotel.
Set books In Paper 2, Part 2, 2, stud student ents s may choose choose to answer answer one quest questio ion n fr from om a se select ection ion of the set books books.. Studen dents ts sh shou ould ld no nott at atte tem mpt to answ answer er an any y of these these qu quest estiion ons s un unlless th they ha have ve read an and studi studied ed one of th the e se sett book books th tho or ough ghlly.
Make e II Mak
note no tes s on the the pl plot ot
Dur Du r ing i ng the co cour se se of you your r reading, reading, wr ite a br br ief f summar y of eac each h chapt apter er or secti sectio on (i (if f you ar e r eading e ading a bo book) ok) or r each scen scene (i (iff you ar are e re read adin ing g a play play). You will nee need d to mem memo ori rise se so some me of thi this "
summar y to use in the ex exam am.. Remem Remembe berr to use pr pr esent esent tenses to outli outline the pl p lot of a book book or play ay..
EJ Make
notes not es on on the cha charac racter ters s
Duri Du ring ng the cou course rse of your r eading, eading, underli underline ne im impo port rtan antt
info in form rmat atio ion n
abo ab out the characte characters rs.. Make su sure re
you yo u kn know ow exact actlly w ho ho the chara character cters s are are,, why th they ey beh behav ave e as th they ey do, what the re rellat atiionship is betw be twee een n th them em an and d what th t hey each contr ibu bute te to the the pl plot ot,, them theme e an and d to the the te tex xt overa erall. ll. Ne Nev ver ma make ke claims clai ms abou aboutt cha char r acter acter s which which yo you u ca can nnot suppo ppor r t with examp amples les f r rom o m th the e tex text.
Make e II Mak
notes not es on the theme(s) theme(s)
Duri rin ng th the e cou cour se se of you your r reading, reading, remembe remember that the ex exam que questi stion on is unl unlik ikel ely y to involv lve e jus ustt r etell etellin ing g th the e pl plot ot.. Often, Often, you ar e as ask ked to ex explore th the e them heme; e; in other other words to sa say y wh what at th the e bo book ok or play is really about about,, or to ref re f lect lect on the the meani aning ng of individ individual ual epi episod sodes es or sce scenes nes..
B Memori Memorise se
useful use ful quot quotat atiions
During Dur ing the course course of your rea readin ding g, make a note note of f shor shortt quo quotat tation ions s to use in the exam am.. Choose your quotation quotations s ver y carefull carefully an and d make make su sur r e that that the exam amiine nerr kn know ows s wh why y yo you u ar e using using th them em an and d what they they pro prove ve.. Do not not quote quote lon long g sec sectio tions ns;; do not mi mis squ quot ote e; and make make sure you pun punctu ctua ate cor rectly! rectly!
a
Wr ite an ess ssay ay f or yo you ur cou cours rse e tutor co com m pari parin ng two of th t he characte character s in the book / p pllay and discuss discuss how th the eir perso rson nali litties af f fe ct t th he cour se of events nts.. Ill Illust ustr r ate ate your an answ swe er wi with th r efe fer r ence to the text.
b
A qu qual aliity mag aga azine has in inv vit ite ed r eade eader s to se sen nd in ar ticles entitl ntitle ed 'The Film of the the Book /Play' y'.. Wri ritte an ar ticl ticle e sayin ing g if you y ou think th the bo book ok / pla play y you have r ead wo would uld mak make e a good good fi fillm or not and ex pla plaiinin ing g what at,, if any, pro bl ble ems the fi film lm mak er migh ghtt fa face ce in ada p pttin ing g it fo for th the cin ine ema.
C
In an att atte empt to en enco cou ur age youn ung g peopl ople e to read read mor e, your loca ocall li br ar y is o org rga anisin ing g an exhi b biition on the them eme e of (r eveng nge e/unr equi uited ted
love ve// b be etra tray yal) in lit liter atur e. Wr Writ ite e a lette ter r
to the hea ead d lib libra rar r ian i an r ecommen mmend ding that th the e book / p pllay you ha hav ve r ead ead shoul ould d be f eatur ed in the ex exhibi hibittion ion,, and ex plain by ref er ring ring to the text ho how w the theme theme is d dev eve eloped.
LONG LO NGMA MAN N EX EXAM AM SK SKIL ILLS LS New Profic Proficien iency cy Wri Writin ting g New Pro Prof f ici cien ency cy Wr Writ itin ing g co cove vers rs ever every y aspec aspectt of wr iti iting for r students students stu tudying dying at an ad advan vanced ced leve evell of Eng Englis lish, h, esp espec eciiall lly y those pr epar ing ing fo for r the Revi vise sed d Camb Cam br idge Pr ofici oficiency exami amina natio tion. n. Eac Each h lesson in New Pr Pr of of icienc ncy y Wr Writ itin ing g offer offe r s an in insi sigh ghtf tful ul an ana aly lysi sis s of an exam exam tas ask k an and d gu guiides stud studen entts thro throug ugh h th the e pr ocess ocess of pro produc duciing th thei eirr ow own n text texts. s. The New Pro Profic ficiiency Wr itin i ting g Te Teac ache her' r's s Bo Book ok in i ncludes cludes:: T An An ov over ervi view ew of the Wri W riti tin ng
Pap Pa per in the Re Revi vise sed d Pr ofic o ficie ienc ncy y exam.
Usefull 'Do 'Dos' s' and 'Do 'Don'ts' for the Wr Wr itin i ting g T Usefu
Pape Pa per. r.
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