Forgive as you have been forgiven. “
”
Principles of Teaching LEARNING
Any change in the behavior of an organism. Mental activity by which knowledge, skills, habits, attitudes and ideals are acquired, retained and applied resulting in the advanced adaptation and modification of conduct as well as of behavior. THEORIES OF LEARNING
1. 2.
Mind Theory Christian Wolf Progressivism
3.
Behaviorism J.B. Watson
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Gestalt’s Learning View
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Connectionist’s Theory Edward Lee Thorndike
The mind has mental powers or faculties, such as memory reason, judgement and the like which function as a separate entity that can be improved through exercise or use. Believes that learning is an active and dynamic process in which the learner is definitely involved. Learning is an active, purposeful and a creative process. Learning as any change in the behavior of an organism. This change may range from the acquisition of knowledge, simple skill, specific attitude and opinions or it may also refer to innovation, elimination or modification of responses. “Gestalt” is a German term meaning pattern, shape, form or configuration The whole is more than the sum of its parts and the whole gets its meaning from its parts. Conception of experience at any given moment is determined by the totality of its related phases which constitute an integral pattern or configuration. Learning is the product of the connection between the stimulus and response (Association Learning) LAWS OF LEARNING
Law of Readiness States that allowing an organism to respond to a stimulus where he is prepared would be satisfying while preventing him would be frustrating. This is associated with the mindset.
Law of Exercise Constant repetition of a response strengthens its connection with the stimulus, while disuse of a response weakens it. Law of use: the more frequent the situation and response is utilized, the stronger the connection. Law of disuse: disuse: when the connection between the stimulus and response is not used over a period of time, connection is weakened. Law of Multiple Response Different reactions or responses are elicited by the same stimulus
Law of Effect When a modifiable connection between a stimulus and a response has been made, it is strengthened, if it results satisfaction and weakens if it leads to annoyance.
Law of Belongingness The strength of connection is increased if the paired stimuli possess similarities.
Law of Frequency The often the response is repeated the greater is its tendency for its use when the right situation occurs.
Law of Recency The response which has been exercised and rewarded most recently is the one which is most likely to occur when the organism is in a given situation.
Law of Association Process of relating two or more experiences to each other.
WAYS OF LEARNING
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3.
Trial and Error 2. Learning by Conditioning Attempts to meet a situation in various Changing the meaning of a situation by associating it with some past experience of new ways until the correct responses are stimuli that brought about satisfaction or dissatisfaction to the learner through repetition. found more or less accidentally. Involves 2.a Classical conditioning 2.b. Operant conditioning Ivan Pavlov BF Skinner random reaction and accidental success. Learning by observation and Imitation 4. Insight 5. Learning by Motivation Learning is done through directing the Higher level of trial and error Motivation is the process of arousing attention to a specific element considered the individual’s attention and interest Refers to the ability to foresee things and worthy or mental record and reproducing directed towards a definite goal
DR. CARL E. BALITA REVIEW CENTER TEL. NO. 735-4098/7350740
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the recorded elements as the need arises.
is based on the react in advance Suggests that the degree of insight increases with age.
Types of Motivation Intrinsic – natural Extrinsic – desire to learn motivation based on rewards and punishment
HIERARCHY OF QUESTIONS
EVALUATION
SYNTHESIS
ANALYSIS
APPLICATION
COMPREHENSION
KNOWLEDGE
Trains ability to appraise, criticize or judge the worth of an idea, a statement or a plan on the basis of a set of criteria provided to them or which they themselves have developed. 1. Evaluate the achievements of the Aquino administration. 2. What do you think about your work so far? KEYWORDS: Judge, Select, Evaluate, Decide, Which do you prefer, Criticize, Rate, Assess
Trains ability to put together or integrate a number of ideas or facts into new arrangement. Common focus is the summary of the lesson either written or oral, a proposal, a plan of action, a short story or short play, a bulletin board display, a literary-musical program and others. 1. Put these words together to form a complete sentence. 2. What plans do you have in mind to make the festival more joyous? KEYWORDS: Develop, Create, Make up, Propose, Formulate a solution, Summarize
Trains ability to breakdown an idea into parts, to distinguish these parts and know their relationships to one another. The student is able to differentiate essential from non-essential data, a fact from generalization, an assumption from a conclusion and select facts which are essential to support a hypothesis. 1. What are the misconceptions presented in the text? 2. Which part of the article is factual and which part is theoretical? KEYWORDS: Discriminate, Cate orize, Detect, Anal ze, Classif , Distin uish, Take
Transfer what students have learned to new situations with little or no supervision. Student is expected to put some skills into practice, solve problems and construct something. 1. If you had ten inches of water in your basement and a hose, how would you use the hose to get the water out? 2. How would you use your knowledge on latitude ang longitude to late the Philippines in the map? KEYWORDS: Plan, Solve, Apply, Build, Develop, Construct, Demonstrate
Trains to understand oral and written communications and make use of them. 1. Explain in your own words the Solar and Lunar eclipse phenomena. 2. Compare and contrast the atmosphere of the Earth and Mars. 3. Predict what will happen to the Philippine economy during the ASEAN Integration 2015. KEYWORDS: Compare, Predict, Illustrate, Estimate, Explain, Conclude
Trains ability to recall, bring to mind items learned previously such as names, places, figures, events, etc. Correct answer is usually a verbatim repetition of knowledge acquired from a specific source. 1. When did Magellan arrive in the Philippines? 2. Identify the people who participated in the Philippine Revolution. KEYWORDS: List, Recall, State, D, Tell, Identify, Describe
BENJAMIN BLOOM’S TA XONOMY OF EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES
DR. CARL E. BALITA REVIEW CENTER TEL. NO. 735-4098/7350740
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