EN BANC [G.R. Nos. L-50581-50617. January 30, 1982.]
RUFINO RUFINO V. NUÑEZ, NUÑEZ, petiti petitioner oner,, vs. SANDIG SANDIGANB ANBA AYAN and the EO!E EO!E OF "#E #I!IINES, respondents. Ra$%&ndo A. Ar%ovit, Antonio A'%irante and A%adeo Sevo (or petitioner. petitioner. "he So'i)itor Genera' (or respondents. !N"#$ #%&'&' #%&'&'on%r on%r,, a((us% a((us%) ) *%+or% *%+or% &% an)' an)'an* an*ayan ayan o+ %s&a+a %s&a+a &rou &rou +as'+ +as'+'(a '(a&'o &'on n o+ /u*'( /u*'( an) (o%r('a )o(u%n&s, assa'%) &% a')'&y o+ #r%s. %(r%% No. 186, as a%n)%) *y #.. 1606 (r%a&'n &'s s/%('a (our& on &% roun) &a& '&s (r%a&'on 's 'oa&'% o+ &% )u% /ro(%ss, %4ua /ro&%(&'on an) % /os& +a(&o (aus%s o+ &% Cons&'&u&'on. a& u/r%% Cour&, 'n )'s'ss'n &% /%&'&'on, %) &a& &% un(ons&'&u&'ona'&y o+ su( )%(r%% (anno& *% a)u)%). % r%4u'r%%n&s o+ )u% /ro(%ss as a//'%) &o (r''na /ro(%%)'ns ar% (ons')%r%) (o/'%) '& %r% &% a((us%) 's %ar) 'n a (our& o+ (o/%&%n& ur's)'(&'on an) /ro(%%)%) aa'ns& un)%r &% or)%ry /ro(%ss o+ a, a, an) ony /un's%) a+&%r 'n4u'ry an) 'n%s&'a&'on, u/on no&'(% &o ', '& an o//or&un'&y &o *% %ar) an) a u)%n& aar)%) '&'n &% au&or'&y o+ a (ons&'&u&'ona a. % %4ua /ro&%(&'on (aus% as no& *%%n 'oa&%) %'&%r )%s/'&% &% ''&a&'on 'n &% a((us%)s r'& &o a//%a as &% (ass'+'(a&'on sa&'s+'%s &% &%s& o+ su*s&an&'a )'s&'n(&'ons, %ran% &o &% /ur/os%s o+ &% a, &% an)'an*ayan a'n *%%n s/%('ay (r%a&%) 'n r%s/ons% &o &% /ro*% o+ )'son%s&y 'n &% /u*'( s%r'(%. % (a%n%) )%(r%% 's ':%'s% no& (on&rary &o &% % /os& +a(&o /ro's'on o+ &% Cons&'&u&'on on &% a%a&'on &a& /%&'&'on%rs r'& o+ a//%a 's *%'n )'u&%) or %ro)%) %++'(a(y 's% as &% o'ss'on o+ &% Cour& o+ A//%as as an 'n&%r%)'a&% &r'*una )o%s no& )%/r'% /%&'&'on%r o+ a r'& '&a &o &% /ro&%(&'on o+ 's '*%r&y. As %) 'n &% (as% o+ un(an . ;'ssour', 152 < 377 =&% /r%s(r'*'n, o+ )'++%r%n& o)%s o+ /ro(%)ur% an) &% a*o'&'on o+ (our&s an) &% (r%a&'on o+ n% on%s, %a'n un&ou(%) a &% su*s&an&'a /ro&%(&'ons '& '( &% %'s&'n as surroun)s &% /%rson a((us%) o+ (r'%, ar% no& (ons')%r%) '&'n &% (ons&'&u&'ona 'n'*'&'on.= !LLAB< 1. C"N$ $<$"NAL LA>? A<E? #.. 186, 86, as a%n)%) )%) *y #.. 160 1606? CREA$"N "@ E AN$GANBA!AN, A AL$ EERC$E "@ E #RE$EN LA> LA>-;AD$NG -;AD$NG A<"R$! A<"R$!
LA>. >'% >'% &% 1973 Cons&'&u& Cons&'&u&'on 'on ou) (on&%/a&% &a& an a(& (r%a&'n a s/%('a (our& su( as &% an)'an*ayan sou) (o% +ro &% Na&'ona Ass%*y, &% 1976 A%n)%n&s a)% (%ar &a& &% 'n(u*%n& #r%s')%n& =sa =sa (on&'n (on&'nu% u% &o %%r(' %%r('s% s% %'s %'sa&' a&'% % /o%rs /o%rs un&' un&' ar&' ar&'a a a sa sa a% *%%n '+&%) '+&%). . As a++'r%) 'n A4u'no, Jr. . C";ELEC, L-000, Jan. 31, 1975 ='& 's no& a ran& o+ au&or'&y &o %'sa&% *u& a r%(on'&'on o+ su( /o%r as ar%a)y %'s&'n 'n +aor o+ &% 'n(u*%n& #r%s')%n& )ur'n &% /%r'o) o+ ;ar&'a a. 2. $.? $.? B$L B$LL L "@ "@ R$G R$G ?? GEL@ARE. % (ons&'&u&'ona uaran&%% 's no& &o *% '%n a %an'n &a& )'sr%ar)s a& 's, a& )o%s 'n +a(& %'s&. o o assur% &a& &% %n%ra %+ar% *% /roo&%), '(
's &% %n) o+ a, a r%ua&ory %asur% ay (u& 'n&o &% r'&s &o '*%r&y an) /ro/%r&y. os% a)%rs%y a++%(&%) ay un)%r su( ('r(us&an(%s 'no:% &% %4ua /ro&%(&'on (aus% ony '+ &%y (an so &a& &% o%rn%n&a a(& assa'%), +ar +ro *%'n 'ns/'r%) *y &% a&&a'n%n& o+ &% (oon %a as /ro/&%) *y &% s/'r'& o+ os&''&y, or a& &% %ry %as&, )'s(r''na&'on &a& +'n)s no su//or& 'n r%ason. Cass'+'(a&'on 's &us no& ru%) ou&, '& *%'n su++'('%n& +ro &% uason )%('s'on =&a& &% as o/%ra&% %4uay an) un'+ory on a /%rsons un)%r s''ar ('r(us&an(%s or &a& a /%rsons us& *% &r%a&%) 'n &% sa% ann%r, &% (on)'&'ons no& *%'n )'++%r%n&, *o& 'n &% /r''%%s (on+%rr%) an) &% 'a*''&'%s '/os%). @aor'&'s an) un)u% /r%+%r%n(% (anno& *% ao%). @or &% /r'n('/% 's &a& %4ua /ro&%(&'on an) s%(ur'&y sa *% '%n &o %%ry /%rson un)%r ('r(us&an(%s '(, '+ no& ')%n&'(a, ar% anaoous. $+ a *% oo:%) u/on 'n &%rs o+ *ur)%n or (ar%s, &os% &a& +a '&'n a (ass sou) *% &r%a&%) 'n &% sa% +as'on, a&%%r r%s&r'(&'ons (as& on so% 'n &% rou/ %4uay *'n)'n on &% r%s&.= 3. $.? $.? $.? $.? AN$GANBA!AN #R"CEE$NG #RECR$B$NG A $@@EREN ;"E "N A##EAL BAE "N , E@$NE. $n r% Day '%as Da' $n(., L-3285, "(&. 22, 1970, '& as %) &a& an % /os& +a(&o a 's on% '( H1I a:%s (r''na an a(& )on% *%+or% &% /assa% o+ &% a an) '( as 'nno(%n& %n )on%, an) /un's%s su( an a(&? H2I araa&%s a (r'%, or a:%s '& r%a& r%a&%r %r &an &an '& as, as, %n %n (o (o'& '&&% &%)? )? H3I H3I (an (an%s %s &% &% /un's /un's %n %n&& an) an) 'n+ 'n+'( '(&s &s a r%a r%a&% &%r r /un's%n& &an &% a ann%%) &o &% (r'% %n (o'&&%)? HI a&%rs &% %a ru%s o+ %')%n(%, an) au&or'%s (on'(&'on u/on %ss or )'++%r%n& &%s&'ony &an &% a r%4u'r%) a& &% &'% o+ &% (o'ss'on o+ &% o++%ns%? H5I assu'n &o r%ua&% ('' r'&s an) r%%)'%s ony, 'n %++%(& '/os%s /%na&y or )%/r'a&'on o+ a r'& +or so%&'n '( %n )on% as a+u? an) H6I )%/r'%s a /%rson a((us%) o+ a (r'% o+ so% a+u /ro&%(&'on &o '( % as *%(o% %n&'&%), su( as &% /ro&%(&'on o+ a +or%r (on'(&'on or a(4u'&&a, or a /ro(aa&'on o+ an%s&y. an%s&y. 5. $.? $.? $. $.?? $.? $.? E EE E R$G R$G "@ E E ACC< ACC<E E $N ;"E ;"E "@ #R"C #R"CE E E>$N $NG G A< A<"R "R$ $! !, N" N" A
$REGAR "@ E E #" @AC" CLA<E. $& (anno& *% su((%ss+uy aru%) &a& &%r% 's a )'u&'on o+ &% r'& &o a//%a. A)'&&%)y un)%r #r%s')%n&'a %(r%% No. 186, &%r% 's no r%(ours% &o &% Cour& o+ A//%as, &% r%'% (o'n +ro &% u/r%% Cour&. % &%s& as &o %&%r &% % /os& +a(&o (aus% 's )'sr%ar)%), 'n &% anua% o+ Jus&'(% ;aran 'n o/son . <&a, 170 < 33 H1898I &a:'n =+ro an a((us%) any r'& &a& as r%ar)%), a& &% &'% o+ &% a)o/&'on o+ &% (ons&'&u&'on as '&a +or &% /ro&%(&'on o+ '+% an) '*%r&y, an) '( % %noy%) a& &% &'% o+ &% (o'ss'on o+ &% o++%ns% (ar%) aa'ns& '. % o'ss'on o+ &% Cour& o+ A//%as as an 'n&%r%)'a&% &r'*una )o%s no& )%/r'% &% a((us%) o+ a r'& '&a &o &% /ro&%(&'on o+ 's '*%r&y. $n &% +'rs& /a(%, 's 'nno(%n(% or u'& 's /ass%) u/on *y &% &r%%-u)% (our& o+ a )''s'on o+ r%s/on)%n& Cour&. ;or%o%r, a unan'ous o&% 's r%4u'r%), +a''n '( =&% #r%s')'n Jus&'(% sa a )%s'na&% &o o&%r us&'(%s +ro aon &% %*%rs o+ &% Cour& &o s'& &%/orar'y '& &%, +or'n a )''s'on o+ +'% us&'(%s, an) &% (on(urr%n(% o+ a aor'&y o+ su( )''s'on sa *% n%(%ssary +or r%n)%r'n u)%n&. %n '+ (on'(&%), &'s Cour& as &% )u&y '+ % s%%:s a r%'% &o s%% %&%r any %rror o+ a as (o'&&%) &o us&'+y a r%%rsa o+ &% u)%n&. #%&'&'on%r a:%s u(, /%ra/s %(%ss'%y so as 's &% on& o+ a)o(a&%s, o+ &% +a(& &a& &%r% 's no r%'% o+ &% +a(&s. >a& (anno& *% &oo su++'('%n&y s&r%ss%) 's &a& &'s Cour& 'n )%&%r'n'n %&%r or no& &o '% )u% (ours% &o &% /%&'&'on +or r%'% us& *% (on'n(%) &a& &% (ons&'&u&'ona /r%su/&'on o+ 'nno(%n(% as *%%n o%r(o%. $n &a& s%ns%, '& (anno& *% sa') &a& on &% a//%a&% %% &%r% 's no ay o+ s(ru&'n''n %&%r &% 4uan&u o+ %')%n(% r%4u'r%) +or a +'n)'n o+ u'& as *%%n sa&'s+'%). $& )o%s s%% +ar- +%&(%) an) 'y unr%a's&'( &o (on(u)% &a& &% o'ss'on o+ &% Cour& o+ A//%as as a r%'%'n au&or'&y r%su&s 'n &% oss ='&a /ro&%(&'on= o+ '*%r&y. 6. $.? $.? #RE<;#$"N "@ $NN"CENCE? #E"#LE . RA;A!"? RE$E> "@ A J<G;EN "@ C"N$C$"N RENERE B! E AN$GANBA!AN CALL @"R R$C "BERANCE "@ E C"N$<$"NAL #RE<;#$"N "@ $NN"CENCE. $n #%o/% . raayo, L-21325, "(&. 29, 1971, &% u/r%% Cour& %) =A((usa&'on 's no&, a((or)'n &o &% +un)a%n&a a, as synonyous '& u'&. $& 's 'n(u*%n& on &% /ros%(u&'on &o )%ons&ra&% &a& (u/a*''&y '%s. A//%an&s %r% no& %%n (a%) u/on &%n &o o++%r %')%n(% on &%'r *%a+. %'r +r%%)o 's +or+%'& ony '+ &% r%4u's'&% 4uan&u o+ /roo+ n%(%ssary +or (on'(&'on *% 'n %'s&%n(%. %'r u'& us& *% son *%yon) r%asona*% )ou*&. o su( s&an)ar), &'s Cour& as aays *%%n (o'&&%). %r% 's n%%), &%r%+or%, +or &% os& (ar%+u s(ru&'ny o+ &% &%s&'ony o+ &% s&a&%, *o& ora an) )o(u%n&ary, 'n)%/%n)%n&y o+ a&%%r )%+%ns%, 's o++%r%) *y &% a((us%). "ny '+ &% u)% *%o an) &%r%a+&%r &% a//%a&% &r'*una (ou) arr'% a& a (on(us'on &a& &% (r'% a) *%%n (o'&&%) /r%('s%y *y &% /%rson on &r'a un)%r su( an %a(&'n &%s& sou) &% s%n&%n(% *% on% o+ (on'(&'on. $& 's &us r%4u'r%) &a& %%ry ('r(us&an(% +aor'n 's 'nno(%n(% *% )uy &a:%n 'n&o a((oun&. % /roo+ aa'ns& ' us& sur'% &% &%s& o+ r%ason? &% s&ron%s& sus/'('on us& no& *% /%r'&&%) &o say u)%n&. % (ons('%n(% us& *% sa&'s+'%) &a& on &% )%+%n)an& (ou) *% a') &% r%s/ons'*''&y +or &% o++%ns% (ar%)? &a& no& ony )') % /%r/%&ra&% &% a(& *u& &a& '& aoun&%) &o a (r'%. >a& 's r%4u'r%) 's ora (%r&a'n&y.= 7. $.? $.?
r%'&%ra&'on o+ a& as )%(')%) *y &% A%r'(an u/r%% Cour& 'n a (as% o+ #''//'n% or''n, "n Can >'n . ? A<E? #.. 1606? AN$GANBA!AN, A <$ GENER$ $N E J<$C$AL RE >$ A #EC$AL CARACER @"R >$C $ ". % s/%('a (o/os'&'on o+ &% an)'an*ayan an) &% s/%('a /ro(%)ur% o+ a//%a /ro')%) +or '& 'n #.. 1606 )o%s no& 'n+r'n% &% (ons&'&u&'ona 'nun(&'on aa'ns& %-/os& +a(&o as. % (r%a&'on o+ a s/%('a (our& &o &a:% (on'an(% o+, &ry an) )%(')% (r'%s ar%a)y (o'&&%) 's no& a (ons&'&u&'ona a*nora'&y. "&%r's%, &%r% ou) *% (aos 'n &% /ros%(u&'on o+ o++%ns%s '( 'n &% /u*'( 'n&%r%s& us& *% )%a& '& or% %/%)'&'ousy 'n or)%r &o (ur&a' any +as& sur'n &')% o+ %'-)o'n aa'ns& &% so('a or)%r. 'n(% &% an)'an*ayan 's a (o%'a&% &r'a (our&, '& 's o*'ousy '/ro/%r &o a:% a//%as &%r%+ro a//%aa*% &o ano&%r (o%'a&% (our& '& &% sa% nu*%r o+ u)%s (o/os'n '&. >% us& *%ar 'n 'n) &a& &% an)'an*ayans /r'ary an) /r'or)'a r%ason +or *%'n 's &o 'nsur% &% /%o/%s +a'& an) (on+')%n(% 'n our /u*'( o++'(%rs or% &an '& us%) &o *%. >% a% ony &o r%(a &a& &% a(&''s an) r%s&%ssn%ss 'n &% a&%r 60s an) &% %ary 70s /ar&'(uary o+ &% you& o ar% aays (on(%rn%) '& &% +u&ur% o+ &% (oun&ry %r% (aus%) *y &%'r (on'(&'on &a& ra+& an) (orru/&'on as ar%a)y 'n&o%ra*y /%ras'% 'n &% o%rn%n& an) na&uray &%y )%an)%) an) %/%(&%) %++%(&'% an) +as&%r an) or% %/%)'&'ous r%%)'%s. us, &% ano)*ayan or "*u)san as (on(%'%) an) as '&s n%(%ssary (oun&%r/ar&, &% an)'an*ayan.
3. $.? $.? $.? $.? AN$GANBA!AN C"N$C$"N "@ AN ACC<E $N ACC"RANCE >$ E C"N$<$"NAL REF<$RE;EN "@ #R""@ BE!"N REA"NABLE " "@ EC$$"N "@ E AN$GANBA!AN A BEER G'& or% r%ason sou) &'s ru% a//y &o &% r%'% o+ &% )%('s'on o+ a (o%'a&% &r'a (our&. ;or%o%r, %n &% Cour& o+ A//%as /ass%s on an a//%a 'n a (r''na (as%, '& as ony &% r%(or)s &o r%y on, an) y%& &% u/r%% Cour& as no /o%r &o r%%rs% '&s +'n)'ns o+ +a(&, '& ony &% usua %(%/&'ons ar%a)y :non &o a ay%rs an) u)%s. % r%'% o+ &% )%('s'ons o+ &% an)'an*ayan, os% &r%% us&'(%s a% a(&uay s%%n an) o*s%r%) &% '&n%ss%s as /ro')%) +or 'n #.. 1606 's a or% 'ron-(a) uaran&%% &a& no /%rson a((us%) *%+or% su( s/%('a (our& ' %%r *% +'nay (on'(&%) '&ou& 's u'& a//%ar'n *%yon) r%asona*% )ou*& as an)a&%) *y &% Cons&'&u&'on. ;ADA$AR, J., (on(urr'n an) )'ss%n&'n 1. C"N$<$"NAL LA>? A<E? #.. 1606? #ARAGRA# 3, EC$"N 7 ERE"@ $"LAE E C"N$<$"NAL G. #%rsons o ar% (ar%) '& %s&a+a or a%rsa&'on o+ +un)s no& *%on'n &o &% o%rn%n& or any o+ '&s 'ns&ru%n&a'&'%s, or a%n('%s ar% uaran&%%) &% r'& &o a//%a &o &o a//%a&% (our&s +'rs&, &o &% Cour& o+ A//%as, an) &%r%a+&%r &o &% u/r%% Cour&. Es&a+a an) a%rsa&'on o+ /r'a&% +un)s ar% on &% sa% (a&%ory as ra+& an) (orru/&'on (o'&&%) *y /u*'( o++'(%rs, o, un)%r &% )%(r%% (r%a&'n &% an)'an*ayan, ar% ony ao%) on% a//%a &o &% u/r%% Cour& H/ar. 3, %(. 7, #.. 1606I. % +a(& &a& &% an)'an*ayan 's a (o%'a&% &r'a (our& )o%s no& %n%ra&% any su*s&an&'a )'s&'n(&'on &o a')a&% &'s 'n')'ous )'s(r''na&'on. r%% u)%s s'&&'n on &% sa% (as% )o%s no& %nsur% a 4ua'&y o+ us&'(% *%&&%r &an &a& %&%) ou& *y a &r'a (our& /r%s')%) *y on% u)%. % u&'a&% )%('s'% +a(&ors ar% &% 'n&%%(&ua (o/%&%n(%, 'n)us&ry an) 'n&%r'&y o+ &% &r'a u)%. Bu& a r%'% *y &o a//%a&% &r'*unas o+ &% sa% (as% (%r&a'ny %nsur%s *%&&%r us&'(% &o &% a((us%) an) &o &% /%o/%. 2. $.? $.? $.? LA>-;AD$NG A<"R$! RE#"N$BLE @"R CREA$NG E AN$GANBA!AN N" A<"R$KE " L$;$ E ACC<E R$G "@ A##EAL. % Cons&'&u&'on %r%y au&or'%s &% a-a:'n au&or'&y &o (r%a&% &% an)'an*ayan '& a s/%('+'( ''&%) ur's)'(&'on ony o%r ra+& an) (orru/&'on (o'&&%) *y o++'(%rs an) %/oy%%s o+ &% o%rn%n&, o%rn%n& 'ns&ru%n&a'&'%s an) o%rn%n&-on%) an) (on&ro%) (or/ora&'ons. % Cons&'&u&'on )o%s no& au&or'% &% aa:%r &o ''& &% r'& o+ a//%a o+ &% a((us%) (on'(&%) *y &% an)'an*ayan &o ony &% u/r%% Cour&. % B' o+
R'&s r%a'ns as r%s&r'(&'ons on &% a-a:%r 'n (r%a&'n &% an)'an*ayan /ursuan& &o &% (ons&'&u&'ona )'r%(&'%. 3. $.? $.? $.? #AR. 3, EC. 7 ERE"@ $"LAE #R"CE$NG #">ER "@ E <#RE;E C"ER "@ RE$E>, A $"LA$"N "@ E C"N$<$"NAL #RE<;#$"N "@ $NN"CENCE. L''&'n &% /o%r o+ r%'% *y &% u/r%% Cour& o+ (on'(&'ons *y &% an)'an*ayan ony &o 'ssu%s o+ ur's)'(&'on or ra% a*us% o+ )'s(r%&'on, ':%'s% 'oa&%s &% (ons&'&u&'ona /r%su/&'on o+ 'nno(%n(% o+ &% a((us%), '( /r%su/&'on (an ony *% o%r(o% *y /roo+ *%yon) r%asona*% )ou*&. H%(. 19, Ar&. $, 1973 Cons&'&u&'onI. E%n '+ 'n (%r&'orar' /ro(%%)'ns, &% u/r%% Cour&, &o )%&%r'n% %&%r &% &r'a (our& ra%y a*us%) '&s )'s(r%&'on, (an 'n4u'r% 'n&o %&%r &% u)%n& o+ &% an)'an*ayan 's su//or&%) *y su*s&an&'a %')%n(%, &% /r%su/&'on o+ 'nno(%n(% 's s&' 'oa&%)? *%(aus% /roo+ *%yon) r%asona*% )ou*& (anno& *% %4ua&%) '& su*s&an&'a %')%n(%. B%(aus% &% u/r%% Cour& un)%r #.. No. 1606 's /r%(u)%) +ro r%'%'n 4u%s&'ons o+ +a(& an) &% %')%n(% su*'&&%) *%+or% &% an)'an*ayan, &% u/r%% Cour& 's &%r%*y )%/r'%) o+ &% (ons&'&u&'ona /o%r &o )%&%r'n% %&%r &% u'& o+ &% a((us%) as *%%n %s&a*'s%) *y /roo+ *%yon) r%asona*% )ou*& *y /roo+ %n%ra&'n ora (%r&a'n&y a& &o 's (u/a*''&y an) &%r%+or% su*%r&s &% (ons&'&u&'ona /r%su/&'on o+ 'nno(%n(% 'n 's +aor '( 's %noy%) *y a o&%r )%+%n)an&s 'n o&%r (r''na (as%s, 'n(u)'n )%+%n)an&s a((us%) o+ ony '& +%on'%s, '( ar% %ss s%r'ous &an ra+& an) (orru/&'on. 6. $.? $.? $.? $NC";#LEE C";#"$$"N "@ E AN$GANBA!AN EN$E E ACC<E AANAGE AN #R$$LEGE ACC"RE " "ER E@ENAN $N$CE BE@"RE "ER R$AL C"
+ro aon &% %*%rs o+ &% Cour& &o s'& &%/orar'y '& &%, +or'n a )''s'on o+ +'% Jus&'(%s, an) &% (on(urr%n(% o+ &% aor'&y o+ su( )''s'on sa *% n%(%ssary +or r%n)%r'n u)%n&. A& /r%s%n&, &%r% ar% ony 6 %*%rs o+ &% an)'an*ayan or &o )''s'ons a(&uay o/%ra&'n. Cons%4u%n&y, %n a %*%r o+ &% ''s'on )'ss%n&s, &o o&%r %*%rs ay *% )%s'na&%) *y &% r%s')'n Jus&'(% &o s'& &%/orar'y '& &% ''s'on &o (ons&'&u&% a s/%('a )''s'on o+ +'% %*%rs. % +a(& &a& &%r% ar% ony 6 %*%rs no (o/os'n &% an)'an*ayan ''&s &% (o'(% o+ &% #r%s')'n Jus&'(% &o ony &r%%, 'ns&%a) o+ 6 %*%rs +ro o &o s%%(& &% &o o&%r Jus&'(%s &o (o/os% a s/%('a )''s'on o+ +'% 'n (as% a %*%r o+ &% )''s'on )'ss%n&s, 's s'&ua&'on /a&%n&y )''n's%s &o an a//r%('a*% )%r%% &% (an(%s o+ an a((us%) +or an a(4u'&&a. A//'%) &o &% /%&'&'on%r, %(&'on 5 o+ #.. 1606 )%n'%s ' &% %4ua /ro&%(&'on o+ &% a as aa'ns& &os% o ' *% /ros%(u&%) %n &r%% or% %*%rs o+ &% an)'an*ayan ' *% a//o'n&%) &o (o/%&% '&s %*%rs'/ o+ n'n%. 7. $.? $.? $.? EC. 1 ERE"@ $#LA! ARB$RAR! CLA$@$CA$"N $N #LAC$NG E AN$GANBA!AN "N E A;E LEEL A E C"? $AL R$G "@ E ACC<E " A RE$E> "@ E J<G;EN "@ C"N$C$"N B! >" A##ELLAN R$BA!. $n Day '%as Da' H"(&. 22, 1970, 35 CRA 29I '& as ru%) &a& an % /os& +a(&o a 's on% '( a&%rs &% ru%s o+ %')%n(% an) au&or'%s (on'(&'on u/on %ss &%s&'ony &an &% a r%4u'r%) a& &% &'% &% (r'% as (o'&&%), or )%/r'%s a /%rson a((us%) o+ a (r'% o+ so% a+u /ro&%(&'on &o '( % as
*%(o% %n&'&%). % 'n)'(&%n& aa'ns& &% /%&'&'on%r a((us%s ' o+ ra+& an) (orru/&'on (o'&&%) =+ro Juy 20, 1977 u/ &o an) 'n(u)'n January 12, 1978,= on *%+or% &% (r%a&'on o+ &% an)'an*ayan on %(%*%r 10, 1978 *y #.. No. 1606 '( %/r%ssy r%/%a%) #., No. 186, &% or''na (ar&%r o+ &% an)'an*ayan /roua&%) on Jun% 11, 1978. B%+or% &% (r%a&'on o+ &% an)'an*ayan, a /%rsons a((us%) o+ a%rsa&'on o+ /u*'( +un)s or ra+& an) (orru/&'on an) %s&a+a %r% %n&'&%) &o a r%'% o+ a &r'a (our&s u)%n& o+ (on'(&'on *y &% Cour& o+ A//%as on a 4u%s&'ons o+ +a(& an) a, an) &%r%a+&%r *y &% u/r%% Cour& aso on *o& 4u%s&'ons o+ +a(& an) a. 's r'& &o a r%'% o+ &% u)%n& o+ (on'(&'on *y &o a//%a&% &r'*unas on *o& +a(&ua an) %a 'ssu%s, as ar%a)y /ar& o+ &% (ons&'&u&'ona r'& o+ )u% /ro(%ss %noy%) *y &% /%&'&'on%r 'n 1977. 's '&a r'& o+ &% a((us%) as *%%n &a:%n aay on %(. 10, 1978 *y #.. No. 1606, &us /a('n &% /%&'&'on%r un)%r a r%a& )'sa)an&a% +or (r'%s % a%%)y (o'&&%) /r'or &o 1978. 10. $.? $.? $.? RE$E> "@ AN$GANBA!AN EC$$"N B! CER$"RAR$? C"N$<$"NAL #RE<;#$"N "@ $NN"CENCE $N @A"R "@ E ACC<E $;#A$RE. R%'% *y (%r&'orar' '/a'rs &% (ons&'&u&'ona /r%su/&'on o+ 'nno(%n(% 'n +aor o+ &% a((us%), '( r%4u'r%s /roo+ *%yon) r%asona*% )ou*& &o r%*u& &% /r%su/&'on. #.. No. 1606 &us 'n %++%(& r%)u(%s &% 4ua'&y an) 4uan&'&y o+ &% %')%n(% r%4u's'&% +or a (r''na (on'(&'on. % (on'(&'on o+ /%&'&'on%r 's &us +a(''&a&%) or a)% %as'%r *y #.. 1606, '( as no& so /r'or &o '&s /roua&'on. 11. $.? $.? $.? EC$"N 7 ERE"@ CLAE >$ E C"N$<$"NAL RER "@ <#ER$$"N "ER $N@ER$"R C"
%/as'%) &a& &% sa% G%n%ra A//ro/r'a&'ons A(& o+ 1982 %/r%ssy /ro')%s &a& &% )'s/os'&'on o+ a &% a//ro/r'a&'ons +or &% Cour& o+ A//%as, Cour& o+ a A//%as, C'r(u'& Cr''na Cour&s, an) &% Cour& o+ Arar'an R%a&'ons 's %/r%ssy su*%(& &o &% a//roa o+ &% C'%+ Jus&'(% o+ &% u/r%% Cour& H//. 539-51, G%n%ra A//ro/r'a&'ons A(& o+ 1982I. % au&or'&y )%%a&%) %/r%ssy *y &% Cons&'&u&'on &o &% a-a:%r &o (r%a&% &% an)'an*ayan )o%s no& 'n(u)% &% au&or'&y &o %%/& &% an)'an*ayan +ro &% (ons&'&u&'ona su/%r's'on o+ &% u/r%% Cour&. 13. $.? $.? $.? CALLENGE #R"$$"N ERE"@ CAN BE ECLARE $"< N
&%r%+or%, y &% 1971 Cons&'&u&'ona Con%n&'on, '& +u aar%n%ss o+ &% (on&'nu'n n%%) &o (o*a& &% %'s o+ ra+& an) (orru/&'on, 'n(u)%) &% a*o%-('&%) /ro's'on. #%&'&'on%r 'n &'s (%r&'orar' an) /ro'*'&'on /ro(%%)'n assa's &% a')'&y o+ &% #r%s')%n&'a %(r%% (r%a&'n &% an)'an*ayan. % as a((us%) *%+or% su( r%s/on)%n& Cour& o+ %s&a+a &rou +as'+'(a&'on o+ /u*'( an) (o%r('a )o(u%n&s (o'&&%) 'n (onn'an(% '& 's o&%r (o-a((us%), a /u*'( o++'('as, 'n s%%ra (as%s. 7 % 'n+ora&'ons %r% +'%) r%s/%(&'%y on '& @%*ruary 21 an) ;ar( 26, 1979. %r%a+&%r, on ;ay 15 o+ &a& y%ar, u/on *%'n arra'n%), % +'%) a o&'on &o 4uas on (ons&'&u&'ona an) ur's)'(&'ona roun)s. 8 A %%: a&%r, r%s/on)%n& Cour& )%n'%) su( o&'on. 9 %r% as a o&'on +or r%(ons')%ra&'on +'%) &% n%& )ay? '& %& &% sa% +a&%. 10 %n(% &'s /%&'&'on +or (%r&'orar' an) /ro'*'&'on. $& 's &% (a' o+ /%&'&'on%r &a& #r%s')%n&'a %(r%% No. 186, as a%n)%), (r%a&'n &% r%s/on)%n& Cour& 's 'oa&'% o+ &% )u% /ro(%ss, 11 %4ua /ro&%(&'on, 12 an) % /os& +a(&o 13 (aus%s o+ &% Cons&'&u&'on. 1 % o%rr')'n (on(%rn, a)% an'+%s& 'n &% Cons&'&u&'on '&s%+, &o (o/% or% %++%(&'%y '& )'son%s&y an) a*us% o+ &rus& 'n &% /u*'( s%r'(% %&%r (o'&&%) *y o%rn%n& o++'('as or no&, '& %ss%n&'a (oo/%ra&'on o+ &% /r'a&% ('&'%ns '& o &%y )%a, (anno& o+ '&s%+ us&'+y any )%/ar&ur% +ro or )'sr%ar) o+ (ons&'&u&'ona r'&s. a& 's *%yon) 4u%s&'on. >'& )u% r%(on'&'on, o%%r, o+ &% 'or an) /%rs's&%n(% o+ (ouns% o+ /%&'&'on%r 15 'n 's /%a)'ns *u&&r%ss%) *y s(oary an) )''%n& r%s%ar(, &% Cour&, %4uay a')%) 'n &% s&u)y o+ &% 'ssu%s ra's%) *y &% %aus&'% %oran)u o+ &% o'('&or G%n%ra, 16 's o+ &% '% &a& &% 'na')'&y o+ #r%s')%n&'a %(r%% No. 186 as a%n)%), (r%a&'n r%s/on)%n& Cour& as no& *%%n )%ons&ra&%). % /%&'&'on &%n (anno& *% ran&%). % un(ons&'&u&'ona'&y o+ su( %(r%% (anno& *% a)u)%). 1. $& 's &o *% a)% (%ar &a& &% /o%r o+ &% &%n #r%s')%n& an) #r'% ;'n's&%r @%r)'nan) E. ;ar(os &o (r%a&% &% an)'an*ayan 'n 1978 's no& (a%n%) 'n &'s /ro(%%)'n. >'% su( an a(& sou) (o% +ro &% Na&'ona Ass%*y, &% 1976 A%n)%n&s a)% (%ar &a& % as 'n(u*%n& #r%s')%n& =sa (on&'nu% &o %%r('s% %'sa&'% /o%rs un&' ar&'a a sa a% *%%n '+&%).= 17 us, &%r% 's an a++'ra&'on o+ &% ru'n o+ &'s Cour& 'n A4u'no Jr. . Co'ss'on on E%(&'ons 18 )%(')%) 'n 1975. $n &% anua% o+ &% /on%n&%, Jus&'(% ;a:as'ar, '& )'ss'/a&%) =a )ou*&s as &o &% %a'&y o+ su( a-a:'n au&or'&y *y &% #r%s')%n& )ur'n &% /%r'o) o+ ;ar&'a La, . . .= 19 As &% o/'n'on %n& on &o s&a&% =$& 's no& a ran& o+ au&or'&y &o %'sa&%, *u& a r%(on'&'on o+ su( /o%r as ar%a)y %'s&'n 'n +aor o+ &% 'n(u*%n& #r%s')%n& )ur'n &% /%r'o) o+ ;ar&'a La.= 20 2. #%&'&'on%r 'n 's %oran)u 'no:%s &% uaran&%% o+ %4ua /ro&%(&'on 'n s%%:'n &o nu'+y #r%s')%n&'a %(r%% No. 186. >a& )o%s '& s'n'+y o 4uo&% +ro J.;. uason M Co. . Lan) %nur% A)'n's&ra&'on 21 =% ')%a s'&ua&'on 's +or &% as *%n%+'&s &o *% aa'a*% &o a, &a& non% *% /a(%) ou&s')% &% s/%r% o+ '&s (o%ra%. "ny &us (ou) (an(% an) +aor *% %(u)%) an) &% a++a'rs o+ %n o%rn%) *y &a& s%r%n% an) '/ar&'a un'+or'&y, '( 's o+ &% %ry %ss%n(% o+ &% ')%a o+ a.= 22 %r% 's r%(on'&'on, o%%r, 'n &% o/'n'on &a& a& 'n +a(& %'s&s =(anno& a//ro'a&% &% ')%a. Nor 's &% a sus(%/&'*% &o &% r%/roa( &a& '& )o%s no& &a:% 'n&o a((oun& &% r%a'&'%s o+ &% s'&ua&'on. % (ons&'&u&'ona uaran&%% &%n 's no& &o *% '%n a %an'n &a& )'sr%ar)s a& 's, a& )o%s 'n +a(& %'s&. o assur% &a& &% %n%ra %+ar% *% /roo&%), '( 's &% %n) o+ a, a r%ua&ory %asur% ay (u& 'n&o &% r'&s &o '*%r&y an) /ro/%r&y. os% a)%rs%y a++%(&%) ay un)%r su( ('r(us&an(%s 'no:% &% %4ua /ro&%(&'on (aus% ony '+ &%y (an so &a& &% o%rn%n&a a(& assa'%), +ar +ro *%'n 'ns/'r%) *y &% a&&a'n%n& o+ &% (oon %a as /ro/&%) *y &% s/'r'& o+ os&''&y, or a& &%
%ry %as&, )'s(r''na&'on &a& +'n)s no su//or& 'n r%ason.= 23 Cass'+'(a&'on 's &us no& ru%) ou&, '& *%'n su++'('%n& &o 4uo&% +ro &% uason )%('s'on an% =&a& &% as o/%ra&% %4uay an) un'+ory on a /%rsons un)%r s''ar ('r(us&an(%s or &a& a /%rsons us& *% &r%a&%) 'n &% sa% ann%r, &% (on)'&'ons no& *%'n )'++%r%n&, *o& 'n &% /r''%%s (on+%rr%) an) &% 'a*''&'%s '/os%). @aor'&'s an) un)u% /r%+%r%n(% (anno& *% ao%). @or &% /r'n('/% 's &a& %4ua /ro&%(&'on an) s%(ur'&y sa *% '%n &o %%ry /%rson un)%r ('r(us&an(%s '(, '+ no& ')%n&'(a, ar% anaoous. $+ a *% oo:%) u/on 'n &%rs o+ *ur)%n or (ar%s, &os% &a& +a '&'n a (ass sou) *% &r%a&%) 'n &% sa% +as'on, a&%%r r%s&r'(&'ons (as& on so% 'n &% rou/ %4uay *'n)'n on &% r%s&.= 2 3. % /r%'s% un)%ry'n /%&'&'on%rs (on&%n&'on on &'s /o'n& 's s%& +or& 'n 's %oran)u &us =1. % an)'an*ayan /ro(%%)'ns 'oa&%s /%&'&'on%rs r'& &o %4ua /ro&%(&'on, *%(aus% a//%a as a a&&%r o+ r'& *%(a% 'n''%) 'n&o a %r% a&&%r o+ )'s(r%&'on? a//%a ':%'s% as srun: an) ''&%) ony &o 4u%s&'ons o+ a, %(u)'n a r%'% o+ &% +a(&s an) &r'a %')%n(%? an) &%r% 's ony on% (an(% &o a//%a (on'(&'on, *y (%r&'orar' &o &% u/r%% (our&, 'ns&%a) o+ &% &ra)'&'ona &o (an(%s? '% a o&%r %s&a+a 'n)'(&%%s ar% %n&'&%) &o a//%a as a a&&%r o+ r'& (o%r'n *o& a an) +a(&s an) &o &o a//%a&% (our&s, '.%., +'rs& &o &% Cour& o+ A//%as an) &%r%a+&%r &o &% u/r%% Cour&.= 25 a& 's ar)y (on'n('n, (ons')%r'n &a& &% (ass'+'(a&'on sa&'s+'%s &% &%s& announ(%) *y &'s Cour& &rou Jus&'(% Laur% 'n #%o/% . %ra 26 r%4u'r'n &a& '& =us& *% *as%) on su*s&an&'a )'s&'n(&'ons '( a:% r%a )'++%r%n(%s? '& us& *% %ran% &o &% /ur/os%s o+ &% a? '& us& no& *% ''&%) &o %'s&'n (on)'&'ons ony, an) us& a//y %4uay &o %a( %*%r o+ &% (ass.= 27 o r%/%a&, &% (ons&'&u&'on s/%('+'(ay a:%s %n&'on o+ &% (r%a&'on o+ a s/%('a (our&, &% an)'an*ayan, /r%('s%y 'n r%s/ons% &o a /ro*%, &% ur%n(y o+ '( (anno& *% )%n'%), na%y, )'son%s&y 'n &% /u*'( s%r'(%. $& +oos &a& &os% o ay &%r%a+&%r *% &r'%) *y su( (our& ou& &o a% *%%n aar% as +ar *a(: as January 17, 1973, %n &% /r%s%n& Cons&'&u&'on (a% 'n&o +or(%, &a& a )'++%r%n& /ro(%)ur% +or &% a((us%) &%r%'n, %&%r a /r'a&% ('&'%n as /%&'&'on%r 's or a /u*'( o++'('a, 's no& n%(%ssar'y o++%ns'% &o &% %4ua /ro&%(&'on (aus% o+ &% Cons&'&u&'on. #%&'&'on%r, or%o%r, (anno& *% unaar% o+ &% ru'n o+ &'s Cour& 'n Co C'on . Cua)%rno, 28 a 199 )%('s'on, &a& &% %n%ra uaran&%%s o+ &% B' o+ R'&s, 'n(u)%) aon '( ar% &% )u% /ro(%ss o+ a an) %4ua /ro&%(&'on (aus%s us& ='% aay &o [a] s/%('+'( /ro's'on,= 'n &a& )%('s'on, on% r%s%r'n &o =@''/'no ('&'%ns o+ &% o/%ra&'on o+ /u*'( s%r'(%s or u&''&'%s.= 29 % s(o/% o+ su( a /r'n('/% 's no& &o *% (ons&r'(&%). $& 's (%r&a'ny *roa) %nou &o (o%r &% 'ns&an& s'&ua&'on. . % (on&%n&'on &a& &% (a%n%) #r%s')%n&'a %(r%% 's (on&rary &o &% % /os& +a(&o /ro's'on o+ &% Cons&'&u&'on 's s''ary /r%'s%) on &% a%a&'on &a& =/%&'&'on%rs r'& o+ a//%a 's *%'n )'u&%) or %ro)%) %++'(a(y 's% . . . .= 30 A or% s%ar('n s(ru&'ny o+ '&s ra&'ona% ou) )%ons&ra&% &% a(: o+ /%rsuas'%n%ss o+ su( an aru%n&. % Day '%as Da' 31 )%('s'on, /roua&%) 'n 1970, ('&%) *y /%&'&'on%r, su//'%s &% os& r%(%n& an) *'n)'n /ronoun(%%n& on &% a&&%r. o 4uo&% +ro &% /on%n('a o+ Jus&'(% ;a:as'ar =An % /os& +a(&o a 's on% '( H1I a:%s (r''na an a(& )on% *%+or% &% /assa% o+ &% a an) '( as 'nno(%n& %n )on%, an) /un's%s su( an a(&? H2I araa&%s a (r'%, or a:%s '& r%a&%r &an '& as, %n (o'&&%)? H3I (an%s &% /un's%n& an) 'n+'(&s a r%a&%r /un's%n& &an &% a ann%%) &o &% (r'% %n (o'&&%)? HI a&%rs &% %a ru%s o+ &% %')%n(%s, an) au&or'%s (on'(&'on u/on %ss or )'++%r%n& &%s&'ony &an &% a r%4u'r%) a& &% &'% o+ &% (o'ss'on o+ &% o++%ns%? H5I assu'n &o r%ua&% ('' r'&s an) r%%)'%s ony, 'n %++%(& '/os%s /%na&y or )%/r'a&'on o+ a r'& +or so%&'n '( %n )on% as a+u? an)
H6I )%/r'%s a /%rson a((us%) o+ a (r'% o+ so% a+u /ro&%(&'on &o '( % as *%(o% %n&'&%), su( as &% /ro&%(&'on o+ a +or%r (on'(&'on or a(4u'&&a, or a /ro(aa&'on o+ an%s&y.= 32 E%n &% os& (ar%+u s(ru&'ny o+ &% a*o% )%+'n'&'on +a's &o sus&a'n &% (a' o+ /%&'&'on%r. % =a+u /ro&%(&'on= &o '( an a((us%) =as *%(o% %n&'&%)= 's 4ua'+'%), no& '%n a *roa) s(o/%. $& ar)y (an *% aru%) &a& &% o)% o+ /ro(%)ur% /ro')%) +or 'n &% s&a&u&ory r'& &o a//%a 's &%r%'n %*ra(%). 's 's ar)y a (on&ro%rs'a a&&%r. 's Cour& as s/o:%n 'n no un(%r&a'n &%rs. $n #%o/% s. 'o, 33 a 199 )%('s'on, s/%a:'n &rou &% &%n Jus&'(%, a&%r C'%+ Jus&'(% #aras, '& a)% (%ar &a& s%%n o+ &% n'n% Jus&'(%s &%n (o/os'n &'s Cour&, %(%/&'n ony &% /on%n&% 's%+ an) &% a&% Jus&'(% #%r+%(&o, %r% o+ &% o/'n'on &a& %(&'on 9 o+ &% Ju)'('ary A(& o+ 198, )o'n aay '& &% r%4u'r%%n& o+ unan''&y un)%r Ar&'(% 7 o+ &% R%'s%) #%na Co)% '& %'& o&%s su++'('n +or &% '/os'&'on o+ &% )%a& s%n&%n(%, )o%s no& su++%r +ro any (ons&'&u&'ona 'n+'r'&y. @or &% '&s a//'(a*''&y &o (r'%s (o'&&%) *%+or% '&s %na(&%n& ou) no& a:% &% a % /os& +a(&o. 5. $& ay no& *% a'ss &o /ursu% &% su*%(& +ur&%r. % +'rs& au&or'&a&'% %/os'&'on o+ a& 's /ro'*'&%) *y &% % /os& +a(&o (aus% 's +oun) 'n ;%:'n . >o+%, 3 )%(')%) 'n 1903. us =An % /os& +a(&o a as *%%n )%+'n%) as on% HaI >'( a:%s an a(&'on )on% *%+or% &% /ass'n o+ &% a an) '( as 'nno(%n& %n )on% (r''na, an) /un's%s su( a(&'on? or H*I >'( araa&%s a (r'% or a:%s '& r%a&%r &an '& as %n (o'&&%)? or H(I >'( (an%s &% /un's%n& an) 'n+'(&s a r%a&%r /un's%n& &an &% a ann%%) &o &% (r'% %n '& as (o'&&%)? or H)I >'( a&%rs &% %a ru%s o+ %')%n(% an) r%(%'%s %ss or )'++%r%n& &%s&'ony &an &% a r%4u'r%) a& &% &'% o+ &% (o'ss'on o+ &% o++%ns% 'n or)%r &o (on'(& &% )%+%n)an&.= 35 %r% 's r%%an(% &o &% n%& /arara/ o+ &% o/'n'on o+ Jus&'(% Coo/%r =% (as% (%ary )o%s no& (o% '&'n &'s )%+'n'&'on, nor (an '& *% s%%n 'n a& ay &% a(& 'n 4u%s&'on a&%rs &% s'&ua&'on o+ /%&'&'on%r &o 's )'sa)an&a%. $& '%s ', as % as &% Go%rn%n&, &% *%n%+'& o+ &% a//%a, an) 's 'n&%n)%) as +urn's'n &% %ans +or &% (orr%(&'on o+ %rrors. % /oss'*''&y &a& &% u)% o+ &% Cour& o+ @'rs& $ns&an(% ay (o'& %rror 'n 's +aor an) ron+uy )'s(ar% ' a//%ars &o *% &% ony +oun)a&'on +or &% (a'. A /%rson (an a% no %s&%) r'& 'n su( a /oss'*''&y.= 36 6. ;%:'n . >o+% 's &ra(%a*% &o Ca)%r . Bu, 37 a 1798 )%('s'on o+ &% ''a Ba(:s&on% 'n 's (o%n&ar'%s, (ons')%rs an % /os& +a(&o a /r%('s%y 'n &% sa% '& $ a% )on%. 's o/'n'on 's (on+'r%) *y 's su((%ssor, ;r. >oo))%son? an) *y &% au&or o+ &% @%)%ra's&, o $ %s&%% su/%r'or &o *o&, +or 's %&%ns'% an) a((ura&% :no%)% o+ &% &ru% /r'n('/%s o+ o%rn%n&.= 39
7. #%&'&'on%r r%'%s on o/son . <&a. 0 As '& as )%(')%) *y &% A%r'(an u/r%% Cour& 'n A/r' o+ 1898 &% %ry sa% y%ar %n &% r%a&y o+ #ar's, *y 'r&u% o+ '(, A%r'(an so%r%'n&y o%r &% #''//'n%s as a(4u'r%) '& 's un)%rs&an)a*% y % )') so. C%r&a'ny, &% %aus&'% o/'n'on o+ &% +'rs& Jus&'(% aran, as as %n&'on%) *y an au&or, as a (u&&'n %)%, *u& '& (u&s *o& ays. $& aso r%n)%rs (%ar y &% o*s&a(%s &o )%(ar'n un(ons&'&u&'ona &% (a%n%) #r%s')%n&'a %(r%% ar% %-n' 'nsu/%ra*%. A+&%r a r%'% o+ &% /r%'ous /ronoun(%%n&s o+ &% A%r'(an u/r%% Cour& on &'s su*%(&, Jus&'(% aran a)% &'s r%a's&'( a//ra'sa =% )'++'(u&y 's no& so u( as &o &% soun)n%ss o+ &% %n%ra ru% &a& an a((us%) as no %s&%) r'& 'n /ar&'(uar o)%s o+ /ro(%)ur% as 'n )%&%r'n'n %&%r /ar&'(uar s&a&u&%s *y &%'r o/%ra&'on &a:% +ro an a((us%) any r'& &a& as r%ar)%), a& &% &'% o+ &% a)o/&'on o+ &% (ons&'&u&'on, as '&a +or &% /ro&%(&'on o+ '+% an) '*%r&y, an) '( % %noy%) a& &% &'% o+ &% (o'ss'on o+ &% o++%ns% (ar%) aa'ns& '.= 1 An 189 )%('s'on o+ &% A%r'(an u/r%% Cour&, un(an . ;'ssour' 2 as aso ('&%) *y /%&'&'on%r. % o/'n'on o+ &% &%n C'%+ Jus&'(% @u%r, s/%a:'n +or &% Cour&, 's &o &% sa% %++%(&. $& as (a&%or'(ay s&a&%) &a& =&% /r%s(r'*'n o+ )'++%r%n& o)%s o+ /ro(%)ur% an) &% a*o'&'on o+ (our&s an) &% (r%a&'on o+ n% on%s, %a'n un&ou(%) a &% su*s&an&'a /ro&%(&'ons '& '( &% %'s&'n as surroun)s &% /%rson a((us%) o+ (r'%, ar% no& (ons')%r%) '&'n &% (ons&'&u&'ona 'n'*'&'on.= 3 8. E%n +ro &% s&an)/o'n& &%n o+ &% A%r'(an )%('s'ons r%'%) u/on, '& (anno& *% su((%ss+uy aru%) &a& &%r% 's a )'u&'on o+ &% r'& &o a//%a. A)'&&%)y un)%r #r%s')%n&'a %(r%% No. 186, &%r% 's no r%(ours% &o &% Cour& o+ A//%as, &% r%'% (o'n +ro &'s Cour&. % &%s& as &o %&%r &% % /os& +a(&o (aus% 's )'sr%ar)%), 'n &% anua% o+ Jus&'(% aran 'n &% us&-('&%) o/son . <&a )%('s'on &a:'n =+ro an a((us%) any r'& &a& as r%ar)%), a& &% &'% o+ &% a)o/&'on o+ &% (ons&'&u&'on as '&a +or &% /ro&%(&'on o+ '+% an) '*%r&y, an) '( % %noy%) a& &% &'% o+ &% (o'ss'on o+ &% o++%ns% (ar%) aa'ns& '.= % (ru('a or)s ar% ='&a +or &% /ro&%(&'on o+ '+% an) '*%r&y= o+ a )%+%n)an& 'n a (r''na (as%. >ou) &% o'ss'on o+ &% Cour& o+ A//%as as an 'n&%r%)'a&% &r'*una )%/r'% /%&'&'on%r o+ a r'& '&a &o &% /ro&%(&'on o+ 's '*%r&y % ans%r us& *% 'n &% n%a&'%. $n &% +'rs& /a(%, 's 'nno(%n(% or u'& 's /ass%) u/on *y &% &r%%-u)% (our& o+ a )''s'on o+ r%s/on)%n& Cour&. ;or%o%r, a unan'ous o&% 's r%4u'r%), +a''n '( =&% #r%s')'n Jus&'(% sa )%s'na&% &o o&%r us&'(%s +ro aon &% %*%rs o+ &% Cour& &o s'& &%/orar'y '& &%, +or'n a )''s'on o+ +'% us&'(%s, an) &% (on(urr%n(% o+ a aor'&y o+ su( )''s'on sa *% n%(%ssary +or r%n)%r'n u)%n&.= %n '+ (on'(&%), &'s Cour& as &% )u&y '+ % s%%:s a r%'% &o s%% %&%r any %rror o+ a as (o'&&%) &o us&'+y a r%%rsa o+ &% u)%n&. #%&'&'on%r a:%s u(, /%ra/s %(%ss'%y so as 's &% on& o+ a)o(a&%s, o+ &% +a(& &a& &%r% 's no r%'% o+ &% +a(&s. >a& (anno& *% &oo su++'('%n&y s&r%ss%) 's &a& &'s Cour& 'n )%&%r'n'n %&%r or no& &o '% )u% (ours% &o &% /%&'&'on +or r%'% us& *% (on'n(%) &a& &% (ons&'&u&'ona /r%su/&'on o+ 'nno(%n(% 5 as *%%n o%r(o%. $n &a& s%ns%, '& (anno& *% sa') &a& on &% a//%a&% %% &%r% 's no ay o+ s(ru&'n''n %&%r &% 4uan&u o+ %')%n(% r%4u'r%) +or a +'n)'n o+ u'& as *%%n sa&'s+'%). % s&an)ar) as &o %n &%r% 's /roo+ o+ su( %'& &o us&'+y a (on'(&'on 's s%& +or& 'n #%o/% . raayo. 6 us =A((usa&'on 's no&, a((or)'n &o &% +un)a%n&a a, as synonyous '& u'&. $& 's 'n(u*%n& on &% /ros%(u&'on &o )%ons&ra&% &a& (u/a*''&y '%s. A//%an&s %r% no& %%n (a%) u/on &%n &o o++%r %')%n(% on &%'r *%a+. %'r +r%%)o 's +or+%'& ony '+ &% r%4u's'&% 4uan&u o+ /roo+ n%(%ssary +or (on'(&'on *% 'n %'s&%n(%. %'r u'& us& *% son *%yon) r%asona*% )ou*&. o su( a s&an)ar), &'s Cour& as aays *%%n (o'&&%). %r% 's n%%), &%r%+or%, +or &% os& (ar%+u
s(ru&'ny o+ &% &%s&'ony o+ &% s&a&%, *o& ora an) )o(u%n&ary, 'n)%/%n)%n&y o+ a&%%r )%+%ns%, 's o++%r%) *y &% a((us%). "ny '+ &% u)% *%o an) &%r%a+&%r &% a//%a&% &r'*una (ou) arr'% a& a (on(us'on &a& &% (r'% a) *%%n (o'&&%) /r%('s%y *y &% /%rson on &r'a un)%r su( an %a(&'n &%s& sou) &% s%n&%n(% *% on% o+ (on'(&'on. $& 's &us r%4u'r%) &a& %%ry ('r(us&an(% +aor'n 's 'nno(%n(% *% )uy &a:%n 'n&o a((oun&. % /roo+ aa'ns& ' us& sur'% &% &%s& o+ r%ason? &% s&ron%s& sus/'('on us& no& *% /%r'&&%) &o say u)%n&. % (ons('%n(% us& *% sa&'s+'%) &a& on &% )%+%n)an& (ou) *% a') &% r%s/ons'*''&y +or &% o++%ns% (ar%)? &a& no& ony )') % /%r/%&ra&% &% a(& *u& &a& '& aoun&%) &o a (r'%. >a& 's r%4u'r%) &%n 's ora (%r&a'n&y.= 7 's Cour& as r%/%a&%)y r%%rs%) (on'(&'ons on a so'n &a& &'s +un)a%n&a an) *as'( r'& &o *% /r%su%) 'nno(%n& as *%%n )'sr%ar)%). 8 $& )o%s s%% +ar-+%&(%) an) 'y unr%a's&'( &o (on(u)% &a& &% o'ss'on o+ &% Cour& o+ A//%as as a r%'%'n au&or'&y r%su&s 'n &% oss ='&a /ro&%(&'on= o+ '*%r&y. 9. % aru%n& *as%) on )%n'a o+ )u% /ro(%ss as u( %ss &o r%(o%n) '&. $n &% %aus&'% +or&y-&o /a% %oran)u o+ /%&'&'on%r, ony +our an) a a+ /a%s %r% )%o&%) &o '&s )'s(uss'on. %r% 's &% a%a&'on o+ a(: o+ +a'rn%ss. ;u( 's a)% o+ a& 's (ara(&%r'%) as =&% &%nor an) &rus&= o+ &% %a)'n A%r'(an u/r%% Cour& )%('s'on, ny)%r . ;assa(us%&&s. 9 Aa'n &'s ('&a&'on (u&s *o& ays. >'& 's usua +%'('&ous (o'(% o+ or)s, Jus&'(% Car)oo, o /%nn%) &% o/'n'on, %/as'%) =% a, as % a% s%%n, 's s%)uous 'n a'n&a'n'n +or a )%+%n)an& (ar%) '& (r'% a&%%r +ors o+ /ro(%)ur% ar% o+ &% %ss%n(% o+ an o//or&un'&y &o )%+%n). #r''%%s so +un)a%n&a as &o *% 'n%r%n& 'n %%ry (on(%/& o+ a +a'r &r'a &a& (ou) *% a((%/&a*% &o &% &ou& o+ r%asona*% %n ' *% :%/& 'n'oa&% an) 'n'oa*%, o%%r (rus'n ay *% &% /r%ssur% o+ 'n(r''na&'n /roo+. Bu& us&'(%, &ou )u% &o &% a((us%), 's )u% &o &% a((us%r aso. % (on(%/& o+ +a'rn%ss us& no& *% s&ra'n%) &' '& 's narro%) &o a +'a%n&. >% ar% &o :%%/ &% *aan(% &ru%.= 50 >a& 's r%4u'r%) +or (o/'an(% '& &% )u% /ro(%ss an)a&% 'n (r''na /ro(%%)'ns $n Arnau& . #%(son 51 &'s Cour& '& Jus&'(% uason as /on%n&%, su(('n(&y ')%n&'+'%) '& '& =a +a'r an) '/ar&'a &r'a an) r%asona*% o//or&un'&y +or &% /r%/ara&'on o+ )%+%ns%.= 52 $n (r''na /ro(%%)'ns &%n, )u% /ro(%ss 's sa&'s+'%) '+ &% a((us%) 's ='n+or%) as &o y % 's /ro(%%)%) aa'ns& an) a& (ar% % as &o %%&, '& 's (on'(&'on *%'n a)% &o r%s& on %')%n(% &a& 's no& &a'n&%) '& +as'&y a+&%r +u o//or&un'&y +or ' &o r%*u& '& an) &% s%n&%n(% *%'n '/os%) 'n a((or)an(% '& a a') a. $& 's assu%), o+ (ours%, &a& &% (our& &a& r%n)%r%) &% )%('s'on 's on% o+ (o/%&%n& ur's)'(&'on.= 53 % a*o% +orua&'on 's a r%'&%ra&'on o+ a& as )%(')%) *y &% A%r'(an u/r%% Cour& 'n a (as% o+ #''//'n% or''n, "n Can >'n .
*% (ons&ru%) 'n su( a ay as &o /r%(u)% any /oss'*% %ros'on on &% /o%rs %s&%) 'n &'s Cour& *y &% Cons&'&u&'on. a& 's a /ro/os'&'on &oo /a'n &o *% (on&%s&%). $& (o%n)s '&s%+ +or a//roa. Nor sou) &%r% *% any )ou*& %'&%r &a& a r%'% *y (%r&'orar' o+ a )%('s'on o+ (on'(&'on *y &% an)'an*ayan (as +or s&r'(& o*s%ran(% o+ &% (ons&'&u&'ona /r%su/&'on o+ 'nno(%n(%. >ERE@"RE, &% /%&'&'on 's )'s'ss%). No (os&s. A4u'no, Gu%rr%ro, A*a) an&os, ;%%n('o-%rr%ra, #ana an) Es(o'n, JJ., (on(ur. Er'(&a an) Con(%/('on JJ., &oo: no /ar&. %/ara&% "/'n'ons BARRE", J., (on(urr'n $ (on(ur. $ a% r%a) '& r%a& (ar% &% (on(urr'n an) )'ss%n&'n o/'n'on o+ our %arn%) (o%au%, ;r. Jus&'(% ;a:as'ar, an) $ +uy ar%% '& &% '% &a& #.. 1606 as un)uy an) '/ro/%ry /a(%) &% an)'an*ayan on a '%r /an% &an &% u/r%% Cour& 'nso+ar as &% a&&%r o+ au&oa&'( r%%as%s o+ a//ro/r'a&'ons 's (on(%rn%), '( )%+'n'&%y sou) no& *% &% (as%. $ us& say %/a&'(ay &a& '+ su( a /ro's'on as (on(%'%) &o uaran&%% &% an)'ans 'n)%/%n)%n(%, '& 's (%r&a'ny un's% &o assu% &a& &% u/r%% Cour&s 'n)%/%n)%n(% 's unor&y o+ s''ar /ro&%(&'on. &ron as y +%%'n 'n &'s r%s/%(& 's, $ a aar% &a& y o*%(&'on &o &% /ro's'on 'n 4u%s&'on 's no& roun) %nou &o r%n)%r &% sa% un(ons&'&u&'ona. $n %/r%ss'n ys%+ as $ )o, $ a us& a))'n y '&&% o'(% o+ /ro&%s& 'n or)%r &a& o/%+uy &os% (on(%rn%) ay %ar '& ou) an) (%ar an) &us '% &% u/r%% Cour& '&s )%s%r%) su/%r'or s&a&us o%r &% an)'an*ayan. $ r%r%&, o%%r, $ (anno& ar%% '& &% (ons&'&u&'ona s&r'(&ur%s %/r%ss%) *y Jus&'(% ;a:as'ar. $ a or% 'n('n%) &o ar%% '& our onor%) an) )'s&'nu's%) C'%+ Jus&'(%, os% %arn'n 'n (ons&'&u&'ona a 's )uy r%s/%(&%) %r% an) a*roa), &a& &% aru%n&s aa'ns& &% (ons&'&u&'ona'&y o+ #.. 1606 a)an(%) *y '&s (r'&'(s a(: su++'('%n& /%rsua'&y. LL/' $& sou) no& *% sur/r's'n nor unusua &a& &% (o/os'&'on o+ an) /ro(%)ur% 'n &% an)'an*ayan sou) *% )%s'n%) an) ao%) &o *% )'++%r%n& +ro &% or)'nary (our&s. Cons&'&u&'onay s/%a:'n, $ '% &% an)'an*ayan as su' %n%r's 'n &% u)'('a s&ru(&ur% )%s'n%) *y &% a:%rs o+ &% 1971 Cons&'&u&'on. o *% /ar&'(uary no&%) us& *% &% +a(& &a& &% an)a&% o+ &% Cons&'&u&'on &a& &% Na&'ona Ass%*y =sa (r%a&%,= '& 's no& un)%r &% Ar&'(% on &% Ju)'('ary HAr&'(% I *u& un)%r &% ar&'(% on A((oun&a*''&y o+ #u*'( "++'(%rs. ;or%, &% Cons&'&u&'on or)a'ns '& &o *% =a s/%('a (our&. o y 'n), su( =s/%('a= (ara(&%r %n)o%) &o &% an)'an*ayan (arr'%s '& '& (%r&a'n (on(o'&&an&s '( (o/% &a& '& sou) *% &r%a&%) )'++%r%n&y +ro &% or)'nary (our&s. "+ (ours%, as a (our& '& %%r('s%s u)'('a /o%r, an) so un)%r %(&'on 1 o+ Ar&'(% , '& us& *% su*or)'na&% &o &% u/r%% Cour&. An) 'n &'s r%s/%(&, $ ar%% '& Jus&'(% ;a:as'ar &a& &% ru%-a:'n /o%r ran&%) &o '& *y #.. 1606 us& o+ (ons&'&u&'ona n%(%ss'&y *% un)%rs&oo) as s'n'+y'n &a& any ru% '& ay /roua&% (anno& a% +or(% an) %++%(& un%ss a//ro%) *y &% u/r%% Cour&, as '+ &%y a% or''na&%) &%r%+ro. %(&'on 5H5I o+ &% Cons&'&u&'on %/o%rs &% u/r%% Cour& &o /roua&% ru%s (on(%rn'n /%a)'n, /ra(&'(% an) /ro(%)ur% 'n a (our&s, an) &% an)'an*ayan 's on% o+ &os% (our&s, =s/%('a= as '& ay *%. $ a o+ &% (ons')%r%) o/'n'on, non%&%%ss, &a& &% s/%('a (o/os'&'on o+ &% an)'an*ayan an) &% s/%('a /ro(%)ur% o+ a//%a /ro')%) +or '& 'n #.. 1606 )o%s no& 'n+r'n% &% (ons&'&u&'ona 'nun(&'on aa'ns& %-/os& +a(&o as. % (r%a&'on o+ a s/%('a (our& &o &a:% (on'an(% o+, &ry an) )%(')% (r'%s ar%a)y (o'&&%) 's no& a (ons&'&u&'ona a*nora'&y.
"&%r's%, &%r% ou) *% (aos 'n &% /ros%(u&'on o+ o++%ns%s '( 'n &% /u*'( 'n&%r%s& us& *% )%a& '& or% %/%)'&'ousy 'n or)%r &o (ur&a' any +as& sur'n &')% o+ %'-)o'n aa'ns& &% so('a or)%r. 'n(% &% an)'an*ayan 's a (o%'a&% &r'a (our&, '& 's o*'ousy '/ro/%r &o a:% a//%as &%r%+ro a//%aa*% &o ano&%r (o%'a&% (our& '& &% sa% nu*%r o+ u)%s (o/os'n '&. >% us& *%ar 'n 'n) &a& &% an)'an*ayans /r'ary an) /r'or)'a r%ason +or *%'n 's &o 'nsur% &% /%o/%s +a'& an) (on+')%n(% 'n our /u*'( o++'(%rs or% &an '& us%) &o *%. >% a% ony &o r%(a &a& &% a(&''s an) r%s&%ssn%ss 'n &% a&%r 60s an) &% %ary 70s /ar&'(uary o+ &% you& o ar% aays (on(%rn%) '& &% +u&ur% o+ &% (oun&ry %r% (aus%) *y &%'r (on'(&'on &a& ra+& an) (orru/&'on as ar%a)y 'n&o%ra*y /%ras'% 'n &% o%rn%n& an) na&uray &%y )%an)%) an) %/%(&%) %++%(&'% an) +as&%r an) or% %/%)'&'ous r%%)'%s. us, &% ano)*ayan or "*u)san as (on(%'%) an) as '&s n%(%ssary (oun&%r/ar&, &% an)'an*ayan. /r() $& us& *% aa'ns& &'s *a(:)ro/ o+ r%(%n& 's&or'(a %%n&s &a& $ +%% >% us& '% &% an)'an*ayan. A& &'s /o'n&, $ us& %/as'% &a& #.. 1606 's a %'sa&'% %asur%, an) &% ru%-a:'n /o%r o+ &% u/r%% Cour& 's no& 'nsua&%) *y &% Car&%r aa'ns& %'sa&ur%s a&&r'*u&% o+ a&%ra&'on, a%n)%n& or r%/%a. $n)%%), '& 's &% u/r%% Cour& &a& (anno& o)'+y or a%n), u( %ss r%/%a, a ru% o+ (our& or''na&%) *y &% %'sa&'% /o%r. A((or)'ny, &% %&o) o+ a//%a /ro')%) *y #.. 1606 +ro )%('s'ons o+ &% an)'an*ayan (anno& *% un(ons&'&u&'ona. $+ a n% or s/%('a (our& (an *% %'&'a&%y (r%a&%) &o &ry o++%ns%s ar%a)y (o'&&%), ':% &% #%o/%s Cour& o+ Coa*ora&'on &'%s, $ (anno& s%% o &% n% /ro(%)ur% o+ a//%a +ro su( (our&s (an *% +au&%) as 'oa&'% o+ &% Car&%r. ru%, 'n (r''na (as%s, &% Cons&'&u&'on an)a&%s &a& &% u'& o+ &% a((us%) us& *% /ro%) *%yon) r%asona*% )ou*&. Bu& on(% &% an)'an*ayan a:%s su( a /ronoun(%%n&, &% (ons&'&u&'ona r%4u'r%%n& 's (o/'%) '&. a& &% u/r%% Cour& ay r%'% &% )%('s'ons o+ &% an)'an*ayan ony on 4u%s&'ons o+ a )o%s no&, 'n y o/'n'on, a&%r &% +a(& &a& &% (on'(&'on o+ &% a((us%) +ro &% +a(&ua /o'n& o+ '% as *%yon) r%asona*% )ou*&, as on as &% %')%n(% r%'%) u/on *y &% an)'an*ayan 'n arr''n a& su( (on(us'on 's su*s&an&'a. 'n(% &% (r%a&'on o+ &% Cour& o+ A//%as, &% u/r%% Cour&s /o%r o+ r%'% o%r &% )%('s'ons o+ &% +or%r %%n 'n (r''na (as%s as *%%n ''&%) s&a&u&or'y or *y &% ru%s ony &o %a 4u%s&'ons. >% a% n%%r *%%n su//os%) &o %%r('s% &% /o%r &o r%%' &% %')%n(% *u& ony &o )%&%r'n% '&s su*s&an&'a'&y. $+ &a& as /ro/%r an) %a, an) no on% as y%& *%%n %ar) &o say &% (on&rary, y sou) >% on)%r a*ou& &% %&o) o+ r%'% o+ &% )%('s'ons o+ &% an)'an*ayan un)%r #.. 1606 >'& a )u% r%s/%(& &o &% o*s%ra&'on o+ Jus&'(% ;a:as'ar, $ *%'%% &a& &% a((us%) as a *%&&%r uaran&%% o+ a r%a an) +u (ons')%ra&'on o+ &% %')%n(% an) &% )%&%r'na&'on o+ &% +a(&s %r% &%r% ar% &r%% u)%s a(&uay s%%'n an) o*s%r'n &% )%%anor an) (on)u(& o+ &% '&n%ss%s. $& 's "ur (ons&an& ur's/ru)%n(% &a& &% a//%a&% (our&s sou) r%y on &% %aua&'on o+ &% %')%n(% *y &% &r'a u)%s, %(%/& 'n (as%s %r% /'o&a /o'n&s ar% son &o a% *%%n o%roo:%) *y &%. >'& or% r%ason sou) &'s ru% a//y &o &% r%'% o+ &% )%('s'on o+ a (o%'a&% &r'a (our&. ;or%o%r, %n &% Cour& o+ A//%as /ass%s on an a//%a 'n a (r''na (as%, '& as ony &% r%(or)s &o r%y on, an) y%& &% u/r%% Cour& as no /o%r &o r%%rs% '&s +'n)'ns o+ +a(&, '& ony &% usua %(%/&'ons ar%a)y :non &o a ay%rs an) u)%s. $ s&rony *%'%% &a& &% r%'% o+ &% )%('s'ons o+ &% an)'an*ayan, os% &r%% us&'(%s a% a(&uay s%%n an) o*s%r%) &% '&n%ss%s as /ro')%) +or 'n #.. 1606 's a or% 'ron-(a) uaran&%% &a& no /%rson a((us%) *%+or% su( s/%('a (our& ' %%r *%
+'nay (on'(& '&ou& 's u'& a//%ar'n *%yon) r%asona*% )ou*& as an)a&%) *y &% Cons&'&u&'on. L%L'* ;ADA$AR, J., (on(urr'n an) )'ss%n&'n o% /ro's'ons 'n &% an)'an*ayan 'oa&% no& ony &% (ons&'&u&'ona uaran&%%s o+ )u% /ro(%ss as % as %4ua /ro&%(&'on o+ &% a an) aa'ns& &% %na(&%n& o+ % /os& +a(&o as, *u& aso &% (ons&'&u&'ona /ro's'ons on &% /o%r o+ su/%r's'on o+ &% u/r%% Cour& o%r 'n+%r'or (our&s as % as '&s ru%-a:'n au&or'&y. A &% r%%an& (as%s on )u% /ro(%ss, %4ua /ro&%(&'on o+ &% a an) % /os& +a(&o as, a% *%%n ('&%) *y &% /%&'&'on%r, &% o'('&or G%n%ra, an) &% aor'&y o/'n'on? %n(%, &%r% 's no n%%) &o r%/%a& &% %r%. $& sou) *% no&%) &a& /%&'&'on%r )o%s no& (a%n% &% (ons&'&u&'ona'&y o+ #.. No. 1606 on &% roun) &a& '& '/a'rs &% ru%-a:'n au&or'&y o+ &% u/r%% Cour& an) '&s /o%r o+ su/%r's'on o%r 'n+%r'or (our&s. $& sou) ':%'s% *% %/as'%) &a& 'n &% o/'n'on o+ &% >r'&%r, &% /ro's'ons o+ #.. No. 1606 '( % )o%s no& '/un, r%a'n a') an) (o/%&% as a s&a&u&% an) &%r%+or% (an *% '%n %++%(& 'nus &% (a%n%) /or&'ons, '( ar% s%/ara*% +ro &% a') /ro's'ons. LL/' % *as'( (a%a& +or &% %*a&&%) ('&'%n 's o*s&a /r'n('/''s r%s's& +ro &% %ry *%'nn'n any a&&%/& &o assau& 's (ons&'&u&'ona '*%r&'%s. $ #ARAGRA# 3, EC$"N 7 "@ #.. N". 1606 EN$E #E$$"NER . 1. #%rsons o ar% (ar%) '& %s&a+a or a%rsa&'on o+ +un)s no& *%on'n &o &% o%rn%n& or any o+ '&s 'ns&ru%n&a'&'%s or a%n('%s ar% uaran&%%) &% r'& &o a//%a &o &o a//%a&% (our&s +'rs&, &o &% Cour& o+ A//%as, an) &%r%a+&%r &o &% u/r%% Cour&. Es&a+a an) a%rsa&'on o+ /r'a&% +un)s ar% on &% sa% (a&%ory as ra+& an) (orru/&'on (o'&&%) *y /u*'( o++'(%rs, o, un)%r &% )%(r%% (r%a&'n &% an)'an*ayan, ar% ony ao%) on% a//%a &o &% u/r%% Cour& H/ar. 3, %(. 7, #.. No. 1606I. % +a(& &a& &% an)'an*ayan 's a (o%'a&% &r'a (our& )o%s no& %n%ra&% any su*s&an&'a )'s&'n(&'on &o a')a&% &'s 'n')'ous )'s(r''na&'on. r%% u)%s s'&&'n on &% sa% (as% )o%s no& %nsur% a 4ua'&y o+ us&'(% *%&&%r &an &a& %&%) ou& *y a &r'a (our& /r%s')%) *y on% u)%. % u&'a&% )%('s'% +a(&ors ar% &% 'n&%%(&ua (o/%&%n(%, 'n)us&ry an) 'n&%r'&y o+ &% &r'a u)%. Bu& a r%'% *y &o a//%a&% &r'*unas o+ &% sa% (as% (%r&a'ny %nsur%s *%&&%r us&'(% &o &% a((us%) an) &o &% /%o/%. $& sou) *% s&r%ss%) &a& &% Cons&'&u&'on %r%y au&or'%s &% a-a:'n au&or'&y &o (r%a&% &% an)'an*ayan '& a s/%('+'( ''&%) ur's)'(&'on ony o%r ra+& an) (orru/&'on (o'&&%) *y o++'(%rs an) %/oy%%s o+ &% o%rn%n&, o%rn%n& 'ns&ru%n&a'&'%s an) o%rn%n&on%) an) (on&ro%) (or/ora&'ons. % Cons&'&u&'on )o%s no& au&or'% &% aa:%r &o ''& &% r'& o+ a//%a o+ &% a((us%) (on'(&%) *y &% an)'an*ayan &o ony &% u/r%% Cour&. % B' o+ R'&s r%a'ns as r%s&r'(&'ons on &% a-a:%r 'n (r%a&'n &% an)'an*ayan /ursuan& &o &% (ons&'&u&'ona )'r%(&'%. $& 's aso (%ar &a& /arara/ 3, %(&'on 7 o+ #.. No. 1606 &r%n(%s u/on &% )u% /ro(%ss (aus% o+ &% Cons&'&u&'on, *%(aus% &% r'& &o a//%a &o &% Cour& o+ A//%as an) &%r%a+&%r &o &% u/r%% Cour& as ar%a)y s%(ur%) un)%r %(&'ons 17 an) 29 o+ &% Ju)'('ary A(& o+ 198, o&%r's% :non as R.A. No. 296, as a%n)%), an) &%r%+or% aso ar%a)y /ar& o+ /ro(%)ura )u% /ro(%ss &o '( &% /%&'&'on%r as %n&'&%) a& &% &'% o+ &% a%%) (o'ss'on o+ &% (r'% (ar%) aa'ns& ' H;ar(os s. Cru, 68 #'. 96, 10 [1939]? #%o/% s. ;or%no, 77 #'. 58,
555? #%o/% s. Cas'ano, 1 CRA 78 [1961]? #%o/% s. '%rra, 6 CRA 717? @%rnan)o, #'. Cons&'&u&'on, 197 %)., //. 67-675I. 's 's aso r%'&%ra&%) 'n "ur )'s(uss'on %r%un)%r (on(%rn'n &% 'oa&'on o+ &% (ons&'&u&'ona /ro'*'&'on aa'ns& &% /assa% o+ % /os& +a(&o as. 2. %n aa'n, /arara/ 3 o+ %(&'on 7 o+ #.. No. 1606, *y /ro')'n &a& &% )%('s'ons o+ &% an)'an*ayan (an ony *% r%'%%) *y &% u/r%% Cour& &rou (%r&'orar', ':%'s% ''&s &% r%'%'n /o%r o+ &% u/r%% Cour& ony &o 4u%s&'on o+ ur's)'(&'on or ra% a*us% o+ )'s(r%&'on, an) no& 4u%s&'ons o+ +a(& nor +'n)'ns or (on(us'ons o+ &% &r'a (our&. $n o&%r (r''na (as%s 'no'n o++%ns%s no& as s%r'ous as ra+& an) (orru/&'on, a 4u%s&'ons o+ +a(& an) o+ a ar% r%'%%), +'rs& *y &% Cour& o+ A//%as, an) &%n *y &% u/r%% Cour&. o r%/%a&, &%r% 's r%a&%r uaran&%% o+ us&'(% 'n (r''na (as%s %n &% &r'a (our&s u)%n& 's su*%(& &o r%'% *y &o a//%a&% &r'*unas, '( (an a//ra's% &% %')%n(% an) &% a '& r%a&%r o*%(&''&y, )%&a(%n& an) '/ar&'a'&y una++%(&%) as &%y ar% *y '%s an) /r%u)'(%s &a& ay *% %n%n)%r%) )ur'n &% &r'a. 3. L''&'n &% /o%r o+ r%'% *y &% u/r%% Cour& o+ (on'(&'ons *y &% an)'an*ayan ony &o 'ssu%s o+ ur's)'(&'on or ra% a*us% o+ )'s(r%&'on, ':%'s% 'oa&%s &% (ons&'&u&'ona /r%su/&'on o+ 'nno(%n(% o+ &% a((us%), '( /r%su/&'on (an ony *% o%r(o% *y /roo+ *%yon) r%asona*% )ou*& H%(. 19, Ar&. $, 1973 Cons&'&u&'onI. E%n '+ 'n (%r&'orar' /ro(%%)'ns, &% u/r%% Cour&, &o )%&%r'n% %&%r &% &r'a (our& ra%y a*us%) '&s )'s(r%&'on, (an 'n4u'r% 'n&o %&%r &% u)%n& o+ &% an)'an*ayan 's su//or&%) *y su*s&an&'a %')%n(%, &% /r%su/&'on o+ 'nno(%n(% 's s&' 'oa&%)? *%(aus% /roo+ *%yon) r%asona*% )ou*& (anno& *% %4ua&%) '& su*s&an&'a %')%n(%. B%(aus% &% u/r%% Cour& un)%r #.. No. 1606 's /r%(u)%) +ro r%'%'n 4u%s&'ons o+ +a(& an) &% %')%n(% su*'&&%) *%+or% &% an)'an*ayan, &% u/r%% Cour& 's &%r%*y )%/r'%) o+ &% (ons&'&u&'ona /o%r &o )%&%r'n% %&%r &% u'& o+ &% a((us%) as *%%n %s&a*'s%) *y /roo+ *%yon) r%asona*% )ou*& *y /roo+ %n%ra&'n ora (%r&a'n&y as &o 's (u/a*''&y an) &%r%+or% su*%r&s &% (ons&'&u&'ona /r%su/&'on o+ 'nno(%n(% 'n 's +aor '( 's %noy%) *y a o&%r )%+%n)an&s 'n o&%r (r''na (as%s, 'n(u)'n )%+%n)an&s a((us%) o+ ony '& +%on'%s, '( ar% %ss s%r'ous &an ra+& an) (orru/&'on. . @ur&%ror%, &% an)'an*ayan 's (o/os%) o+ a /r%s')'n Jus&'(% an) 8 asso('a&% Jus&'(%s, s'&&'n 'n &r%% )''s'ons o+ 3 Jus&'(%s %a( H%(. 3, #.. No. 1606I.
#.. No. 1606 &%r%+or% )%n'%s &% a((us%) a)an&a%s an) /r''%%s a((or)%) &o o&%r )%+%n)an&s 'n)'(&%) *%+or% o&%r &r'a (our&s. 5. %(&'on 1 o+ #.. No. 1606 +ur&%r )'s/ays su( ar*'&rary (ass'+'(a&'on? *%(aus% '& /a(%s %/r%ssy &% an)'an*ayan on =&% sa% %% as &% Cour& o+ A//%as.= As %r%&o+or% s&a&%), &% an)'an*ayan 's a (o%'a&% &r'a (our& an) no& an a//%a&% (our&? '&s ur's)'(&'on 's /ur%y ''&%) &o (r''na an) ('' (as%s 'no'n ra+& an) (orru/&'on as % as 'oa&'on o+ &% /ro'*'&%) )ru a (o'&&%) *y /u*'( o++'(%rs an) %/oy%%s o+ &% o%rn%n&, '&s 'ns&ru%n&a'&'%s an) o%rn%n&-on%) or (on&ro%) (or/ora&'ons. % Cour& o+ A//%as 's an a//%a&% &r'*una %%r('s'n a//%a&% ur's)'(&'on o%r a (as%s (r''na (as%s, ('' (as%s, s/%('a ('' a(&'ons, s/%('a /ro(%%)'ns, an) a)'n's&ra&'% (as%s a//%aa*% +ro &% &r'a (our&s or 4uas'-u)'('a *o)'%s. % )'s/ar'&y *%&%%n &% Cour& o+ A//%as an) &% an)'an*ayan 's &oo /a&%n& &o r%4u'r% %&%n)%) )%ons&ra&'on. 6. E%n &% u/r%% Cour& 's no& s/ar%) +ro su( o)'ous )'s(r''na&'on as '& 's *%'n )onra)%) *y %(&'on 1 o+ #.. No. 1606, '( %++%(&'%y a:%s &% an)'an*ayan su/%r'or &o &% u/r%% Cour&? *%(aus% sa') %(&'on 1 %/r%ssy /ro')%s &a& =&% a//ro/r'a&'on +or &% an)'an*ayan sa *% au&oa&'(ay r%%as%) 'n a((or)an(% '& &% s(%)u% su*'&&%) *y &% an)'an*ayan= H%/as's su//'%)I. %r% 's no su( /ro's'on 'n any a or 'n &% annua a//ro/r'a&'ons a(& 'n +aor o+ &% u/r%% Cour&. 1. >E ru%) 'n Day '%as Da' H"(&. 22, 1970, 35 CRA 29I &a& an % /os& +a(&o a 's on% '( a&%rs &% ru%s o+ %')%n(% an) au&or'%s (on'(&'on u/on %ss &%s&'ony &an &% a r%4u'r%) a& &% &'% &% (r'% as (o'&&%), or )%/r'%s a /%rson a((us%) o+ a (r'% o+ so% a+u /ro&%(&'on &o '( % as *%(o% %n&'&%). % 'n)'(&%n& aa'ns& %r%'n /%&'&'on%r a((us%s ' o+ ra+& an) (orru/&'on (o'&&%) = +ro Juy 20, 1977 u/ &o an) 'n(u)'n January 12, 1978= HAnn% A, /. 2, r%(.I, on *%+or% &% (r%a&'on o+ &% an)'an*ayan on %(%*%r 10, 1978 *y #.. No. 1606 '( %/r%ssy r%/%a%) #.. No. 186, &% or''na (ar&%r o+ &% an)'an*ayan /roua&%) on Jun% 11, 1978. As %r%&o+or% s&a&%), *%+or% &% (r%a&'on o+ &% an)'an*ayan on %(%*%r 10, 1978, a /%rsons a((us%) o+ a%rsa&'on o+ /u*'( +un)s or ra+& an) (orru/&'on an) %s&a+a %r% %n&'&%) &o a r%'% o+ a &r'a (our&s u)%n& o+ (on'(&'on *y &% Cour& o+ A//%as on a 4u%s&'ons o+ +a(& an) a, an) &%r%a+&%r *y &% u/r%% Cour& aso on *o& 4u%s&'ons o+ +a(& an) a. 's r'& &o a r%'% o+ &% u)%n& o+ (on'(&'on *y &o a//%a&% &r'*unas on *o& +a(&ua an) %a 'ssu%s, as ar%a)y /ar& o+ &% (ons&'&u&'ona r'& o+ )u% /ro(%ss %noy%) *y &% /%&'&'on%r 'n 1977. 's '&a r'& o+ &% a((us%) as *%%n &a:%n aay on %(%*%r 10, 1978 *y #.. No. 1606, &us /a('n %r%'n /%&'&'on%r un)%r a r%a& )'sa)an&a% +or (r'%s % a%%)y (o'&&%) /r'or &o 1978.
2. As a n%(%ssary (ons%4u%n(%, r%'% *y (%r&'orar' '/a'rs &% (ons&'&u&'ona /r%su/&'on o+ 'nno(%n(% 'n +aor o+ &% a((us%), '( r%4u'r%s /roo+ *%yon) r%asona*% )ou*& &o r%*u& &% /r%su/&'on H%(. 19, Ar&. $, 1973 Cons&'&u&'onI. #.. No. 1606 &us 'n %++%(& r%)u(%s &% 4ua'&y an) 4uan&'&y o+ &% %')%n(% r%4u's'&% +or a (r''na (on'(&'on. % (on'(&'on o+ /%&'&'on%r 's &us +a(''&a&%) or a)% %as'%r *y #.. No. 1606, '( as no& so /r'or &o '&s /roua&'on. % an)'an*ayan (ou) no& *% ':%n%) &o &% #%o/%s Cour& %(us'%y &ry'n (as%s aa'ns& na&'ona s%(ur'&y os% )%('s'ons %r% a//%aa*% )'r%(&y ony &o &% u/r%% Cour& H%(. 13, CA 682I? *%(aus% a& &% &'% &% #%o/%s Cour& A(& or C.A. No. 682 as %na(&%) on %/&%*%r 25, 195, &% Cour& o+ A//%as as no on%r %'s&'n &%n as '& as a*o's%) on ;ar( 10, 195 *y E%(u&'% "r)%r No. 37 'ssu%) *y #r%s')%n& %r'o "s%Oa soon a+&%r &% L'*%ra&'on. Cons%4u%n&y, &% #%o/%s Cour& A(& (ou) no& /ro')% +or a//%a &o &% Cour& o+ A//%as '( as r%'%) ony on "(&o*%r , 196 *y R.A. No. 52. Bu& %%n un)%r %(&'on 13 o+ &% #%o/%s Cour& A(& a//%a &o &% u/r%% Cour& 's no& ''&%) &o &% r%'% *y (%r&'orar'. % u/r%% Cour& (an r%'% a u)%n&s o+ &% #%o/%s Cour& *o& on 4u%s&'ons o+ +a(& an) o+ a. $$$ EC$"N 9 "@ #.. N". 1606 CLAE >$ E C"N$<$"NAL RER "@ <#ER$$"N "ER $N@ER$"R C"
a//ro/r'a&'ons +or &% Cour& o+ A//%as, Cour& o+ a A//%as, C'r(u'& Cr''na Cour&s, an) &% Cour& o+ Arar'an R%a&'ons 's %/r%ssy su*%(& &o &% a//roa o+ &% C'%+ Jus&'(% o+ &% u/r%% Cour& H//. 539-51, G%n%ra A//ro/r'a&'ons A(& o+ 1982I. % au&or'&y )%%a&%) %/r%ssy *y &% Cons&'&u&'on &o &% a-a:%r &o (r%a&% &% an)'an*ayan )o%s no& 'n(u)% &% au&or'&y &o %%/& &% an)'an*ayan +ro &% (ons&'&u&'ona su/%r's'on o+ &% u/r%% Cour&. A &% (a%n%) /ro's'ons o+ #.. No. 1606, na%y, %(&'ons 7 H/ar. 3I, 9, 10, 12 an) 13 ar% s%/ara*% +ro &% r%s& o+ '&s /ro's'ons '&ou& a++%(&'n &% (o/%&%n%ss &%r%o+, an) (an &%r%+or% *% )%(ar%) un(ons&'&u&'ona '&ou& n%(%ssar'y nu'+y'n &% %n&'r% #.. No. 1606. % a') /ro's'ons a/y )%&%r'n% a& 's &o *% )on%, o 's &o )o '&, an) o &o )o '& &% &%s& +or a (o/%&% an) 'n&%''*% a HBarra%)a s. ;o'r, 25 #'. ? E)u s. Er'(&a, "(&. 20, 1970, 35 CRA 81, 96-97I. As a a&&%r o+ +a(&, %(&'on 15 a(:no%)%s su( s%/ara*''&y a&ou un)%r &% ur's/ru)%n(% '& 's %r%y a u')% +or an) /%rsuas'%, *u& no& n%(%ssar'y *'n)'n on, &% u/r%% Cour&, '( (an )%(ar% an %n&'r% a un(ons&'&u&'ona '+ &% (a%n%) /or&'ons ar% 'ns%/ara*% +ro &% a') /or&'ons. LL/r %(&'on 1 o+ #.. No. 1606 (an *% (ons')%r%) a') *y us& (ons')%r'n as no& r'&&%n &%r%'n &% /ras% =o+ &% sa% %% as &% Cour& o+ A//%as.= %(&'on 5 o+ #.. No. 1606 (ou) ':%'s% *% a')a&%) *y s'/y a//o'n&'n &r%% or% %*%rs o+ &% an)'an*ayan &o (o/%&% '&s %*%rs'/. #arara/ 3 o+ %(&'on 7 o+ #.. No. 1606 (an *% )%(ar%) un(ons&'&u&'ona '&ou& a++%(&'n &% (o/%&%n%ss an) a')'&y o+ &% r%a'n'n /ro's'ons o+ #.. No. 1606? *%(aus% 'n &% a*s%n(% o+ sa') /arara/ 3, %(&'ons 17 an) 29 o+ &% Ju)'('ary A(& o+ 198, as a%n)%), (an a//y. LL/r o%%r, &% (a%n%) /ro's'ons, %s/%('ay %(&'ons 9, 10, 12 an) 13 (ou) r%a'n a') /ro')%) '& 's un)%rs&oo) &a& &% /o%rs )%%a&%) &%r%un)%r &o &% an)'an*ayan ar% )%%%) su*%(& &o &% a//roa o+ &% u/r%% Cour&. %%an:%%, @%rnan)% an) % Cas&ro, JJ., (on(ur. @oo&no&%s 1. Ar&'(% $$$, %(&'on 5 o+ &% Cons&'&u&'on. 2. #r%s')%n&'a %(r%% No. 186 as a%n)%) *y #r%s')%n&'a %(r%% No. 1606, *o& 'ssu%) 'n 1978. 3. R%/u*'( A(& No. 1379. . R%/u*'( A(& No. 3019 H1960I. 5. L-20387, January 31, 1968, 22 CRA 2. 6. $*'), 35. 7. #%&'&'on, /ar. 2, %nu%ra&'n su( (r''na (as%s as 027, 029, 05, 055, 059, 062-067, 111, 119, 120, 12-126, 130, 131, 139, 11, 12, 15, 153, 15, 157, 160, 161, 163-165, 167, 168, 171, 175, 179 an) 186. C+. %(&'on , #r%s')%n&'a %(r%% No. 1606. 8. $*'), /ar. 3. 9. $*'), /ar. . 10. $*'), /ar. 5. 11. Ar&'(% $, %(&'on 1 o+ &% Cons&'&u&'on /ro')%s =No /%rson sa *% )%/r'%) o+ '+%, '*%r&y, or /ro/%r&y '&ou& )u% /ro(%ss o+ a, nor sa any /%rson *% )%n'%) &% %4ua /ro&%(&'on o+ &% as.= 12. $*').
13. $*'), %(. 12. 1. ;%oran)u o+ #%&'&'on%r, 1. 15. A&&orn%y Rayun)o A. Aro'&. 16. o'('&or G%n%ra Es&%'&o ;%n)oa as ass's&%) *y Ass's&an& o'('&or G%n%ra R%yna&o #uno an) r'a A&&orn%y #a&r'a ;anaas&as. 17. 1976 A%n)%n&s /ar. 5. 18. L-000, January 31, 1975, 62 CRA 275. 19. $*'), 298. 20. $*'), 298-299. 21. $*'), 126. 22. $*'), 3 - 35. 23. $*'), 35. 2. $*'). 25. ;%oran)u o+ #%&'&'on%r, 7-8. 26. 65 #'. 56 H1937I. 27. $*'), 126. 28. 83 #'. 22. 29. $*'), 251. 30. ;%oran)u o+ #%&'&'on%r, 7-9, 36. 31. $n r% Day '%as Da', $n(., L-3285, "(&o*%r 22, 1970, 35 CRA 29. 32. $*'), 31. 33. y /%&'&'on%r. 3. 2 #'. 7. 35. $*'), 77-78. 36. $*'), 78. 37. 3 aas 386. 38. $*'), 390-391. 39. $*'), 391. 0. 170 < 33 H1898I. 1. $*'), 352. 2. 152 < 377. 3. $*'), 382. . %(&'on 5, #r%s')%n&'a %(r%% No. 1606. 5. A((or)'n &o Ar&'(% $, %(&'on 19 'nso+ar as /%r&'n%n& =$n a (r''na /ros%(u&'ons, &% a((us%) sa *% /r%su%) 'nno(%n& un&' &% (on&rary 's /ro%). 6. L-21325, "(&o*%r 29, 1971, 2 CRA 59. 7. $*'), 6. 8. o s/%a: o+ 1981 )%('s'ons aon%, &% u)%n& o+ a(4u'&&a as an)%) )on 'n &% +oo'n (as%s #%o/% . Noa%s, L-700, Jan. 19, 1981, 102 CRA 86? #%o/% . ;%n)oa, L-8275, @%*. 2, 1981, 103 CRA 122? #%o/% . u%ro, L-52016, ;ay 13, 1981, 10 CRA 379? #%o/% . a*ayoyon, L-3108, ;ay 27, 1981, 10 CRA 72? #%r% . #%o/%, L-358, Jun% 29, 1981? #%o/% . Ano&, L-38101-02, Jun% 29, 1981? #%o/% . <&r%a, L-38172, Juy 15, 1981? #%o/% . @ran('so, L-3789, Juy 15, 1981? #%o/% . Cu'son, L-51363, Juy 25, 1981? #%o/% . #'sao, L-32886, "(&. 23, 1981? #%o/% . %r%s, L-3636, "(&. 23, 1981? #%o/% . a/ao, L-170, "(&. 23, 1981? #%o/% . %%n)o, L-3216, No. 23, 1981? #%o/% . "r/'a, L-30621, %(. 1, 1981? #%o/% . ;ar4u%, L-3103, %(. 1, 1981? #%o/% . Rosa%s, L-
3169, %(. 1, 1981? #%o/% . @%'/%, L-5335, %(. 1, 1981. $n #%o/% . Cor/us, L-3623, @%*. 10, 1981, 102 CRA 67, o+ &% 10 a((us%), &r%% %r% a(4u'&&%). 9. 291 < 97 H193I. 50. $*'), 122. 51. 87 #'. 18 H1950I. 52. $*'), 22. 53. C+. %ra . #%o/%, L-31218, @%*. 18, 1970, 31 CRA 711, 717. 5. 218 < 272. 55. $*'), 279-280. C o / y r ' & 1 9 9 - 1 9 9 9 C % ( n o o ' % s A s ' a, $ n (.
