Precast Concrete Wall Panel With Banana Fiber and Coconut Coir as Admixtures

University of Perpetual Help System Laguna Sto. Nino, City of Binan, Laguna

College of Engineering and Aviation (02) 779-5310 local 3006 / CELL #09228900917

PRECAST CONCRETE WALL PANEL WITH BANANA FIBER AND COCOCOIR AS ADMIXTURE

A Research Study Presented to: Faculty of Engineering and Technical-Vocational University of Perpetual Help System Laguna Sto. Niño, Biñan City, Laguna In Partial Fulfilment of the Course Requirement for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering

Presented by: BASCON, Angelica F. CORTEZ, Diane Mae D. RIMPOS, John PaulA. SAMANIEGO, Jan Kenneth C. SIAGA, Angeline V. 1



ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express the deepest appreciation to our professor Engr. Catherine S. Hernandez for her constant guidance and encouragement, without which this research would not have been possible. For their unwavering support, we are truly grateful. We would also like to thank Pilipinas Eco Fiber Corporation for providing the coconut fiber, Marsman Agrarian Reform Beneficiaries Multipurpose Cooperative for the banana fiber, and Pozzolanic Philippines Inc. for mixing and testing the concrete. Our extended appreciation to our panelists, Engr. Ida Mandawe, Engr. Mark Anthony Muñoz, and Engr. Teresita Gonzales for helping us fulfil the inadequate information needed for our research paper. Above all, we would like to send or deepest gratitude to God, who made this work possible, who blessed us with knowledge and courage to finish what we have started despite all the challenges. We would also like to thank our family and friends who are always there to support us in every step we take in achieving our goals.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express the deepest appreciation to our professor Engr. Catherine S. Hernandez for her constant guidance and encouragement, without which this research would not have been possible. For their unwavering support, we are truly grateful. We would also like to thank Pilipinas Eco Fiber Corporation for providing the coconut fiber, Marsman Agrarian Reform Beneficiaries Multipurpose Cooperative for the banana fiber, and Pozzolanic Philippines Inc. for mixing and testing the concrete. Our extended appreciation to our panelists, Engr. Ida Mandawe, Engr. Mark Anthony Muñoz, and Engr. Teresita Gonzales for helping us fulfil the inadequate information needed for our research paper. Above all, we would like to send or deepest gratitude to God, who made this work possible, who blessed us with knowledge and courage to finish what we have started despite all the challenges. We would also like to thank our family and friends who are always there to support us in every step we take in achieving our goals.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE

Title Page

1

Approval Sheet

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Editor’s Certificate Certificate

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Acknowledgement

2

Table of Contents

3

List of Tables

5

List of Figures

5

CHAPTER 1

CHAPTER 2

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

Introduction

6

Background of the Study

7

Theoretical/Conceptual Theoretical/ Conceptual Framework

8

Statement of the Problem

9

Objective of the Study

9

Significance of the Study

9

Scope and Delimitation

10

Definition of Terms

11

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Related Literature

13

3



CHAPTER 3

CHAPTER 4

CHAPTER 5

Related Studies

20

Synthesis of the Study

35

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design

36

Sources of Data

36

Block Diagram

37

Schematic Diagram

38

Data Gathering Procedure

38

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

Results

41

Technical Study

45

Operational Study

45

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Conclusion

46

Recommendation

46

REFERENCES

48

APPENDICES

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CURRICULUM VITAE

-

4



LIST OF TABLES TABLE

PAGE

4.1

41

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE

PAGE

1.1

8

1.2

8

3.1

37

3.2

38

4.1

42

4.2

42

4.3

44

5



CHAPTER I THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

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CHAPTER I THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND 1.1 Introduction

Nowadays, many researches are made on the natural fibers which are easily available in large quantity and are very cheap. Annually, the worldwide consumption of fibers used in concrete is 300,000 tons. Among this natural fiber which can be used for construction purpose is banana fiber and coconut coir. Normally, in convectional reinforced concrete we use steel bars which increase the weight as well as the cost of the concrete which cannot be easily affordable to all rulers as well as urban civilians. Shrinkage cracking in concrete can be reduced by adding fibers into the concrete mix. The purpose of fibers is to connect the cracks that arise in concrete and resist deformation under tensile stress. It also reduces plastic shrinkage cracking and drying shrinkage cracking. The fiber increases the toughness property of concrete. Toughness is the ability of a material to resist a fracture under stress. Here in the Philippines, many researchers are still studying on the improvement of technology of concrete. Philippines is rich in natural resources whether it’s from water or land and it has become the source of livelihood of some Filipinos. Philippines has plantations of different woods, plants, and vegetables. On the other hand, these livelihoods are the cause of the increasing capacity of wastes generated every year, for example is the residue of the harvested

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crops. Since the Philippines is one of the countries that use concrete in constructions, these residues may be useful in many ways.

1.2 Background of the Study

Concrete has high compressive strength, but has lower tensile strength. Concrete is usually reinforced with materials that are strong in tension. Concrete which is subjected to long duration forces is prone to creep. Since concrete is a hard material but is breakable, reinforcing the concrete by adding steel has been used as a solution to overcome this problem. Steel reinforcement carries all the tensile forces. But using steel may cause another problem, over time, steel corrodes. In spite of the fact that there are ways to reduce the corrosion of steel, it is advisable and recommended that we use environmental friendly materials such as fibers. Many different types of fibers such as banana fiber and coconut fiber as admixtures both artificial and natural, have been incorporated into the concrete mixture. The choice of fibers may vary from synthetic organic materials such as polypropylene or carbon, synthetic inorganic such as steel or glass, natural organic such as cellulose or sisal to natural inorganic asbestos. Currently, the commercial products available in the market are reinforced with steel, glass, polyester, and polypropylene fibers. The selection of the type of fibers is guided by the properties of the fibers such as diameter, specific gravity, modulus of elasticity, tensile strength and many more and the extent of these fibers affect the properties of the cement matrix. 8



In different countries, they were studying of the different natural fibers available in their country to incorporate in the concrete mixture. However, naturally occurring fibers may not replace the steel and other fibers as reinforcement, but it can be added into the concrete mixture to increase the ability of the concrete to crack.

1.3 Theoretical Framework

The theoretical framework of this study, concrete will be reinforced by adding coconut coir and banana fiber to increase the compressive strength of the concrete. (Fig. 1.1)

Concrete Wall Panel

Coconut Coir and Banana Fiber

Increase in Compressive Strength

1.4 Conceptual Framework

The concept of this study is to reinforce a concrete mixture by adding coconut coir and banana fiber as admixtures. (Fig. 1.2)

Coconut Coir and Banana Fiber as Admixtures to Concrete

Increase in Compressive Strength

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1.5 Statement of the Problem

The main problem of the study is to determine if the addition of banana fibers and coconut coir can enhance the strength and engineering properties of the concrete. The researchers aim to answer the following questions:

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How do the coconut coir and the banana fiber affect the strength of the concrete?

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What ratio of coconut coir and banana fiber will be added to the concrete mixture that will increase the compressive strength of the concrete?

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Is there any difference between the strength of the ordinary concrete mix and the fiber reinforced concrete mix?

1.6 Objective of the Study

The objective of this research is to experiment on the use of banana fibers and coconut coir as an enhancement of concrete.The purpose of the study are the following:

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To be able to identify the effects of the coconut coir and banana fiber admixtures on the engineering properties of concrete.

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To determine the percentage of coconut coir and banana fiber admixtures which gives the maximum strength when compared to the ordinary mixture.

1.7 Significance of the Study 

This study will provide knowledge or records that can be useful in the development and innovation of new technology in the future field of Civil Engineering. 10





This will provide necessary information that students of Civil Engineering can be used in their future research. This will also encourage others to study other alternative materials that can be used in construction.

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To the government agencies that they may utilize different source of admixtures in their infrastructures mainly in their concrete buildings, highways and bridges.

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To the businessmen and entrepreneurs that they may use this research to the construction industry.

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To the local government units that may generate livelihood and more jobs since this research needs to extract the natural fibers manually.

1.8 Scope and Delimitation

The focus of this research is to study the possibility of using banana fiber and coconut coir as admixture to improve the concrete’s strength and durability. It aims to determine the compressive strength of the concrete containing natural fibers and evaluate if there is a significant effect in the concrete mixture. In this study, three different percentages of banana fibers and coconut fibers are added in a concrete mix.

The banana fiber and coconut fiber reinforced concrete are tested for

compressive strength only. However, the maximum flexural strength of the fibers can be obtained 15% of their compressive strength based on the ACI Manual of Concrete Practice 2004

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and ACI 104-71 (97) to ACI 223-98. Two samples were made for each design mix and are tested after 28 days.

1.9 Definition of Terms Admixture

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a thing or ingredient added in mixing

Banana Fiber

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a ligno-cellulosic fiber, obtained from the pseudo-stem of banana plant.

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obtained from the stem of banana plant that is extracted with the use of a machine.

Coco Coir

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fiber from the outer husk of the coconut used in making ropes and mattings.

Compressive Strength

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a compression test which determines the behaviour of the materials under rushing loads.

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the capacity of a material to resist loads tending to decrease size.

Concrete

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a very hard building material made by mixing together cement, sand, small stones, and water.

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Precast

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a solid material

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Concrete that is cast in the form of a structural element (such as a panel or beam) before being placed in final position.

Wall Panel

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is single piece of material, usually flat and cut into a rectangular shape, that serves as the visible and exposed covering for a wall.

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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

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CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES AND STUDIES

This chapter includes discussions on related literatures and related studies about using admixtures in the concrete mix done by the researchers. 2.1 Related Literature Common Fibers Used as Admixture Polypropylene Fiber

Plastic concrete is prone to have cracks caused by shrinkage under dry and windy conditions. Addition of fibers was proven to reduce the crack to yield. This study assessedthe strength, plastic shrinkage and permeability of concrete incorporating ‘polypropylene’ fiber in various proportions (viz. 0.10%, 0.15%, 0.2%, 0.25% and 0.3%) by volume of concrete. The experimental result with inclusion of 0.1 – 0.3% fiber in concrete showed that the crack width was reduced down to 1 mm and the trend was continued with the addition of more fibers. However, results indicated that with the addition of polypropylene fiber both water and gas permeability coefficient increased. Therefore, it is concluded that the fiber reinforced concrete would work better for plastic shrinkage susceptible structural elements (flat elements such as slab); however, it requires careful judgement when applied to a water retaining structure. (Sadiqul Islam & Gupta, 2016)

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Coconut Fiber

Since high cost is the dominating factor of convectional construction material affecting housing system, a study conducted by Agrawal et al. dealt with creating an alternative method to overcome the decreasing of the strength of a building. The paper discussed possible alternative materials that decreased the cost of construction without compromising the strength of concrete. It discussed how the coconut fiber, a natural fiber, increased the strength of concrete versus using convectional fiber. Several tests were conducted to take the compressive and tensile strength capacity, and it showed that the compressive and tensile strength of concrete increases with curing age but decreases with increase in quantity of coconut fiber present in the sample. The optimum tensile strength obtained was 3.0 MPa. T his research was carried out to suggest coconut fiber as good and safe construction material.

Banana Fiber Ash

Concrete is one of the materials widely used in construction all around the world because of its durability, energy-efficiency, low maintenance, affordability, fire-resistance, excellent thermal mass and versatility. This research (Aqilah&Abd, 2014) was conducted to determine the optimum temperature and strength of concrete to produce good cementitious material by using banana fiber ash. In this study, compressive strength test was executed to know the strength of concrete with three different temperatures. All these samples were cured for 7 days, 14 days and 28 days using water curing method. 2% of banana fiber ash was replaced with cement by weight. 16



The result analysis showed that the highest temperature obtained in this research was by burned banana ash by 500°C, while the lowest temperature was 600°C when the concrete was curing for 28 days. The lowest the temperature the higher the strength of concrete can be obtained.

Glass Fiber

The development of concrete has brought about the essential need for additives both chemical and mineral in improving the performance of concrete. Different kinds of admixtures like fly ash, coconut fiber have been used in past several studies. The main objective of the study is to study the effect of glass fiber in the concrete. Glass fibershows high tensile strength and fire resistant properties capable of reducing the damage during fire accidents. The addition of these fibers into concrete dramatically increase the compressive strength, tensile strength and split tensile strength of the concrete. In this study, tests have done for the concrete with glass fibre of 0.5%, 1%, 2% and 3% of cement by adding as an admixture. (Chaitanya, Abhilash, Khan, Manikanta, & Taraka, 2016)

Banana Fibers

Using locally available materials in building construction is an effective way of promoting sustainable development in both urban and rural areas. This study suggested the use of Green-Compressed Earth Block (GCEB), a CEB with the usual ingredients plus the Banana

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fibers. Banana fibers are considered environmental friendly and showed important attributes, such as low density, light weight, low cost, high tensile strength, as well as being water and fire resistant. This study focused on the use of banana fiber and its effect on the compressive and flexural strength in CEB. The results highlighted the general trends in the strength properties of different soil mixes for CEBs. These efforts are necessary to ensure that GCEB technology becomes more widely accepted in the world of building materials and is considered a reliable option for providing low-cost housing.(Mostafa & Uddin, 2015) Based from an article written by Rakesh Kumar, VeenaChoudhary, Saroj Mishra and Ik Varma (2008)about banana fiber-reinforced biodegradable soy protein composites, a waste product of banana cultivation has been used to prepare banana fiber reinforced soy protein composites. Alkali modified banana fibers were characterized in terms of density, denier and crystallinity index. Soy protein composites were prepared by incorporating different volume fractions of alkali-treatedand untreated fibers into soy protein isolate (SPI) with different amounts of glycerol (25% – 50%) as plasticizer. Composites prepared were characterized in terms of mechanical properties, SEM and water resistance. The results indicated that at 0.3 volume fraction, tensile strength and modulus of alkali treated fiber reinforced soy protein composites increased to 82% and 963%, respectively, compared to soy protein film without fibers. Water resistance of the composites increased significantly with the addition of glutaraldehyde which acts as cross-linking agent. Biodegradability of the composites has also been tested in the contaminated environment and the composites were found to be 100% biodegradable.

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Steel Fibers

This study inquired about the toll on flexural strength and cracking of ferrocement simply supported panels reinforced with steel fiber and wire mesh when it comes to replacement of cement partially with silica fume. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the 28-day flexural strength of simply supported panels by laboratory center point flexural tests. The number of cracks developed at failure was also considered when taking the measurements of average crack width and crack spacing. It was further discovered that for a 15% cement replacement with silica fume and 4% steel fiber addition in mortar mix, approximately 3.6-fold increase in 28-day flexural strength was observed when compared to the conventional mortar. In summary, inclusion of 4% steel fibers in a mortar of fabricated ferrocement panel improved the crack resistance and flexural capacity. (Mousavi, 2017) According to the study made by N. Shireesha, S. BalaMurugan, and G. Nagesh Kumar (2013), the addition of steel fiber into concrete creates low workable or inadequate workability to the concrete. Therefore, to solve this problem super-plasticizer is added, without affecting other properties of concrete. Steel Fiber in concrete improves ductility and its load-carrying capacity. The mechanical properties of steel fiber reinforced concrete are much improved by the use of hooked fibers than straight fibers.

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Hair Fiber

Fibers are usually used in concrete to control plastic and dry shrinkage cracking and also to lower the permeability of concrete. It also reduces greater impact, abrasions and shatter resistances in concrete. It is an effective method when it comes to construction of light weight seismic resistant structures. Human hair is strong in tension which make it suitable as a fiber reinforcement material. Hair Fiber (HF), an alternate non-degradable matter, is available in abundance and inexpensive. Present studies hadstudied the effect of human hair on plain cement concrete on the basis of compressive, crushing, flexural strength and cracking control to economize concrete and to reduce environmental problems.

Coconut Fiber

This research discussed the potential use of coconut fiber as an enhancement of concrete. Some engineering properties of the concrete such as torsion, toughness and tensile strength significantly improved when coconut fiber was added. However, the addition of fibers negatively affected the compressive strength. When coconut fiber was added to plain concrete, the torsional strength increased (by up to about 25%) as well as the energy-absorbing capacity, but there is an optimum weight fraction (0.5% by weight of cement) beyond which the torsional strength started to decrease again. In summary, the study has demonstrated that adding coconut fiber to concrete results to refinement of concrete toughness torsion and the tensile stress.(Yalley & Kwan, 2009)

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However, some studies (Hasanet al., 2012; Adeyemi, 1998) stated the one mix ratio (1:2:4) the suitability of coconut fiber as substitute for either fine or coarse aggregate in concrete production. It was examined that the coconut fibers were more suitable as low strength-giving lightweight aggregate when used to replace common coarse aggregate in concrete production. Coconut fiber is a hard stony endocarp but lightweight and naturally sized. Due to the stiff surfaces of organic origin, it will not contaminate or leach to produce toxic substances once they bound in the concrete matrix. Also, coconut fibers are lighter than the conventional coarse aggregate so the resulting concrete will be lightweight. Therefore, it is appropriateto be a good replacement of coarse aggregate in terms of producing structural concrete in the construction industry.

Precast Concrete Wall Panel

This paper presented by Mohamad et al., tackled the structural behavior of precast lightweight foam concrete sandwich panel (PFLP) under flexure, studied experimentally and theoretically, where they casted out and tested four full scale specimens with a double shear steel connector of 6mm diameter and steel reinforcement of 9mm diameter. The panel’s structural behavior was studied considering its ultimate flexure load, crack pattern, load-deflection profile, and efficiency of shear connectors. Results showed that the ultimate flexure load obtained from the experiment was influenced by the panel’s compressive strength and thickness. The crack pattern recorded in each panel exhibited the occurrence of cracks at the midspan which later

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spread toward the left and right zones of the slab. The theoretical ultimate load for fully composite and non-composite panels was obtained from the classical equations. All panel specimens were found to behave in a partially composite manner.

2.2 Related Studies “Palm oil fiber as additive in concrete” by MagendranSubramani (2007)

Several researches were conducted (Subramani, 2007) to distinguish the effects of palm oil fiber addition on workability, density, compressive and flexural strength in the concrete mix design of constant water-cement ratio. The mixes were prepared with fiber-cement ratio of 0.25% and 0.50% and the mix design was done based on the DOE Method.Workability of palm oil fiber added to concrete mix decreases with the increase of fiber content in the concrete mix. The study on palm oil fiber shows that adding palm oil fiber to concrete increases the compressive and flexural strength of concrete after 28 days. Even though adding fiber contributes to strength increase, the strength does not increase with the increasing fiber content (percentage). In other words, the increase in strength is based on the amount of fiber content.

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“Ultimate compressive and tensile strength of fiber -reinforced concrete containing Coconut Fibers” by Labadan (2001)

Labadan (2001), in his study entitled “Ultimate compressive and tensile strength of fiber reinforced concrete containing Coconut Fibers” tested a fiber reinforced concrete cylinder with fiber lengths 3cm, 6cm, and 12cm in different percentages of fiber (0.25%, 0.50%, 1.0%) by weight of plain concrete prepared in 18 batches. He included that a 0.25% fiber by weight of plain concrete with a length of 6cm gave a good result in splitting tensile strength but no significant results on compressive strength. He also concluded that the higher tensile strength could be obtained by immersing the fibers in a cement solution for four hours before mixing them with concrete. According to Santha (1999), coconut fibers are good materials for soil erosion and sedimentation control especially in environmentally-sensitive agricultural areas. This is due to the low decomposition rate of coconut fibers. In his study coir rolls were used as a stabilization of riverbanks. This is an innovative fabric-encapsulated technique in stabilization. Previous studies and investigation of the use of natural fibers as reinforcement to cement composites showed positive results. Coconut fibers use as reinforcement to cement composite board satisfies ASTM specifications. This research describes experimental studies on the use of coconut fiber and banana fiber to enhance the strength and applications of concrete. These natural fibers have excellent physical and mechanical properties and can be utilized more effectively. Thus it acts as a natural 23



admixture giving additional properties to the ordinary cement concrete. The coconut fiber and banana fiber reinforced concrete were tested for compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, flexural strength at different ages. (Gowri and Mary, 2016)

“Experimental studies on Fiber Reinforced Concrete (FRC) ” by R. Gowri and M. Angeline Mary (2016),

Another study named Experimental Studies on Coconut fiber and Banana Fiber Reinforced Concrete, International Journal of Modern Trends in Engineering and Science. A concrete consist of a hydraulic cement, water aggregate and fiber reinforced concrete. There are types of fibers like coconut fiber, banana fiber, steel fiber, glass fiber, natural fiber and many more. The role of a fiber is to reduce shrinkage cracking, increase the ductility of concrete elements and increase more resistance to the impact load. Coconut and Banana fiber reinforced concrete has been used in the application of making roof tiles, corrugated sheets and storage tanks. (Chako et al, 2016)

“Coconut Fiber in Concrete to Enhance its Strength and making Lightweight Concrete ” by Agrawal, A. R., Dhase, S. S., & Agrawal, K. S. (2014).

The dominating factor of convectional construction material which is affecting the housing system is the high cost. To overcome this drawback, researchers look for any alternating

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materials which will decrease the cost and increase the strength of the concrete. Coconut fiberis a natural fiber makes no effect on environment and also increases the strength of concrete compare to use of convectional fiber.Concrete cylinders of dimension 150mm×300mm were cast to take the compressive as well astensile strength test. Coconut-fiber addition in the concrete increases the many properties of the concrete such as torsion, toughness and notably tensile strength which is the main properties of the concrete.Due to the uniform diameter property of the coconut fiber there will be uniform distribution of the reinforcement throughout in the concrete which decrease the voids and make the concrete more tough.The use of coconut fiber as reinforcement in the concrete decreases the application of steel nearby 2% which is affordable with respect to the simply steel reinforced concrete and also increase the strength of the concrete. Though these fiber will not give the required strength, it can be used to reinforce the non-structural components. Coconut fiber to be used in the concrete will be available priceless or of negligible price which makes the concrete economical. \

“Mechanical and dynamic properties of coconut fibre reinforced c oncrete” by Ali, M., Liu, A., Sou, H., & Chouw, N. (2012).

Coconut fiber has the highest toughness amongst natural fibers and is likely used as reinforcement in low-cost concrete structures, especially in tropical earthquake regions. For this purpose, the mechanical and dynamic properties of coconut fiber reinforced concrete (CFRC) 25



members need to be well understood. In this work, in addition to mechanical properties, damping ratio and fundamental frequency of simply supported CFRC beams are determined experimentally. A comparison between the static and dynamic moduli is conducted. The influence of 1%, 2%, 3% and 5% fibre contents by mass of cement and fibre lengths of 2.5, 5 and 7.5 cm is investigated. To evaluate the effect of coconut fibres in improving the properties of concrete, the properties of plain concrete are used as a reference. Damping of CFRC beams increases while their fundamental frequency decreases with structural damage. CFRC with higher fiber content has a higher damping but lower dynamic and static modulus of elasticity. It is found that CFRC with a fiber length of 5 cm and a fiber content of 5% has the best properties.

“A Comparative Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Block to the Traditional Concrete Hollow Block Wall Construction” by Almacen, A. J. L., & Cruz, E. G. D. (2015).

Reinforced Concrete block or RC block is made of concrete, pre-cast wall panels with predesigned sections and surface and is recommended as an alternative material for concrete hollow blocks. It can be used for exterior and interior walls, retaining walls, fences, parapet walls, machine rooms and wet areas like the swimming pool, creek and open drainage. The main objective of the study is to make a comparative analysis between the utilization of Reinforced Concrete block and the traditional Concrete Hollow block in masonry wall construction and prove that RC block is a more economical, stronger and more resilient, and time efficient building material than concrete hollow block. Cost estimation, compressive testing, time

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recording, and actual construction of a 6 x 6.5 ft. CHB and RCB wall were the methods used to gather data. In the cost analysis, the computed total cost of constructing painted CHB wall is P7246 and in constructing a painted RCB wall is P6682. The compressive strength of a reinforced concrete block unit is 2500 psi compared to only 420 psi of a single concrete hollow block. The total time elapsed in constructing a plastered CHB wall within two days is 6.634 hours while in constructing a painted RCB wall it is only 5.65 hours. If the cost analysis is up to the finishing works, the use of reinforced concrete hollow block is more economical than using concrete hollow block. Since the compressive strength of RCB is greater than that of CHB, therefore, a reinforced concrete block unit is stronger and more resilient than a concrete hollow block. Lastly, based on the fastest time recorded in completion of RCB wall than that of CHB wall, it can be concluded that the use of reinforced concrete blocks in construction will save more time than using concrete hollow blocks. Therefore, reinforced concrete block is a more time efficient material than concrete hollow block.

“Experimental Study on Concrete Using Fly Ash and Coconut” by Ash, F. (2017).

Fly-ash is the by-product of thermal power plantwhich is available in large quantity in fine and course form.Fine Fly ash can be used as a binding material in concrete inthe place of cement due to itsPozzolanaproperty. The workability test, compressive and tensilestrength tests were examined at the 7th, 14th and 28th day of curing. 5% and 10%replacement of cement with fly ash gives better result and byreplacing 15% of fly ash, the strength decreases. 10% of fly ash

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replaced with cement with 0.25% of coconut coir fiber gives the best result for both compression and tension. Therefore, the use of coconut coir and fly ash can reduce the cost of construction as well as the environmental issues.

“Experimental Studies on Coconut Fibre and B anana Fibre Reinforced Concrete” by Compendex, S., Elsevier, G., Services-usa, G. I., & Nadu, T. (2016).

This research describes experimental studies on the use of coconut fiber and banana fiber to enhance the strength and applications of concrete. The findings of experimental investigations proved that the addition of coconut-fibers and banana fibers significantly improved many of the engineering properties of the concrete notably compressive strength, tensile strength and flexural strength. The ability to resist cracking and spalling were also enhanced. However, the addition of fibers poorly affected the compressive strength, as expected, due to difficulties in compaction which consequently led to increase of voids.In this context six different percentages of coconut fibers and banana fibers (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30%) having 40mm length were used. M20 concrete with 0.5 WC and Ordinary Portland cement of grade 43 was used. The test result showed that 0.10% of coconut and banana fiber gives the best result for both compression and tension.

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“A Study on the Economic Benefit of Using Lightweight Precast Hollow Core Wall on Socialized Housing” by Evaristo, T. J. S. (2013).

This research provided a comparative analysis in using a Precast Hollow Core Wall Panel and a Concrete Hollow Block as wall systems. It evaluated the two aforementioned wall systems for the National Housing Authority’s socialized housing projects in terms of economic benefits, cost-efficiency, and duration of construction period. The researchers proved that the design of a lightweight precast hollow core wall as a wall system for socialized housing is more cost and time-efficient. The study innovated and improved the methods of construction in housing for NHA through the use of an Ecowall Panel instead of conventional CHB wall. The ecowall panel proved to be more cost and time-efficient. The data showed that using Ecowall panels for existing NHA project is more efficient in terms of materials, costs and labour compared to a conventional CHB wall. There is a substantial decrease in the time and cost without affecting quality, thus improving the method of construction when Ecowall is applied as the wall system compared to the conventional CHB wall. Through the use of a Precast Hollow Core Wall as an alternative, the researchers were able to apply value engineering by innovating a part of construction maintaining all functions but reducing cost. Lastly, the researchers used the NSCP (Section 7Masonry) and the DATEM data as the basis for the design and proved that the Ecowall system conformed to Building Code standards and is thus considered safe.

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“Properties of natural fiber cement materials containing coconut coir and oil palm fibers for residential building applications” by Lertwattanaruk, P., & Suntijitto, A. (2015).

This article presents an investigation of the properties of natural fiber based composite building materials that is applicable for hot and humid climatic regions. These materials were made of cement mortar containing coconut coir fiber and oil palm fiber, both waste products from agricultural manufacturing in Thailand and are intended to be used as roof sheet and siding to reduce heat transfer through buildings and energy conservation. The investigation focused mainly on the effects of both cellulose fibers on the physical, mechanical and thermal properties of products. Test results showed that increasing the percentage replacement of natural fibers tends to reduce the density, compressive strength and flexural strength of the materials. Fiber cement products mixed with coconut fiber yielded lower density than that of oil palm fiber. The mixtures of fiber cement products containing up to 15% of both natural fibers by weight of binder yielded the acceptable physical and mechanical properties. Furthermore, the thermal conductivity of the natural fiber cement sheets was 60% less than that of the control specimen. The results of this research can be used as a guideline for using agricultural residues to develop fiber cement products for residential building applications.

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“ Effect of Fine Sugarcane Bagasse and Ash as a Concrete Admixture in Enhancing the Setting-Time and Compressive Strength of Concrete ” by Louise Clemente, J., Alfonso Dyquiangco, G., & Roman Gobway, D. (2014)

The researchers aimed to produce an admixture that would enhance the setting time andcompressive strength of concrete with the use of Bagasse Fiber and Ash. Both materials are waste products from sugar production. Based on existing studies, the Bagasse when added to concrete has the potential to increase the setting time while the ash increases its compressivestrength. Based on the results, it was found out that mixing these bagasse components withconcrete produces an optimum compressive strength at 28th day by addition of 1.25% Bagasse Fibers and 25% Ash. For the setting time, addition of ratio 1.50% Bagasse: 25% Ash and 1% Bagasse: 25% Ash gives the optimum initial setting time of concrete. Addition of 1.75% Bagasse Fibers and 25% Ash gives the optimum final setting time.The researchers also found out that too much addition of bagasse components resulted to soil-like composition, thus it has weak compressive strength. However, addition of minimalamount of these bagasse components could improve the compressive strength and setting time of concrete. Thus, bagasse components could be an admixture to concrete which is a sustainable material and could help decrease the waste products produced by sugar cane production.

31



“Performance Using Bamboo Fiber Ash Concrete as Adm ixture Adding Superplasticizer” by Vasudevan, G. (2017).

This research investigates the mechanical and physical properties of bamboo fiber powder in a blended Portland cement. The structural value of the bamboo fiber powder in a blended Portland cement was evaluated with consideration for its suitability in concrete. Varied percentage of bamboo fiber powder (BFP) at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% as an admixture in 1:2:4 concrete mixes. The workability of the mix was determined through slump; standard consistency test was carried on the cement. Compressive strength of hardened cured (150 x 150 x 150) mm concrete cubes at 7days, 14days and 28days were tested. From the results obtained from the laboratory test, the effect of bamboo ash powder in concrete mix does not give an optimal result and also weak in the workability. The reason is that the bamboo ash powder can increase the water absorption therefore reduces the workability of the concrete. From the result of the slump test and compaction factor test, the conclusion was made that the more the bamboo ash powder as substitute to the fresh concrete, the lower the workability of the concrete.

“Coconut Fibre as Enhancement of Concrete” byYalley, P. ., & Kwan, A. S. . (2009).

This research describes experimental studies on the use of coconut fiber as enhancement of concrete. The addition of coconut-fibers significantly improved many of the engineering properties of the concrete, notably torsion, toughness and tensile strength. The ability to resist 32



cracking and spalling were also enhanced. However, the addition of fibers adversely affected the compressive strength. When coconut fiber was added to plain concrete, the torsional strength increased (by up to about 25%) as well as the energy-absorbing capacity, but there is an optimum weight fraction (0.5% by weight of cement) beyond which the torsional strength started to decrease again. Similar results were also obtained for different fiber aspect ratios, where again results showed there was an optimum aspect ratio (125). An increase in fiber weight fraction provided a consistent increase in ductility up to the optimum content (0.5%) with corresponding fiber aspect ratio of 125. Overall the study has demonstrated that addition of coconut fiber to concrete leads to improvement of concrete the toughness torsion and the tensile stress. Despite its excellent properties, coconut fiber as an enhancement of concrete is unlikely to replace steel for the vast majority of structures.High water absorption of natural fiber causes unstable volume and low cohesion between fiber and matrix and decomposes rapidly in the alkaline environment of cement and concrete. However, further work is required to assess the long term durability of concrete enhanced with coconut fibers.

“Studies of Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete Composites” by Chawla, K., & Tekwani, B. (2013)

Plain concrete possess very low tensile strength, limited ductility and little resistance to cracking. Internal micro cracks are inherently present in concrete and its poor tensile strength is due to propagation of such micro cracks. Fibers when added in certain percentage in the concrete improve the strain properties well as crack resistance, ductility, as flexure strength, and 33



toughness. In recent times, glass fibers have also become available, which are free from corrosion problem associated with steel fibers. The paper outlines the experimental investigation on the use of glass fibers with structural concrete. Cem-fill anti crack, high dispersion, alkali resistance glass fiber of diameter 14 micron, having an aspect ratio 857 was employed in percentages, varying from 0.33 to 1 percentage by weight in concrete and the properties of this Fiber Reinforced Concrete (FRC) like compressive strength, flexural strength, toughness, modulus of elasticity were studied. Results showed that the addition of glass fiber in reinforced concrete increases the toughness by1157%compared with conventional reinforced concrete. The value of toughness observed maximum 272.4 KN-mm whenusing fiber content 0.67% and 1.25% steel (12 mm reinforcement bar).

“Palm oil fiber as additive in concrete” by MagendranSubramani (2007)

This research was carried out to establish the effects of palm oil fiber addition on workability, density, compressive and flexural strength in the concrete mix design of constant water-cement ratio. The mixes were prepared with fiber-cement ratio of 0.25% and 0.50% and the mix design was done based on the DOE Method. The sizes of the specimen tested were 150mm x 150mm x 150mm cubes for compressive and 100mm x 100mm x 500mm rectangular beams for flexural strength. Specimens were cured in water for 28 days before testing them. Workability of palm oil fiber added to concreter mix decreases with the increase of fiber content in the concrete mix. The results from density test also 34



demonstrated that the fiber content increases the density of concrete when 0.25% fiber is added, but the density decreases when 0.50% fiber is added to the concrete. The study on palm oil fiber shows that adding palm oil fiber to concrete increases the compressive and flexural strength of concrete after 28 days. Even though adding fiber contributes to strength increase, but the strength does not increase with the increasing fiber content (percentage). In other words, the increase in strength is only up to certain amount of fiber content.

“Ultimate compressive and tensile strength of fiber-reinforced concrete containing Coconut Fibers” by Labadan (2001)

Labadan (2001), in his study entitled “Ultimate compressive and tensile strength of fiber reinforced concrete containing Coconut Fibers” tested a fiber reinforced concrete cylinder with fiber lengths 3cm, 6cm, and 12cm in different percentages of fiber (0.25%, 0.50%, 1.0%) by weight of plain concrete prepared in 18 batches. He included that a 0.25% fiber by weight of plain concrete with a length of 6cm gave a good result in splitting tensile strength but no significant results on compressive strength. He also concluded that the higher tensile strength could be obtained by immersing the fibers in a cement solution for four hours before mixing them with concrete. According to Santha (1999), coconut fibers are good materials for soil erosion and sedimentation control especially in environmentally-sensitive agricultural areas. This is due to

35



the low decomposition rate of coconut fibers. In his study coir rolls were used as a stabilization of riverbanks. This is an innovative fabric-encapsulated technique in stabilization. Previous studies and investigation of the use of natural fibers as reinforcement to cement composites showed positive results. Coconut fibers use as reinforcement to cement composite board satisfies ASTM specifications.

“Experimental

studies

on

Fiber

Reinforced

Concrete

(FRC) ”

byR.Gowri

and

M.AngelineMary (2016) ,

This research describes experimental studies on the use of coconut fibre and banana fibre to enhance the strength and applications of concrete. These natural fibres have excellent physical and mechanical properties and can be utilized more effectively. They are economical (zero cost), with no chemicals. The addition of coconut-fibres and banana fibres significantly improved many of the engineering properties of the concrete notably compressive strength, tensile strength and flexural strength. The ability to resist cracking and spalling were also enhanced. Thus it acts as a natural admixture giving additional properties to the ordinary cement concrete. In this context six different percentages of coconut fibres and banana fibres (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30%) having 40mm length were used. M20 concrete and Ordinary Portland cement of grade 43 was used. The coconut fibre and banana fibre reinforced concrete are tested for compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, flexural strength at different ages.

36



Another study made by Chacko, Raphael &Hema, S, (2016); Experimental Studies on Coconut fiber and Banana Fiber Reinforced Concrete, International Journal of Modern Trends in Engineering and Science. A concrete consist of a hydraulic cement, water aggregate and fiber reinforced concrete. There are types of fibers like coconut fiber banana fiber, steel fiber, glass fiber, natural fiber and many more. The role of a fiber is to reduce shrinkage cracking, increase the ductility of a concrete elements and increase more resistance to the impact load. Coconut and Banana fiber reinforced concrete has been used in the application of making roof tiles, corrugated sheets and storage tanks.

SYNTHESIS OF THE STUDY

The studies “Experimental Studies on Coconut Fibre and Banana Fibre Reinforced Concrete (2016); made by Raphael Chacko, S Hema, and M Vadivel, concluded that the addition of coconut fibers and banana fibers significantly improved many of the engineering properties of the concrete, especially compression, tensile strength, and the ability to resist cracking and spalling. However, the addition of fibers poorly affected the compressive strength, as expected, due to difficulties in compaction which consequently led to increase of voids. Despite its excellent properties, coconut fiber and banana fiber as an enhancement of concrete is unlikely to replace steel for the vast majority of structures.

37



CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

38



CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Research Design

The researchers will employ an experimental method which is the most practiced design. It is defined as “Observation under controlled conditions” where in the subjects will be exposed in the same situations to see different results or reactions. The study will focus on the effect of a certain independent variable employed on a dependent variable. In this experimental method the independent variable will be the coconut fibers and banana fibers as an admixture for they will hypothetically change the output of the concrete when as its value also changed. On the other hand the dependent variable will be the strength of concrete wall panel. 3.2 Sources of Data Internet is the most functional source in the study as it can give all the information

needed by the proponents. Internet is a global network connecting millions of computers that are linked together for the exchanging of data. Articles are published data in newspapers or magazines where in you can find

information related for the research. Experiment is a test performed in a laboratory for an observation to determine if the trial

conducted reached the expectations of the proponents.

39



3.3 Block Diagram (Fig. 3.1) The Researchers established the idea of increasing the strength of an ordinary concrete

The researchers considered developing a pre-cast concrete wall panel with coco coir & banana fiber

Will it be more effective than that of the ordinary mix?

The researchers will have to see other factors that affected the strength and efficiency of the precast concrete wall panel with coco coir & banana fiber

The researchers will advanced to the gathering of information about the topic

Quoting the materials that will be used for the model of ordinary and precast concrete wall panel with coco coir & banana fiber

Experiment and evaluation of data

Writing of document

The researcher will move on in defending the study

40



3.4 Schematic Diagram

Schematic diagram is a detailed design presentation of a system where it shows how the experiment interacts. (Fig. 3.2)

3.5 Data - Gathering Procedure

With regards to the strength condition between ordinary and banana fiber admixture for precast concrete wall panel, the following test where conveyed: Data collection was conducted to analyze the engineering properties between an ordinary concrete mix and, coconut fiber and banana fiber reinforced concrete mix. Thus, the following tests were carried out:

41



3.5.1

Materials used:

Ordinary Portland cement, fine aggregates (sand), and coarse aggregates (gravel) were used, as it is readily available in the market. The fibers used were coconut and banana fibers with length ranging between 30mm - 50mm. Coconut fiber was purchased from Pilipinas Eco Fiber Corporation in San Pablo City, Laguna while the banana fiber was transported from Marsman Agrarian Reform Beneficiaries Multipurpose Cooperative at Puerto Azul, St. Tomas Davao Del Norte. Water available at the location was also used.

3.5.2

Preparation and mixing of cement

a) Ordinary concrete mixture For the test procedure in this study, a ratio of 1:1.5:3 concrete mix was applied. For every one part of cement there’s a corresponding one and a half parts of sand and three th ree parts of gravel. b) Coconut and Banana reinforced concrete mixture For the test procedure used in the ordinary concrete mix, same approach was used. The ratio of 1:1.5:3 was applied but there will be an admixture consists of coconut and banana fibers added to the mix. Three different percentages of coconut and banana fibers (0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5%) was added per weight of cement.

42



All the materials were mixed properly as water was added in the concrete mixer. Slump test was conducted. Coconut fiber and banana fiber were added in the concrete mixer. Concrete fiber reinforced concrete mixture was poured into the cylindrical mold with dimension 100mm x 150mm for the Compressive Strength testing. Rod was used in the compaction of the concrete mix to remove air voids. The same procedure goes with the other specimens. The samples were kept dried for 24 hours and then cured for 28 days for testing. 3.5.3

Curing

The specimens were removed from the molds 24 hours after casting and were submerged in water for 28 da ys before testing.

3.5.4

Testing of specimen

Compressive strength test was conducted for the concrete cylinders with the use of digital compression testing machine.

43



CHAPTER IV PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

44



CHAPTER IV PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

4.1 RESULTS 4.1.1 The results of the compressive strength of banana & coconut reinforced concrete conducted by Pozzolanic Philippines, Inc.

COMPRESSIVE SAMPLE IDENTIFICATION

STRENGTH Mpa

psi

Trial 1

14.87

2156.05

Trial 2

21.02

3047.64

0.5% of Admixture per

Trial 1

8.05

1166.63

weight of cement

Trial 2

9.22

1336.46


Trial 1

5.88

852.82

weight of cement

Trial 2

5.72

828.83


Trial 1

11.7

1696.41

weight of cement

Trial 2

9.98

1447.21

Ordinary Concrete Mix

Table4.1 Compressive Strength

45



The results show that the ordinary concrete mix has a much greater compressive strength than that of the banana and coconut fiber reinforced concrete mixture. Trial 1 with 1.5 % of admixtures gives the higher compressive strength among the oth er fiber reinforced concrete mix yet, it still did not meet or match the strength of the ordinary concrete mix.

Compressive Strength (MPa) 25 20 15 10 5 0 Ordinary Concrete Mix

0.5% of Admixture per weight of cement

1.0% of Admixture per weight of cement Tiral 1


Trial 2

Figure 4.1 Compressive Strength

Compressive Strength (psi) 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 Ordinary Concrete Mix




Trial 2

Figure 4.2Compressive Strength 46



Computation of flexural strength:



Ordinary Mix Trial 1 fy = (f’c) x 15% = 2156.05 x 0.15 = 323.41 psi Trial 2 fy = (f’c) x 15% = 3047.64 x 0.15 = 457.15psi



0.5% of admixture per weight of cement Trial 1 fy = (f’c) x 15% = 1166.63x 0.15 = 174.99psi Trial 2 fy = (f’c) x 15% = 1336.46x 0.15 = 200.47psi



1.0% of admixture per weight of cement Trial 1 fy = (f’c) x 15% = 852.82 x 0.15 = 127.92psi Trial 2 fy = (f’c) x 15% = 828.83x 0.15 = 124.32psi

47





1.5% of admixture per weight of cement Trial 1 fy = (f’c) x 15% = 1696.41x 0.15 = 254.46psi Trial 2 fy = (f’c) x 15% = 1447.21x 0.15 = 217.08psi

Flexural Strength (psi) 500 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 Ordinary Concrete Mix




Trial 2

Figure 4.3FlexuralStrength

48



4.2 TECHNICAL STUDY The most common material used for partition or wall is the CHB (concrete hollow blocks) which means it has a higher demand in the construction industry. However, precast wall panels are much easier to install and saves construction time compared to CHB since they are already cast in a controlled environment. Precast concrete wall panel is the material of choice for residential houses and other common structures. Continuing to introduce this product will help increase its demand in the market. 4.3 OPERATIONAL STUDY The researchers analyzed and determined the raw material needed for the research. The raw materials used in this study are banana fiber and coconut fiber. These fibers are used as admixtures in the concrete mix. The coconut fiber was obtained from Pilipinas Coco Fiber Corporation which manufactures different coconutproducts while the banana fiber was obtained from a banana fiber processing cooperative in Davao del Norte. The data gathered from the concrete samples went through a standard testing and observation conducted by Pozzolanic Philippines Inc.

49



CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

50



CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 5.1 CONCLUSION Based on the compressive strength test conducted, the addition of banana and coconut fiber significantly reduces the compressive strength of the concrete almost by half compared to the ordinary concrete mixture. As per the DPWH Department Order No. 189 series of 2002, the minimum compressive strength of structural members is 3000 psi and 2500 psi for non-structural members. Since the wall panel is classified as a surface structural member, the minimum compressive strength required is 3000 psi. The result of the compressive strength test of banana and coconut reinforced concrete failed to meet the required strength of the concrete wall panel.One factor affecting the compressive strength of the concrete is due to the difficulty in compaction which consequently led to increase of voids.Though the addition of fibers will not give the required strength, it has the ability to reduce shrinkage cracking and spalling.

5.2 RECOMMENDATION The researchers recommend the following to the next researcher/s who will be planning to conduct a similar study:

51





In combining mixtures, make sure that the materials (i.e. fibers) are uniformly distributed for it may affect the final output.



Instead of using banana fiber and coconut fiber, the future researchers may use a smaller length of fibers or even a finer material such as coco peat powder as an admixture or replacement.



Modifythe mix proportion of the banana and coconut fiber to be added in every cubic meter of concrete to alter the result.



Provide more percentages of materials for the co mparison of the results.



Researchers may try to consider other structural members like beam column or concrete slab.

52



REFERENCES

53



References

Agrawal, A. R., Dhase, S. S., & Agrawal, K. S. (2014). Coconut Fiber in Concrete to Enhance its Strength and making Lightweight Concrete, 9(8), 64 – 67. Akar, C., & Canbaz, M. (2016). Effect of molasses as an admixture on concrete durability. Journal of Cleaner Production, 112, 2374 – 2380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.09.081 Aqilah, N. U. R., & Abd, B. T. (2014). Strength Performance Of Banana Fiber Ash As Cementitious Material With Different Temperature, (July). Chaitanya, J. D., Abhilash, G. V. S., Khan, P. K., Manikanta, G., & Taraka, V. (2016). Experimental Studies on Glass Fiber Concrete American Journal of Engineering R esearch ( AJER ), (5), 100 – 104. Chandramouli K., Rao, S. S., Pannirselvam N, Sekhar, S. T., & Sravana P. (2010). Strength Properties of Glass Fibre Concrete. Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 5(4), 1 – 6. Corinaldesi, V., Donnini, J., & Nardinocchi, A. (2015). The influence of calcium oxide addition on properties of fiber reinforced cement-based composites. Journal of Building Engineering , 4, 14 – 20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2015.07.009 Mohamad, N., Khalil, A. I., Abdul Samad, A. A., & Goh, W. I. (2014). Structural behavior of precast lightweight foam concrete sandwich panel with double shear truss connectors under flexural load. ISRN Civil Engineering , 2014. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/317941

54



Mostafa, M., & Uddin, N. (2015). Effect of Banana Fibers on the Compressive and Flexural Strength of Compressed Earth Blocks. Buildings, 5(1), 282 – 296. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings5010282 Mousavi, S. E. (2017). Flexural response and crack development properties of ferrocement panels reinforced with steel fibers. Journal of Building Engineering , 12, 325 – 331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2017.06.010 Nila, V. M., Raijan, K. J., Antony, S., M, R. B., & Davis, N. R. (2015). Hair Fibre Reinforced Concrete, (June), 10 – 11. Phanikumar, B. R., & Sofi, A. (2016). Effect of pond ash and steel fibre on engineering properties of concrete. Ain Shams Engineering Journal , 7 (1), 89 – 99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2015.03.009 Puri, V., Chakrabortty, P., Anand, S., & Majumdar, S. (2017). Bamboo reinforced prefabricated wall panels for low cost housing. Journal of Building Engineering , 9, 52 – 59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2016.11.010 Sadiqul Islam, G. M., & Gupta, S. Das. (2016). Evaluating plastic shrinkage and p ermeability of polypropylene fiber reinforced concrete. International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment , 5(2), 345 – 354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsbe.2016.05.007 Sofi, A., & Phanikumar, B. R. (2016). Durability properties of fibre-reinforced pond ashmodified concrete. Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, 11(10), 1385 – 1402.

55



https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2015.03.008 Yalley, P. ., & Kwan, A. S. . (2009). Coconut Fibre as enhancement of concrete Yalley and Kwan. Journal of Engineering and Technology, 54 – 73.

56



APPENDICES

57



DOCUMENTATION:

58



MATERIALS:

59



MIXING:

60



TESTING:

61



CURRICULUM VITAE

62



ANGELICA FLORENBASCON Juana 6, Blk.10, Lot 14, Abraham St., Brgy. San Francisco,Biñan, Laguna Contact #: +63975-2516742 [email protected]

CAREER OBJECTIVES 

To gain experience and more knowledge from outside the campus in the field of Civil Engineering.

PERSONAL DATA Age Date of Birth Gender Civil Status Height : Weight Nationality Religion Language

: : : : 5’ 3” : : : :

21 years old September 21, 1996 Female Single 45 kg Filipino Roman Catholic English, Filipino

TECHNICAL SKILLS    

Can work well with others Computer Literate (MS Word, MS Excel, and MS PowerPoint) Knowledgeable in AutoCAD and Photoshop Willing to learn and can multitask

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND TERTIARY: Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering University of Perpetual Help System – Laguna 2013 – Present SECONDARY: Mater Ecclesiae School 2009 – 2013 PRIMARY: Chrysanthemum Village Elementary School 2003 - 2009

63



SEMINARS ATTENDED 6TH RESEARCH FORUM AND OJT ORIENTATION University of Perpetual Help System – Laguna March 06, 2017

VIBRANT TECHNOLOGY SOLUTIONS SEMINAR: INTRODUCTION TO BIM AND TEKLA STRUCTURES University of Perpetual Help System – Laguna March 03, 2017 CIVIL ENGINEERING CAREER PATH TALK 2016: EMPOWERING KNOWLEDGE TO BE GLOBALLY COMPETITIVE ENGINEERS University of Perpetual Help System – Laguna March 02, 2016 C UT TI N G E D G E : ST R E A M LI N I N G C I V I L E N GI N E E R I N G I N A D VA NC I N G N A T I ON

NATIONAL CIVIL ENGINEER ING SYMPOS IUM University of the Philippines – Diliman September 11, 2015 ORGANIZATIONS AND AFFILIATIONS

UPHSL – ASSOCIATION OF CIVIL ENGINEERING STUDENTS (ACES) University of Perpetual Help System – Laguna Auditor (2017 – 2018) PHILIPPINE INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERS (PICE) University of Perpetual Help System – Laguna Member (2016 – Present) CHARACTER REFERENCES

Engr. Catherine S. Hernandez

Professional Engineer/Professor University of Perpetual Help System – Laguna Contact #: +63943-7294943 Relationship: Professor

Engr. Ida P. Mandawe

Professional Engineer/Professor 64



University of Perpetual Help System – Laguna Contact #: +63943-7294943 Relationship: Professor

I hereby certify that the above statements are true and correct.

_______________________________ BASCON, ANGELICA F. Applicant

65



DIANE MAE D. CORTEZ Blk. 3 Lot 40 Honesty St. Cityland Brgy. Mabuhay Carmona, Cavite Contact #: +639267697349 [email protected]


To secure a position where I can efficiently contribute my skills and abilities for the growth of the organization and build my professional career.

PERSONAL DATA Age Date of Birth Gender Civil Status Height Weight Nationality Religion Language

: : : : : : : : :

20 years old December 04, 1996 Female Single 5’ 3.5” 55 kg Filipino Roman Catholic English, Filipino

TECHNICAL SKILLS    

Knowledgeable in Autocad Knows how to effectively work as a part of a team Willing to learn and can multitask Proficient in MS office

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND TERTIARY: Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering University of Perpetual Help System Laguna 2013-Present SECONDARY:

St. Therese School of Southville, Inc. 2009 - 2013 Town and Country Southville Sto. Tomas Biñan, Laguna 66



ELEMENTARY:

Carmona Elementary School 2003 - 2009 Carmona, Cavite

SEMINARS ATTENDED 6th Research Forum and OJT Orientation March 06, 2017 University of Perpetual Help System Laguna Vibrant Technology Solutions Seminar: Introduction of BIM and TEKLA Structures March 02, 2017 University of Perpetual Help System Laguna Civil Engineering Career Path Talk 2016: Empowering Knowledge to be Globally Competitive Engineers March 02, 2016 University of Perpetual Help System Laguna Cutting Edge: Streamlining Civil Engineering in Advancing Nation September 11, 2015 University of the Philippines – Diliman ACHIEVEMENTS

Member Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers (PICE) February 23, 2016 - Present Participant AutoCAD 2D Drafting and 3D Modeling April 21, 2014 – June 13, 2014 Katsumi ONDA Computer Literacy Center – Carmona, Cavite 1st Honorable Mention Academic Excellence Award 2012-2013 St. Therese School of Southville, Inc. Participant Sci-math Spelling Bee 67



October 08, 2011 De La Salle Canlubang Quizzer – 3rd Place Academic Quiz Bee Competition 2011 St. Therese School of Southville, Inc. CHARACTER REFERENCES

Engr. Catherine S. Hernandez Professor 0943-7294-943 Engr. Ida P. Mandawe Professor 0925-7255-787 Engr. Emiterio C. Hernandez Professor 0917-8829-460

I hereby that all above information is correct and true.

________________________ DIANE MAE D. CORTEZ Applicant

68



JOHN PAUL AVILA RIMPOS Block 6 Lot 21 Phase 1-A Annex, San Lorenzo South Subdivision, Malitlit, Sta. Rosa, Laguna E-mail Address: [email protected] Mobile Number: 09985147978

CAREER OBJECTIVES

To improve my communication and computer literacy skills like MS Word, MS Excel and especially in Auto Cad; to enhance myself in the field of Civil Engineering once I graduate. EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

University of Perpetual Help System Laguna 2012 - Present Binan Campus Bachelor of Science Major in Civil Engineering Dominican College Sta. Rosa, Laguna 2010 - 2012 3rd - 4th Year High School Don Bosco Technical Institute 2008 - 2010 Makati City 1st - 2nd Year High School Secondary Education Don Bosco Technical Institute 2001 - 2008 Makati City Preparatory - Elementary Primary Education

69



SEMINARS ATTENDED National Civil Engineering Symposium University of the Philippines – Diliman September 15, 2017 UPHSL -ACES Annual General Assembly University of Perpetual Help System Laguna - Binan July 18, 2017 PERSONAL DATA

Date of Birth Place of Birth Civil Status Religion Weight Height Age Language

: : : : : : : :

January 16, 1995 Manila, Philippines Single Roman Catholic 127.6 lbs. 5’2” 22 y/o English / Filipino

SKILLS AND ABILITIES

   

Computer Literate (MS Word, MS Excel, and MS PowerPoint Knowledgeable in AutoCAD Good in English proficiency Willing to learn and can do multitasking

ORGANIZATIONS AND AFFILIATIONS

UPHSL – ASSOCIATION OF CIVIL ENGINEERING STUDENTS (ACES) University of Perpetual Help System – Laguna Member (2017 – 2018)

PHILIPPINE INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERS (PICE) University of Perpetual Help System – Laguna Member (2016 – Present) 70



CHARACTER REFERENCES






___________________________ JOHN PAUL A. RIMPOS

Applicant

71



JAN KENNETH CAPUNITAN SAMANIEGO 597 Jade Street Nepa Hi-way Subdivision, San Vicente, Biñan City, Laguna Contact #: +63935-9090217 [email protected]


To gain knowledge and improvement of my professional skills, as well as to make the most of my potentials towards achieving the goals, also to gain more knowledge from outside the campus in the field of Civil Engineering.


: : : : : : : : :

21 years old March 20, 1996 Male Single 5’ 4” 57 kg Filipino Roman Catholic English, Filipino

SKILLS AND ABILITIES     

Computer Literate (MS Word, MS Excel, and MS PowerPoint) Knowledgeable in AutoCAD, SketchUp Pro, HEC-RAS, and STAAD Familiar with: Computer Language (C++, Visual Basic) Good in English proficiency Willing to learn and can multitask

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND TERTIARY: Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering University of Perpetual Help System – Laguna 2013 – Present SECONDARY: Panorama Montessori School, Biñan 72



PRIMARY:

2009 – 2013 Panorama Montessori School, Biñan 2003 - 2009

SEMINARS ATTENDED 6TH RESEARCH FORUM AND OJT ORIENTATION University of Perpetual Help System – Laguna March 06, 2017 VIBRANT TECHNOLOGY SOLUTIONS SEMINAR: INTRODUCTION TO BIM AND TEKLA STRUCTURES University of Perpetual Help System – Laguna March 03, 2017 CIVIL ENGINEERING CAREER PATH TALK 2 016: EMPOWERING KNOWLEDGE TO BE GLOBALLY COMPETITIVE ENGINEERS University of Perpetual Help System – Laguna March 02, 2016 RECON STR UCT : FO RGI NG THE NAT IO N’S ADVAN CEM ENT THR OUG H

SE R V I C E A N D I N N OV A T I ON

NATIONAL CIVIL ENGINEER ING SYMPOS IUM University of the Philippines – Diliman September 15, 2017

C UT TI N G E D G E : ST R E A M LI N I N G C I V I L E N GI N E E R I N G I N A D VA NC I N G N A T I ON

NATIONAL CIVIL ENGINEER ING SYMPOS IUM University of the Philippines – Diliman September 11, 2015 ORGANIZATIONS AND AFFILIATIONS

UPHSL – ASSOCIATION OF CIVIL ENGINEERING STUDENTS (ACES) University of Perpetual Help System – Laguna Member (2017 – 2018)

73



PHILIPPINE INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERS (PICE) University of Perpetual Help System – Laguna Member (2016 – Present)

CHARACTER REFERENCES






_______________________________ SAMANIEGO, JAN KENNETH C.

Applicant

74



SIAGA, ANGELINE VILLEGAS B-6 L-31 Bittersweet St. Villas III, Brgy. Malusak City of Santa Rosa Laguna Contact No.: 09154017845 Email: [email protected]

CAREER OBJECTIVES

To attain valuable knowledge and professional skills to complement those that I have learned from school in an actual job environment. In return, I offer my service and d etermination to be an asset to your company throughout the duration of my training period.

SKILLS AND ABILITIES

Adept in Microsoft Office Application such as: Microsoft Office Word Microsoft Office PowerPoint Microsoft Office Excel Knowledgeable in AutoCAD application such as: 2- Dimensional Plans 3- Dimensional Plans Knowledgeable in Computer application such as: STAAD – Structural Analysis and Design Oriented in Photoshop CS4 and CS5 Oriented in Video Editing Applications   

 



75



EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Tertiary :

Secondary:

Elementary:

University of Perpetual Help System Laguna Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering Sto. Niño, City of Biñan, Laguna Santa Rosa Science and Technology High School Rizal Blvd, Santa Rosa, Laguna

2010- Present

Santa Rosa Elementary School Central 1 Rizal Boulevard, Kanluran, Santa Rosa City, Laguna

2000-2006

2006-2010

SEMINARS ATTENDED     

Civil Engineering College Laboratory Tour 2013 – 2015 National Civil Engineering Symposium 2014 National Civil Engineering Symposium 2015 Civil Engineering Career Path Talk 2016 National Civil Engineering Symposium 2017

ORGANIZATIONS AND AFFILIATIONS     

Member Member Member Member President

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Association of Civil Engineering Students (ACES) Philippine Institute of Civil Engineering Students (PICES) Laguna Chess Association (LCA) Santa Rosa Lion Chess Federation (SRLCF) University of Perpetual Help System Laguna-Chess Club


: : : : : : : : :

23 years old June 04, 1994 Female Single 5’ 3” 55kg Filipino Roman Catholic English, Filipino 76

Precast Concrete Wall Panel With Banana Fiber and Coconut Coir as Admixtures

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