Ethical Issues in Computing
Professional and Ethical Issues in Computing
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Ethical Issues in Computing Executive Summary
This report includes issues are raised like Ethical, Legal, Social and Professional. Also include what are the principle violate from these issues. Then anal!e on each issues with the articles and reviews from various authors for the discussion. After how these issues reducing from proper discussion and proper "ustification is given for those issues
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Ethical Issues in Computing
Contents E#ecutive Summar........................................ Summar............................................................... ............................................................... ........................................ $ Introduction...................................... Introduction............................................................. .............................................. .......................................................% ................................% Task Task &'...................................... &'............................................................. .............................................. ........................................................... .................................... ...( Identif Ethical, Social, Legal and Professional issues in AI Technolog..... Technolog.................( ............( Ethical....................................................................................................................( Social.......................................... Social................................................................. ............................................... .....................................................) .............................) Legal......................................... Legal................................................................ .............................................. .............................................. ................................* .........* Professional............................................................................................................* Task Task +........................................ +............................................................... .............................................. ....................................................... ................................ .....'& Anal!e and evaluate the legal and ethical issues identified using relevant ethical principle, theories and regulations........................................ regulations.................................................................. .......................... .........'& ......... '& Ethical issue.................... is sue........................................... .............................................. .......................................................... ................................... ........'& ........ '& Legal issues........................... issues.................................................. .............................................. ............................................................ ..................................... '+ Task Task $........................................ $............................................................... .............................................. ....................................................... ................................ .....' Criticall assess the impact of the technolog chosen to the social and cultural aspects of the societ....................... societ.............................................. .............................................. .................................................. ........................... ' Social issues............................................... issues...................................................................... ....................................................... ................................ ...' Cultural issues............................................. issues.................................................................... ......................................................... .................................. '% Task Task ........................................ ............................................................... .............................................. ....................................................... ................................ .....') Criticall evaluate how recruitment, selection, training of emploees can help to mitigate the issues ou have-....................................................... have-.............................................................................. .............................') ......') Task Task %........................................ %............................................................... .............................................. ....................................................... ................................ .....' Provide strong and realistic set of recommendations to address and mitigate the identified issues................................................. issues........................................................................ .......................................................' ................................' Conclusion.................................... Conclusion........................................................... .............................................. .............................................. ..................................+& ...........+& /eferencing..................................................................................................................+' 0antt chart............................................. chart.................................................................... .............................................. ................................................++ .........................++
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Ethical Issues in Computing
Introduction The topic on which this report is going to 1e 1ased on is artificial intelligence. And the factors that are going to 1e discussed and mentioned a1out are the Ethical, Legal, Social and Professional issues that arise in the matter of this topic. There are man as such since this is a widel talked a1out topic and since it is in the foremost use 1 societ in the function of warfare. Thus man issues 1ased on Ethical principles like Safet of the pu1lic etc., have 1een considered.
The main purpose of this report is to find how the issues are violated in what wa and how it affects the people and shape the events that happen after. This report contains 2uotes and references 1 professionals and discussions on what is meant e#pressed 1 those individuals in a particular issue that arises.
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Ethical Issues in Computing Task 01 Artific Artificial ial Intelli Intelligen gentt is the most most science science and engine engineerin ering g of making making intell intellige igent nt machines. 3ost of them are intelligent computer program and ro1ots. Lot of countries trin tring g to make make thes thesee mach machin ines es for for ther theree are work works. s. In the the mode modern rn worl world d AI technolog using for dail works, like search engine and ro1ots. 4e can use this technolog for traffic controller sstem, financial sectors and securit purposes. 4hen we using this technolog there are some issues that needs to consider. Like ro1ots if we use for securit purpose there are une#pected malfunctions and things to go wrong while in the activities. These kinds of issues can 1e ethical issue. There are other issues that need to look, like legal, social, and professional issues in the AI technolog.
Identify Ethical, Social, Legal and Professional issues in AI Technology Ethical Ethics is standards of 1ehaviors accept from the societ, from persons activities. There
are some principles in this ethical issue. Ethical issue is raised when ethical principle is violated. 4hen considering AI technolog, there is a issue in a pu1lic safet. If we take the ro1ots there are some principles will 1e violated. 5onest, respects others, e2ualit, respects other properties and right to privac are will violated. 3ilitar /o1ots are some programed machines to do activities6 we can command them to do the activities. 4hen we are commanding commanding them there there are some principles principles violate, violate, like respect respect to others, there are can 1e harmful for other persons, with our commands and the are artificial intelligent devices the can7t argue, the do what the have to do. The using there manufacture rules to work. Then raised an ethical eth ical issue in the AI technolog. technolog. Some of hackers can get it to the machines and then the can take control. These are militar ro1ots and the harmful for other peoples.
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Ethical Issues in Computing Can we trust ro1ots8 There are some real reasons wh we cannot et trust on ro1ots to do the right thing. The are not full trust worth and relia1le, given the wa the are 1uilt now. So, can the do the right thing8 4ill the do the right thing8 4hat is the right thing8 thing8 In our collective su1consciou su1conscious, s, the fear e#ists that in the end ro1ots ma 1ecome completel completel autonomous, with free will, intelligence, intel ligence, and consciousness6 the the ma re1el against us. /espect to others, honest, e2ualit and respect other properties theses principle will 1e violated using the AI technolog.
Social In the social issues we can look in to some violation of dail life. If made ro1ots like
human 1eings it7s some kind of unusual for the humans, 1ecause the doesn7t have an feelings, mind, heart and soul. It7s not eas to move with them to peoples. People 1ecame to scare sca re for them the m to work with and do other activities. ac tivities. Then there is a social issue with the AI Technolog. Another one is we cannot have a relationship with them6 it7s hard to 1uild, 1ecause the doesn7t have an feeling a1out these things. The will take time to understand those things. 4e can7t trust them for these situation, the are programmed machines. 4hen working with them there is a risk, the alwas work with a program schedule and whatever happened to their sstem it will 1e a risk for the humans. There is a violation in a social issue. Another issue is will 1e an increasing the amount of "o1less people. If a compan replaces the ro1ots as emploers, the humans want get "o1s in that compan, now a da it is ver difficult to find new "o1s. The people will get corrupted and the have to face lot of pro1lems 1ecause of it. 9or an e#ample, 1ig issue of this is the mone pro1lem. So the will get pro1lems of their famil, children education, accommodation etc...
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Ethical Issues in Computing Legal The other issue is Legal issue, when a law is 1roken legal issue will raised. Like AI
technolog there will 1e man was to violate the legal issues. :sing AI technolog sstem to steel highl classified data from a compan. These kind of sstem are no allowed to use in the societ, hacking a sstem using AI technolog it7s a 1reaking a law. In the present time no one have to rights for using intelligent sstem ;AI< for hacking, and then there is a legal issue will 1e violated.
And another issue is a using sping voice call for monitor thousands of calls at once. AI technol technolog og can recogni recogni!e !e the caller voice. voice. Present Present time lots lots of secret secret agent agent companies companies in several several countries using this sstem to tap the people calls for gathering information. This is a legal issue6 these kinds of activities are illegal, it7s a 1reaking a law. :sing AI technolog for militar purpose. Like use ro1ots for protection for humans. /o1ots can7t harm the people, the programed for protect the people and the have to o1e the humans orders. /o1ots are not thinking a1out 1efore getting a decision. The do what the program to do. If ro1ots 1reak the law there is a violate in the legal issue. The cannot 1reak the law. If the 1reaking the law there is a some fault in there sstems.
Professional There are man professional issues that surround the field of artificial intelligence.
Companies are after the newest and 1est product to take to the market. The are constantl pushing researchers to find the newest gadget to interest the pu1lic. =ut, the researchers should have an ethical standard to ensure safet within the field. There is a fine 1alance in technological advancement 1etween over protection and loss of innovation and creativit.
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Ethical Issues in Computing Another one is we should 1uild the technolog since it ma 1e used to sp or hurt person who goes against ethical conduct protecting. >thers privac and our moral o1ligation as an individual of a governing 1od to use our knowledge to help others and not 1ring harm to them. People creating new things using AI technolog for their works to do eas. 4hen the creating these things the have to use these without harming other peoples.
Another Another one is appropriatel appropriatel 2ualifi 2ualified ed people are allowed allowed to prescri1e prescri1e drugs and certif the safet of a 1uilding design 1ut there is no restriction on who can 1uild safet safet critical critical comput computer er sstem sstemss such such as those those involv involved ed in contro controlli lling ng radiati radiation on therap therap machin machines es and am1ula am1ulance nce dispat dispatch ch sstem sstems. s. A professio professional nal should should have have reasona1le knowledge of the laws which affect their profession and ma occasionall have to deal with conflicts 1etween the law and their ethics. Professionals must take note of how the artificial intelligent technolog we are creating are reshaping the world, and must share responsi1ilit for it.
Task 2
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Ethical Issues in Computing naly!e and evaluate the legal and ethical issues identified using relevant ethical "rinci"le# theories and regulations$
4hen we anal!e these issues we can take ethical theories to "ustif those issues, like deontological theor and conse2uentialist theor theor and utilitarian theor.
Ethical issue
4hen taking pu1lic safet from the a1ove ethical e#amples, let7s evaluate using conse2uentialist theor. The people are affecting around the ro1ots. =ecause the are intelligent devices working according to some law. 4e cannot sa how the are responding for the situation. The not making an decisions to take the action, if there is an pro1lem with the situation the onl tring to stop it. The never get an decision for the situation 1efore getting an action. It7s harmful for the human kind. If something got a fault in the device we cannot controlled them. There is no respect for others from the machines. In that case that is an issue and it7s violate the principle of respect others principle. According to recent report from 3arket 4atch ;Elon 3usk, +&'< 5e said that, 1 tring to constantl improve AI, ?we are summoning the demon. In all those stories where there7s the gu with the pentagram and the hol water, it7s like, he7s sure he can control the demon, 3usk said. =ut as the CE> noted, controlling ?the demon@ is neve neverr as eas eas as it seems seems.. 4ith ith artif artifici icial al intel intelli lige genc nce, e, 3usk 3usk seems seems afrai afraid d that that humanit would lose control of the machines and face the conse2uences. 3usk saing a1out the controlling a1out the demon, in that case if loose the control from from daem daemon on it7s it7s harmfu harmfull for for othe others. rs. 5e also also afrai afraid d of the the lose lose cont contro roll of the the machines, 1ecause human will get effected from these machines.
In a deontological theor where the action of the crime is considered and not the end reason like in the conse2uentialist theor, therefore the here pu1lic safet 1ecoming the unethical unethical since the action here is considered considered unethical, unethical, in ethical ethical concepts the
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Ethical Issues in Computing violated principle is respect others, since the are violating the law that the made with the ro1ots manufacture. If we take the e#ample of hacking, let7s evaluate using conse2uentialist theor. It is considered unethical 1ecause it is done for the 1enefit and other harmful purpose of a certain people or a group of peoples, and this affects the ma"orit which the impact caused ma damage them in an unimagina1le wa. According According to 9reescale7s 9reescale7s Industrial Industrial Segment Segment irector irector for /o1otics /o1otics and Automation Automation,, Ale#andra opplinger ;+&'+<, in an industrial setting, a hack meant to simpl disrupt a sstem could end up affecting the 2ualit of an entire line of products ;automo1iles with fault construction< or halting a manufacturing run completel, costing millions of dollars in productivit. A hacked service ro1ot, however, could in"ure a famil mem1er, dispense the wrong medication in an elder care facilit or provide a hacker with a detailed map of our home. She sas a1out manufacturing production completel will stop and lost mone of the invest. Another one is it7ll 1e harmful for the peoples. 5ere the ethical principles like honest and integrit is violated.
Legal issues
4hen we talking talking a1out legal issues a1ove task, using sping voice calls. 3onitoring 3onitoring someone calls consider as unethical. 4hen these issues looking looking from conse2uentialist theor, Lots of countries using these kind of AI technolog for monitor people7s
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Ethical Issues in Computing phone calls. This is a legal issue, 1ecause this is a 1reaking law. 4ithout 4ithout an warrant no one can7t use this kind of technolog for sp voice calls. According to BSA sping flap e#tends to contents of :.S. phone calls, ames >wens ;+&'$< ;+&'$< ames ames >wens, >wens, a spokes spokesman man for Badler Badler,, provid provided ed a stateme statement nt on Sunda Sunda morn mornin ing, g, a da after after this this articl articlee was was pu1l pu1lish ished ed,, sain saingg- DI am pleas pleased ed that that the the administration has reiterated that, as I have alwas 1elieved, the BSA cannot listen to the content of Americans phone calls without a specific warrant.D >wens said he couldnt comment on what assurances from the >1ama administration Badler was referring to, and said Badler was unavaila1le for an interview. Like this statement saing a1out the monitoring call in America. If an government sector or private sector monitoring monitoring a call the must take a warrant warrant from the court for this activit, without a warrant the cannot monitor peoples calls using an kind of AI technolog. There is a principle call right to privac will 1e violate from this incident. Another e#ample is 1reaking the law a1out ro1ots6 there are $ laws designed to ensure friendl ro1ots 1ehavior 1 Isaac Asimov. /o1ots are programed devices for do dail works. 4e cannot trust ro1ots, 1ecause the are machine the doesn7t have an feelings for others. According to Isaac Asimov $ laws a1out ro1otics ;+&'<. '. A ro1ot ro1ot ma not not in"ure in"ure a human human 1eing 1eing or, throu through gh inactio inaction, n, allow allow a human human 1eing to come to harm. +. A ro1ot ro1ot must must o1e the the orders orders given to to it 1 human human 1eings, 1eings, e#cept where where such such orders would conflict with the 9irst Law. $. A ro1ot ro1ot must must protect protect its own e#isten e#istence ce as long as such protect protection ion does does not conflict with the 9irst or Second Law. A1ove laws e#plain how to ro1ots must design for good 1ehavior. Acco Accord rdin ing g to 0oert 0oert!el !el ;+&' ;+&'< < DTh DThee fut future ure soc societi ieties es As Asimo imov v was dep depicti icting ng wer weree e#plicitl su1strate chauvinist6 the gave humans more rights than humanoid ro1ots. The Three Laws were intended to enforce and maintain that kind of social order.D
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Ethical Issues in Computing 5e saing a1out using $ laws can 1e maintain the social order, if one of law 1roken what happened happened to the social order8 order8 Is it good for the man kind8 kind8 There will will 1e violet honest. Integrit Integrit and right to privac principles.
Task % Critically assess the im"act of the technology chosen to the social and cultural as"ects of the society$ Social issues
4hen we are talking a1out the social issues in the AI technolog is the can we make a friendship with a ro1ots.
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Ethical Issues in Computing According to Clara 3oskowit! ;+&'$< 5umanF/o1ot /elations- 4h 4e Should 4orr- Tukle interviewed a teenage 1o in '*$, asking him whom he would turn to, to talk a1out dating pro1lems. The 1o said he would talk to his dad, 1ut wouldnt consider talking to a ro1ot, 1ecause machines could never trul understand human relationships. In the a1ove interview interview mentioning mentioning a1out how are the friendship 1etween 1etween ro1ots ro1ots and humans. That interview was taken on '*$ and that 1o not prefer for the ro1ots, when he want to share a1out his an pro1lem he want to share with his father not with a ro1ots. Is that meaning in that time human doesn7t have an trust a1out the ro1ots or the mean a1out ro1ots doesn7t have an feelings to respond for the human pro1lems. /o1ots don7t have an idea for respond for the human7s pro1lem. The don7t know how to react and make the decision for those pro1lems. That7s wh human doesn7t have an trust with them to have a friendship. =ut in +&&* he did another interview with a 1o same as like that, Clara 3oskowit! ;+&'$< 5umanF/o1ot /elations- 4h 4e Should 4orr4orr- In I n +&&*, Turkle interviewed another another 1o of the same age, from the same neigh1orhoo neigh1orhood d as the first. This time, the 1o said he would prefer to talk to a ro1ot, which could 1e programmed with a large data1ase of knowledge a1out relationship patterns, rather than talk to his dad, who might give 1ad advice.
In that that inter intervi view ew 1o 1o prefe preferr the the ro1o ro1ots ts for for shar sharin ing g his his pro1 pro1lem lem,, 1ut 1ut it must must 1e programmed with a large data1ase of knowledge a1out relationship patterns. =ut there is a pro1lem is he responds to the pro1lem correctl 1etter than his father. Is it 1eing a good advice or 1ad one, can we still trust them8 =ecause the using a data1ase for the respond for the human pro1lem. Is it possi1le to get a 1etter answer from the ro1ots 1etween the 1o fathers8 Still we can7t trust have with the ro1ots for situation like resolving pro1lems. The 1etter to do other work what the are programmed to do.
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Ethical Issues in Computing Cultural issues
4hen 4hen we usin using g ro1o ro1ots ts there there will will raise raise a pro1 pro1lem lem with with the the lang langua uage ge.. iff iffere erent nt countries use different languages, so for an e#ample if a countr using ro1ots as la1ors when a foreigner came to that shop and asking form that ro1ots his needs, 1ut if this this fore foreig igne nerr does doesn7 n7tt know know to commu communi nicat catee with with that that ro1o ro1ots ts from from the the ro1o ro1ots ts programmed language, that foreigner can7t take his needs. =ecause as humans ro1ots doesn7t have common sense. According to the Coordinating 5umanF/o1ot Communication 1 Andrew 0. =rooks ;+&& ;+&&), ), p.'& p.'&<< ?5um ?5uman anss shar sharee cert certai ain n aspe aspect ctss with with all all othe otherr huma humans ns.. 4hen 4hen communicating, the can assume a range of things and accuratel predict responses and shared knowled knowledge ge a1out a1out what what it means means to 1e human. human. /o1ots /o1ots are e2uipp e2uipped ed automaticall with none of these things, and we don7t et ;and ma never< know how to design all of these things in. 4e need was for human users of ro1ots to 1e a1le to make sure the ro1ots understand certain 1asic 2ualities a1out them in essence, to 1e a1le to cali1rate the ro1ot to a human or humans and these methods need to 1e sufficientl 1rief, simple and eas that ro1ot users will actuall 1e motivated to do them@. According to his review e#plain a1out how the human are communicating each other and and how how to unde unders rsta tand nd thes thesee comm commun unic icat atio ions ns for for ro1o ro1ots ts.. Is it poss possi1 i1le le to communicate an language for ro1ots8 This is an issue with the communication. It7s 1ecame a violation in the cultural issue.
4hen we are talking a1out the creativit there is a pro1lem with the ro1ots. 9or an e#ample if we creating a cultural dress ro1ots doesn7t have that creativit to make a cultural dress according to fashion. =ecause now a das fashion has 1ecome a 1ig thing through among girls and gus. So when the are 1uing a dress then mainl think a1out the fashion. There for creativities more important. So humans have the knowledge of creativit, the can create a cultural dress according to now a das fashions. =ut ro1ots can7t 1ecause the do not have the creativit knowledge.
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Ethical Issues in Computing According to The 5uman Skills /o1ots Can7t /eplace and 5ow to evelop Them 1 enn ear1orn ;+&'< a +&'$ stud 1 researchers at >#ford :niversit7s >#ford 3artin School revealed that ) percent of current :.S. "o1s ma 1e automated within +& ears. Get some skills are inherentl inherentl difficult difficult to automate. automate. Anal!ing Anal!ing automation risks for )&+ occupations, occupations, the stud predicted predicted computeri!at computeri!ationFres ionFresistant istant "o1s that involve these skillsCreativ Creativee intellige intelligence nce HCreativit involves 1oth novelt and value, which are
challenging for a computer, 1ecause 1oth var 1 culture and over time. E#amples include fashion designers and 1iological scientists. According to a1ove review pointing a1out the creativit a1out ro1ots, still there is no development for the creativit. /o1ots can7t design something human human the don7t have an skill like human. 4hen we are thinking through the culture there is a pro1lem with that, 1ecause we can7t e2ual the ro1ots for the human. Then there will raise a violation a1out the e2ualit.
Task & Critically evaluate ho' recruitm Critically recruitment# ent# selection# training of em"loyees can hel" to mitigate the issues you have(
/ecruiters are 2uick to understand at an solution that offers hope of giving them access to 1etter people. The emploee is the main fact in an compan7s. 4hen selecting an emploee there is a procedure to do that. 4hen looking for an emploee we should have to look into his education achievements how the are working with other emploee are the skilled for the work, can do do work hardl and is he good with the work, these fact we have to consider when selecting a new emploee. 4hen we selecting a we must interview him personall, how is the communication skill, how is
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Ethical Issues in Computing the facing a 2uestions and how to respond them, how is the decision making a1out an critical situation. 4hen looking for emploee there must we have to look a1out his honest, integrit, respect others, respect others properties and e2ualit. 5ow is his ethical 1ehavior for the compan compan and other works. works. 5ow 5ow is the emploee emploee 2ualifi 2ualificati cation on e2ual e2ual for the compan re2uirements and how can he avoid the ethical issues and other issues when raise in the compan. 4e have to look emploee previous work e#perience and recommendation from the earlier work companies6 it7s the 1est wa to get in to the compan. The training is the main o1"ective when recruitment the new emploee and the can learn a1out the legal issues in their work field. /ecruitment an emploee from outside who, after 1eing hired, still needs time to 1ecome productive and to learn the new culture. After the selection it7s the 1est wa to identif the emploee skills and other issues with the work. The must also consider if the have re2uired an emploee to work an unreasona1l long period of time or if the have him doing an unusuall diffic difficult ult task. task. ust ust like like there there are legal legal conse2u conse2uence encess for some some unethic unethical al issues issues regarding emploee 1ehavior, there are also legal conse2uences for unethical working conditions. The can understand a1out what are the principles and what the rules in the compan are and how are the work. Training will helpful for the new emploee how the work with the work group and how to face for the situations in the compan. The selection and training will help for the new emploee work and skills for their work field. field. 4ith 4ith the training emploee emploee can mitigate the issues like ethical, ethical, social, legal and professional in the a1ove tasks.
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Ethical Issues in Computing
Task ) Provide strong and realistic set of recommendations to address and mitigate the identified issues$
The Artificial Intelligent ;AI< technolog use for lots of ro1otic purpose. To do dail work easil, the man kind designs these machines. =ut there are some issues with this technolog.
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Ethical Issues in Computing 4hen we are using these technolog we can use for particular work, not for all of work. If someone using this machine in his house he can use for cleaning purpose onl, no no other work. 4e can monitor them and we must maintain it proper wa. 4hen we are using for these ro1ots for the la1ors, we must use this with human la1ors. =ecause if we use onl ro1ots for the manufacture manufacture department department without human, there will 1e an issue with the humans "o1 opportunities. That7s a ma"or issue in the social. 4hen using ro1ots we do not reduce the humans from their "o1s. =oth of them must use use for for the the "o1 market market.. Then Then we can can reduc reducee thes thesee issu issues es and and we can can fast fast our our production line and we can reduce the faults in our production. production. Another one is emploees in the AI technolog sector must 1e professionals. 4ithout an professional emploee not a good wa to implement the ro1ots for the world. Ever production must 1e design for proper methods and regulations. All of creation must 1e test and 1efore release them to the societ ro1ots must analses and must monitor how the work. After giving them to the world ever machines must 1e monitor, must 1e maintain, looking for errors in the the devices. 4e must learn from the ro1ots how the reaction in a situation then we can look after what are the faults in the devices and how to reduces them using proper methods. 4e can mitigate the issues using these recommendations for the AI technolog.
Conclusion
In this report showing the ethical, social, legal and professional issues in the Artificial Intelligent. :sing other person7s reviews and articles showing and how these issues effected to the world. 4hat kind of principles are the violate from these issues. Evaluate those issues from proper decision.
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Ethical Issues in Computing 5ow can we recruitment the emploee and how we going to select them and how to train them for the issues in the compan and how to handle them using proper decision.
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Ethical Issues in Computing
*eferencing
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+antt chart
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