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hal-00589604, version 1 - 29 Apr 2011

CENTRE

RAPPORT D’OPTION ETUDE DES INSTABIITES INSTABIITES DE TERRAIN DANS LA MINE DE COBALT COBALT DE BOU AZZER

Kevin MARTIN

Option Sol et Sous-sol REF : O100629KMAR

JUIN 2010

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REMERCIEMENTS

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SOMMAIRE

RESUME..............................................................................................................................................3 REMERCIEMENTS............................................................................................................................4 SOMMAIRE.........................................................................................................................................5 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................6

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PREMIERE PARTIE : PRESENTATION GENERALE DE L'ACTIVITE MINIERE DE BOU AZZER.................................................................................................................................................7 1 Organisation de Managem................................................................................................................8 2 Caractéristiques des gisements.........................................................................................................9 3 Reconnaissance géologique............................................................................................................10 4 La méthode d'exploitation fond......................................................................................................11 5 Le traitement...................................................................................................................................12 5.1 Fonctionnement de la laverie..................................................................................................12 5.2 Fonctionnement du grillage....................................................................................................13 5.3 Fonctionnement de l'Hydro 2..................................................................................................14 DEUXIEME PARTIE : LES INSTABILITES MECANIQUES........................................................15 1 Caractérisation et classification géomécanique des terrains de Bou Azzer.....................................16 1.1 La classification RMR (Rock Mass Rating)...........................................................................16 1.2 Le Q-system de N. Barton......................................................................................................17 1.3 La méthode.............................................................................................................................18 1.4 Les résultats............................................................................................................................18 2 Techniques de soutènement actuellement utilisées à Bou Azzer....................................................21 2.1 Le boisage...............................................................................................................................21 2.2 Les cintres métalliques............................................................................................................22 2.3 Différents types de boulons....................................................................................................23 2.4 Les grillages et treillis soudés.................................................................................................26 3 Etude des situations « à problèmes »..............................................................................................27 3.1 L'Axe Milon N250 de Bouismass...........................................................................................27 3.2 Le Croiseur 2 N325 d'Aghbar.................................................................................................36 3.3 La Structure CM N260 de Bou Azzer Est (Puits V)...............................................................44 CONCLUSION..................................................................................................................................49 BIBLIOGRAPHIE.............................................................................................................................50 LISTE DES FIGURES.......................................................................................................................51 ANNEXES.........................................................................................................................................52 TABLE DES MATIERES..................................................................................................................56

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INTRODUCTION

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1 Organisation de Managem

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Figure 1: Schéma organisationnel de Managem

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2 Caractéristiques des gisements

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Figure 2: Localisation de la mine de Bou Azzer

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2 Techniques de soutènement actuellement utilisées à Bou Azzer 2.1 Le boisage

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Figure 8: Différentes utilisations du boisage à Bou Azzer : a) piles de bois b) poussards

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Figure 9: a) Profil "Oméga" d'un cintre b) Photo de cintres avec garnissage boisé dans une galerie permanente

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Figure 10: Schéma d'un boulon à coquille

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2.3.2

Le boulon Split Set

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2.3.3

Le boulon Swellex

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Figure 12: a) Sections du Swellex avant et après gonflement b) Séquence d'installation du boulon

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Figure 13: a) Treillis soudé b) Grillage Zigzag

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3.1.1

Considérations géométriques

Figure 14: Levée géologique du niveau -250 à proximité de l'Axe Milon

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Figure 15: Coupe longitudinale de l'Axe Milon entre les niveaux -300 et -200

3.1.2

Considérations géomécaniques

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Figure 16: Schéma de coupe transversale d'une tranche de l'Axe Milon

3.1.3

Problèmes rencontrés et soutènement actuel

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Figure 17: Schéma de soutènement actuel pour l'Axe Milon N250

3.1.4

Etude de ce soutènement

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Figure 19: Simulation de l'Axe Milon a) modélisation effectuée b) résultat "sans remblai" c) résultat "avec remblai"

3.1.5

Solutions préconisées

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Figure 21: Grillage Zigzag épousant parfaitement la forme de la couronne

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3.1.6

Coût de ce soutènement

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Figure 22: Feuille de calcul des charges pour l'ancien schéma de soutènement

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3.2.1


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Figure 23: Coupe longitudinale du Croiseur 2 d'Aghbar entre les niveaux N165 et N365

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3.2.2 Considérations géomécaniques et difficultés rencontrées

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Figure 24: Schéma de coupe transversale du Croiseur 2 d'Aghbar au niveau N325

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Figure 28: Feuille de calcul du coût de la rentabilité du soutènement boisé du Croiseur 2 d'Aghbar

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Boulonnage et béton projeté

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3.3 La Structure CM N260 de Bou Azzer Est (Puits V) /HFKDQWLHUGH%RX$]]HU(VWVHVLWXHjSUqVG NPGHOD]RQHDGPLQLVWUDWLYHGH %RX$]]HU,OUHSUpVHQWHWWYPRLVjXQHWHQHXUPR\HQQHGHVRLWHQYLURQ WPpWDOPRLV,OFRPSUHQGWURLVSXLWVQRPPpV,9HW9,/HSXLWV9Q HVWDFWXHOOHPHQWSDV H[SORLWpPDLVOHVQLYHDX[111HW1O RQWpWpSDUOHSDVVp0DQDJHPV HVW DWWDTXpDXQLYHDX1PDLVDDUUrWpO H[SORLWDWLRQVXLWHjGHVpERXOHPHQWVQRWDPPHQW VXUOHQLYHDXLQIpULHXU(QVRUWDQWGXSXLWVFUHXVpGDQVODGLRULWHVDLQHSRXUVHUHQGUHjOD WDLOOHLOIDXWWUDYHUVHUXQPDVVLIGHVHUSHQWLQHIUDQFKHVRXWHQXSDUGHVFLQWUHVGLVSRVpV WRXVOHVPDYHFXQJDUQLVVDJHERLVp$FDXVHGHODIDLEOHRXYHUWXUHLQIpULHXUHj[P OHVFLQWUHVXWLOLVpVQHFRPSRUWHQWTXHpOpPHQWVDORUVTX LOVVRQWFHQVpVHQFRPSRUWHU

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3.3.1


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Figure 29: Levé du niveau N260 du puits V de Bou Azzer Est $XQLYHDX1XQEXUHDpWpFUHXVpSRXUDWWHLQGUHOHVQLYHDX[1HW1/D VWUXFWXUHDpWpWUDFpHVXUPDXQLYHDX1HWPGHKDXWRQWpWpH[SORLWpV$X QLYHDX1LOQ \DSDVGHPLQpUDOLVDWLRQRQVRXKDLWHRXYULUHWH[SORLWHUPSOXVKDXW DXQLYHDX1/DFRXSHORQJLWXGLQDOHHQILJXUHPHWHQpYLGHQFHFHVWURLVGLIIpUHQWV QLYHDX[

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Figure 30: Coupe longitudinale de la structure CM du puits V de Bou Azzer Est en aval de N260

3.3.2

Considérations géomécaniques

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3.3.3

Problèmes rencontrés et soutènement actuel

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3.3.4


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Figure 31: Simulation des excavation de la structure CM a) Nord de la structure b) Sud de la structure /DSXLVVDQFHGHODVWUXFWXUHpWDQWSDUWLFXOLqUHPHQWLPSRUWDQWHOHVRXYHUWXUHVVRQW WUqVODUJHV'HSOXVODVHUSHQWLQHHVWWUqVSHXUpVLVWDQWH'HFHVGHX[SDUWLFXODULWpVLO GpFRXOH TXH OHV VRXWqQHPHQWV KDELWXHOV QH YRQW SDV PDUFKHU /D VHXOH VROXWLRQ HQYLVDJHDEOHHVWGH UHPEOD\HUWRWDOHPHQW OHV GHX[ QLYHDX[ H[SORLWpV DYHFGX UHPEODL FLPHQWp&RQWUDLUHPHQWjG DXWUHVFKDQWLHUVOHSXLWV9V \SUrWHPLHX[/HUHPEODLFLPHQWp DVVXUHUDDORUVODVWDELOLWpORUVGHO H[SORLWDWLRQGXQLYHDX1 / pWXGHpFRQRPLTXHHQXWLOLVDQWXQFRWGHPLVHHQRHXYUHGXUHPEODLFLPHQWpGH GKP PRQWUH TXH FH Q HVW SDV UHQWDEOH /H FREDOW DLQVL UpFXSpUp QH MXVWLILH SDV O XWLOLVDWLRQG XQHWHOOHPpWKRGHGHVRXWqQHPHQW-HSURSRVHGRQFGHUHJDUGHUSUpFLVpPHQW OH FRW GH PLVH HQ RHXYUH G XQ WHO UHPEODL FLPHQWp FDU OD YDOHXU TXH M DL FKRLVLH HVW TXHOTXH SHX DUELWUDLUH ELHQ TX LQVSLUpH GHV GRQQpHV GX UHPEODL FLPHQWp IDEULTXp j *XHPDVVD

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CONCLUSION

hal-00589604, version 1 - 29 Apr 2011

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BIBLIOGRAPHIE >@),1(- /HVRXWqQHPHQWGHVJDOHULHVPLQLqUHV/HV3UHVVHVGHO (FROHGHV0LQHVGH 3DULV

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LISTE DES FIGURES Figure 1: Schéma organisationnel de Managem...................................................................................8 Figure 2: Localisation de la mine de Bou Azzer..................................................................................9 Figure 3: Schéma explicatif de la méthode d'exploitation par TMR..................................................11 Figure 4: Flow sheet simplifié de la laverie.......................................................................................13 Figure 5: Flow sheet simplifié du grillage..........................................................................................14 Figure 6: Paramètres géotechniques et indices associés pour le calcul du RMR...............................17 Figure 7: Classification des différentes roches de Bou Azzer selon le RMR et le Q-system.............19 Figure 8: Différentes utilisations du boisage à Bou Azzer : a) piles de bois b) poussards.................22 Figure 9: a) Profil "Oméga" d'un cintre b) Photo de cintres avec garnissage boisé dans une galerie permanente.........................................................................................................................................23 Figure 10: Schéma d'un boulon à coquille.........................................................................................23 Figure 11: a) Photo d'un boulon Splitset b) Schéma de mise en place...............................................24 Figure 12: a) Sections du Swellex avant et après gonflement b) Séquence d'installation du boulon.26 Figure 13: a) Treillis soudé b) Grillage Zigzag..................................................................................26 Figure 14: Levée géologique du niveau -250 à proximité de l'Axe Milon.........................................27 Figure 15: Coupe longitudinale de l'Axe Milon entre les niveaux -300 et -200................................28 Figure 16: Schéma de coupe transversale d'une tranche de l'Axe Milon...........................................29 Figure 17: Schéma de soutènement actuel pour l'Axe Milon N250...................................................30 Figure 18: Photos montrant la retenue des petits blocs par le treillis soudé.......................................31 Figure 19: Simulation de l'Axe Milon a) modélisation effectuée b) résultat "sans remblai" c) résultat "avec remblai".................................32 Figure 20: Schéma de soutènement proposé pour l'Axe Milon N250................................................33 Figure 21: Grillage Zigzag épousant parfaitement la forme de la couronne......................................34 Figure 22: Feuille de calcul des charges pour l'ancien schéma de soutènement................................36 Figure 23: Coupe longitudinale du Croiseur 2 d'Aghbar entre les niveaux N165 et N365...............37 Figure 24: Schéma de coupe transversale du Croiseur 2 d'Aghbar au niveau N325..........................38 Figure 25: Schéma de soutènement prévu pour le traçage du Croiseur 2 d'Aghbar au niveau N325 39 Figure 26: Modélisation du chapeau d'un cadre en bois.....................................................................41 Figure 27: Tableau récapitulant le coût du soutènement par cadres en bois d'une tranche du Croiseur 2 en fonction du diamètre du chapeau et de l'espacement associé.....................................................42 Figure 28: Feuille de calcul du coût de la rentabilité du soutènement boisé du Croiseur 2 d'Aghbar ............................................................................................................................................................43 Figure 29: Levé du niveau N260 du puits V de Bou Azzer Est..........................................................45 Figure 30: Coupe longitudinale de la structure CM du puits V de Bou Azzer Est en aval de N260..46 Figure 31: Simulation des excavation de la structure CM a) Nord de la structure b) Sud de la structure.........................................................................................48 Figure 32: Flow sheet simplifié de l'atelier de mise en solution (AMSG).........................................52 Figure 33: Flow Sheet simplifié de l'atelier extraction liquide / liquide............................................53 Figure 34: Feuille de calcul des charges pour l'ancien schéma de soutènement................................54 Figure 35: Feuille de calcul des charges pour le nouveau schéma de soutènement...........................55

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ANNEXES

Figure 32: Flow sheet simplifié de l'atelier de mise en solution (AMSG)

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Figure 33: Flow Sheet simplifié de l'atelier extraction liquide / liquide

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Figure 34: Feuille de calcul des charges pour l'ancien schéma de soutènement

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Figure 35: Feuille de calcul des charges pour le nouveau schéma de soutènement

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TABLE DES MATIERES RESUME..............................................................................................................................................3 REMERCIEMENTS............................................................................................................................4 SOMMAIRE.........................................................................................................................................5 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................6

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PREMIERE PARTIE PRESENTATION : GENERALE DE L'ACTIVITE MINIERE DE BOU AZZER.................................................................................................................................................7 1 Organisation de Managem................................................................................................................8 2 Caractéristiques des gisements.........................................................................................................9 3 Reconnaissance géologique............................................................................................................10 4 La méthode d'exploitation fond......................................................................................................11 5 Le traitement...................................................................................................................................12 5.1 Fonctionnement de la laverie..................................................................................................12 5.2 Fonctionnement du grillage....................................................................................................13 5.3 Fonctionnement de l'Hydro 2..................................................................................................14 DEUXIEME PARTIE : LES INSTABILITES MECANIQUES........................................................15 1 Caractérisation et classification géomécanique des terrains de Bou Azzer....................................16 1.1 La classification RMR (Rock Mass Rating)...........................................................................16 1.2 Le Q-system de N. Barton......................................................................................................17 1.3 La méthode.............................................................................................................................18 1.4 Les résultats............................................................................................................................18 2 Techniques de soutènement actuellement utilisées à Bou Azzer....................................................21 2.1 Le boisage...............................................................................................................................21 2.2 Les cintres métalliques............................................................................................................22 2.3 Différents types de boulons....................................................................................................23 2.3.1 Le boulon à coquille........................................................................................................23 2.3.2 Le boulon Split Set..........................................................................................................24 2.3.3 Le boulon Swellex..........................................................................................................25 2.4 Les grillages et treillis soudés.................................................................................................26 3 Etude des situations « à problèmes »..............................................................................................27 3.1 L'Axe Milon N250 de Bouismass...........................................................................................27 3.1.1 Considérations géométriques..........................................................................................27 3.1.2 Considérations géomécaniques.......................................................................................28 3.1.3 Problèmes rencontrés et soutènement actuel...................................................................29 3.1.4 Etude de ce soutènement.................................................................................................30 3.1.5 Solutions préconisées......................................................................................................32 3.1.6 Coût de ce soutènement..................................................................................................35 3.2 Le Croiseur 2 N325 d'Aghbar.................................................................................................36 3.2.1 Considérations géométriques..........................................................................................37 3.2.2 Considérations géomécaniques et difficultés rencontrées...............................................38 3.2.3 Solutions préconisées......................................................................................................40 3.2.3.1 Cadres en bois.........................................................................................................40 56/57

3.2.3.2 Boulonnage et béton projeté....................................................................................43 3.3 La Structure CM N260 de Bou Azzer Est (Puits V)...............................................................44 3.3.1 Considérations géométriques..........................................................................................45 3.3.2 Considérations géomécaniques.......................................................................................46 3.3.3 Problèmes rencontrés et soutènement actuel...................................................................47 3.3.4 Solutions préconisées......................................................................................................47

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CONCLUSION..................................................................................................................................49 BIBLIOGRAPHIE.............................................................................................................................50 LISTE DES FIGURES.......................................................................................................................51 ANNEXES.........................................................................................................................................52 TABLE DES MATIERES..................................................................................................................56

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