Oil & Gas – Essential Quiz Questions.pdf

_________________________ ____________________________________ _______________________ _____________________________ __________________________ ______________ _____

Oil & Gas – Essential Quiz Questions Major Concepts Instructor: Instructor: J urand urandir ir P rimo, rimo, P E

2015 PDH Online | PDH Center

5272 Meadow Estates Drive Fairfax, VA 22030-6658 Phone & Fax: 703-988-0088 www.PDHonline.org www.PDHcenter.com

An Approved Continuing Education Provider

www.PDHcenter.com

PDHonline Course M558

www.PDHonline.org

CONTENTS:: CONTENTS Page I.

INTRODUCTION

2

II.

ONSHORE DRILLING RIGS – BASIC TERMS AND DEFINITIONS

3

III.

DRILLING RIGS QUESTIONS – BASIC CONCEPTS

16

IV.

ONSHORE DRILLING PROCESSES – MULTIPLE CHOICE

33

V.

OFFSHORE DRILLING RIGS – BASIC TERMS AND DEFINITIONS

52

VI.

OFFSHORE DRILLING PROCESSES – MULTIPLE CHOICE

61

VII.

REFINERY PROCESSES – BASIC TERMS AND DEFINITIONS

73

VIII.

REFINERY PROCESSES – MULTIPLE CHOICE

82

IX.

MODUSPEC QUIZ QUESTIONS

92

©2015 Jurandir Primo

Page 1 of 101

www.PDHcenter.com

I.


www.PDHonline.org

INTRODUCTION:: INTRODUCTION

Quiz questions are, undoubtedly, the best way to learn the concepts and definitions and to pass a test in any specific area. These quiz questions are based totally in several oil & gas training courses and brought here to help the students interested in advanced learning, even for specific areas. These questions are commonly used on applicants to a job, operations, maintenance and in inspection, as part of the global energy businesses. These quiz questions and answers provide the resources to develop competent engineers, operators and technicians for today’s advanced oil and gas industry. The questions follow strict instructional design protocols that ensure students to understand all relevant theories, plant processes, equipment and component operations that are necessary to drive efficiencies, promote safety, and achieve operational excellence. The answers are presented at the end of the quiz questions. A glossary, also known as a vocabulary, or clavis, or clavis, is also presented with an alphabetical list of terms, considering the definitions for onshore, offshore and refinery terms. Traditionally, a glossary appears at the end of a book and includes terms within that book, however, in this handbook the glossary is presented before each sector of oil & gas quiz questions, to show a guideline to students, that enables definition of major concepts, especially for newcomers to this field of study. This series of quiz questions and answers is suitable for all kinds of professionals or students looking for opportunities in Oil and Gas Industry, from upstream to downstream, including production and process operations, processing, refining, transportation and distribution. These studies can also determine learning needs, deliver a streamlined set of practical skills, and ensure competency developments using hands-on with assessment processes. To get your Professional Development Hours, this course includes a multiple-choice quiz at the end, based on the glossaries and consecutively in all questions concepts, defined to enhance the understanding of the course materials. PDHONLINE courses references: M535 - Oil Oi l & Gas Production and Processes – Processes – Fundamentals Fundamentals M544 - Underwater Welding Technology – Technology – Cutting Cutting & Inspection M548 - Oil & Gas Drilling Technology – Technology – General General Overview – Overview – Part Part 1 M549 - Oil & Gas Drilling Technology – Technology – Onshore Onshore Rigs – Rigs – Part Part 2 M550 - Oil & Gas Drilling Technology – Technology – Offshore Offshore Rigs – Rigs – Part Part 3 M557 - Oil & Gas Refining - Production and Processes


Page 2 of 101

www.PDHcenter.com

II.


www.PDHonline.org

ONSHORE DRILLING RIGS – BASIC TERMS AND DEFINITIONS:

Abandonment: Abandonment: To stop production of a well and plug the wellbore to prevent any possible future leakage into fresh water. Acidizing a Well: Increasing the flow of oil from a well by pumping hydrochloric acid into the well under high pressure. This re-opens and enlarges the pores in the oil-bearing limestone formation. Air Drilling: A Drilling: A form of rotary rotary drilling that uses uses compressed compressed air air instead instead of mud. Used Used predominantly predominantly in shallow, low pressure areas. Annular Space: The space between a well’s casing and the wall of the borehole. Annular Blowout: The space between the surface casing and the inner, producing wellbore casing. A large valve, usually installed above the ram preventers, that forms a seal in the annular space between the pipe and well bore or, if no pipe is present, on the well bore itself. Anticline: A Anticline: A geolo g eological gical term describing a fold in the earth’s surface with strata sloping downward downward on both sides from a common crest. Anticlines frequently have surface manifestations like hills, knobs and ridges. At least 80 percent of the world’s oil and gas has been found in anticlines. API: American API: American Petroleu Petroleum m Institute, Institute, a petroleum petroleum industry industry associa association tion that that sets standar standards ds for oil field equipment and operations. API Gravity: The gravity (weight per unit of volume) of crude oil expressed in degrees according to an American Petroleum Institute recommended system. The higher the API gravity, the higher the crude. High gravity crudes are generally considered more valuable. Associated Gas: The gas that occurs with the oil either as free gas or in a solution. When occurring alone, it is referred to as unassociated gas. Bailing: Bailing: To recover bottomhole fluids, samples, or drill cuttings by lowering a cylindrical vessel called a bailer to the bottom of a well, filling it, and retrieving it. Barrel Standard (BBL): (BBL) : Unit of measurement in the petroleum industry. One barrel of oil equals 42 U.S. gallons. Basement Rock: Igneous or metamorphic rock lying below sedimentary formation in the earth’s crust. Basement rock does not contain petroleum deposits. Basin: A Basin: A depression depression in the earth’s earth’s crust in which which sedimentar sedimentary y materials materials have have accumulated accumulated.. Such a basin may contain oil or gas fields. Behind Pipe: If a well drills through several pay zones and is completed in the deepest productive reservoir, casing is set all the way down to the producing zone. Viewed from (a perspective) inside the borehole, reserves in the shallower pay zones up the hole are behind the casing. ©2015 Jurandir Primo

Page 3 of 101

www.PDHcenter.com


www.PDHonline.org

BHP (Bottom Hole Pressure): Pressure) : The pressure of the reservoir or formation at the bottom of the hole. A decline in pressure indicates some depletion of the reservoir. Bleeding Core: Is a core sample of rock, so highly permeable and saturated that oil drips from it. Block: Block: Any assembly of pulleys on a common framework; in mechanics, one or more pulleys mounted to rotate on a common axis. The crown block is an assembly of pulleys mounted on beams at the top of the derrick or mast. The drilling line is passed through the grooved wheel on the pulley of the crown block, which is raised and lowered in the derrick or mast by the drilling line. Blowout: Blowout: An uncontrolled expulsion of oil, natural gas or water (usually brine) from a well into the atmosphere. The Blowout Preventer (BOP) is a stack of heavy-duty valves placed on top of the casing to control well pressure during drilling. BOEPD: Barrels of Oil Equivalent per Day. Bottomhole Pressure: Pressure : Pressure exerted upward by the reservoir formation. Cantilever Jack-ups: Jack-ups: Jack-ups that have the derrick package mounted on steel arms and can be extended out from the hull of the rig. Extension allows for the positioning adjacent to a platform rig for development drilling. Cased Hole: Hole: A wellbore in which casing has been installed and cemented. Casing: Casing: Is large diameter pipe that is inserted into a recently drilled section of a borehole and held into place with cement. The steel pipe is installed in the wellbore to protect from cave-in and the migration of formation fluids into the wellbore, or communication between zones. Casing Pipe: Used in oil wells to reinforce the borehole. Sometimes several casings are used, one inside the other. The outer casing, called the “surface pipe”, shuts out water and serves as a foundation for subsequent drilling. Casinghead: The portion of the casing that protrudes above the surface and to which control valves and flow pipes are attached. Casinghead Gas: Natural Gas from an oil well, as opposed to gas produced from a gas well. Cement (CMT): (CMT): Fluid cement is mixed at the surface, pumped to the bottom of a cased well, forced to flow around the lower end of the casing and up into the space between the casing and the borehole. When cement solidifies (sets), it holds the casing in place and provides support. Cementing: Cementing: Filling the space between the casing and the wellbore walls with cement to support the casing, and seal between zones. Cement Squeeze: Forcing cement into the perforations, large cracks and fissures in the wall of a borehole to seal them off. ©2015 Jurandir Primo

Page 4 of 101

www.PDHcenter.com


www.PDHonline.org

Chain Tongs: Tongs: A tool consisting of a handle and a releasable chain that is used for turning pipe or fittings. The chain is tightened around the pipe or fitting. Christmas Tree: Tree: An assembly of valves for flow control of production fluids or gasses installed at the top of the casing. Choke: Choke: An orifice orifice installed installed in a pipeline at at the well surfa surface ce to control control the rate of flow. Completion: Completion : To finish a well and prepare it for production. Completed Well: Well: A well-made ready ready to produce Oil or Natural Gas. The completion also involves involves cleaning out the well, running steel casing and tubing into the hole, surface control equipment and perforating the casing, so, oil or gas can flow into the well and be brought to the surface. Conductor Casing or Conductor Pipe : Wide-diameter casing installed at the surface prior to rigging up to prevent caving. CO2 Injection: A secondary secondary recovery recovery technique in i n which carbon carbon dioxide (CO2) is injected into wells as part of a miscible recovery program. Coring: Coring: Taking a sample of the formation or rock to determine its geologic properties. Crown Block: Block: Stationary pulley system used to raise or lower drilling equipment for the derrick. Supports the traveling block. Crude Oil: Unrefined petroleum, as it comes out of the ground. Crude Oils range from very light (high in gasoline) to very heavy (high in residual oils). “Sour Crude” is high in sulfur content. “Sweet Crude” is low in sulfur and therefore often more valuable. Cuttings: Chips and small rock fragments brought to the surface by the flow of drilling mud as it is circulated and examined by geologists for oil or gas content. Derrick: Derrick: A steel mast used to support the drill string or drilling equipment such as casing. Directional Drilling: Drilling at an angle, instead of on the perpendicular, by using a whip stock to bend the pipe until it is going in the desired direction, used to reach the oil beneath rocks or some other location which cannot be drilled directly. Is deviating a wellbore along a planned path to a target located a given lateral distance and direction from vertical. Downhole: Refers to equipment or operations that take place down inside a borehole. Downstream: All Downstream: All operations operations taking place place after crude oil is produced, produced, such as as transportation, transportation, refinrefining and marketing. Drawworks: Drawworks: Equipment used for hoisting the drilling string via the derrick. It consists of a spool wrapped with wire ropes positioned to the side of the derrick, with the wire ropes traveling up the crown block. ©2015 Jurandir Primo

Page 5 of 101

www.PDHcenter.com


www.PDHonline.org

Drill Bit: Bit: A tool located at the end of the drill string used for cutting or boring. Drill Collars: Collars: Heavy walled steel pipe added to the drill string between the drill pipe and drill bit for additional downward pressure. Drill Pipe: Pipe: Steel pipe used to conduct fluids and torque down to the drill bit. Typically 30 feet in length. Drill Stem: Stem: All members in the assembly used for rotary drilling from the swivel to the bit, including the kelly, the drill pipe and tool joints, the drill collars, the stabilizers, and various specialty items. Drill Stem Test (DST): (DST) : A test through through the drill pipe prior to completio c ompletion n to determine if oil or gas is present in a formation. Drill String (Drill Pipe or Drill Stem): Stem) : An assembly consisting consisting of drill pipe, drill collars and a drill bit. The drill string serves as a conduit for fluid circulation and torque from the power source. Thirty-foot lengths of steel tubing screwed together to form a pipe connecting the drill bit to the drilling rig. The string is rotated to drill the hole and also serves as a conduit for drilling mud. Drilling Mud: A mixture of clay, water, water, chemical additives additives and weighting materials materials that flushes rock cuttings from a well, lubricates and cools the drill bit, maintains the required pressure at the bottom of the well, prevents the wall of the borehole from crumbing or collapsing and prevents other fluids from entering the well bore. Drilling Rig: The surface equipment used to drill for oil or gas, consisting chiefly of a derrick, a winch for lifting and lowering drill pipe, a rotary table to turn the drill pipe and engines to drive the winch and rotary table. Dry Hole: Hole: An exploratory well that, although reaching target depths, does not result in the production of hydrocarbons. Dry Natural Gas: Natural gas containing few or no natural gas liquids (liquid petroleum mixed with gas). Electric Rig (SCR): (SCR): A drilling rig that uses diesel generators to supply power to separate electric motors to power each of the rig’s components (silicon -controlled rectifier). Electrical Well Logging: A method of oil exploration exploration that t hat originated with Conrad Conrad Schlumber Sc hlumberger, ger, who first tested it in 1927 on a 1,500-meter well in France. As used today, the process is very simple. Current passes into the ground, through the resistive medium and into the instrumentation sonde. The resulting charts show the varying resistance, the conductance and the self-potential of the strata surrounding the well at entry level, and geophysicists use them to assay whether petroleum is present in a formation.


Page 6 of 101

www.PDHcenter.com


www.PDHonline.org

Enhanced Oil Recovery: Recovery : Injection of water, steam, gas or chemicals into underground reservoirs to cause oil to flow toward producing wells, permitting more recovery that would have been possible from natural pressure or pumping alone. Exploration: Exploration: The search for oil and gas. Exploration and operations include; aerial surveys, geophysical surveys, geophysical studies, core testing and the drilling of test wells. Exploratory Well: Well: A well drilled to either search for an undiscovered pool of hydrocarbons or to define the limits of the hydrocarbon-bearing formation. External Casing Packer : A device used used on the inside of the well casing casing to seal seal off formations formations or to protect certain zones. The packer is run on the casing and expanded against the wall of the borehole at the proper depth by hydraulic pressure or fluid pressure from the well. Field: Field: A geographica geographicall area under under which one or more oil oil or gas reservoirs reservoirs lie, all of them related related to the same geological structure. Filter Cake: Cake: A plastic-like coating coating that builds up inside the borehole borehole.. Such buildup can cause seriserious drilling problems, including sticking of the drill pipe. Fishing: Fishing: Recovering the tools or pipe that have been accidentally lost down the borehole by using specially designed tools that screw into or grab the missing equipment. Fishing Tool T ools s : Special instruments equipped with the means for recovering objects lost while drilling the well. Flaring: Flaring: The burning of gas vented through a pipe or stack at a refinery, or a method of disposing of gas while a well is being drilled. Flaring is regulated by state agencies. Venting (gas escape unburned) is generally prohibited. Flooding: Flooding: One of the methods of enhanced oil recovery. Water Flooding or Gas Flooding might be considered secondary recovery methods. Footage Contracts: Contracts : A contract under which the operator and contract driller agree to a fixed price per foot drilled. Contractor carries more of the operating risk than in a Daily Contract. Formation: Formation: A geological geological term that describes describes a succession succession of strata strata similar enough to form a distinctive geological unit useful for mapping or description. Fossil Fuels: Fuels: Fuels that originate from the remains of living things, such as coal, oil, natural gas ancient plants and animals. Fracturing (FRAC) (FRAC):: A well stimulatio stimulation n technique technique in which which fluids are pumped into a formation formation under under extremely high pressure to create or enlarge fractures for oil and gas to flow through. Proppants such as sand are injected with the liquid to hold the fractures open. ©2015 Jurandir Primo

Page 7 of 101

www.PDHcenter.com


www.PDHonline.org

Gamma-Ray Logging: Logging : A technique technique of exploration exploration for f or oil in which a well’s w ell’s bore b orehole hole is irradiated with gamma rays. The varying emission of these rays indicates to geologists the relative density of the rock formation at different levels. Gas Cap: Cap: The gas that exists in a free state above the oil in the reservoir. Gas Condensate: Condensate: Liquid hydrocarbons present in casinghead gas that condense when brought to the surface. Gas Lift: Lift: A recovery recovery method that that brings oil from the bottom of a well to the surface by using using comcom pressed gas. Gas pumped to the bottom of the reservoir mixes with fluid, expands it and lifts it to the surface. Gas-Cut Mud: Mud : Drilling mud permeated with bubbles of gas from down hole. The circulation of such mud can be severely impaired, seriously affecting drilling operations. Geophones: Geophones: The sound-detecting instruments used to measure sound waves created by explosions, set off during seismic exploration work. Gun Perforation: Perforation: A method of creating holes in a well casing casing down hole h ole by exploding charges charges to propel steel projectiles through the casing well. Such holes allow oil or gas from the formation to enter the well. Heavy Oil: Oil: A type of crude petroleum characte characterized rized by high viscosity viscosity and a high carbon-tohydrogen ratio. It is usually difficult and costly to produce by conventional techniques. Hook: Hook: A large, hook-shaped device from which the swivel is suspended. It is designed to carry maximum loads ranging from 100 to 650 tons and turns on bearings in its supporting housing. The hook load is the weight of the drill stem that is suspended from the hook. Horizontal Drilling: Drilling : The newer and developing technology that makes it possible to drill a well from the surface, vertically down to a certain level. Deviation of the wellbore at least 80° from vertical so that the wellbore penetrates a productive formation in a manner parallel to the formation. Horsehead: Horsehead: The curved guide or head piece on the well end of a pumping jack’s walking beam. The guide holds the short loop of cable, called the bridle, attached to the well’s pump rods. Hydraulic Fracturing: Fracturing : A method of stimulating production production from from a low-permeab low-permeability ility formation formation by creating fractures and fissures by applying very high fluid pressure. Hydrocarbons: Hydrocarbons: A large class of organic organic compound compound of hydrogen hydrogen and carbon. Crude Oil, Natural Natural Gas and Natural Gas Condensate are all mixtures of various hydrocarbons, among which methane is the simplest. Hydrostatic Head: The height of a column of liquid, or the difference in height between two points in a body of liquid. ©2015 Jurandir Primo

Page 8 of 101

www.PDHcenter.com


www.PDHonline.org

Injection Well: Well: A well employed for the introduction into an underground underground stratum of water, gas or other fluid under pressure. Injection Wells are employed for the disposal of salt water produced with oil or other waste, also used for a variety of other purposes, as below: Pressure maintenance, introduces a fluid into a producing formation to reduce underground pressures, due the production of oil or gas; Secondary recovery operations, introduce a fluid to decrease the viscosity of oil, reduce its surface tension, lighten its specific gravity and drive oil into producing wells, resulting in the greater production of oil. Kelly: Kelly: A four- or six-sided pipe at the top of the drill string, through which the rotation is started. Kelly System: System: A cage with V & square faced rollers, which fit the Kelly during departure rotation, while slowing up and down movement. The kelly pipe fits inside the kelly bushing, which fits inside the master bushing, which fits inside the rotary table. The rotary table creates the torque that is transmitted through the kelly down the drill pipe to the drill bit (versus a top drive system which foregoes all of such components). Kerogen: The hydrocarbon in oil shale. Scientists believe that kerogen was the precursor of petroleum and that petroleum development in shale was somehow prematurely arrested. Key-seating: Key-seating: A condition condition in which the drill collar collar of another another part part of the drill string becomes becomes wedged wedged in a section of crooked hole. Kick: When the pressure encountered in a formation exceeds the pressure exerted by the column of drilling mud circulating through the hole. If uncontrolled, a kick leads to a blowout. Kill a Well: Well: To overcome down hole pressure by adding weighting elements to the drilling mud or wellbore. Liner : A string of pipe used to case an open hole below an existing casing. Limestone: Sedimentary rock largely consisting of calcite. On a world-wide scale, limestone reservoirs probably contain more oil and gas reserves than all other types of reservoir rock combined. LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas): Gas) : Natural gas that has been converted to a liquid through the cooling process (~260º F) at atmospheric pressure. Load Water : Fluid (water) pumped into a well, usually during a fracture treatment of a producing formation. Logs: Logs: Records made from data-gathering devices lowered into the wellbore. The devices transmit signals to the surface which are then recorded on film, paper or computer and used to make the record describing the formation’s porosity, fluid saturation and lithology. The filing of a log is r er equired by the Federal Government if the drill site is on federal land.


Page 9 of 101

www.PDHcenter.com


www.PDHonline.org

LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas): Gas) : Hydrocarbon fractions lighter than gasoline, such as ethane, propane and butane, kept in a liquid state through compression and/or refrigeration commonly referred to as “bottled gas”. Mechanical Rig: Rig: A drilling rig where the power generated from combustion engines (diesel) is distributed mechanically (shafts, sprockets, chains and clutches) to various components of the rig. Mud: Mud: The liquid circulated through the wellbore during rotary drilling operations. In addition, the function of bringing cuttings to the surface, the drilling mud cools and lubricates the drill bit and the drill stem, protects against blowouts by holding back subsurface pressures, and deposits a mud cake on the wall of the wellbore to prevent loss of fluids to the formation. Mud Engineer : A technician technician res responsible ponsible for for proper proper maintenance maintenance of the mud system. system. Mud Logging: Logging : The recording of information derived from examination and analysis of formation cuttings made by the bit and of mud circulated out of the hole. Mud Logger : A technician technician who w ho uses chemical analysis, analysis, micro m icroscop scopic ic examination examination of the cuttings cutt ings and an assortment of electronic instruments to monitor the mud system for possible indications of hydrocarbons. Mud Pump: Pump: A large high-pressure pump used to circulate the mud on a drilling rig. Mud Tank: Tank: One of a series of open tanks usually made of steel plate, through which the drilling mud is cycled to remove sand and fine sediments. Also called mud pits. Natural Gas: Gas: A mixture mixture of hydrocarbon hydrocarbon compounds compounds and small amounts amounts of various various non-hydronon-hydrocarbons (such as carbon dioxide, helium, hydrogen sulfide and nitrogen) existing in the gaseous phase or in solution with Crude Oil in natural underground reservoirs. NGL (Natural Gas Liquids): Liquids) : Portions of natural gas that are liquefied at the surface in lease separators, field facilities or gas processing plants. Natural gas includes, but not limited to: ethane, propane, butane, natural gasoline and condensate. Offset Well: Well: A well drilled near near the t he discovery well. A lso a well drilled to prevent prevent oil and gas g as from draining from one tract of land to another where a well is being drilled or is already producing. Oil Column: Column: The vertical height (thickness) of an oil accumulation above the oil-water contact. Oil Gravity: Gravity: The density of liquid hydrocarbons, generally measured in API degrees. Oil Pool: Pool: An undergrou underground nd reservoir reservoir containing containing oil. oil. An oil field may contain contain one or or more pools, pools, each of which has its own pressure system. Oil Rig: Rig: Oil Oil platform or offshore platform, is a large structure with facilities in land and overseas, to drill wells, to extract and process oil and oil and natural gas, gas, or store product for refining and marketing. ©2015 Jurandir Primo

Page 10 of 101

www.PDHcenter.com


www.PDHonline.org

Oil Shale: Shale: A fine-grained fine-grained sedimentary sedimentary rock that that contains kerogen kerogen partially partially formed formed oil. Kerogen Kerogen can be extracted by heating the shale but at a very high cost. Oil Production: Production: The phase which petroleum industry has to do with bringing the well fluids to the surface and and separating, storage, gauging, and otherwise preparing the product product for the pipeline, pipeli ne, also the amount of oil or gas produced in a given period. Operator : Organization that obtains (buys or leases) the right to drill and produce oil and/or natural gas from the owner of a specified location. The operator of an oil or gas well or field. Operator – Independent: Independent : A person or a small organization that engages in the drilling, producing and selling of oil and gas, but has no pipeline or other means of transportation or refining. Operator – Integrated (Majors): (Majors): A larger organization typically engaged in drilling, production, transportation and refining of oil and natural gas, as well as the retail sales of oil and gas products. Operator – National Oil Company Company:: State-owned organization typically engaged in the drilling, production, transportation and refining of oil and natural gas, as well as the retail sales of oil and gas refined products. Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) : An organization formed in 1960 for the intent of negotiating the price and production levels of oil. There are currently twelve members including Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iran, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Algeria, Libya, Nigeria, Venezuela, Indonesia, the Neutral Zone (the area between Saudi Arabia and Kuwait) and Iraq. Perforating Gun: Gun : An instrument instrument lowered lowered at the end of a wire w ire line into a cased cased well. It contains contains explosive charges that can be electronically detonated from the surface. Permeability: Permeability: The measure of conductivity of fluids through the pores of rock. Petroleum: Petroleum : A natural occurring solid, liquid or gaseous substance in the earth containing hydrogen and carbon in various mixtures. Term often refers to oil and does not include natural gas or gas liquids such as propane or butane. Pipeline: Pipeline: A tube or system of tubes for the transportation transportation of oil or gas, which includes: includes: lead linesform pumping well to a storage tank; flow lines-from flowing well to a storage tank; lease linesextending from the wells to lease tanks; gathering lines-extending from lease tanks to a central accumulation point; feeder lines-extending from lease to trunk lines; and trunk lines-extending from a producing area to refineries or terminals. Platform: Platform: A drilling and production platform that is supported by a truss of steel members (a jacket) secured to the ocean floor. Platform Rig: Rig: Mobile drilling rig packages mounted on production platforms. Plugging a Well: Well: To stop the flow of hydrocarbons and/or water by filling the wellbore with cement when the well is abandoned. ©2015 Jurandir Primo

Page 11 of 101

www.PDHcenter.com


www.PDHonline.org

Primary Recovery: Recovery: Production in which oil moves from the reservoir into the wellbore under naturally occurring reservoir pressure. Production Test: Test: A test made to d etermine etermine the daily rate of oil, gas g as and water production production from a potential pay zone. Proppants: Proppants: Materials used in hydraulic fracturing for holding open the cracks made in the formation by the fracturing process. Proppants may consist of sand grains, beads or other small pellets suspended in fracturing fluid. Reclamation: Reclamation: The restoration of land to its original condition by regarding contours and re-planting after the land has been mined, drilled or otherwise has undergone alteration from its original state. Reservoir : A porous, permeable sedimentary rock formation containing quantities of oil and/or gas enclosed or surrounded by layers of less permeable or impervious rock. Also called a “horizon”. Reservoir Pressure: Pressure: The pressure at the face of the producing formation when the well is shut-in. It equals the shut-in pressure at the wellhead plus the weight of the column of oil in the hole. Rig: Rig: The derrick or mast, drawworks and attendant surface equipment of a drilling unit. Rig Year : A measure of the number of equivalent rigs operating during a given period. It is calculated as the number of days rigs are operating divided by the number of days in the period. For example, one rig operating 182.5 days during a 365-day period represents 0.5 rig years, and 100 rigs operating for 33,000 cumulative days, during a 365-day period would equal 90.4 rig years (33,000 divided by 365). Rotary Drilling: Drilling : A drilling method in which a hole is drilled by a rotating bit, where a downward force is applied. The bit is then fastened and rotated by the drill stem, which also provides a passageway through the circulation of the drilling fluid. Roughnecks: Roughnecks: Members of the drilling crew. Roustabout: Roustabout: A semi-skilled semi-skilled hand hand that takes care care of tools and and equipment, equipment, makes maintenance maintenance and works on producing wells and production facilities. Sample: Sample: Cuttings of a rock formation broken up by the drill bit and brought to the surface by the drilling mud, then examined by geologists to identify the formation and type of rock being drilled. Sample Log: Log: A record record of rock cuttings which which is made during during drilling operations. operations. The record record shows shows the characteristics of various drilling strata. Sandstone: Sandstone: Rock composed mainly of sand-sized particles or fragments of the mineral quartz. Secondary Recovery: Recovery: The introduction of water or gas into a well to supplement the natural reservoir drive and force additional oil to the producing wells. ©2015 Jurandir Primo

Page 12 of 101

www.PDHcenter.com


www.PDHonline.org

Seismic 3-D: A relatively relatively new exploration exploration technique technique used in the search search for for oil and gas underunderground structures. The basic premise behind seismic is the same as Ultra Sound Technology used in the medical field. Sound waves from a shot hole is recorded from geophones and interpreted to give a picture of the underlying structures within the earth. The seismic 3-D has now become a common practice to re-define and identify known and unknown structures. Seismic 4-D: The newest advances in Seismic Technology, which now takes into consideration the 4th dimension. With a Seismic 4-D, skilled geologists are now able to monitor the movement and mobility of oil, as it is extracted in the production process. Seismic Exploration: A method of prospecting prospecting for oil or gas by sending sending shock shock waves into the earth. Different rocks transmit, reflect or refract sound waves at different speeds. When vibrations at the surface send sound waves into the earth in all directions, are reflected to the surface at a distance and angle indicating the depth of the source. These reflections are recorded and analyzed to map underground formations. Seismograph: A device device that records records natural natural or manmade vibrations vibrations from the earth. earth. Geologists Geologists read what it has recorded to evaluate the oil potential of underground formations. Shale: Shale: A type of rock rock composed composed of of common common clay or mud. mud. Shale Oil: Oil: The substance produced from the treatment of kerogen, the hydrocarbon found in some shale rock formations, which is difficult and costly to extract. Only about 34 gallons of shale oil can be extracted from one ton of ore. Shale Shaker : A vibrating vibrating screen screen or sieve that strains cuttings out of the mud before the m ud is pumped back down into the borehole. Shoot a Well: Well: A technique that that stimulate stim ulates s the downhole downhole production of a ti ght formation formation by setting off explosion charges, which opens the formation by cracking rocks. The early wells were shot with nitroglycerin, later dynamite was used. The nitro man has been replaced today by acidizer technicians and frac trucks. Slot Jack-ups: Jack-ups: Jack-ups that have the drilling derrick mounted over a slot in the hull and cannot be used over adjacent structures. Sour Crude or Gas: Gas : Oil or Natural Gas containing sulfur compounds, notably hydrogen sulfide a poisonous gas. Spudding the Well: Well : The initiation of the drilling of a well. To spud a well means to start the initial drilling operations. Stack the Rig: Rig: Or stack the rig out, means to dismantle and to store the drilling machinery on completion of a job, when the rig is to be withdrawn from operation for a time.


Page 13 of 101

www.PDHcenter.com


www.PDHonline.org

Swab: Swab: A hollow hollow rubber rubber cylinder cylinder with a flap flap (check valve valve)) on the bottom bottom surface. surface. It is lowered lowered below below the fluid level in the well. This opens the check valve allowing fluid into the cylinder. The check valve flap closes, as the swab is pulled back up, lifting oil t o the surface. surface. Sweet Crude: Crude: Crude oil with low sulfur content (= < 0.42%) which is less corrosive, burns cleaner and requires less processing to yield valuable product. Syncline: Syncline: A downfold downfold in stratified stratified rock that that looks like an upright bowl. Unfavo Unfavorable rable to the accumulation of oil and gas. Synfuels: Synfuels: Fuels produced through chemical conversions of natural hydrocarbon substances such as coal and oil shale. Synthetic Crude Oil (Syncrude): (Syncrude) : Crude oil derived from processing carbonaceous material, such as shale oil or unrefined oil in coal conversion process. Synthetic Gas: Gas: Gas produced from solid hydrocarbons, such as coal, oil shale or tar sands. Swivel: A Swivel: A rotary tool that is hung from the rotary hook and the traveling block to suspend the drill stem and to permit it to rotate freely. It also provides a connection for the rotary hose and a passageway for the flow of drilling fluid into the drill stem. Tank Bottoms: Bottoms : A mixture mixture of oil, oil, water and and other foreign foreign matter that that collects in the bottoms bottoms of stock tanks and large crude storage tanks and must be cleaned or pumped out on a regular basis. Tertiary Recovery: Recovery: Is a complex and very expensive methods, such as the injection of steam, chemicals, gases or heat. Compared to primary recovery involves depleting a naturally flowing reservoir or a secondary recovery, which usually involves re-pressuring or water flooding. Tool Joints: Joints: Heavy duty steel couplings used to connect lengths of drill pipe. Tool Pusher : The supervisor of the drilling rig operations. Top Drive: Drive: A powered swivel connected directly to the drill stem to provide the necessary torque for the drill bit. Replaces the conventional rotary table from the hook attached to the traveling block. Allows three lengths of drill pipe to be tripped in and out at a time, and provides makeup and breakup power for the assembly of the drill pipe lengths. Trap: Trap: A natural natural conf c onfiguratio iguration n of laye l ayers rs of rock wher w here e non-porou n on-porous s or imper im permeable meable rocks act as a barrier blocking the natural upward flow of hydrocarbons. Traveling Block: Block: Is the block b lock hanging from the derrick supporting the drill string as it “travels” up and down as it raises and lowers the drill string into the wellbore. Trip: Trip: When drill string is pulled and returned to the wellbore.


Page 14 of 101

www.PDHcenter.com


www.PDHonline.org

Turnkey Contract: Contract: The drilling contractor agrees to drill a well according to the operator’s specif iications for a fixed lump sum fee. The contractor carries the majority of the operating risk. Upstream: Upstream: Activities Activities concerned concerned with finding petroleum petroleum and producing it compared compared to downstream downstream which are all the operations that take place after production. Vapor Pressure: Pressure: The pressure exerted by a vapor held in equilibrium with its solid or liquid state. Waterflooding: Waterflooding: A secondary secondary recovery method in which water water is i s injecte inj ected d into i nto a reservoir reservoir t o force additional oil into the wells. Wellbore (Well): (Well): The hole created when drilling that serves as the passageway between the surface and the reservoir. Wellhead: Wellhead: Flow control equipment located at the top of the casing string at the surface of the wellbore. A device on the surface used to hold the tubing in the well. The wellhead is the originating point of the producing well at the top of the ground. Well-servicing: Well-servicing: Maintenance works on a producing well to improve its flow rate. Service typically involves repairing equipment installed during drilling, completion or workover, but may include addition of new equipment. Well-servicing jobs usually take less than 48 hours to complete. Well Program: Program: The procedure for drilling, casing and completing a well. Wellbore: Wellbore: Physically a wellbore refers to a borehole. In other words, a completed well. Wet: Wet: A reservoir reservoir rock r ock is said to be “wet” when it contains water but little or no hydrocarbo hydrocarbons. ns. W W et gas is the natural gas containing liquid hydrocarbons, commonly condensate. Wildcat: Wildcat: An exploratory well drilled in an unknown or unproven area. Whipstock: Whipstock: A steel steel blocking blocking device device placed in a borehole. borehole. As drilling is resumed, resumed, the whipstock whipstock forces the drill bit to veer off at a slight angle. Workover : Essentially, refurbishment of a well to improve its flow rate. Workover includes any of several operations on a well to restore or increase production when a reservoir stops producing at the rate it should. Many workover jobs involve treating the reservoir rock, rather than the equipment in the well. Workover jobs typically take a few days to several weeks to complete. Zone: Zone: A specific specific interval interval of rock strata containing one or more m ore reservoirs. reservoirs. Used Used interchangeably interchangeably with “formation”. Zone Isolation: Isolation : Sealing off a producing formation while a hole is being deepened. A special sealant is injected into the formation where it hardens long enough for the hole to be drilled. Afterward, the substance again turns to liquid unblocking the formation. ©2015 Jurandir Primo

Page 15 of 101

www.PDHcenter.com

III.


www.PDHonline.org

DRILLING RIGS QUESTIONS - BA BASIC SIC CONCEPTS

1. QUESTION

A heav heavy, y, thick-wa thick-walled lled tube t ube,, usually steel, used betwe b etween en the th e drill pipe and the bit in the drill stem. It is used to put weight on the bit so t hat the bit can drill, is:

2. QUESTION

The equipment used to remove unwanted gas from a liquid, especially from drilling fluid, is:

3. QUESTION

Equipment that uses rams to seal off pressure on a hole that is with or without pipe and have interchangeable ram blocks to accommodate different O.D. drill pipe, casing, or tubing, is:

4. QUESTION

The derrickman's working platform. Double board, triple board, or monkey board located at a height in the derrick or mast equal to two, three, or four lengths of pipe respectively, is: ©2015 Jurandir Primo

Page 16 of 101

www.PDHcenter.com


www.PDHonline.org

5. QUESTION

A dev device ice for m ea easuring suring the weight w eight of the drill string. Mo Monthly nthly calibration calibration to to calculated drill string weight is required by API, is:

6. QUESTION

An area cleare cleared d for moving throu through gh by perso personnel nnel and prote protected cted with a handrail, is:

7. QUESTION

A portable portable derrick capable of being erected as a unit, distinguished distinguished from a standard derrick, which cannot be raised to a working position as a unit, is:

8. QUESTION

A large recipro reciprocating cating pump pump used to circulate the mud (drilling fluid), is: is:


Page 17 of 101

www.PDHcenter.com


www.PDHonline.org

9. QUESTION

A centrifugal centrifugal dev d evice, ice, similar to a desander, desander, used to remov remove e very fine particles, or silt, from drilling fluid. This keeps the amount of solids in the fluid to the lowest possible level, is:

10. QUESTION A relativ relatively ely short length of chain atta attached ched to the tong pull chain on the manual tongs used to make up drill pipe. The driller then actuates the makeup cathead to pull the chain off of the pipe body, which causes the pipe to spin and thus the pin threads to spin into the box, is:

11. QUESTION

A device device that removes removes gas gas from the mud coming out out of a well when a kick is being circulated out, is:

12. QUESTION

The hose on a rotary drilling rig that conducts the drilling fluid from the mud pump and standpipe to the swivel and kelly; also called the mud hose or the kelly hose, is: ©2015 Jurandir Primo

Page 18 of 101

www.PDHcenter.com


www.PDHonline.org

13. QUESTION A mud pit in which a supply of drilling fluid has been stored. Also, a waste pit, usually an excavated, earthen-walled pit. It may be lined with plastic to prevent soil contamination, is:

14. QUESTION

The control panel, located on the platform, where the driller controls drilling operations, is:

15. QUESTION Large wrenches used for turning when making up or breaking out drill pipe, casing, tubing, or other pipe; variously called casing tongs, rotary tongs, and so forth according to the specific use. Pneumatically or hydraulically operated tools that spin the pipe up and, may apply the final makeup torque, is:

16. QUESTION

A por portable table derrick capab capable le of being ere erected cted as a unit, as distinguished from a standard derrick, which cannot be raised to a working position as a unit, is:


Page 19 of 101

www.PDHcenter.com


www.PDHonline.org

17. QUESTION Powerful engines drive large electric generators. The generators produce electricity that flows through cables to electric switches and control equipment enclosed in a control cabinet or panel. Electricity is fed to electric motors via the panel, is:

18. QUESTION

An arrangement arrangement of pulleys pulleys or sheaves through through which drilling cable is reeved, which moves up or down in the derrick or mast, is:

19. QUESTION A centrif centrifugal ugal device for removin removing g sand from drilling fluid to pre prevent vent abrasion of the pumps. It may be operated mechanically or by a fastmoving stream of fluid inside a special cone-shaped vessel, in which case it is sometimes called a hydrocyclone, is:

20. QUESTION

A trough or pipe, pipe, placed between the surface surface connections connections at the well bore and the shale shaker. Drilling mud flows through it upon its return to the surface from the hole, is: ©2015 Jurandir Primo

Page 20 of 101

www.PDHcenter.com


www.PDHonline.org

21. QUESTION

The foundation on which the derrick or mast and usually the drawworks sit; contains space for storage and well control equipment, is:

22. QUESTION Principal component of a rotary, or rotary machine, used to turn the drill stem and support the drilling assembly. It has a beveled gear arrangement to create the rotational motion and an opening where bushings are fitted to drive and support the drilling assembly, is:

23. QUESTION

The heavy square or hexagonal steel member suspended from the swivel through the rotary table. It is connected to the topmost joint of drill pipe to turn the drill stem as the rotary table turns, is:

24. QUESTION


Page 21 of 101

www.PDHcenter.com


www.PDHonline.org

Fuel storage tanks for the power generating system, is:

25. QUESTION An as assembly sembly of sheaves or pulleys mounte mounted d on beams b eams at the top t op of the derrick. The drilling line is run over the sheaves down to the hoisting drum, is:

26. QUESTION A wire rope hoisting line, li ne, reeved on sheaves of the crown cr own block and traveling block (in effect a block and tackle). Its primary purpose is to hoist or lower drill pipe or casing from or into a well. Also, a wire rope used to support the drilling tools, is:

27. QUESTION A rota rotary ry tool that is hung from f rom the rotary hook and traveling block to suspend and permit free rotation of the drill stem. It also provides a connection for the rotary hose and a passageway for the flow of drilling fluid into the drill stem, is:

28. QUESTION

A pit in the gro ground und to provide additio additional nal height between the rig floor ©2015 Jurandir Primo

Page 22 of 101

www.PDHcenter.com


www.PDHonline.org

and the wellhead to accommodate installation of blowout preventers, ratholes, mouseholes, and collects drainage water and other fluids, is:

29. QUESTION

The arrangement of piping and special valves, called chokes, through which drilling mud is circulated when the blowout preventers are closed to control the pressures encountered during a kick, is:

30. QUESTION

A small enclos enclosure ure on on the rig floor floor used used as an an office for for the driller driller or as as a storehouse for small objects. Also, any small building used as an office or for storage, is:

31. QUESTION A series of open tanks usually made of steel plates, plates, through which the drilling mud is cycled to allow sand and sediments to settle out. Additives are mixed with the mud in the pit, and the fluid is temporarily stored there before being pumped back into the well. Mud pit compartments are also called shaker pits, settling pits, and suction pits, depending on their main purpose, is:


Page 23 of 101

www.PDHcenter.com


www.PDHonline.org

32. QUESTION

A horizontal horizontal suppo support rt for tubular tubular goods, goods, is:

33. QUESTION

A heav heavy, y, flanged steel fitting conne connected cted to t o the t he first string of casing. It provides a housing for slips and packing assemblies, allows suspension of intermediate and production strings, and supplies the means for the annulus to be sealed off. Also called as spool, is:

34. QUESTION

Shallow bores under the rig floor, usually lined with pipe, in which joints of drill pipe are temporarily suspended for later connection to the drill string, is:

35. QUESTION

A dev device ice that remo removes ves gas from the mud coming out of a well when a kick is being circulated out, is:


Page 24 of 101

www.PDHcenter.com


www.PDHonline.org

36. QUESTION

A large recipro reciprocating cating pump pump used to circula circulate te the mud (drilling fluid) fluid) on on a drilling rig, is:

37. QUESTION

An angle angled d ramp fo forr dragging drill pipe up to the drilling platfo platform rm or bringing pipe down off the drill platform, is:

38. QUESTION

The largest diameter casing and the topmost length of casing. It is relatively short and encases the topmost string of casing, is:

39. QUESTION

Is used to store water that is used for mud mixing, cementing, and rig cleaning, is:


Page 25 of 101

www.PDHcenter.com


www.PDHonline.org

40. QUESTION A series of trays with sieves or screens screens that vibrate to remove cuttings from circulating fluid in rotary drilling operations. The size of the openings in the sieve is selected to match the size of the solids in the drilling fluid and the anticipated size of cuttings. Also called a shaker, is:

41. QUESTION

The ramp at the side of the drilling rig where pipe is laid to be lifted to the derrick floor by the catline or by an air hoist, is:

42. QUESTION

A device fo forr spinning the drill pipe. Replace Replaces s the spinning spinning chain, chain, is:

43. QUESTION

The hoisting mechanism on a drilling rig. It is essentially a large winch that spools off or takes in the drilling line and thus raises or lowers the drill stem and bit, is:


Page 26 of 101

www.PDHcenter.com


www.PDHonline.org

44. QUESTION

A se sett of clamps that grips a stan stand, d, or column, of cas casing, ing, tubing, drill pipe, or sucker rods, so the stand can be raised or lowered into the hole, is:

45. QUESTION Wedge-shaped pieces of metal with teeth or other gripping elements that are used to prevent pipe from slipping down into the hole or to hold pipe in place, and fit around the drill pipe and wedge against the master bushing, is:

46. QUESTION One or more valves installed at the wellhead to prevent the escape of pressure either in the annular space between the casing and the drill pipe or in open hole (for example, hole with no drill pipe) during drilling or completion operations, is:

47. QUESTION

A ve vertical rtical pipe rising alo along ng the side of the th e derrick or mast. It joins the discharge line leading from the mud pump to the rotary hose and ©2015 Jurandir Primo

Page 27 of 101

www.PDHcenter.com


www.PDHonline.org

through which mud is pumped going into the hole, is:

48. QUESTION

The storage device for nitrogen pressurized hydraulic fluid, which is used in operating the blowout preventers, is:

49. QUESTION

A troug trough h or pipe, pip e, placed between the th e surface conne connections ctions at the well w ell bore and the shale shaker. Drilling mud flows through it upon its return to the surface from the hole, is:

50. QUESTION

Stairs leading from one level to another. Protected with handrails, is:

51. QUESTION

A hole in the rig floor 30 30 to 35 feet deep, lined with casing casing that projects projects above the floor. The kelly is placed in the rathole when hoisting operations are in progress, is:


Page 28 of 101

www.PDHcenter.com


www.PDHonline.org

52. QUESTION

Usually the first casing to be run in a well. This is done after spuddingin so a blowout preventer can be installed before drilling is started, is:

53. QUESTION

The space around a pipe in a well bore, the outer wall of which may be the wall of either the bore hole or the casing; sometimes termed the annular space, is:

54. QUESTION

A dies diesel, el, Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG), (LPG), natur natural al gas, or gasoline engine, along with a mechanical transmission and generator for producing power for the drilling rig, is:

55. QUESTION


Page 29 of 101

www.PDHcenter.com


www.PDHonline.org

A wire rope used in hoisting ope operations. rations. Mus Mustt confo conform rm to the API standards for its intended uses, is:

56. QUESTION

The cutting or boring element used in drilling oil and gas wells. The circulating element permits the passage of drilling fluid and uses the hydraulic force of the fluid stream to improve drilling rates, is:

57. QUESTION

Heavy seamless tubing used to rotate the bit and circulate the drilling fluid. Joints of pipe 30 feet long are coupled together with tool joints, is:

58. QUESTION

The top drive rotates the drill string end bit without the use of a kelly and rotary table. The top drive is operated from a control console on the rig floor, is:

59. QUESTION


Page 30 of 101

www.PDHcenter.com


www.PDHonline.org

Is used to store water that is used for mud mixing, cementing, and rig cleaning, is:

60. QUESTION

Hopper type tanks for storage of drilling fluid components, is:

61. QUESTION

The braking device on the drawworks to stop a load being lifted, is:

62. QUESTION

A spoo spool-shape l-shaped d atta attachment chment on a winch aro around und which rop rope e for f or hoisting h oisting and pulling is wound, is:

63. QUESTION

A vertical vertical pipe rising rising along the side side of the derrick derrick or or mast. It joins the discharge line leading from the mud pump to the rotary hose and through which mud is pumped going into the hole, is:


Page 31 of 101

www.PDHcenter.com


www.PDHonline.org

64. QUESTION

Air or hydraulic fluid operated operated device that t hat fits into the t he opening opening in the rotary table to suspend the drill stem, eliminate the need to set and take out slips manually. It is also a wedge-shaped device with teeth on its face, which penetrate and grip the casing wall when the packer is:

65. QUESTION Device that separates fine silt and sand from the drilling fluid. Mechanical separation of solids from the mud system through the use of a decanter centrifuge is a highly effective means of maintaining proper mud weight and viscosity, is:

66. QUESTION Also termed termed drilling fluid, used used during during the drilling drilling process process to transport transport rock chips (cuttings) from the bottom of the well up and out of the well bore, where the cuttings are screened and removed, is:

ANSWERS: 1. Drill Collar 2. Degasser 3. Ram Blowout Preventer 4. Monkey Board 5. Weight Indicator 6. Walkways 7. Mast 8. Mud Pump 9. Desilter 10. Spinning Chain ©2015 Jurandir Primo

23. Kelly 24. Fuel Tanks 25. Crown Block and Water Table 26. Drilling Line 27. Swivel 28. Cellar 29. Choke Manifold 30. Doghouse 31. Mud Pits 32. Pipe Racks

45. Slips 46. Blowout Preventer 47. Standpipe 48. Accumulator 49. Mud Return Line 50. Stairways 51. Rathole 52. Surface Casing 53. Annulus 54. Engine Generator Sets Page 32 of 101

www.PDHcenter.com

11. Mud Gas Separator 12. Rotary Hose 13. Reserve Pits 14. Drillers Console 15. Tongs 16. Mast 17. Electric Control House 18. Travelling Block 19. Desander 20. Mud Return Line 21. Substructure 22. Rotary Table

IV.


33. Casing Head 34. Mousehole 35. Mud Gas Separator 36. Mud Pump 37. Pipe Ramp 38. Conductor Pipe 39. Water Tank 40. Shale Shaker 41. Catwalk 42. Kelly Spinner 43. Drawworks 44. Elevators

www.PDHonline.org

55. Hoisting Line 56. Drill Bit 57. Drill Pipe 58. Top Drive 59. Water Tank 60. Bulk Mud Components Storage 61. Brake Bands 62. Cathead 63. Standpipe 64. Automatic Slips or Rotary Slips Slips 65. Centrifuge 66. Drilling Mud

ONSHORE DRILLING PROCESSES - MULTIPLE CHOICE:

1. When, where and from whom was initiated the petroleum industry in the USA? a. It was initiated in 1859, when petroleum was discovered in Oil Creek, Pennsylvania, when "Colonel" Edwin Drake, drilled the first successful oil well in the Titusville Valley; b. It was initiated in 1895, when petroleum was discovered in Titusville, Pennsylvania, when "Colonel" Edwin Drake, drilled the first successful oil well in the Oil Creek Valley. c. It was initiated in 1859, when petroleum was discovered in Titusville, California, when "Colonel" Edwin Drake, drilled the first successful oil well in the Oil Creek Valley; d. It was initiated in 1859, when petroleum was discovered in Titusville, Pennsylvania, when "Colonel" Edwin Drake, drilled the first successful oil well in the Oil Creek Valley. 2. Hydrocarbon reserves are best defined as what? a. The subsurface geological construct that traps crude oil or natural gas; b. Reserves are the total volume of hydrocarbons that are present in an oil or gas field; c. Reserves are the quantities of hydrocarbons that are commercially recoverable; d. In common usage the term reserves, has the same definition as resources and is used to refer to any subsurface petroleum. 3. The main boring diameter for drilling a well is 20-30 cm (8 – 10 – 10 inches) in diameter, while the depth of the oil well may be about __________ km. a. 7.5 to 12.5; b. 1.5 to 4.5; c. 0.1 to 0.5; d. 15 – 15 – 20. 20. 4. What's the name of the fossil fuel trapped inside the rock? a. Kerogen; b. Oil shale; ©2015 Jurandir Primo

Page 33 of 101

www.PDHcenter.com


www.PDHonline.org

c. Crude oil; d. Fossil oil. 5. After having pulled 15 stands of drill pipe from the well the trip sheet confirm that fluid or gas has been swabbed into the well. A flow check is carried out and the well is static. Which one of the option is the best procedure for handling this problem? a. Close the well immediately and check for pressure; b. Trip or strip back to bottom and circulate bottoms up; c. As the well is not flowing, continue pulling the string out of the hole; d. Pull another 5 stands and check for flow.

6. How much water does it take to produce a barrel of oil shale liquid? a. One barrel; b. Two barrels; d. Tree barrels; d. Five barrels. 7. What term is used to describe the point when available conventional oil reaches a decline? a. Oil terminal; b. Peak oil; c. Oil recession; d. Decline oil. 8. Which of the following causes of well kick is totally avoidable and is due to lack of alertness of driller? (Select two answers): a. Drill pipe is lowered too fast in heavy mud causing lost circulation; b. Gas cut mud; c. Abnormal pressure; d. Not keeping the borehole full. 9. Which of following practices are likely to increase the chances of swabbing? (Select two answers): a. Maintaining high drilling fluid viscosity; b. Pulling pipe fast; c. Pumping out of the hole; d. Puling through tight spots with pumps on. 10. In a well during trip out, swabbing was suspected. The flow check was negative and it was decided to run back to bottom (30 stands) checking for flow after lowering every 5 stands. The flow ©2015 Jurandir Primo

Page 34 of 101

www.PDHcenter.com


www.PDHonline.org

checks after 5, 10, 15 & 20 stands showed no flow. But with stand number 25 back in the hole, the well was found to be flowing. What could be the most likely cause of the well flow? a. Abnormal formation fluid pressure; b. Derrick man mixed too light a slug prior to pulling out of the hole; c. Running into the swabbed fluids caused hydrostatic pressure in annulus to drop; d. In the hurry, it was forgotten to slug the pipe while preparing for running back. 11. If the pit level increases when the pumps are off but stays constant when pumps are running. What is the problem? a. Annular pressure losses are giving overbalance against formation pressure; b. Mud hydrostatic pressure is greater than formation pressure; c. The pumps need to be repaired; d. Pump pressure is greater than mud hydrostatic pressure. 12. Which of the following are important for the calculation of formation strength at the shoe? (Select two answers): a. Accurate pump strokes counter; b. Accurate pressure gauge; c. The pressure limit for the pump; d. Exact vertical depth of casing shoe. 13. After lowering casing, which of the following operations are to be taken care of prior to conducting a leak-off test. (Select two answers): a. Drill casing shoe and about 10 ft in to new formation; b. Keep the bit close to bottom; c. Circulate and condition the mud to get uniform column of mud in the well; d. Line up pump to conduct leak off at slow circulating rate. 14. After recognizing a drilling break, what is the first action to be taken? a. Make a flow Check; b. Circulate bottoms up; c. Continue drilling; d. Reduce pump speed. 15. Which of the following possible warning signs indicate that well may go under balance? (Select two answers): a. Increase in pump pressure; b. Reduction in rate of penetration; c. Change in cuttings size & shape; d. Increase in drilled gas percentage. ©2015 Jurandir Primo

Page 35 of 101

www.PDHcenter.com


www.PDHonline.org

16. Which of the following equipment may warn of increase in formation pressure while drilling overbalance? (Select three answers): a. Flow line temperature gauge; b. ROP meter; c. Gas detector; d. Return flow meter. 17. From all the following indications, which two indications would have little room for doubt that the well is kicking? a. Increased rotary torque; b. Flow rate increase; c. Pit volume gain; d. Increased rate of penetration. 18. Will a kick always occur in the event of a loss of return? a. No. it depends on the mud level in the annulus and the formation pressure; b. No, it depends on the drill string weight reduction noted on the weight indicator; c. Yes, losses will always occur above any potential kick zone; d. Yes, loss of return is always followed by a kick. 19. Which one of the following is the first reliable indication that well is ﬂowing? a. Increase in torque; b. Gas cut mud; c. Decrease in pump pressure; d. Increase in return flow. 20. Which one of the following be the first action to be taken, if the mud pump safety-valve pops-off or hose going to the drill string is parted while circulating out a kick? a. Drop the drill string, close blind/shear rams, close the choke; b. Stop the pump, close the choke; c. Stop the pump, close Kelly cock, close choke; d. Repair pump or hose and resume well killing. 21. Which of the following drilling practices would be considered when connection gas is noticed? (Select two answers): a. Pulling out of the hole to change the bit; b. Raising the mud yield point; c. Minimizing the time during a connection when the pumps are switched off; d. Controlling drilling rate so that only one slug of connection gas is in the hole at a time. ©2015 Jurandir Primo

Page 36 of 101

www.PDHcenter.com


www.PDHonline.org

22. A slug pill is being circulated around the well. When BHP will first increase? a. When the pill is about to exist the bit; b. When the beginning of slug pill enters the annulus through the bit; c. When the beginning of slug pill enters the drill string; d. When the end of the slug pill has gone through the bit and is displaced in the annulus by the original drilling fluid. 23. When should the slow circulating rate pressure be recorded? (Select two answers): a. Each time when drilling rate changes; b. When bit nozzle size is changed; c. After installation of BOP; d. After liner size of pump is changed. 24. Which of the following situations require recording of a slow circulating rate pressure? (Select two answers): a. Only after drilling out casing shoe; b. At beginning of each shift; c. Every time mud density is changed; d. After carrying out the drill pipe. 25. Which energy resource will last longer? a. Uranium-235; b. Coal; c. Natural gas; d. Crude oil. 26. Which of the below is a fossil fuel? a. Geothermal energy; b. Hydroelectric power; c. Natural gas; e. Uranium-235. 27. Which source could yield large amounts of natural gas in the future? a. Secondary recovery; b. Methane hydrates; c. Oil shale; d. Tar sands. 28. Commercially, the most valuable petroleum reservoirs (like aquifers) are: ©2015 Jurandir Primo

Page 37 of 101

www.PDHcenter.com


www.PDHonline.org

a. Low in porosity and low in permeability; b. Low in porosity and high in permeability; c. High in porosity and high in permeability; d. High in porosity and low in permeability. 29. Fossil fuels are found in: a. Sedimentary rocks; b. Igneous rocks; c. Metamorphic rocks; d. All of the above.

30. Geo-pressurized natural gas maybe deep underground in: a. Undiscovered caves; b. High-pressure metamorphic rock; c. Hot salty groundwater; d. Completely inaccessible deposits. 31. New enhanced oil recovery methods can extract more oil from a reservoir: a. With little additional expenses; b. With no more environmental damage; c. Won't work in old oil fields; d. Expanding oil reserves. 32. Oil shale is currently extracted by: a. Pressurized pumping; b. Enhanced recovery; c. Strip mining; d. Gasification. 33. What is a beam pump? a. A device used to pump beams of radiation onto the earth's surface; b. A pump used to help transport liquids in interstate pipelines; c. A recovery engine used to increase natural gas flow from marginal wells; d. An artificial lifting device used to bring crude oil to the surface; 34. What kinds of rocks usually contain crude oil and natural gas? a. Sedimentary; b. Igneous; ©2015 Jurandir Primo

Page 38 of 101

www.PDHcenter.com


www.PDHonline.org

c. Metamorphic; d. Low porosity formations. 35. The U.S. oil and gas industry had its birth with what famous discovery? a. Spindletop; b. Titusville; c. Prudhoe Bay; d. Daisy Bradford. 36. What is a "BOP" used for? a. Prevents dangerous well blowouts; b. Controls level of benzene, olefins and paraffins in gasoline; c. Cleans ballast water of oil and particulates; d. To report on basic oil properties. 37. Why is natural gas processed? a. To separate crude oil from natural gas; b. To increase the heating value of the dry gas; c. To remove impurities and recover natural gas liquids; d. To increase octane number of the dry gas. 38. Which drive mechanism involves using miscible gas to transport crude oil to the wellbore? a. Gas cap drive; b. Water drive; c. Dissolved gas drive; d. Nitrogen injection. 39. How much oil is recovered from a water drive in an oil reservoir? a. 15-20%; b. 25-30%; c. 35-40%; d. 45-50%. 40. What is the meaning of a “choke line” line”? a. A drive system using a chain and chain gears to transmit power; b. Control valves, and pressure gauges, to control the flow of oil; c. A casing that has joints of various collapse resistance; d. A pipe extension of the blowout preventer used to direct well fluids from the wellbore annulus. 41. What a casing head is mainly used for? ©2015 Jurandir Primo

Page 39 of 101

www.PDHcenter.com


www.PDHonline.org

a. To isolate downhole zones so they can be produced separately; b. To allow near surface water zones to enter the wellbore; c. To line the trench dug to lay a pipeline; d. To control pressure in catalytic crackers. 42. What is a wireline log used for? a. Record conversations between oil company executives; b. Estimate the sulfur content of the oil; c. Transmit seismic information; d. Determine the salt water content of the rock.

43. Which of the following is not a drilling geometry? a. Horizontal; b. Vertical; c. Open Hole; d. Deviated. 44. What is drilling mud used for? a. Ballast on drillships; b. Stabilize the drilling rig to prevent shifting and listing; c. Control downhole pressure and remove cuttings; d. Prevent natural gas from seeping back into the formation. 45. Spindletop well was located in a field formed by what trapping mechanism? a. Anticline; b. Pinchout; c. Salt Dome; d. Fault. 46. Waterflooding is used for: a. Recover additional gas from tight sands reservoirs; b. Recover additional oil from tanker spills; c. Recover additional oil from reservoirs; d. Recover additional gas from aquifers. 47. What's the name of the world's largest oil shale reserve? a. Green River Formation; b. Australian Tertiary Deposit; ©2015 Jurandir Primo

Page 40 of 101

www.PDHcenter.com


www.PDHonline.org

c. El-Lajjun Deposit; d. None of the above. 48. What is a workover? a. Routine operations to start fluids flowing; b. Repairing packers; c. Swabbing the well; d. Cleaning sands out of the well. 49. Crude oil is pumped by a __________ pump. a. Screw; b. Gear; c. Centrifugal; d. Reciprocating. 50. Which natural gas storage option has the lowest associated operating costs? a. Aquifers; b. Depleted gas or oil fields; c. Salt caverns; d. Spherical above-ground tanks. 51. Which statement about unconventional oil resources is correct? a. Unconventional oil resources are not considered genuine petroleum; b. Producing oil from unconventional resources is not commercially viable; c. Though they require special refining equipment, oil produced from unconventional reserves is naturally low in sulfur, which reduces its refining cost; d. The total amount of unconventional resources could be three times as large as the world’s provpro ven reserves of conventional oils. 52. What is the primary means of preventing kick from occurring? a. Using reducing pump rate and circulating pressure to kill the well; b. Use of instrumentation to detect and warn for kicks; c. The use of blow out preventer to close in a flowing well; d. Using of drilling fluid hydrostatic pressure to balance formation pressure. 53. A gas bearing formation is over pressured by an artisan effect. Which of the following condition has created the over pressure? a. Compaction of the formation from the over burden; b. Formation water source located at a higher level than the rig floor; c. The difference in length between gas & formation fluid; ©2015 Jurandir Primo

Page 41 of 101

www.PDHcenter.com


www.PDHonline.org

d. All the above. 54. At a depth of 10000 ft the formation pressure is 5200 psi. This formation pressure is: a. Above normal; b. Below normal; c. Normal; d. None of the above. 55. Which gas is used to pre-charge accumulator bottles? a. Nitrogen; b. Air; c. Hydrogen; d. Oxygen. 56. What is the reason of operating the master air valve for at-least 5 seconds on a remote BOP automation panel? a. To bleed the air from the system; b. To give time to the operator to think about what he is doing; c. To check if the rig air pressure is correct; d. To allow build-up of air pressure to operate the 3 position valve. 57. Packer made of which rubber material is suited for an Annular BOP being used in extreme cold condition? (Select two answers): a. Natural Rubber; b. Nitrile rubber; c. Neoprene Rubber; d. None of the above. 58. You close a RAM on the driller's remote BOP control panel. The close light is illuminates but the manifold pressure gauge does not drop what has happened? a. Blockage in line between accumulator unit and BOP stack; b. The 4-way valve on accumulator unit has not been operated; c. Air Supply has been lost to the Driller's Panel; d. Forget to hold down the master valve for 5 seconds as instructed. 59. What is the purpose of storing fluid under pressure in the accumulator bottles? (Two answers): a. To enable the BOP to be closed in the event of power failure; b. To operate a remote check; c. To reduce the closing time of BOP functions; d. To store hydraulic fluid;


Page 42 of 101

www.PDHcenter.com


www.PDHonline.org

60. What is the primary function of the "Weep Hole" on ram type BOP? a. To release any overpressure that may occur during testing; b. To prevent damage to the opening chamber; c. To show that the seals on the bonnet is leaking; d. To show that the primary mud seal on the piston is leaking. 61. What is the purpose of by-pass valve on the driller's remote control panel? a. Increase the hydraulic annular pressure to 3000 psi; b. Increase the hydraulic manifold pressure to accumulator pressure; c. Increase the hydraulic manifold pressure to 2000 psi; d. None of the above. 62. On a driller's remote BOP control panel, the annular preventer was closed and the close light is illuminated. What is the light telling you? a. The annular has been closed; b. A micro switch in the back of the Driller's Remote BOP control panel has been activated, indicating that you have pushed the lever to fully closed position; c. The annular operating 4-way valve on the accumulator unit has functioned and fluid should be going to the annular; d. The signal has been sent to the accumulator units. 63. Why most of the front packers of pipe ram preventers are closed between the steel plates? (Select two answers): a. To prevent damage to the elastomer between pipe and ram block when well is under pressure; b. To extrude elastomer and make sealing contact with pipe when sealing face wears out; c. To prevent the expansion of elastomer due to heat; d. To support the weight of drill string. 64. You are testing a surface BOP stack with a test plug. Why the side outlet valves below the test plug should be kept in the open position? (Select two answers): a. Because of the potential damage to casing/open hole; b. Because the test will create extreme hook loads; c. Otherwise reverse circulation would be needed to release the test plug; d. To check for a leaking test plug. 65. What is the function of the shear blind ram? a. To shear the drill pipe and seal the well bore simultaneously; b. To shear around the hexagonal and square kelly; c. To only shear any kind of tubular in the well; d. None of the above.


Page 43 of 101

www.PDHcenter.com


www.PDHonline.org

66. On which of the following gauges of the remote panel would you expect to see reduction in pressure when the ram preventer is being closed? (Select two answers): a. Accumulator pressure gauge; b. Annular pressure gauge; c. Air pressure gauge; d. Manifold pressure gauge. 67. When testing a pipe ram at the weekly BOP test you are informed that the “Weep Hole” on ram is leaking. What action you will take? a. Energize emergency plastic packing ring. If leak stops, then leave it till next maintenance schedule; b. The ram packing elements on ram body are worn and to be replaced immediately; c. Weep hole only checks closing chamber seals leave it till next maintenance; d. If the primary mud seal is leaking you should replace it immediately. 68. The "Unit Remote" switch is selected in "unit" mode, which of the following statements are true? (Select two answers): a. Annular can be regulated from the accumulator unit; b. Annular cannot be regulated from the accumulator unit; c. All Ram BOP cannot be operated from remote panel; d. All ram BOP can be operated from remote panel. 69. Iron roughneck is: a. A slang term for a person whose occupation is hard manual labor working on oil rigs, most commonly associated with oil rigs. b. Used where large forces are required such as in earth moving equipment, heavy cutting, pressing and clamping;; c. Used to integrate hydraulic and electrical technologies for large applications, using the electrical signal either AC or DC source, operating voltages from 12 V to 220 Volts; d. A complex equipment that connects and disconnects the drill pipe as an integral part of the drilling process, and also uses a rotary table and torque wrenches to make up or break down pipe. 70. “Responsible for the drilling mud, the mud pits and the mud pumps, where drilling fluids are circulated, as well as, being the hand up to the derrick manipulating situations during tripping operations, acts as a leader for the driller, mostly restricted to the rig floor, and in many cases, he is also exclusively responsible for the whole work in t he "tripping" pipe in and out of the hole”. This statement refers to: a. Motorman or Motorhand; b. Floorhand or Worm; c. Derrickman or Derrickhand; d. Ginsel; ©2015 Jurandir Primo

Page 44 of 101

www.PDHcenter.com


www.PDHonline.org

71. Toolpusher is: a. The manager of the drilling oil rig, responsible for controlling a rig's machinery during drilling, as well as, most of other rig operations. b. Responsible for the drilling mud, the mud pits and the mud pumps, where drilling fluids are circulated, as well being the hand up to the derrick manipulating situations during tripping operations; c. The highest position at the drilling rig, supervising the crew, and may stay on location for a few days or weeks during operations, where individual drilling crews work only eight or 12 hour shifts or "tours" (pronounced as "towers"); d. Answers a and c are correct.

72. Swellable well products are: a. Versatile, safe, and cost-efficient alternatives to conventional polymer pipe connection techniques, highly adaptable for a wide variety of installations; b. More effective alternative to traditional cementing and mechanical and open-hole sealing methods, and have provided a wider set of technology options for zonal isolation and in multizone fracture stimulations; c. Polymers that swell proportionally when immersed in well fluids (water, oil or a mixture of both); d. Answers b and c are correct. 73. What resources geologists use to search oil and gas? a. Use natural pressure of the reservoir to push crude oil to the surface, including natural water displacing oil downward into the well, expansion of the natural gas at the top of the reservoir; b. Use expansion of gas initially dissolved in the crude oil, and gravity drainage resulting from the movement of oil within the reservoir from the upper to the lower parts where the wells are located; c. use seismic surveys for geological structures, underground explosion nearby and observing the seismic response that provides information about the geological structures, and instruments such as gravimeters and magnetometers; d. Answers a and b are correct. 74. What is the meaning of terms like upstream, midstream, and downstream? a. The upstream oil sector is commonly known as the exploration and production. The midstream sector involves the transportation by pipeline, rail, barge, oil tanker or truck. The downstream sector commonly refers to the refining of petroleum crude oil and the processing and purifying of raw natural gas; b. The upstream oil sector is known as the searching for potential underground or underwater crude oil and natural gas fields, drilling of exploratory wells. The midstream sector use pipelines and other transport systems, from production sites to refineries and deliver refined products to downstream distributors. The downstream sector brings products such as gasoline or petrol, kero©2015 Jurandir Primo

Page 45 of 101

www.PDHcenter.com


www.PDHonline.org

sene, jet fuel, diesel oil, heating oil, fuel oils, lubricants, waxes, asphalt, natural gas, and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and hundreds of petrochemicals; c. The upstream oil is known as the sector that brings products such as gasoline or petrol, kerosene, jet fuel, diesel oil, heating oil, fuel oils, lubricants, waxes, asphalt, natural gas, and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and hundreds of petrochemicals. The midstream sector use pipelines and other transport systems, from production sites to refineries and deliver refined products to downstream distributors. The downstream sector is known as the searching for potential underground or underwater crude oil and natural gas fields, drilling of exploratory wells. d. Answers a and b are correct. 75. The process that reduces the weight of the hydrostatic column, reducing the back pressure and allowing the reservoir pressure to push the mixture of fluids up to the surface, when the downhole reservoir pressure falls off, due to the counter pressure from weight of the oil column in the tubing, is designated as: a. Gas Lift; b. Oil Recovery; c. Waterflooding; d. Plunger Lift. 76. The injection of gas into the fluid stream reduces the fluid density and lowers the bottom hole pressure, but another common process, also called as tertiary method, is: a. Directional drilling; b. Deepwater drilling; c. Carbon Dioxide flooding; d. Bottom Hole Assembly. 77. The most common types of onshore artificial lift pump systems are: a. Sucker Rods and Hydraulic Pumping Systems; b. Plunger Lift and Electric Submersible Pumps; c. Rod Pumps and Progressing Cavity Pumps; d. All the above. 78. What is the meaning of “well completion”? a. Is when a perforating gun is lowered into the depth of the well, with explosive charges that create holes in the drill casing and the well rocks, through which oil can flow; b. Is necessary, necessary, to allow all ow oil to flow into the casing in a controlled manner; c. Is when finally, the Christmas tree is connected at the top of the tubing and the top of the casing is cemented. d. All the above; 79. Some can effectively close over an open wellbore, some are designed to seal around tubular components in the well (drill pipe, casing or tubing) and others are fitted with hardened steel shear©2015 Jurandir Primo

Page 46 of 101

www.PDHcenter.com


www.PDHonline.org

ing surfaces that can actually cut through drill pipe, also intended to prevent the drilling fluid from being blown out the wellbore. These concepts refer to: a. Tubing Spools; b. Blowout Preventers; c. Blind Rams; d. Christmas Trees. 80. The primary function of a Christmas Tree is: a. To control the flow usually oil or gas, and to control the injection of gas or water into a nonproducing well in order to enhance production rates from other wells. b. To provide numerous additional functions including chemical injection points, intervention means, pressure relief conditions, monitoring points (such as pressure, temperature, corrosion, flow rate, etc.); c. To close the drill string, casing or a non-cylindrical equipment, known as the Kelly, and is also effective at maintaining a seal around the drill-pipe, even when it rotates during drilling; d. Answers a and b are correct. correct . 81. Drawworks is: a. Is the hoisting machinery that is an important component of the rotary drilling rig and its main function is to provide means of raising and lowering the traveling blocks; b. Is a mechanical device on a drilling rig that provides clockwise torque to the drill string to facilitate the process of drilling a borehole; d. is a term that includes most equipment used in the drilling business to facilitate the drilling of oil and natural gas wells; c. Answers a and b are correct; 82. The well acids employed to dissolve quartz, sand and clay from the reservoir rocks are: a. Backflush and sediments acids; b. Carbonate and dolomite acids; c. Hydrochloric (HCI) and hydrofluoric acids (HF); d. Mud and fracturing acids. 83. What can be the main differences between proppants and propellants? a. Proppants are solid materials, ceramic materials, or typically treated common sand, designed to keep an induced hydraulic fracture open, during or following a fracturing treatment. Propellants are low-explosive materials that generate large amounts of gas downhole very rapidly, and can be a very economical way to clean up a wellbore damage. b. Proppants are low-explosive materials that generate large amounts of gas downhole very rapidly, and can be a very economical way to clean up a wellbore damage. Propellants are solid materials, ceramic materials, or typically treated common sand, designed to keep an induced hydraulic fracture open, during or following a fracturing treatment. ©2015 Jurandir Primo

Page 47 of 101

www.PDHcenter.com


www.PDHonline.org

c. Proppants, type Raystone, feature high strength alloy pellets, sintered with several kinds of metal materials, mainly used as proppants of fracturing of oil fields. Propellants may be the LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas), which consists of a mixture of propane, isobutane and n-butane, also used in most aerosols. d. Answers a and c are correct. 84. The best concept for fracturing is: a. Production can be improved via fracturing, because this stimulation method causes cracks or fissures in the rocks, and consequently a highly conductive flow path between the reservoir and the wellbore; b. Production cannot be improved via well fracturing, because this process breaks or splits the reservoir rock, to encourage hydrocarbons to flow from the rocks into the well; c. Production cannot be improved via well fracturing, because this process is not a stimulation method, since causes cracks or fissures in the rocks; d. Production can be improved via fracturing, because it is simply a commercial treatment method, and the development of specialized fluid systems is yet to become a constant research and development focus. 85. The non-toxic and non-corrosive liquid (predominantly methane, CH4) that has to be converted to liquid form, cooled to -162ºC (-260ºF) to shrink the volume of the gas 600 times, making it easier for storage and transport when pressure is set at around 25 kPa (4 psi), is known as: a. Bitumen Gas (BG); b. Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG); c. Raw Natural Gas (RNG); d. Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) 86. The organic-rich fine-grained sedimentary rock containing kerogen (a solid mixture of organic chemical compounds) from which liquid hydrocarbons, which contain amounts of oil and combustible gas that can be extracted by destructive distillation, is known as: a. Oil Barrels; b. Oil Shales; c. Tar Sands; d. Crude Oils; 87. The solid hydrocarbon shiny black bitumen, and resembles coal, less soluble in turpentine than the usual type of mineral asphalt, is currently known as: a. Petroleum; b. Paraffin oil; c. Albertite; d. Kerogen.


Page 48 of 101

www.PDHcenter.com


www.PDHonline.org

88. The rigs sometimes called “spudders” raise “spudders” raise and drop a drill string with a heavy carbide tipped bit, which chisels through the rock by finely pulverizing the subsurface materials, is designated as: a. Drilling jars; b. Drilling cables; c. Cable tool rigs; d. Drilling bailers. 89. The drilling device, or a drill bit, that usually includes a rotating helical screw blade called as "flighting" to act as a screw conveyor to remove the drilled out material and the rotation of the blade causes the material to move out of the hole being drilled, is called as: a. Cable tool driller; b. Auger driller; c. Rotary rig driller; d. Horse-driven Horse-driven “spudder” driller ; 90. Fixed-head bits rotate as one piece and contain no separately moving parts. Use synthetic diamonds attached to the carbide inserts, 50 times stronger than steel bits. Since their first production in 1976, the popularity of bits using these cutters has grown steadily. These descriptions make references to: a. Diamond Compact Bits; b. Polycrystalline Diamond Compact (PDC) bits; c. Answers a and b are correct; d. Polyvalent Diamond Compact (PDC) bits. 91. The “Tricone™” is: a. A drill bit that usually consists of two or three cones made up of the hardest of materials (usually steel, tungsten carbide, and/or synthetic or natural diamonds) and sharp teeth that cut into the rock and sediment; b. In 1933, Hughes Tool Company engineers developed advancement to the original Two-Cone Bit concept with this new designation; c. Is a three-cone bit that quickly became approved in the oilfields, and today has been developed with three cones bit had bullet-shaped teeth made of tungsten carbide instead of pointed ones made of steel; d. All of the above. 92. In 1899, a very important American pioneer took a contract drill in Coalinga and 1900 he drilled 20 wells in the Kern River oilfields. Who was this important oil driller? a. Robert Peary; b. Howard R. Hughes, Jr; c. Reuben Carlton "Carl" Baker, Sr; d. Erle Palmer Halliburton. ©2015 Jurandir Primo

Page 49 of 101

www.PDHcenter.com


www.PDHonline.org

93. The advanced technology where a high pressure gas, about 6.9 MPa (1,000 psi)), is used to accelerate a heavy weight hammer (5,000 kg ~2175 lb) to hit a base plate coupled from a distance of 2 to 3 m, which is coupled to the ground to generate an acoustic pulse, is known as: a. Vibroseis Truck; b. Tovex; c. Reflection Seismology; d. Thumper Truck. 94. During critical drilling and direction changes, especially while using a downhole motor, an instrument tool is added to the drill string to provide continuously updated measurements and survey data (inclination and azimuth) of the wellbore. This instrument is designated as: a. MWD (Measurement While Drilling); b. Enhanced Oil Recovery; c. WiMax W iMax;; d. Stand Back. 95. “Rotary drilling can be subdivided into rotary cutting and rotary crushing. Rotary cutting creates the hole by shear forces, breaking the rocks tensile strength. The drill bit is furnished with cutter inserts of hard alloys, and the energy for breaking rock is provided by rotation torque in the drill rod. This technique is limited to rock with low tensile strength such as salt, silt and soft limestone not containing abrasive quartz minerals”. This statement is: a. True; b. False. 96. The creation of a detailed record of a borehole by examining the cuttings of rock brought to the surface by the circulating drilling medium (most commonly drilling mud), is known as: a. Well Samples Examination; b. Mud Logging; c. Measurement While Drilling (MWD); d. Core Analysis. 97. The stimulation method that involves the injection of chemicals to dissolve rocks, "cleaning up" the formation, thereby improving the flow of reservoir fluids, is called as: a. Fracturing; b. Nitrogen circulation; c. Acidiz c. Acidizing. ing. d. Single-well alternate completion; 98. What were the most important developments of Mr. Carl Baker in 1907, 1912 and 1923, respectively, then granted as patents? ©2015 Jurandir Primo

Page 50 of 101

www.PDHcenter.com


www.PDHonline.org

a. The offset bit for cable tools drilling; the cement retainer; and the bridge plugs; b. The Tricone and PDC; the bridge plugs; and the float shoe; c. Answers a and be are correct; d. The casing shoe; the cement retainer and retainer and bridge plugs; and the float shoe. 99. In 1920 using a new technology of oil well cementing, a process in which cement is forced down pipe running the length of the well. When dry, the cement secures the pipe into place, protecting the flowing oil from water and other contaminants, allowing a driller to regulate the flow. These descriptions refer to: a. Erle Palmer Halliburton; b. Reuben Carlton "Carl" Baker, Sr; c. Both oil drillers above; d. Theodore Sutter. 100. Special electronic tools may be in a drill string or on a wireline normally at selected casing points to evaluate rock properties. The wellbore pressure can also be measured with this method, and core samples can be obtained with specialized drilling tools or wireline logs. These descriptions refer to: a. Formation Logging; b. W ell ell Logging; Logging; c. Mud Logging; d. All the above.

ANSWERS – GENERAL DRILLING PROCESSES: 1. d 2. c 3. b 4. b 5. a 6. d 7. b 8. a/d 9. a/b 10. c

11. a 12. b/d 13. a/c 14. a 15. c/d 16.b/c/d 17. b/c 18. a 19. d 20. c


21. c/d 22. b 23. b/d 24. b/c 25. b 26. c 27. c 28. c 29. a 30. b

31. d 32. c 33. d 34. a 35. b 36. a 37. c 38. c 39. d 40. d

41.a 42. d 43. c 44. c 45. c 46. c 47. a 48. d 49. c 50. b

51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60.

d d b a a d a/c a a/c d

61. b 62. c 63. a/b 64. c/d 65. a 66. a/d 67. d 68. a/d 69. d 70. c

71. c 72. d 73. c 74. d 75. a 76. c 77. d 78. d 79. b 80. d

81. a 82. c 83. d 84. a 85. b 86. b 87. c 88. c 89. b 90.c

91. d 92. c 93. d 94. a 95. a 96. b 97. c 98. d 99. a 100.d

Page 51 of 101

www.PDHcenter.com

V.


www.PDHonline.org

OFFSHORE DRILLING RIGS – BASIC TERMS AND DEFINITIONS:

American Bureau of Shipping (ABS) : American shipping certifying authority equivalent to Lloyds in United Kingdom (UK). Anode: Anode: An electrode or an area of material at which a net oxidation or corrosion process takes place. The anode corrodes by giving up charged positive ions and electrons. Anode also refers to the positive terminal of the impressed current system from which current is discharged. Accommodation Module: Module : A part of a production platform, separate from the drilling and production areas where the personnel live, or may be on a separate platform connected by a bridge to the production platform. Articulated Loading Platform (ALP): (ALP) : Is a type of Single Point Mooring (SPM) consisting of a lattice structure connected to a mooring base by an articulated joint, or any device by means of which an equipment or vessel may be secured or fastened. Anchor : A floating production platform held in place by a low tension chain mooring system, and may be often a converted semi-submersible. Anchored Structure Structure:: A concrete gravity platform with a square cellular caisson and four columns (30m steel on 112m concrete) made to support the deck. The caisson has steel skirts below, similar to sea-tank. Barge: Barge: A drilling rig that is placed on a towed barge for shallow inland water, swamp and river applications to serve specialized duties, such as pipe laying. Many are self-propelled and some are similar to the semi-submersible design. Brownfield: Brownfield: An oil or gas accumulation that has matured to a production plateau or even progressed to a stage of declining production. Operating companies seek to extend the economic producing life of the field using cost effective, low-risk technologies. Buoyant Turret Mooring (BTM) : A disconnectable turret mooring system consisting of a disconnectable mooring buoy and a fixed turret structure located in the forepeak of the tanker. The mooring buoy is fixed to the seabed by catenary anchor legs, supports the crude oil and gas risers and is connected by means of a structural connector to the fixed turret. The fixed turret extends up through the tanker, supported on a weathervaning bearing and contains the reconnection winch, flow lines, control manifolds and fluid swivels located above the main deck. Breakwater Walls: Walls: Walls in splash zone, generally comprising arrays of concrete holes which dissipate waves and thus protect the structure within the wall area. Bullnose: Bullnose: A bullet shaped plug on the end of a pipeline which allows it to be pushed into and sealed onto a bell mouthed port (bullport) in the wellhead cellar. It is removed removed after installation. install ation. Bullport: Bullport: The receptacle for the bullnose of a flowline in a subsea production system. ©2015 Jurandir Primo

Page 52 of 101

www.PDHcenter.com


www.PDHonline.org

Bury Barge: Barge: Vessel used specifically to bury pipelines by towing a bury sled alongside the pipeline which utilizes its "claw" to bury the pipe. Caisson: Caisson: Hollow metal tube descending from the platform into the water for the uptake of water or the discharging of unwanted products, as oily water or drill cuttings. Catenary Anchor Leg Mooring: Mooring : A type of Single Point Mooring (SPM) usually with six anchors laid radially from the buoy. Can: Can: A single length of circular section steel tube between two circumferential welds, forming part of the leg or member of a jacket. Cellar Deck: Deck: Is a lower deck in a production platform, below the drilling deck - usually the first working level above sea level. Cathode: Cathode: An electrode or an area of material at which a net reduction reaction takes place, (e.g. submerged structures). A cathode receives electrons and is protected from corrosion. (See also "Cathodic Reaction"). Cathodic Protection (CP): (CP) : A technique to prevent corrosion corrosion and protect a metal met al structure by making it the cathode of an electrochemical cell. It is based on passing sufficient cathodic current to a metal surface to cause its anodic anodic dissolution di ssolution rate to become negligible. Compressor Station: Station : Generally, gases lose their pressure along distances of pipe. To ensure a maximum flow of gas along a gas pipeline, pressure boosting compressor stations may be included, typically every 70km along the gas pipeline. Condeep: Condeep: A concrete gravity platform consisting of a base of dome - roofed storage tanks (typically 16) with additional cells extending upwards to form legs supporting the deck structure. Conductor : The first (outside) casing string of a borehole. On a production platform, the conductor extends from the surface to blow-out preventer and some distance into the bedrock and serves to protect the riser. Conductor Guide: Guide : A guide through which conductor pipe passes during drilling operations and which supports it against the action of the sea. Crane Vessel: Vessel: A ship-shape vessel or semi-submersible vessel with one or two cranes for lifting platform modules and structures at sea. The crane hoisting capacities are substantial and range from 300 to 14,000 tons. Cranes allow for moving the hook-load vertically and horizontally (in a 360° radius). In medium water depths the crane vessel is anchor-moored. In deepwater areas the vessel is dynamically positioned. Crude Oil Areas: Areas: Mean crude oil tanks, slop tanks, crude oil pump rooms, cofferdams, ballast space or void spaces to crude oil tanks, as well the deck areas covering all the lengths of the unit. ©2015 Jurandir Primo

Page 53 of 101

www.PDHcenter.com


www.PDHonline.org

Deep Water : More than 300 meters water depth. Dive Plan: Plan: A plan prepared before the start of diving activities to assist the operations and inspection personnel in different aspects such as safety, access, depth, worksite, equipment and type of task; to perform the task efficiently. Dive Crew: Crew: Employees at a dive site whose work is related to diving operations; dive supervisors, divers, tenders and other surface support personnel. Diver Grades: Grades: Diver grades and qualifications have been subject to changes during 1984. Full details can be found in NUS/AODC/Divers agreement pamphlet "Offshore Divers Grading and Advancement Scheme". Diver Inspection Qualifications: Qualifications : Due to the increasing recognition of the importance of underwater inspection and the need for proper training of those carrying out the inspection, many companies have introduced a specialized underwater inspection qualification. The most common is the CSWIP qualification, which has two grades 3.1U and 3.2U. (See the W eld Inspection Section "Inspector Qualifications"). Drillship: Drillship: A ship-shape vessel for drilling and completing wells in medium to deepwater applications or may be a custom-built vessel or converted for drilling. Generally, it has a drilling derrick over a central moon pool and a dynamic positioning to maintain the correct location. Typically it may drill in depths over 1500 m. Dry Tree Unit (DTU): (DTU) : A floating facility carrying surface completed wells, i.e. the Xmas trees are located above the surface of the sea, on the floater, as opposed to the seabed. The rigid pipes (tubing, casing etc.) that link the trees to the wells require high tension to avoid buckling. The DTU is therefore under constant tension to compensate for the heave motion of the floater. Generally, a DTU also carries basic drilling equipment to allow downhole intervention on a tender assist mode. It can also feature full drilling capability. Dynamic Positioning (DP): (DP) : A station keeping system for floating units which uses thrusters to compensate wind, wave and current forces in a dynamic controlled mode to keep the ship or a mobile platform on a predetermined location and heading at sea. Deadweight Tonnage (DWT): (DWT) : The total weight of cargo, fuel, fresh water, stores and crew that a ship can carry when immersed to her load line. Exposed Location Single Buoy Mooring (ELSBM) : The mooring and cargo loading hose are stored on drums when the berth is unoccupied. Fixed Offshore Installation: Installation : A fixed structure located offshore in shallow or deep water supported by the sea bed soils and not connected structurally to land. Flare Boom: Boom: A steel structure at the end of which unwanted gas can be burnt off safely. ©2015 Jurandir Primo

Page 54 of 101

www.PDHcenter.com


www.PDHonline.org

Flash Gas: Gas: The gas that is separated from the oil flow at the low or medium pressure separators (2nd stage separation). Floating Loading Platform (FLP) : Basically the same as an ALP, but anchored to the seabed with a catenary mooring system. Floating Storage Unit (FSU): (FSU) : A floating unit (converted tanker) connected to a permanent mooring system for the continuous storage of produced oil. Flow Assurance: Assurance: A number of design and operational measures to ensure that liquids in deepwater flowlines between the well and the production platform (or FPSO) are kept flowing and do not get blocked by hydrate formation, wax deposits or other obstructions. Flowline Bundle: Bundle : A gathered system of flowlines, cables, umbilicals etc. running from a group of wells or manifold. Flowmeter : A measuring device inserted into a fluid path of calibrated diameter to monitor the fluid flow past the point in gallons per minute (or barrels per day). Floating Production Storage and Offloading (FPSO) : An FPSO is a floating facility installed above or close to an offshore oil and/or gas field to receive, process, store and export hydrocarbons. The cargo capacity of the vessel is used as buffer storage for the oil produced. The process facilities (topsides) and accommodation are installed on the floater. The mooring configuration may be of the spread mooring type or a single point mooring system, generally a turret. Floating Production, Drilling, Storage and Offloading system (FPDSO) : An FPSO with capability to drill, complete and workover wells from this facility. The FPDSO is designed to receive and process the production stream from several subsea completed wells and is capable of drilling and intervention on one well while w hile production continues to flow from the others. others. Floating Storage and Re-gasification Unit (FSRU) : A floating vessel that is permanently moored at a site where it can receive LNG from carriers, store and re-gasify the LNG and send it as natural gas to shore via a subsea pipeline at a rate required by the natural gas users. Gravity Structure: Structure: A steel reinforced concrete, or concrete and steel hybrid, structure supported directly on the seabed, by its own weight, without pile foundations but provided with a shear key skirt. This system often has large storage tanks at its base, with one to four columns supporting the deck. Helideck: Helideck: Is an area made with a strong structure platform, designed to permit helicopter landings on offshore drilling rigs or ships. Header or Manifold Manifold: System of pipework used as a gathering and distribution point. Holiday: Holiday: A relatively small discontinuity of paint or coating that exposes the substrate metal surface to the environment. ©2015 Jurandir Primo

Page 55 of 101

www.PDHcenter.com


www.PDHonline.org

Impressed Current: Current: A current introduced to steel or a steel and noble metal galvanic cell to reverse the polarity of the two electrodes and ensure protection of the steel from corrosion. Impressed Current Anode: Anode : Is an element of noble metal, typically coated in platinum, used as the positive electrode in a cathodic protection system. The platform steel becomes the cathode but only when the current, supplied from a platform DC power source, is passed between them to reverse their original polarities. Instrument Pig: Pig : Pig designed to record irregularities and obstructions inside pipeline. Used to survey newly installed pipeline, or inspect existing pipelines for damage. Jacket: Jacket: The supporting structure of a steel production platform, made up of legs, members and guide frames. The term "jacket" originally applied to steel platforms piled through the legs (which then formed a jacket around the pile} but is now used loosely for the supporting structure of any steel platform. Jack-up Rig: Rig: A drilling barge fitted with extendable legs. At the drill site the legs are lowered to the seabed and the barge jacks itself up till it is clear of the water. It may be used in shallow water down to 60 m (20 ft). Jarlan Wall: Wall: A patented design of concrete breakwater wall, consisting of a perforated wall with an enclosed hollow wave chamber behind. The holes in the wall are referred to as "Jarlan Holes". "J" Tube: Tube: Is a curved tubular conduit installed on a platform to support and guide one or more pipeline risers and cables, hydraulic control lines, electric cables, etc. Jet Sled: Sled: Used from a bury barge to bury pipelines. Tubular steel sled towed by a trenching barge and equipped equipped with water jets and airlifts airlifts to excavate the trench and bury the pipeline. Lazy "S": "S": A submarine hose system in which the correct configuration is obtained by adjusting the buoyancy of the tanks or by submarine floats. Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG): (LNG) : Oilfield or naturally occurring gas, chiefly methane, liquefied for transport purposes. Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG): (LPG) : Light hydrocarbon material, gaseous at atmospheric temperature and pressure, held in the liquid state by pressure to facilitate storage, transport, and handling. Commercial liquefied gas consists essentially of either propane or butane, or mixtures thereof. Liquefied Natural Gas Floating Production, Storage and Offloading (LNG FPSO) : Is a floating facility installed above or close to an offshore gas field in order to receive, process, liquefy, store and export natural gas. It consists of a purpose-built floater containing LNG storage tanks with process facilities, gas treatment, liquefaction train(s) and an accommodation block on the deck, permanently moored to the seabed by a turret-type mooring system. The process facility, located on the deck, separates the fluid in gas, condensate and water. The water is treated to eliminate ©2015 Jurandir Primo

Page 56 of 101

www.PDHcenter.com


www.PDHonline.org

any remaining hydrocarbons and discharged overboard. The condensate is treated and stored in separate crude oil tanks. Lower Marine Riser Package (LMRP): (LMRP ): Is the upper section of a two-section subsea BOP stack consisting of a hydraulic connector, annular BOP, flex joint, riser adapter, jumper hoses for the choke, kill and auxiliary lines, and subsea control pods. (ISO 13624-1:2009). Mobile Offshore Production Unit (MOPU): (MOPU): Is a movable, reusable structure, as a converted jackup drilling rig, carrying oil, gas and water separation equipment integrated with an oil storage tank on the seabed with oil storage capacity. The produced fluids from the well are delivered via dry tree wellheads on the platform. After treatment, the stabilized crude is stored in a storage tank on the seabed, and subsequently transferred into shuttle tankers via a subsea tanker loading system. Mobile Offshore Drilling Unit (MODU) : Is a semi-submersible rig or a stable platform for offshore oil and gas drilling, towed into position by a tugboat and anchored, or moved by and kept in position by their own azimuth thrusters through dynamic positioning. Pedestal Crane: Crane: Is a large, swiveling crane mounted on a platform or ship and used for general purposes. Pig: Pig: A cylindrical or spherical device which travels along a pipeline with the fluid flow or under its own power for cleaning and inspection. The name comes from the squealing sound the pig makes in operation. Pig Launcher Receiver : A parallel branch of a pipeline and associated machinery for the purpose of launching and/or receiving pigs, often called the pig trap. pH: pH: The negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration in an electrolyte giving an indication of acidity, neutrality or alkalinity. The pH scale is such that: pH = 7 Neutral environment (pure water); pH = between 0 and 7 = Acidic environment; pH = between 7 and 14 = Alkaline environment. Piled Structure: Structure: A jacket constructed from tubular steel, secured by tubular steel piles driven into the seabed around the legs. The pile-guide is short steel cylinder (with an open cone uppermost) in which the pile is supported while it is driven into the seabed. Pile guides are mounted in clusters around each leg at three or more levels. It is often removed on completion of the piling operations. Pipe-lay Barge: Barge: Self-contained pipeline installation vessel, used for welding and laying underwater pipelines. It may be a barge or semi-submersible, maneuvered by a multiple anchor system and equipped with a diving system, helideck, welding and bitumen-coating equipment. In medium water depths the pipe-lay barge is commonly anchor-moored. In deepwater areas the barge is dynamically positioned.


Page 57 of 101

www.PDHcenter.com


www.PDHonline.org

Pile Sleeve: Sleeve: A steel cylinder attached to the bottom of a jacket leg, which holds the top of a pile after it has been driven into the seabed. Pile sleeves are mounted through shear plates to form an integral part of the structure in clusters around the bottom of each leg. Pitting: Pitting: Is a form of corrosion where the metal under attack suffers metal loss at localized areas. The corrosion rate in those areas is many times greater than the average corrosion rate over the entire surface. Pits act as stress raisers and can lead to sudden sudden failures. Rabbit: Rabbit: Small plug or pig which is forced through the pipeline to test for, or clear restrictions such as dents or foreign bodies. Reel Barge: Barge: Is a self-contained pipeline installation vessel specifically designed to accommodate the use of large spools of line pipe. These reduce the offshore welding required allowing pipelines to be laid very quickly. Remote Operated Vehicle (ROV): (ROV) : Is a tethered underwater robot which has been designed to perform unmanned installation tasks or inspection in deepwater environments, commonly linked to the installation vessel by an umbilical cable. Electrical power, video and data signals are transferred via the umbilical between the operator and the vehicle. High power applications will often use hydraulics in addition to electrical cabling. Most ROVs are equipped with at least a video camera and lights. Additional equipment is added to expand the vehicle’s capabilities. Retrofit Anode: Anode : Sacrificial anode fitted to a pipeline or platform after installation to provide corrosion protection. Riser : Is a section of a pipeline that provides a temporary extension of a subsea oil well to a surface drilling platform, categorized into two types; marine drilling risers used with subsea blowout preventers (BOPs), generally used by floating drilling vessels; and tie-back drilling risers used with a surface BOP. Production risers carry oil or gas up from the wellhead, while export risers use pipelines to take the processed oil or gas to other units. Riser Turret Mooring (RTM): (RTM) : A disconnectable riser turret mooring system comprises a disconnectable riser column and a fixed arm which is attached to the bow of the tanker. The riser column is fixed to the seabed by catenary anchor legs, supports the crude oil and gas risers and is connected by means of a structural connector to the fixed arm, located on the bow of the tanker with a weathervaning bearing, reconnection winch, flow lines, control manifolds and fluid swivels. Sacrificial Anode: Anode: A section of metal more active than steel Which is placed in contact with an underwater steel jacket to protect the structure from corrosion. Zinc and aluminium alloys are commonly used offshore. A current flows from the anode to the steel, so that the steel becomes cathodic. Corrosion only takes place at the anode. Semi-Submersible Crane Vessel (SSCV): Is (SSCV): Is a semi-submersible crane platform, which consists of two lower lower hulls (pontoons), three columns on each each pontoon and an upper hull. During lifting operations, the vessel is ballasted down, as the lower hull is submerged. With this high stability is possible to lift extremely high loads safely. ©2015 Jurandir Primo

Page 58 of 101

www.PDHcenter.com


www.PDHonline.org

Single Anchor Leg Mooring (SALM): (SALM) : Employed as an unmanned tanker loading or discharge terminal with multiple fluid transfer circuits, highly elastic over a very wide range of water depths. This inherent elasticity enables cargo transfer operations to continue under adverse weather and sea-state conditions. Single Anchor Leg Storage (SALS): (SALS) : A mooring system developed for the first FPSO (Shell’s “Castellon”). It consists of a base, a riser and a yoke with a buoyancy tank which creates the te nsion in the riser, thus providing the restoring force. Single Buoy Storage (SBS): (SBS) : A system which basically consists of a CALM buoy and a rigid arm (instead of a mooring hawser) hinged to an FPSO or an FSO vessel. The system was developed to permanently moor a vessel offshore, and to survive the 100 year storm. Subsea Safety Valve: Valve: A failsafe gate valve operated remotely. It is normally included with the B.O.P. or production tree arrangement. Steel Catenary Riser (SCR): (SCR) : A steel pipe hung in a catenary configuration from a floating vessel in deep water to transmit flow to or from the sea floor. Satellite Wells: Wells: Secondary wells drilled away from the production platform from which feeder lines carry the oil to an underwater manifold or directly to the platform. Sea Tank: Tank: A concrete gravity platform consisting of a square cellular caisson with 2-4 columns supporting a steel deck. Semi-Submersible Rig: Rig: A mobile service installation (usually self-propelled) mounted on submerged buoyant pontoons. It maintains position with several large anchors or dynamic positioning. It can work all year round in depths of up to 300m. Single Point Mooring (SPM): (SPM) : Used for loading oil into tankers in the open sea. It allows the tanker to take position so as to present the least resistance to the prevailing conditions. Types include: ALP: Articulated Articulated Loading Loading Platform; Platform; CALM: Catenary Anchor Leg Mooring; ELSBM: Exposed Location Single Buoy Mooring; SALM: Single Anchor Leg Mooring; SPMT: Single Point Mooring Tower. Spar : Is a type of SPM incorporating storage facilities so that production need not be shut off if bad weather prevents tanker loading, or a deep-draft cylindrical and vertical floating production unit (single column). This facility, although not heave-restrained, can accommodate surface completed wellheads. Splash Zone: Zone: The zone of a structure or pipeline which is alternately in and out of water, due to the influence of tidal action, winds, and waves. That part of the structure between the crest level of ©2015 Jurandir Primo

Page 59 of 101

www.PDHcenter.com


www.PDHonline.org

the fifty year wave, superimposed on the level of the highest astronomical tide and 10 meters below the level of the lowest astronomical tide. Spool: Spool: Large reel holding a long length of small diameter line pipe. Used on reel barges, the pipe is simply simply reeled reeled off into the water. The longer pipe lengths used reduce the th e welding w elding required offshore, hence speeding up the whole operation. Spool Piece: Piece: The section of pipeline between a riser and its associated seabed pipeline. It is fabricated specifically to the required size and shape, from measurements supplied by divers inspecting the riser and the pipeline. Spread Mooring: Mooring : In the case of a spread moored FPSO/FSO, the tanker or process barge is moored in a fixed heading with anchor lines distributed over the bow and stern of the vessel to anchor points situated on the seabed. The heading is determined by the prevailing sea and weather conditions. The spread moored FPSO/FSO can only be used on locations where currents, waves and winds are very moderate or normally come from a prevailing direction. Stinger : Is an articulated ramp used off the stern of a lay barge as a catenary support for the pipe being laid, and can be altered using variable buoyancy units along the length of the stinger. Submerged Zone: Zone : Is the zone of a structure that extends downward from the lower boundary of the splash zone and includes a portion below the mudline. Surf Zone: Zone: That portion of the pipeline which may be subject to breaking wave action, where it crosses the beach at its onshore end. Subsea Well Template: Template : Structure placed on the seabed through which production wells are drilled by a jack-up or semi-submersible drilling rig. Tension Leg Platform (TLP): (TLP) : A particular type of anchored structure consisting of a floating platform moored by hollow, steel tension legs to foundation templates on the seabed. Each leg is held in tension eliminating rolling, but allowing some surge, swaying and yaw. Tie-in: To make the final connection in a new branch pipeline. Is an operation in pipeline construction in which two sections of a pipeline are connected in a loop of the main line or a trunk line. Umbilical: Umbilical: Insulated cable carrying current from surface transformer to the underwater unit. Underwater Inspection: Inspection : To examine the submerged parts of installations to ensure that the integrity of installations are maintained during their operational life. Very Large Crude Carrier (VLCC): (VLCC) : Oil transportation vessel from 200,000 to 320,000 DWT. Weathervaning: Weathervaning: Freely rotate in any direction, in accordance with the prevailing environmental conditions. ©2015 Jurandir Primo

Page 60 of 101

www.PDHcenter.com

VI.


www.PDHonline.org

OFFSHORE DRILLING PROCESSES - MULTIPLE CHOICE:

1. Offshore operations are conducted using all of the following structures or equipment except: a. Tension Leg; b. Jackups; c. Semisubmersibles; d. Geophones. 2. The main function of PSVs (Platform Supply Vessels) is: a. To be summoned when something is going wrong, as when a search and rescue operation is required; b. To handle anchors for oil rigs, tow them to location, anchor them up, and in a few cases, serve as an Emergency Rescue; c. To be operated remotely under normal conditions, only to be visited occasionally for routine maintenance or well work; d. Keep the platforms provisioned and supplied. 3. Drilling rigs that can be jacked up, much like jacks, above the sea using legs that can be lowered, or mobile platforms used for more shallow and non-permanent oil storage, can be moved around, towed into position by a tugboat and anchored, and kept in position by their own azimuth thrusters with dynamic positioning, are designated as: a. Tension-Leg Platforms (TLPs); b. Compliant Tower Rigs; c. Jack-up Rigs or MODUs; d. Concrete Caisson. 4. A Spar is: a. Designed for very long term use (for instance the Hibernia platform) as various types of construction structures are used, steel jacket, concrete caisson, floating steel and even floating concrete; b. A type of offshore floating oil platform, which consists of a large-diameter, or a single vertical submersed cylinder, supporting a topside deck; c. Typically used in very deep waters, used as buoys in shipping that are moored in place vertically, and anchored to the seabed by way of a spread mooring system with either a chain-wire-chain or chain-polyester-chain composition; d. Answers b and c are correct. 5. What is the difference between a Semi-Submersible Drilling Rigs and a Drillship? a. Semi-Submersible Drilling Rig is a merchant vessel designed for use in exploratory offshore drilling of new oil and gas wells or for scientific drilling purposes, used as a platform to carry out well maintenance or completion work, such as, casing and tubing installation, subsea tree installa©2015 Jurandir Primo

Page 61 of 101

www.PDHcenter.com


www.PDHonline.org

tions and well capping. Drillship is a marine vessel used in various specific offshore roles, such as, offshore drilling rigs, safety vessels, oil production platforms, and heavy lift cranes, which may be transformed, from a deep to a shallow draft, removing ballast water from the hull, and become a surface vessel; b. Semi-Submersible Drilling Rig is a marine vessel used in various specific offshore roles, such as, offshore drilling rigs, safety vessels, oil production platforms, and heavy lift cranes, which may be transformed, from a deep to a shallow draft, removing ballast water from the hull, and become a surface vessel. Drillship is a merchant vessel designed for use in exploratory offshore drilling of new oil and gas wells or for scientific drilling purposes, and can also be used as a platform to carry out well maintenance or completion work, such as, casing and tubing installation, subsea tree installations and well capping; c. Semi-Submersible Drilling Rig is a marine vessel used in various specific offshore roles, such as, offshore drilling rigs, safety vessels, oil production platforms, for use in exploratory offshore drilling to carry out well maintenance or completion work, such as, casing and tubing installation, subsea tree installations and well capping. Drillship is a merchant vessel designed for use in exploratory offshore drilling of new oil and gas wells or for scientific drilling purposes, which may be transformed from a deep to a shallow draft, removing ballast water from the hull, to become a surface vessel; d. Answers b and c are correct. 6. The “moon pool” is: a. A common borehole in shale reservoirs because it allows drillers to place the drill bits in contact with the most productive reservoir rock; b. An opening on the base of the hull and depending on the mission of the vessel, drilling equipment, small submersible crafts and professional subsea diver men may pass through; c. The use of data configurations and Bottom Hole Assembly (BHA) instruments to measure the path of the wellbore in three-dimensional space; d. Answers b and c are correct. 7. Drilling, typically carried out in order to explore and subsequently extract petroleum, which lies in rock formations beneath the seabed, is known as: a. Subsea drilling; b. Offshore drilling; c. Answers a and b are correct; d. Onshore drilling. 8. Seismic surveys are: a. A way to probe beneath the surface to "see" underlying features that make up the underground structure of a prospect; b. Give precise information about subsurface features and even the presence of water, oil and gas; c. Conducted using specially-equipped vessels that tow one or more cables containing a series of hydrophones at constant intervals; d. All the above. ©2015 Jurandir Primo

Page 62 of 101

www.PDHcenter.com


www.PDHonline.org

9. The activity concerned with exploration, foundation design, construction, performance, maintenance, and decommissioning d ecommissioning for human-made human-m ade structures in t he sea, such as, oil platforms, artificial islands and submarine pipelines, is known as: a. Offshore Geotechnical Engineering; Engineering; b. Spectral Noise Logging; c. Stranded Gas Reserve; d. Boomer Seismic Sources. 10. The subsea drilling template is: a. Used to connect the underwater drilling equipment to the drilling platform; b. Installed in the seabed (or underwater floor) by first excavating a shallow hole and then cementing the template into the hole; c. A stable guide for accurate drilling while allowing for movement in the overhead platform due to wave and wind action; d. All of the above. above. 11. What type of offshore drilling rigs according to water depth and conditions of the sea state and winds at water depth from 20 m to 2000 m and water depth from 500 m to 3000 m, respectively, can be chosen as a guideline? a. Anchored drillships or semisubmersible rigs; and drillships or semisubmersible with dynamic positioning; b. Tender or jack-up assisted platforms; and anchored drillships or semisubmersible rigs; c. Jack-up rigs; and drillships with dynamic positioning system; d. All of the above. 12. The system which automatically controls a vessel or a ship to maintain her position and heading exclusively by means of an active thrust, is known as: a. Dynamic Positioning; Positioning; b. Slim Riser; c. Azimuth; d. Thruster . 13. An azimuth thruster is: a. A unit system able to generate an automatic thrust in any direction; b. Fitted to provide the desired maneuverability, or sometimes as a substitute for the main ship propellers; c. The vector from an observer (origin) to a point of interest is projected perpendicularly onto a reference plane; d. Answers a and b are correct.


Page 63 of 101

www.PDHcenter.com


www.PDHonline.org

14. The subsea valve intended as a last-resort method of protecting the surface from the uncontrolled release of hydrocarbons. It is a cylindrical valve with either a ball or flapper closing mechanism. This safety device is known as: a. Kick Valve; b. Surface-Controlled, Sub-surface Safety Valve (SCSSV); c. Downhole Safety Valve (DHSV); d. Wellhead valve; 15. Subsea cables that supplies required consumables to offshore equipment, supply air and power to a hydraulic pressure assembly, electrical power and fiber optics to any subsea apparatus and are deployed on the seabed (ocean floor), connected on platforms, to supply necessary control, energy (electric, hydraulic) and chemicals to oil & gas wells, are commonly known as: a. Dual subsea trees; b. Subsea controls; c. Subsea umbilicals; d. Coiled tubings. 16. Subsea umbilicals tied to floating systems, specifically designed to connect to the closest point between the center tap of the subsea isolation transformer and the protective conductor, with a combination of sophisticated hardware and advanced software algorithms, are known as: a. Subsea Distribution Units (SDUs; b. Umbilical Monitoring Devices (UMDs); c. Umbilical Termination Assembly (UTA); d. Drilling umbilicals. 17. Deployed systems suitable for use with digital or analogue communication, telecoms, water treatment, oil & gas, petrochemical and general industries, to carry data signals. The signals can be for movement, time, measurement, alarm, pressure, temperature or voice, using a variety of transducers such as, pressure, proximity, analogic and digital instruments. These descriptions are specific to: a. Subsea manifolds; b. Instrumentation cables; c. Flying leads; d. Drill Strings. 18. ROV´s (Remotely Operated Vehicles) are: a. Underwater vehicles that are totally controlled by an operator, who is not inside the vehicle; b. Vehicles operated by radio control, or through a cable or line connecting the vehicle to the operator’s control board; c. Answers a and b are correct; d. Robotic vehicles that can drift, or glide on the water surface. ©2015 Jurandir Primo

Page 64 of 101

www.PDHcenter.com


www.PDHonline.org

19. A gas flare is: a. A gas combustion combusti on device used used in industrial industri al plants, such as petroleum refineries, chemical plants, natural gas processing plants, and offshore oil and gas rigs; b. The controlled burning of natural gas in the course of routine oil and gas production operations; c. Answers a and b are correct; d. Is a truss structure, which carries pipeline to connect the ship well test pipeline to a gas burner. 20. A two-way satellite ground station or a stabilized maritime antenna in a dish form, used to transmit narrowband data (Radio-Frequency Identification - RFID, SCADA, etc.), and access satellites in geosynchronous orbit to establish data from small remote earth stations to other terminals, is specifically described as: a. Portable Satellites BGAN; b. Thuraya Thuraya;; c. Answers a and b are correct; d. Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT). (VSAT). 21. MODU (Mobile Offshore Drilling Unit) is defined as: a. An offshore platform capable of engaging in drilling operation for either the exploration or exploitation of oil and gas resources, designed for operation afloat or supported on seabed, and usually acts as an exploratory drilling rig; b. An offshore platform that can be towed into position by a tugboat and anchored, or moved by and kept in position by their own azimuth thrusters with a dynamic positioning system; c. Answers a and b are correct; d. A drilling platform and derrick that are located in the middle of a large, open area of the ship, and the drill is extended through the ship to the drilling template. 22. A self-elevating unit, which is a type of mobile platform that consists of a buoyant hull fitted with a number of movable legs, capable of raising its hull over the surface of the sea, refers to: a. Jackup rigs; b. Drilling barge; c. Drillship; d. The answers a and b are correct. 23. Platforms that float on the ocean surface on top of huge, submerged pontoons and some have propulsion systems, which allow them to navigate to drilling sites under their own power while others require a second vessel to tow them to the right location. Most use several anchors, up to a dozen, that help maintain the structure's orientation. These concepts refer specifically to: a. Submersible rigs; b. Mobile Offshore Drilling Units; c. Semisubmersible rigs; d. Drillships. ©2015 Jurandir Primo

Page 65 of 101

www.PDHcenter.com


www.PDHonline.org

24. Large ships designed for offshore drilling operations that commonly have a drilling rig on the top deck, to operate in deepwater, built on traditional ship hulls, such as used for supertankers or cargo ships, and can also be a merchant vessel designed for use in exploratory offshore drilling, are generally known as: a. Offshore drilling rigs; b. Drillships; c. Semisubmersible rigs; d. Mooring drilling rigs. 25. When the drilling vessel combines taut lines and catenary lines in one system, is known as: a. Spread System; b. Semi-Taut System; c. Mooring System; d. Answers b and c are correct. 26. Ballasting can be defined as: a. Is the controlled flooding of compartments or tanks, to alter a vessel's draft, and change the center of gravity or unequal balance by weight distribution; b. A system that consists of a network of piping, valves, and pumps under the control of a computerized system; c. Answers a and b are correct; d. A system that provides the main propulsion, in combination with the main propellers. 27. The stability of a floating offshore drilling vessel is, first of all, a matter of the hull design, mooring system and weight distribution, is known as: a. Metacenter; b. Controlled Flooding; b. Rudder System; d. Answer b and c are correct. 28. The Floating Spar Platform, called simply as spar, is: a. A type of offshore floating platform, which consists of a large-diameter, or a single vertical submersed cylinder, supporting a topside deck; b. Typically used in very deep waters, used as buoys in shipping that are moored in place vertically, and anchored to the seabed by way of a spread mooring system with either a chain-wire-chain or chain-polyester-chain composition; composition ; c. Answers a and b are correct; d. Another driving system on a drilling rig, used to rotate the drill string during the drilling process, instead of using the traditional Kelly and the rotary table driving system.


Page 66 of 101

www.PDHcenter.com


www.PDHonline.org

29. “The basic design encompasses a ship-shaped vessel, with topsides processing equipment on the vessel's deck, and hydrocarbon or crude oil storage below, in the double hull. Once linked by subsea wells, hydrocarbons are transmitted through flowlines and umbilical connections to risers, which transport the oil and gas from the seafloor to the vessel's turret” . Typical descriptions for: a. FPSO (Floating Production, Storage and Offloading) system; b. Floating Production System (FPS); (FPS); c. Answers a and b are correct; d. Troll-A Platform. 30. TLPs are: a. Floating platforms tethered to the seabed in a manner that eliminates vertical movement of the structure, with columns that are supported and connected by pontoons, similar to the design of a semi-submersible production platform; platform ; b. Typical production platforms, consisting of a deck that houses the drilling and production equipment, as well as, the power module and the living quarters; c. Rigs that can drill, anywhere, from 200 to 1,200 meters (660 to 3,940 feet) below the surface; d. All the above. 31. Water for reservoirs injection has to be of high quality, as scaling and souring can occur due: a. The water containing oxygen and sulphate is mixed, reducing produced hydrocarbons process; b. Sulfate-reducing bacteria can contaminate the seabed wellbore, producing hydrogen sulfite ; c. Answers a and b are correct; d. Unwanted salts and other compounds that may improve the performance of the fracturing fluid. 32. “A compact, high-power high-power system is now being used to prevent the transit of a wide variety of organisms across the globe, in ballast water carried by ships. Ballast water is taken on board in ports of supplies, to maintain stability when the vessel is not laden, and it is discharged when the vessel takes on a new cargo”. These descriptions refer to: t o: a. H2S Stripping; b. Ultraviolet (UV) Treatment; c. Thermal Distillation Desalination; d. Multi-Stage Flash Distillation. 33. What is Reverse Osmosis and how is processed? a. A process used to desalinate water or to convert brackish or seawater to drinking water; b. The phenomenon of osmosis occurs when pure water flows from a higher concentrated saline solution through a semi-permeable membrane, placed between two compartments; c. This process occurs when the semi-permeable membrane allows pure water to be filtered to either side, but salts cannot pass through it; d. All the above. ©2015 Jurandir Primo

Page 67 of 101

www.PDHcenter.com


www.PDHonline.org

34. “Mobile systems employing advanced pretreatment, allowing ultrafiltration to pre-treat highpressure nanofiltration membrane systems, offer much higher recovery of water compared to reverse osmosis desalination. As a non-core capability for oil producers, water treatment is often considered the weak link in oil production, in both upstream and a nd downstream operations”. These descriptions make references to: a. Offshore Water Management; b. Water Recycling; c. Answers a and b are correct; d. Low-Temperature Thermal Desalination. 35. How is produced the power supply to offshore offsh ore rigs and how is used in FPSOs? a. Generally produced from generators powered by gas turbines, or sometimes occasionally by diesel engines; b. Electrical power from the on-board generating plant is fed to medium and low-voltage networks to FPSOs, using transformers and distribution switchgears, with safety-critical services, backed by uninterruptible power supply (UPS) systems, including emergency shutdown (ESD) and fire and gas (F&G) detection and control; c. The main part of the electricity is consumed by electric motors, and another part is consumed by electric heating, lighting, comfort heating and auxiliary equipment; d. All d. All the above above. 36. PowerBuoys are: a. Sea moored, ocean “smart” buoys that can gather energy from waves and could be an efficient and economic means of supplying electric power for various offshore oil and gas operations, including well trees, monitoring systems, and autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs); b. Power generated systems. When sea waves cause the PowerBuoy coil to move up and down relative to a fixed magnetic shaft, the voltage is induced and electricity is generated; c. Sea wave electricity generators. Each buoy could potentially produce 250 kilowatts of power, and this technology can be scaled up or down to suit a variety of energy needs; d. All the above. 37. What is the most important method first recommended in firefighting? a. The most important method to limit fire damage to structures from a blowout fire, is water and has been the first means of fighting fire, and is still one of the best weapons; b. Water is very important to use in blowout firefighting, not to extinguish the fire, but to cool parts and equipment and allow men to work near the fire; c. Water is very important as the liquid alone has extinguished some of the largest blowout fires, once flow was directed vertically by firefighters; d. All of the above. 38. A crude oil sample with a sulfur content of 1.6% will be classified as what? ©2015 Jurandir Primo

Page 68 of 101

www.PDHcenter.com


www.PDHonline.org

a. Sweet crude; b. Light crude; c. Sour crude; d. Heavy crude. 39. What would a petroleum company determine using the Barrel of Oil Equivalent (BOE) calculation? a. The distillate yield from refining a barrel of oil; b. The amount of energy contained in a volum volume e of crude oil relative to a volume of natural gas; c. The value of crude oil samples collected from different reservoirs; d. The volume of fuel a crude oil tanker will use during a cargo transit. 40. What is an interface? a. The zone between two different products in a pipeline; b. Pay at the pump technology; c. The space between grains of sand in a formation; d. The zone between two hydrocarbon layers. 41. How cold must LNG be kept for waterborne transportation? a. -150º F; b. -259º F; c. -212º F; d. -174º F. 42. The controlled burning or released directly to the atmosphere of natural gas in the course of routine oil and gas production operations, is called as: a. Flaring system; b. Venting system; c. The answers a and b are correct; d. Discharge system. 43. The water treatment that utilizes a modified poly-acrylonitrile chemistry developed to be extremely oil-phobic and thus resistant to free-oil fouling is designated as: a. Ultrafiltration; b. Electrocoagulation; c. Flocculation Magnetic Separation; d. Produced water. 44. An important process used to desalinate water or to convert brackish or seawater to drinking water, using a semipermeable membrane, is: ©2015 Jurandir Primo

Page 69 of 101

www.PDHcenter.com


www.PDHonline.org

a. Nanofiltration membranes; b. Ultrafiltration; c. Electrocoagulation d. Reverse Osmosis. 45. SCFM (Standard Cubic Feet per Minute), refers to: a. Atmospheric Pressure at Sea Level = 14.7 psi abs, Temperature = 60°F (15.6°C), Relative Humidity = 0% (dry); b. Atmospheric Pressure at Sea Level = 1.033 kg/cm² abs.), Temperature = 273°K (0ºC), Relative Humidity = 0% (dry); c. Relative Humidity; d. Head of Water Column. 46. The system used to communicate to a remote central host system via radio communication, also referred to as a Supervisory Control Control and Data Acqui sition (SCADA) is designated designated as: a. Central Control Room (CCR); b. Industrial Control System (ICS); c. Remote Terminal Units (RTUs); d. Human-Machine Interfaces. 47. The system that consists of several instrumentations and products and provides communication between subsea controls and topside controls for all equipment via umbilicals risers, connections, mechanical, hydraulic, pneumatic pneum atic and automation network system, system, is known as: a. Subsea Field Architecture (SFA); b. Subsea Distribution System (SDS); c. Distributed Control Systems (DCS); d. Industrial Control System (ICS). 48. The system that has the main function to distribute hydraulics, chemicals, electrical power and communication signals around the field, between the various parts of the network equipment (e.g. trees, manifolds, etc.), is known as: a. Flying Leads Leads;; b. ModPod ModPod;; c. Umbilical Termination Assembly (UTA); d. Umbilical Monitoring Devices (UMDs). 49. The relative rotational movements between risers and platform use flex joints, stress joints, and pull tubes to offset the movement. Are common methods of attaching an offshore pipeline to a deep water floating oil production platform. These assertions are linked to: a. Hydraulic Flying Leads (HFLs); b. Multiple Quick Connectors (MQCs); ©2015 Jurandir Primo

Page 70 of 101

www.PDHcenter.com


www.PDHonline.org

c. Steel Catenary Riser (SCR); d. Top Tensioned Risers (TTRs). 50. Drilling, typically carried out in order to explore and subsequently extract petroleum, which lies in rock formations beneath the seabed, is known as: a. Subsea drilling; b. Offshore drilling; c. Answers a and b are correct; d. Onshore drilling. 51. “BGAN terminals do not require an external power source for idle operation with an average of 36 hours per charged battery. This system is an invaluable communications tool to thousands of professionals and organizations worldwide, such as, industries, mobile offices, emergency, climate change, oil & gas, etc.” This statement is: a. True; b. False. 52. “Are suitable for use with digital or analogue communication, telecoms, water treatment, oil & gas, petrochemical and general industries, to carry data signals. The signals can be for movement, time, measurement, temperature, pressure, alarm or voice, using a variety of transducers such as, pressure, proximity, analogic and digital instruments”. These concepts refer to: a. Bus cables; b. Instrumentation cables; c. Subsea umbilicals; d. Optical fiber cables. 53. What can be a frequent cause of a well fire? a. Human actions, such as accidents, arson, or natural events, such as lightning; b. A high-pressure blowout during drilling operations; c. Oil field spills; d. All the above. above. 54. “The topside is the same as a typical production platform, consisting of a deck that houses the drilling and production equipment, as well as, the power module and the living quarters. These rigs can drill, anywhere, from 200 to 1,200 meters (660 to 3,940 feet) below the surface ”. This description refers to: a. Condeep Platforms; b. Satellite Platforms; c. Tension-Leg Platforms (TLPs); d. Gravity-Based Structure (GBS). ©2015 Jurandir Primo

Page 71 of 101

www.PDHcenter.com


www.PDHonline.org

55. The main function of PSVs (Platform Supply Vessels) is: a. To be summoned when something is going wrong, as when a search and rescue operation is required; b. To handle anchors for oil rigs, tow them to location, anchor them up, and in a few cases, serve as an Emergency Rescue; c. To be operated remotely under normal conditions, only to be visited occasionally for routine maintenance or well work; d. Keep the platforms provisioned and supplied. 56. “The basic design encompasses a ship-shaped vessel, with processing equipment, or topsides, aboard the vessel's deck and hydrocarbon or crude oil storage below in the double hull”. This concept refers exclusively to: a. FPSO (Floating Production, Storage and Offloading; b. FPS (Floating Production Systems); c. FSU (Floating Storage Unit); d. FSO (Floating Storage and Offloading). 57. Instruments that combined measure and record motions of the ground, including seismic waves generated by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and other seismic other seismic sources, are known as: a. Geophones and hydrophones; b. Ocea Ocean n Bottom Bott om Cables and Marine Survey 4D; 4D; c. Seismometers and seismographs; d. Streamers and 2D surveys. 58. The world’s deepest offshore oil-drilling oil -drilling platform sits in how many feet of water? a) 5,280 feet (1mile); b) 6,600 feet (1.25 miles); c) 8,000 feet (1.5 miles); d. None of the above. 59. The product that refers to the hydrocarbon liquid, which is separated from the well stream fluid, and can be stabilized, stored and exported as a high value liquid product, is designated as: a. Condensate; b. Nitrogen; c. Oxygen; d. Cryogenic. 60. Crane vessel is a ship-shape vessel or semi-submersible vessel with one or two cranes for lifting platform modules and structures at sea. a. True; b. False. ©2015 Jurandir Primo

Page 72 of 101

www.PDHcenter.com


www.PDHonline.org

ANSWERS – OFFSHORE PROCESSES: 1. d 2. d 3. c 4. d 5. b 6. b 7. c 8. d 9. a 10. d VII.

11. a 12. a 13. d 14. c 15. c 16. b 17. b 18. c 19. c 20. d

21. c 22. a 23. c 24. b 25. d 26. c 27. a 28. c 29. c 30. d

31. c 32. b 33. d 34. c 35. d 36. d 37. d 38. c 39. b 40. a

41. b 42. c 43. a 44. d 45. a 46. c 47. b 48. a 49. c 50. c

51. a 52. b 53. d 54. c 55. d 56. a 57. c 58. c 59. a 60. a

REFINERY PROCESSES – BASIC TERMS AND DEFINITIONS:

Alkylate: Alkylate: Is the product of an alkylation reaction. It usually refers to the high-octane product, used in blending high octane gasoline. Alkylation Unit: Unit: Is a refining process for chemically combining isobutane with olefin hydrocarbons (e.g., propylene, butylene) through the control of temperature and pressure in the presence of an acid catalyst, usually sulfuric acid or hydrofluoric acid. The product, alkylate, is an isoparaffin that has high-octane value and is blended with motor and aviation gasoline to improve the antiknock value of the fuel. Amine Treatment: Treatment: Is a process to remove the sulfur-containing and other undesirable compounds from acid gas by contacting the gas with amine. The amine absorbs H2S and other compounds, and the “rich” amine is then regenerated by steam stripping to produce regenerated or “lean” amine, along with an acid gas with a higher H2S concentration, which is then usually processed by the Claus process to convert it into sulfur. Aromatics: Aromatics: Are hydrocarbons characterized by their uniform unsaturated carbon ring structure and their often pleasant aroma. Commercial petroleum aromatics include benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylenes, cumene, and naphthalene. The acronym BTX is commonly used to refer collectively to benzene, toluene, and xylenes; the acronym BTEX is commonly used to refer collectively to benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, and xylenes. These chemicals are used as high octane components in gasoline. Asphalt: Asphalt: Is a dark brown-to-black cement-like material obtained by petroleum processing and containing bitumens as the predominant component. It includes crude asphalt as well as the following finished products: cements, fluxes, the asphalt content of emulsions (exclusive of water), and petroleum distillates blended with asphalt to make cutback asphalts. Atmospheric Crude Distillation Unit: Unit : Is the primary distillation unit at a refinery used to separate crude oil components (including mixtures of other hydrocarbons) at approximately atmospheric pressure conditions by continuously vaporizing and condensing the components. ©2015 Jurandir Primo

Page 73 of 101

www.PDHcenter.com


www.PDHonline.org

Aviation Gasoline: Gasoline: Is a complex mixture of relatively volatile hydrocarbons with or without small quantities of additives, blended to form a fuel suitable for use in aviati aviation on reciprocating engines. Naphthas which will be used for blending or compounding into finished aviation gasoline (e.g., straight-run gasoline, alkylate, reformate, benzene, toluene, and xylene). Excludes oxygenates (alcohols, ethers), butane, and pentanes plus. Beavon Sulfur Removal (BSR): (BSR) : Is the process for removing residual sulfur compounds from effluent gases and for the cleanup of Claus plant tail gas. This process uses catalytic hydrogenation over a cobalt/ molybdenum catalyst converting carbonyl sulfide, carbon disulfide, and other organic sulfur compounds to hydrogen sulfide, which is then removed by the “Stretford” process. Benzene (C6H6): (C6H6): Is an aromatic hydrocarbon present in small proportion in some crude oils and made commercially from petroleum by the catalytic reforming of naphthenes in petroleum naphtha also made from coal in the manufacture of coke. Used as a solvent in the manufacture of detergents, synthetic fibers, petrochemicals, and as a component of high-octane gasoline. Biofuels: Biofuels: Are liquid fuels and blending components produced from biomass (plant) feedstocks, used primarily for transportation. Biomass or Biomass Fuels: Fuels : Are non-fossilized and biodegradable organic material originating from plants, animals or microorganisms, including products, by-products, residues and waste from agriculture, forestry and related industries as well as the non-fossilized and biodegradable organic fractions of industrial and municipal wastes, including gases and liquids recovered from the decomposition of non-fossilized and bio-degradable organic material. Bitumen: Bitumen: Is a naturally occurring viscous mixture, mainly of hydrocarbons heavier than pentane, which may contain sulfur compounds, and in its natural occurring viscous state, is not recoverable at a commercial rate through a well. Blendstocks: Blendstocks: Are petroleum products used for blending or compounding into finished motor gasoline. These include RBOB (reformulated blendstock for oxygenate blending) and CBOB (conventional blendstock for oxygenate blending), but exclude oxygenates, butane, and pentanes plus. Blowdown: Blowdown: Is the act of emptying or de-pressuring a vessel. This may also refer to the discarded material such as blowdown water from a boiler or cooling tower. Boiler : Is an enclosed steel vessel using controlled flame combustion and having the primary purpose of recovering and exporting thermal energy in the form of steam or hot water. Heat from an external combustion source is transmitted to a fluid contained within the tubes found in the boiler shell. This fluid is delivered to an end-use at a desired pressure, temperature, and quality. Butane, N-butane or Normal Butane (C4H10) : Is normally a gaseous paraffinic straight-chain or branch chain hydrocarbon extracted from natural gas or refinery gas streams. Butylene or n-butylene (C4H8): (C4H8) : Is an olefinic straight-chain hydrocarbon extracted from refinery gas streams. ©2015 Jurandir Primo

Page 74 of 101

www.PDHcenter.com


www.PDHonline.org

Calcination: Calcination: Is the process of thermally treating minerals without fusing to decompose carbonates from ore, so that hydrates and the volatile material is expelled. Calcium Hypochlorite: Hypochlorite : Is a white crystalline solid, Ca(OCl)2•4H2O, used as a bactericide, fungifung icide, and bleaching agent. Catalyst Coke: Coke: Or petroleum coke is a byproduct of petroleum refining, used as an industrial fuel and in the manufacture of iron and steel, or anodes for aluminum smelters and other heating products (catalytic cracking and catalytic reforming). This carbon or coke is not recoverable in a concentrated form. The conversion is 5 barrels (of 42 U.S. gallons each) per short ton. Coke from petroleum has a heating value of 6.024 million Btu per barrel. Catalytic Cracking: Cracking: Is the refining process to convert residual fractions in the presence of a catalyst, where hydrocarbon molecules are fractured into smaller molecules or react with a contact material to improve feedstock quality. For additional processes, the catalyst or a contact material is continuously regenerated by burning off coke and other deposits. Catalytic Hydrocracking Unit: Unit : Is the refining process that uses hydrogen and catalysts with relatively low temperatures and high pressures for converting middle boiling or residual material to high-octane gasoline, reformer charge stock, jet fuel, and/or high grade fuel oil. The process uses one or more catalysts, depending upon product output, and can handle high sulfur feedstocks without prior desulfurization. Catalytic Hydrotreating or Catalytic Hydrorefining : Is the refining process for treating petroleum fractions from atmospheric or vacuum distillation units (such as naphthas, middle distillates, reformer feeds, residual fuel oil, and heavy gas oil) and other petroleum (e.g., cat cracked naphtha, coker naphtha, gas oil) in the presence of catalysts and substantial quantities of hydrogen. Hydrotreating includes desulfurization, removal of substances (nitrogen compounds) that deactivate catalysts, conversion of olefins to paraffins to reduce gum formation in gasoline, and other processes to upgrade the quality of the fractions. Catalytic Reforming: Reforming : Is the refining process using controlled heat and pressure with catalysts to rearrange certain hydrocarbon molecules, thereby converting paraffinic and naphthenic type hydrocarbons (e.g., low-octane gasoline boiling range fractions) into petrochemical feedstocks and higher octane stocks suitable for blending into finished gasoline. The catalytic reforming process unit does not include feed pretreatment (e.g., feed hydrotreater) or additional light-ends distillation columns after the primary (full-range) distillation column and hydrogen recovery equipment. Caustic Scrubber : Is a treatment apparatus that contacts an acidic gas, such as CO2, H2S, or HCl, with a caustic or alkaline liquid, such as aqueous solutions of sodium hydroxide or calcium hydroxide, to remove the acidic pollutants from the gas stream. The scrubbing apparatus can be a packed column, a tray tower, or a spray chamber. Chloramine: Chloramine: May be any of several compounds containing nitrogen and chlorine, especially an unstable colorless liquid, NH2Cl, used to make hydrazine. It is produced when ammonia and chlo©2015 Jurandir Primo

Page 75 of 101

www.PDHcenter.com


www.PDHonline.org

rine (as hypochlorous acid) react with each other. It is widely used as a disinfectant in water treatment plants rather than chlorine, as chloramine is much more stable. Coal: Coal: Are solid fuels as, anthracite, bituminous, sub-bituminous, or lignite classified by the American Society for Testing and Materials - ASTM D388 –05. –05. Coking: Coking : Is a thermal refining process commonly used to produce fuel gas, gasoline blendstocks, distillates, and petroleum coke from the heavier products of atmospheric and vacuum distillation. The coke produced can be used either as a fuel or in other applications such as the manufacturing of steel or aluminum. Combined Heat and Power Unit (CHPU): (CHPU) : Is a unit using a common energy source to produce both electricity and steam for other uses, resulting in increased fuel efficiency. Condensates: Condensates: Are hydrocarbon liquids separated from natural gas which condenses due to changes in the temperature or pressure, or both, and remains liquid at standard conditions. Cryogenic Separation Process: Process: Is a low temperature hydrogen separation process, which uses the difference in boiling temperatures (relative volatilities) of the feed components to effect the separation. Hydrogen has a high relative volatility compared to hydrocarbons. The simplest and most common version of the cryogenic process is the partial condensation process. Delayed Coking Unit: Unit: Is a refinery process, in which high molecular weight petroleum derivatives are thermally cracked, and petro coke is produced in a series of closed, batch system reactors. Desalter: Desalter: Is a process unit in an oil refinery, where in contact with water can remove salts and other impurities from the crude oil prior to further processing. Well-designed and well-operated, it will achieve an average of 85 to 95% removal of inorganic salts from the crude oil. The desalter is considered part of the atmospheric crude distillation unit. Desulfurization: Desulfurization: Is the removal of sulfur, as from molten metals, petroleum oil, or flue gases. Petroleum desulfurization is a process that removes sulfur and its compounds from various streams during the refining process. Desulfurization processes vary based on the type of stream treated (naphtha, distillate, heavy gas oil) and the amount of sulfur removed (sulfur reduction to 10 ppm). Distillates: Are Distillates: Are liquid hydrocarbo hydrocarbons, ns, usually usually colorless colorless and of high API Gravity, Gravity, recove recovered red from wet gas by a separator that condenses that liquid out of the gas. The present term is Natural Gas. Distillate Fuel Oil: Oil: Is one of the petroleum fractions produced in conventional distillation operations and from crackers and hydrotreating process units. The generic term distillate fuel oil includes kerosene, kerosene-type jet fuel, diesel fuels (Diesel Fuels No. 1, No. 2, and No. 4), and fuel oils (Fuel Oils No. 1, No. 2, and No. 4). Electrostatic Precipitator (ESP): (ESP): Is a filtration equipment that removes fine particles, like dust and smoke, from a flowing gas using the force of an induced electrostatic charge through the unit. ©2015 Jurandir Primo

Page 76 of 101

www.PDHcenter.com


www.PDHonline.org

Ethane (C2H6): (C2H6): Is a normally gaseous straight-chain hydrocarbon. It is a colorless paraffinic gas that boils at a temperature of -127.48 degrees Fahrenheit. It is extracted from natural gas and refinery gas streams. Ethanol: Is Ethanol: Is a colorless liquid that burns to produce water and carbon dioxide. The vapor forms an explosive mixture with air and may be used as a fuel in internal combustion engines. An alcohol which is most often derived from corn. Ethanol is designed to be blended with gasoline to produce a cleaner burning fuel, and is an accepted oxygenate component for the oxygenated seasons mandated by the EPA. Ether : Is a generic term applied to a group of organic chemical compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, characterized by an oxygen atom attached to two carbon atoms (methyl tertiary butyl ether). Ethylene (C2H4): (C2H4) : Is an olefinic hydrocarbon recovered from refinery processes or petrochemical processes. Ethylene is used as a petrochemical feedstock for numerous chemical applications and the production of consumer goods. Ethylene Process Unit: Unit : Is a chemical manufacturing process unit in which ethylene and/or propylene are produced by separation from petroleum refining process streams or by subjecting hydrocarbons to high temperatures in the presence of steam. Feedstocks: Feedstocks: Are raw materials that are transformed by reaction, oxidation, and other chemical or physical methods into products and by-products, or any renewable, biological material that can be used directly as a fuel, or converted to another form of fuel or energy product, such as biomass. Crude oil, naphtha, condensate and straight run residual fuel are also referred to as feedstocks. Flare Gas: Gas: Is the gas disposed of by burning in flares, usually at the production sites or at gas processing plants. When possible, this gas is recovered and pipelined to a processing facility. Flare Gas Header System: System: Is a piping system used to collect and transport gas to a flare, either from a process unit or a pressure relief device from the fuel gas system. Sometimes known as a flare stack, is a gas combustion device used in petroleum refineries, and natural gas plants. Fluid Coking Unit: Unit : Is one or more coking units where high molecular weight petroleum derivatives are thermally cracked and petroleum coke is continuously produced in a fluidized bed system. The fluid coking burner exhaust gas is continuously released to the atmosphere. The fluid coking unit includes a fluidized bed coking vessel, a distillation column receiving gas directly from the fluidized bed coking vessel, coke burner, and equipment for controlling air pollutant emissions and for heat recovery on the fluid coking burner exhaust vent. Fuel Gas: Gas: Is any gas which is generated at a petroleum refinery and which is combusted separately or in any combination with any type of gas. Fuel gas also includes natural gas when the natural gas is combined and combusted in any proportion with a gas generated generated at a refinery.


Page 77 of 101

www.PDHcenter.com


www.PDHonline.org

Gasoil: Gasoil: Is a liquid petroleum distillate that has a viscosity grade intermediate between kerosene and lubricating oil. It derives its name from having originally been used in the manufacture of illuminating gas. It is now used to produce distillate fuel oils and gasoline. Gasification: Gasification: Is a process where coal, petroleum coke, biomass, wastes, or other carboncontaining materials that are subjected to high temperatures and mixed with steam and oxygen to produce a synthesis gas or “syngas” and can be burned to generate power, steam, or process heat. The syngas typically contains hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and various impurities. Heavy Fuel Oil: Oil: Is a residue from crude oil refining or a mixture of a distillate that contains petroleum residues. Sometimes have addition of lighter fuel oil to reduce excessive viscosity. Heavy Oil/Asphalt Refinery: Refinery : Is a refinery that processes heavy crude slates to produce primarily road asphalt, roofing tars, and other asphalt products. These refineries are similar in complexity and equipment to topping refineries, except they typically also use vacuum distillation. Hydrogen (H2): (H2): Is a colorless, odorless, highly flammable gaseous element. It is the lightest of all gases and the most abundant element in the universe, occurring chiefly in combination with oxygen in water and also in acids, bases, alcohols, petroleum, and other hydrocarbons. Hydrogen Plant: Plant: Is a process plant generally used for the production and purification of hydrogen as a primary product. These processes include hydrogen conversion/production (steam reforming, coal gasification, partial oxidation, electrolysis, and thermolysis), or hydrogen purification (pressure-swing adsorption). Hydroskimming Refinery: Refinery : Is a refinery process equipped with atmospheric distillation, naphtha reforming, and necessary hydrotreating processes; hydroskimming refineries also typically include vacuum distillation as well as tankage, recovery facilities for gases and light hydrocarbons, and the necessary utility systems. Kerosene: Kerosene: Is a light petroleum distillate with a maximum distillation temperature of 400 °F at the 10 percent recovery point, a final maximum boiling point of 572 °F, a minimum flash point of 100 °F, and a maximum freezing point of -22 °F. Kerosene-Type Jet Fuel: Fuel : Is a kerosene-based product used in commercial and military turbojet and turboprop aircraft. The product has a maximum distillation temperature of 400 °F at the 10 percent recovery point and a final maximum boiling point of 572 °F. Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG): (LPG) : Is a hydrocarbon-based gas derived from crude oil refining or natural gas stream fractionation that is often liquefied, through pressurization, for ease of transport. They include: ethane, propane, normal butane, isobutane and isobutylene. Lubricants: Lubricants : Are substances produced either from distillates or residues, used to reduce friction between bearing surfaces, process materials used as aids in the manufacture of other products, or used as carriers of other materials. ©2015 Jurandir Primo

Page 78 of 101

www.PDHcenter.com


www.PDHonline.org

Membrane Separation Process: Process : Is a hydrogen purification process consisting of two layers of membrane material; the first layer is nonporous, and the second layer is porous. A gas mixture under increased pressure is subjected to the surface, which allows a smaller molecule such as hydrogen to permeate faster than a larger molecule such as carbon dioxide. Methane (CH4): (CH4): Is a colorless, flammable, odorless hydrocarbon gas which is the major component of natural gas. It is also an important source of hydrogen in various industrial processes. Methane is a greenhouse gas. MTBE (Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether) (CH3)3COCH3 : Is a processed product used in the blending of reformulated gasoline, affecting vapor pressure and octane level. Blends up to 15.0% by volume MTBE which must meet the ASTM D4814 specifications. Multi-Stage Claus Unit: Unit : Is a process unit that usually consists of two steps, a thermal step and a catalytic step. In the thermal step substantial amounts of elemental sulfur are created, while the catalytic catalytic step is used to increase conversion of H2S to elemental sulfur. In order to maximize the overall recovery of elemental sulfur. The Multi-Stage Claus process has also multi-stage operations, as with each stage, additional conversion of H2S and SO2 also comes to elemental sulfur. Natural Gas: Gas: Is a naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-hydrocarbon gases found in geologic formations beneath the earth’s surface. The principal hydrocarbon constituent is methane that may be field quality or pipeline quality. Natural gas is composed of at least 70 percent methane by volume or has a high heat value between 910 and 1150 Btu per standard cubic foot. Oil Scrubber : Is an equipment used to remove hydrocarbons from a gas stream, by contacting the gas with oil or a similar hydrocarbon liquid, typically with an absorber column. Oil-Water Separator : Is a wastewater treatment equipment used to separate oil from water consisting of a separation tank, which also includes other separator basins as; skimmers, weirs, grit chambers, and sludge hoppers. Petroleum Coke: Coke: Is a solid residue with a high carbon content and low in hydrogen, which is the final product of thermal decomposition in the condensation process in cracking. This product is reported as marketable coke or catalyst coke. The conversion is 5 barrels (of 42 U.S. gallons each) per short ton. Petroleum Refinery: Refinery: Is any facility plant engaged in producing gasoline, kerosene, distillate fuel oils, residual fuel oils, lubricants, asphalt (bitumen) or other products through distillation of petroleum or through redistillation, cracking, or reforming of unfinished petroleum derivatives. Petrolatum: Petrolatum: Is an odorless, tasteless, greasy substance, obtained as residue from petroleum after lighter and more volatile components have been boiled off. Purified residue is obtained in form of a yellowish or decolorized semisolid, known as petroleum jelly in form of a clear to faintly yellow liquid, known as mineral oil.


Page 79 of 101

www.PDHcenter.com


www.PDHonline.org

Propane (C3H8): (C3H8): Is a normally gaseous straight-chain hydrocarbon, or a colorless paraffinic gas that boils at a temperature of -43.67 ºF, extracted from natural gas or refinery gas streams. Pyrolysis: Pyrolysis: Is the thermal decomposition of biomass at high temperatures (greater than 400 °F, or 200 °C) in the absence of air. The end product of pyrolysis is a mixture of solids, liquids (oxygenated oils), and gases (methane, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide) with proportions determined by operating temperature, pressure, oxygen content, and other conditions. Refinery Fuel Gas: Gas: Is a gaseous mixture of gases produced at the refinery (i.e., still or process gas) and natural gas that is used as a fuel in boilers and process heaters throughout the refinery. Reformate: Reformate: Is the liquid product stream of catalytic reforming units. Reformate is characterized by a high concentration of aromatics and high octane level, used as a gasoline blending component or as feedstock for aromatics production. Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR): (SCR) : Is a non-combustion control technology that destroys NOX (nitrogen oxides) by injecting a reducing agent (ammonia) into the flue gas that, in the presence of a catalyst (vanadium, titanium, or zeolite), converts NOX into molecular nitrogen and water. Selective Non-Catalytic Reduction (SNCR): (SNCR) : Is a non-combustion control technology that destroys NOX by injecting a reducing agent (ammonia, urea, or cyanuric acid) into the flue gas, downstream of the combustion zone that converts NOX to molecular nitrogen, water, and when urea or cyanuric acid are used, to CO2. Semi-Refined Petroleum Products: Products : Are all oils requiring further processing. Included in this category are unfinished oils which are produced by the partial refining of crude oil and include the following: naphthas and lighter oils; kerosene and light gas oils; heavy gas oils; and residuum, and all products that require further processing or the addition of blendstocks. Sodium Hypochlorite: Hypochlorite : Is an unstable salt, NaOCl, usually stored in solution and used as a fungicide and oxidizing bleach. A solution of sodium hypochlorite is frequently used as a disinfectant. Soot Blowing: Blowing : Is the process of removing soot that is deposited on process tubes in a process heater, boiler, or other combustion device using steam or other blowing media. Sour Water : Is the wastewater produced during many refining processes, which typically contains sulfur compounds, hydrogen sulphide and ammonia, and must be removed before be reused. Steam Methane Reforming: Reforming : A catalytic process that involves a reaction between natural gas or methane and steam. The result is a mixture of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and water. Still Gas or Process Gas: Gas: Is any form or mixture of gases produced in refineries by distillation, cracking, reforming, and other processes. The principal constituents are methane, ethane, ethylene, normal butane, butylenes, propane, propylene, etc. ©2015 Jurandir Primo

Page 80 of 101

www.PDHcenter.com


www.PDHonline.org

Stretford Process® : Is a process developed to remove hydrogen sulfide (H2S) from town gas. It was the first liquid phase, oxidation process for converting H2S into sulfur to gain widespread commercial acceptance. This process was developed by Tom Nicklin of the North-Western Gas Board (NWGB) in 1940. Sulfinol® : Is the trade name for an acid gas removal solvent (a mixture of Sulfolane, DIPA or MDEA and water) that can separate acid gases such as H2S, CO2, COS and mercaptans from feed gas streams such as synthesis gas produced by gasification of coal, coke, heavy hydrocarbon oils or natural gas production. Sulfur : Is a yellowish nonmetallic element, sometimes known as “brimstone.” It is present at var ivar ious levels of concentration in many fossil fuels whose combustion releases sulfur compounds that are considered harmful to the environment. Some of the most commonly used fossil fuels are categorized according to their sulfur content, with lower sulfur fuels usually selling at a higher price. Sulfur Recovery Plant: Plant: Is a process unit that recovers sulfur or produce sulfuric acid from hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and/or sulfur dioxide (SO2) from a common source of sour gas at a petroleum refinery. This plant also includes sulfur pits used to store the recovered sulfur product, but it does not include secondary sulfur storage vessels or loading facilities downstream of the sulfur pits. Thermal Cracking: Cracking: Is a refining process in which heat and pressure are used to break down, rearrange or combine hydrocarbon molecules. Thermal cracking includes visbreaking, fluid coking, delayed coking and other thermal (non-catalytic) cracking processes. Toluene (C6H5CH3) (C6H5CH3):: Is a colorless liquid of the aromatic group of petroleum hydrocarbons, made by the catalytic reforming of petroleum naphthas containing methyl cyclohexane. A high-octane gasoline blending agent, solvent, and chemical intermediate, base for TNT. Vacuum Distillation: Distillation : Is a distillation process under reduced pressure (less the atmospheric) to lower the boiling temperature of the liquid being distilled. This technique with its relatively low temperatures prevents cracking or decomposition of the charge stock. Visbreaking: Visbreaking : Is a thermal cracking process, in which heavy atmospheric or vacuum-still residues are cracked at moderate temperatures to increase production of distillate products, and reduce the viscosity of this distillation residues. Wax: Wax: Is a solid or semi-solid material at 77 °F consisting of a mixture of hydrocarbons obtained or derived from petroleum fractions, or through a Fischer-Tropsch type process, in which the straightchained paraffin series predominates. Xylene (C6H4(CH3)2): (C6H4(CH3)2): Is a colorless liquid of the aromatic group of hydrocarbons made the catalytic reforming of certain naphthenic petroleum fractions. Used as high-octane motor and aviation gasoline blending agents, solvents, chemical intermediates. Isomers are metaxylene, orthoxylene, paraxylene.


Page 81 of 101

www.PDHcenter.com

VIII.


www.PDHonline.org

REFINERY PROCESSES - MULTIPLE CHOICE:

1. What is a hydrocarbon? a. A chemical containing water; b. A molecule with carbon and hydrogen; c. A non-polluting fossil fuel; d. A compound produced at hydroelectric plants. 2. Hydrocarbon reserves are best defined as what? a. Reserves are the quantities of hydrocarbons that are commercially recoverable; b. The subsurface geological construct that traps crude oil or natural gas; c. Reserves are the total volume of hydrocarbons that are present in an oil or gas field; d. In common usage the term reserves, has the same definition as resources and is used to refer to any subsurface petroleum. 3. What would a petroleum company determine using the Barrel of Oil Equivalent (BOE) calculation? a. The distillate yield from refining a barrel of oil; b. The value of crude oil samples collected from different reservoirs; c. The amount of energy contained in a volume of crude oil relative to a volume of natural gas; d. The volume of fuel a crude oil tanker will use during a cargo transit. 4. The term upstream refers to what functional segments of the oil and gas industry? a. Exploration and Refining; b. Marketing and Refining; c. Exploration and Production; d. Refining and Transportation. 5. Crude oil is a mixture of various different compounds called hydrocarbons. These different hydrocarbons need to be separated in a column by which process? a. Factorial Distillation; b. Fractional Distillation; c. Chromographic Distillation; d. None of the above. 6. Which of the following substances can be isolated by the method of separating the mixture of hydrocarbons found in crude oil? a. Kerosene; b. Phenol; c. Oil of Vitriol; ©2015 Jurandir Primo

Page 82 of 101

www.PDHcenter.com


www.PDHonline.org

d. Sodium Thiosulfate. 7. Chains of hydrogen and carbon atoms called hydrocarbon compounds tend to be too large to be considered useful in industry. What is the name of the process which allows large hydrocarbon molecules to be broken down into smaller hydrocarbon molecules so that they are efficient to use in industrial processes? a. Cracking; b. Snapp S napping; ing; c. Breaking; d. Chopping. 8. What is an alkylation unit? a. Removal operation or sulfur from gasoline; b. A physical separation operation; c. Gasoline octane improvement process; d. A volume improvement process. 9. What is cracking? a. Is when shorter chain fractions are built up into longer chain fractions; b. Is the petrol fraction is removed from the rest of the crude oil; c. Is the crude oil is separated into fractions by heating; d. Is when longer chain fractions are broken into shorter chain fractions. 10. What percentage of a Barrel of Crude Oil is used for gasoline? a.5%; b.19%; c.46%; d.82%. 11. Products of hydrocarbon chains can be used in the formation of plastics. If a molecule of ethene (C2H4), a member of the alkene family, reacts with other ethene molecules, what plastic is formed? a. Polythene; b. Polyvinyl chloride; c. Polystyrene; d. Polyps. 12. The alkene family is known as having one double carbon to carbon bond within its structure. A good example is when a molecule of ethene reacts with another molecule of ethene. Ethene molecules are considered to be monomers. What is the name of the chemical process whereby monomers join together to form longer chains? ©2015 Jurandir Primo

Page 83 of 101

www.PDHcenter.com


www.PDHonline.org

a. Addition monomerization; b. Addition polymerization; c. Additional conjoining; d. Additional smelting. 13. The hydrocarbon ethene can be used to create ethanol. Which of the following substances can ethene react with to create ethanol? a. Carbon Dioxide; b. Stea St eam; m; c. Carbon Monoxide; d. Nitrogen Dioxide. 14. When using ethene, which catalyst is used to create ethanol? a. Phosphoric Acid; b. Sulfuric Acid; c. Hydrochloric Acid; d. Formic Acid. 15. Alkanes and alkenes are two chemical families found within crude oil. What chemical substance can be used to differentiate between two unknown substances - one containing an alkane, the other, an alkene? a. Iodine Water; b. Vana V anadium dium W ater; c. Bromine Water; d. Astatine Water. 16. A catalytic cracker is used for: a. Improve the octane quality of naphtha; b. Separate various petroleum fractions; c. Lower the sulfur content of diesel oil; d. Convert residual fraction to lighter products. 17. Which of the following crude oils has the highest specific gravity? a. West Texas Intermediate 32 API; b. North Sea Brent 38 API; c. Alaskan North Slope 27 API; d. California Kern River 13 API.

18. Natural gas liquids are composed of all of the following components, except: ©2015 Jurandir Primo

Page 84 of 101

www.PDHcenter.com


www.PDHonline.org

a. Propane; b. Normal Butane; c. Ethylene; d. Natural Gasoline. 19. Cryogenic recovery is used for: a. Recover more ethane from "wet" natural gas; b. Keep natural gas cold for waterborne transportation; c. Increase production from existing gas wells; d. Refrigerate LPGs for pipeline transportation. 20. Which of the following fractions is not produced from the crude unit? a. Naphtha; b. Distillate; c. Reformate; d. Kerosene. 21. Visbreaking process is used mainly for making: a. Smoke free kerosene; b. High cetane diesel; c. High octane gasoline; d. Fuel oil. 22. The proper arrangement of the petroleum fractions in order of their boiling points is: a. Lubricating oil > diesel > petrol > LPG; b. Lubricating oil > petrol > diesel > LPG; c. Petrol > diesel > LPG > lubricating oil; d. Petrol > lubricating oil > diesel > LPG. 23. Choose the correct statement regarding the thermal cracking: a. At low pressure, the yield of lighter hydrocarbons is more defined; b. Moderate changes in operating temperature does not change the depth of cracking; c. Greater depth of cracking gives lower octane number gasoline; d. Increased residence time results in the decreased severity of cracking. 24. Butadiene is a/an: a. Di-olefin; b. Olefin; c. Aromatic; d. Naphthenes. ©2015 Jurandir Primo

Page 85 of 101

www.PDHcenter.com


www.PDHonline.org

25. Straight run naphtha is converted into high octane number petrol (gasoline) by catalytic: a. Cracking; b. Polymerization; c. Isomerization; d. Reforming. 26. The average boiling point of aviation turbine fuel is closest to: a. Gasoline; b. Kerosene; c. LPG; d. Diesel. 27. Gasoline extracted from natural gas (by compression and cooling) is called _______gasoline. a. Unleaded; b. Polymer; c. Straight run; d. Casing head. 28. The most widely used column topping in refineries is the __________ column. a. Packed bed; b. Perforated plate; c. Fluidized bed; d. Bubble-cap. 29. Petrolatum is: a. Petroleum coke; b. Same as petroleum ether; c. A mixture of microcrystalline wax in viscous hydrocarbon liquids; d. None of the above. 30. What are the names of the two catalysts used in cracking? a. Iron and copper oxide; b. Vanadium and aluminum oxide; c. Nickel and Molybdenum oxide; d. Silicon dioxide and aluminium oxide. 31. Crude oil is called "sweet" if: a. It has = 0.5% sulfur; b. It smells good; ©2015 Jurandir Primo

Page 86 of 101

www.PDHcenter.com


www.PDHonline.org

c. It removed from oil shale; d. It is easy to recover. 32. Hydrocarbon trading reserves are best defined as: a. The subsurface geological construct that traps crude oil or natural gas; b. The total volume of hydrocarbons that is present in an oil or gas field; c. The quantities of hydrocarbons commercially recoverable; d. As resources used to refer to any subsurface petroleum. 33. What would a petroleum company determine using the Barrel of Oil Equivalent (BOE) calculation? a. The distillate yield from refining a barrel of oil; b. The value of crude oil samples collected from different reservoirs; c. The volume of fuel a crude oil tanker will use during a cargo transit; d. The amount of energy contained in a volum volume e of crude oil relative to a volume of natural gas. 34. At what temperatures will kerogen liquefy? a. Between 500 and 600 degrees Fahrenheit (200 and 316 degrees Celsius); b. Between 650 and 700 degrees Fahrenheit (343 and 371 degrees Celsius); c. Between 750 and 800 degrees Fahrenheit (399 and 427 degrees Celsius); d. None of the above. 35. When a hydrocarbon burns with a plentiful supply of oxygen (O2) gas, the by-product would be carbon dioxide (CO2). When there is a limited supply of oxygen, the by-product would be: a. Carbon Trioxide (CO3); b. Methyl Acetate (C3H6O2); c. Carboxylic Acid (C(O)OH); d. Carbon Monoxide (CO). 36. What physical property is used to separate petroleum fractions? a. API Gravity; b. Distillation Temperature; c. Research Octane Number. d. Sulfur Content. 37. The viscosity index of lubricating oil: a. Is the measure of variation of viscosity with temperature; b. Is the measure of its flash point; c. Should be low; d. None of the above. ©2015 Jurandir Primo

Page 87 of 101

www.PDHcenter.com


www.PDHonline.org

38. The solvent used in the de-asphalting process is: a. Furfurol; b. Propane; c. Phenol; d. Hexane. 39. Which of the following tests is not done for transformer oil? a. Aniline point; b. Flash point and acid value; c. Dielectric strength; d. Copper strip corrosion test. 40. Complete removal of ______from gasoline is done by Unisol process using caustic soda and methyl alcohol. a. Waxes; b. Mercaptans; c. Asphalt; d. Diolefins. 41. Flash point of atmospheric distillation residue is determined by __________ apparatus. a. Pensky-Martens (closed cup type); b. Abel; c. Cleveland (open cup type); d. None of the above. 42. Which is the most undesirable component in kerosene? a. N-paraffins; b. Aromatics; c. I-paraffins; d. Naphthenes. 43. Which of the following fractions of a crude oil will have the maximum gravity API (°API)? a. Diesel; b. Vacuum gas oil; c. Atmospheric gas oil; d. Gasoline.

44. Diesel used in naval applications has a minimum cetane number of: ©2015 Jurandir Primo

Page 88 of 101

www.PDHcenter.com


www.PDHonline.org

a. 65; b. 25; c. 35; d. 45; 45. The colour of gasoline is an indication of its: a. Octane number; b. Lead susceptibility; c. Gum forming tendency & thoroughness of refining; d. Fuel blending. 46. The catalyst used in catalytic reforming is: a. Aluminium chloride; b. Platinum and alumina. c. Nickel; d. Iron. 47. Which of the following has the lowest viscosity (at a given temperature) of all? a. Naphtha; b. Diesel; c. Kerosene; d. Lube oil. 48. Which is almost absent in crude petroleum? a. Olefins; b. Naphthenes; c. Cycloparaffins; d. Mercaptans. 49. Which of the following constituents present in petroleum is responsible for ash formation? a. Sulphur compounds; b. Oxygen compounds; c. Organometallic compounds; d. Nitrogen compounds. 50. Glycol added to petrol acts as a/an __________ agent. a. Anti-gum forming; b. Anti-icing; c. Anti-knocking; d. Dewaxing. ©2015 Jurandir Primo

Page 89 of 101

www.PDHcenter.com


www.PDHonline.org

51. Why would a heavy crude oil, like Mexico’s Mayan, sell at a discount compared to a lighter crude, like Nigerian Light? a. There is a larger supply of Mayan on the market than there is of Nigerian Light; b. Heavy crudes like Mayan are more difficult to transport; c. Heavy crudes like Mayan cannot be processed by every refinery; d. Nigeria is an OPEC member and Mexico is not. 52. High-octane compounds are used to prevent knocking in petrol engines. Which one of the following features is not present in high-octane compounds? a. Presence of C=C bonds; b. Presence of one or more ring structures; c. Short chain length; d. High degree of branching. 53. The fraction of crude oil that is used in LPG (liquid petroleum gas) is: a. Petroleum residue; b. Refinery gas; c. Gas oil; d. Naptha. 54. When crude oil is heated and passed through a fractionating column, the different fractions separate out according to their: a. Melting points; b. Smell and colours; c. Boiling points; d. Densities. 55. Hydrogen is obtained from methane by a process called: a. Steam reforming; b. Hydrogenation; c. Isomeration; d. Catalytic cracking. 56. The fraction of crude oil which has less than four carbon atoms per molecule is called: a. Naphtha; b. Refinery gas; c. Kerosene; d. Gas oil.


Page 90 of 101

www.PDHcenter.com


www.PDHonline.org

57. In the fractionating column shown, what fractions come out at X and W? a. X = petrol and W = bitumens; b. X = bitumen and W = petrol; c. X = petrol and W = diesel; d. X = naphtha and W = bitumen. 58. The measure of the tendency of a fuel to prematurely ignite is measured by its: a. Number of carbon atoms; b. Fuel number; c. Relative molecular mass; d. Octane number. 59. Which one of the following is NOT a NOT a reason for using methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) in the petrochemical industry? a. To reduce pollution; b. To help crack long chain hydrocarbons; c. To prevent knocking in a petrol engine; d. To increase the oxidation number of a fuel. 60. What two processes are carried out in oil refineries to modify the octane number of hydrocarbons? a. Isomerization and dehydrocyclisation; b. Electrolysis and catalytic cracking; c. Isomerization and electrolysis; d. Catalytic cracking and dehydrocyclisation. ANSWERS – REFINERY PROCESSES: 1. b 2. a 3. c 4. c 5. b 6. a 7. a 8. c 9. d 10. b


11. a 12. b 13. b 14. a 15. c 16. d 17. d 18. c 19. a 20. c

21. d 22. a 23. c 24. a 25. d 26. b 27. a 28. d 29. c 30. d

31. a 32. c 33. d 34. a 35. d 36. b 37. a 38. b 39. a 40. b

41. c 42. b 43. c 44. d 45. c 46. b 47. a 48. d 49. a 50. b

51. c 52. a 53. b 54. c 55. a 56. b 57. b 58. d 59. b 60. a

Page 91 of 101

www.PDHcenter.com

IX.


www.PDHonline.org

MODUSPEC QUIZ QUESTIONS:

The quiz questions below, were based totally in ModuSpec Training Courses and brought here to help the students for advanced learning. These questions are commonly used by the Lloyd´s Register on applicants for operation, processes and inspection of oil & gas drilling. The ModuSpec Academy Academy is part part of ModuSpec, ModuSpec, which which is part part of the global global energy business business of Lloyd’s Lloyd’s Register Register.. Note: There Note: There are 5 questions for each segment, total 50 quiz questions, completely formulated by ModuSpec. (See http://www.lredacademy.org).

PART 1 – DRAWWORKS DRAWWORKS:: PART 2 – TOP DRIVE SYSTEM: SYSTEM : PART 3 – CROWN BLOCK/TRAVELL BLOCK/TRAVELLING ING BLOCK: BLOCK: PART 4 – AIR WINCHES: WINCHES : PART 5 – DRILLING LIFTING EQUIPMENT: EQUIPMENT :

PART 6 – MUD PUMPS PART 7 – MAIN ENGINES PART 8 – CRANES PART 9 – R RAM-TYPE AM-TYPE PREVENTERS PART 10 – CHOKE AND KILL MANIFOLDS

PART 1 – DRAWWORKS DRAWWORKS:: 1. What signs indicate that the drawworks brake bands/rims have been operating for an extended period with insufficient cooling water? a. The lining of the brake bands is wearing out too quickly. b. The brake rims start showing a bronze discoloration and cracks appear on the rim surface. c. The lining of the brake bands starts to burn when they are used. 2. Which of the following steps is the procedure for checking the play of the drawworks equalizingbar pins and bushings? What happens if the center pin of the equalizing bar fails? a. Hang off the travelling block, secure the drill line, lift the brake and use a special blue light to check for cracks. b. Use a crowbar to lift the equalizing bar in order to check for play and wobble. If there is play the bush will move. c. Hang off the blocks, secure the drill line, lift the brake, and perform the wobble test using a crowbar to lift the equalizing bar. The travelling block will come down in a controlled manner and will crash on the drill floor. 3. Which of the following statements describes the functioning of a hydromatic brake? a. Resistance is created exclusively by fluid friction and agitation of the water circulated between the veined pockets of the rotor and stator elements, with the conversion of mechanical energy into heat taking place directly within the water itself. b. Resistance is created exclusively by air pressure discharged between the veined pockets of the rotor and stator elements, with the conversion of mechanical energy into heat taking place directly within the brake body frame itself. ©2015 Jurandir Primo

Page 92 of 101

www.PDHcenter.com


www.PDHonline.org

c. Resistance is created exclusively by applying electrical power to the veined pockets of the rotor and stator elements, with the conversion of mechanical energy into heat taking place directly within the brake body frame itself. 4. The drawworks with caliper brakes or disk brakes is usually configured as follows: a. All brakes are pressure-to-close. b. The service brakes are pressure-to-open; the emergency and parking brake are pressure-toclose. c. The service brakes are pressure-to-close; the emergency and parking brake are pressure-toopen and spring closed. 5. Regenerative braking is a term applicable to: a. A drawworks fitted with disk brakes. b. Drive motors functioning as generator and shedding power through a system of resistors. c. Systems in which the auxiliary brake will deliver the breaking force assisted by a friction brake. PART 2 – TOP DRIVE SYSTEM: SYSTEM: 1. Explain how to prevent the dolly wheels/guide rollers from falling onto the drill floor, should a shaft fail. There may be more than one correct answer. a. By installing dolly wheel catchers. b. By conducting frequent NDT inspections. c. By installing a heavy-duty safety sling. 2. What is the simplest way to visually check whether the top drive has a high-torque DC motor installed? a. By the nameplate on the motor. b. By its larger cooling fans. c. By the square or pineapple-shaped pattern on the commutator (rotor). 3. What are the typical top drive items which might cause prolonged downtime if they are not available on the rig as spare? a. The DC drive motor, or the AC drive motors and service loops. b. The wash pipe, the IBOP, and the mud hose. c. The mud hose and the service loop. 4. What is the main reason that the drawworks or mud pump DC motor cannot be used to drive the Varco Top Drive System? a. The drawworks DC motor is normally not a high-torque motor. b. The drawworks DC motor has a different style of shaft hub and differently designed bearings. ©2015 Jurandir Primo

Page 93 of 101

www.PDHcenter.com


www.PDHonline.org

c. The drawworks DC motor does not physically fit inside of the frame of a Varco TDS. 5. Why does a modern top drive system control panel not require purge air? a. Because the top drive system control panel is protected by EXi electrical equipment. b. Because the top drive system system control panel does not operate wit hin a hazardous hazardous area. c. Because the top drive system control panel is protected by EXp electrical equipment. PART 3 – CROWN BLOCK/TRAVELLING BLOCK: BLOCK : 1. Explain the need for jumper bars on the crown block sheave cluster. a. To ensure that the sheaves remain in perfect alignment and do not touch each other. b. To prevent the drill lines from jumping off the sheaves during a sudden loss of load. c. To prevent the sheaves from damage caused by dropped objects. 2. What are the obvious signs that the drill line has been twisted on the travelling block? There may more than one correct answer. a. Uneven wear on one side of the sheaves of the travelling block. b. Distinct wear pattern on the cover plates of the travelling block. c. The travelling block is rotating when there is no top drive installed. 3. How do you measure wear on the crown block sheaves and how is this indicated in the bearings? a. By using a specially-designed integrated dial indicator. b. By performing a wobble test and by using sheave gauges. c. By using sheave gauges. 4. How should the travelling block be stored, and why? a. Dry and kept out of the rain, to prevent corrosion. b. Vertically, to protect the bearings. c. Horizontally, to protect the bearings. 5. What is the main reason(s) that bumper blocks are installed underneath the crown block? There may be more than on correct answer. a. To protect the water table structure and the travelling block from damage caused by a collision. b. To provide a bumper against the build-up of grease on the sheaves. c. To compensate for sudden shock loads in the derrick.

PART 4 – AIR WINCHES: WINCHES: ©2015 Jurandir Primo

Page 94 of 101

www.PDHcenter.com


www.PDHonline.org

1. Which sections of the tugger winch require Category III NDT? a. The drum and the brake bands. b. The brake bands and their full circumference. c. The foundation frame and the foundation studs. 2. What are the differences between the standard utility winches and man-riding winches? There may be more than one correct answer. a. Man-riding winches should not be fitted with an anti-free-fall device. b. Man-riding winches are designed for man riding only and must always have two types of brake systems installed. c. Man-riding winches should be fitted with a maximum-speed and a maximum-adjusted pull facility, an emergency stop and a slack line device. 3. Explain why pneumatic tugger winches must be fitted with a ball-type isolation within easy reach of the operator. a. Ball-type isolation valves are much more reliable than gate-type isolation valves b. Ball-type valves can handle the water condensation from rig air much better because the balls are made of stainless steel. c. In order to rapidly isolate the air supply in the event of a malfunction of the air winch. 4. How can the personnel be prevented from using their hands to guide the tugger wires when spoiling. a. By the implementation of a permit-to-work system. b. By giving clear explanation and strict instruction to all rig personnel. c. By the installation of a simply designed, manually operated-spooling device. 5. What must be done with an oil-contaminated brake? a. The lining must be washed with Electroclean as this will not leave any residue on the brake lining and it can be used again. b. The cause of the leak must be found and the brake lining replaced. c. It must be washed and cleaned with diesel; if there is not too much damage, it can be rescued. PART 5 – DRILLING LIFTING EQUIPMENT: EQUIPMENT : 1. Which areas of the deadline anchor require an NDT? There may be more than one correct answer. a. The shaft and fasteners. b. The sheave. c. The main triangle-shaped frame. ©2015 Jurandir Primo

Page 95 of 101

www.PDHcenter.com


www.PDHonline.org

2. When do you measure the master bushing inserts for wear? How can you determine if they have excessive wear even before measuring them? a. If the slips are lowered too far down. By measuring the gap between the master bushings; b. If the inserts are lowered too far down. By measuring the gap between the two sections of the master bushing; c. If the inserts are lowered too far down. down . Ensure that the rotary slips fit and tightened around the drill pipe and wedge against the master bushing to prevent the wear due the drilling fluid. 3. How does drilling and lifting equipment need be inspected as per API RP 8B Category III? a. Every six months. b. Every twelve months. c. Every five years. 4. What should be done with drill string or casing elevators that have been welded? a. Perform an NDT. If the condition is satisfactory, you can continue using them. b. They should be scrapped immediately. c. They should be colour-coded red as a warning. 5. What bails should be done with elevator links and bails that have wear on the vertical pins, shafts or eyes? a. The bails should be measured and their rating downgraded according to OEM specifications. b. They should be colour-coded red as a warning. c. They should be scrapped immediately. PART 6 – MUD PUMPS: PUMPS: 1. Why must the relief-valve exhaust line (mud pump high pressure relief lines) slope downwards? a. The downward slope has a positive effect on solidified mud, when high temperature mud. b. The downward slope allows the relief valves to vent more quickly, thus preventing a build-up of excessive pressure and possible friction. c. The downward sloping ensures that the relief valves can vent by means of gravity, thereby avoiding a blocked vent line caused by gelled or solidified mud. 2. What does the mud pressure depend on? a. Speed (strokes per minute) and flow. b. Pump charge pressure and pre-charge pressure of the discharge pulsation dampener. c. Geometry of the system, mud properties and flow rate. 3. How can the flow rate affect the mud pump pressure? a. Increased mud velocity. ©2015 Jurandir Primo

Page 96 of 101

www.PDHcenter.com


www.PDHonline.org

b. Increased friction. c. Increased mud velocity and friction. 4. What is the maximum-allowed clearance of the main pinion shaft bearings rollers for operating NOV mud pumps? a. 0.16 inch. b. 1.6 inches. c. 0.016 inch. 5. What could cause severe corrosion on the gearwheel of the mud pumps? a. Water or mud coming from southwest fluid ends that are leaking inside the crankcase area. b. Condensation due to temperature changes after the mud pump has been switched off. c. Ionizing forces from the chemically hardened gearwheels. PART 7 – MAIN ENGINES: 1. At which percentage above normal speed will the overspeed protection shut down the engine? a. 110% b. 150% c. 120% 2. Explain the most likely cause of the following engine gas colours: black, blue, and white. a. Black is a lack of air, blue is burning oil, and white is a water water leak. b. Black is burning oil, blue is a lack of air, and white is a water leak. c. White is a lack of air, blue is burning oil, and black is a water leak. 3. Explain how the rig saver valve works and why it is used on the rig. a. The rig saver valve prevents a crankcase explosion in the diesel engines. b. The rig saver valve checks for high CO2 levels in the engine exhaust gases, which can easily kill an entire rig crew since CO2 has no odor. c. The rig saver valve closes off the combustion chamber air inlet if the engine goes into overspeed, which could be a result of leaking gas from the well been drawn in with the combustion air. 4. What is the most common way to prevent a fire caused by burning soot? a. Install spark arresters in the exhaust gas lines. b. Check the cylinder head valve clearances monthly c. Install overload sensors with an alarm.


Page 97 of 101

www.PDHcenter.com


www.PDHonline.org

5. What is the most common cause of engine room fires? a. A leak of lubricating oil or fuel coming in contact with an insulated exhaust gas line. b. An overloaded and extremely hot engine leading to spontaneous combustion of engine parts. c. A leak of lubricating oil or fuel spraying over an unprotected exhaust gas line. PART 8 - CRANES: 1. What must be done before a typical land rig crane start lifting? a. Fire up the air-conditioning or heating system in the crane cabin. b. Extend the outriggers and ensure they are set on solid ground. c. Remove the front window to give the crane driver a clear view. 2. How often do slewing ring bearing bolts on the pedestal have to undergo NDT inspections? a. Every five years. b. Every six months. c. Every two years. 3. What methods are used for in-service monitoring of the slewing bearing condition? There may be more than one answer correct. a. Grease sampling analysis. b. Ultrasonic testing. c. Rocking test. 4. Give at least four examples of a crane´s automatic safety devices. a. Boom limits, whip line limit, main block limit, and load cell monitoring system. b. Whip line limit, speed limit, main block limit, speed limit, and main block limit. c. Load cell monitoring system, whip line limit, speed limit, and main block limit. 5. When are cranes allowed for man m an riding? There may be more than one correct answer. a. Cranes built under Class are suitable for man riding. b. Additional features muste have been installede, such as an increased wire rope safety factor, and the hook must be lockable. c. A second independent brake system must be used on the hoisting winch and luffing winch. PART 9 – RAM-TYPE PREVENTERS: PREVENTERS: 1. Which sections of the ram preventers require an NDT for cracks? a. The ram body, the ram blocks, and the bonnet bolts. ©2015 Jurandir Primo

Page 98 of 101

www.PDHcenter.com


www.PDHonline.org

b. The ram body, the piston hubs, and the bonnet bolts. c. The piston hubs, the ram blocks, and the bonnet bolts. 2. How are the VBRs (Variable Bore Rams) tested? a. With both the smallest and the largest size of drill pipe in the string. b. With the largest size of drill pipe in the string. c. With the smallest size of drill pipe in the string. 3. What is the most likely consequence of damage or excessive wear on the ram (top) cavity? There may be more than one correct answer. a. The rams might leak during high pressure tests. b. The rams might leak with a gas kick, but not wit mud. c. The rams might leak at a low pressure from the bore. 4. What could be the result of opening the pipe rams, when a small amount of pressure is present underneath the ram blocks? a. The ram block will lose their to seals. b. Nothing, since the rams vent the trapped pressure as soon as the rams open up. c. The pressure acting on the rams makes them difficult to open, the ram blocks and the piston rod hubs can deform or even crack. 5. What are the risks for the ram preventer´s rubber seals during storage? There may be more than one correct answer. a. The elastomers are covered with aggressive grease or pipe dope. b. UV from light sources and ozone from electrical equipment. c. The rubber can dry out when stored at temperatures above 25ºC, and nitrile packer can become brittle when stored ate temperatures below 7ºC. PART 10 – CHOKE AND KILL MANIFOLDS: 1. Should be the chokes ever be pressure tested? a. Yes, because we want to know whether the chokes can be used safely to shut the well. b. No. This is i s not required by API standards and, for some chokes, even dangerous. c. Yes, but only Cameron chokes are tested. 2. What is the minimum-allowed radius of the elbow in relation to the piping in use? a. The minimum-allowed radius is 1.5 times the pipe diameter. b. 90º elbows with heavy walls can be used any time. c. At least ten times the nominal diameter of the piping. ©2015 Jurandir Primo

Page 99 of 101

www.PDHcenter.com


www.PDHonline.org

3. What is the most important characteristic of the rigid piping downstream the chokes? a. The steel should be resistant to low temperatures, because rapidly expanding gases can cause very low temperature. b. Resistance to mechanical forces caused by high vibration levels. c. The steel should be resistant to high temperatures. The large flow of gas can cause a lot of friction and thus very high temperatures. 4. Why is an unrestricted high-pressure vent line required for the choke and kill manifold? There may be more than one correct answer. a. Because most chokes, even when fully open, are flow restrictors and can easily become plugged. b. To be able to quickly vent rising casing pressure through the unrestricted line. 5. Why is the ID of the choke lines and gate valves downstream from the chokes often larger, than the ID of the lines and gate valves that upstream from the chokes. a. To prevent blockages of solidified mud in the downstream lines. b. To prevente the vent lines in the downstream section, from becoming too hot. c. To allow expansion of gas in the downtream section. ANSWERS – MODUSPEC QUIZ QUESTIONS: PART 1 1. b 2. c 3. a 4. c 5. a

PART 2 1. a 2. c 3. a 4. b 5. a

PART 6

PART 3 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

PART 7

b a/b b b a/c

1. c 2. a/b/c 3. c 4. c 5. b

PART 8

1. c 2. c 3. c 4. c

1. a 2. a 3. c 4. a

1. 2. 3. 4.

5. b

5. c

5. b/c


PART 4

b a a/c a

PART 9

PART 5 1. a/b/c 2. c 3. a 4. b 5. a PART 10

1. c 2. a 3. c 4. c

1. b 2. c 3. a 4. a/b

5. a/b/c

5. c

Page 100 of 101

Oil & Gas – Essential Quiz Questions.pdf

Recommend Documents