Professional Ethics Bar Bench Relation And Accountancy for Lawyers
A.Vincent Arputhom
CONTENTS I PROFESSIONAL ETHICS 1. 2. 3. 4. !. $. &. '. ). 1*. 11. 12. 13. 14. 1!. 1$. 1&. 1'. 1). 2*. 21. 22.
Origin and Development of Legal Profession 1 Advocates Act 3 State Bar Council 3 Bar Council of ndia ! "ualification for #nrolment $ Dis%ualification for #nrolment & Senior Advocate ' Advocate on (ecord ) Advocates r (oll 1* Amicus curiae 11 La+,ers Privilege 11 Seven Lamps of Advocac, 12 Panc-as-eel of t-e Bar 13 en co commandments of Advocates 14 Dar+in/s -eror, in Legal Profession 1! 0eaning of Professional #t-ics 1! 0eaning of t-e term #ti%uette 1$ Dut, to Court 1$ Dut, to Clients 1& Dut, to Opponent 2* Dut, to Profession 21 Dut, to (ender Legal Aid 22
1-34
CONTENTS I PROFESSIONAL ETHICS 1. 2. 3. 4. !. $. &. '. ). 1*. 11. 12. 13. 14. 1!. 1$. 1&. 1'. 1). 2*. 21. 22.
Origin and Development of Legal Profession 1 Advocates Act 3 State Bar Council 3 Bar Council of ndia ! "ualification for #nrolment $ Dis%ualification for #nrolment & Senior Advocate ' Advocate on (ecord ) Advocates r (oll 1* Amicus curiae 11 La+,ers Privilege 11 Seven Lamps of Advocac, 12 Panc-as-eel of t-e Bar 13 en co commandments of Advocates 14 Dar+in/s -eror, in Legal Profession 1! 0eaning of Professional #t-ics 1! 0eaning of t-e term #ti%uette 1$ Dut, to Court 1$ Dut, to Clients 1& Dut, to Opponent 2* Dut, to Profession 21 Dut, to (ender Legal Aid 22
1-34
23. 24. 2!. 2$. 2&. 2'. 2). 3*. 31. 32. 33. 34. 3!. 3$.
(estriction on ot ot-er #m #mplo,ment 22 Dut, to Self 23 Dut, to Colleagues 24 (estriction on Advertisement 24 (efusing to Accept a Case 2! Professional 0isconduct 2! Punis-ment fo for 0i 0isconduct 2& (emedies Against t-e Order of of Punis-ment 2' (evie+ of its O+n Order 2) Disci sciplinar, Committee of t-e St State Bar Co Council 2) Disci sciplinar, Committee of of tt-e Ba Bar Co Council of of n ndia 31 ransfer of Proceedings 32 Advocates elfare fund 32 amil a adu Advocates elfare u und 33
II BAR BENCH RELATION
34-4
Contempt of court Civil Contempt Criminal Contempt Punis-ment for Contempt Defences in Criminal Contempt Defences in Civil Contempt Contempt Against Suordinate Court Contempt Procedure in 5ig- Court 6 Supreme Court
3! 3! 3$ 3& 3' 4* 41 41
Contempt , 7udicial Officers Bar Benc- (elations (ole of t-e Bar to Strengt-en Bar Benc- (elation (ole of t-e Benc- to Strengt-en Bar Benc- (elations
43 44 4! 4!
III CASES ON PROFESSIONAL !ISCON"#CT
1. 2. 3. 4. !. $. &. '. ). 1*.
7agadis- Sing- v..C.S-arma Baulal v.Suas- 7ain Bals+aroopsoni v.Baulalsoni ndure Ltd. v.Deo (a8 9upta Commissioner of civil Supplies v. Bala:risd-nan A.Banumurt-, v.Bar Council of A.P. Dr. D.;.P.(a8a v.7a,aalan 9.0.5irmani v.s+arappa .S.v. <.;. P.(.v.;..
I& CASES OF !ISCON"#CT ' CONTE!PT
1. 2. 3. 4. !. $. &. '. ). 1*.
Pa+an
nion of ndia P.D. 9upta v.(amamurt-i (utas Sing- v.Commissioner? Agra Division 5aris- C-andra Sing- v. S.. ripat-i 5i:matali <-an v.s+ar Prasad Ar,a Pra-alad Saran 9upta v. Bar Council of dia Dr.5anira8 C-ulani v. Bar Council if 0a-aras-tra D.C. Se@ena v. 5onle C-ief 7ustice of ndia
4$-%
4' 4) 4) !* !2 !3 !3 !4 !$ !$ %$-($
!' !) $* $1 $2 $3 $4 $! $$ $&
&) ACCO#NTAC* FOR LA+*ERS
(,-3
Purpose of 0aintaining Accountas , La+,ers Place of nder ncome a@
$) &* &* &1
CHAPTER I
PROFESSIONAL ETHICS Ori.in an/ "e0elo2ent of Le.al Profession Ori.in n ndia? t-e Legal profession originated dring t-e Britis- (ule. -ere is no evidence of t-e e@istence of legal Profession efore t-at ie. During t-e 5indu (ule and 0ug-al D,nast, period. During t-at period? t-e administration of 8ustice +as in t-e -ands of t-e
-ere is no appeal against t-e order of t-e
-e first time in ndia? t-e legal profession +as recognied and regulated , t-e C-arter Act of 1&&4.-is Act -as permitted t-e #nglis- la+,ers to practice in t-e Supreme Court of Calcutta. Later on in 1'*1? t-e #nglis- la+,ers +ere allo+ed to practice in t-e 0adras Supreme Court and in t-e ,ear 1'23 t-e, +ere allo+ed to practice in t-e Boma, Supreme Court? ut ndian La+,ers +ere not
allo+ed to Practice in t-ose courts. n 1'2$ t-ese 3 Supreme Courts +ere aolis-ed and in t-at place 5ig- Courts +ere CreatedE. n 1'$!? t-e Special (ig-ts Act -as conferred t-e rig-t to t-e 0adras? Boma, and Calcutta 5ig- Courts to frame rules for t-e recognition of Advocates and for preparing t-e Advocates roll. n 1'&)? t-e legal practioners Act -as conferred t-e similar po+er to t-e ot-er 5ig- court ere allo+ed to practice in t-at -igcourt. As per t-is Act Persons studied La+ in #ngland ere called as Advocates and persons studied La+ in ndia +ere called as F;a:ils/.-e F;a:ils/ +ere not allo+ed to practice efore t-e 5ig- Courts. n 1)23?an Advocates Committee +as constituted under t-e leaders-ip of Sir. #d+ard to stud, t-e legal profession and to ma:e suitale recommendations to improve t-e legal profession. -is committee -as recommended for t-e creation of Bar Councils in eac5ig- Court and allo+ing t-e F;a:ils/ to practice efore t-e 5ig- Court. Accepting t-e recommendation Bar Council Act +as passed in 1)2$. -is Act +as paved t-e +a, for t-e creation of Bar Councils in eac- 5ig- Courts. But t-e Bar Council +as not empo+ered to enrole Advocates? t-at po+er +as retained +it- t-e 5ig- Courts. -e function of t-e Bar Council +as onl, adviser, and t-e rules and regulations made , t-e Bar Council s-all e roug-t into force onl, after t-e concurence from t-e 5ig- Court. After Independence: After ndependence in t-e ,ear 1)!1 an Advocates Committee +as constituted under t-e c-airmans-ip of 7ustice C.(. Das to stud, t-e prolems in t-e legal profession and ma:e suitale suggestions to remed, suc- prolems.-is committee -as made t-e follo+ing recommendations.
1. All ndia level? one Bar Council namel, Bar Council of ndia and in eac- state? State Bar Council s-ould e created. 2. Po+er to enrole Advocates and discipliner, po+er against t-e Advocates s-ould e entrusted +it- t-e Bar Council. 3. Advocates s-ould e allo+ed to practice t-roug-out ndia +it-out an, discrimination.
-e fift- La+ Commission also scrutinied t-ese recommendations and recommended for t-e implementation of t-ese recommendations. Accepting t-ese recommendations? t-e Central 9ovt. passed t-e Advocates Act in t-e ,ear 1)$1 giving suitale provision for creation of Bar Councils and t-e Bar Councils are entrusted +it- t-e po+er of regulating t-e legal profession. Salient Featres of A/0ocates Act
-e Advocates Act +as passed , t-e Parliament in t-e ,ear 1)$1. ollo+ing are some of t-e important salient features. 1. -e Act -as consolidated all t-e e@isting la+ on legal profession. 2. -e Act -as made provision for t-e creation of Bar Council of ndia at t-e Central level and State ar Councils in eac- state. 3. -e Act -as made t-e provision for t-e preparation of common roll of Advocates t-roug-out ndia. 4. t empo+ers Advocates +-ose name is in t-e common roll to practice in all t-e courts in ndia. !. -e difference et+een t-e Advocates and ;a:il is aolis-ed and all t-ose +-o practice la+ is called as Advocates. $. Provisions are made to confer t-e status as Senior Advocate for t-ose Advocates +-o poses e@traordinar, :no+ledge in t-e field of la+. &. t -as conferred autonomus status to t-e Bar Councils.
Constitution : S.3 of t-e Advocates Act empo+ers for t-e creation of State ar councils for ever, state. umer of memers of t-e
Bar Council varies from state to state? depending upon t-e numer of Advocates on t-e State roll. 1. f t-e numer of Advocates in t-e state roll is less t-en !*** t-en t-e numer of Bar Council memers are 1!. 2. f t-e numer of Advocates are !*** to 1**** t-en t-e numer of Bar Council memers are 2*. 3. f t-e numer of Advocates are more t-en 1**** t-en t-e numer of ar Council memers are 2!. 0emers are elected , t-e Advocates +-ose names are t-ere in t-e state roll , a single transferrale vote. -e memers -old office for a period of ! ,ears. -e Advocate 9eneral of t-e Concerned State is an e@Gofficio memer of t-e State Bar Council. So long as -e is -olding t-e office as Advocate 9eneral -e can act as t-e memer of t-e Bar Council. Powers: -e State Bar Council is empo+ered +it- t-e follo+ing po+ers.
1. t is od, corporate. 2. t is a legal od, -aving t-e autonomous status. 3. t -as a common seal and perpetual succession. 4. t can do t-e follo+ing t-ings in its o+n name. Bu,ing and selling properties? #ntering into agreements? iling cases. !. t can constitute e@ecutive committee etc.
$. t can frame rules and regulations relating to da, to da, administration. Functions: Advocates Act empo+ers t-e State Bar Council to do
t-e follo+ing functions. 1. #nroll t-e %ualified persons as Advocates. 2. Prepare t-e Advocates roll. 3. a:e disciplinar, action for professional misconduct. 4. Protect t-e rig-ts and privileges of t-e Advocates. !. #ncourage la+ reforms. or t-is purpose it organie seminars? tal:s and pulis- 8ournals. $. Constitute e@ecutive committee? enrolment committee? disciplinar, committee? legal aid committee etc. &. 0anage t-e funds of t-e Bar Council. '. Conduct t-e election for electing t-e memers of t-e State Bar Council. ). Prepare legal aid programmers and allot separate funds for t-e implementation of suc- sc-emes. 1*. Prepare Sc-emes for -elping t-e poor Advocates and allot separate funds for t-e implementation of sucsc-emes. 11. 9rant recognition to t-e la+ colleges.
12. Do all ot-er acts +-ic- are necessar, for t-e effective implementation of t-e aove said functions. Bar Concil of In/ia
Constitution: -e follo+ing persons are t-e memers of t-e Bar Council of ndia. 1. One memer from eac- State Bar Councils. 5e +ill e elected , t-e memers of t-e respective State Bar Councils.
2. Attorne, 9eneral of ndiaG#@ Officio memer. 3. Solicitor 9eneral of ndiaG#@ officio memer. #@Gofficio memers +ill continue as memers so long as t-e, -old t-e offices of Attorne, 9eneral and Solicitor 9eneral posts. -e ot-er memers +ill continue as memers so long t-e, are continuing as memers of t-e State Bar Council. Poers5 Bar Council of ndia is empo+ered +it- t-e follo+ing po+ers. 1. t is a od, corporate. 2. t is legal persons -aving t-e autonomus status. 3. t -as a common seal and perpetual succession. 4. t can do t-e follo+ing t-ings in its o+n name. Bu,ing and selling properties? #ntering into agreements? iling cases etc. !. ransfer t-e name of t-e Advocate from one state roll to anot-er state roll on -is application. $. t can constitute e@ecutive committee? disciplinar, committee? legal aid committee etc.
&. o -ear and decide appeal? revie+ and revision against t-e orders of t-e disciplinar, committee of t-e State Bar Council. '. rame rules relating to da, to da, administration. Fnctions5 S.& of t-e Advocates Act empo+ers t-e Bar Council of ndia to perform t-e follo+ing functions.
1. rame t-e rules relating to t-e professional et-ics. 2. rame t-e rules of procedure to e follo+ed , t-e disciplinar, committee of t-e State Bar Councils and t-e Bar Council of ndia. 3. Protect t-e rig-ts and t-e privileges of t-e Advocates. 4. #ncourage legal reforms. !. Decide t-e repute relating to professional misconduct +-ic- is transferred from t-e disciplinar, committee of t-e State Bar Council to t-e Bar Council of ndia. $. Decide t-e appeal against t-e disciplinar, committee of t-e State Bar Council. &. Supervise t-e functions of t-e State Bar Council. '. Prescrie t-e s,llaus of t-e la+ course in consultation +it- t-e State Bar Councils and t-e universities. ). nspect t-e universities for t-e purpose of giving recognition to t-e la+ degrees of t-e universities. 1*. Spend t-e unds of t-e Bar Council of ndia for t-e proper purposes. 11. Conduct elections for t-e purpose of electing its memers. 12. Allo+ t-e persons studied aroad to practice in ndia. 13. Do all ot-er acts +-ic- are necessar, for t-e effective implementation of t-e aove said function. 6alification Prescri7e/ for Enrol2ent
S.24 of t-e Advocates Act prescries t-e follo+ing %ualifications for a person to enroll as an Advocate.
1. 5e must e a citien of ndia. 2. 5e must -ave completed 21 ,ears of age. 3. 5e must -ave passed 3 ,ears la+ course regular stud, from t-e universit, after graduationE or ! ,ears integrated La+ course after 1* H2. f t-e la+ degree is from an, oreign >niversit, t-en it must e a recognied degree? for t-e Advocates Act , t-e Bar Council of ndia. 4. 5e s-ould pa, an enrolment fee as ma, e prescried , t-e State Bar Council. !. 5e must fulfill suc- ot-er conditions as ma, e prescried , t-e State Bar Council for t-e purpose of enrolment. o upper age limit for enrolment is fi@ed in t-e Advocates Act. So? after 21 ,ears at an, age one can enroll as an Advocate. In Indian Council of Legal Aid and Advice V. Bar Council of India A( 1))! SC $)1E t-e Bar Council of ndia , using t-e rule ma:ing po+er conferred under S.4) of t-e Advocates Act made a rule pro-iiting persons aove 4! ,ears to enroll as an Advocate. -is rule +as c-allenged as e,ond t-e po+ers of t-e Bar Council. -e Supreme Court also accepted t-is agreement and struc: do+n t-e said rule as ultravires to S.4). -e court -eld t-at t-e said section empo+ers t-e Bar Council to frame rules onl, to regulate t-e legal profession and using t-is po+er t-e Bar Council cannot ma:e rules prescriing %ualifications for enrolment. In udeer v. Bar Council of India A( 1))) SC 11$&E t-e Supreme Court -eld t-at t-e Bar Council of ndia (ule prescriing one ,ear preG enrolment training apprentices-ip? after t-e la+ degree? is ultra vires t-e rule ma:ing po+er of t-e Bar Council of ndia. n t-is case also t-e Supreme Court -eld t-at Bar Council cannot ma:e rules prescriing %ualification for t-e enrolment. "ualifications are alread, prescried in t-e Advocates Act. "is8alification of enrol2ent
-e follo+ing persons are dis%ualified to enrole as an Advocate S.24AE. 1. A person convicted for an offence involving moral turpitude. 2. A person convicted for an offence under untouc-ailit, offencesE Act? 1)!!. 3. A person dismissed or removed from government service on an, c-arge involving moral turpitude. -e dis%ualification ceases to -ave effect after t-e period of t+o ,ears of -is release from 8ail or dismissal from service. -ere is no dis%ualification for a person found guilt, in t-e aove said cases and +-o -as een given enefit under t-e provisions of t-e Proation of Offenders Act? 1)!'. f an application for t-e enrolment is refused on an, one of t-e aove grounds of dis%ualification? t-e State ar Council -as intimate t-at fact stating t-e name? address? reasons for refusal to all ot-er State Bar Councils? t-ere, -e s-all e prevented from appl,ing to t-e ot-er State Bar Councils for #nrolment. A person cannot e permitted to carr, on ot-er profession along +it- legal profession. So? a person +it- a la+ degree is carr,ing on t-e ot-er profession is dis%ualified to enroll as an Advocate see 5ani (a8 L.C-ulani ;. Bar council of 0a-aras-tra at P $$E. A full time salaried la+ officer is not entitled to enrole as an Advocate Sat-is-
S.1$ of t-e Advocates Act classifies t-e Advocates into t+o t,pes namel,? Senior Advocates and ot-er Advocates. -e Supreme Court or a 5ig- Court s-all designate an Advocate +it- -is consent? as Senior Advocate? if t-e court is of t-e opinion t-at , virtue of -is ailit,? standing at t-e Bar or special :no+ledge or
e@perience in t-e la+? -e deserves suc- distinction. t is a -onour and privilege conferred on an Advocate. B, virtue of t-e preGeminence +-ic- a senior Advocate en8o,s in t-e profession? t-e, carr, t-e greatest responsiilities and t-e, s-ould act as a model to t-e 8unior memers of t-e profession. A senior Advocate more or less occupies a position li:e a "ueens counsel in #ngland ne@t after t-e Attorne, 9eneral? t-e Solicitor 9eneral and t-e State Advocate 9eneral. OrderGv (uleG2regarding t-e 1)$$ deals +it- t-e rules regarding t-e designating an Advocate as an Senior Advocate in t-ee Supreme Court and t-eir conditions of practice. #ac- 5ig- court -as framed t-eir o+n rules of procedures for designating an Advocate as Senior Advocate. -e Bar Council of ndia -as prescried t-e follo+ing restrictions in t-e matter of practice of a Senior Advocate. 1. A senior Advocate s-all not file a va:alatanama or a memo of appearance or pleading or application in an, court or triunal or efore an, person or aut-orit, mentioned in S.3* of t-e Act. 2. A Senior Advocate in t-e Supreme Court s-all not appear +it-out an Advocate on record in t-e Supreme Court. 3. A Senior Advocate in t-e 5ig- Court s-all not appear it-out an Advocate of t-e state roll. 4. 5e s-all not accept instructions to draft pleading or affidavits? or to do an, drafting +or: of an analogous nature. !. 5e s-all not underta:e conve,ancing +or: of an, :ind +-at so ever. $. 5e s-all not directl, accept a case from a client or instructions from -is client to appear in an, court or triunal. &. 5e is free to ma:e concessions or give underta:ings in course of arguments on e-alf of -is client on instructions from t-e 8unior Advocate. -en an Advocate is designated as a Senior Advocate? t-e registrar of t-e Supreme court or t-e 5ig- court? as t-e case ma, e? s-all
communicate it to all t-e 5ig- courts and t-e secretar, to t-e State Bar Council and t-e Bar Council of ndia. n t-e communication? t-e ame of t-e Advocate and t-e date on +-ic- -e +as designated as t-e Senior Advocate s-ould e mentioned. A/0ocate on Recor/
-e Supreme Court rules of practice classifies t-e Advocates into t-ree categories. -e, are iEOrdinar, Advocates iiE Senior Advocates iiiE Advocates on (ecord. An Advocate s-ould -ave t-e follo+ing %ualifications to ecome as an Advocate on (ecord. 1. 5e must -ave completed 4 ,ears of service as Advocate. 2. n addition to t-e four ,ears of Service as Advocate -e s-ould +or: for one ,ear +it- an Advocate On (ecord? +-o -as more t-an 1* ,ears of service. 3. 5e s-ould pass t-e Advocate On (ecord test conducted , t-e Supreme Court. -e test +ill e conducted on t-e follo+ing four su8ects for -undred mar:s eac- namel, iESupreme Court (ules of practice and procedures? iiE Drafting and Pleading iii* Accountanc, for t-e la+,ers and vE Leading cases. o pass t-is test one s-ould get minimum !*I in eac- su8ects and in aggregate minimum $*I. ie. otall, 24* mar:s. -e Successful Advocates +ill e recognied as Advocate On (ecord , t-e Supreme Court and t-eir name +ill e entered in a separate register maintained for t-is purpose. Onl, Advocates on (ecord alone is entitled to file cases in t-e Supreme Court. #ver, ,ear t-e, s-ould sumit t-eir annual income and e@penditure account to t-e Supreme Court. f an Advocate on (ecord is selected as t-e Senior Advocate t-en -is name +ill e removed from t-e register of t-e Advocate on (ecord and +ill e put in t-e register of t-e Senior Advocate. A/0ocates Roll
According to S.1& of t-e Advocates Act? ever, State Bar Council s-all prepare and maintain a roll of Advocates. t s-all contain t+o parts. irst part containing t-e list of Senior Advocates and t-e second part containing t-e ot-er Advocates. -en more t-an one Advocate is enrolled in a single da,? ased on t-eir seniorit, in age t-eir name +ill e entered in order. n t-e Advocates roll t-e follo+ing details s-ould e mentioned. -e name? Date of Birt-? Permanent address? details aout -is education? -e place +-ere -e is interested to practice etc. A person cannot enroll -imself as an Advocate in more t-an one Bar Council. A person +-ose name is registered in one state (oll can transfer -is name in ot-er State (oll on genuine grounds , an application to t-e Bar Council of ndia. f t-ere is no genuine reason for transfer or an, disciplinar, proceedings are pendings against -im t-en transfer application +ill e re8ected. -e State Bar Council s-ould send an aut-enticated cop, of t-e Advocates (oll +-enever t-e ne+ Advocates are included or names are removed from t-e roll. A2ics Criae
Amicus Curiae means Jfriend of t-e court. 5e is t-e person +-o is voluntaril, or on an invitation of t-e court gives -is opinion to t-e Court on a %uestion of la+ in +-ic- t-e court is doutful. Amicus Curiae is not an Advocate retained , an, of t-e parties to t-e dispute. 5e is altoget-er a stranger to t-e case. B, virtue of -is standing in t-e profession and t-e #@perience in t-e particular field of la+ t-e court ma, re%uest to give -is opinion on a particular issue .5is vie+s are onl, an information or a suggestion to t-e court. An amicus curiae can e@press -is vie+s onl, +it- t-e leave of t-e court. ormall, -e is not entitled to an, remuneration of suc- +or:. La9ers Pri0ile.es
Privilege means special :ind of rig-t. An Advocate eing t-e officer of t-e court and elonging to t-e nole profession en8o,s certain privileges inside and outside t-e court. -e practice of la+ itself is a privilege confered on la+,ers. t is not open to an,one +-o +is-es to
practice la+? onl, la+,ers alone can practice la+. ollo+ing are some of t-e privileges. 1. A La+,er -as t-e privilege to represent -is clients in t-e court and triunals. 2. A la+,er +-ile going to t-e court to attend t-e case or +-ile returning from t-e court is e@empted from arrest under civil process. 3. A la+,er -as a privilege of ecoming 8udge? Attorne, general? Solicitor 9eneral? Advocate 9eneral and government councils. 4. Since -e is fig-ting for t-e 8ustice? -e is respected ne@t to 9od. Se0en La2s of A/0ocac9
7ustice JAot Parr, %ualifies t-e follo+ing %ualities as FSeven Lamps of Advocac,/. -e, are iE 5onest, iiE Courage iiiE ndustr, ivE+it? vE#lo%uence? viE 7udgement and viiE ello+s-ip. !. "onest#: 5onest, is t-e most important %ualit, t-at an advocate s-ould possess. 5is t-oug-ts +ords and deeds s-ould -ave sincere coG relation to eac- ot-er +it- genuineness. An Advocate s-ould e dependale reliale to ever,one +-o see:s -is advise and services. -e uprig-tness? integrit, and -onest, of t-e Advocate +ill increase -is reputations and respect in t-e societ,. $. Courage: t is t-e dut, of an Advocate to fearlessl, up-old t-e interest of -is client , all fair means +it-out fear of an, unpleasant conse%uences to -imself or an, ot-er person. t is t-e :no+ledge and t-e s:ill of t-e Advocate t-at gives -im t-e necessar, courage and confidence to present t-e case fearlessl, and to up-old t-e interest of t-e client. -e :no+ledge and t-e s:ill can e ac%uired and developed , master, of facts? master, of la+s? master, in drafting and presentations of convincing arguments. %. Industr#: t means -ard +or:. 5ard +or:s is asolutel, necessar, for an Advocate. 5is :no+ledge of la+ s-ould e up to date. 5e s-all never e ignorant of t-e current la+ in force. 5e s-all get ac%uainted +it- t-e latest la+ , s,stematic stud,. f one ignores t-e la+? t-e la+ +ill also ignore -im. -at is +-, it is said t-at Fla+ is t-e 8ealous mistress/. &. 'it: 7udges and la+,ers -ave to deal +it- a variet, of serious and important matters affecting life and liert, of t-e people. So constant clas- et+een t-em is common. An@iet, for a favourale verdict on t-e
part of t-e la+,ersK and perpetual +orr, for t-e pursuit of t-e trut- on t-e part of t-e 8udges generate strain and tension. Occasional +it and -umour? provo:ing a smile or laug-ter +ill -elp t-em to ease t-e tension? and refres- t-emselves to s-arpen t-eir rain for t-e effective disc-arges of t-e duties. (.)lo*uence: #lo%uence means t-e fluenc,? force and st,le of using t-e language. Strong vocaular, is one of t-e po+erful +eapon +-ic- an Advocate s-ould posses. ords are -is :e,s of t-oug-ts. Strong vocaular, gives -im assurance? uild -is self confidence and uild -is personalit,. ords must e emplo,ed +it- elo%uence. -e art of persuasive and impressive spea:ing +ill give t-e desired result in -is favour. +.,udge-ent : t means t-e ailit, to come to a sensile conclusion and ma:e +ise decisions at t-e relevant time in t-e proper +a,. t is on t-e asis of t-ese conclusions -e s-ould emplo, t-e necessar, facts and t-e tec-ni%ues in t-e case +-ic- -e is engaged. -is %ualit, is necessar, from t-e eginning of filing t-e case till its final disposal. An Advocate must al+a,s anticipate all t-e possile moves of t-e ot-er side and must develop t-e necessar, presence of mind ? alertness and tact to cope +itan, a+:+ard situation of difficult, t-at ma, arise in t-e case. .Fellowship: n legal profession? one Advocate fig-ts +it- anot-er Advocate for 8ustice efore t-e learned 8udge. -ere ma, e controversies and contradictions in t-eir contention relating to t-e case? ut t-at s-all never affect t-e fello+s-ip. -e Advocates s-ould refer t-e opposite part,s Advocate as FLearned riend/ and t-e 8udge s-ould e referred as FLearned 7udge/. n order to maintain t-e fello+s-ip? t-e Bar Council of ndia -as laid do+n certain rules to e oserved as t-e dut, to colleagues. Panchsheel of the Bar
Panc-s-eel refers to t-e follo+ing five %ualities. -e, are iE 5onest, iiE industr, iiiE 8ustice ivE Service and vE P-ilosop-,. !. "onest#: see P.12E. $. Industr#: see P.12E. %. ,ustice: An Advocate is as an Officer of t-e 5ig- Court. 5e s-ould -elp t-e 7udge in finding out t-e trut- in t-e dispute? and -elp -im to arrive t-e rig-t decision. or t-is purpose -e s-all sumit t-e proper position of t-e la+? facts and evidence related to t-e case. An Advocate -as to protect t-e interest of t-e client? ut at t-e same time -e must
(ealie t-at -e is not t-e mere mout- piece of t-e client. -erefore? -e s-all never resort to unfair t-e practices. 5is efforts s-ould e al+a,s to advance t-e cause of t-e 8ustice. &. ervice: Legal profession mainl, concerned +it- t-e promotion of administration of 8ustice and t-e estalis-ment of t-e +elfare societ,. -erefore? La+,ers s-all e +illing to protect t-e rig-t of t-e oppressed and t-e poor. -e, s-all render t-eir service to t-e general pulic +it-out an, discrimination. (. Philosoph#: La+,ers s-ould -ave some P-ilosop-ical outloo:. An Advocate -as to deal +it- t-e variet, of disputes ot- favourale and unfavourale to -is client. So? -e s-ould -ave t-e re%uired mental fitness to ad8ust and accommodate +it- t-e c-anges. t is t-erefore necessar, t-at la+,ers s-ould e guided , some p-ilosop-ical principles suitale to t-e profession. Ten co22an/2ents of A/0ocates
-e various duties of an Advocate li:e duties to t-e client? duties to t-e court? duties to t-e colleagues and duties to t-e pulic s-all e put into t-e follo+ing ten rules popularl, :no+n as t-e ten Commandments of Advocates. !. Protection of the interest of the client: An Advocate must e lo,al to t-e interests of t-e client and fig-t for -is cause +it-out t-e fear of an, unpleasant conse%uence to -im or an, ot-er person see dut, to t-e clientE. $. Proper )sti-ation of the value of the Legal Advise: An Advocate s-all not over estimate or under estimate t-e value of -is advice. 5e must al+a,s give proper legal advice to t-e client. %. "onest and /espect: 5e must e al+a,s -onest and respectful to t-e court. &. Preparation of the case: 5e must prepare t-e case t-oroug-l, efore presenting it to t-e court. (. ervice: La+,ers s-all e +illing to protect t-e rig-ts of t-e oppressed and t-e poor.
+. Lo#alt# to Law and ,ustice: 5e must al+a,s give advise to en-ance lo,alt, to la+ and 8ustice. . Fellowship: 5e must e al+a,s friendl, +it- t-e fello+G memers of t-e Bar and more friendl, +it- t-e ,oung la+,ers and encourage t-em. 0. Fairness: 5e must e fair in -is dealings +it- t-e client? +it- t-e court and +it- t-e pulic 1. #ste-atic tud#: 5e must develop t-e -ait of s,stematic stud, of t-e la+ and ac%uainted +it- t-e latest developments in La+. !2. Prudence and Diligence: 5e must al+a,s vigilant and active. 5e must avoid t-e eas, come and eas,Ggo met-od. "arin:s Theor9 in Le.al Profession)
Dar+ins t-eor, is t-at JSurvival of t-e ittest. t means t-at onl, fit person +ill survive and ot-ers cannot survive in t-is +orld. -is t-eor, ver, muc- implies to t-e legal person also. t is true t-at onl, professionall, fit person alone can survive in t-e legal profession and ot-ers cannot survive. -oug- ever, la+,ers are entering t-e profession? onl, ver, fe+ of t-em continue in t-e legal profession? and ot-ers leave t-e profession in t-e middle. One can survive in t-e legal profession? onl, -e ac%uires t-e good %ualities of Advocac,? immediatel, after 8oining t-e profession. f -e fails to do so? -e +ill compelled to leave t-e profession +-en ot-ers la+,ers +-o possess t-e %ualities of Advocac, are leading in t-e profession. So one s-ould :eep it in mind and act accordingl, to get t-e good %ualities of Advocac,. !eanin. of Professional Ethics
-e +ord Jet-ics derived from t-e 9ree: +ord Jet-os. t means t-e -aitual mode of conduct Professional et-ics means a conduct +ritten or un+ritten +-ic- prescries t-e duties of a profession legal ProfessionE. -e legal Profession and t-e 8udiciar, as a +-ole in all countries -ave een -onoured as t-e Jpure fountain of 8ustice and en8o,s -ig-
esteem of respect. n order to maintain t-e respect? la+,ers -ave to follo+ certain et-ical regulations. S.4)E CE of t-e Advocates Act? 1)$1 empo+ers t-e ar council of ndia to ma:e rules prescriing t-e standards of professional conduct and eti%uette to e oserved , t-e advocates. -e rules made , t-e Bar council s-all come into effect onl, +-en it is approved , t-e C-ief 8ustice of ndia. n e@ercise of t-is rule ma:ing po+er t-e Bar Council of ndia -as made several rules prescriing t-e standards of professional conduct and eti%uette for t-e advocates. -ese rules specifies t-e duties of an Advocate to t-e court? client? opponent and colleagues etc. -ese rules are roadl, called as professional et-ics. !eanin. of the ter2 Eti8ette
-e term eti%uette is slig-tl, different from t-e term et-ics. t refers to t-e pattern of e-avior and t-e mode in +-ic- t-e person is re%uired to conduct -imself. t springs from t-e long -ait and custom. #ti%uette consists of t-e follo+ing elements namel,? elegance? dignit, and decenc,. -e legal profession oserve t-ese t-ings as an eti%uette. n order to protect t-e dignit, of t-e profession t-e memers must oserve t-e eti%uette ver, strictl,. -e eti%uette re%uires t-at an Advocate s-ould e-ave -imself as an officer of t-e court? a privileged memer of t-e communit, and a gentleman. "t9 to the Cort;Rle 1-1<=
n t-e administration of t-e 8ustice? t-e role of t-e advocate is to -elp t-e court to ta:e a rig-t decision in t-e dispute. -ile performing t-is 8o? an Advocate is dut, ound to perform certain duties to t-e court. ollo+ing are duties prescried , t-e Bar Council rules as dut, to t-e court? +-ic- s-ould e oserved , t-e Advocates. 1. An Advocate s-all s-o+ t-e due respect to t-e court and s-all never act in an, manner to undermine t-e confidence in t-e 8udiciar,. 2. 5e s-all not e@ert or attempt to e@ert an, personal influence on t-e decision of t-e court? nor s-all give an, impression t-at -e possesses personal influence +it- t-e 8udge efore +-om -e normall, practices.
3. 5e s-all e al+a,s punctual in attending courts in t-e prescried dress. 4. 5e s-all e fair and fran: in t-e court proceedings. !. 5e s-all not include an, fact +-ic- -e :no+s to e false in t-e pleadings? petitions or affidavits. $. 5e s-all not as: for an, ad8ournment of a case +it-out genuine reasons. &. 5e s-all not communicate privatel, +it- t-e 8udges to influence t-em relating to an, pending case. '. 5e s-all not spea: ill of 8udges or use ausive remar:s aout t-em. But? if t-e 8udge e-aves improperl,? it is not onl, t-e rig-t ut also -is dut, to report it to t-e proper aut-orities. ). 5e s-all not interrupt +-en t-e counsel for t-e ot-erside or t-e 8udge is spea:ing. 1*. 5e s-all appear in t-e court in t-e prescried dress and -is appearances s-all al+a,s e presentale. 5e s-all not +ear ands or go+n in t-e pulic places. 11. 5e s-all not practice efore a 8udge if -e is related to -im. 12. 5e s-all not act or plead in an, matter in +-ic- -e is pecuniaril,monetar,E interested. 13. 5e s-all not appear for an, organiation? institution? societ, or corporation if -e is t-e memer of t-e e@ecutive committee of suc- organiation? institution? societ, or corporation. "t9 to the Clients ;Rle 11-33=
A client is entrusting a case +it- an Advocate ecause of -is trust and confidence on -im. n order to -onour t-is trust and confidence t-e
Bar Council of ndia rules 11G33 prescries t-e follo+ing duties as dut, to t-e client. 1. An Advocate is ound to accept a case in t-e courts or triunals +-ere -e is normall, practicing. 2. 5e s-all not +it-dra+ from a case +-ic- -e -as alread, accepted +it-out sufficient reasons. 5e s-all not +it-dra+ from t-e case merel, ecause -is fees -as not een paid in full. 5e s-all +it-dra+ from t-e case onl, after giving a reasonale notice to -is client. After -is +it-dra+al -e must refund suc part of t-e fees +-ic- is in e@cess in -is -and. 3. 5e s-all not accept a case in +-ic- -e -as reason to elieve t-at -e +ill e called as +itness. f -e alread, engaged in a case in +-ic- -e is called as a +itness t-en -e s-ould return t-e case. But? if -is retirement +ill cause irreparale loss to t-e client t-en -e can continue to appear as a la+,er. 4. 5e must ma:e full and fran: disclosures to -is client relating to -is connection +it- t-e parties and -is interest in t-e controvers, +-ic- ma, li:el, to affect -is clients interest. !. 5e s-ould fearlessl, up-old t-e interest of -is client , fair and -onourale means +it-out t-e fear of an, pleasant conse%uences to -imself or to an, ot-er person. 5e s-all not refuse to appear for an accused person merel, ecause in -is personal opinion t-e accused -as committed t-e offence. $. An Advocate appearing as a prosecution counsel s-all e fair and s-all not conduct t-e prosecution +it- -ostilit, to t-e accused to secure conviction. 5e s-ould not ostruct t-e defence counsel in placing t-e relevant material evidence to prove t-e innocence of t-e accused. &. 5e s-all not disclose an, matter communicated to -im in -is professional capacit, to an, ot-er person +it-out t-e consent of -is client. '. 5e s-all not e a part, to fomenting of litigation.
). 5e s-ould act at t-e instructions of -is client and not at t-e instruction of an, ot-er person. 1*. 5e s-all not stipulate a fee depending on t-e success of t-e case or agree to s-are t-e proceeds of t-e litigation. 11. 5e s-all not u, or agree to s-are t-e interest of t-e litigation. 12. 5e s-all not directl, or indirectl, id or purc-ase in -is o+n name or in an, ot-er name an, propert, sold in e@ecution of a decree in +-ic- -e +as engaged as a la+,er. 13. 5e s-all not ad8ust fees pa,ale to -im , -is client against -is o+n personal liailit, to t-e client. 14. 5e s-all not do an,t-ing +-ere, -e auses or ta:es advantage of t-e confidence reposed in -im , t-e client. 1!. 5e s-ould :eep regular accounts of t-e clients mone, entrusted to -im. -e account s-ould s-o+ t-e particulars of t-e amount received from t-e client and t-e e@penses incurred for -im. 1$. 5e s-ould maintain separate accounts for t-e amount received for t-e fees and for t-e e@penses. -e amount received for t-e e@penses s-all not e converted for fees +it-out t-e consent of t-e client. 1&. -ere an, amount received on e-alf of t-e client eit-er from t-e court or from an, ot-er personE it s-ould e intimated to t-e client as earl, as possile. 1'. After t-e proceedings are over? -e s-all ta:e t-e settled fee from t-e clients mone, in -is -and and t-e alance? if an, s-ould e returned to t-e client. 1). f t-e Advocates fee is left unsettled? -e s-all ta:e a reasonale fee from t-e clients mone, in -is -and? after t-e proceedings are over. 2*. A cop, of t-e clients account s-all e furnis-ed to -im on demand.
21. 5e s-all not convert t-e clients mone, in -is -and as loan given to -im , t-e client. 22. 5e s-all not lend mone, to -is client for t-e purpose of an, legal proceeding in +-ic- -e is engaged as t-e la+,er. But? an, amount given to -is client in an unanticipated emergenc, s-all not e treated as eac- of t-is dut,. 23. An Advocate +-o -as advised or prepared t-e pleadings or appeared for a part, in an, suit or appeal s-all not act? appear or plead for t-e opposite part,.
n addition to t-e aove duties prescried , t-e Bar Council of ndia an Advocate is e@pected to perform t-e follo+ing duties also to t-e client. 1. 5e s-all give advise to -is client -onestl, and in good fait-. 2. 5e s-all prepare t-e case +it- due care and s:ill. 3. 5e s-all sumit all relevant documents efore t-e court in support of t-e claim of -is client. 4. 5e s-ould attend t-e court on ever, da, fi@ed for -earing of -is clients case. !. 5e s-ould return t-e +-ole fees received from -is client? if -e is not in a position to conduct t-e case.
La9ers "t9 to Oonent Part9;Rle34'3%=
(ule 34 63! deals +it- t-e duties of an Advocate to t-e opponent part,. -e, are as follo+s. !. (ule 34 provides t-at an Advocate s-all not in an, +a, communicate or negotiate upon t-e su8ect matter of dispute +it- t-e opposite part, directl,. or an, reasons? f +e +ant to
communicate an,t-ing t-en it s-ould e done t-roug- -is Advocate. $. (ule 3! provides t-at an Advocate s-all do -is est to carr, out all legitimate promises made to t-e opposite part,. #ven if suc promises are not in +riting or not enforceale under t-e rules of t-e court? -e must tr, -is level est to perform -is promises. %. 5e s-all not use unfair and malicious tactics against t-e opponents. &. 5e s-all not ause t-e rules of evidence and t-e process of t-e court in order to in8ure t-e opponent. (. 5e s-all not ma:e aseless attac:s on t-e reputation of t-e opponent or -is +itness or undul, -arass t-em. +. 5e ma, ma:e concessions to t-e convenience of t-e opponent and -is la+,er in fi@ing t-e date of trial. "t9 to rofession ;rle 3(-4<=
#ver, Advocate o+es an oligation to uplift t-e profession to +-ic- -e elongs. 5e must avoid? an, conduct t-at ma, lead to lo+er t-e standards of t-e profession. 5e s-all never forget t-at -e elongs to t-e nole profession. ollo+ing are some of -is important dutiesto t-e profession. -ese duties are incorporated +it- t-e intention of raising t-e standards of t-e profession. 1. An Advocate s-all not spea: ill of t-e profession. 5e s-ould conduct -imself in suc- a +a, to en-ance respect? s,mpat-, and good feeling et+een t-e memers of t-e profession and strive to maintain t-e -onour and dignit, of t-e profession. 2. 5e s-all not discuss in t-e ne+spapers an, pending case or appeal. 3. 5e s-all not in an, +a, solicit cases , advertisement or ot-er+ise.
4. 5e s-all not act or plead in -is professional capacit, efore an, officer of t-e state not e@ercising 8udicial or %uasiG8udicial po+ers. !. 5e s-all not appoint intermediaries for procuring cases and divide t-e fees et+een t-em or pa, commission to t-em for suc- +or:. $. 5e s-all not entertain or s-o+ an, undue -ospitalit, to an, particular 8udge. &. 5e s-all not place -imself in t-e situation +-ic- ma, e unecoming of a memer of t-e ar. '. 5e s-all not oppose t-e desire of -is client for additional professional -elp or assistance from ot-er la+,ers also. ). 5e must appear in roes in t-e court proceedings. 5e s-all not +ear roes or go+n in pulic places e@cept on ceremonial occasion. 1*. 5e s-all not act as a managing Director or a secretar, of a compan, +it-out t-e leave of t-e Bar Council. 11. 5e s-all not +or: as a full time salaried emplo,ee. 1>) 5e s-all not do an, ot-er usiness. An advocate +-o in-erits an, famil, usiness ma, continue it? ut -e s-ould not personall, participate in t-e management of t-e usiness. "t9 to Ren/er Le.al Ai/
7ustice is a great interest of man on eart- and t-e la+,er is t-e -ig- priest in t-e s-rine of 8ustice. -e %ualit, of 8ustice? to a great e@tent? depends on t-e moral %ualit,? integrit, and fairness of t-e la+,ers. o develop t-eir moral %ualities? t-e la+,ers must activel, participate in t-e legal and aid programs and give free legal services to t-e poor and t-e need, people. -is is one of t-e important dut, an Advocate o+s to t-e societ,.
f a la+,er personall, :no+s t-at -is client is unale to pa, ecause of povert, t-en -e must represent t-e case +it-out demanding an, fees from -im. Similarl,? +-en t-e court appoints a la+,er to defend an accused? it is -is moral oligation to accept suc- order and disc-arge -is duties to+ards t-e court and t-e accused , t-e est use of -is :no+ledge and ailit,. La+,ers s-all coGoperate and activel, participate in 8oining -ands +it- t-e local area legal services Aut-orities in organiing Lo: Adalats and Legal Aid programs and conciliation proceedings. Restriction on other E2lo92ents
Bar council of ndia (uleG4* restricts t-e Advocates not to personall, engage in an, ot-er usiness ot-er t-an t-e legal profession. -e reason for t-is restriction is t-at -e s-ould full, concentrate in t-e legal profession and elevate it to t-e -ig- stand . f -e is allo+ed to do ot-er usiness t-en t-at ma, lo+er do+n t-e standard of t-is profession. f -e 8oin as a full time salaried emplo,ee eit-er in t-e 9overnment or in t-e private sector -e must re%uest t-e Bar Council to remove -is name from t-e Advocates (oll. -oug- t-ere is general restriction on ot-er emplo,ment? t-ere is no restriction for engaging -imself in t-e follo+ing +or:s. 5e can e a Sleeping partner in a usiness? if in t-e opinion of t-e State Bar Council t-at usiness is not inconsistent +it- t-e profession. 1. An Advocate +-o -as in-erited a famil, usiness s-all continue it? ut -e s-all not personall, participate in t-e management of t-e usiness. 2. 5e s-all engage -imself in +riting La+ Boo:s. 3. 5e s-all 8oin as a partGtime La+ eac-er or an, ot-er part time 8o +-ic- ma, not e inconsistent +it- t-e legal profession. -e partGtime 8o s-ould not e@ceed more t-an 3 -ours in a da,. 4. 5e s-all prepare %uestion papers for t-e #@ams. !. 5e s-all revie+ parliamentar, Bill for a remuneration. $. 5e s-all act as a memer of t-e parliament or 0emer of t-e State Asseml,.
&. 5e s-all stud, Post 9raduate course in La+ +it-out suspending -is practice. An Advocate +-o is engaged in ot-er usiness s-all e punis-ed for professional misconduct see Dr.:anira8 L.Sulani ;. Bar Council of 0a-aras-tra at P $$? Baulal v? Suas- 7ain at p 4) and S-arma v. 9rudial sing- at P !'E. "t9 to Self
Legal profession is t-e nole profession. -e degree of standard e@pected from t-e la+,er +it- respect to -is :no+ledge? s:ill and ailit, is so -ig-. So? an Advocate s-ould follo+ t-e follo+ing duties as dut, to self. 1. An Advocate must develop t-e -ait of s,stematic stud, of la+ and ac%uire upGtoGdate :no+ledge in la+. 2. 5e s-all e@ercise prudence? deligience and 8udiciousness in all -is activities. 3. 5e s-all never e a part, to an,t-ing +-ic- -e :no+n to e +rong. 4. 5e s-all not stir up litigations. !. 5e s-ould discourage ve@ations groundlessElitigation. $. 5e s-all encourage compromise et+een t-e parties. &. 5# s-all not indulge in an, act +-ic- amounts to professional misconduct. '. 5e s-ould not do an, act +-ic- amounts to contempt of t-e court. ). 5e must e fair and -onest in -is dealings. "t9 to collea.es
n order to maintain good relation among t-e memers of t-e Bar? an Advocate -as to perform t-e follo+ing duties to colleagues.
1. An Advocate s-all not enter appearance in an, case in +-ict-ere is alread, an Advocate. 2. 5e s-all not in an, +a, solicit cases , advertisement or ot-er+ise. 3. 5e s-all not allo+ -is name to e used , some ot-er person for unaut-oried practice of la+. 4. 5e s-all not accept a fee less t-an t-e fee c-argeale under la+.
Restriction on A/0ertise2ent)
(ule 3$ of Bar Council of ndia restricts t-e Advocates not to advertise aout t-e profession. -is restriction is imposed ecause Advocate profession is t-e nole profession. Due to t-is restriction Advocates are anned to do t-e follo+ing t-ings. !. Directl, or indirectl, advertise aout t-eir profession. $. Pulis-ing -is p-oto along t-e ne+s regarding -is appearance in a case.
3. Circulation of p-amplets or giving advertisement +it- a vie+ of soliciting case. 5is name oard s-ould e small and in prescried sie. n t-e name oard t-e follo+ing matters s-ould not e mentioned. !. nformation relating to -is memers-ip in Bar Council or post in t-e Bar Association. $. nformation aout t-e specialiation in a particular ranc- of la+. %. nformation aout #@G7udicial Officer or #@G9overnment Advocate. &. nformation aout -is memers-ip in ot-er associations.
0a:ing advertisement against t-e aove said restrictions +ill e treated as professional misconduct. Refsin. to Accet a Case
An Advocate s-all not refuse to accept a case? if t-e client as:s to file or defend a case in a court or a triunal +-ere -e normall, practice. -is is one of t-e important dut, to t-e client. But in t-e follo+ing situations -e can refuse to accept a case. 1. f -e -as reasons to elieve t-at -e ma, e called as +itness in t-e case. 2. f -e -as alread, given t-e advise or prepared t-e pleadings for t-e opposite part,. 3. f -e is p-,sicall, disaled from appearing. 4. -en -e ma, not e availale to present t-e case in t-e court. !. -ere -e confines -is practice in some courts onl,.
Professional !iscon/ct
0isconduct means dereliction of dut,. Professional misconduct means dereliction of dut, relating to Legal profession. >nder S.3! of t-e Advocates Act? An Advocate is punis-ale not onl, for professional misconduct ut also for ot-er misconduct. Ot-er misconduct means a misconduct not directl, connected +it- t-e legal profession. Professional misconduct arises as a result of serious dereliction of duties to t-e court? to t-e client? to t-e opponent? to t-e colleagues? to t-e profession? to t-e pulic etc. ollo+ing are some of t-e instances of professional misconduct. 1. 0a:ing false allegation against 8udicial officers. 2. Delieratel, lodging groundless criminal complaint. 3. 0a:ing groundless and insulting c-arges against +itness.
4. (efusing to accept a case +it-out 8ustification. !. Attending court proceedings in drun:en state. $. Attempting to influence 8udicial officers for favour. &. Carr,ing on ot-er trade or usiness. '. Committing crimes. ). inancing litigation. 1*. Otaining clients signature on lan: papers. 11. S-outing slogans or -olding demonstration in front of t-e court. 12. Approac-ing investigative investigation of a case.
officers
for
favour
during
13. riting letter to t-e presiding officer in connection +it- t-e pending case. 14. ampering +it- t-e +itness 1!. Suggesting t-e client to rie t-e presiding officer. 1$. 0oving application efore an, court or aut-orit, efore informing t-at a similar application -as een presented efore an, aut-orit, or re8ected , an, aut-orit,. 1&. An e@clusivel, retained pleader accepting a case against t-e client from t-e opposite part,. 1'. ailure to appear in t-e proceedings of a case +it-out an, sufficient reason. 1). (etaining t-e 8udgement of t-e trial court +it- t-e intention of getting -imself getting -imself engaged in appeal.
2*. Presenting t-e plaint +it- in sufficient court fee stamp? +-en t-e client -as given mone, for t-e court fee. 21. Alleging partialit, against presiding officer in open court. 22. ampering +it- records and documents. 23. riting letters to persons for soliciting cases. 24. (eporting no instructions from -is client and suse%uentl, appearing for t-e opposite part, in t-e same suit. 2!. Advertising aout -is profession. 2$. a:ing advantage of t-e ignorance and illiterac, of t-e clients? demanding mone, from t-em on false representations t-at is re%uired for court purposes and misappropriating t-e same. 2&. 0isappropriation of decreed amount pa,ale to t-e client. 2'. 9iving +rong advise to t-e client. 2). a:ing mone, from t-e client for t-e purpose of giving rie. 3*. Suppression of trut-. 31. C-anging sides. 32. ndecent cross e@amination. 33. Committing contempt of court. 34. alse identifications of deponents. 3!. 9ross negligence involving moral turpitude. 3$. Appearing +it-out aut-orit, ie. On forged va:alat-. 3&. ailure to attend t-e trial.
3'. Attesting forged affidavit. 3). Astaining from appearing in court on t-e ground of stri:e called , t-e Bar association. 4*. 0isleading t-e court resulting in eronious order. Pnish2ent for 2iscon/ct
-e Disciplinar, committee of t-e State Bar Council after -earing t-e Advocate concerned and t-e Advocate general comes to t-e conclusion t-at t-e misconduct is proved t-at it ma, pass an, of t-e follo+ing orders? namel, iE (eprimand t-e Advocate. iiE Suspend t-e Advocate from t-e practice for suc- period as it t-in:s fit. iiiE (emove t-e name of t-e Advocate from t-e Advocates (oll. Punis-ment ma, e a+arded depending on t-e gravit, of misconduct estalis-ed against -im. -e punis-ment to remove from t-e Advocates (oll is a+arded onl, in t-e cases +-ere t-e misconduct is of suc- nature t-at t-e Advocate is un+ort-, of remaining in t-e profession. -ere an Advocate is suspended from t-e practice -e s-all not practice in an, court or triunal or an, aut-orit, or person during t-e suspended period. -ere notice is issued to t-e Advocate general? -e ma, appear efore t-e disciplinar, committee in person or t-roug- an, Advocate appearing on -is e-alf. f t-e misconduct is not proved e,ond reasonale dout t-en t-e disciplinar, committee s-all dismiss t-e petition. Re2e/ies a.ainst the or/er of nish2ent
!. Appeal to the Bar council of India 3s %4: An, person aggrieved , t-e order of t-e disciplinar, committee of t-e State Bar Council? or t-e Advocate general of t-e State ma, +it-in $* da,s from t-e date of t-e order ma, prefer an appeal to t-e Bar Council of ndia.
-e appeal s-all e filed in person or t-roug- , Advocate or , registered post. 5e must sumit ! copies of appeal memorandum along +it- t-e attested cop, of t-e order of t-e State Bar Council. Suc- appeal s-all e -eard , t-e disciplinar, committee of t-e Bar Council of ndia and after -earing it ma, pass an, order it deems fit
ie.? it can confirm. -e order of t-e State Bar Council? or increase or reduce t-e punis-ment? or totall, remove t-e punis-ment. 2. Appeal to the upre-e Court : An, person aggrieved , an order made , t-e Disciplinar, committee of t-e Bar Council of ndia? or t-e Attorne, 9eneral of ndia ma, +it-in $* da,s from t-e date of order prefer an appeal to t-e Supreme court. -e Supreme Court after -earing t-e parties concerned s-all pass an, order as it t-in:s fit. ormall,? t-e Supreme court +ill not interfere +it- t-e concurrent findings of fact , t-e disciplinar, committee of t-e Bar Council of ndia and t-e State Bar Council. f t-e finding is ased on no evidence t-en t-e court +ill e@amine it. 3. ta# of the order: or t-e convenience of filing an appeal against t-e order of t-e State Bar Council or t-e Bar Council of ndia? t-e aggrieved part, can file an application efore t-e concerned Bar Council +-ic- -as passed t-e order to sta, t-e order still appeal is filed. f genuine grounds are t-ere t-en t-e concerned Bar Council can sta, t-e order. Similarl,? after filing t-e appeal efore t-e Bar council of ndia or efore t-e Supreme Court t-e aggrieved part, can as: for t-e sta, of t-e order still t-e disposal of t-e appeal. f t-e genuine grounds are t-ere t-en t-e Bar Council or Supreme Court s-all sta, t-e order still t-e disposal of t-e appeal. Re0ie of its on or/er 79 the State Bar Concil
According to S.44? t-e Disciplinar, committee of a State Bar council is empo+ered to revie+ its o+n order eit-er on its o+n motion or an application , t-e aggrieved part, +it-in $* da,s from t-e date of order. n t-e revie+ proceedings also t-e State Bar council +ill -ear t-e concerned parties efore ma:ing an, order. An, order passed in revie+ , t-e disciplinar, committee of t-e state Bar Council s-all -ave effect onl, +-en it is approved , t-e Bar Council of ndia. -e Disciplinar, committee of t-e Bar Council of ndia -as no po+er to revie+ its o+n order S.4' AAE. "iscilinar9 Co22ittee of the State Bar Concil
5rganaisation: .1 of t-e Advocates Act empo+ers t-e state Bar Councils to constitute one or more Disciplinar, Committees. #ac-
Disciplinar, Committee s-all consists of 3 memers. +o s-all e selected from t-e memers of t-e Bar Council and one s-all e selected from t-e Advocates +-o are -aving more t-an 1* ,ears of standing in profession. Among t-e t-ree memers t-e senior most in t-e profession s-all act as t-e c-airman of t-e committee. Powers : .&$ of t-e Advocates Act deals +it- t-e po+er of Disciplinar, committee. t provides t-at t-e Disciplinar, Committee of t-e State Bar Council s-all -ave t-e same po+ers same li:e t-e civil court under t-e C.P.C. in respect of t-e follo+ing matters.
1. Summoning and enforcing t-e attendence of an, person and e@amining -im on oat-. 2. (e%uiring discover, and production of an, documents. 3. (eceiving evidence on affidavit. 4. (e%uiring an, pulic record or copies of an, record from an, court or office. !. ssuing commissions for t-e e@aminations of +itness or documents. -e disciplinar, committee -as no rig-t to re%uire t-e attendance of t-e follo+ing presons. iE An, presiding officer of t-e court. iiE An, officer of t-e revenue court. A presiding officer of a court s-all e summoned to attend t-e proceedings of t-e Disciplinar, Committee +it- permission of t-e 5igCourt and an officer of t-e revenue court s-all e summoned +it- t-e permission of t-e State 9ovt. All t-e proceedings efore t-e Disciplinar, Committee of a Bar Council s-all e deemed to a 8udicial proceedings +it-in t-e meaning of S.1)3 6 22' of .P.C and ever, suc- disciplinar, Committee s-all e deemed to e a civil court. )n*uir# Procedure: -e main function of t-e Disciplinar, Committee of t-e Bar Council is to en%uire t-e complaints of professional misconduct against t-e Advocates a+ard suitale
punis-ments. n t-e en%uir, t-e follo+ing procedures prescrie under S.3! of t-e Advocates Act s-ould e follo+ed. 1. On perus perusal al of t-e t-e com compla plaint int?? if t-e t-e Bar coun council cil is is satis satisfie fied d t-at t-at it is a fit case for en%uir, t-en t-e complaint s-all e referred for en%uir, to t-e Disciplinar, Committee. 2. -e -e Discip Disciplin linar, ar, Comm Committ ittee ee s-all s-all fi@ fi@ a date date for for en%uir, en%uir, and s-a s-all ll send notice to t-e concerned Advocate Advocate and t-e Advocate Advocate 9eneral of t-e State. 3. -e -e Advoc dvocat atee c-ar c-arge ged d +it+it- t-e t-e prof profes essi sion onal al misc miscon ondu duct ct s-al s-alll appear in person or t-roug- t-e La+,er. Similarl,? t-e Advocate general also appear in person or t-roug- a la+,er. la+,er. 4. -e Discipl iplina inar, Comm ommitt ittee s-ould complete t-e en%uir, proceedings +it-in one ,ear from t-e date of receipt of t-e complaint. Due to an, reason? if t-e en%uir, +as not completed +it-in one ,ear t-en t-e complaint complaint s-ould e referred to t-e Bar Council of ndia for its disposal. !. During t-e pendenc, of t-e en%uir, if t-e term of t-e Discip Disciplin linar, ar, Commi Committe tteee comes comes to an end t-en t-e succes successor sor committee s-all continue t-e en%uir,. $. After t-e en%uir, due to t-e lac: of ma8orit, opinion or ot-er+ise if t-e Disciplinar, Committee +as unale to ta:e a final decision t-en t-e, s-all see: t-e opinion of t-e c-airman of t-e t-e ar ar coun counci cill and and s-al s-alll pass pass t-e t-e fina finall orde orderr foll follo+ o+in ing g -is -is opinion. "iscilinar9 Co22ittee of the Bar Concil of In/ia
5rganisation: Same as t-e Disciplinar, committee of t-e State Bar Council see P.3*E. Powers: -e Disciplinar, Committee of t-e Bar Council Of ndia s-all -aving t-e follo+ing po+ers.
1. t s-all all en%u n%uire t-e t-e c-arg arges of t-e t-e pro profess fessio iona nall misc iscond onduct uct against Advocates +-ose name is t-ere in t-e roll of an, of t-e State Bar Council. 2. #n%u #n%uir iree t-e t-e compl complai aint ntss in +-ic +-ic- t-e t-e Disc Discip iplin linar, ar, Comm Commit itte teee of t-e State Bar Council -as not completed t-e en%uir, +it-in one ,ear from t-e date of receipt of t-e complaint.
3. 5ear 5ear t-e t-e appea appeall again against st t-e t-e orde orderr of t-e t-e State State Bar Bar Coun Council cil.. 4. Allo+i Allo+ing ng t-e t-e Stat Statee Bar Counci Councill to revie revie+ + its its o+n o+n order order.. 7ust li:e t-e Disciplinar, Committee of t-e State Bar Council? t-e Bar Council of ndia Disciplinar, committee is also -aving po+ers li:e a civil court. See P.31E. En8ir9 Proce/re 5 Same as t-at of t-e Disciplinar, Committee of t-e Bar Council. See P.31E. Transfer of rocee/in.s fro2 the State Bar Concil to the Bar Concil of In/ia
f t-e State Bar Council after verification is satisfied t-at t-e c-arges of professional misconduct is a fit case for en%uir, t-en it s-all refer it to t-e Disciplinar, Committee for t-e en%uir,. -e -e Disc iscipli iplina nar, r, Comm ommitte itteee must ust compl omplet etee t-e t-e en%ui n%uir, r, proceedings +it-in one ,ear from fro m t-e date of receipt. -e main o8ect of putting a time ound en%uir, is speed, disposal of t-e cases. Due to an, reason? if t-e en%uir, +as not completed +it-in a ,ear t-en t-e complaint s-ould e transferred to t-e Bar Council of ndia for en%uir,. -e transfer s-ould e made made , t-e suoGmotou suoGmotou , t-e State Bar Council S.3$ S.3$ BE. -e comp omplaints so transferred s-all e en%uired , t-e Disciplinar, Committee of t-e Bar Council Of ndia and pass suitale orders as it t-in:s fit. -ere is no time limit for t-e Bar Council of ndia to complete t-e en%uir,. A/0ocates +elfare Fn/
(ule (ule 44GA 44GA prov provid ides es for for t-e t-e crea creatio tion n of Advoc dvocat ates es elfar lfaree Comm Committe itteee otot- in t-e t-e Bar Bar Coun Counci cill Of ndia ndia and and in t-e State State Bar Councils. -e Bar Council of ndia Advocates elfare committee s-all consist of ! memers? elected from among t-e memers of t-e Bar Council Of ndia. -e State Bar Council Advocates elfare committee s-all consist of 2 memers elected from t-e State ar Council and t-e Bar Bar Coun Counci cill of ndi ndiaa meme emerr from from t-e t-e Stat Statee s-al s-alll act act as e@Go e@Goff ffic icio io secr secret etar, ar,.. -es -esee comm commit itte teee s-al s-alll impl implem emen entt t-e t-e +elf +elfar aree sc-e sc-em mes approved , t-e Bar Council of ndia to t-e Advocates. Advocates. #ver, Advocate s-all pa, a sum of rupees decided , t-e Bar Council as suscription. All t-e amount so collected , t-e State Bar Council s-all e remitted in a separate account :no+n as FAdvocates
elfare und/ maintained in a nationalied Ban:. -e amount s-all e utilied for t-e +elfare of t-e Advocates. f an, an, Advoc dvocaate fails ails of pa, pa, -is su suscri script ptio ion n +it-in t-in t-e t-e prescried time? t-e secretar, of t-e State Bar Council s-all issue a notice to -im to s-o+ cause? +it-in a mont- +-, -is name ma, not e suspended from t-e Advocates roll. f t-e Advocate pa, t-e amount toget-er +it- a late fee of (s. ! per mont- su8ect to a ma@imum of (s.3*=G +it-in t-e period specified in t-e notice? t-e proceedings against -im s-all e dropped. f t-e t-e Advo dvocate cate does does not not pa, pa, t-e t-e amou amount nt or fail failss to s-o s-o+ sufficient cause? a committee of 3 memers constituted , t-e State Bar Council in t-is e-alf? s-all decided t-e matter and pass suitale orders. Ta2ilna/ Ta2ilna/ A/0ocates A/0ocat es +elfare Fn/
amilnadu Advocates elfare fund Act?1)'& empo+ers t-e state Bar Council to create a fund called amilnadu Advocates elfare und. -is fund is different from t-e fund +-ic- ever, state Bar Council creates under S.44AE of t-e Advocates Act. 6e-7ership : Persons enrolled as an Advocate in t-e amil adu Bar Council and a memer in an, one of t-e recognied Bar Association in amiladu s-all ecome as a memer in t-is fund.
enefits from t-is fund one -as to u7scription: or getting t-e enefits pa, t-e follo+ing follo+ing suscription. 1. #ntr, #ntr, fee of (s. (s.2** 2**=G =G on onee time time pa,me pa,mentE ntE at t-e time time of 7oinin 7oining. g. 2. -e -e annua annuall susc suscri ript ptio ion n for t-os t-osee +-o are are -avin -aving g less less t-an t-an 1* ,ears of standing is (s. 2**=G 3. -e -e Annu Annual al Sus Suscr crip ipti tion on for for t-ose t-ose +-o are -avi -aving ng less less t-an t-an 2* ,ears of standing is (s. 1**=G 4. Life Life meme memers rs-i -ip p fee fee for for seni senior or Advo Advoca cate tess is (s. (s. 1*?* 1*?*** **=G =G for for ot-ers (s. 2***=G !. n t-e t-e va:al va:alat at- and otot-er er docu docum ments ents file filed d in t-e cour courtt ! rupe rupees es Advocates elfa elfare re und Stamp s-ould e e pasted. -e amount amount so collected +ill e remitted in t-is fund. Benefits: or t-e memers of t-is fund follo+ing enefits +ill e
given.
1. -ose +-o are memers in t-is fund for minimum ! ,ears? if retires from t-e profession? +ill e paid pension as per t-e Sc-edule attac-ed in t-is Act. 2. f t-e memer dies -is nominee is entitled for (s. One la:-. f t-e diseased memer is receiving pension eit-er from 9overnment or from ot-er Organisation t-en t-is enefit +ill not e given.
CHAPTER-II BAR BENCH RERLATIONS CONTE!PT OF CO#RT O7?ect of the Act -e main o8ect of t-e contempt of court Act is to protect t-e dignit, and decorum of t-e court and to up-old t-e ma8est, of la+. -e o8ect is not to protect t-e 8udges from criticism. B, providing punis-ment for contempt of t-e court t-e ailit, to deliver fearless and impartial 8ustice is strengt-ened. "efinition -e definition given in t-e Act for t-e term contempt of court is not e@-austive. it is difficult to define it , +ords? ecause t-e scope of contempt of court is ver, +ide. Contempt means
iEAn, disrespect to t-e aut-orit, of la+. iiE Disoedience of t-e order of t-e court. iiiE Disturance to t-e proceedings of t-e court. T9es ollo+ing are t-e t,pes of contempt iE Civil contempt andiiECriminal contempt. Ci0il conte2t
S.2Edefines t-e term Mcivil contempt .Mt means iEillful disoedience to an, 8udgemaent?decree?direction?order?+rit or ot-er process of a courtKoriiEillful reac- of an underta:ing given to a court. or ta:ing action for civil contempt on t-e ground of +illful disoedience of court order? it s-ould e estalis-ed t-at t-e court +-ic-as passed t-e order -as 8urisdiction to pass suc- order. Disoedience of an order passed +it-out 8urisdiction is not a Contempt must prove t-at t-e court -as no 8urisdiction. A +illful reac- of an unconditional underta:ing given orall, or in +riting eit-er in person or t-roug- -is Advocate +ill e treated as civil contempt. -en underta:ings are given orall, ? t-e court s-all record it in t-e proceedings. Breac- of a compromise entered in t-e court cannot e treated as civil contempt. -e remed, in suc- cases is onl, a civil suit for specific performance of t-e promise. Punish-ent: S.12 prescries t-e punis-ment for contempt. court ma, a+ard an, one of t-e follo+ing punis-ments.
iE Simple imprisonment for a term +-ic- ma, e@tend to $ mont-s.
iiE ine +-ic- ma, e@tend to (s.2***=G. iiiEBot- t-e punis-ment ie.? mprisonment and fine toget-er. Cri2inal conte2t
S.2C defines t-e term Mcriminal contempt. t means iE Pulication of an, matter , +ords? spo:en or +ritten? or , signs or , visile representation or ot-er+ise.E iiE Doing of an, ot-er act +-icaE Scandalises or tenda to scandalide? or lo+ers or tends to lo+er t-e aut-orit, of an, courtK or E Pre8udices or interferes or tends to interfere +it- t-e due course of 8udicial proceedingK or cE nterferes or tends to interfere +it-? or ostructs or tends to ostruct t-e Administration of 8ustice. Pulication means pulis-ing somet-ing orall, or in +riting t-roug- ne+s paper? pamplets? radio? television or cinema. conversation et+een t+o persons cannot e treated as pulication. o decide criminal contempt? t-e asence of criminal intention on t-e part of t-e person +-o -as pulis-ed t-e matter containing criminal contempt or done t-e act of contempt +ill not e ta:en into account. n ).6..8a-7othri7ad v.9.8.6a-7iar A( 1)&* SC 2*1!E t-e t-en C-ief 0inister of
Pnish2ent5 Punis-ment for t-e criminal contempt is same li:e civil contempt.see p 3$E Pnish2ent for conte2t
S.12 Prescries t-e punis-ment for contempt of court. punis-ment is same for t-e civil as +ell as t-e criminal contempt. f t-e c-arge of contempt of court is proved? t-e Court s-all a+ard an, one of t-e follo+ing punis-ment. 1.Simple imprisonment for a term +-ic- ma, e@tend to $ mont-s. 2.ine +-ic- ma, e@tend to (s.2***=G. 3.Bot- t-e punis-ments ie.? imprisonment and fine toget-er. According to S.122E?or contempt of court an, one of t-e aove mentioned punis-ment alone can e given and not an, ot-er punis-ment alone can e given and not an, ot-er punis-ment. But? in Delhi ,udicial ervices Association v. tate of u;arat A( 1))1 SC 21&$Et-e Supreme Court -eld punis-ment not mentioned in S.12 can also e given for contempt of court. n ( e Vina# Chandra 6ishra A( 1))! SC234'Et-e supreme court -eld t-at for contempt of court committed , an Advocate? -e s-all e suspended from practice for a fi@ed period or -e s-all e permanentl, restrained from practice. -e Supreme Court Bar Association -as filed a revie+ petition against t-is order. n +-ic- t-e supreme court -eld t-at for contempt of court t-e court cannot cancel t-e Advocates rig-t to practice. But? -e s-all e suspended from practice for a fi@ed period. or t-e civil contempt? normall, fine alone +ill e imposed. f t-e court t-in:s t-at fine alone is not a sufficient punis-ment t-en -e s-all e put in t-e civil prison instead of ordinar, imprisonment. f t-e contempt of court is committed , a compan, in collusion of t-e Directors? Secretar, and ot-er 0anagerical staff t-en s-all e detained in t-e civil prison. f t-e contempt is committed , a firm t-en t-e punis-ment s-all e enforced against t-e partners of t-e firm. "efences in Cri2inal Conte2t Or Cri2inal Conte2t not Pnisha7le
S.3 to & deals +it- t-e defences avilale in Criminal Contempt. -e, are as follo+s
1. Innocent Pu7lication3.%4:A person s-all not e guilt, of contempt of court if -e -ad made an, innocent pulication of an, matter pending efore a court +it-out :no+ing t-at t-e mater is pending a court. -e person c-arge +it- contempt must prove t-at pulication is made +it-out :no+ing t-at t-e 0atter is pending in t-e court. 2. Pu7lication /elating to a Decided Case 3.%3$44:Pulication aout t-e decided case is not a contempt since t-e case is alread, decided , t-e court? t-e pulication is not going to interfere +it- t-e disposal of t-e case. t-at is +-, it is not treated as contempt. 3. Distri7ution of pu7lication without
7. 8o u7stantial Interference with the Ad-inistration of ,ustice: t means an act +-ic- is tec-nicall, a contempt ut suc- act does snot sustantiall, interfere +it- t-e administration of 8ustice. or suc- acts no punis-ment is a+arded. "efences in the Ci0il Conte2t or Ci0il Conte2t not Pnisha7le
ollo+ing are some of t-e important defences availale to a person c-arged +it- civil contempt. 1. "iso7e/ience of the Or/er is Not +illfl5 f t-e disoedience of t-e order is accidental or +-ic- is not +illful t-en its a good defence in a civil contempt proceedings. 2. The Or/er Passe/ +ithot @ris/iction5 f t-e order passed , t-e court is +it-out 8urisdiction t-en t-e disoedience or violation of suc- order cannot e treated as contempt of court. An order passed +it-out 8urisdiction is void? -ence it +ont ind an, person. -e person c-arged +it- contempt must prove t-at t-e court -as no 8urisdiction to pass suc- order. 3. Or/er "iso7e9e/ is &a.e or A27i.os5 An order is treated as vague if it is not clear? specific and complete. or violation of sucorder contempt proceedings cannot e ta:en. 4. Or/er In0ol0es !ore than One Reasona7le Interretation5 f t-e order of t-e court involves more t-an reasonale interpretation? and one interpretation is adopted , t-e part, and acted in accordance +it- suc- interpretation t-en -e cannot e -eld liale for contempt of court for not follo+ing t-e order interpretation. !. Co2liance ith the Or/er is I2ossi7le5 mpossiilit, means t-at t-e implementation of t-e order is practicall, not possile .impossile is different from mere difficult,. 0ere difficult, is not a defence. -e person c-arged +it- contempt must prove t-e impossiilit, of compliance +it- t-e order. n Amar Sing- v.<.P 9eat-a
+.8o =nowledge of the 5rder: A person cannot e -eld liale for civil contempt? if -e -as no :no+ledge aout t-e order. f -e -as :no+ledge aout t-e order? t-roug- it is not officiall, communicated to -im? t-en -e cannot put t-is defence for violation of t-e order. Conte2t a.ainst S7or/inate Cort
-e Contempt of court Act? 1)&1 confers po+er onl, to t-e Supreme Court and 5ig- Courts to tr, t-e contempt of court and a+ard suitale punis-ment. Contempt of court against t-e suordinate courts s-all e tried , t-e 5ig- court. -e concerned suordinate court or t-e Advocate 9eneral of t-e state s-all file t-e petition efore t-e 5ig- court. n t-e >nion erritories? t-e officer aut-oried in t-is e-alf s-all file t-e petition. A contempt +-ic- comes +it-in t-e definition of S.22' of .P.C. s-all e tried and punis-ed , t-e suordinate courts. S.22' -en 8udicial proceedings are going on? a person causing disturance to t-e proceedings and t-ere, s-o+s disrespect to t-e court s-all e punis-ed +it- simple imprisonment for a term +-ic- ma, e@tend to $ mont-s or +it- a fine +-ic- ma, e@tend to (s.1***=Gor +it ot-. n t-e trial of suc- cases t-e court s-all follo+ t-e procedure laid do+n in S.34! 6 34$ of Criminal procedure Code. -is section deals +it- summar, procedure. So t-e court s-all follo+ summar, procedure and no detailed en%uir, is needed. Conte2t Proce/re in the Sre2e Cort or the Hi.h Cort
-e Contempt of t-e court Act confers t-e follo+ing t+o t,pes of po+ers to t-e supreme court and t-e 5ig- courts +it- regard to contempt of court. 1.Po+er to punis- a person +-o -as committed contempt of court inside t-e courtS.14E. 2.Po+er to punis- a person +-o -as committed contempt of court outside t-e courtS.1!E. 1. Conte2t of Cort Insi/e the Cort5 -en 8udicial proceedings are going on? if it appears to t-e court t-at a person is guilt, of contempt of court in t-eir presence t-en t-e court s-all ta:e t-e follo+ing actions. iE Pass an order to arrest t-e person.
iiE 9ive a notice in +riting immediatel, regarding t-e c-arges against -im. iiiE Offered -im opportunit, to ma:e -is defence to t-e c-arge. ivE a:e suc- evidence as ma, e necessar, or as ma, e offered , suc- person and -ear -im. During t-e trial? if t-e person c-arged +it- contempt applies eit-er orall, or in +riting? for a trial , some ot-er 8udge ot-er t-an t-e 8udge in +-ose presence t-e alleged contempt is committed t-en t-e re%uest along +it- t-e statement of facts of t-e alleged contempt s-all e placed efore t-e C-ief 7ustice s-all e ta:en as evidence. f t-e case is transferred to some ot-er 7udge t-en t-e 8udge in +-ose presence t-e alleged contempt +as committed need not appear as +itness. -e facts sumitted , -im to t-e C-ief 7ustice s-all e ta:en as evidence. During t-e pendenc, of t-e proceedings? t-e person c-arged +itcontempt s-all e detained in suc- custod, as t-e court ma, specif,. 5e ma, e released on ail +it- or +it-out sureties or on a self ond as t-e court t-in:s fit. n S./e0 Sin.h 0) "ee?a Sin.h A( 1)!4 SC 1'$Et-e supreme court -as advised t-at to t-e e@tent possile? t-e 8udge in +-ose presence t-e alleged contempt +as committed? must avoid to conduct t-e trial , -imself. $.Conte-pt of Court 5utside the Court: -e supreme court or t-e 5ig- Court s-all ta:e action for contempt of court committed outside t-e court in t-e follo+ing situations.
iE On its o+n motion. iiE On a petition made , t-e Advocate 9eneralin relation to t-e 5igCourtE or t-e Attorne, 9eneral or t-e solicitor 9eneralin relation to t-e Supreme CourtE. iiiE On a petition , an, ot-er personif consent is given in +riting to file suc- petition , t-e Advocate 9eneral or Attorne, 9eneral or Solicitor 9eneral as t-e case ma, eE. A person cannot file a contempt of court petition +it-out t-e consent of t-e Advocate 9eneral or t-e Attorne, 9eneral or t-e Solicitor 9eneral. After Admitting a petition t-e court s-all follo+ t-e follo+ing procedure. 1.otice s-all e sent to t-e person c-arged +it- contempt.
2.Person c-arged +it- contempt s-all e allo+ed to sumit -is defence in an affidavit. 3.-e trial s-all e conducted , persuing t-e defences sumitted , -im or ta:ing suc- ot-er evidences as ma, e necessar,. 4.-e trial s-all e conducted , a enc- consisting of t+o 8udges. !.f t-e court feels t-at t-e person c-arged +itascond t-en -is properties s-all e attac-ed.
contempt ma,
Li2itation5 -e limitation period for filing a petition for contempt of court is one ,ear. After one ,ear even t-e court cannot ta:e action on its o+n motions.2*E. Conte2t 79 @/icial Officers
S.1$ of t-e Act deals +it- contempt , 8udges? 0agistrates and ot-er persons acting 7udiciall,. According to t-is section t-ese persons are also liale for contempt of -is o+n court or an, ot-er court 8ust li:e an ordinar, individual. f t-e, are not made liale for contempt t-en people ma, lose fait- on 8udiciar, , t-e contempt act of 8udges. Oservation or remar: made , a 7udge regarding a suordinate court in an appeal or revision pending efore -im s-all not e treated as contempt of court. In tate of /a;asthan v.Prait 1)&3? 1 SCC 44$Et-e Supreme Court -eld t-at refusal to follo+ t-e decision of t-e 5ig- Court or t-e Supreme Court , a suordinate court amounts to contempt of court. 8o pecial Privilege for Advocates: n t-e contempt of court Act? t-ere is no special privilege for Advocates. A contempt of court Act? A contempt of court committed , an Advocate +ill e dealt +it- 8ust li:e a contempt committed , an, ot-er person. Bar Bench Relations
-e court -all +-ere cases are conducted consists of t+o parts namel, iE
-e place +-ere t-e 8udges sit is called as Benc-
iiE
-e place +-ere t-e Advocate sit is called as Bar.
So t-e term MBenc- refers to t-e 8udges and t-e MBar refers to t-e Advocates. BarGBenc- relation means t-e cardial relation et+een t-e 8udges and t-e Advocates. -e fait- on t-e 8udiciar, to t-e general pulic and t-e speed, 8ustice mainl, depends on t-e cardial relation et+een t-e 8udges and t-e Advocates. n t-e Administration of 8ustice t-e role of Advocates are also e%uall, important 8ust li:e t-e 8udges. (endering 8ustice is t-eir 8oint responsiilit,. it-out t-e -elp of Advocates? it is ver, difficult for t-e 8udges to arrive a correct decision in a dispute. f good relation e@ists et+een e@ists et+een t-e 8udges and Advocates t-en dela, in rendering 8ustice and -ig- e@pences for getting 8ustice can e ver, muc- reduced. o strengt-en t-e good relation ots-ould -ave some good %ualities and mutual responsiilities. Role of the Bar to Stren.then Bar-Bench Relation
o strengt-en t-e BarGBenc- relation? t-e Advocates must ta:e t-e follo+ing steps. 1. -e, s-ould give t-e due respect to t-e 8udges and t-e, must avoid spea:ing ill of t-e 8udges and t-e 8udiciar,. 2. -e, s-ould -elp t-e 8udges in t-e trial of t-e cases , presenting t-e relevant la+ in t-e correct and clear manner. -e, s-ould never act in suc- a+a, to irritate t-e 8udges. 3. f t-e 8udges pronounces a +rong order? t-e, s-ould not criticie t-e 8udges. -e, s-ould tr, to set rig-t t-e +rong order t-rougappeal. 4. or getting favourale order t-e, s-ould not give pressure or influence t-e 8udges. !. f t-e 8udges e-avior is irritating and disrespect to t-e Advocates s-ould not enter in to a direct confrontation +it- t-e 8udge. -roug- t-e Bar Association t-e matter s-ould e discussed +it- t-e 8udge in -is c-amer and s-all re%uest to avoid suc- mise-avior.see generall, t-e Duties to t-e court at p 1$E Role of the Bench to Stren.then Bar Bench Relation
Onl, +-en BarGBenc- relations are strengt-ened? people +ill get confidence and fair on t-e 7udiciar,. o strengt-en BarGBenc- relation t-e 7udges s-ould follo+ and practice t-e follo+ing.
1. ,udicial /espect: 7ust li:e t-e Advocates are giving respect to t-e 7udges t-e 7udges s-ould also give to t-e Advocates and t-e ret-ren 7udges. 2. Patient "earing: 7udges s-ould -ear t-e case +it- open and respective mind +it-out an, pre8udice or ias. -e, s-ould act onl, to t-e interest of 8ustice. -e, s-ould give sufficient opportunit, for t-e Advocates to present t-e case in full. 3. I-partialit#: 7udges s-ould act impartial,. -e, s-ould not act in favour of an, Advocate or a part, to t-e dispute. 4. Avoidance of Interruptions: As far a possile? 7udges must avoid interruptions +-ile t-e Advocate is e@amining +itnesses and arguing t-e case. >n+arrented interference and adverse comments , t-e 7udges ma, upset t-e Advocates and t-ere, -e ma, not e ale to present t-e case properl,. -is ma, cause t-e failure of 8ustice. nterference ma, e limited to t-e follo+ing circumstancesiEto prevent repetition and +aste of timeiiEto c-ec: t-e relevanc,iiiEto get clarifications ivEto e@press courts vie+ on a point and vEto promote speed, disposal of t-e case. 5. Proper Interpretation: During t-e process of administration of 8ustice? often t-e courts -ave to interpret t-e Act? (ules? Orders and otifications in order to ascertain t-e actual meaning of t-e provisions or to remove t-e amiguit, or inconsistenc,. n suc- cases proper interpretation s-ould e given +it- t-e o8ect of rendering complete 8ustice to t-e parties. 6. Avoidance of ?nreasona7le Ad;ourn-ents: Ad8ournments are given to afford reasonale opportunit, to t-e parties to present t-e case. As far as possile cases s-all not e ad8ourned +it-out reasonale and sufficient grounds . >nreasonale ad8ournment is t-e main reason for t-e mounting arrears of cases and it causes -ards-ip to t-e parties. 7. peed# Disposal: M7ustice dela,ed is 8ustice denied? -ence cases s-ould e disposed off as %uic:l, as possile. -en preference is given for disposal of old cases? care s-ould e given to see t-at ne+ cases s-ould not get into arrears. 8. Avoiding ?nwarranted co--ents: 7udges s-ould not ma:e an, un+arranted comments in t-e open court aout t-e Advocates lac: of :no+ledge in t-e la+. -e, s-ould not as: an, Advocate to leave t-e
court? +it-out sufficient reasons. Similarl,? t-e, s-ould not as: an, Advocate not to come to -is court -ereafter. 9. =nowing in Law: 7udges s-ould possess deep :no+ledge in la+. -e, s-ould -ave t-e ailit, to appl, t-e proper la+ to t-e disputed facts and to ta:e t-e rig-t decision. 10. Independence: 7udges -ave t-e primar, responsiilit, to protect and preserve t-e independence of 8udiciar,? -ence t-e, s-ould not ,ield to t-e pressure of t-e 9overnment. 11. Integrit#: A 7udge s-ould e -onest and morall, uprig-t. 5e s-ould -ave personal and intellectual integrit,. 5is c-aracter and conduct s-ould e praise +ort-,. -en onl, t-e Advocates and t-e general pulic +ill -ave confidence on -im. 12. Industriousness: t means regular and s,stematic -ard +or: and stud,. A 7udge s-ould get ac%uainted +it- t-e latest developments and c-anges in t-e la+ , regular updating of t-e :no+ledge. 13. 6eeting of ,udges and Law#ers: o strengt-en BarGBencrelation? at regular intervals meeting of 8udges and t-e Advocates s-all e arranged. n suc- meetings t-e respective sides difficulties can e discussed and t-e differences can e sorted out.
CHAPTER-III SELECTE" OPINION OF "ISCIPLINAR* CO!!ITTEE OF THE BAR CO#NCIL OF IN"IA ON PROFESSIONAL !ISCON"#CT 1) @a.a/ish sin.h'other 0)T)C)Shar2a BCI TR Case No)41,,<
7agadis- sing- asnd ot-ers +ere emplo,ees of t-e Central Board of #ducation?e+ Del-i.-e, +ere aritraril, dismissed from service , t-e Board. -e, approac-ed .C. S-arma an Advocate to file a case against t-e aritrar, dismissal. -e, paid (s.14** as fees for t-e case. S-arma gave a fa:e case numer starting t-at -e -as field t-e case efore t-e central Administrative riunal? e+ Del-i. On verification it +as found t-at no suc- case -as een field. Later t-e, engaged anot-er Advocate 0r. B-ati to file t-e case and got a a favourale order of reinstatement. -erefore? t-e, as:ed t-e return of (s.14** from .C. S-arma. 5e refused to pa, t-e same. So? t-e complainant filed a petition against -im efore t-e Del-i Bar Council alleging professional misconduct. Since S-arma failed to appear during t-e en%uir,? t-e state Bar Council could not ale to dispose off t-e case +it-in one ,ear. 5ence? t-e case +as transferred to t-e Bar Council of ndia. -e Bar Council of ndia e@amined t-e petitioners? ut t-e respondent +as asent. inall, t-e Bar council of ndia passed an order -olding t-e respondent guilt, of professional misconduct and a+arded t-e follo+ing punis-ments. 1. Suspended -im from practice for a period of ! ,ears. 2. Directed -im to return t-e (s.14**=G+it- 12Iinterest per annum. 3. Directed to give (s.!** as cost to t-e complainant. >) Ba7lal 0)S7ash @ain BCI TR Case No)11%1,$(
-e complainant and t-e (espondent are Advocates. -e complainant filed a petition efore t-e 0ad-,a Prades- Bar Council stating t-at t-e respondent to guilt, of professional misconduct under s.3!. -e allegation of t-e complainant is t-at t-e respondent a practicing la+,er? is +or:ing as an #ditor ? Printer and Pulis-er of a +ee:l, called MMAa8
also alleged t-at t-e respondent did not disclose t-ese facts +-ile appl,ing for enrolment to t-e State Bar Council. -e respondent denied all t-e allegations. 5e contended t-at efore enrolment? t-e 8o of printing and pulis-ing +as transferred to -is +ife and t-ereafter -e +as +or:ing onl, as an editor of t-e said +ee:l,. Since t-e en%uir, +as not completed +it-in one ,ear? t-e case +as transferred to t-e Bar Council of ndia. n t-e en%uir, it +as found t-at -e enrolled in 1)&3 and continued as t-e printer? pulis-er and editor of t-e +ee:l, till 1)'3. Onl, in 1)'3 printing and pulis-ing +as transferred in t-e name of -is +ife. But? , a general po+er of attorne, from -is +ife t-e respondent +as loo:ing after t-e entire +or: of t-e +ee:l,. Based on t-is findings t-e Bar Council of ndia -eld t-at t-e respondent is guilt, of professional misconduct punis-ale under S.3! of t-e Advocates Act and passed t-e follo+ing orders. 1. 5e +as suspended from practice for a period of one ,ear. 2. Suppression of t-e fact t-at -e is t-e o+ner of t-e +ee:l, in t-e enrolment application cannot e treated as professional misconduct punis-ale under S.3!. 3)Basaroooni 0)Ba7lalsoni BCI "C Aeal No)>%1,,>
Baulalsoni is t-e fat-er of Bals+aroopsoni. 5e filed a complaint against -is son alleging professional misconduct efore t-e 0ad-,a Prades- Bar Council. -e allegations are as follo+s 1. A criminal case under S.3*& .P.C. is pending against -im. 2. +-ile appearing as a defence counsel for one munna in a criminal case o.12!=') -e -as introduced -is o+n rot-er as D+ar-a Prades- and arranged -im to stand as suret, for munna. 3. 5e -as +it-dra+n a sum of (s.1!** deposited in t-e court in t-e name of Baulalsoni in a civil case +it-out -is consent. Before t-e State Bar Council? Baulalsoni personall, appeared and produced certain documentar, evidence in support of -is case ut t-e present appellant did not appear t-oug- man, c-ances are given to -im. inall, t-e Bar Council -eld t-at Bals+aroopsoni is guilt, of professional misconduct and passed an order removing -is name from t-e Advocates (oll.
Against t-is order Bals+aroopsoni filed an appeal t-e Bar Council of ndia. n t-e appeal -e denied all t-e allegations against -im ut? failed to produce an, documentar, evidence in -is support. (egarding t-e second allegation -e too: a defence t-at munna roug-t one person and introduced -im as D+ara:-a Prasad. Believing 0unnas+ords onl, -e also introduced -im to t-e court as D+ara:-a Prasad. -is defence +as not accepted , t-e Bar Council of ndia ecause Bals+aroopsoni :no+s t-at t-e person roug-t , 0unna D+ara:-a Prasad. (egarding t-e t-ird allegation -e too: t-e defence t-at -e is also one of t-e plaintiff in t-e said case and -is fat-er -as given po+er to +it-dra+ t-at amount of (s .1!**=.But no documentar, evidence in support of t-is difference +as produced , -im. After -earing t-e parties t-e Bar Council of ndia reduced t-e punis-ment and suspended -im from practice for a period of ! ,ears. 4)In/re Lt/)0)"eo Ra? tha BCI TR Case No)%$1,,3
-e complainant compan, is one of t-e -ig-est producer of as-andling s,stem in t-e +orld? -aving large manufacturing and engineering factories. -e respondent +as t-e Advocate of t-e compan, and various cases related to t-e compan, +as entrusted +it- -im. n April 1)'$ #LCO precisions? a compan, located at aridaad gave a false advertisement in t-e papers t-at ndure Ltd. is using t-e parts manufactured , #LCO precisions. o stop t-is false advertisement ndure Ltd. instructed t-e respondent to serve a legal notice to #LCO. otice +as sent? ut t-e notice -as not given t-e desired result. -erefore? t-e respondent +as instructed to file a case against #LCO. A plaint +as prepared and it +as approved , t-e petitioner compan, and necessar, court fees +as also paid to -im. -e respondent informed t-e complainant t-at -e -as filed t-e suit in t-e Del-i 5ig- Court and got a sta, order. nfact no suit -ad een filed. -e complainant filed a complaint in t-e Bar Council of >.P.alleging professional misconduct against t-e respondent. -e, alleged t-at t-e respondent -ad made a similar t,pe of misrepresentation earlier also +-en -e +as instructed to file a case against Anoel ndustries Ltd.A criminal complaint +as also filed against 9upta in t-is regard.
-e respondent filed a ver, rief counter and failed to give an, e@planation aout t-e serious allegation of professional misconduct. 5e simpl, pra,ed t-at for t-e same matter t-ere is alread, a criminal case pending against -im? so t-e Bar Council s-ould not proceed +it- t-e complaint. -en t-e petition +as pending efore t-e Bar Council? t-e criminal case +as disposed off and -e +as convicted. Since t-e >.P Bar Council could not ale to complete t-e en%uir, +it-in one ,ear t-e petition +as transferred to t-e Bar Council of ndia. -e Bar Council of ndia e@amined t-e complainant and t-e respondent and finall, came to t-e conclusion t-at t-e allegations against t-e respondent t-e complainant -as een proved e,ond reasonale dout and directed t-e removal of -is name from t-e roll of Advocates and pro-iited -im from practicing as an Advocate. %)Co22isoner of Ci0il Slies ' Cons2er Protection "et) 0) Balarishnan "C Aeal No)1%1,,%
0r.C-andra:ant- of ;illupuram -as filed a +rit petition o.1*!')=)* in t-e 0adras 5ig- Court pra,ing for t-e release of a ;an A5 4&&& +-ic- +as ceased , t-e Special -asildar? Dindivanam on !G &G1))*. -e +rit petition +as dismissed on 11G&G1))*.-e respondent 0r.;.Bala:ris-nan +as t-e Advocate for 0r.C-andra:ant- in t-e +rit petition .After t-e dismissal of t-e rit petition. After t-e dismissal of t-e +rit petition t-e respondent sent t-e follo+ing telegram to t-e District (evenue Officer? Sout- Arcot. ``High Court of Madras in writ !tition "o.10589#1990 fi$!d %& Chandra'anth dir!(t!d th! )istri(t *!+!nu! ,ffi(!r to r!$!as! th! +an -H 4777 with 100 %ags of add& within on! w!!'. )o not s!$$ th! add&. )!tai$!d ord!r fo$$ows//. n anot-er +rit petition o.$1'4=1))* t-e respondent sent t-e follo+ing telegram to t-e Collector? Sout- Arcot. In writ !tition "o.6184#1990 fi$!d %& (u%!ran of +i$$uura for r!$!as! of 117 %ags of add& th! High Court has ord!r!d noti(! of otion r!turna%$! on 11690. "ot to disos! th! add& ti$$ th! fina$ ord!r in th! writ !tition/. A petition +as filed against 0r.Bal:ris-nan efore t-e State Bar Council alleging professional misconduct. t is alleged t-at t-e contents
of ot- t-ese telegrams +ere false and is not in consonance +it- t-e 5ig- Court order. -e State Bar Council gave enefit of dout to t-e respondent , oserving t-at -e acted +it- all ent-uciasm to protect t-e interest of -is client. -e State Bar Council oserved t-at t-oug- -is conduct is not praise +ort-,? it did not amount to professional misconduct and t-ere, no punis-ment is a+arded to -im. Against t-is order an appeal +as filed efore t-e Bar Council of ndia . After -earing ot- t-e parties? t-e Bar Council of ndia passed t-e follo+ings orders. 1.-e order of t-e State ar Council +as set aside. 2.5e +as found guilt, of professional misconduct under S.3! of t-e Act. 3.-e act sending +rong telegram mis%uoting t-e content of t-e court order is not an act fit for an Advocate and -e +as reprimanded +itstrong +ords. ()Ban2rth9 0)Bar Concil of An/har Praa/hesh "C Aeal No)31,,4
-e appellant +as a memer of t-e And-ar Prades- 7udicial service. -en -e +as +or:ing as 0etropolitan 0agistrate at 5,draad t-ere +ere certain allegations of corruption against -im. A departmental en%uir, +as conducted and e +as served +it- an order of compulsor, retirement and retired on 3*G&G1))1. After compulsor, retirement -e applied for resumption of practice. -e State Bar Council referred t-e matter to t-e Bar Council of ndia ecause -e -ad een found guilt, , t-e departmental en%uir,. -e Bar Council of ndia returned t-e matter to t-e Disciplinar, Committee of t-e State Bar Council found -im guilt, of professional misconduct and suspended -im from practice for a period of 2 ,ears. Against t-is order t-e present appeal -as een filed. -en t-e appeal +as pending? -e +as allo+ed to resume -is practice from $G4G1))4 , some court order. Bar Council of ndia continued t-e en%uir, and finall, -eld t-at since 2 ,ears -as alread, lapsed since -is punis-ment for corruption c-arges? -e s-all resume -is practice.
) "r)")&)P)Ra?a 0)")@a9a7alan BCI "C Aeal No)431,,(
-e appellant lodged a complaint +it- t-e Bar Council of amil adu alleging t-at t-e respondents application in t-e form of complaints addressed to various aut-orities amounts to professional to misconduct. -e State Bar Council passed a resolution t-at t-ere is a prima facie case of professional misconduct and it +as placed efore t-e Disciplinar, committee of t-e State Bar Council for its ad8udication. Before t-e Disciplinar, Committee t-e respondent raised a preliminar, issue t-at t-e Disciplinar, Committee -as no 8urisdiction in t-is matter ecause t-ere is no connection et+een -is standing as la+,er and -is representation to various aut-orities. -e Disciplinar, Committee of t-e State Bar Council also accepted t-is argument and dismissed complaint +it-out going in to t-e merits of t-e complaint. -e Disciplinar, Committee -eld t-at t-ere +as no ne@us or pro@imit, in -is standing as a la+,er and -is to various aut-orities. Against t-is order an appeal +as filed efore Bar Council of ndia. n t-e Bar Council of ndia it +as argued t-at t-e Bar Council of amil adu -aving passed a resolution t-at t-ere is a prima facie case against t-e respondent? t-e Disciplinar, Committee could not -ave dismissed t-e complaint +it-out -earing it on merits. After -earing ot- t-e sides t-e Bar Council of amil adu -as passed a resolution t-at t-ere is a prima facie case to e en%uired in to , t-e Disciplinar, Committee -as no po+er to consider t-e %uestion of its 8urisdiction on t-e matter. -e decision of t-e Bar Council of amilnadu is good and valid. $) ) !) Hir2ani 0)Isaraa BCI "C Aeal No) 3<1,,%
-e petitioner filed a complaint against t-e respondent. 0r.s+arapa a practicing la+,erE in t-e Bar Council of
-as no notice t-at t-e appellant is going to ma:e a mention in t-e caseK soMM +ill see to it. mmediatel, t-e appellant +it-out an, 8ustification aused t-e respondent in a ver, ad manner using vulgar +ords. <.;. filed a complaint efore t-e Bar Council of amilnadu. .S.denied all t-e allegations? ut admitted t-at -eated e@c-ange of +ords too: place et+een t-em. After e@amining ot- t-e parties? t-e Disciplinar, Committee found -im guilt, of professional misconduct and suspended -im from practice for a period of $ mont-s. .S. c-allenged t-is order efore t-e Bar Council of ndia. -e main %uestion in t-e appeal is +-et-er t-e ausive language used , t-e appellant against t-e respondent +ould amount to professional misconduct. -e Bar Council of ndia -eld t-at it amounts to professional misconduct ut it -eld t-at t-e suspension of .S. from practice for a period of $ mont-s is not necessar, and reprimanded +itstrong +ords. 1<)P)R;Co2lainant=0)&)I;Reson/ent= BCI TR Case No)1<11,,$
-e complainant +as t-e District 0unisif 0agistrate at Ana:apalle from 1)G11G'4 to 'G4G'!. -e respondent +as a practicing La+,er t-ere. -e respondent +as t-e Advocate for a respondent in a maintenance case. On 2)G1*G1)'! +-en t-e case +as called t-e Advocate as +ell as -is client +as asent? so e@Gpart, order +as passed. -erefore? t-e present respondent filed a contempt petition against t-e complainantP.(E in -is court alleging t-e follo+ing t-ings. 1.-e 5ig- Court -as passed transfer order to P.(. on 2*G1*G 1)'! ut? instead of -anding over t-e c-arge and oe, t-e order -e continued t-ere up to 'G11G1)'! on certain pretestarranged , -imE. 2.-e complainant +as +asting valuale time of t-e court and also t-e revenue of t-e 9ovt. P.(. referred t-is contempt petition to t-e District 7udge. District 7udge referred it to 5ig- Court. -e court advised P.(. to logde a complaint against ;.. efore t-e State Bar Council for professional misconduct. 5ence P.(. filed a complaint against t-e respondent alleging professional misconduct ecause -e -as filed contempt petition on false grounds under -is signature against t-e presiding officer , name and ringing do+n t-e reputation of -e presiding officer. -e respondent also acted on -is o+n and not under t-e instruction of -is client.
-e Bar Council of And-ra Prades- after en%uir, -eld t-at , filing t-e said contempt petition against t-e presiding officer +it- serious allegation? t-e respondent -as committed professional misconduct. n t-e mean time t-e respondent +as also selected and appointed as District 0unsif 0agistrate and -e ceased to e an Advocate. So? t-e Bar Council e@pressed its inailit, to pass an, order of punis-ment against -im for professional misconduct. So? t-e, for+ard t-is order and ot-er records to t-e 5ig- Court of And-ra Prades- for necessar, action.
CHAPTER I& SELECTE" CASES RELATIN TO PROFFESSIONAL !ISCON"#CT AN" CONTE!PT OF CO#RT
1) Poen D2ar Shar2a 0)r/ial Sin.h ;AIR 1,,, SC ,$=
S-arma enrolled as an Advocate in t-e Pun8a6 5ar,ana Bar council in 7anuar, 1))*. At t-e time of -is enrolment -is famil, +as doing ta@i usiness and -e -imself -aving 4 ta@ies in -is name. A complaint +as filed against -im alleging professional misconduct t-at -e is running ta@i usiness. Since t-e State Bar Council could not ale to dispose off t-e complaint +it-in one ,ear? it +as transferred to t-e Bar Council Of ndia. S-arma denied t-is allegation and s-o+ed documents proving t-at -e -as sold t-e a@ies after t-e enrolment. But t-e Bar Council of ndia did not accept t-is documents and finall, passed an order suspending -im from practice for one ,ear for professional misconduct on t-e ground t-at -e +as running a ta@i usiness after enrolment. 5e c-allenged t-e order efore t-e Supreme Court contending t-at t-oug- -e -ad 4 ta@ies in -is name efore -is enrolment -e -ad sold t-e ta@ies after t-e enrolment and discontinued t-e ta@i usiness. -e Supreme accepted t-e argument and passed t-e follo+ing orders. 1. Simpl, ecause a person is t-e o+ner of t-e ta@ies? -e cannot e treated as directl, doing t-e usiness. 2. (ule 4& of t-e ar Council permits an Advocate to act as a sleeping partner in an, usiness +-ic- is not inconsistent +itan, profession. 3. -e c-arge of professional misconduct is a %uasiGcriminal c-arge? so it s-ould e proved e,ond reasonale dout. n t-is case t-e person filed t-e complaint -as failed to prove t-e c-arge e,ond reasonale dout. 4. -e appellant -as produced documents s-o+ing t-e sale of t-e ta@ies after enrolment. -e respondant -as failed to prove t-at it is untrue. %) -e order of t-e Bar Council of ndia is set aside ecause professional misconduct is not approved. >)!aha7ir Prasa/ Sin.h 0) !S @ac A0iation ;AIR 1,,, SC >$=
-e plaintiff filed a suit against t-e defendant for recover, of possession of t-e uilding. During t-e pendenc, of t-e suit on 1!G!G1))' t-e Del-i Bar Association passed a resolution o,cotting t-at court due to -is improper e-avior to+ards t-e la+,ers. a:ing advantage of t-is o,cott resolution t-e defendant filed a petition as:ing t-e 8udge to transfer t-e case?suo motou? to anot-er court ecause -is advocate +ill not appear in t-e court n t-e future. -e transfer petition +as dismissed. -is order +as c-allenged efore t-e 5ig- court. -e 5ig- Court sta,ed t-e proceedings and t-e case +as ad8ourned for long period. Aggrieved , t-e sta, of proceedings and t-e long ad8ournment t-e plaintiffs filed an appeal efore t-e Supreme Court. n t-e appeal t-e Supreme Court gave t-e follo+ing orders. 1. f an, councel does not +ant to appear in t-e court? t-at too for 8ustifiale reasons? t-e case s-ould e returned to t-e part, so t-at t-e part, can engage in anot-er councel. 2. (etaining t-e case +it-out returning it to t-e client and astaining from conducting t-e case in t-e court amounts to professional misconduct. 3. -e court s-ould not ad8ourn t-e case on t-e ground of Advocates stri:e or Advocates decision of o,cott t-e court. 4. During t-e court -ours even if t-e Advocates are not appearing t-e court s-ould proceed +it- t-e trial of t-e case. !. Court s-ould not ,ield to t-e pressure tactics of o,cott or an, :ind of ro+ eating. $. 7udicial officers s-ould e-ave cardial, to+ards t-e Advocates. 3)Sre2e cort Bar Associatin 0) nion of In/ia ;AIR 1,,$ SC 1,,%=
;.C.0is-ra? t-en t-e C-air 0an of t-e Bar Council of ndia +as punis-ed , t-e Supreme court for contempt of court and -e +as suspended from t-e practice for a period of 3 ,ears. -e c-arges against -im +as t-at in t-e court , using insulting? disrespectful and t-reatening language -e -as t-reatened t-e 8udges. 5is act -as -urt t-e 8udges and -e -as acted in suc- +a, to astruct t-e course of 8ustice. -e Supreme Court Bar association c-allenged t-is order and raised t-e follo+ing issues.
1. -e Supreme Court +-ile dealing +it- t-e contempt proceedings cannot suspend Advocate from t-e practice. 2. Bar Council alone can pass t-e order suspending an Advocate from practice. 3. or professional misconduct original 8urisdiction is vested +it- t-e Bar Council. 4. Supreme court vested +it- onl, appellate 8urisdiction to -ear t-e appeal against t-e order of t-e Bar Council of ndia. !. Art. 12) of t-e constitution does not confer an, original 7urisdiction to t-e Supreme court in t-e matters of professional misconduct. -e main %uestion efore t-e court +as +-et-er for contempt of court committed , an Advocate t-e Supreme Court can pass an order suspending -is practice for a specified period. -e Constitution enc- of t-e Supreme Court allo+ed t-e petition and issued t-e follo+ing orders. 1. Supreme courts po+er to punis- for contempt is %uite +ide? ,et it is limited. 2. n t-e contempt of t-e court proceedings? t-e court cannot simultaneousl, en%uire into t-e professional misconduct also , adopting summer, procedure. 3. Professional misconduct s-ould e en%uired onl, , follo+ing t-e prescried procedure mentioned in t-e Advocates Act. 4. Supreme court can a+ard punis-ment onl, for contempt of court and not for professional misconduct. !. or t-e contempt of t-e court? simple imprisonment of $ +ee:s is given. $. -is punis-ment is suspended for 4 ,ears. &. -e punis-ment s-all e activated? if ;.C. 0isra again indulges in an, ot-er act of contempt of court +it-in t-e said period of 4 ,ears. 4
)P)") ta 0)Ra22rthi ;AIR 1,,$ SC >$3=
One 0r.
favour. P.D.9upta +as t-e Advocate of ;id,a+ati. -en t-e suit +as pending P.D. 9upta purc-ased part of t-e disputed propert, for (s.1'*** and sold it for 34*** immediatel,. 0r. ramamurt-i filed a complaint against P.D.9upta efore t-e Del-i Bar Council alleging professional misconduct. -e main allegation is t-at -e -as purc-ased t-e part of t-e disputed propert, from -is client during t-e pendenc, of t-e suit. Since t-e en%uir, +as not completed +it-in one ,ear t-e matter is transferred to t-e Bar Council of ndia. After -earing ot- t-e parties? t-e Bar Council of ndia passed an order suspending -im from t-e practice for a period of one ,ear. -e court -eld t-at a s-ado+ of undue influence is present +-en an Advocate u,s propert, of -is o+n client. Against t-is order P.D. 9upta filed an appeal efore t-e Supreme court. n t-e appeal -is main contention +as t-at -is client or -er legal -eirs -as not filed an, complaint regarding professional misconduct? and t-e en%uir, conducted ased on t-e complaint , some ot-er person is +rong. -e Supreme Court did not accept t-is argument and passed t-e follo+ing orders. 1. An, person s-all file a complaint regarding professional misconduct against an Advocate. 2. Bar council s-all en%uire into t-e allegation of professional misconduct? t-oug- t-e complaint is filed , a stranger? ecause? t-e Bar council is concerned +it- t-e conduct of Advocates. 3. -e order passed , t-e Bar Council of ndia is confirmed. (.Ro7tas Sin.h 0)Co22issioner A.ra "i0ision ;AIR 1,, All >$=
-e commissioner of Agra Division? and certain ot-er officials -ave violated t-e order of Alla-aad 5ig- Court dated $G)G)3. Conse%uentl, t-e Alla-aad 5ig- court issued notice to s-o+ cause +-, action cannot e ta:en against t-em for contempt of court. n t-is matter t-e additional standing counsel of t-e State 0r.
n support of t-eir claim t-e, sumitted t-e Legal (emuneration 0anual of >.P +-ic- deals +it- t-e duties of a 9ovt. Advocate. t sa,s t-at t-e 9overnment Advocate s-all not appear for t-e defense or an, criminal or %uasiGcriminal caseK nor s-all -e advise an, part, against t-e prosecution in an, criminal case. After -earing t-e o8ection t-e Alla-aad -ig- Court passed t-e follo+ing orders. 1. Contempt proceedings are %uasiGcriminal in nature so it is t-e dut, of t-e state to prosecute t-e contemner even if t-e, are govt. officials. 2. 9ovt. Advocates s-ould not appear for t-e persons c-arged +itt-e contempt of court. 3. 9ovt. officials s-ould engage ot-er Advocates in t-e contempt proceedings and t-e, s-ould pa, for t-em from t-eir poc:et. 4. f t-e 9ovt. officials are ac%uitted t-en t-e, s-all claim t-e amount spent , t-em for spending t-e case from t-e 9ovt.
()Harish Chan/ra Sin.h 0)S)n)Triathi ;AIR 1,, SC $,=
0r.Da,a (am engaged 0r. 5aris- C-andra as a la+,er in a consolidation proceeding pending efore t-e consolidation officer. Since Da,a (am could not attend t-e case regularl,? -aris- C-andra as:ed -im to appoint a mu:-tar. Da,a (am appointed one mr. S,ed 5ussain? a 8unior Advocate of -aris- C-andra as t-e mu:-tar po+er agentE. S,ed 5ussain in t-e capacit, as mu:-tar sold certain properties of Da,a (am to t-e fat-er of 5aris- C-andra -is -e did under t-e pressure of -is senior 5aris- C-andraE. Da,a (am filed a complaint against ot- 5aris- C-andra and -is 8unior S,ed 5ussain efore t-e Local Bar Association. -e president of t-e Bar Association for+arded t-e complaint to t-e >.P.State Bar Council. Since t-e matter +as not disposed off +it-in one ,ear it +as transferred to t-e Bar Council of ndia. During t-e en%uir, Da,a (am sumitted t-e follo+ing. 1. -e mu:-tar +as otained fraudulentl,. 2. -erefore? t-e sale deed e@ecuted , using t-e mu:-tar s-ould e treated as void.
3. -e act of 5aris- C-andra and S,ed 5ussain amounts to professional misconduct? So t-e, s-ould e punis-ed for t-at. S,ed 5ussain confessed t-e guilt stating t-at eing a 8unior? , oe,ing -is senior? -e did t-ese t-ings and as:ed for pardon. 5aris- C-andra contented t-at -is fat-er +as living separatel, and -e did not -ave an, contact +it- -im. 5e also contented t-at S,ed 5ussain is not -is 8unior. -e Bar Council of ndia -eld t-at 5aris- C-andra is 9uilt, of professional misconduct and -e +as suspended from t-e practice for t+o ,ears. 5is 8unior S,ed 5ussain +as pardoned. Against t-is order 5aris- C-andra filed an appeal efore t-e Supreme court. -e Supreme court dismissed t-e appeal and affirmed t-e decision of t-e Bar Council of ndia. )Hi2at Alihan 0)Ishar Prasa/ Ar9a ;AIR 1, SC $(4=
s-+ar Prasad Ar,a +as an Advocate practicing in Badann? >.P. 5e staed -is opponent +it- t-e :nife for t-at -e -as convicted 3 ,ears rigorous imprisonment. On appeal t-e 5ig- court also confirmed t-e punis-ment. -ereafter? , using a forged letter of t-e 9overnor as:ing t-e court to suspend -is sentence under art. 1$1 of t-e constitution -e got -is conviction suspended and -e +as released. Later t-e sessions 7udge found t-e letter as forged one and -e lodged a complaint +it- t-e Bar Council of >.P. for necessar, action against -im. -e State Bar Council dearred -im from practice for 2 ,ears. On appeal t-e Bar Council of ndia set aside t-is order on t-e ground t-at t-ere is no clear evidence to s-o+ t-at t-e Advocate -imself -as prepared t-at forged letter. Suse%uentl, , ta:ing into account of t-e ad conduct of t-e Advocate ie. Conviction for t-e offence under S.3*& of .P.C and -is name eing entered , t-e police in a register +-ic- contains t-e list of persons +it- ad c-aracter -e +as dearred for t-e practice for a period of 3 ,ears , t-e State Bar Council. On appeal t-is order +as also set aside , t-e Bar Council of ndia ecause it is interconnected +it- t-e earlier matter. 5i:mit Ali <-an preferred an appeal efore Supreme Court against t-is order. -e Supreme court -eld t-at t-e second order of t-e State Bar Council +as ased on totall, a different ground not connected +it- t-e grounds of t-e first order and t-e Bar Council of ndia +as eronious in
setting aside t-e second order of t-e >.P. Bar Council. urt-er Supreme court -eld t-at t-e gravit, of t-e misconduct committed , -im is so serious and t-e punis-ment of suspending -im from practice for 3 ,ears is not sufficient and ordered t-e removal of -is name from t-e roll of Advocates.
$)Prahala/ Saran ta 0) Bar Concil of In/ia ;AIR 1,, Sc 133$=)
9upta +as practicing Advocate at 9aiaad . 5e +as appearing for t-e decreeG-old in an e@ecution case et+een Atma (am mana: C-and v.S-riram in t-e 9-aiaad court. -e degree -older -as filed a complaint in t-e State Bar Council against -is Advocate 9uptaE alleging t-e follo+ing professional misconduct. 1. 5e -as colluded +it- t-e 8udgement detor and accepted (s. 1!** out of t-e total decreed amount and allo+ed time for t-e pa,ment of t-e remaining alance. 2. -e amount so received is not given to t-e degree -older. 3. 5e -as -elped t-e 8udgement Detor to get t-e e@ecution sta,ed , t-e 5ig- Court. 4. -en -e +as Acting as a standing counsel for t-e rail+a,s ?-e drafted t-e notice under S.'*.C.P.C to e served to t-e rail+a,s on e-alf of 0=s. Ager+al traders +-o +as t-e compliment against t-e (ail+a,s. -is is a serious professional misconduct. -e draft prepared , -is o+n -and+riting +as produced efore t-e disciplinar, committee. 9upta denied all t-e allegations and informed t-at -e +as -olding t-e amount of (s.1!** as trustee on e-alf of -is client. Since t-e en%uir, +as not completed +it-in one ,ear t-e matter +as transferred to t-e Bar Council of ndia. -e Bar council of ndia -as found t-e appellant guilt, of serious professional misconduct and passed an order suspending -im from t-e practice for a period of one ,ear. 9upta c-allenged t-is order efore t-e Supreme court. -e Supreme court passed t-e follo+ing orders. 1. t is not advisale for t-e Disciplinar, Committee to ase its conclusion purel, on t-e asis of its o+n comparison of t-e -and +riting of 9upta +it- t-e alleged draft prepared , -im. -e court -eld t-at t-e c-arge of professional misconduct is %uasiG criminal in nature re%uires proof e,ond reasonale dout. 2. Addressing a letter to t-e counsel of t-e opposite part, 8udgement detorE in t-e e@ecution proceedings amounts to professional misconduct.
3. 5olding t-e mone, +it- -im +-ic- -e -as received in t-e e@ecution proceedings +it-out an, sufficient reason amounts to professional misconduct. 4. or t-is misconduct suspending -im from practice for 1 ,ear is too muc- ? So t-e Bar Council of ndias order is set aside and -e +as reprimanded +it- strong +ords. ,)"r)Hanira? l)Chlani 0) Bar Concil of !aharashtra ;AIR 1,,( SC 1<$=
Dr. 5anira8 +as a medical practitioner studied la+ and +anted to enrole as an Advocate and to continue t-e medical profession also. 5e applied to t-e Bar Council of 0a-aras-tra to enrole -imself as an advocate. -e State Bar Council re8ected -is application ecause t-e Bar Council rules pro-iits a person to enrole as an Advocate if -e is alread, carr,ing on some ot-er profession. 5e c-allenged t-is rule efore t-e 5ig- Court and pra,ed for an order to declare t-at t-e said rule as aritrar,? unreasonale and violative of Art 21. -e 5ig- Court summaril, dismissed t-e petition. -ereafter -e filed a special leave petition efore t-e Supreme Court. n t-e Supreme Court -e sumitted t-e follo+ing arguments 1. Advocates act -as delegated e@cessive and unlimited po+er of rule ma:ing po+er to t-e Bar Council. -is is against t-e principles of rules of la+. 2. (ules made , t-e Bar Council , using t-is delegation s-ould e declared as void. 3. 5e s-ould e treated e%uall, along +it- t-e ot-er la+ graduates. 4. -e protection of e%ualit, efore la+ s-ould e given to -im Art 14E. -e Supreme court -as not accepted t-ese arguments and dismissed t-e petition and passed t-e follo+ing orders. Bar Council is 8ustified in framing rules pro-iiting persons carr,ing on t-e ot-er usiness to enrole as an Advocate. 1. Legal profession re%uires full time attention -ence? An Advocate cannot e allo+ed to do an, ot-er usiness or profession. 2. Bar Council rules is intervires to t-e constitution and it is not violative of Art. 14?1) 1E gE and 21.
1<) "r)")C)Saena 0) Hon:7le chief ?stice of In/ia ;AIR 1,,( SC >4$1=
Dr.D.C.Sa@ena +as a professor of #nglis- >niversit,. 5e filed a +rit petition in t-e Supreme Court , +a, of pulic interest litigation see:ing to recover from t-e Prime 0inister 0r.P.;.arasima (ao t-e e@penditure incurred for -is private use of ndian Air orce AirCraft and 5elicopters. -e +irt petition +as dismissed summaril, +it-out going into t-e merits , t-e enc- consisting of 5onale c-ief 7ustice 0r.A.0.A-medi and ot-ers. -ereafter?Dr.D.C. Sa@ena filed a second +rit petition against t-e c-ief 8ustice of ndia. n t-is petition -e contented t-at -is first +rit petition +as dismissed , C-ief 7ustice , receiving rief and -e pra,ed for t-e follo+ing. 1. -e respondant e declared as unfit to -old t-e office of c-ief 8ustice of ndia. 2. 5is citiens-ip s-ould e +it-dra+n and a case e registered against -im for forger, and fraud. 3. Direction to prosecute t-e (espondent under t-e prevention of Corruption Act. 4. Direction to t-e C-ief 7ustice of ndia to give from -is poc:et t-e e@penses incurred for filling t-is +rit petition. -e Supreme court issued a s-o+ cause notice against -im for contempt of court ecause several averments in t-e +rit petition are scandalous? and t-e allegation made are rec:less attac: on t-e c-ief 8ustice of ndia. Se@ena denied all t-e allegations. 5e pleaded t-at -e -ad filed t-is petition onl, on pulic interest and t-ere is no ad intention in filing t-is petition. 5e even pleaded t-at if t-e court +ants? -e is read, to +it-dra+ t-e petition or read, to ma:e t-e necessar, c-anges in t-e petition. -e court did not accept t-is argument and -eld t-at +it-dra+al or ma:ing c-anges in t-e petition cannot cure t-e contempt alread, committed , t-e scandalous remar:s made in t-e petition. -e court passed an order of t-ree mont-s simple imprisonment and a fine of (s.2*** for contempt of court and t-e +rit petition +as also dismissed.
CHAPTER & ACCO#NTANC* FOR LA+*ERS P#RPOSE OF !AINTAININ ACCO#NTS B* LA+*ERS
A usiness enterprise must :eep a s,stematic record of its dail, transaction. t is a legal dut,. t -elps to :no+ +-ere its stand and ad8udge its performance. -is s,stematic recording of transactions is :no+n as accounting. Since legal profession is a trade? la+,ers are under dut, to maintain s,stematic accounts relating to t-e profession. -e asic purpose of accounting is to present a complete financial picture of t-e Advocates profession. -is can e done +it- t-e -elp of t+o financial statements li:e iE Profit and loss account and iiE Balance s-eet s-o+ing t-e assests and liailities. t is necessar, to maintain proper accounts to calculate t-e follo+ing iE Annual ncome iiE ncome a@ iiiE Professional a@ ivE Amount due to t-e client or amount due , t-e client. 1. To calclate the annal inco2e 5 o calculate t-e annual income of t-e Advocate from t-e legal profession? it is necessar, to maintain proper accounts of -is income from t-e profession. 0aintaining t-is account is useful for Advocates also. B, :no+ing -is Annual ncome ? -e can ta:e steps to improve -is profession. 2. To Calclate inco2e Ta 5 Advocates are liale to Pa, ncome ta@ for t-e income derived from t-e profession. n order to calculate t-e amount pa,ale as income ta@? -e -as to maintain proper accounts relating to -is income and e@penditure. o calculate t-e ta@ale income -e is entitled to deduct certain e@penditure li:e rent? salar,? telep-one ill and ot-er administrative e@penditure. or t-is purpose also -e -as to maintain proper accounts. 3. To calclate rofessional ta5 #ver, si@ mont-s t-e advocates are liale to pa, professional ta@ to t-e 9overnment. -e amount of professional ta@ varies depending on t-e income. n order to calculate t-e
amount of professional ta@ -e -as to maintain t-e proper accounts. 4. To Ascertain the a2ont /e fro2 the client or /e to the client5 -e account relating to t-e amount received from t-e client and t-e amount received on e-alf of t-e client from ot-ers or from t-e court s-ould e properl, maintained. -en onl, t-e amount due from t-e client can e calculated. -is +ill -elp not onl, t-e client ut also t-e Advocate. PLACE OF DEEPIN THE ACCO#NTS BOODS)
-e accounts oo:s and documents relating to t-e accounts s-ould e :ept and maintained , t-e advocate? iE
At -is office.
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-ere -e is carr,ing on t-e profession more t-an one office? t-en at -is -ead office. But accounts can also e maintained separatel, for eac- ranc- at t-e respective ranc- office.
Penalt# for not
Accounting is an art of recording? classif,ing and summariing in a significant manner t-e event +-ic- are financial in c-aracter and interpreting t-e result t-ere of . An Advocate is under a dut, to maintain proper accounts of mone, received from -is client and t-e amount received on e-alf of client from ot-ers or from t-e court. -e rules relating to suc- accounting is dealt in rules 2! to 32 of t-e Bar Council Of ndia (ules 1)&!. /ule $(: An advocate s-ould :eep t-e accounts of t-e clients mone, entrusted to -im. -e accounts s-ould s-o+ t-e amounts received from t-e client? t-e e@penses incurred for -im and t-e deits made on t-e account of Advocate fees +it- t-e respective dates and all ot-er necessar, particulars. /ule $+ : -ere mone,s are received from t-e client? it s-ould e entered +-et-er t-e amount -ave een received for t-e advocates fees
or e@penses. Amount received for t-e e@penses s-all not e diverted to+ards Advocates fees +it-out t-e consent of t-e client in +riting. /ule $: -ere an, amount is received on e-alf of -is client t-e fact of suc- receipt must e intimated to t-e client as earl, as possile. /ule $0 : After t-e completion of t-e proceeding? t-e advocate s-all e at t-e liert, to ta:e t-e settled fee due to -i to t-e unspent mone, in -is -and. /ule $1: -ere t-e fee -as een left unsettled? t-e advocate s-all ta:e t-e fees +-ic- -e is legall, entitled from t-e mone,s of t-e client remaining in -is -ands? after t-e completion of t-e proceeding. -e alance s-all e returned to t-e client. /ule %2: A cop, of t-e client account s-all e furnis-ed to -im after getting t-e necessar, cop,ing c-arges from -im. /ule %!: An advocate s-all not ma:e an, agreements +-ere, clients funds in -is -ands are converted into loans to t-e advocate. /ule %$: An Advocate s-all not lend mone, to -is client for t-e purpose of conducting t-e case. Rles Relatin. to Accontin. #n/er Inco2e Ta Act)
>nder t-e ncome a@ Act? ever, la+,er is re%uired to maintain t-e follo+ing oo:s of accounts and ot-er documents to enale t-e Assessing Officer to calculate -is total income iE cas- oo: iiE (eceipt ;ouc-er iiiE pa,ment vouc-er ivE 8ournal vE ledger. -e accounting ,ear is 1st April to 31st 0arc- ne@t ,ear. 1. Cash 7oo< : t is t-e oo: in +-ic- t-e amount received , t-e Advocates from t-e clients and ot-ers and t-e amount spent for t-e clients are +ritten. -is oo: is useful for t-e Advocate to :no+ t-e amount in -is -and on eac- da,. 2. /eceipt Voucher : t is t-e document prepared for recording t-e receipt of mone, , cas- or c-e%ue. -en an Advocate received mone, from t-e client? t-e Advocate -as to issue a receipt to t-e client. Advocate s-all maintain receipt oo:s +it- seriall, numered receipt forms in duplicate. -e original receipt s-ould e given to t-e client and t-e duplicate s-all e retained , t-e Advocate. 3. Pa#-ent Voucher : Pa,ment vouc-ers are used to record suc- pa,ments for +-ic- receipts are not otainale from t-e person to +-om suc- pa,ments are made. or e@ample us fare? auto fare? court
fees? stamps? refres-ment e@penses etc. n suc- cases t-e Advocate signature in t-e pa,ment vouc-er and t-e signature of t-e person to +-om pa,ment is made ma, e otained. 4. ,ournal : 7ournal is t-e oo: of first entr, or original entr,. n t-e 8ournal t-e transactions are recorded in t-e order of t-eir occurrence. t s-ould contain t-e follo+ing details iE Date of ransactions iiE Account to +-ic- t-e transaction relates iiiE Amount to e deited? ivE Amount to e credited vE #@planation of t-e transaction. 5. Ledger : -e transactions recorded in t-e 8ournal are to e posted to t-e separate -eads of account in ot-er oo: called as Ledger. n t-e ledger different pages are allotted to t-e different -eads of accounts. -en t-e 8ournal entries are posted to t-e concerned -eads of account in t-e ledger? t-e page numer of t-e ledger s-ould e noted in t-e 8ournal for eas, reference. -e ledger account of an advocate s-all contain t-e follo+ing -eads. Clients Accont 5 or eac- and ever, client separate pages s-all e allotted in t-is ledger and separate account s-all e maintained for t-em.
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Fees Accont 5 n t-is account t-e fees received from eacand ever, client s-all e entered separatel,. rom t-is account t-e total amount of fees received from all t-e clients in a financial ,ear can e ascertained.
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(ent Account.
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Salar, Account.
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Lirar, Account.
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Printing and Stationar, Account.
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Postage and elegram Account.
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#lectricit, C-arges.
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Conve,ance C-arges.
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(epair and 0aintenance.
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Office 0iscellaneous #@penses Account.
At t-e eginning of t-e ledger oo: t-e inde@ ma, e given +itt-e name of t-e different -eads of account and t-eir respective pages for eas, reference.
