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3

Iks sof Ksofu D~dis'Hducf

`ih vicfuqakufq sof qsdjfq `i sof ufso`ij`ih kn sof d~dis'hducf sods kvu  disokmkhp xkvmc |uk~kjf @n- ki sof kif odic- xf akis`ivf sk akiaf|' svdm`rf sof d~dis'hducf |u`gdu`mp dq di f|diq`~f dic hmkedmmp `i′vfis`dm Fvuk|fdi avmsvudm akggkc`sp- sofi m`ij`ih |funkugdiaf qsvc`fq sk sof d~dis'hducf dq J`uqofiemdss'H`gemfss dic Qaofaoifu ck gdp iks ef dmm sods cfq`udemf Nku ds d akiaf|svdm mf~fm- qvao m`ijdhf sficq sk fqsdem`qo c`qsvue`ih |dudmmfmq efsxffi |funkugdiaf qsvc`fq‐ `isfufqs `i hmkedm+`isfuavmsvudm |funkugdiaf dic sof j`ic kn xfqsfui avmsvudm aodv' ~`i`qg sods |fugfdsfc sof Fvuk|fdi d~dis'hducf‐q `isfufqs `i xods `s d||uk|u`dsfc vicfu sof hv`qf kn |u`g`s`~`qg- sk a`sf kimp kif fdg|mf @n- ki sof ksofu odic- xf `mmvg`idsf–dq sof fqqdpq akmmfasfc `i so`q ~km' vgf ck–d eukdc avmsvudm dic sudiqids`kidm c`~fuq`sp sods- cfq|`sf sof f`qs`ih o`qsku`khud|op kn sof d~dis'hducf- odq dmxdpq ′kvu`qofc efpkic sof Fvukafisu`a qokus'q`hosfcifqq kn f`qs`ih akiaf|s`kiq kn sof d~dis' hducf hfqsvuf- sofi sof m`ijdhf efsxffi sof d~dis'hducf dic |funku' gdiaf qsvc`fq sdjfq ki d sudiqnkugds`~f ufqkidiaf Uf`inkua`ih- xo`mf cudx`ih nkuafnvmmp v|ki- sof avmsvudmmp c`~fuqf akiaf|s`kiq kn |funku' gdiaf fgeudafc ep |funkugdiaf qsvc`fq sofku`qsq dic qaokmduq- d |funku' gdiaf'edqfc sofkup kn sof d~dis'hducf adi sovq ufku`fis kvu sofkufs`adm vicfuqsdic`ih kn sof d~dis'hducf dq avmsvudm o`qsku`adm |ofikgfiki M`jf dip ksofu ufku`fisds`ki- sof kif dc~kadsfc ep so`q disokmkhp ifafqq`sdsfq qkgf au`s`adm dxdufifqq kn okx Dihmk'Fvuk|fdi sofku`fq kn  sof d~dis'hducf od~f cf~fmk|fc efnkuf sof mduhfu q`hi`‰adiaf kn d avm' svudmmp c`~fuqf |funkugdiaf'edqfc sofkup kn sof d~dis'hducf efakgfq f~`cfis Kesd`i`ih sods dxdufifqq `q iks d |dus`avmdump cdvis`ih sdqj X`so ufhduc sk o`qskup ku sofkup- nku fdg|mf- xf iffc kimp mkkj edaj sk sof mdssfu odmn kn sof sxfis`fso sxfis `fso afisvup sk c`qak~fu sof qaokmdump gkc' fmq sods od~f mduhfmp qod|fc avuufis akiaf|s`kiq kn sof d~dis'hducf Dmsokvho kif g`hos mkkj nvusofu edaj–ds mfdqs dq ndu dq Kusfhd p Hdq' qfs‐q Cfovgdi`rds`ki kn Dus /4056) ku Xdmsfu Efibdg`i‐q ”Ki Qvuufdm`qg‗ /4050)–nku au`s`adm dqqfqqgfisq kn sof d~dis'hducf dq di dmufdcp f`qs`ih avmsvudm |ofikgfiki- gvao kn sof avuufis qaokmdump c`qakvuqf ki sof d~dis'hducf qs`mm efduq sof qsdg| kn xkuj |ukcvafc cvu`ih sof 4085) Adm`ifqav dic Eýuhfu duf |dus`avmdump `g|kusdis `i so`q ufhduc efadvqf ds kif mf~fm sof akg|fs`ih iks`kiq kn sof d~dis'hducf sods sofp |kq`s fqsdem`qo sof mduhfu xkuj`ih |dudgfsfuq dhd`iqs xo`ao sof akmmfas`~f duhvgfisq kn so`q disokmkhp duf |kq`s`kifc @g|m`a`s `i kvu au`s`adm nkavq ki Adm`ifqav dic Eýuhfu `q d sda`s– 

@isukcvas`ki

6

dmsokvho- xf xkvmc fg|odq`rf- o`homp tvdm`‰fc–daaf|sdiaf kn sof aodudasfu`rds`kiq kn d~dis'hducf sficfia`fq sods sof`u |ufcfafqqkuUfidsk \khh`km`- dus`avmdsfc `i o`q Sofkup kn sof D~dis'Hducf Xf od~f m`ssmf c`qdhuffgfis- nku fdg|mf- x`so \khh`km`‐q ikx x`cfmp daaf|sfc cfqau`|s`ki kn sof d~dis'hducf dq ef`ih akiq`qsfismp gdujfc ep di ”das`~`qs`a gkgfis-‗ `i xo`ao dus `q cf|mkpfc ”sk dh`sdsf dhd`iqs  qkgf' so`ih ku qkgfkif‗ Iku ck xf c`qdhuff x`so \khh`km`‐q duhvgfis sods so`q das`~`qg sficq sk ef daakg|di`fc d aakg|di`fc ep disdhki`qs`a |kqsvufq sods- udih' `ih nukg okqs`m`sp ”skxduc sof |vem`a‗ sk `uuf~fufiaf ”skxduc sudc`s`ki-‗ duf ikifsofmfqq dmgkqs dmxdpq hukvicfc `i d au`s`adm ”k||kq`s`ki sk sof o`qsku`adm dic qka`dm kucfu‗ 5 Qvao duhvgfisq faok daukqq cfadcfq dq xfmm dq daukqq c`qa`|m`ifq dic od~f nkvic ufqkidiaf dgkih qaokmduq kn sof sof' dsu`adm d~dis'hducf m`jf Aou`qsk|ofu @iifq- xok edqfq sof `isukcvaskup |dudhud|o kn o`q D~dis'Hducf  D~dis'Hducf Sofdsfu- 4?05‑4005 ki \khh`km`- ku f~fi m`jf U`aoduc Qaofaoifu- xok `i sof `isukcvas`ki sk Sof Nvsvuf kn U`svdm  iks kimp faokfq \khh`km` x`so o`q duhvgfis sods ”sof o`qsku`adm d~dis'hducf xdq aodudasfu`rfc ep sof sx`i sficfiap sk gdjf qkgfso`ih ifx sods xdq dmqk `i k||kq`s`ki sk |uf~d`m`ih ~dmvfq-‗ evs dmqk dck|sq \khh`km`‐q kxi qfiqf kn o`qskup ep ‰ic`ih d |ufafcfis `i sof Ukgdis`a |kfsq1 Dq xf x`mm qff gkgfisdu`mp- `s `q |ufa`qfmp x`so ufhduc sk sof vi|uke' mfgds`a akiqsuvas`ki kn qvao m`ijdhf sods xf gvqs tvdm`np okx sof xkuj `i so`q disokmkhp akiavuq x`so sof akiaf|svdm sudbfaskup sods uviq nukg \khh`km` soukvho Adm`ifqav dic Eýuhfu sk @iifq dic Qaofaoifu @n- `i |u`ia`|mf- sof fqqdpq `i so`q disokmkhp dajikxmfchf sof d~dis'hducf‐q k||kq`s`ki sk ”sof o`qsku`adm dic qka`dm kucfu-‗ sods `q efadvqf \khh`km` `i`s`dmmp akiaf|svdm`rfq sokqf duhvgfisq eukdcmp dic- akiqftvfismpefadvqf sof ~fup akiaf|sq kn ”k||kq`s`ki-‗ ”o`qskup-‗ dic sof ”qka`dm kucfu‗ duf |m`demf @i \khh`km`‐q duhvgfis sofqf akiaf|sq daakggkcdsf di faf|s`kidmmp x`cf duudp kn d~dis'hducf das`~`s`fq evs- gkuf `g|ku' sdismp- dmqk daakggkcdsf d au`s`adm vicfuqsdic`ih kn sof d~dis'hducf sods sod s uviq dhd`iqs sof hud`i kn sof Xfqsfui avmsvudm dqqvg|s`kiq sods qvundaf mdsfu `i o`q xkuj dic sods `isfiq`np `i sof xkuj kn qveqftvfis qaokmduq X`so ufhduc sk sof `isfiq`‰ads`ki kn sokqf dqqvg|s`kiq- Eýuhfu |uk~`cfq d |dus`avmdump `g|kusdis fdg|mf- fq|fa`dmmp q`iaf so`q `isfiq`‰ads`ki `ic`adsfq d afisudm akis`iv`sp `i sxk xkujq /Eýuhfu‐q dic Adm`ifqav‐q) sods knnfu qveqsdis`dmmp c`nnfufis iks`kiq kn sof d~dis'hducf Dq `q xfmm jikxi- \fsfu Eýuhfu‐q kxi Sofkup kn sof D~dis'Hducf  /4083) gdujfc d udc`adm cf|dusvuf nukg \khh`km`‐q xkuj Duhv`ih sods sof d~dis'hducf `q aodudasfu`rfc ‰uqs ep d au`s`adm dss`svcf ds s`svcf skxduc dus dq di `iqs`svs`ki dic qfakic ep di vuhf sk eu`ih dus edaj `isk sof q|ofuf kn 

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Iks sof Ksofu D~dis'Hducf

tvks`c`di f|fu`fiaf xofuf `s adi efakgf di fnnfas`~f dhfis kn aodihfEýuhfu‐q sofq`q `q iksfxkusop `i sxk ufq|fasq @s |uk~kjfc d akisuk~fu' q`dm evs hfifuds`~f qo`ns `i okx xf so`ij dekvs sof d~dis'hducf Evs `s dmqk nvusofu sd`mkufc kvu vicfuqsdic`ih kn sof d~dis'hducf sk d q|fa`‰a o`qsku`adm dic o`homp q|fa`dm`rfc Fvuk|fdi qfiq`e`m`sp- kif sods q`svdsfc sof d~dis'hducf vuhf sk emvu dus dic m`nf dhd`iqs sof edajcuk| kn dus‐q `iaufdq`ih dvskikgp /sods qf|duds`ki kn dus nukg sof qka`dm q|ofuf xo`ao ak`ia`cfc x`so sof dfqsofs`a`qg kn  m‐dus |kvu m‐dus ) )3 @icffc- Eýuhfu‐q `isfiqf nkavq ki so`q c`qs`iasmp Fvuk|fdi akisfs `q kif kn sof `g|kusdis xdpq sods o`q xkuj c`nnfuq nukg Adm`ifqav‐q q`iaf sods nkavq vms`gdsfmp ckfq iks f~fi dmmkx nku sof ~`demf Dgfu`adi d~dis'hducf sods Adm`ifqav ufakhi`rfq Dmsokvho `s `q `g|kusdis sk vicfuqsdic okx Adm`ifqav dic Eýuhfu  c`nnfu- sof akg|mfgfis sk sods vicfuqsdic`ih `q d au`s`adm dxdufifqq kn  sof |u`~`mfhfc dqqvg|s`kiq sofp qoduf- xo`ao od~f vms`gdsfmp |ukcvafc d iduukx dic avmsvudmmp e`dqfc o`qsku`khud|op kn sof d~dis'hducf Qk xo`mf sof akisudqs`ih xkuj kn Adm`ifqav dic Eýuhfu gfu`sq fdg`ids`ki efadvqf `s `q sp|`adm kn sof c`~fuhfis |dsoq–xo`ao |ds oq–xo`ao xkvmc `i`s`dmmp d||fdu  sk qf|dudsf o`qsku`diq nukg sofku`qsq–sods qsvc`fq od~f sdjfi q`iaf \kh' h`km`‐q Sofkup kn sof D~dis'Hducf- sokqf |dsoq sud~fuqf d akggki akiaf|' svdm sp|kmkhp Ds sof afisfu kn sods sp|kmkhps p|kmkhp- sof`u iks`kiq kn sof d~dis' hducf aki~fuhf `i ds mfdqs souff q`hi`‰adis xdpq Sofp aki~fuhf `i d o`fuduao`adm kucfu`ih kn dfqsofs`a adsfhku`fq- `i d uf`inkuafgfis kn Fvuk' |fdi avmsvudm |ufukhds`~fq- dic `i d vi`nkug m`ifdu akiaf|s`ki kn o`qskup Dfqsofs`a Adsfhku`fq- Gkcfmq kn M`sfudup Au`s`a`qg- dic Avmsvudm Aodv~`i`qg

X`so ufhduc sk dfqsofs`a adsfhku`fq- qaokmduq dq c`~fuhfismp `iam`ifc dq Adm`ifqav dic Eýuhfu vi`sf `i di dis`|funkugdiaf e`dq gdi`nfqsfc `i sof vqf kn |dudc`hgq cudxi nukg m`sfudup o`qskup dic d ic au`s`a`qg @icffc- ekso qaokmduq faok \khh`km`‐q nkavq ki m`sfudup avmsvuf dq d |k`is kn cf|dusvuf nku uf′fas`kiq ki d~dis'hducf |ukam`~`s`fq daukqq /dic efsxffi) sof c`q' a`|m`ifq So`q nkavq g`hos iks ef dmdug`ih xfuf `s iks sods- nku dmm `isfisq dic |vu|kqfq- f~fi cudgds`a m`sfudsvuf `q |ufamvcfc ekso nukg sods |k`is kn cf|dusvuf dic nukg xods m`fq efpkic `s \khh`km` mkkjq edaj sk qfg`' idm ‰hvufq dgkih sof qpgekm`qs |kfsq- U`gedvc dic ^fumd`if- nku fdg' |mf- xokg of |kq`s`kiq ki d akis`ivvg sods hkfq edaj sk sof Ukgdi' s`aq6 @i d akg|dudemf nkavq- Adm`ifqav |vqofq so`q c`qavqq`ki xfmm edaj `isk sof Ufid`qqdiaf dic `isk |vem`qofc au`s`adm daakvisq kn Ufid`qqdiaf

@isukcvas`ki

8

|kfsq- xo`ao of eu`chfq sk sof m`sfudup kebfas`~fq kn udc`adm Ukgdis`a |kfsq xok- of dic \khh`km` duhvf- qfs sof qsdhf nku di fgfuh`ih i`if' sffiso'afisvup avmsvudm d~dis'hducf Eýuhfu dmqk cudxq akiifas`kiq efsxffi sof d~dis'hducf dic sof Ukgdis`aq–Nu`fcu`ao Qao`mmfu `i |du' s`avmdu- xokqf |ukemfgds`a sofkufs`adm dssfg|sq sk dqq`hi d ”qka`dm nvia' s`ki‗ sk dus- Eýuhfu qvhhfqsq- xdq d adsdmpqs nku sof qveqftvfis- gkuf udc' `adm dssfg|sq ep sof d~dis'hducf sk ufvi`sf dus x`so ”sof |ud`q kn m`nf‗ > @s `q xkuso iks`ih sods Eýuhfu if~fu gfis`kiq Qao`mmfu‐q xkuj dq d cudgds`qs dic |fuaf`~fq ik akuufmds`ki efsxffi o`q kxi akiaf|s`ki kn  ”|ud`q‗ dic sof q|ofufq kn sof |funkugds`~f sods sof cudgds`a xkujq kn  Qao`mmfu `i~`sfq Udsofu- o`q `isfufqs `i Qao`mmfu ufgd`iq deqsudas dic sof' kufs`adm- nkavq`ih fis`ufmp ki Qao`mmfu‐q `ide`m`sp sk dcftvdsfmp akiaf|sv' akiaf| sv' dm`rf sof ukmf kn dus `i f~fupcdp m`nf efadvqf o`q ekvuhfk`q qfiq`e`m`sp m`g' `sfc sof dfqsofs`a tvfqs`kiq of xdq demf sk dqj Ofuf Eýuhfu‐q c`qufhduc kn sof |funkugds`~f `q |dus`avmdump `g|kusdis Nku xo`mf `s `q suvf sods Qao`mmfu‐q cudgds`a xkujq mfic sofgqfm~fq xfmm sk sof ekvuhfk`q sofdsfu  sods sof Fvuk|fdi |funkugds`~f d~dis'hducf ufbfasfc- sods ufbfas`ki `i~km~fc hfqsvufq sk udc`adm`rf dvc`fiafq ep xfch`ih |funkugdiaf `isk sof q|daf kn sof`u ekvuhfk`q akg|mdafiap Sofqf hfqsvufq xfuf d akge`' ids`ki kn ekso |funkugdiaf dic |ud`q- d akge`ids`ki sods uf|fdsfcmp skvaofq v|ki sof tvks`c`di dic sods vinkusvidsfmp ckfqi‐s ufh`qsfu `i Eýuhfu‐q c`qavqq`ki Xods `q `isfufqs`ih dekvs Eýuhfu‐q au`s`adm daakvis kn Qao`mmfu–fq|f' a`dmmp h`~fi Eýuhfu‐q c`qufhduc kn |funkugdiaf–`q okx of nudgfq o`q c`q' avqq`ki kn Qao`mmfu x`so sof m`sfudup'au`s`adm |dudc`hgq kn ofugfifvs`aq cf~fmk|fc ep Odiq'Hfkuh Hdcdgfu `i Suvso dic Gfsokc X`so ufhduc sk tvfqs`kiq kn sof |funkugds`~f- sofuf `q d afusd`i `ukip `i so`q fgeudaf kn  Hdcdgfu- |dus`avmdump efadvqf Eýuhfu vqfq Hdcdgfu‐q duhvgfisq sk o`hom`hos okx sof `iq`hosq kn d |dudc`hg duf |ufg`qfc v|ki dqqvg|s`kiq sods |ufadm`eudsf jikxmfchf ep m`g`s`ih sof sp|fq kn tvfqs`kiq kif dqjq Xf xkvmc duhvf sods Eýuhfu‐q sofku`fq kn sof d~dis'hducf duf qod|fc`icffc m`g`sfc- ep sof tvfqs`kiq of ckfq iks dqj ufhduc`ih |funkugdiaf evs dmqk ufhduc`ih avmsvudm q|fa`‰a`sp dq xfmm Xo`mf Eýuhfu gdp fnnfa' s`~fmp vqf Hdcdgfu sk gdjf d au`s`adm sudiq`s`ki `isk xods of |kq`sq dq sof akiaf|svdm `iik~ds`kiq kn sof /|kqs'Ukgdis`a) d~dis'hducf- o`q fgeudaf kn Hdcdgfu‐q ofugfifvs`aq vms`gdsfmp akgfq edaj sk odvis o`g Cudx`ih c`ufas |dudmmfmq x`so sof qa`fis`‰a akggvi`sp‐q u`hkukvq dqqfqqgfis kn sof sudc`s`kidm adsfhku`fq kn sof oduc qa`fiafq- Eýuhfu  dc~kadsfq sof iffc sk dqqfqq m`sfudup adsfhku`fq- iks daakuc`ih sk qkgf deqkmvsf suvso ~dmvf- evs udsofu daakuc`ih sk sof`u o`qsku`adm ~dmvf So`q

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Iks sof Ksofu D~dis'Hducf

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@isukcvas`ki

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Iks sof Ksofu D~dis'Hducf

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@isukcvas`ki

44

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45

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43

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41 Dmsokvho Dmsokvho kif g`hos g`hos qfmfas d ivgefu ivgefu kn c`nnfufis c`nnfufis fdg|mfqfdg|mfq- sof k|fi`ih k|fi`ih aod|sfu  aod|sfu  kn Cd~`c Hud~fu‐q  Dfqsofs`aq kn C`qsvuediaf2 Dis`'Dus `i D~dis'Hducf Cudgd /Dii Dueku2 Vi`~fuq`sp kn G`ao`hdi \ufqq- 4006) akgfq sk g`ic 43 Nku \khh`km \khh`km`‐q `‐q c`qavqq`ki c`qavqq`ki kn Md~fucdis Md~fucdis-- qff Sofkup kn sof D~dis'Hducf- 0 46 Ckidmc Ckidmc Cufx Cufx FhefusFhefus- Qka`dm Udc`adm`qg dic sof Dusq /Ifx Pkuj2 Jik|n- 408<)454 4> 4> Adm` Adm`if ifqa qavv- N`~f Ndafq kn Gkcfui`sp- 08‑0? 48 Disk`i Disk`iff Akg|dhi Akg|dhikiki- Sof 6 \dudckfq kn Gkcfui`sp /Ifx Pkuj2 Akmvge`d Vi`' ~fuq`sp \ufqq- 400<)- 13 4? 4? Adm` Adm`if ifqa qavv- N`~f Ndafq kn Gkcfui`sp- 4<4 40 40 Adm` Adm`if ifqa qavv- N`~f Ndafq kn Gkcfui`sp- 4<4 Akg|dhiki uf|fdsfc sof g`qsdjf `i o`q `g|m`a`s au`s`tvf kn Adm`ifqav /Sof 6 \dudckfq kn Gkcfui`sp- 13): gkuf ufafismp- Efus Adu' cvmmk c`c qk dhd`i `i sof `isukcvas`ki sk sof disokmkhp Sofdsfu kn sof D~dis'Hducfakfc`sfc x`so Ukefus Jik|n Sof g`qdssu`evs`ki `i Aducvmmk‐q `isukcvas`ki `q d |dus`a' vmdump kcc kaavuufiaf h`~fi sof amfdu cfes sods Aducvmmk kxfq Adm`ifqav‐q xkuj Nku  Aducvmmk‐q c`qavqq`ki kn Ukcu`hvfq dic Qd`is'Q`gki- qff ”Fi Hducf$ Sof Sofdsu`adm D~dis'Hducf `i O`qsku`adm- @isfmmfasvdm- dic Avmsvudm Akisfs-‗ `i Sofdsfu kn sof D~dis' Hducf- 45 5< 5< Sofk Sofkck ckuu Dck Dckuik uik--  Dfqsofs`a Sofkup- sudiq A Mfioducs /Ifx Pkuj2 Ukvsmfchf dic Jfhdi \dvm- 40?3)- 338

Nukg Avss`ih Fchf sk Ukvho Fchfq

Ki sof Sudiqids`kidm udiqids`kidm Nkvicds`kiq Nkvicds`k iq kn  k n  D~dis'Hducf \funkugdiaf  Bdgfq G Oduc`ih 

Dqqvgf sofufnkuf sods- dq d ufqvms kn q|fa`‰a o`qsku`adm a`uavgqsdiafq- d sofkup ku `cfd |fusd`i`ih sk sokqf a`uavgqsdiafq du`qfq Xods od||fiq sk `s xofi- `i c`nnfufis a`uavgqsdiafq dic nku ifx ufdqkiq- `s `q vqfc dhd`i dic- `i qs`mm gkuf c`nnfufis a`uavgqsdiafq dhd`i; Xods adi so`q sfmm vq dekvs sofkup `sqfmn- `sq m`g`sq- `sq |kqq`e`m`s`fq- `sq `iofufis |ukemfgq dic xods adi `s qvhhfqs sk vq dekvs sof ufmds`kiqo`| efsxffi sofkup dic au`s`a`qg- ki sof kif odic- dic qka`fsp dic avmsvuf ki sof ksofu;  –Fcxduc Qd`c- ”Sud~fm`ih Sofkup‗ ”@i Dc~diaf Kn‗2 Di @isukcvas`ki

Nukg `sq ~fup `iaf|s`ki sof Xfqsfui sofdsu`adm d~dis'hducf odq nkvic `sqfmn fisdihmfc `i sof avmsvudm |km`s`aq kn akmki`dm`qg Fdg|mfq kn so`q fisdihmfgfis duf iks c`n‰avms sk ‰ic q`iaf sofp duf d uf knsfi qadismp gdqjfc efifdso dfqsofs`a adsfhku`fq m`jf |u`g`s`~`qg ku ifhu`svcf- sk idgf kimp sof gkqs ke~`kvq- ku f~fi efifdso d |dsuki`r`ih fgeudaf kn Dq`di |fu' nkugdiaf sudc`s`kiq- dq kaavuufc `i Uvqq`d- Hfugdip- dic Nudiaf @i Vev Uk`- nku fdg|mf- Dmnufc Bduup |uk~kads`~fmp fgeudafc d ndqo`kifc qd~dhf |u`g`s`~`qg sods iks kimp qokajfc X`mm`dg Evsmfu Pfdsq evs sods sofdsfu o`qsku`diq od~f dmqk akiq`qsfismp a`sfc dq ”sof efh`ii`ih kn sof |funkugds`~f d~dis'hducf‗4 @i Rvu`ao- sof Cdcd`qsq c`q|mdpfc q`g`mdu  |ukam`~`s`fq Ovhk Edmm akqsvgfc o`gqfmn `i d ndaq`g`mf kn d x`sao cka' sku‐q ofdccufqq efnkuf ufa`s`ih o`q Mdvsfhfc`aosf ds sof Adedufs ^kmsd`uf5 O`q nu`fic dic aknkvicfu kn sof adedufs- U`aoduc Ovfmqfiefaj- nkmmkxfc sof ufdc`ih kn o`q kxi ndeu`adsfc ”Ifhuk |kfgq‗ x`so d cfedsf ki sof`u  dvsofis`a`sp- dic xofi Bdi F|ou`dg- sof kxifu kn sof adedufs- hd~f Ovfmqfiefaj fdg|mfq kn hfiv`if Dnu`adi |kfgq sods of odc akmmfasfc dq d qd`mku- Ovfmqfiefaj ufa`sfc sofg ds sof adedufs evs cfa`cfc cfa`c fc sods sofp xkvmc ef efssfu /|fuod|q f~fi gkuf dvsofis`a) `n- dq `i o`q ndeu`adsfc 4?

Nukg Avss`ih Fchf sk Ukvho Fchfq

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|kfgq- of dccfc sof qkvic ”Vged‗ sk sof fic kn fdao m`if 1 F~fi Diski`i Dusdvc‐q `isfiqf ndqa`ids`ki x`so Edm`ifqf cdiaf sofdsfu xdq gfc`dsfc- dq `q xfmm jikxi- ep sof akmki`dm nd`u xofuf of ‰uqs fiakvi' sfufc Edm`ifqf cdiafuq3 Xo`mf sofqf dic q`g`mdu gkgfisq `i sof o`qskup kn d~dis'hducf |funkugdiaf `ic`adsf sof fsfis sk xo`ao f|fu`gfisdm dus`qsq xfuf di`kvq sk ‰ic dmsfuids`~fq sk ekvuhfk`q avmsvudm f|ufqq`kisofp dmqk ufg`ic vq sods sof Xfqsfui d~dis'hducf qvqsd`ifc Fvuk|fdi avmsvudm |ufukhds`~fq f~fi dg`c `sq `s q gkqs ~ka`nfukvq dqqdvmsq ki ekvuhfk`q avmsvuf Sof mfhda`fq kn qvao fisdihmfgfis od~f mfns o`qsku`diq kn sof d~dis'hducf akinukis`ih d hukqqmp vicfu|mdpfc c`mfggd F`sofu xf duhvf sods sof xokmf kn sof d~dis'hducf `q iks akisd`ifc x`so`i sof |dus`avmduq kn `sq akmki`dm`qs dss`svcfq dic sovq a`uavg~fis sof fisdihmfgfis- ku xf a`sf `s dq di fdg|mf kn sof |fu~dq`~f `cfkmkh`adm akuuv|s`ki xukvhos ep Xfqsfui `g|fu`dm`qg dic efh`i sof oduc qfduao nku gkcfmq kn dus`qs`a f|ufqq`ki viakisdg`idsfc ep akmki`dm`qs |ufqvg|s`kiq Hudisfc- gp akiqsuvas`ki kn so`q c`mfggd `q |kmfg`adm- evs sof qsdjfq duf o`hofu sodi sofp g`hos ‰uqs d||fdu Nku sof aok`af kif gdjfq ofuf odq d gdbku `g|das ki okx xf vicfuqsdic sof mfhda`fq kn sof d~dis' hducf- fq|fa`dmmp x`so ufhduc sk `sq `i′vfiaf /efpkic sof ekucfuq kn  Fvuk|f dic) ki sof xkumc qsdhf D |uknkvicmp ifhmfasfc viafusd`isp mkkgq k~fu sof tvfqs`ki kn xofsofu sof f|dic`ih `i′vfiaf kn sof d~dis'hducf `ic`adsfq di fqad|f nukg `sq akmki`dm`qs e`uso`ih ku `q diksofu  fdg|mf kn `g|kusfc Xfqsfui avmsvudm ofhfgkip X`so so`q mdssfu aki' afui `i g`ic- sof m`g`sq kn kvu avuufis sofku`fq kn sof d~dis'hducf dic sof iffc sk uf~`q`s sof akmki`dm`qs vicfu|`ii`ihq kn d~dis'hducf |funku' gdiaf efakgf f~`cfis @icffc- sofuf `q d q|fa`dm d||uk|u`dsfifqq sk so`q ufsvui ikx Ds d s`gf xofi xf ofdu admmq nku d udc`adm ufdqqfqqgfis kn  sof ~fup akiaf|s ”d~dis'hducf‗ dic `sq akiakg`sdis o`qsku`fq- d ufsvui sk sof d~dis'hducf‐q qvesmf fisdihmfgfis `i sof |km`s`aq kn akmki`dm`qg knnfuq sof |kqq`e`m`sp iks kimp kn nvicdgfisdmmp ufsofku`r`ih sof d~dis'hducf evs kn qo`ns`ih `sq edq`a sfuud`i Sof duhvgfis ofuf `q ~fup q`g|mf2 `n xf svui d em`ic d|kmkhfs`a fpf sk sods fisdihmfgfis ku `n xf qff kimp `s dic c`qg`qq sof `cfd kn sof d~dis'hducf dq diksofu `cfkmkh`adm akicv`s nku  Fvuk|fdi avmsvudm ofhfgkip- sofi xf od~f nd`mfc sk ufakhi`rf sods sof akmki`dm`qs vicfu|`ii`ihq kn d~dis'hducf |funkugdiaf gduj `s iks dq d Fvuk|fdi evs dq d nvicdgfisdmmp hmkedm avmsvudm |ofikgfiki Sof duhvgfisq sods nkmmkx ck iks ckxi|mdp sof akisfqsfc `isfuavm' svudm faodihfq dic ~ffc ifhks`ds`kiq sods od~f qod|fc so`q |ofikgf' iki @icffc- sof qokusfqs qvggdup kn so`q fqqdp‐q gd`i dqqfus`ki `q sods ikso`ih gkuf d|smp aodudasfu`rfq sof d~dis'hducf sodi sof gkgfisq kn 

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@g|kusdis k||kusvi`s`fq nku ufso`ij`ih sof o`qskup- `icffc sof ~fup aki' af|s- kn sof d~dis'hducf adi ef nkvic ep akiq`cfu`ih xofsofu sof s of iks`ki kn di fchf /`i so`q adqf- sof avss`ih fchf) |ufqv||kqfq d afisfu ku- ds sof ~fup mfdqs- d |k`is kn ku`h`i nukg xo`ao kif g`hos |mks d ufas`m`ifdu  akvuqf sk sof fchf `sqfmn X`so ufq|fas sk sof d~dis'hducf- sof tvfqs`ki kn xofsofu xf adi od~f di fchf x`sokvs d afisfu `q diksofu xdp kn dqj' `ih xofsofu xf adi od~f di dc~diafc hvduc x`sokvs qkgf diaokufc qfiqf kn xods `q ds `sq ufdu O`qsku`admmp- qaokmduq od~f |ufqvgfc sods sof nkugfu ifafqq`sdsfq sof mdssfu dic od~f aodudasfu`rfc so`q fchf'sk'afisfu  ufmds`kiqo`| c`dmfas`admmp- |kq`s`ki`ih sof d~dis'hducf ds gduh`iq okqs`mf sk sof ekvuhfk`q afisfu kn qka`fsp Xo`mf so`q au`s`adm |dudc`hg |du dc`hg `q f~`cfis ds mfdqs dq ndu edaj dq Ufidsk Ufids k \khh`km`‐q Sofkup kn sof D~dis'Hducf /40>5)qkgf kn sof gkqs `g|kusdis sofkufs`adm xkuj dmkih so`q m`if fgfuhfc `i sof fdump 400 Sof d~dis'hducf- nkmmkx`ih Gdii- `q sovq |uk|fmmfc nkuxduc `i di f~fu  f|dic`ih |ukafqq kn `iik~ds`ki sods `q ckhhfc ep di `ifqad|demf dic ftvdmmp f|dic`ih |ukafqq kn d||uk|u`ds`ki @icffc- daakuc`ih sk so`q duhvgfis- sof sxk |ukafqqfq duf kif Okqs`mf sokvho `s gdp ef sk ekvu' hfk`q avmsvuf- sof d~dis'hducf sovq iks kimp ufdn‰ugq sof qka`dm gd`i' qsufdg `i sof dvsoku`sp `sq ufefmm`kvqifqq sda`smp dajikxmfchfq: `s dmqk uf~`sdm`rfq sof afisfu kn sods faf|s`kidmmp ufq`m`fis gd`iqsufdg ep nffc' `ih `s x`so nufqo avmsvudm f|ufqq`ki  Pfs nku dmm sof q`hi`‰adiaf kn Gdii‐q |ukemfgds`r`ih kn sof d~dis'

Nukg Avss`ih Fchf sk Ukvho Fchfq

54

hducf‐q dis`avmsvudm ku ifhds`ih hfqsvufq- o`q duhvgfis qs`mm ndmmq xfmm x`so`i sof fqsdem`qofc |dudc`hg kn akiaf|svdm`r`ih sof d~dis'hducf dq di fchf vicvmds`ih kvsxduc nukg d afisfu sdjfi nku hudisfc @icffcGdii‐q duhvgfis gfqofq tv`sf xfmm x`so G`aodfm J`uep‐q amdqq`a cf‰i`s`ki kn sof d~dis'hducf `i Sof Dus kn S`gf  /40>0)2 /40>0)2 ” ‟d~dis'hducf‐ ‟d~dis'hducf‐ ufnfuq q|fa`‰admmp sk d akiafui x`so sof o`qsku`adm c`ufas`kidm`sp kn dus Di dc~diafc hvduc `g|m`fq d ufdu hvduc ku ds mfdqs sof gd`i ekcp kn sukk|q nkmmkx`ih efo`ic‗ 8 Sofuf `q d mks sk ef mfduifc nukg sof ufdn‰ugds`ki kn so`q |dudc`hg `i Gdii‐q duhvgfis- fq|fa`dmmp q`iaf sof c`dmfas`a kn  ”sof dis` dic `sq ufav|fuds`ki-‗ m`jf sof g`m`sdu`qs`a ku`h`iq kn sof sfug d~dis'hducf `sqfmn- efduq d qsu`j`ih ufqfgemdiaf sk sof qsuvasvufq kn Xfqs' fui ekvuhfk`q f|diq`ki`qg So`q ufqfgemdiaf- xo`mf k~fumkkjfc `i Gdii‐q duhvgfisq- skvaofq v|ki xods `q |fuod|q sof gkqs c`qsvue`ihmp ndg`m`du dic ufqkvic`ihmp akiqfu~ds`~f iksf x`so`i sof qffg`ihmp c`qqk' idis dic udc`adm akucq kn d~dis'hducf f|ufqq`ki @icffc sof ~fup iks`ki kn d nukis hvduc nffc`ih sof ~`sdm afisfu |ufqfisq |ufqfis q vq x`so d c`qakgnkus`ih ufg`icfu sods sof sfug d~dis'hducf ‰uqs fgfuhfc dq d aodudasfu`rds`ki kn  dus`qs`a |udas`af `i sof ofpcdp kn i`ifsffiso'afisvup Fvuk|fdi akmki`dm fisfu|u`qf- xofi fchf'sk'afisfu+afisfu'sk'fchf ufmds`kiqo`|q qsuvasvufc sof ofhfgki`a gfaodi`qgq kn fg|`uf Sof qvesmf dn‰ugds`ki kn fg|`uf `i Dusdvc‐q `isfufqs `i Edm`ifqf cdiaf sofdsfu /xo`ao of fiakvisfufc ds sof \du`q Akmki`dm Fo`e`s`ki `i 4014) `q evs kif fdg|mf f dg|mf kn sof gpu`dc xdpq sods akmki`dm`qs dss`svcfq dic Fvuk|fdi d~dis'hducf |ukam`~`s`fq akvmc a`uavmdsf x`so ufmds`~f fdqf x`so`i sof qdgf akiaf|svdm fakikgp @icffc- sofp knsfi aki~fuhfc Afusd`imp so`q xdq sof adqf x`so Xfqsfui gkcfui`qg‐q ndqa`ids`ki x`so xods `s d||uk|u`dsfc nukg ksofu avmsvufq vicfu sof akiaf|svdm uveu`a kn |u`g`s`~`qg- di d||uk|u`ds`ki sods |uk' ~`cfc xods qveqftvfismp efadgf qsd|mf akiskvuq kn Fvuk|fdi d~dis' hducf f|ufqq`ki Sof Fvuk|fdi akiqsuvas`ki kn |u`g`s`~`qg odq ndu'ufdao`ih `g|m`ad' s`kiq iks gfufmp nku gkcfui`qg `i hfifudm evs nku sof d~dis'hducf `i |dus`avmdu Dip qfu`kvq ufso`ij`ih kn sof d~dis'hducf sovq gvqs hud||mf x`so so`q mdssfu fdg|mf nukg sof akisfqsfc fchfq kn fg|`uf- xofuf di dqqvg|s`ki kn Fvuk|fdi avmsvudm qv|fu`ku`sp dic `sq de`m`sp sk a`~`m`rf ”qd~dhf‗ avmsvufq dnsfu `sq kxi Xfqsfui `gdhf |uk~`cfc `cfkmkh`adm ak~fu nku sof d||uk|u`ds`ki- ki |opq`adm- `isfmmfasvdm- dic dfqsofs`a mf~' fmq- kn iki'Xfqsfui avmsvudm dus`ndasq Q`hi`‰adis qsf|q skxduc |ufa`qfmp qvao d ufdqqfqqgfis kn sof d~dis'hducf |mdp di `g|kusdis ukmf `i sof mds' sfu aod|sfuq kn Ufefaad Qaoif`cfu‐q ekkj Sof F|m`a`s Ekcp `i \funku' gdiaf- xofuf- `i sof |ufndaf sk di fmktvfis f|mkuds`ki kn sof emvuufc

55

Iks sof Ksofu D~dis'Hducf

iks`kiq kn sof |u`g`s`~f dic sof nfg`i`if `i sof Xfqsfui gkcfui`qs `gdh`idup- qof duhvfq sods sof Fvuk|fdi d~dis'hducf |kq`s`kifc `sqfmn  x`so`i uda`qs dic akisudc`askup akiqsuvas`kiq kn sof |u`g`s`~f Xo`mf dqqvg`ih- ki sof kif kif odic- sods sof ”‟|u`g`s`~f‐ ” ‟|u`g`s`~f‐ |udas`afq dic dus`ndasq kn  ‟ksofu‐ avmsvufq    ZxfufW mfqq f~kmvs`kidu`mp cf~fmk|fc‗ sodi Fvuk|fdi Fvuk|fd i avmsvuf-? sof d~dis'hducf q`gvmsdifkvqmp fgeudafc- ki sof ksofu odic”sof qd~dhf |u`g`s`~f‗ dq d gkcf kn ”akinukisds`ki Zx`soW sof sfifsq kn  o`ho gkcfui`qg‗ 0 Sof akisfs nku sofqf c`q|dudsf `iam`ids`kiq- Qaoif`' cfu duhvfq- xdq d ikqsdmh`d nku sof |ufmd|qdu`di- xo`ao sof Xfqsfui d~dis'hducf ‰uqs |ukbfasfc kisk Dnu`adi dic Kafdi`a avmsvufq dic sofi fgeudafc `i d hfqsvuf kn uffqsdem`qo`ih ”akiifasfcifqq sk dmm sods gkcfui`sp odc ‟mkqs‐‗ 4< Xodsf~fu k||kq`s`ki qvao hfqsvufq gkvisfc dhd`iqs sof gkcfui `iqs`svs`kiq kn Xfqsfui ekvuhfk`q qka`fsp- sof aodu' dasfu`rds`kiq kn iki'Xfqsfui avmsvufq dq |ufmd|qdu`di ku dq mfqq cf~fmk|fc xfuf evs sxk q`cfq kn d q`ihmf ak`i |vuaodq`ih Fvuk|fdi avmsvudm |uf' ukhds`~fq ds sof f|fiqf kn d u`aofu dic gkuf cpidg`a `isfuavmsvudm faodihf efsxffi c`nnfufis |fk|mfq \ufc`asdemp- `s xdq di f|fiqf |d`c nku ep iki'Xfqsfui avmsvufq Xo`mf ikqsdmh`d nku sof |ufmd|qdu`di `q d q`hidsvuf suk|f kn gkcfui`qs dfqsofs`aq- sof ′`| q`cf kn so`q ikqsdmh`d odq |mdpfc d ndu gkuf ficvu`ih ukmf `i sof o`qskup dic o`qsku`khud|op kn sof d~dis'hducf @icffc- sofuf `q d |ufqq`ih iffc nku qaokmduq sk ufso`ij sof`u vicfuqsdic`ih kn sof d~dis'hducf `i qvao d xdp dq sk c`qfisdihmf sof `cfd kn di dus sods `q ”`i dc~diaf kn ‗ nukg d q`gvmsdifkvq q`gvmsdifkvq ufdn‰ugds`ki kn sof o`fuduao`adm dqqvg|s`ki sods iki'Xfqsfui avmsvufq xfuf mfqq qk|o`qs`adsfc ku mfqq cf~fmk|fc sodi sof`u Fvuk|fdi akvisfu|dusq So`q `q ik fdqp sdqj- fq|f' a`dmmp q`iaf sof `cfd kn di dus sods `q ”avss`ih fchf‗ ku sods `q ”`i dc~diaf kn ‗ sficq sk `g|mp- ep `sq ~fup cf‰i`s`ki- d o`fuduaop kn f~kmvs`ki Qk `n  xf duf sk eufdj nukg sof Xfqsfui avmsvudm aodv~`i`qg kn gk~fgfisq m`jf |u`g`s`~`qg- xf iffc sk c`qdevqf kvuqfm~fq kn Fvukafisu`a suv`qgq dekvs sof avss`ih fchf kn dus sods od~f nkvic sof`u xdp `isk xkujq dq `g|kusdis dq U`aoduc Qaofaoifu‐q Sof Nvsvuf kn U`svdm Xofi `i sof fdump |dhfq kn sods xkuj Qaofaoifu gfis`kiq `i |dqq`ih sods sof ”o`qsku' `adm d~dis'hducf skkj qod|f `i Fvuk|f cvu`ih sof mdqs cfadcfq kn sof i`ifsffiso afisvup    ZdicW qkki q|ufdc sk gdip |mdafq dukvic sof xkumc-‗44 sof aoukikmkhp of fickuqfq ufg`icq vq sods sof afisfu'sk' fchf+fchf'sk'afisfu nudg`ih kn sof d~dis'hducf `i qaokmduqo`| `q dq gvao d gkcfm nku akiqsuvas`ih di `cfkmkh`admmp mkdcfc dic e`dqfc o`q' skup kn Fvuk|fdi dus`qs`a `i′vfiaf dq `s `q d gkcfm nku aodudasfu`r`ih sof nkuxduc dic gkqs dc~diafc |kq`s`kiq kn dus`qs`a f|ufqq`ki @uki`admmp- `s

Nukg Avss`ih Fchf sk Ukvho Fchfq

51

`q d gkcfm sods |mdafq Fvuk|f q`gvmsdifkvqmp ds ekso afisfu dic fchf2 |u`~`mfh`ih `s dq sof afisfu kn `iik~ds`ki xo`mf |kq`s`ki`ih `s ds sof avmsvudm nukis`fuq dq sof odue`ihfu kn sof ifx Pfs so`q suv`qg |uk|dhdsfq d gpso|mda`ih Fvuk|fdi f|ufqq`ki ds sof avss`ih fchf efadvqf Fvuk|fdi dus`qsq qv||kqfcmp vicfuqskkc xods iki'Xfqsfui dus`qsq xfuf |ufqvgdemp `iad' |demf kn akg|ufofic`ih dekvs sof`u kxi xkuj @s `q sk fudqf sof gkgfisq kn faodihf efsxffi Fvuk|fdi dic iki'Fvuk|fdi /fh- Dnu`adi- Dq`diKafdi`a) avmsvufq dic sk |fu|fsvdsf sof `ibvqs`afq sods o`qsku`admmp gdujfc sokqf faodihfq ep |kq`s`ih sof`u akiqftvfiaf dq d |k`is kn ku`h`i udsofu  sodi dq d |ukcvas kn di fdum`fu gkgfis kn d||uk|u`ds`ki- qvekuc`ids`kidic akitvfqs @i qokus- sof gkcfm dqqvgfc ep Qaofaoifu /dic of `q afu' sd`imp iks dmkif `i so`q dqqvg|s`ki) sda`smp fm`cfq sof akisfqsfc faodihf efsxffi avmsvufq dic |u`~`mfhfq d uf|ufqfisds`ki sods |kq`sq sof uf|dajdhfc ufsvui kn mkksfc `isfmmfasvdm dic dfqsofs`a |uk|fusp ”sk gdip |mdafq dukvic sof xkumc‗ dq Fvuk|fdi ku`h`idm`sp- `iik~ds`ki- dic fim`hosfigfis Sof afisfu'sk'fchf gkcfm vicfump`ih Qaofaoifu‐q aoukikmkhp dqqvgfq d vi`' nkug- ufas`m`ifdu o`qsku`khud|op kn dfqsofs`a `iik~ds`ki sods |uk~`cfq `cf' kmkh`adm ak~fu nku fudq`ih d cve`kvq dic a`uavmdu |dso kn ufsvui Nukg sof ”Avss`ih Fchf‗ sk ”Ukvho Fchfq‗

Sof kif ufcffg`ih tvdm`sp kn so`q qfmfas`~f aoukikmkhp kn sof d~dis' hducf `q sods `s `q gfufmp d gdssfu kn qaokmdump aki~fis`ki sk mkadsf sof nkvicds`kiq kn d~dis'hducf f|ufqq`ki qveqftvfis sk sof gkgfisq kn  `isfuavmsvudm faodihf udsofu sodi `i sof faodihfq sofgqfm~fq Q`iaf akmki`dm o`qskup ufg`icq vq sods sofqf faodihfq xfuf ndu nukg ftv`' sdemf- kif adi q|favmdsf sods so`q o`qsku`khud|o`a o`qsku`khud| o`a aki~fis`ki `q diksofu  fdg|mf qv||kus`ih Xdmsfu Efibdg`i‐q akisfis`ki sods o`qskup `q qfm' ckg xu`ssfi ep sof ~ditv`qofc Evs sofuf `q gvao gkuf sk ef hd`ifc ep eufdj`ih x`so aki~fis`ki dic qo`ns`ih kvu nkavq edaj sk so`q fdum`fu  akisfqsfc dic mduhfmp fudqfc gkgfis Sof `qqvf ofuf `q iks gfufmp sk knnfu qkgf ufakuc kn sods gkgfis- dq ckfq Aou`qsk|ofu @iifq‐q @iif q‐q aod|sfu  ”Sof \km`s`aq kn \u`g`s`~`qg‗ `i  D~dis'Hducf  D~dis'H ducf Sofdsuf- 4?05‑4005 4?05‑4 005 @s `q udsofu sk ‰idmmp qff sof d|ku`d efifdso sof d|kmkhp `i @iifq‐q ufakhi`' s`ki- ki sof kif odic- sods ”sof xokmf dus`qs`a fisfu|u`qf kn `isfuavm' svudm`qg ufgd`iq `iofufismp |ukemfgds`a‗ efadvqf kn `sq m`ijq sk ”i`if' sffiso'afisvup `g|fu`dm`qg‗ xo`mf- ki sof ksofu- of hmkqqfq k~fu sof `g|m`ads`kiq kn sods ufakhi`s`ki x`so sof amd`g sods ”sof dssfg|s sk uf|ukcvaf sof fnnfasq kn ‟|u`g`s`~f‐ ku u`svdm sofdsuf ofm|q sk f|md`i d~dis'hducf fmfgfisq sods g`hos ksofux`qf qffg |vrrm`ih‗ 45 Nku iks

53

Iks sof Ksofu D~dis'Hducf

kimp ckfq sods gkgfis kn |ukemfgds`a `isfuavmsvudm faodihf efmkih sk sof o`qskup kn sof d~dis'hducf- xo`ao- dq @iifq ufakhi`rfq- `q ufdqki `i `sqfmn nku `iamvc`ih `s- evs o`hom`hos`ih sods gkgfis kn akisfqsfc faodihf |uk~`cfq vq x`so d ~disdhf |k`is nukg xo`ao xf g`hos efh`i sk ufsofku`rf sof d~dis'hducf dq d xokmf–qkgfso`ih sods @iifq ckfq iks ck Sk qkgf fsfis- sods ~disdhf |k`is qfsq souff c`qs`ias sofkufs' `adm dufdq `isk au`s`adm ufm`fn Ukvhomp q|fdj`ih- sokqf dufdq adi ef aodu' dasfu`rfc dq akisfqsfc fchfq- q`gvmsdifkvq dus`avmds`kiq- dic d|kqsdsf dcd|sds`kiq Evs sof `ic`~`cvdm s`svmdu adsfhku`fq duf mfqq `g|kusdis sodi sof sofku`r`ih sofp nda`m`sdsf Dek~f dmm- d ufsvui sk sof q`sf kn avmsvudm faodihf dic akisfqsds`ki efsxffi avmsvufq h`~fq vq d ~fup c`nnfufis ~`q`ki kn sof afisfu'sk' fchf+fchf'sk'afisfu ufmds`kiqo`| ufmds`kiqo`| sodi sods xo`ao ofufsknkuf odq qfu~fc dq d |dudc`hg nku akiaf|svdm`r`ih sof d~dis'hducf Sof gkqs auva`dm uf~`q`ki kn sods |dudc`hg- hd`ifc `i sof qsf| edaj sk sof q`sf kn avmsvudm akisfqsds`kiq- `q sof ufakhi`s`ki kn d |mvudm`sp kn fchfq cf~k`c kn di `cfis`‰demf afisfu- d |mvudm`sp sods sof ufas`m`ifdu afisfu'sk'fchf+fchf' sk'afisfu aki~fis`ki `i qaokmduqo`| ki sof d~dis'hducf odq keqavufc Ofuf- d ufso`ij`ih kn sof d~dis'hducf adi nuv`snvmmp efh`i x`so d gk~f nukg d q`ihvmdu sk |mvudm iks`ki kn sof fchf @i q`g|mfqs sfugq- sods gk~f ifafqq`sdsfq sods xf ufakiaf|svdm`rf kvu iks`ki kn sof ~dihvduc x`so`i d sofkup kn ekucfuq- dic sods xf qv||mdis sof avss`ih fchf x`so sof  ukvho fchfq kn akisfqsds`ki- ”qsuvhhmf-‗ dic ”ifhks`ds`ki-‗ xo`ao dq G`aodm Jke`dmjd odq iksfc- duf `g|m`fc `i sof ”|dm`g|qfqs tvdm`sp‗ kn  ekucfuq ”dic sof gvms`nkadm dq|fas kn uf|ufqfisds`kidm qpqsfgq ku |uda' s`afq vqfc sk iduudsf‗ sofg 41 Qkgf bvqs`‰ads`ki nku so`q svui sk ekucfu  sofkup dq d qfhvf `isk d ufakiaf|svdm`rfc ~`q`ki kn sof d~dis'hducf adi ef nkvic `i sof ndas sods- xo`mf sxk'q`cfc- sof ekucfu `q- m`jf sof avs' s`ih fchf- ”d q`sf kn ufq`qsdiaf ku akg|m`diaf‗ 43 @s `q- sk faok kiaf dhd`i \dvm Gdii‐q sofkup kn sof d~dis'hducf- d q`sf kn ”sof dis` dic `sq ufav|fuds`ki‗ Evs gkuf `g|kusdis qs`mm `q sof gvms`q`cfc idsvuf kn sof ekucfu sods gk~fq vq efpkic sof vi`~fuqdm`rfc iks`kiq kn o`qskup dic dfqsofs`aq `g|m`a`s `i sof m`ifdu vicfuavuufisq kn sfugq m`jf avss`ih fchf Nku `n ikso`ih fmqf- ekucfu sofkup ufg`icq vq sods `i avmsvuf/q) sofuf `q ik qvao so`ih dq d bdhhfc fchf |uksuvc`ih `isk di fg|sp q|daf Sof avs' s`ih fchf  dmxdpq avsq `isk `sq ksofu- kif fchf iks kimp hk`ih dhd`iqs diksofu evs dmqk dqqvg`ih sof dvsoku`sp sk cf‰if ku fudqf sof ksofu `i sof das kn f|diq`ki Okx m`ssmf `q so`q qfiqf kn f|diq`ki sk ef nkvic `i sof f`qs`ih sofku`fq kn sof d~dis'hducf$ Dq kn pfs- qaokmduqo`| odq |uk~`cfc vq x`so d iks`ki kn sof d~dis'hducf sods `q akiaf|svdm`rfc `i

Nukg Avss`ih Fchf sk Ukvho Fchfq

56

ufmds`ki sk `sq ”ufdu hvduc‗ /J`uep) dic aodudasfu`rfc dq ”nkuxduc mkkj' `ih‗ /Qaofaoifu) Pfs- aki~fi`fismp- qaokmduq od~f ifhmfasfc sk aki' q`cfu xods sof aki~fis`kidm akiaf|s`ki akiaf|s`ki kn sof d~dis'hducf c`q|mdafq `i `sq nkuxduc gduao dic xods sokqf c`q|mdafgfisq qdp dekvs sof |dva`sp kn kvu f`qs`ih sofku`fq kn sof d~dis'hducf Duhvdemp- sofqf c`q|mdafgfisq duf d |ukcvas kn d akiaf|svdm nudg`ih sods odq udc`admmp m`g`sfc kvu de`m`sp sk qff sof nu`as`ki efsxffi aki′`asfc fchfq sods |uk~`cfc kif kn sof gkuf `g|kusdis `hi`s`ih q|dujq kn d~dis'hducf das`~`sp–`g|kusdis efadvqf `s `q d q|duj `hi`sfc nukg d ~du`fsp kn avmsvudm qkvuafq q|ufdc`ih q`gvmsdifkvqmp `i d ~du`fsp kn avm' svudm c`ufas`kiq Ekucfu sofkup adi hk d mkih xdp skxduc `mmvg`ids`ih sokqf aki′`asfc fchfq efifdso sof avss`ih fchf Gkufk~fu- gk~`ih nukg sof q`ihvmdu iks`ki kn sof avss`ih fchf sk s k d iks`ki kn ekucfuq xofuf fdao fchf `q dmxdpq dmufdcp /ds mfdqs) sxk'q`cfc- xf fiakvisfu d |uknkvic ufg`icfu kn sof fsfis sk xo`ao sof `g|m`fc q`ihvmdu `i sof iks`ki kn d avss`ih fchf gd`isd`iq di dus`‰a`dmmp akiqsuvasfc afisfu sods `q nkuafnvmmp `g|kqfc dic sods `uki`admmp qffjq sk cvmm sof |ksfis`dm `i′vfiaf kn `sq ksofu iks ep kvs|da`ih `s evs ep famvq`ki dic ep adqs`ih kvs sods xo`ao- sokvho |kq`s`kifc x`so sof ~dihvduc- `q ofsfukhfifkvq sk sof `cfkmkh`adm kucfu xokqf ekucfuq sof avss`ih fchf- dq d akiaf|s- gdujq dic ufhvmdsfq- ik gdssfu okx avss`ih sods fchf g`hos ef @n- dq Jke`dmjd duhvfq- sof ekucfu adi dmqk ef vicfuqskkc dq ”d xkvic-‗ 46 sof avss`ih fchf `q iks kimp akiaf|svdmmp d |fu|fsudsku kn sods xkvic: `s dmqk evu`fq `sq ~`as`gq efifdso d o`qsku`khud|op sods odq ekso fm`cfc sof cf‰i`ih gkgfisq kn avmsvudm akisfqsds`ki ds sof nkvic`ih kn d~dis'hducf |udas`af dic fufasfc d Fvuk|fdi afisfu `i sof`u qsfdc @s `q `i au`s`adm k||kq`s`ki sk sods ndeu`adsfc Fvuk|fdi afisfu sods xf adi mkkj sk ekucfu sofkup nku d cfafisfufc akiaf|s`ki kn sof d~dis' hducf @i so`q ufq|fas- cudx`ih v|ki sof sofkup kn sof ekucfu `i kucfu sk cfafisfu sof Fvukafisu`a odq iks kimp akiaf|svdm evs dmqk x`cfq|ufdc sfuu`sku`dm `g|m`ads`kiq nku mkads`ih dic /uf)nkugvmds`ih sof o`qskup kn  d~dis'hducf f|ufqq`ki @i d ~fup m`sfudm qfiqf- sk cfafisfu sof d~dis' hducf `q sk ufakiaf`~f `sq sfuu`sku`dm ckgd`i c kgd`i dic sk mkkj efpkic sof aki' ~fis`kidmmp akiaf`~fc ekucfuq kn Fvuk|f nku sof aki~fuhfiaf kn dus`qs`a `iik~ds`ki dic k||kq`s`kidm |km`s`aq sods qk nuftvfismp odq aodudasfu`rfc d~dis'hducf f|ufqq`ki Ofuf sof `qqvf `q dq gvao okx xf akiaf|svdm`rf avmsvudm ekucfuq dq `s `q okx xf akiaf|svdm`rf sof avss`ih fchf @icffcokx xf akiaf|svdm`rf sof nkugfu mduhfmp cfsfug`ifq okx xf vms`gdsfmp akiaf|svdm`rf sof mdssfu Nku `s `q kimp |kqq`emf sk vqf sof avss`ih fchf dq di dug kn Fvukafisu`a famvq`kiq `n kif dcofufq sk xods ekucfu sofku`qsq

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Iks sof Ksofu D~dis'Hducf

od~f ufakhi`rfc sk ef di dis`tvdsfc i`ifsffiso'afisvup cf‰i`s`ki kn  avmsvuf Qkgf kn sof gkuf ofm|nvm so`ij`ih dmkih so`q m`if odq akgf nukg Dmfbdick Mvhk- xok- `i di `g|kusdis fqqdp fis`smfc ”Uf′fas`kiq ki Ekucfu Sofkup-‗ duhvfq sods ”sof ekucfu ufh`ki    adi fukcf sof ofhfgkip kn sof |u`~`mfhfc afisfu‗ ep d |ukafqq kn ”cfsfuu`sku`dm`r`ih‗ kvu iks`kiq kn avmsvuf 4> D |`~ksdm dq|fas kn Mvhk‐q duhvgfis sods odq c`ufas efdu`ih ki okx xf akiaf|svdm`rf d~dis'hducf avmsvuf `q o`q ufadqs`ih kn ”sof ekucfu ufh`ki‗ efpkic sof i`ifsffiso'afisvup iks`kiq kn avmsvuf dic sof ids`ki sods fibkpfc x`cf viau`s`adm avuufiap xfmm `isk sof mdsf sxfis`fso afisvup dic sods fqsdem`qofc ekucfuq ep akiaf|svdm`r' `ih avmsvuf dukvic iks`kiq kn ”odugkip‗ dic ”qodufc |dssfuiq kn  efm`fn‗48 dq xfmm dq dukvic iks`kiq kn okgkhfif`sp- ”nudsfui`sp-‗ dic ”`gdh`ifc akggvi`sp‗ 4? Ep akisudqs- Mvhk fgeudafq gkuf ufafis sof' kufs`adm duhvgfisq sods od~f dc~kadsfc ”sof sudiqnkugds`ki kn sof idsvuf kn  sof avmsvudm  /nukg okgkhfif`sp sk ofsfukhfif`sp)‗40 Cudx`ih v|ki sof xkuj kn qaokmduq m`jf Ufidsk Ukqdmck dic Bdgfq Am`nnkuc- of |kq`sq d iks`ki kn avmsvuf iks dq sods xo`ao `q sof ”odugkip‗ x`so`i ekucfuq evs udsofu dq sods xo`ao if~fu fgfuhfq nukg sof ekucfumdicq kn akis`i' hfiap- nudhgfisds`ki- dic akisfqsds`ki: dq sods xo`ao `q ds ekso afisfu  dic fchf d ekucfumdic kn f~fu fgfuhfis- akg|fs`ih- dic k||kq`s`kidm `isfufqsq: ku- sk sudiqmdsf Mvhk‐q `cfdq `isk sfugq s fugq ufmf~dis sk kvu kxi c`q' avqq`ki- dq sods xo`ao- xo`mf |ksfis`dmmp |kq`s`ih di `cfkmkh`adm iks`ki kn sof avss`ih fchf- `q ikifsofmfqq akiqs`svsfc ep d gvms`|m`a`sp kn fgfu' hfis- aki′`asfc fchfq Nkmmkx`ih so`q m`if kn duhvgfis- sk q|fdj kn sof avss`ih fchf kn avmsvuf `q iks sk dccufqq d ccufqq sof ndusofqs |k`isq nukg sof avm' svudm afisfu: `s `q- xofi |mvudm`rfc- sk q|fdj kn avmsvuf dq qvao Nku kvu `ggfc`dsf |vu|kqfq- sof |k`is kn ufofduq`ih Mvhk‐q duhv' gfisq `q sods `n xf gk~f efpkic e fpkic di dis`tvdsfc iks`ki kn d okgkhfikvq Fvuk|fdi avmsvuf /`f- okgkhfikvq ~`q'ì'~`q sof ufqs kn sof xkumc) skxduc d iks`ki kn avmsvuf dq sods xo`ao `q f~fu fgfuhfis- akis`ihfisdic akisfqsfc- xf akinukis d cf‰i`s`ki kn avmsvuf sods `q iks kimp |uk' nkvicmp ffg|m`‰fc `i sof akisfqsfc gkgfisq kn `isfuavmsvudm faodihfq kn |u`g`s`~`qg evs dmqk qvhhfqsq sods sof amdqo`ih ofsfukhf' ifkvq sudc`s`kiq kn sokqf gkgfisq `ic`adsf d~dis'hducf avmsvuf gkuf hfifudmmp @i sof q|fa`‰a fdg|mf kn |u`g`s`~`qg- xf c`qak~fu di `iqsdiaf kn d~dis'hducf f|ufqq`ki sods `q akiaf|svdmmp akiqs`svsfc x`so`i d hmkedm akiqsfmmds`ki dic sods kimp dq d ufqvms kn sof gkqs emdsdis dasq kn fudqvuf adi ef aodudasfu`rfc dq Fvuk|fdi @i sof q|fa`‰aq kn eku' cfu sofkup xf c`qak~fu d cf‰i`s`ki kn avmsvuf sods ufakggficq sof fdg|mf kn |u`g`s`~`qg dq d qfhvf `isk xods xf adi |kq`s dq sof hmkedm

Nukg Avss`ih Fchf sk Ukvho Fchfq

58

cpidg`aq sods- dmsokvho od~`ih mduhfmp hkif vidajikxmfchfc `i qaokm' duqo`|- od~f if~fusofmfqq dmxdpq aodudasfu`rfc sof d~dis'hducf dq d xokmf Sof akisudqs ofuf `q efsxffi d cf‰i`s`ki kn sof d~dis'hducf d~dis' hducf sodski sof kif odic- `q afisfufc dukvic di `gdh`ifc Fvuk|fdi avmsvudm okgkhfif`sp sods f|dicfc `i `i′vfiaf- ku d cf‰i`s`ki- ki sof ksofu  odic- xokqf sfuu`sku`dm akkuc`idsfq xfuf dmxdpq dmufdcp ofsfukhfifkvqc`q|fuqfc- dic c`~fuqfmp mkadsfc `i gkgfisq kn akisfqsds`ki akisfqsds `ki Gkuf dekvs sofqf akg|fs`ih cf‰i`s`kiq x`mm akgf gkgfisdu`mp Efpkic M`ifdu O`qsku`khud|o`fq2 Q`gvmsdif`sp

@n ekucfu sofkup ofm|q vq sk cfakiqsuvas dic sovq ufhvmdsf sof viaofajfc qm`||dhf efsxffi d iks`ki kn sof avss`ih fchf sods q`hi`‰fq dfqsofs`a `iik~ds`ki dic d iks`ki kn sof avss`ih fchf sods |ukgksfq d m`ifdu gkcfm kn Fvuk|fdi avmsvudm ckg`idiaf dic `i′vfiaf- `s dmqk mfd~fq vq x`so sof qveqftvfis sdqj kn sofku`r`ih sof d~dis'hducf efpkic sof Fvukafisu`a gkku`ihq sods od~f qveqsdis`dmmp m`g`sfc sof |dudgfsfuq x`so`i xo`ao qaokmduq od~f aodusfc ekso sof qak|f kn dic sof akiaf|svdm qsuvasvuf hk~fui`ih sof o`qskup kn f|fu`gfisdm dfqsofs`aq Kif akvuqf efpkic sokqf m`g`sds`kiq `i~km~fq qkgf uf′fas`ki ki sof nvicdgfisdm ukmf sods sof ufmdsfc iks`kiq kn q`gvmsdif`sp dic sudiqids`kidm`qg adi |mdp `i ufnudg`ih sof o`qsku`khud|op kn sof d~dis'hducf Xo`mf sof mdssfu kn  sofqf sxk iks`kiq `q sof gkuf auva`dm dic `i ndas `q sof kif sods ofm|q vq sk ifhks`dsf efsxffi sof sxk akg|fs`ih cf‰i`s`kiq gfis`kifc dek~fsof iks`ki kn q`gvmsdif`sp adi qfu~f dq di `g|kusdis |u`gfu nku kvu c`q' avqq`ki kn sudiqids`kidm`qg efadvqf `s ofm|q amdu`np sof d~dis'hducf dq d cfsfuu`sku`dm`rfc |ofikgfiki Sk so`q fic- xf adi afusd`imp hfs qkgf efdu`ih nukg sof mfqqkiq kn |u`g`s`~`qg- xo`ao adiiks ef `cfis`‰fc dq f`sofu xokmmp Fvuk|fdi ku xokmmp Dnu`adi efadvqf- f~fi dg`c `sq |uke' mfgds`a akmki`dm vicfuavuufisq- `s xdq d |ukcvas kn sof ekucfumdicq dic ufqvmsfc `i sof j`ic kn opeu`c sudiqavmsvudm |ofikgfiki sods C`did Sdp' mku odq aodudasfu`rfc `i diksofu akisfs dq sods `i xo`ao ”ekso sof ckg' `idis dic sof ckg`idsfc duf gkc`‰fc soukvho sof`u akisdas x`so diksofu avmsvuf‗5< Evs sof |k`is ofuf `q iks qk gvao |u`g`s`~`qg‐q opeu`c f|ufqq`ki dq `s `q sof q`gvmsdif`sp kn sof sudc`s`kiq sods aki~fuhf `i `sq nkugq Sods q`gvmsdif`sp iks kimp h`~fq |u`g`s`~`qg dge`hvkvq sfuu`sku`dm ekvicdu`fq: `s dmqk qvhhfqsq sof iffc sk mkkj nku d akg|dudemf sfuu`sku`dm dge`hv`sp `i d x`cf udihf kn d~dis'hducf f|ufqq`kiq ufhducmfqq kn  xofsofu sokqf f|ufqq`kiq fgfuhf `i c`qs`ias `iqsdiafq kn /`isfu)avmsvudm

5?

Iks sof Ksofu D~dis'Hducf

opeu`c`sp @icffc- f~fi `i dufdq xofuf sof dfqsofs`a |udas`afq kn sof Fvuk|fdi d~dis'hducf xfuf f`sofu iks ufmdsfc sk ku- `i ndas- udi akvisfu  sk sof akmki`dm d||uk|u`ds`kiq sods gduj |u`g`s`~`qg- sokqf |udas`afq od~f fibkpfc d o`qsku`khud|o`a |u`~`mfhf sods odq fam`|qfc d ufh`qsfu kn sof `icf|ficfis q`hi`‰adiaf kn knsfi akggfiqvudsf |funkugds`~f |udas`afq fgfuh`ih kvsq`cf kn Fvuk|f Kif adqf `i |k`is `q sof ~ka`nfukvq dis`' akmki`dm dss`svcfq kn sof \du`q`di qvuufdm`qsq xok cfikviafc sof 4014 Akmki`dm Fo`e`s`ki `i \du`q dq ”akmki`dm |`udap‗ dic ”x`so sof ofm| kn  sof Akggvi`qs \dusp‗ qsdhfc ”d akvisfu'fo`e`s`ki fis`smfc ‟Sof Suvso dekvs sof Akmki`fq‐‗ 54 So`q xfmm'jikxi d~dis'hducf |uk~kads`ki fnnfas`~fmp akdmfqafc dfqsofs`a dic udc`adm |km`s`adm f|ufqq`ki Evs xf qs`mm od~f pfs sk nvmmp d||ufa`dsf sof `g|m`ads`kiq sods d akg|dudemf akd' mfqafiaf `i sof dis`akmki`dm xkuj kn- qdp- Od`s`di dus`qsq /xok xfuf dgkih sof ~`as`gq kn akmki`dm`qg) odq nku sof o`qsku`khud|op kn sof d~dis'hducf- dic so`q cfq|`sf sof ndas sods x`so`i sof udijq kn sof qvuuf' dm`qs d~dis'hducf- xf f~fi akgf daukqq amfdu dajikxmfchgfisq iks kn  cfu`~ds`~f evs kn `icf|ficfis |dudmmfmq efsxffi sof |km`s`admmp fihdhfc dfq' sofs`aq kn sof qvuufdm`qsq dic sods kn sof`u Od`s`di akisfg|kudu`fq Sokqf dajikxmfchgfisq adi oducmp ef c`qg`qqfc dq d ~du`ds`ki ~d u`ds`ki ki sof ikqsdmh`d nku sof |ufmd|qdu`di sods aodudasfu`rfq aodudasf u`rfq |u`g`s`~`qg Eufski o`g' qfmn- `i d 403> ~`q`s sk Od`s`- |d`c okgdhf sk sof Od`s`di ”fisovq`dqg ”f isovq`dqg nku  m`efusp dic `sq dn‰ugds`ki kn c`hi`sp-‗ ekso kn xo`ao- daakuc`ih sk Eufski- xfuf gdi`nfqsfc `i d ”mpu`adm fmfgfis    ZsodsW fgfuhfq nukg sof dq|`uds`kiq kn sof fis`uf |fk|mf‗55 Sofqf xfuf |km`s`adm dq|`uds`kiqdic akge`ifc x`so sof sudc`s`kiq dqqka`dsfc x`so ~kkckk- sof |km`s`admmp aoduhfc Od`s`di mpu`a`qg sk xo`ao Eufski ufnfuq |ukcvafc d ~kmds`mf dfq' sofs`a akajsd`m sods akvmc akg|fsf x`so dmgkqs dipso`ih sof qvuufdm`qsq odc qfu~fc v| `i sof`u fnnkusq sk |mdaf sof`u f|fu`gfisq x`so cufdgqsudiaf- dic dvskgds`a xu`s`ih ”`i qfu~`af kn sof uf~kmvs`ki‗ Sof |k`is efo`ic so`q qokus c`hufqq`ki `q mfqq dekvs |ufafcfis sodi `s `q dekvs sof |ufqvg|s`ki kn Fvuk|fdi `i′vfiaf `i sof o`qsku`khud|op kn sof d~dis' hducf @s `q dekvs sfaoi`tvfq sudc`s`kidmmp dqqka`dsfc x`so sof s of `iik~ds`kiq kn sof Fvuk|fdi d~dis'hducf iks kimp qvunda`ih f`sofu fdum`fu- q`gvmsdif' kvqmp ku f~fi mdsfu `i avmsvufq kvsq`cf kn Fvuk|f evs ck`ih qk dq q`hi`‰adis gkgfisq kn `iik~ds`ki nukg x`so`i iki'Fvuk|fdi sudc`' s`kiq @i qokus- sof aki~fuhfiaf kn dfqsofs`aq dic |km`s`aq `i Od`s`- d aki' ~fuhfiaf sods- `i ndas- xdq `i qfu~`af kn di dasvdm uf~kmvs`ki- `q evs kif qgdmm fdg|mf kn d ~dihvduc efpkic sof |dmf kn d qaokmdump ufmvasdiaf sk sk mkkj |dqs aki~fis`kidmmp akiaf`~fc Fvuk|fdi ekucfuq sk ‰ic sof iduud' s`~f gdsfu`dm nku akiqsuvas`ih sof o`qskup kn sof d~dis'hducfd~dis'hduc f- d ufmvasdiaf

Nukg Avss`ih Fchf sk Ukvho Fchfq

50

f~`cfis f~fi xofi sods ~dihvduc adi ef mkadsfc `i q`gvmsdifkvq sfg' |kudm |uk`g`sp sk `sq Fvuk|fdi akvisfu|dusq @i m`hos kn qvao di fdg|mf- `s `q sfg|s`ih sk akiamvcf so`q ufso`ij`ih kn sof d~dis'hducf x`so di k~fucvf admm nku qaokmduq sk eufdj nukg sof`u  Fvukafisu`a ‰ds`ki dic sk ‰idmmp dajikxmfchf sof hmkedm q`gvmsdif`sp kn sof edq`a nkugq kn d~dis'hducf f|ufqq`ki Evs sofuf `q sof |ksfis`dm nku sof k~fump q`g|m`qs`a dic ufcvas`~f `i qvao d admm–sods `q- sof |ksfi' s`dm nku qvaavge`ih sk d au`s`adm akg|ukg`qf sods- xo`mf ufakhi`r`ih d hmkedm q`gvmsdif`sp `i sof fgfuhfiaf dic nkugq kn d~dis'hducf f|ufq' q`ki- qs`mm `idc~fusfismp fm`cfq sof auva`dm gkgfisq kn akisfqsds`ki `i sof ekucfumdicq kn sof avss`ih fchf Sk akiamvcf x`so d iks`ki kn q`gvm' sdif`sp xkvmc sovq mfd~f vq x`so di `g|kusdis cfsfuu`sku`dm`rfc akiaf|' s`ki kn sof d~dis'hducf- evs- ep sof qdgf skjfi- sof akiamvq`ki xkvmc if~fu dcftvdsfmp hud||mf x`so sof akg|fs`ih cf‰i`s`kiq kn sof d~dis' hducf gfis`kifc fdum`fu- dic so`q xkvmc qveqsdis`dmmp c`g`i`qo kvu  vicfuqsdic`ih kn sof akg|mf cpidg`aq hk~fui`ih d~dis'hducf avmsvuf gkuf hfifudmmp Ndu nukg gfufmp |ufqfis`ih vq x`so di f`sofu+ku |uk|k' q`s`ki- sof akg|fs`s`ki efsxffi sokqf sxk cf‰i`s`kiq duhvdemp uf′fasq d auva`dm `uufakia`mdemf dis`ikgp x`so`i sof d~dis'hducf `sqfmn- sods `q- di ficvu`ih gkgfis kn akisfqsds`ki sods akiqs`svsfq d~dis'hducf avmsvuf dq qvao dic sods knnfuq vq di `g|kusdis ~du`ds`ki ki \dvm Gdii‐q duhvgfis sods sof d~dis'hducf dmxdpq dmufdcp akisd`iq ”sof dis` dic `sq ufav|fud' s`ki‗ Sof `qqvf sovq `q iks xofsofu kif aokkqfq d ofsfukhfifkvq dic c`q|fuqfc iks`ki kn sof d~dis'hducf k~fu dic dek~f kif afisfufc dukvic di `gdh`ifc Fvuk|fdi avmsvudm okgkhfif`sp- ku- gkuf q`g|mp |vsxofsofu kif fgeudafq sof `cfd kn hmkedm q`gvmsdif`sp k~fu Fvukafi' su`qg- evs udsofu xofsofu kif ufakhi`rfq sods `i aodudasfu`r`ih sof d~dis'hducf- sof sxk cf‰i`s`kiq adiiks fis`ufmp ef c`qs`ihv`qofc Skxduc d Sofkup kn sof Sudiqids`kidm D~dis'Hducf

Sk akiaf|svdm`rf sof d~dis'hducf dukvic d iks`ki kn hmkedm q`gvmsdif' `sp ckfq iks `i dic kn `sqfmn c`q|kqf kn sof |ukemfgds`a Fvukafisu`a vicfuavuufisq kn sof ”d~dis'hducf‗ dq d akiaf|s Ofuf xf duf iks sdmj' `ih dekvs q|fa`‰a gkcfq kn dus`qs`a |udas`af sods duf `cfis`‰demp `isfuid' s`kidm dic akg|dudemf evs udsofu dekvs di deqsudas adsfhkup kn avmsvudm au`s`a`qg sods ‰uqs fgfuhfc `i c`qavqq`kiq kn avmsvudm |km`s`aq dgkih Fvuk|fdi `isfmmfasvdmq `i sof mdsf i`ifsffiso afisvup dic sods- xofi d||m`fc `isfuids`kidmmp- |uk~`cfq vq x`so d mfiq soukvho xo`ao sk |fu' af`~f dic dqq`hi /iks di fodvqs`~f evs udsofu) d q|fa`‰a sp|f kn 

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Iks sof Ksofu D~dis'Hducf

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10

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35

Iks sof Ksofu D~dis'Hducf

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Sof SCU Emdaj Sofdsuf @qqvf 

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akmku em`icifqq- cf‰i`s`kiq kn sof Xfqsfui o`qsku`a d~dis'hducf od~f effi fgefccfc `i uda`dm adsfhku`fq D~dis'hducf qaokmduq nukg \fsfu  Eýuhfu sk \dvm Gdii- Odm Nkqsfu- dic Bdgfq Oduc`ih |k`is kvs sods cf‰i`s`kiq kn sof d~dis'hducf duf dmxdpq akisfqsfc dic akisfqsdskupaki′`asvdm dic f~fi akisudc`askup3  Pfs sofp qoduf dqqvg|s`kiq Nukg Eýuhfu- faokfc `i sof xkuj kn \dvm Gdii- akgfq sof duhvgfis sods ukksq kn sof o`qsku`adm d~dis'hducf cdsf sk sof i`ifsffiso'afisvup Fvuk' |fdi g`ccmf amdqq dic sof cfq`uf kn afusd`i dus`qsq sk ufbfas ekvuhfk`q `cfdmq6 Eýuhfu efm`f~fq sods x`so so`q d~dis'hducf souvqs- dus efadgf ef adgf qfmn' au`s`adm dic ufefmmfc dhd`iqs sof dfqsofs`a`qg kn dus`qs`a |udas`af2 ”@i ekvu' hfk`q qka`fsp- `s `q kimp x`so dfqsofs`a`qg sods sof nvmm vinkmc`ih kn sof |ofikgfiki kn dus efadgf d ndas- dic `s `q sk dfqsofs`a`qg sods sof o`q' sku`adm d~dis'hducf ufq|kic‗> Eýuhfu‐q c`qavqq`ki keqavufq dip iki' Xfqsfui dus`qs`a |udas`af `i xo`ao d c`nnfufis qfiqf kn dus`qs`a nvias`kidm' `sp `q `i k|fuds`ki Gkufk~fu- o`q cfq`hids`ki kn d~dis'hducf ku`h`iqf~fi dq `s mkadsfq ufq`qsdiaf dq au`s`adm sk dip d~dis'hducf |udas`af- |kq`sq xo`sfifqq dic Fvuk|fdi `cfdmq dq d ikugds`~f- vigdujfc |ufqfiaf efo`ic dip cf‰i`s`ki kn sof o`qsku`a d~dis'hducf Gdii duhvfq `i Sof' kup'Cfdso kn sof D~dis'Hducf  sods sof d~dis'hducf‐q cfgdic nku dus`qs`a dic qka`dm aodihf |mdafq `s `i d c`dmfas`admmp gduh`idm`rfc ufmds`kiqo`| sk sof gd`iqsufdg ”Sof d~dis'hducf `q kvsq`cf kn sof `iq`cf- sof mfdc`ih fchf kn sof gd`iqsufdg- dic sovq gduh`idm `i ekso qfiqfq2 famvcfc dic qdm`fis‗8 Gdii qffq di `iofufis ckvemfifqq `i sof d~dis'hducf- `i sods `sq |udas`afq `iamvcf sof gd`iqsufdg ep ufbfas`ih `s @i d |dudmmfm iksds`ki kn ckvemfifqq- Mduup Ifdm- d mfdc`ih sofku`qs kn  sof Emdaj Dusq Gk~fgfis- |mdafq sof dus`avmds`ki kn d ifx emdaj dfq' sofs`a `i c`dmfas`adm ufmds`ki x`so sof fudc`ads`ki kn sof kmc gd`iqsufdg xo`sf kucfu @i o`q qfg`idm fqqdp ”Sof Emdaj Dusq Gk~fgfis-‗ ku`h`' idmmp |vem`qofc `i sof Emdaj Sofdsuf @qqvf- Ifdm qsdsfq- ”Sof gks`~f efo`ic sof Emdaj dfqsofs`a `q sof cfqsuvas`ki kn sof xo`sf so`ih- sof cfqsuvas`ki kn xo`sf `cfdq dic xo`sf xdpq kn mkkj`ih ds sof xkumc‗ ? Amfdump ufgdujfc `i Ifdm evs viufgdujfc `i Gdii `q sof xdp `i xo`ao sof gd`iqsufdg dic sof gduh`i duf uda`dm`rfc Gdii gd`isd`iq sods sof d~dis'hducf nvias`kiq dq d ”afisudm`rfc gduh`i-‗ ”sof mfdc`ih fchf‗ kn  sof gd`iqsufdg sods iks kimp |vqofq sof gd`iqsufdg nkuxduc dic kvs' xduc evs dmqk `iofufq x`so`i `s Pfs- @ xkvmc qvhhfqs sods f|fu`gfisdm gk~fgfisq fgfuh`ih nukg sof dmufdcp gduh`idm`rfc dic uda`dm`rfc ksofu- qvao dq sof ESG- od~f if~fu odc sof mvvup kn qvao `iq`cfu qsd' svq: afisudm`rfc gduh`idm`sp `g|m`fq d |u`~`mfhf dqqka`dsfc x`so xo`sfifqq Iks`kiq kn sudiqhufqq`ki- kn qfvdm m`afiqf- kn fch`ifqq dic qka`dm ufq`q'

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Iks sof Ksofu D~dis'Hducf

sdiaf–dmm kn xo`ao xfuf |dus`avmdump dqqka`dsfc x`so sof uda`dm ksofu ds sof svui kn sof i`ifsffiso afisvup–efadgf ak'k|sfc dic nfs`qo`rfc x`so`i sof ”afisudm`rfc gduh`i‗ kn sof xo`sf d~dis'hducf Sovq- sof ufq`qsdiaf kn sof o`qsku`adm d~dis'hducf kxfq d avmsvudm cfes sk sof dmufdcp gduh`idm`rfc uda`dm ksofu Aou`qsk|ofu @iifq `i o`q akg|ufofiq`~f qsvcp  D~dis Hducf Sofdsuf4?05‑4005 cf~fmk|q sof sofkup sods sof d~dis'hducf `q dmxdpq d ufsvui sk sof |u`g`s`~f \fuod|q |dudck`admmp- xods cf‰ifq so`q d~dis'hducf gk~fgfis `q iks k~fusmp gkcfui tvdm`s`fq- qvao dq sof 405
Sof SCU Emdaj Sofdsuf @qqvf 

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uda`dm`rfc Sof`u dis`fqsdem`qogfis qsdiafq `if~`sdemp |mdafc sofg `i ufmd' s`ki sk sof dmufdcp gduh`idm`rfc dic `iaufdq`ihmp c`qhuvismfc emdaj gdqqfq dic sof udc`adm sofdsu`adm |dudc`hgq kn sof ESG Dic pfs Duikmc Dukiqki `i  Dgfu`adi D~dis'Hducf2 D O`qskup ckfq iks `iamvcf sof xkuj kn sof ESG- iku ckfq of iksf sof q`hi`‰adiaf kn udaf f~fi dq of cf‰ifq cf‰ ifq sof Dgfu`adi d~dis'hducf dq ”k||kq`s`kidm‗ sk ”fqsdem`qofc ”fqsde m`qofc avmsvuf‗ dic |kq`s`kiq `s dq akiqsdismp `i ifhks`ds`ki x`so `cfdq kn ”sof ufdm‗–aki' af|sq sods xfuf nvicdgfisdm sk sof xkuj kn sof ESG 44 Qvao au`s`adm em`icfuq iks kimp cfgfdi emdaj dus`qs`a dao`f~fgfis evs m`g`s dip fdg' `ids`ki kn sof uda`dm |km`s`aq kn sof d~dis'hducf AkiqftvfismpAkiqftvfis mp- sof tvfq' s`ki x`so sof ESG dic sof s of Emdaj Sofdsuf @qqvf `q iks qk gvao xofsofu  xof sofu  `s ‰sq `isk di Dgfu`adi d~dis'hducf- evs okx sof d~dis'hducf ‰sq `isk `s  Fc`sku`dm Akggfis2 ”Sof J`ih `q Cfdc‗

Fc Evmm`iq‐q fc`sku`dm akggfis ”Sof J`ih `q Cfdc-‗ xo`ao k|fiq sof Emdaj Sofdsuf @qqvf- `q `sqfmn di d~dis'hducf ckavgfis- fqaofx`ih sof aki~fis`kidm nkug kn fc`sku`dm nkufxkuc- qsf||`ih kvsq`cf kn sof sudc`' s`kidm fc`sku`dm f|fasds`kiq sk knnfu d gfsdakggfisdup ki sof qsdsf kn  sof dusq \uk~kads`~fmp- ”Sof J`ih `q Cfdc‗ ckfq iks |uk~`cf di k~fu~`fx kn sof dus`amfq dic |mdpq akisd`ifc `i sof `qqvf evs `iqsfdc uf~`fxq sof qka`dm akisfs `i xo`ao sofqf xkujq dic sof ESG k|fudsf ep u`n‰ih ki sof iks`ki kn cfdc j`ihq Evmm`iq‐q fc`sku`dm akggfis c`qavqqfq c`qavqqfq xods sudiq|`ufc xofi of- dmkih x`so Dg`u` Edudjd dic d hukv| nukg o`q Ifxduj'edqfc emdaj uf~kmvs`kidup sofdsfu |ukbfas Q|`u`s Okvqf- dssficfc d |ukcvas`ki kn sof |mdp Jkih`‐q Odu~fqs  ep I`hfu`di |mdpxu`hos dic Ikefm \u`rf x`iifu Xkmf Qkp`ijd ki D|u`m 3- 40>?- sof cdp sods Gdus`i Mvsofu J`ih- Bu xdq dqqdqq`idsfc Akiqftvfismp- sof s`smf kn Evmm`iq‐q akggfisdup f|m`a`smp ufnfuq sk sof cfdso kn sof a`~`m u`hosq mfdcfu Pfsdq f~`cfiafc ep sof f|`hud|o ep Nmkpc GaJ`qq`aj sods |ufafcfq sof Evmm`iq |`faf- J`ih‐q cfdso `q iks keqfu~fc x`so sof uf~fufiaf sods ikx huffsq o`g dq d ids`kidm `aki GaJ`qq`aj xu`sfq- ”Cu Gdus`i Gdus `i Mvsofu J`ih xdq sof mdqs |u`iaf kn iki~`kmfiaf Of xdq d qpgekm kn iki~`kmfiaf- sof f|`skgf kn iki~`kmfiaf Iki~`kmfiaf `q d cfdc |o`mkqk|op dic `s xdq iks sof emdaj |fk|mf sods j`mmfc `s‗45 Daakuc`ih sk GaJ`qq`aj- Gdus`i Mvsofu- sof ”mdqs‗ J`ih- `q cfdc- dq `q o`q |o`mkqk|op kn iki~`kmfiaf GaJ`qq`aj `g|m`fq sods sof ~`kmfis das`kiq kn xo`sfq iks kimp od~f dqqdq' q`idsfc sof mdqs J`ih- evs sfug`idsfc sof `cfkmkhp kn iki~`kmfis emdaj ufq|kiqf Of xduiq sods emdajq x`mm ikx ufq|kic x`so d c`nnfufis s`geuf dic nfu~ku GaJ`qq`aj‐q f|`hud|o- `i akiafus x`so Evmm`iq‐q dus`amf-

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Iks sof Ksofu D~dis'Hducf

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Sof SCU Emdaj Sofdsuf @qqvf 

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Sof SCU Emdaj Sofdsuf @qqvf 

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Sof SCU Emdaj Sofdsuf @qqvf 

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Sof SCU Emdaj Sofdsuf @qqvf 

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63

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Sof SCU Emdaj Sofdsuf @qqvf 

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Iks sof Ksofu D~dis'Hducf

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Sof SCU Emdaj Sofdsuf @qqvf 

68

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Iks sof Ksofu D~dis'Hducf

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Sof SCU Emdaj Sofdsuf @qqvf 

60

sku`fq ep fg|mkp`ih sofdsfu dq d gfdiq sk |ukcvaf ufdm qka`dm aodihf Aou`qsk|ofu @iifq xu`sfq sods sof ”dssfg|s sk gfuhf sofdsu`adm |funku' gdiaf dic ufdm`sp `q aodudasfu`qs`a kn sof d~dis hducf d||ukdao‗ dic sods sof M`~`ih Sofdsfu skkj so`q |udas`af ”sk fsufgfq‗ >3 Sof M`~`ih Sof' dsfu- nkmmkx`ih sof c`asvgq kn Dusdvc‐q Sofdsfu kn Auvfmsp- dssfg|sfc dssfg|sf c sk aufdsf d sofdsfu `i xo`ao dvc`fiaf dic q|fasdskuq nvias`kifc ”m`jf ~`a' s`gq evuis ds sof qsdjf q`hidm`ih soukvho sof ′dgfq‗ >6 Sofp qvebfasfc sof`u fiqfgemf sk d ufdm dsgkq|ofuf kn ”okqs`m`sp- |fuqfavs`ki dic `qkmd' s`ki‗ dq sofp |uf|dufc nku d |ukcvas`ki kn Bdaj Hfmefu‐q Sof Akiifas`ki `i 4060>> Nku Edudjd dic sof ESG sof gfuh`ih kn sof ufdm dic sofdsu`' adm adgf sokvho sof c`ufas ufmds`ki sof sofdsfu odc sk sof ~`kmfiaf dic kvsudhf kn akisfg|kudup Dnu`adi Dgfu`adi m`nf Sovq- Evmm`iq‐q `isuk' cvaskup akggfisdup sk sof Emdaj Sofdsuf @qqvf- xofuf of c`qavqqfq sof ‰ufq sods fihvmnfc Odumfg dnsfu sof gvucfu kn Gdus`i Mvsofu J`ih- Buuf|ufqfisq d sdjf ki Dusdvc‐q gfsd|oku kn ”q`hidm`ih nukg sof ′dgfq‗ c`nnfufis nukg sods kn sof M`~`ih Sofdsfu @i Evmm`iq‐q cfsd`m- sof f~fisq sofgqfm~fq akiqs`svsf d nkug kn qka`dm cudgd dq emdaj viufqs q`hidmq soukvho sof ′dgfq nku aodihf Xofufdq sof M`~`ih Sofdsfu qkvhos sk hfifudsf ofds kiqsdhf- sof ESG qkvhos sk oduifqq sof q|dujq- sof cdi' hfukvq- ufefmm`kvq nfu~ku u`q`ih `i sof emdaj vuedi fiamd~fq kn Dgfu`ad Qki`d Qdiaofr‐q |mdp `i sof akmmfas`ki- Sof Euki `q Ifs- akiifasq sof `ggfc`dap kn sofqf ufdm ′dgfq sk sof qka`dm vuhfiap kn aodihf x`so`i ofu |mdp dq qof `gdh`ifq sof nkuafq kn emdaj uf~kmvs`kidup aodihf qfss`ih ‰uf sk sof a`sp @i Dusdvc‐q `gdhfup- auvfmsp |vqofq sof dvc`fiafq dic q|fasdskuq kvs kn akg|mdafiap F~fi dq sofp evui ds sof qsdjf sofp fo`e`s d cfsfug`ids`ki dic dhfiap Of |k`isq sk d cff|'qfdsfc q|`u`s kn  diduaop dic dsd~`qs`a cfq`uf |ufqfis `i sof xkumc- dic so`q `q xods Edudjd dic ESG qkvhos sk sd| `isk dq xfmm Dusdvc c`qavqqfq sof sofdsfu kn  |mdhvf dq d ”q|`u`svdm nkuaf-‗ dq ”d uf~fmds`ki‗ uf ~fmds`ki‗>8 Mduup Ifdm |ukamd`gq- dq xf iksfc |uf~`kvqmp- sods ”Emdaj Dusq `q sof dfqsofs`a dic q|`u`svdm q`qsfu  kn sof emdaj |kxfu akiaf|s Dq qvao `s fi~`q`kiq di dus sods q|fdjq c`ufasmp sk sof iffcq dic dq|`uds`kiq kn Emdaj Dgfu`ad Sof Emdaj Dusq Gk~fgfis efm`f~fq sods pkvu fso`a dic pkvu dfqsofs`aq duf kif‗ >?  Pfs xf gvqs iksf d au`s`adm c`nnfufiaf `i Dusdvc dic EdudjdEdudjd - kif sods uf′fasq sof c`qsdiaf kn sof ESG nukg sof xo`sf o`qsku`adm d~dis'hducf gkuf hfifudmmp Dmsokvho Edudjd dic Dusdvc ekso ~fofgfismp admm nku sof cfqsuvas`ki kn sof Xfqsfui qka`dm kucfu- kimp Edudjd qffjq dmqk sk ”ufqod|f so`q xkumc‗ soukvho d cpidg`a qka`dm |udas`af- dic sovq- dq Efiqski duhvfq- of ”cf|dusq nukg sof ‟c`q`isfufqsfc‐ u`hkuq kn Dusdvc`di hfqsvuf‗>0

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Iks sof Ksofu D~dis'Hducf

D Ifx Xkumc Kucfu

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Sof SCU Emdaj Sofdsuf @qqvf 

>4

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>5

Iks sof Ksofu D~dis'Hducf

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Sof SCU Emdaj Sofdsuf @qqvf 

>1

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>3

Iks sof Ksofu D~dis'Hducf

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Sof SCU Emdaj Sofdsuf @qqvf 

>6

3> J`gefump J`gefump EfiqskiEfiqski- ”Sof Dfqsofs`a Dfqsofs`a kn Gkcfui Gkcfui Emdaj Cudgd2 Cudgd2 Nukg G`gfq`q G`gfq`q sk Gfsof`q-‗ `i Sof Sofdsuf kn Emdaj Dgfu`adiq- fc Fuukm O`mm /Fihmfxkkc Am`nnq2 \ufis`af' Odmm- 40?<)- 42>4 38 38 Ofuef Ofuefus us Qskj Qskjfqfq- Sof Viamf Skgq- `i Cudgd Uf~`fx 453 /40>?)2 6?‑>< 3? 3? @e`c @e`c- >5 >5 30 Sokgdq \dxmfp\dxmfp- ”Sof Emdaj Emdaj Sofdsuf Sofdsuf Dvc`fia Dvc`fiaf-‗ f-‗ `i O`mmO`mm- Sofdsuf kn Emdaj Dgfu' `adiq- 524<0‑5< 6< 6< Hfif Hfif~` ~`ï~ ï~ff Ndeuf Ndeuf-- Cuvgefdsq- Gdqj dic Gfsd|oku  /Adgeu`chf2 Odu~duc Vi`~fu' q`sp \ufqq- 40?1)- 4<3 64 64 Oduup Oduup BB FmdgFmdg- BuBu- Sdj`ih @s sk sof Qsuffsq2 Sof Qka`dm \uksfqs Sofdsfu kn Mv`q ^dmcfr dic Dg`u` Edudjd /Dii Dueku2 Vi`~fuq`sp kn G`ao`hdi \ufqq- 400>) 65 65 Duik Duikmc mc Duk Dukiq iqki ki--  Dgfu`adi D~dis'Hducf2 D O`qskup /Ifx Pkuj2 Ukvsmfchf5<<<)- ?6 61 Gkuf ufafis ufafis u`svdm sofku`qsq sofku`qsq qvao qvao dq Udib`i` Kefpfqjf Kefpfqjfuf uf ck iks dhuff dhuff x`so Svuifu sods sokqf hdsofufc ds u`svdm afufgki`fq vi`nkugmp das dq d akihufhds`ki Kefpfqjfuf c`nnfufis`dsfq efsxffi dvc`fiaf gfgefuq xok das dq q|fasdskuq dic sokqf xok das dq |dus`a`|disq `i sof u`svdm fidasgfis Qff ”Sof Q`hi`‰adiaf kn \funkugdiaf nku  `sq Dvc`fiaf2 di Didmpq`q kn Souff Qu` Mdijdi U`svdmq-‗ `i Ep Gfdiq kn \funkugdiaf- fc U`aoduc Qaofaoifu /Adgeu`chf2 Adgeu`chf Vi`~fuq`sp \ufqq- 400<)- 44?‑1< 63 IfdmIfdm- ”Sof Emdaj Emdaj Dusq Dusq Gk~fgfis Gk~fgfis-‗ -‗ 10 66 66 @e`c @e`c- 1>1>- 10 10 6> Dg`u` EdudjdEdudjd- tvksfc tvksfc ep Qdvm Hkssm`feHkssm`fe- ”Sofp ”Sofp so`ij pkv‐uf pkv‐uf di d`u|mdif d`u|mdif dic  pkv‐uf ufdmmp d e`uc-‗ F~fuhuffi Uf~`fx- Cfafgefu 40>8- 64 68 IfdmIfdm- ”Sof Emdaj Emdaj Dusq Dusq Gk~fgfis Gk~fgfis-‗ -‗ 50 6? 6? @e`c @e`c- 10 10 60 Dg`u` Edudjd- ”Sof Uf~kmvs`kidup Uf~kmvs`kidup Sofdsuf-‗ Sofdsuf-‗ `i Okgf2 Qka`dm Fqqdpq /Ifx Pkuj2 Gkuukx- 40>>)- 54< >< >< Efiq Efiqsk skii- \funkug`ih Emdajifqq- 15 >4 Nku d c`qavqq`ki c`qavqq`ki kn sof ufmds`kiqo`| ufmds`kiqo`| efsxffi efsxffi Dg`u` Dg`u` Edudjd‐q Edudjd‐q |udas`af dic dic sofkup dic sof sofdsfu kn Diski`i Dusdvc- qff Gdiaf X`mm`dgq- Emdaj Sofdsuf `i sof 40>‑1<: dic Efiqski- \funkug`ih Emdajifqq- 14‑11 >5 Edudjd- ”Sof Uf~kmvs`kidup Uf~kmvs`kidup Sofdsfu-‗ Sofdsfu-‗ 541 541 >1 >1 Disk Diski` i`ii Dusd Dusdvc vc-- Sof Sofdsuf dic @sq Ckvemf- sudiq Gdup Adukm`if U`aoducq /Ifx  Pkuj2 Huk~f- 406?)- 58 >3 @iifq- D~dis Hducf Sofdsuf- 4?3 >6 >6 Dusd Dusdvc vc-- Sofdsuf dic @sq Ckvemf- 41 >> @iifq- D~dis Hducf Sofdsuf- 4?3 >8 >8 Dusd Dusdvc vc-- Sofdsuf dic @sq Ckvemf- 56- 1< >? Ifdm- ”Sof Emdaj Dusq Gk~fgfis-‗ Gk~fgfis-‗ 50 50 >0 >0 Efiq Efiqsk skii- \funkug`ih Emdajifqq- 15 8< Ifdm- ”Sof Emdaj Dusq Gk~fgfis-‗ Gk~fgfis-‗ 38 38 84 G`jf QfmmQfmm- ”Sof Emdaj Emdaj Dusq Gk~fgfis2 Gk~fgfis2 \funkugdiaf\funkugdiaf- Ifk'Kudm`sp Ifk'Kudm`sp-- dic sof Cfqsuvas`ki kn sof ‟Xo`sf So`ih-‐‗ `i Fmdg dic Judqifu- Dnu`adi Dgfu`adi \funkugdiaf68

>>

Iks sof Ksofu D~dis'Hducf

85 IfdmIfdm- ”Sof Emdaj Emdaj Dusq Dusq Gk~fgfi Gk~fgfis-‗ s-‗ 1< 81 Nku d nvmmfu nvmmfu c`qavqq`ki c`qavqq`ki kn EDUSQ EDUSQ dic ODUPKV qff qff Fmdg- Sdj`ih @s sk sof  Qsuffsq- 31‑33 83 Qfmm- ”Evmm`iq ”Evmm`iq dq Fc`sku`dm Fc`sku`dm \funkugfu-‗ \funkugfu-‗ 340 86 Fu`a EfismfpEfismfp- ”Gvqs @ Q`cf x`so x`so Emdajq Emdajq ku Xo`sfq-‗ Xo`sfq-‗ `i `i Sofdsuf kn Emdaj Dgfu`adiq41?‑35 8> \o`m`| Eu`di Eu`di Odu|fu- ”Ids`kidm ”Ids`kidm`qg `qg dic Qka`dm C`~`q`ki C`~`q`ki `i Emdaj Emdaj Dusq \kfsup \kfsup kn  sof 40>? 3>? 8? Qfmm- ”Evmm`iq ”Evmm`iq dq Fc`sku`dm Fc`sku`dm \funkugfu-‗ \funkugfu-‗ 35< 80 IfdmIfdm- ”Sof Emdaj Emdaj Dusq Dusq Gk~fgfis Gk~fgfis-‗ -‗ 11 ?< Qfmm- ”Sof Emdaj Dusq Gk~fgfis-‗ Gk~fgfis-‗ 6? 6? ?4 ?4 Efiq Efiqsk skii- \funkug`ih Emdajifqq- 64

D~dis'Hducf dic \funkugdiaf Avmsvufq `i Dnu`ad  Bkdao`g N`fedao

Efpkic sof Ekucfuq kn Xfqsfui @iik~ds`ki

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Iks sof Ksofu D~dis'Hducf

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 D~dis'Hducf dic \funkugdiaf Avmsvufq Avmsvufq `i Dnu`ad

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85

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 D~dis'Hducf dic \funkugdiaf Avmsvufq Avmsvufq `i Dnu`ad

81

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83

Iks sof Ksofu D~dis'Hducf

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 D~dis'Hducf dic \funkugdiaf Avmsvufq Avmsvufq `i Dnu`ad

86

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Iks sof Ksofu D~dis'Hducf

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 D~dis'Hducf dic \funkugdiaf Avmsvufq Avmsvufq `i Dnu`ad

88

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8?

Iks sof Ksofu D~dis'Hducf

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 D~dis'Hducf dic \funkugdiaf Avmsvufq Avmsvufq `i Dnu`ad

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 D~dis'Hducf dic \funkugdiaf Avmsvufq Avmsvufq `i Dnu`ad

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 D~dis'Hducf dic \funkugdiaf Avmsvufq Avmsvufq `i Dnu`ad

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Iks sof Ksofu D~dis'Hducf

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 D~dis'Hducf dic \funkugdiaf Avmsvufq Avmsvufq `i Dnu`ad

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Iks sof Ksofu D~dis'Hducf

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 D~dis'Hducf dic \funkugdiaf Avmsvufq Avmsvufq `i Dnu`ad

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Sof Ksofu D~dis'Hducf D~dis'Hducf

Sof Sofdsfu kn Udc`adm Dfqsofs`aq dic sof \kfs`aq dic \km`s`aq kn \funkugdiaf funku gdiaf `i Akisfg|kudup Dnu`ad Dnu `ad  Bkoi Akisfo'Gkuhdi

\fuod|q qkgfxofuf `i sof Dmsovqqfu`di ufdmgq kn vif~fi o`qsku`adm cf~fmk|gfisq sofuf duf qvu~`~`ih ku ifxmp fgfuh`ih akisfsq xofuf udc`adm dus dic uf~kmvs`kidup |km`s`aq adi pfs aki~fuhf `isk d ~`sdm akisfg|kudup d~dis'hducf  –Bdgfq G Oduc`ih- @isukc- Akiskvuq kn sof Sofdsu`adm D~dis'Hducf  Dic `s `q efakg`ih `iaufdq`ihmp amfdu sods kvu Xfqsfui d~dis'hducf `q- `i xkumc |fuq|fas`~f- ikso`ih ksofu sodi d ufsvui sk sof gkqs sudc`s`kidm sofdsuf  –U`aoduc Qaofaoifu- \vem`a Ckgd`i

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\funkugdiaf `i Akisfg|kudup Dnu`ad

01

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03

Iks sof Ksofu D~dis'Hducf

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\funkugdiaf `i Akisfg|kudup Dnu`ad

06

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Iks sof Ksofu D~dis'Hducf

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\funkugdiaf `i Akisfg|kudup Dnu`ad

08

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0?

Iks sof Ksofu D~dis'Hducf

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\funkugdiaf `i Akisfg|kudup Dnu`ad

00

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Iks sof Ksofu D~dis'Hducf

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\funkugdiaf `i Akisfg|kudup Dnu`ad

4<4

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4<5

Iks sof Ksofu D~dis'Hducf

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\funkugdiaf `i Akisfg|kudup Dnu`ad

4<1

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4<3

Iks sof Ksofu D~dis'Hducf

m`jf Mfq gd`iq ~fvmfis c`uf  ckfq iks kimp vqf fmfgfisq kn d u`svdm kn  dn′`as`ki- evs `q- `i nkug- qsuvasvuf- |funkugdiaf qspmf- dic nvias`ki- d u`svdm kn ofdm`ih D qfakic `g|kusdis nfdsvuf kn gdip kn sof |mdpq kn sof ifx dfqsofs`a /fq|fa`dmmp sokqf sods duf gkcfmfc ki ufm`h`kvq afufgki`dm) `q sof`u  aodihfc nvias`ki Sof`u hkdm `q ik mkihfu qka`k|km`s`adm sudiqnkugds`ki ku sof of`hosfi`ih kn |km`s`adm akiqa`kvqifqq- dq `q sof adqf x`so |mdpq kn  sof ckg`idis Nufiao'`iq|`ufc sudc`s`ki- evs avmsvudm- q|`u`svdm- dic |qp' aokmkh`adm aki~fuq`ki Sofdsu`adm |funkugdiaf efakgfq di das kn xku' qo`| ku cf~ks`ki cvu`ih xo`ao d /avmsvudmmp) dm`fidsfc akggvi`sp kn afm' feudisq `q ufakiifasfc- dnsfu d u`hkukvq |ukafqq kn hv`cfc qfmn'`i~fqs`hds`ki- sk d |u`gkuc`dm- evs keqavufc ku uf|ufqqfc- qkvuaf kn  qfmnokkc /avmsvudm- |qpaokmkh`adm- dic q|`u`svdm) Sofdsu`adm |funkugdiafsovq- efakgfq d nkug kn u`svdm `i`s`ds`ki `isk qfmn'vicfuqsdic`ih- kif ki xokqf qvaafqqnvm kvsakgf sof ufhfifuds`ki kn ekso qfmn dic akggvi`sp cf|ficq Dq M`j`ih‐q kif's`gf akmmdekudsku- Gdu`f'Bkqà Okvudis`fu–d sofku`qs kn sof ifx gk~fgfis–|vsq `s `i akiifas`ki x`so kif kn sof |mdpq kn sof hfiufFi sudtvdis mf gdm- fi mf càau`~discàau`~dis - fi mf càikièdis    md Gdmdcf nd`s qfq |dq ~fuq md mva`c`sà fs |kvuud cdiqfu qd hvàu`qki dv upsogf cfq `iadisds`kiq d|d`qdisfq    Mfq gd`iq ~fvmfis c`uf aofuaof ì `i`s`fu skvq mfq |dus`a`|disq fi mfvu nd`qdis càakv~u`u mf |kvutvk` fs mf akggfis c‐vi gdm qka`dm ZEp sudaj`ih ckxi sof gdmdcp- cfqau`e`ih `s- cfikvia`ih `s    sof \ds`fis sdjfq ofu ‰uqs qsf|q skxducq mva`c`sp dic- sk sof uopsogq kn  qkkso`ih `iadisds`kiq- adi cdiaf ofu xdp sk hkkc ofdmso    Mfq gd`iq ~fvmfis c`uf  qffjq sk `i`s`dsf dmm sof |dus`a`|disq ep gdj`ih sofg c`qak~fu sof xop dic okx kn d qka`dm `mmW 6> Qk xofuf sof ckg`idis sofdsfu gdjfq qka`dm ku |km`s`adm uf~kmvs`ki d akic`s`ki kn akggvidm ofdmso- sof sofdsfu kn udc`adm dfqsofs`aq uf~fuqfq sof kucfu- gdj`ih avmsvudm dic q|`u`svdm xfmm'ef`ih d |ufuftv`q`sf nku  qka`dm |ukhufqq dic qfmn'c`ufasfc cf~fmk|gfis Sof nkavq ki sof q|`u`svdm dic qveakiqa`kvq c`gfiq`kiq kn ovgdi f|fu`fiaf f|md`iq sof |ufnfufiaf ep sof q|`u`svdm`qs sufic x`so`i sof ifx udc`adm sofdsfu gk~fgfis nku sof ikiuds`kidm sfaoi`tvfq kn sudiafcufdgq- dic ndisdqp- sfaoi`tvfq sods q|fdj sk- ku f~fi dqqdvms- sof qfiqfq @s dmqk f|md`iq `sq gke`m`rds`ki kn di f|dicfc udihf kn ”mdihvdhfq‗ sods

\funkugdiaf `i Akisfg|kudup Dnu`ad

4<6

`iamvcf sof iki~fuedm2 gvq`a- cdiaf- akqsvg`ih- qpgekm`a hfqsvufq dic kebfasq ”Ikq aodiqkiq qkis dvqq` cfq |u`qfq cf |dukmfq‗ ZKvu qkihq duf dmqk dasq kn q|fdj`ihW- f|md`iq M`j`ih 68 @i d |mdp m`jf Mfq Mfq gd`iq gd`iq ~fvm ~fvmfi fis  s  c`uf- nku fdg|mf- f~fi gvq`adm `iqsuvgfisq od~f d gfdi`ih efpkic sof |vufmp vs`m`sdu`di Sofp nvias`ki dq aodudasfuq fickxfc x`so sof |kxfu  kn q|ffao Sk sof Hudic \u`fqsfqq‐q ‰uqs tvfqs`ki sk sof \ds`fis- ”Gd ‰mmf cf tvk` qkvnnufq'sv‗ ZXods d`mgfis dn′`asq pkv- cdvhosfuW- 6? d cuvg |uk' ~`cfq sof fmfgfisq kn di diqxfu- xo`ao- sudiqmdsfc `isk q|ffao- gfdi”Sv qkvnnufq- fmmf qkvnnuf- md auk`- md bk`f qdiq nk`‗ ZPkv qvnnfu- qof qvn' nfuq- sof aukqq- bkp x`sokvs nd`soW 60 Evs sof vqf kn |dudm`ihv`qs`a nkugq `q iks m`g`sfc sk afufgki`dm |mdpq @i sof qfavmdu xkujq kn |udas`s`kifuq m`jf Qkvmfpgdif Jkmp- q|ffao `q vqfc q|du`ihmp Sof das`ki- dq `i d jksïed |funkugdiaf–sof gkcfm nku qvao |mdpq dq Dcdgd Aodg|`ki –`q iduudsfc soukvho cdiaf- gvq`a- g`gf- dic ekcp gk~fgfisq- d sfaoi`tvf of ufqkusq sk iks gfufmp nku ufdqkiq kn avmsvudm dvsofis`a`sp- evs dmqk- dq of f|md`iq- nku fdqf kn akggvi`ads`ki x`so o`q gvms`fsoi`a dvc`fiafq >< Sk nkavq dssfis`ki ki sof vqf kn d |mvudm`sp kn mdihvdhfq ep sof |uda' s`s`kifuq kn sof sofdsfu kn udc`adm udc`ad m dfqsofs`aq `q iks sk cfip sof vqf kn qvao fmfgfisq `i sof |mdpq kn sof m`sfudup sudc`s`ki Sof c`nnfufiaf ofuf dhd`i m`fq `i sof vqf sk xo`ao gvq`a- cdiaf- hfqsvufq- dic qk ki duf |vs | vs @i sof Nufiao'`iq|`ufc sudc`s`ki- sof evucfi kn akggvi`ads`ki `q aduu`fc ep q|ffao Xofi gvq`a dic cdiaf duf vqfc sk akggvi`adsf dic iks bvqs sk fisfusd`i- dq sofp knsfi duf- sofp |mdp d qvekuc`idsf ukmf sk q|ffao2 dq `mmvqsudskuq- `i `gdhfq dic gk~fgfis- kn gfdi`ihq sods duf fiakcfc |u`' gdu`mp `i sof ~fue @i sof ifx- ikimkhkafisu`a- udc`adm sofdsfu ki sof ksofu odic- xkucq duf cfafisfufc Sofp ik mkihfu kaav|p |mdaf kn |u`cf `i sof akggvi`ads`~f qaofgf- dq sofp ck `i sof m`sfudup sofdsfu- evs efakgf bvqs kif gkcf kn akggvi`ads`ki dgkih gdip Dic f~fi sofi sofp duf ~dmvfc gkuf- fq|fa`dmmp `i sof afufgki`dm |mdpq- nku sof`u  fv|oki`kvq dic `iadisdskup- udsofu sodi sof`u akggvi`ads`~f- nvias`ki So`q ndas f|md`iq sof sfsvdm qm`hosifqq kn sof ifx |mdpq Sk dssfg|s sk fsudas sof`u sksdm gfdi`ih gf di`ih gfufmp nukg ufdc`ih sofg `q sk qfs kifqfmn v| nku c`qd||k`isgfis Sof`u nvmm fnnfas adi kimp ef f|fu`fiafc `i |funku' gdiaf @s `q iks d ak`ia`cfiaf `i so`q ufhduc sods gdip kn sof dfqsofs`admmp udc' `adm |mdpxu`hosq duf dmqk sofdsfu c`ufaskuq2 M`j`ih kn sof J`'P` Gekaj Sofdsuf- Jkmp kn sof Jksàed Fiqfgemf- dic sof mdsf Qkip Mdekv Sdiq` kn sof Ukadck Rvmv Sofdsuf Sof sofdsfu nku sofg- `i d auva`dm cf|du' svuf nukg sof m`sfudup sudc`s`ki `i nudiak|okif cudgd- `q iks qk gvao dekvs uf|ufqfis`ih sfsq- evs dekvs /ekc`fq `i) |funkugdiaf |funkugd iaf @s `q d |opq'

4<>

Iks sof Ksofu D~dis'Hducf

`adm das`~`sp Sof ckg`idis sudc`s`ki nku qvuf qvu f `q dmqk dekvs |funkugdiafevs x`so d auva`dm c`nnfufiaf Ofuf- daskuq duf iks qv||kqfc sk cudx dssfis`ki sk sofgqfm~fq mfqs sofp c`qsudas sof dvc`fiaf nukg sof gfq' qdhf sods sofp duf qv||kqfc sk cfamd`g dic /sof gfdi`ih kn |funku' gdiaf `i so`q akisfs) `mmvqsudsf  `i hfqsvufq dic ekcp gk~fgfis Dq |fuqkiq- sofp duf sudiq|dufis gfc`vgq uf|ufqfis`ih aodudasfuq- |mdp`ih d ukmf x`so xo`ao sof dasku efakgfq kif @i sof sofdsfu kn udc`adm dfq' sofs`aq- ki sof ksofu odic- daskuq duf iks qfmn'fnnda`ih q`hiq Sofp gd`isd`i d c`qsdiaf ~`q'ì'~`q sof ukmf sofp duf |mdp`ih /`i Ki bkvf- nku  fdg|mf- sof dasku huvch`ihmp |mdp`ih Aodjd knsfi qm`|q kvs kn ukmf sk ufg`ic sof q|fasdsku kn o`q ufdm idgf- >4 dic cudxq dssfis`ki sk o`gqfmn  dq cdiafu- g`gf- gvq`a`di- ku f~fi ekfu- >5 dic sk o`q ekcp `i `sq gdsfu`dm f|ufqq`~fifqq) >1 Sof nkavq ki sof ekcp kn sof dasku `q |dus`avmdump `g|kusdis `i M`j' `ih‐q afufgki`dm sofdsfu- xofuf das`ih `q iks sof dus kn `g|fuqkids`ihevs kn `isfuukhds`ih- dic f|ufqq`ih sof `iifugkqs qfmn- dic ofm|`ih sof q|fasdskuq ck sof qdgf Sof dasku `q di ”à~f`mmfvu-‗ >3 di dxdjfifu kn  akiqa`kvqifqq- d qdaufc ‰hvuf xok ofm|q sof q|fasdsku c`qak~fu o`q ku ofu  aufds`~f |ksfis`dm- sof Hkc x`so`i- dq M`j`ih‐q ‰as`kidm aodudasfu- Hukr`|vsq `s>6 Sof dasku `q sof `ic`~`cvdm xok su`hhfuq vi |ukafqqvq c‐dvskuà~àmds`ki aofr mf |vem`a    Akggf m‐dasfvu m‐das fvu q‐fqs uà~àmà ì mv` gâgf- `m aofuaofud ì gkisufu akggfis qf cà|kv`mmfu cfq |uksfas`kiq cf md ~`f tvks`c`fiif fs q‐dqqvgfu qfvm @m duudaof mfq gdqtvfq |kvu    dekvs`u ì md uà~àmds`ki cf m‐âsuf uàfm    @m qd`s tv‐`m |fvs akgemfu mfq ~`cfq fi d`cdis m‐dvsuf- qki nuïuf- ì q‐daakg|m`u- fi uficdis sudiq|dufis af tv` fqs qkgeuf Zd |ukafqq kn qfmn'uf~fmds`ki `i sof dvc`fiaf    Bvqs dq sof dasku  uf~fdmfc o`gqfmn sk o`gqfmn- qk of x`mm sup sk qokx okx kif adi u`c kifqfmn kn sof gdqjq kn cd`mp m`nf dic sdjf akisukm kn kifqfmn Of sfduq knn gdqjq `i kucfu sk uf~fdm sof ufdm |fuqki    Of jikxq of adi ‰mm sof ~k`c ep ofm|`ih sof ksofu- o`q euksofu- sk ufdm`rf o`gqfmn ep gdj' `ih sudiq|dufis sods xo`ao `q gvujpW>> Dic qvao di das`~`sp `q iks akicvasfc soukvho s oukvho xkucq- dq odq effi iksfcevs soukvho sof ‰ihfuq- odic- nffs- `i qokus soukvho sof ekcp- xo`ao- `i `sq qm`hosfqs sx`saofq- hfqsvufq- dic |kqsvufq- q`hi`‰fq2 ”Md uà|às`s`ki cv hfqsf- qd càakg|kq`s`ki- qfq upsogfq qkis dvsdis cf q`hifq |kvu mf q|fa' sdsfvu- q`hifq tv` akiavuufiafis mf mdihdhf |dumà‗ ZSof uf|fs`s`ki kn sof

\funkugdiaf `i Akisfg|kudup Dnu`ad

4<8

hfqsvuf- `sq akiqs`svs`~f gkgfisq- ~du`kvq qfhgfisq- dic uopsog duf sods gdip q`hiq nku sof q|fasdsku- q`hiq sods akg|fsf x`so q|ffaoW >8 D q`sf kn jikxmfchf dic akggvi`ads`ki- sof ekcp `i M`j`ih‐q u`svdm sofdsfu `q d qdaufc kuhdi sods- nvmmp vicfuqskkc dic vs`m`rfc /`i ofu gpq' s`adm sfugq)- jff|q sof `ic`~`cvdm dssvifc- m`jf di disfiid- sk sof iki' gdsfu`dm- q|`u`svdm |mdif kn f`qsfiaf Sof iffc nku daskuq sk ef dxduf kn  sof |ksfis`dm`s`fq kn sof`u ekc`fq- `i kucfu sk c`qaoduhf sof`u suvf nvia' s`ki- f|md`iq sof `g|kusdiaf M`j`ih dssdaofq sk pkhd'm`jf ffua`qfq `i sof`u sud`i`ih>? Akiakg`sdis x`so sof fg|odq`q ki sof dasku dq sof afisfu kn sof sof' dsu`adm f~fis `q sof ifx sofdsfu‐q |ufc`mfas`ki nku akmmfas`~f aufds`ki Gdip kn `sq |mdpq duf sof |ukcvas iks kn d qkm`sdup dvsoku xokqf sfs `q odicfc k~fu nku ffavs`ki sk d c`ufasku dic sofiaf sk d |dqq`~f hukv| kn daskuq- evs kn sof akmmdekuds`~f fnnkus kn daskuq- c`ufaskuq- dic qkgf' s`gfq q|fasdskuq Kiaf d qafidu`k /d ”sfsf'aodis`fu‗ Zsfsvdm q`sfW) odq effi dhuffc v|ki- f|md`iq Rdkvukv vq`ih di didmkhp nukg akiqsuva' s`ki- `s `q ”dv dasfvuq cf q‐fi deufv~fu fs c‐kuhdi`qfu vi q|fasdamf‗ Zv| sk sof daskuq sk s k ndg`m`du`rf sofgqfm~fq x`so `s dic kuhdi`rf sof qokxW >0 Sk sof |udas`s`kifuq kn udc`adm dfqsofs`aq- sof dasvdm |ukafqq kn |mdpgdj' `ih `q gkuf `g|kusdis sodi sof ‰i`qofc |mdp `sqfmn So`q d||ukdao ckfq iks kimp `inkug sof`u |udas`af- evs `q dmqk sof qvebfas kn qkgf kn sof`u  |mdpq Kif kn sofqf- M`j`ih‐q Tvfmtvf Aokqf'Dnu`tvf- nku fdg|mf- qsdhfq d hukv| kn daskuq |vss`ih skhfsofu d |mdp sxk xffjq efnkuf `sq qaofc' vmfc- akgg`qq`kifc |funkugdiaf @i `sq c`qkucfu- sof |mdp‐q |funku' gdiaf q|daf `q d suvf sofdsu`adm ev`mc`ih q`sf- sk vqf Rdkvukv‐q gfsd|oku Efadvqf ik duao`sfas+dvsoku odq qv||m`fc sofg x`so d cfq`hi- sof |funkugfuq sofgqfm~fq od~f sk akgf v| x`so kif- xo`ao gfdiq iks bvqs cfsfug`i`ih qvebfas dic c`dmkhvf- d sdqj gdcf gkuf akg|m`adsfc nku sofg ep sof qfiq`s`~f ‰as`kidm akisfs kn afiqkuqo`| `i xo`ao sofp xkuj- evs dmqk hfqsvufq- akqsvgfq- qfs- dic qk ki Dmsokvho sof |mdp akisd`iq di `isfuidm qsdhf c`ufasku- Q`sd- ofu ukmf- m`jf sods kn sof dfqsofs`admmp udc`adm cudgds`qs- `q edq`admmp sods kn akkuc`idsku ku g`c' x`nf Qof |ukcq sof |funkugfuq sk eu`ih nkuso f~fu gkuf cdu`ih dic auf' ds`~f `cfdq dic `g|uk~`qds`kiq- dic xfd~fq sof`u qvhhfqs`kiq `isk d odu' gki`kvq xokmf Qof sfmmq sofg2 Md`qqkiq dmkuq m`euf akvuq dv àmdiq qdiq suk| ikvq `isfuukg|uf Bf |uficq iksf cfq gf`mmfvufq |uk|kq`s`kiq I‐oàq`skiq |dq ì `isukcv`uf mfq dia`fiifq cdiqfq fs aokuàkhud|o`fq iki fiakuf f|mk`sàfq cdiq c‐dvsufq q|fasdamfq

4
Iks sof Ksofu D~dis'Hducf

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\funkugdiaf `i Akisfg|kudup Dnu`ad

4<0

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\funkugdiaf `i Akisfg|kudup Dnu`ad

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 D~dis'Hducf Cudgd `i sof G`ccmf G`ccmf Fdqs 

458

`q knsfi kg`ssfc fis`ufmp)- so`q cudgd `q ikugdmmp akiq`cfufc `sq hukvic' `ih fdg|mf Sof nkmj dic |k|vmdu sofdsfu sudc`s`kiq kn sofqf akvisu`fqdic fq|fa`dmmp sof |v||fs'sofdsfu sudc`s`ki- xo`ao odq effi xfmm ckav' gfisfc nku afisvu`fq- q`iaf sofqf ndmm kvsq`cf sof sudc`s`ki kn Fvuk|fdi m`sfudup sofdsfu dic duf fqqfis`dmmp nuff kn `sq `i′vfiaf- od~f effi knsfi `hikufc ep sofdsfu o`qsku`diq- f~fi `i sof Dude`a akvisu`fq sofgqfm~fq Sof qfduao nku ftv`~dmfisq kn d~dis'hducf sofdsu`adm`qg kvsq`cf sof ikugdm |dudgfsfuq akiqsuvasfc ep qsvcfisq kn Fvuk|fdi sofdsfu o`qskup gvqs sofufnkuf- `i sof adqf kn sof sofdsfu s ofdsfu kn sof G`ccmf Fdqs- akinukis ds ds sof kvsqfs ekso kn sofqf cff|mp fisufiaofc e`dqfq2 sods xo`ao dqqvgfq sods sof Dude xkumc `i hfifudm odq |ukcvafc m`ssmf ku ik sofdsfu: dic- sods qkgfxods gkuf `inkugfc ~`fx xo`ao ufakhi`rfq ds mfdqs d gkcfui gkc fui sof' dsu`adm sudc`s`ki evs xo`ao dqqvgfq sods `s dgkvisq sk m`ssmf gkuf sodi d |dmf `g`sds`ki kn Fvuk|fdi sudc`s`kiq Sof sfg|sds`ki kn so`q qfakic e`dq `q |dus`avmdump qsukih `i akiq`cfu' `ih qvao d |ofikgfiki dq d~dis'hducf cudgd- iks kimp efadvqf sof akiaf|s kn sof d~dis'hducf `sqfmn hukxq kvs kn sof Fvuk|fdi sudc`s`kievs dmqk efadvqf sof akmki`dm dic |kqsakmki`dm cudgds`qsq dic cudgds`a sofku`qsq kn sof G`ccmf Fdqs- fq|fa`dmmp cvu`ih sof mdsf i`ifsffiso dic fdump sxfis`fso afisvu`fq- ~fup akiqa`kvqmp mkkjfc sk Fvuk|f nku sof`u  avmsvudm gkcfmq @n sof gkcfui Dude`a cudgd efhdi ep mkkj`ih sk cudgds`qsq m`jf Gkm`ïuf- dq sof ‰uqs ids`kidm sofdsfuq xfuf fqsdem`qofc `i sof 4?8
45?

Iks sof Ksofu D~dis'Hducf

mfdc`ih fqqdp `i d 4080 ekkj cf~ksfc sk so`q cudgds`a nkug 6 x`so d s`smf sof dvsoku o`gqfmn aodudasfu`rfc dq ”cfm`efudsfmp ”cfm`efuds fmp akisuk~fuq`dm‗ evs qsu`j' `ihmp d||uk|u`dsf sk kvu |ufqfis akiafui2 ”Sd(r`pfo2 @ic`hfikvq D~dis' Hducf Sofdsuf kn @udi‗> Amfdump Aofmjkxqj` `q gdj`ih ik amd`g sods sof aufds`~f `iq|`uds`ki nku so`q sudc`s`kidm ufm`h`kvq sofdsfu odc dipso`ih `i akggki x`so sods kn Xfqsfui d~dis'hducf cudgd Sof Sd(r`pfo `q d |k|vmdu akggvidm nkug x`so `sq ukksq iks `i m`sfudsvuf ku o`ho dus evs `i ufm`h`kvq afmfeuds`kiq- `i cudgds`a iduuds`kiq kn sof m`~fq dic cfdsoq kn  ufm`h`kvq ofukfq dic gduspuq- dic `i nfqs`~dm |ukafqq`kiq gkvui`ih sof`u  mkqq cds`ih edaj sk sof sfiso afisvup Sof duhvgfis sods Aofmjkxqj` gdjfq- okxf~fu- `q |md`imp ufmf~dis ufmf~d is sk sof `iq|`uds`ki efo`ic sof avuufis ~kmvgf- sods sofdsu`adm das`~`s`fq ~fup q`g`mdu sk sokqf amd`gfc dq sof`u kxi ep sof Fvuk|fdi d~dis'hducf `i ndas adi ef nkvic `i gdip sofdsu`adm avmsvufq- xofuf sofp xfuf hfifudsfc dic cf~fmk|fc x`so ik sokvhos kn Fvuk|fdi dus`qs`a akiafuiq Sof ”d~dis' hducf‗ nfdsvufq kn sof Sd(r`pfo sods Aofmjkxqj` fg|odq`rfq duf nku sof gkqs |dus sokqf sods du`qf nukg `sq g``ih kn gdsfu`dmq nukg o`qskup- mfh' fic- |k|vmdu avmsvuf- dic f~fupcdp m`nf- `sq adqvdm vqf kn nkvic gdsfu`dm dic q|daf- `sq nudij dajikxmfchgfis kn sof d||dudsvq kn |ukcvas`ki- dic `sq eufdj`ih ckxi kn sof eduu`fu efsxffi |funkugdiaf dic dvc`fiaf Admm`ih sof uvudm Sd(r`pfo ”sof viakiqa`kvq d~dis'hducf kn sof ‟|kku  sofdsuf-‐‗ Aofmjkxqj` hkfq ki sk f|md`i2 @s sksdmmp fihdhfq sof |dus`a`|ds`ki kn sof dvc`fiaf dic `s odq fsudku' c`idup cpidg`a ′f`e`m`sp Sofuf duf ik eduu`fuq kn s`gf dic q|daf Nku `iqsdiaf- Id|kmfki Ekid|dusf adi d||fdu ki sof qsdhf qsd hf dmkih x`so Ovqqf`i- sof ^`uh`i Gdup- Dmfdicfu sof Hufds- dic sof Tvffi kn  Qofed Sof sfs `q iks ‰fc: f|`qkcfq nukg kif |mdp adi ef `isfu|k' mdsfc `i diksofu sk qv`s sof gkkc kn sof daskuq- sof dvc`fiaf- dic sof xfdsofu Sof |ukcvafu `q kgi`|ufqfis- ufhvmds`ih sof gk~fgfisq kn  daskuq- gvq`a`diq- dic dvc`fiaf Of ufgd`iq akiqsdismp ki qsdhf- h`~' `ih sof daskuq sof`u avfq- ofm|`ih ao`mcufi dic `if|fu`fiafc daskuqdic odicm`ih |uk|q Sof qdgf adqvdm g``ih kn aodudasfuq dic nudhgfisq kn |mks adi ef keqfu~fc `i sof ksofu fmfgfisq kn sof |ukcvas`ki Akqsvgfq dic |uk|' fus`fq duf |dusmp qpgekm`a /d ekxm kn xdsfu nku sof Fv|oudsfq U`~fu)|dusmp o`qsku`adm /Eu`s`qo kn‰afu‐q bdajfsq nku xduu`kuq)- |dusmp f~fupcdp /qvihmdqqfq nku ~`mmd`iq- dvskgke`mf ovead|q nku qo`fmcq) \k|vmdu qkihq dic gduaofq duf g`fc x`so amdqq`adm \fuq`di gvq`adm gkcfq \funku'

 D~dis'Hducf Cudgd `i sof G`ccmf G`ccmf Fdqs 

450

gdiafq duf dcd|sfc sk xodsf~fu q|daf `q d~d`mdemf ”Ikif kn sofqf |uda' s`afq f~fu |uk~fq c`qsudas`ih sk sof deqkuefc dvc`fiaf dic daskuq-‗ Aofmjkxqj` akiamvcfq ”Ki sof akisudup- sofp h`~f fdao Sd(r`pfo |fu' nkugdiaf q|fa`dm nufqoifqq dic `ggfc`dap‗ 8 Xodsf~fu sof gfu`sq kn Aofmjkxqj`‐q amd`g nku sof Sd(r`pfo dq di ”viakiqa`kvq d~dis'hducf‗ sofdsfu- `sq vi`tvf |kq`s`ki dq sof kimp q`hi`‰adis @qmdg`a ufm`h`kvq apamf dic- gkufk~fu- `sq cf~fmk|gfis x`so`i sof ~fup c`qs`ias`~f \fuq`di avmsvudm akisfs |uf~fis `s nukg ef`ih vs`' m`rfc sk gdjf dip gkuf hfifudm duhvgfis dekvs d ids`~f d~dis'hducf `i sof G`ccmf Fdqsfui sofdsfu Xofi xf svui sk sof gkuf afisudm dic gkc' fui sudc`s`ki kn Dude`a sofdsfu `i sof ufh`ki- okxf~fu- xf ‰ic d ivg' efu kn gvao gkuf qfmn'akiqa`kvq f|fu`gfisq `i so`q c`ufas`ki- evs hukx`ih- dq ckfq sof Sd(r`pfo- kvs kn `ic`hfikvq gdsfu`dm dic sudc`s`kiqiks kvs kn d ekuukx`ih nukg Fvuk|fdi qkvuafq Sof cudgds`qs vi`~fuqdmmp ufakhi`rfc dq sof gkqs `g|kusdis gkcfui |mdpxu`hos `i sof Dude`a sofdsfu dic sof ‰uqs sk hd`i d qveqsdis`dm `isfu' ids`kidm uf|vsds`ki `q Fhp|s‐q Sdx‰t dm'Odj`g /4?00‑40?8)- sof efqs' jikxi cudgds`qs kn sof Dude xkumc O`q gdsvuf |fu`kc efhdi x`so sof |mdp Dom dm Jdon Jdon /Sof Qmff|fuq `i sof Ad~f)- xo`ao k|fifc sof ifx Fhp|' s`di Ids`kidm Sofdsuf `i 4016 dic fqsdem`qofc sof gkcfui m`sfudup cudgd `i sods akvisup Sof udihf kn dm'Odj`g‐q d m'Odj`g‐q gkuf sodi f`hosp |mdpq `q fiku' gkvq- `iamvc`ih |o`mkqk|o`adm cudgdq- |mdpq cudxi nukg o`qskup dic mfh' fic- ufdm`qs`a |mdpq- ndisdqp dic qpgekm`a cudgdq- dic xkujq kn qa`fiaf ‰as`ki Dm'Odj`g qsvc`fc mdx `i \du`q nukg 4056 sk 405? dic akiqsdismp dssficfc sof sofdsfu cvu`ih sokqf pfduq Of ufgd`ifc fsufgfmp aki' qa`kvq kn dic `isfufqsfc `i sof aodih`ih suficq `i Fvuk|fdi cudgd- auf' ds`ih dgkih o`q gdip |mdpq xkujq sods amkqfmp uf′fas gdip kn sof Fvuk' |fdi qspmfq kn sof 4015 Au`s`aq kn dm'Odj`g od~f dmgkqs vi`~fuqdmmp dssu`evsfc so`q cudgd‐q qsu`j`ih nkugdm f|fu`gfisds`ki sk sof `i′vfiaf kn sof Nufiao Sofdsfu kn sof DeqvucDe qvuc- x`so xo`ao dm'Odj`g vitvfqs`ki'

41<

Iks sof Ksofu D~dis'Hducf

demp efadgf ndg`m`du cvu`ih d qkbkvui `i \du`q `i 4060 ? Okxf~fu- qvao au`s`aq `hikuf sof gdbku duhvgfis gdcf `i dm'Odj`g‐q `g|kusdis |ufndaf |uf ndaf sk so`q |mdp- kg`ssfc nukg dmm sudiqmds`kiq `isk ksofu mdihvdhfq 0 @i so`q |ufndaf dm'Odj`g uf|kusq sods `icffc of nkvic `i \du`q qvao cudgds`qsq dq @kifqak- ^dvso`fu- dic Dcdgk~ ef`ih od`mfc dq sof `i~fiskuq kn d ifx d||ukdao sk sof cudgd- evs- dm'Odj`g akis`ivfq- xofi of ufsvuifc sk Fhp|s dic efhdi sk akiq`cfu sof dus`qs`a sudc`s`kiq kn o`q kxi avmsvuf- of ufdm`rfc sods ofuf xdq ”sof suvf hukvic xo`ao ofmc `i `sq ekqkg‗ sof gdsfu`dm kn so`q qk'admmfc ”sksdmmp gkcfui dus‗ @n sof cf‰i`ih aodudasfu`qs`a kn gkcfui dus /|d`is`ih- qavm|svuf- sof' dsfu- fsa) `q sof f|ufqq`ki kn ufdm`sp ep viufdm`sp- vs`m`r`ih `uuds`kidm' `sp dic `mmkh`a `i fdao dus`qs`a aufds`ki- dic ufmp`ih uf mp`ih v|ki deqsudas`ki `i kucfu sk dao`f~f ifx fnnfasq dic `g|ufqq`kiq- sofi dmm so`q xdq jikxi sk sof dia`fis dic |k|vmdu dus`qsq ofuf `i kvu kxi akvisup f~fu q`iaf dis`tv`sp4< A`s`ih sof fdg|mf kn sof dia`fis Fhp|s`di dus`qsq- xok jifx kn ave`qg g`mmfii`d efnkuf \`adqqk dic kn sof sdmfq kn sof Dude`di I`hosq- xo`ao vs`m`rfc qvuufdm`qg mkih efnkuf m`sfudup Fvuk|f c`qak~fufc so`q d||ukdaodm'Odj`g akiamvcfq sods di dus`qs`a q|`u`s k||kqfc sk ufdm`qg fgfuhfc `i o`q avmsvuf efadvqf ”`i kvu akvisup sof dus`qs kn sof |fk|mf- |d`isfu ku  xu`sfu- `iqs`ias`~fmp |fuaf`~fc so`q cff| dic u`ao qkvuaf kn dus`qs`a f|ufqq`ki mkih efnkuf Xfqsfui dus`qsq c`qak~fufc `s dic cf~fmk|fc sof' ku`fq dekvs `s‗44 Mdsfu of keqfu~fq sods ”kvu |k|vmdu dus jifx dmm sofqf qfaufsq efnkuf dip kn sofqf qaokkmq- x`sokvs vq ef`ih dxduf kn xods `s xdq ck`ih‗45 Ki sofqf hukvicq- dm'Odj`g `iq`qsq sods o`q f|fu`gfisdm sofdsfucfq|`sf `sq ufbfas`ki kn ufdm`qg- qokvmc iks ef |mdafc `i sof ikx ”xfmm' cf‰ifc adsfhkup‗ kn sof Fvuk|fdi d~dis'hducf- efadvqf kn sof akiq`c' fudemf ukmf |mdpfc `i sof cf~fmk|gfis kn so`q sofdsfu ep ”gp kxi idsvuf ki sof kif odic- dic ki sof ksofu gp |k|vmdu Fhp|s`di qkvuafq kn `iq|`' uds`ki‗ Of sofufnkuf |uk|kqfq sods so`q xkuj iffcq d ifx au`s`adm cfqau`|s`~f sfug- qvao dq ”`cfdm`rfc- |k|vmdu ikiufdm`qg‗ 41 Dmsokvho dm'Odj`g ufsvuifc ufhvmdump sk sof qaokkm kn ufdm`qg- of akis`ivfc sk f|mkuf dmqk sof ikiufdm`qs`a dic ikiuds`kidm xkumc kn uf|' uf |' ufqfisds`ki k|fifc sk o`g ep Fhp|s`di |k|vmdu avmsvuf- xo`ao of aki' s`ivfc sk qff dq |uk~`c`ih d gkuf qs`gvmds`ih `iq|`uds`ki sodi sof gkuf `isfuids`kidmmp ~`q`emf- evs nku o`g mfqq akg|ds`emf- Nufiao d~dis'hducf Ikif kn dm'Odj`g‐q qveqftvfis f|fu`gfisdm cudgd dao`f~fc sof qva'

 D~dis'Hducf Cudgd `i sof G`ccmf G`ccmf Fdqs 

414

afqq kn  Pd Sdm` dm'Qodbdud- evs of if~fusofmfqq |ukcvafc d qveqsdis`dm ekcp kn qvao xkuj- dgkih xo`ao kif g`hos a`sf U`omds T`sdu  / D  D Sud`i  Bkvuifp- 40>3)- xo`ao hdsofuq d ~du`fsp kn akisfg|kudup Fhp|s`di aodu' dasfuq ki d qsudihf dic amfdump gfsd|oku`adm sud`i- dic sxk xkujq nukg 40>>–sof nvmm'mfihso Gdq`u Qduqdu /Sof Ndsf kn d Akajukdao)- xo`ao qds`' u`rfq akisfg|kudup |km`s`adm das`ki vicfu sof sudc`s`kidm hv`qf kn d nkmj dmmfhkup- dic sof kif'das Jvmm Qodp( ‰ Gdodmm`o /Iks d So`ih Kvs kn \mdaf)di v|q`cf'ckxi- gdcokvqf cf|`as`ki kn m`nf `i di Fhp|s`di ~`mmdhf Sof qvaafqq dic `isfuids`kidm ~`q`e`m`sp kn Sfx‰j dm'Odj`g `iq|`ufc d xokmf hfifuds`ki kn q`hi`‰adis cudgds`qsq `i sof G`ccmf Fdqs dic |dus`a' vmdump `i Fhp|s- xofuf sof |km`s`adm q`svds`ki `i sof mdsf 406- eukvhos sof hk~fuigfis dic gkqs kn `sq mfdc`ih cudgds`qsq `isk dhuffgfis ds mfdqs v|ki sof gdbku  gdssfu kn cf~fmk|`ih d gkcfui Fhp|s`di sofdsfu sods xkvmc cfdm x`so Fhp|s`di akiafuiq dic ef fgdia`|dsfc- `iqkndu dq |kqq`emf- nukg sof sud' c`s`kidm ofd~p ufm`diaf v|ki sof Fihm`qo dic Nufiao Gkqs kn sof cudgds`qsq kn so`q ifx hfifuds`ki- m`jf dm'Odj`g- dic gdip kn sof`u Fvuk|fdi dic Dgfu`adi akisfg|kudu`fq- f~fi xo`mf fg|odq`r`ih Fhp|s`di sofgfq dic qvebfasq- sficfc qs`mm sk nd~ku sof sud' c`s`kidm ufdm`qs`a qka`dm cudgd `i sof sudc`s`ki kn @eqfi dic Qodx- dq adi ef qffi `i Iv(gdi Dqovu‐q @m Idq `mm` Sdos /Sof \fk|mf Ckxiqsd`uq- 406>)-

415

Iks sof Ksofu D~dis'Hducf

d xkuj q`g`mdu `i skif dic `i′vfiaf sk Bkoi Kqekuif‐q Mkkj Edaj `i  Dihfu  `i Eu`sd`i D ivgefu kn sof ifx cudgds`qsq- okxf~fu- dmqk |uk' cvafc gkuf f|fu`gfisdm cudgd- dic qkgf kn sof gkqs `g|kusdis qvao xkuj qokxfc `sqfmn qsukihmp `i odugkip x`so sof ifx qfiqf kn ids`kidm' `qg dic `icf|ficfiaf nukg Xfqsfui Fvuk|f ep mkkj`ih nku `iq|`uds`kidq dm'Odj`g odc ckif `i Pd Sdm` dm'Qodbdud- iks sk sof xkuj kn sof Fvuk' |fdi d~dis'hducf- evs sk sof ikiufdm`qs`a |funkugdiaf sudc`s`ki kn sof`u  kxi avmsvuf Sof kvsqsdic`ih fdg|mf kn so`q ku`fisds`ki xdq dm'Ndud‰u  /Sof  Nm`|′k|q- 40>3) ep Pvq`n @cu`q- sof efqs jikxi kn sof `ggfc`dsf nkmmkx' fuq kn dm'Odj`g @cu`q- kif kn sof gkqs x`cfmp ufdc ufd c qokus'qskup xu`sfuq kn  sof Dude xkumc- dmqk |ukcvafc d q`hi`‰adis ekcp kn cudgd O`q ‰uqs souff |mdpq- xu`ssfi `i sof g`c'4066 `i sof mfdc`ih m`sfudup |fu`kc`adm- dm'Jds`e Dasvdmmp sof |ukhudg @cu`q |uk|kqfc `i sofqf dus`amfq- ekso `i `sq gks`' ~ds`ki dic `sq qsudsfh`fq- xdq iks udc`admmp c`nnfufis nukg sods qvhhfqsfc ep dm'Odj`g `i o`q |ufndaf sk Pd Sdm` dm'Qodbdud souff pfduq efnkuf- evs sof ndu hufdsfu ~`q`e`m`sp kn sof bkvuidm dm'Jds`e eukvhos sofqf duhvgfisq sk sof nkufnukis kn Fhp|s`di m`sfudup c`qavqq`ki dic fiakvudhfc sof `cfdqs`mm x`cfmp ofmc dgkih xu`sfuq ki sof gkcfui Fhp|s`di sofdsfu- sods dm' Odj`g‐q cudgd ufgd`ifc fqqfis`dmmp `i sof sudc`s`ki kn sof Fvuk|fdi d~dis'hducf /`i |dus`avmdu- kn `sq gkqs ufafis gdi`nfqsds`kigdi`nfqsds `ki- sof sofdsfu kn  sof deqvuc)- xo`mf @cu`q k|fifc sof xdp sk d c`qs`iasmp c`nnfufis- Fhp|' s`di'edqfc gkcf kn f|fu`gfisdm cudgd46 Afusd`imp- @cu`q‐q uofsku`a xdq |funfasmp dcd|sfc sk sof ifx ids`kidm`qs dic |k|vm`qs q|`u`s kn |kqs'Qvfr Fhp|s O`sofusk'ifhmfasfc nkmj dic |k|vmdu nkugq kn fisfusd`igfis iks kimp efhdi sk ufaf`~f vi|ufafcfisfc qaokmdump dssfis`ki evs efhdi sk dssudas sof `isfufqs kn f|fu`gfisdm dus`qsq Sof gfc`f~dm Dude`a kudm uopgfc iduuds`ki- sof gdtdgd- efhdi sk dssudas sof dssfis`ki kn gkcfui |kfsq- dq c`c sof qodckx |mdp sudc`s`ki- sof Jdudhkr- sods xdq amkqfmp

 D~dis'Hducf Cudgd `i sof G`ccmf G`ccmf Fdqs 

411

ufmdsfc sk `s Sof ufgdujdemp akg|mf dic qk|o`qs`adsfc sfiso'afisvup qodckx |mdpq aufdsfc ep @ei Cdi`pdm xfuf |vem`qofc |ve m`qofc nku sof ‰uqs s`gf `i 40>1 D o`homp cf~fmk|fc |funkugdiaf akiqa`kvqifqq xdq amfdump d||du' fis `i sofqf fdump xkujq: `icffc- sof `isukcvaskup ufgdujq sk sof ‰uqsSdpn dm'Jodpdm- |uk~`cf d q`hi`‰adis cfnfiqf kn sof |kxfu kn sofdsu`adm fgekc`gfis- admm`ih |funkugdiaf ”d qv|ufgf dus sods s ods ep sof ~fup ndas kn  qveqsdis`ds`ki x`mm qv|fuqfcf sods xo`ao `q gfuf `gdh`ids`ki‗ 4> Qvc' cfimp d ids`~f dic |k|vmdu fisfusd`igfis sudc`s`ki mkih |ufcds`ih sof gkcfui Fvuk|fdi'ku`fisfc sudc`s`ki efhdi sk akgf sk sof dssfis`ki kn  qaokmduq dic sofdsfu dus`qsq kn sods ufh`ki- x`so q`hi`‰adis `i′vfiaf `i sof xkuj kn ekso @cu`q‐q qfu`fq kn dus`amfq `i dm'Jds`e ‰ssfc |funfasmp `isk so`q ifx ku`fi' sds`ki Of duhvfc sods xods odc effi daaf|sfc dq sof Fhp|s`di cudgd v| sk sof |ufqfis s`gf- sudc`s`kidm ku f|fu`gfisdm- qvaafqqnvm ku iks- odc effi xu`ssfi daakuc`ih sk Xfqsfui gkcfmq- dic sods sof s`gf odc akgf sk cf~fmk| d cudgd sods xdq vi`tvfmp Fhp|s`di M`jf sof ifx hk~fui' gfis- of dc~kadsfc d svui`ih dxdp nukg sof sudc`s`kidm Fvuk|fdi'ku`' fisfc ”o`ho dus‗ sk qffj `iq|`uds`ki `i `ic`hfikvq mkadm dic nkmj gdi`' nfqsds`kiq- qvao dq sof gdtdgd- sof qodckx sofdsfu- ku sof ~`mmdhf qdg`u- d |k|vmdu nfqs`~dm `i xo`ao ~`mmdhfuq hdsofu sk `g|uk~`qf fisfusd`igfisq `i~km~`ih q`ih`ih- cdia`ih- dic `g|fuqkids`ki @cu`q‐q adg|d`hi sk nuff o`gqfmn nukg Fvuk|fdi sudc`s`kiq mfc o`g qkgfxods |dudck`admmp- evs iks `iakiq`qsfismp- sk cf~fmk| d qsudsfhp fdasmp |dudmmfm sk sods kn di `g|kusdis qfhgfis kn sof Fvuk|fdi d~dis'hducf- qffj`ih d ufhfifuds`ki kn sof cudgd ep d qk|o`qs`adsfc ufxkuj`ih kn |k|vmdu dic nkmj sudc`s`kiq Kif kn sof mfdc`ih Fhp|s`di cudgds`qsq kn sof mdsf 40>>) dic Odmdxds Rdgdi /\dqs Qxffsq- 40>8)- dic sof |vem`ads`ki kn @ei Cdi`pdm‐q sxfmnso'afisvup ededs  fiakvudhfc ekso qaokmduq dic |mdpxu`hosq sk f|mkuf nvusofu sof gkcfui |kqq`e`m`s`fq kn  so`q nkug @i o`q qsvcp `i sof mdsf 40>
413

Iks sof Ksofu D~dis'Hducf

|mdpfc `i sof qspmf kn sof |v||fs sofdsfu admmfc dm'Gdtdgd dm'Gdcdu`ppd \funkugfc `i Cdgdqavq `i sof q|u`ih kn 4081- `s odc d hufds `g|das dic amfdump cfgkiqsudsfc sof fnnfas`~fifqq kn so`q d||ukdao 4? Sof dus`amfq `i dm'Jds`e xkvmc |ukedemp `i sofgqfm~fq od~f gdcf @cu`q sof mfdc`ih sofdsfu q|kjfqgdi nku sof ifx Fhp|s`di d~dis'hducf- evs of qkm`c`‰fc so`q |kq`s`ki ep sof aufds`ki kn d gdbku ifx |mdp- o`q ‰uqs `i qf~fi pfduq- dm'Ndud‰u /Sof Nm`|′k|q- 40>3)- xo`ao eu`mm`dismp |vs o`q sof' ku`fq `isk |udas`af dic qfu~fc dq d mdicgduj `i sof gkcfui Fhp|s`di sof' dsfu @i sof fsfiq`~f |ufndskup iksfq sk sof |mdp /”Qkgf keqfu~ds`kiq dekvs sof |funkugdiaf kn sof sfs‗)sf s‗)- @cu`q iks kimp hd~f cfsd`mfc `iqsuva' s`kiq nku `sq qsdh`ih dic `isfu|ufsds`ki- evs ufmdsfc sofqf qvhhfqs`kiq c`ufasmp sk sof duhvgfisq of odc cf~fmk|fc `i o`q fqqdpq `i dm'Jds`e Qf~' fudm qfas`kiq /”Akiafui`ih sof Aodudasfu kn sof Nm`|′k|q‗ dic ”Sof Ufmds`kiqo`| kn Nm`|′k|q sk Ksofuq‗) cfgkiqsudsf sods sof Nm`|′k| qodufq afusd`i aodudasfu`qs`aq x`so sof m`afiqfc nkkm dic sof |udijqsfu  ukhvf qk akggki `i gdip nkmj m`sfudsvufq- sof nkf kn dmm |ufsfiq`ki- sof qj`mmfc daukeds dic sof x`ssp `g|uk~`qfu- aodug`ih- `uuf~fufis- dic `uuf' |ufqq`emf Cfq|`sf sof vi`~fuqdm`sp kn qvao aodudasfuq- @cu`q fg|odq`rfq sof`u |dus`avmdu cf~fmk|gfis x`so`i sof Fhp|s`di sudc`s`ki- suda`ih gvao sof qdgf sudbfaskup dq sods qveqftvfismp cf~fmk|fc gvao gkuf nvmmp `i sof qsvcp ep Dm` dm'Ud`- nukg sof ukhvf ofukfq kn sof gfc`f~dm gdtdgd dic Jdudhkr- soukvho sof nkmj dc~fisvufq kn sof Dude x`ssp su`ajqsfu Bvod- sk |k|vmdu fdump sxfis`fso'afisvup evumfqtvf akgfc`diq m`jf Dm` dm'Jdqq`u dic Idb`e dm'U`odi`40  Dm'Ndud‰u- dmsokvho o`homp ku`h`idm `i akiaf|s dic ffavs`kiffavs `ki- `q ‰mmfc x`so faokfq kn so`q sudc`s`kidm gdsfu`dm Sof k|fi`ih c`dmkhvf efsxffi sof  ndunvu  dic o`q gdqsfu- c`qavqq`ih sdqjq of adi |funkug- `q gkcfmfc c`ufasmp v|ki d qfas`ki kn sof bvqs'|vem`qofc qodckx |mdp ep @ei Cdi`pdm  Dh`e xd Hodu`e-5< dic ksofu sudc`s`kidm qodckx |mdp qftvfiafq duf faokfc `i qveqftvfis |dqqdhfq D aki′`as efsxffi u`~dm eu`cfq nku sof gdqsfu‐q odic `i gduu`dhf `q aduu`fc kvs `i sof nkug kn d qfu`fq kn sudc`' s`kidm ~`mmdhf fisfusd`igfisq2 cdiafq- d gkaj cvfm x`so qs`ajq /sdos`e)dic d uopgfc gdtdgd c`dmkhvf54 Dq so`q mdssfu qftvfiaf qvhhfqsq- |fuod|q sof gkqs `g|kusdis sudc`' s`kidm fmfgfis `i @cu`q‐q f|fu`gfisdm sofdsfu xdq iks sof aodudasfu kn  sof  ndunvu  `sqfmn- evs sof akisfs `i xo`ao sof  ndud‰u d||fdufc- sof sudc`' s`kidm ~`mmdhf |funkugdiaf+afmfeuds`ki- sof qdg`u Sof ‰uqs qfas`ki kn  @cu`q‐q |ufndaf /”Sof Qsdhf‗) admmq nku d |ufqfisds`ki `i sof gdiifu kn  qvao d |funkugdiaf- xo`ao cf~fmk|fc x`so q|fasdskuq sksdmmp qvuukvic' `ih sof das`ki dic akis`ivdmmp qkvhos sk `i~km~f sofqf q|fasdskuq 55 Sof

 D~dis'Hducf Cudgd `i sof G`ccmf G`ccmf Fdqs 

qdg`u  knnfufc

416

sk @cu`q sof gkcfm kn d mduhfmp `g|uk~`qfc fisfusd`igfisx`so gvao |opq`adm`sp dic g`svuf kn c`q|dudsf fmfgfisq dic- d||dufismp d||duf ismp gkqs `g|kusdis sk o`g- aufdsfc `i d q`svds`ki xofuf sof ekvicdup efsxffi dvc`fiaf dic |funkugfuq xdq fsufgfmp ′v`c So`q nuff gk~f' gfis- @cu`q duhvfc- aufdsfc xods akvmc ef sof fqqfiaf kn d |dus`avmdump Fhp|s`di d~dis'hducf- d qsdsf kn q|`u`svdm q|`u`s vdm fmds`ki of admmfc dm'Sdgdquvo- `i xo`ao dasku dic q|fasdsku efadgf nvqfc `isk kif Dnsfu sof qvaafqq kn @cu`q‐q dm'Ndud‰u sof ~`mmdhf qdg`u- x`so `sq dqqka`d' s`kiq x`so `g|uk~`qds`ki dic sof g``ih kn ukmf'|mdp`ih dic ufdm`sphd`ifc akiq`cfudemf |k|vmdu`sp dgkih sof ifx xd~f kn Fhp|s`di cudgd' s`qsq Gdogvc C`pde- nku fdg|mf- vs`m`rfq `s gkqs ku`h`idmmp dic fihdh' `ihmp `i o`q Mdpdm` dm'Odqdc  /Odu~fqs I`hosq- 40>8) dic o`q dm'Odmd‰s  /Xkusomfqq \fk|mf- 40>0) Sudc`s`kidm qkih- cdiaf- kvsckku hdgfq- dic `g|uk~`qds`kiq duf nfdsvufc- dmkih x`so daskuq qm`||`ih `i dic kvs kn sof`u  |dusq dic faodih`ih |mdafq x`so q|fasdskuq Dmsokvho sof sofkufs`adm amd`gq gdcf ep @cu`q nku  dm'Ndud‰u duf `i ndas ik gkuf udc`adm sodi sokqf kn dm'Odj`g `i sof |ufndaf |uf ndaf sk Pd Sdm` dm'Qod'  bdud- sof nkugfu‐q hufds uf|vsds`ki dq d hukviceufdj`ih dic |dus`avmdump Fhp|s`di xkuj `q iks vicfqfu~fc Dm'Odj`g‐q |mdp eu`mm`dismp vicfuavsq sudc`s`kidm qsuvasvufq kn mkh`a dic cudgds`a f|fasds`ki- evs @cu`q gkuf c`ufasmp fihdhfq sof k|fuds`kiq kn sof cudgds`a f~fis `sqfmn O`q `iik~d' s`kiq od~f effi akg|dufc ep ~du`kvq au`s`aq sk sof f|fu`gfisq kn  Eufaos- \`udicfmmk- dic sof deqvuc`qsq /dic o`q gfsdsofdsu`adm |mdpnvmifqq qffgfc sk so`q xu`sfu qsukihmp ufg`i`qafis kn sof ukgdis`a `ukip kn  S`faj)- evs @cu`q‐q amd`gq sk sof `iq|`uds`ki kn ids`~f nkmj sudc`s`kiq su dc`s`kiq qffg aki~`ia`ih dic- f~fi nku sokqf cfsfug`ifc sk qsufqq Fvuk|fdi `i′vfiaf ki o`q xkuj- cfgkiqsudsf sods sof iki'Fvuk|fdi nkmj sudc`s`ki kn sof G`ccmf Fdqs |uk~`cfq ds mfdqs sof |ksfis`dm nku di dmsfuids`~f d~dis'hducf `iq|`uds`ki Sof |ufndaf sk @cu`q‐q ifs |mdp- dm'Gdordmd dm'Duc`ppd /Sof Nduaf kn sof  Xkumc- 40>>) dmqk efh`iq x`so di f~kads`ki kn o`q dus`amfq `i dm'Jds`e- dic so`q |mdp `q f~fi gkuf nuffxoffm`ih sodi dm'Ndud‰u `i `sq g`svuf kn `mmv' q`ki dic ufdm`sp- ufdm`qs`a dic qpgekm`a fmfgfisq- dic deuv|s aodihfq `i nkavq Sof |funkugds`~f dic gfsdsofdsu`adm fmfgfis `q mfqq cf~fmk|fc sodi `i dm'Ndud‰u- okxf~fu- dic sof |dus`avmdu ufmds`kiqo`| sk sof ids`~f |funkugdiaf sudc`s`kiq qsufqqfc `i sof fdum`fu xkuj qffg mfqq amfdu ofuf O`q qveqftvfis |mdpq- m`jf sof mdsfu xkujq kn dm'Odj`g- akis`ivf sk f|fu`gfis x`so cudgds`a nkug- cudx`ih ekso nukg Fvuk|fdi dic Fhp|s`di qkvuafq- evs `s xdq sof sxk |mdpq Pd Sdm` dm'Qodbdud dic dm'Ndud‰u  dic sof au`s`adm xu`s`ihq qvuukvic`ih sofg sods od~f |uk~`cfc sof afisfu 

41>

Iks sof Ksofu D~dis'Hducf

nku d gkcfui Fhp|s`di f|fu`gfisdm sofdsfu cudx`ih v|ki ids`~f udsofu  sodi Fvuk|fdi `iq|`uds`ki Sof`u `isfufqs `i qvao |k|vmdu mkadm nkmj fisfusd`igfisq dq sof nkmjsdmfq kn sof x`ssp |udijqsfu- sof deqsudas dic huksfqtvf Jdudhkr- ku sof `g|uk~`qds`kiq kn sof ~`mmdhf qdg`u od~f amfdump akis`ivfc sk `i′vfiaf qveqftvfis Fhp|s`di f|fu`gfisdm sofdsfu Sof avmsvudm |uffg`ifiaf kn Fhp|s `i sof Dude xkumc `i hfifudm dic `i sof G`ccmf Fdqs `i |dus`avmdu cvu`ih gkqs kn sof sxfis`fso afisvup hvdudisffc sods sof `isfufqs kn mfdc`ih Fhp|s`di cudgds`qsq m`jf @cu`q dic dm'Odj`g `i cf~fmk|`ih di d~dis'hducf cudgd vs`m`r`ih `ic`hfikvq gdsfu`dm xkvmc dmqk mfdc cudgds`qsq `i ksofu Dude`a akvisu`fq x`so d akg|duds`~fmp qsukih sofdsfu sudc`s`ki sk q`g`mdu f|fu`gfisds`ki @i Qpu`d- sof ksofu G`ccmf Fdqsfui okgf kn sof s of gkcfui Dude`a cudgd- qvao di `isfufqs akvmc ef amfdump qffi `i sof xkuj kn Qdcdmmdo Xdiivq- qfakic kimp sk Sdx‰t dm'Odj`g `i sfugq kn o`q ufakhi`s`ki dq di Dude`a |mdp' xu`hos Xdiivq q|fis sof fdump 40>> sk 40>? `i \du`q- xofuf of efadgf fsufgfmp `isfu' fqsfc `i Eufaos O`q fdump kif'das |mdpq- qvao dq Hvsod dmd dm'Udq`n  /Sof  Aku|qf ki sof Q`cfxdmj- 40>3) dic dm'Hdudc /Sof Mkavqsq- 40>6)- qvhhfqs d emfic`ih kn dm'Odj`g‐q cudgdq kn `cfdq dic sof sfaoi`tvfq kn sof G`c' cmf Fdqsfui |v||fs sofdsfu Sk sofqf fmfgfisq Xdiivq dccfc d Eufaos' `di skvao /xo`mf ufxkuj`ih di Dude`a nkmj di`gdm ndemf) `i d c`cdas`a |dudemf dm'N`m pd Gdmfj dm'Rdgdi /Sof Fmf|odis- J`ih kn sof Xkumc- 40>0) Dmsokvho gkqs kn o`q |mdpq od~f `mmvg`ids`ih sofkufs`adm |ufndafqXdiivq‐q gkqs akg|mfsf qsdsfgfis kn o`q cudgds`a |o`mkqk|op d||fdufc `i sof fqqdp ”Edpdids m`'gdqudo dude` hdc`c‗ /”D Ifx Dude`a Sofdsuf F|md`ifc‗)- xo`ao d||fdufc `i Kaskefu 408< `i sof Cdgdqavq |fu`kc' `adm dm'Gdu`nd @i so`q `i′vfis`dm fqqdp- Xdiivq skkj `qqvf x`so sof akg' gki dqqvg|s`ki sods sof nkvicfuq kn sof gkcfui Dude`a cudgd em`icmp nkmmkxfc Fvuk|fdi gkcfmq- duhv`ih sods sofp `i ndas bvc`a`kvqmp akg' e`ifc fmfgfisq nukg sokqf gkcfmq x`so sfaoi`tvfq dic gdsfu`dm nukg ids`~f |funkugdiaf sudc`s`kiq dic nkmjmkuf- d qsudsfhp sk xo`ao Xdiivq qsukihmp vuhfc d ufsvui51 Cvu`ih sof 40>
 D~dis'Hducf Cudgd `i sof G`ccmf G`ccmf Fdqs 

418

xkvmc ekso |uk~`cf d ifx f|fu`gfisdm edq`q nku o`q xkuj dic ds sof qdgf s`gf k|fi `s gkuf c`ufasmp sk o`q |vem`a Ki sofqf hukvicq of nkm' mkxfc dm'Odj`g `i ufakggfic`ih cf~`afq m`jf sof sudc`s`kidm Dude`a qskupsfmmfu- sof odjdxds`- dic nkmmkxfc @cu`q dic ksofuq `i ufakggfic`ih sof das`~f |dus`a`|ds`ki kn dvc`fiaf gfgefuq `i sof |funkugdiaf Sovq Gvhodgduds ud q dm'gdgdmvj Bde`u  /Sof Dc~fisvuf kn Gdgmvj Bde`u‐q Ofdc40>0) `q ev`ms v|ki sof fisfusd`igfis |uk~`cfc ep Dgg Gv‐i`q- d odjdxds` xok d||fduq `i d gkcfui Dude adnà dic ufakvisq sk `sq |dsukiqx`so sof d`c kn qf~fudm dqq`qsdisq xok |mdp gvms`|mf ukmfq dic aduup qafifup ki dic knn sof qsdhf- sof qskup sods h`~fq sof |mdp `sq s`smf M`jf dm' Odj`g- Xdiivq nfms sods sofqf sudc`s`kidm gkcfq kn emvuu`ih sof m`ifq efsxffi dasku dic aodudasfu dic |funkugdiaf dic dvc`fiaf |uk~`cfc di di Dude`a edqf nku d |km`s`admmp ku`fisfc sofdsfu `i sof qspmf kn Eufaos- sk xo`ao Xdiivq hd~f sof idgf gdqudo dm'sdqp`q- ”sofdsfu kn |km`s`rd' s`ki‗56 @i dm'Gdmfj ovxd (m'Gdmfj /Sof J`ih‐q sof J`ih- 4088) Xdiivq xfd~fq qftvfiafq nukg sudc`s`kidm nduaf fisfusd`igfisq dic |v||fs sof' dsfu `isk d ufsfmm`ih kn d sdmf sd mf nukg sof 4<<4 I`hosq- sof fis`uf |funkugdiaf hv`cfc dic |ufq`cfc k~fu ep d |d`u kn odjdxds` 'm`jf 'm`jf ‰hvufq admmfc ”mfdc' fuq kn sof |mdp-‗ Rdo`c dic Vedpc Ksofu gdbku Qpu`di cudgds`qsq cvu`ih sof 408)- nku fdg|mf- aufdsfq d gk~`ih |km`s`adm |dudemf kvs kn sof aduffu kn d sofdsfu bdi`sku xok `q |ufqqfc `isk qfu~`af dq d amkxi dic ‰icq d |k|vmdu evs qfmn'cfqsuvas`~f aduffu |mdp`ih ukvs`ifq edqfc ki sof qodckx sofdsfu sods uf`inkuaf sof fqsdem`qofc kucfu Gvodggdc Gdhovs‐q qvuufdm`qs`a qds`uf dm'Gvoduu`cb  /Sof Bfqsfu- 4081) ndqa`ids`ihmp akge`ifq fmfgfisq kn Dude`a dic Xfqsfui sofdsfu- k|fi`ih x`so sof duu`~dm kn d sukv|f kn `s`ifudis cdiafuq dic fisfusd`ifuq xok qfs v| d sfg' |kudup qsdhf ifs sk d adnà `i sof qmvg tvdusfu kn di vi`cfis`‰fc Dude a`sp Sofuf sofp |funkug d huksfqtvfmp c`qskusfc ~fuq`ki kn  Ksofmmk idu' udsfc ep Tvdu` dm'Sdem  /Sof Cuvg'\mdpfu)- d qfg`m`sfudsf odjdxds` Sof |dus kn Ksofmmk `q |mdpfc ep sof bfqsfu kn sof s`smf- xok dmqk sdjfq ki d ivgefu kn ksofu ukmfq dic |funkugq `i sof fdhhfudsfc qspmf kn sudc`' s`kidm |k|vmdu nduaf- xo`mf sof Cuvggfu `isfu|ufsq `isfu|uf sq sof ckxindmm kn Kso' fmmk dq d Eu`s`qo |mks cfq`hifc ep sof `g|fu`dm`qs Qodjfq|fduf sk c`qaufc`s di Dude`a ofuk Sof dssfis`ki sk qvao `ic`hfikvq qkvuafq nku d~dis'hducf f|fu`gfi' sds`ki qs`gvmdsfc `i Fhp|s- Qpu`d- dic fmqfxofuf ep sof cudgds`a sofku`fq ‵

41?

Iks sof Ksofu D~dis'Hducf

dic |udas`af kn @cu`q ufaf`~fc `g|kusdis qv||kus `i d qgdmm evs `i′vfis`dm ekkj- Tdmdevid dm'Gdqudo` /Kvu Sofdsu`adm Nkug)- |vem`qofc ep Sdx‰t dm' Odj`g `i 40>8 @i sof `isukcvas`ki sk so`q ekkj- dm'Odj`g gkcfqsmp evs amfdump ufg`icfc o`q ufdcfuq sods of dmqk odc effi d |`kiffu `i sof cud' gds`a f|mkuds`ki kn ids`~f |funkugdiaf sudc`s`kiq Nkmmkx`ih sof fqsde' m`qogfis kn d sudc`s`ki kn Fvuk|fdi ekuukx`ihq dic dcd|sds`kiq- of iksfq- fnnkusq efhdi sk ef gdcf sk cf~fmk| d gkuf c`qs`iasmp Fhp|s`di d||ukdao sk cudgd ep sup`ih sk m`ij- f~fi `n `s xfuf ep sof so`iifqs kn soufdcq- so`q ifx dus sk qkgf kn sof kmc dus`qs`a gdi`nfqsds`kiq dgkih kvu akggki |fk|mf @s kaavuufc sk gf dq `s kaavuufc sk ksofuq sk akisu`evsf sk qvao fnnkusq @i sof pfdu 401<- xo`mf @ xdq xkuj`ih `i sof akvisupq`cf- @ xuksf sof |mdp dm'Rdggdu ZSof \`|fu W-W- h`~`ih `s d akvisupq`cf s`smf Sof |uksdhk' i`qs xdq d qdg`u |`|fu `i sof f~fi`ihq dic xkujfc cvu`ih sof cdp ds d uvudm ofdmso am`i`a Dic of sudiqnkugfc so`q am`i`a `isk d ufdm qdg`u Sofi mdsfu- `i sof pfdu 406>- @ aufdsfc dm'Qdntd ZSof Cfdm WW- xo`ao dssfg|sfc sk `iamvcf x`so`i sof das`ki kn sof |mdp nkmj dusq kn sof akvisupq`cf qvao dq cdiafq- qkihq- dic qs`aj edssmfq dic xdq qfs `i sof k|fi d`u ku `i nukis kn d |mdsnkug 5> @i sof pfdu 40>5 @ gdcf diksofu  dssfg|s sk ufmdsf qkgf kn kvu dia`fis nkmj |udas`afq sk sof gkqs ufafis suficq `i akisfg|kudup dus `i Pd Sdm` dm'Qodbdud ZSof Suff Am`gefu WW- sof akiafui kn xo`ao xdq- ”@q `s |kqq`emf sk akiifas sof gkqs ufafis suficq `i xkumc dus sk sof akvuqf kn kvu kxi |k|vmdu dic sudc`s`kidm dus;‗ 58 Mdsfu `i so`q fqqdp- dm'Odj`g qvhhfqsq diksofu sudc`s`kidm gkcfm nku  gkcfui f|fu`gfisdm cudgds`qsq: sof qskupsfmmfu- ku  qod `u-5? xok odq effi fisfusd`i`ih sof |vem`a `i ~`mmdhf qtvdufq dic aknnffokvqfq q`iaf sof G`ccmf Dhfq- daakg|dip`ih o`gqfmn ki d |u`g`s`~f ~`km`i- sof udeded Dm'Odj`g iksfq sods sof qskupsfmmfu xdq knsfi daakg|di`fc ep d qfakic |funkugfu- sof edsdm /gfdi`ih ofuk ku |uksdhki`qs)- xok xkvmc `g|fu' qkidsf ~du`kvq ukmfq `i sof qskup sods xfuf `isukcvafc dic akis`ivdmmp akggfisfc v|ki ep sof qskupsfmmfu Dm'Odj`g amd`gq so`q dq kif kn sof gkqs dia`fis nkugq kn nkmj sofdsfu- dic of dmqk ufgdujq v|ki sof q`g`' mdu`sp kn sof xkuj kn sof edsdm- d q`ihmf |funkugfu xok |ufqfisfc d ~du`' fsp kn aodudasfuq evs x`sokvs qffj`ih sk nvmmp fgekcp sofg- sk sof sof' ku`fq kn Eufaos`di das`ih 50 So`q xdq amfdump |dus kn sof d||fdm kn so`q sudc`s`kidm nkug sk dm'Odj`g- xok dhuffc x`so Eufaos sods qvao di d||ukdao fiakvudhfc sof qkus kn fihdhfc dic au`s`adm dvc`fiaf sods dm' Odj`g dmqk cfq`ufc ‵

 D~dis'Hducf Cudgd `i sof G`ccmf G`ccmf Fdqs 

410

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Iks sof Ksofu D~dis'Hducf

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 D~dis'Hducf Cudgd `i sof G`ccmf G`ccmf Fdqs 

434

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Iks sof Ksofu D~dis'Hducf

435

ikgdc`a su`ef- sof Efi` O`mdm Sof jfp |funkugfu `i sof |ukcvas`ki xdq sof qod `u  Qdpp`c Dm'Cdx`- d ufhvmdu gfgefu kn sof akg|dip- evs dmqk kif kn sof gkqs ndgkvq m`~`ih qskupsfmmfuq- uf|kusfcmp sof kimp `ic`~`cvdm xok adi ufa`sf sof fis`uf  Dm'Q`ud'dm'O`mdoppd nukg gfgkup- daakg|d' ip`ih o`gqfmn- dq o`q |ufcfafqqkuq od~f ckif nku afisvu`fq- v|ki sof q`g' |mf qsu`ihfc `iqsuvgfis- sof udede Fdasmp `i sof gdiifu qvhhfqsfc ep Dm'Odj`g- Dm'Cdx` |uk~`cfc sof edajhukvic dic d ic akis`iv`sp- xo`mf sof Fm Xduqod akg|dip dasfc kvs qftvfiafq nukg o`q kihk`ih iduuds`~f Daakuc`ih sk sof c`ufasku- Dm'Cdx`‐q ndg`m`du`sp x`so sof gdsfu`dm dic sof fikugkvq qak|f kn sof ku`h`idm dmmkxfc o`g sk sdjf sof |funkugdiaf `i c`nnfufis c`ufas`kiq f~fup f~fi`ih- |uk~`c`ih d q`hi`‰adis `g|uk' ~`qdskup fmfgfis sk sof xkuj14 Sof cdia`ih- g`gf- dic |opq`adm qj`mmq kn so`q sdmfisfc akg|dip xfuf fsudkuc`idup- evs @ qodmm if~fu nkuhfs sof dqski`qo`ih- dmgkqs op|iks`a |kxfu kn sof qod `u  dic o`q q`g|mf gvq`adm daakg|di`gfis Of xdq qsu`j`ih |opq`admmp- fsufgfmp sdmm dic so`ix`so audhhp Efckv`i nfdsvufq- evs efpkic sods of fvcfc d |opq`adm |ufqfiaf dic dvsoku`sp sods @ od~f udufmp f|fu`fiafc `i sof sofdsfuf~fi sokvho @ akvmc qaduafmp vicfuqsdic d xkuc kn xods of xdq q`ih`ih @i o`g- dic `i sof kihk`ih f|fu`gfisds`ki kn akg|di`fq m`jf Fm Xdu' qod- sof ~`q`kiq kn Dm'Odj`g- @cu`q- dic Xdiivq kn d gkcfui Dude`a sof' dsfu sods xkvmc ‰ic d |kxfunvm f|fu`gfisdm `iq|`uds`ki `i sof gkqs dia`fis `ic`hfikvq |funkugdiaf qkvuafq- `q amfdump ef`ih nvm‰mmfc ‵

‵

Iksfq

4 Sof hfkhud|o`adm hfkhud|o`adm qak|f qak|f kn so`q fqqdp uftv`ufq uftv`ufq qkgf f|mdids` f|mdids`ki ki Sof sofdsu`adm sofdsu`adm sudc`s`ki @ dg f|mku`ih `q |u`gdu`mp sods kn sof gkcfui Dude xkumc- xo`ao `i sfugq kn  sofdsfu odq effi o`qsku`admmp ckg`idsfc ckg`ids fc ep Fhp|s dic Qpu`d Sofqf duf sof sxk s xk Dude qsdsfq x`so sof gkqs nvmmp cf~fmk|fc gkcfui sofdsfu sudc`s`ki- dic iks ak`ia`cfisdmmp- duf sof sxk qsdsfq `i xo`ao- cfq|`sf d ckg`idis akmki`dm dic |kqsakmki`dm `i′vfiaf nukg sof Fvuk|fdi sofdsfu- d gkcfui d~dis'hducf sudc`s`ki iks cudxi nukg Fvuk|fdi qkvuafq odq cf~fmk|fc- ekso `i sofkup dic |udas`af Dmsokvho ke~`kvqmp `s `q d q`hi`‰adis fmfgfis kn  sof G`ccmf Fdqsfui qafif- dic `i gkcfui s`gfq kif kn `sq gkqs `g|kusdis |ukcvafuq kn  sofdsfu- @ ck iks c`qavqq sof @qudfm` sofdsfu- q`iaf `sq cf~fmk|gfis /dq`cf kn akvuqf nukg sof ofd~p `icfesfcifqq sk sof Fvuk|fdi qsdhf) odq ~fup m`ssmf `i akggki x`so sof sof' dsfu kn `sq Dude if`hoekuq- fq|fa`dmmp `i ufq|fas sk sof d~dis'hducf f|fu`gfisds`ki sods akiafuiq gf ofuf Ki sof ksofu odic- @ x`mm cf~ksf qkgf dssfis`ki `i sof k|fi`ih kn  so`q fqqdp sk sof Sd(r`pfo sofdsfu kn @udi- xo`ao `q if`sofu Dude`a iku- qkgf xkvmc duhvfqsu`asmp G`ccmf Fdqsfui- efadvqf `s ckfq |uk~`cf qkgf `g|kusdis edajhukvic nku sof c`q' avqq`ki kn d gkcfui d~dis'hducf `i sof Dude G`ccmf Fdqsfui sofdsfu 5 Bkid Bkidqq Edu` Edu`qo qo-- Sof Dis`'Sofdsu`adm \ufbvc`af  /Efujfmfp2 Vi`~fuq`sp kn Adm`nkui`d \ufqq- 40?4) 1 G G Edcd Edcdx` x`-- Gkcfui Dude`a Cudgd `i Fhp|s /Adgeu`chf2 Adgeu`chf Vi`~fu' q`sp \ufqq- 40?8)- 4 Edcdx` `q skk adufnvm d qaokmdu sk mfd~f gdssfuq ds sods- okxf~fu D

 D~dis'Hducf Cudgd `i sof G`ccmf G`ccmf Fdqs 

431

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Gdcf `i Gf`ak

438

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43?

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Gdcf `i Gf`ak

4>4

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4>5

Iks sof Ksofu D~dis'Hducf

od~f nkvic d akgnkusdemf xdp sk fiu`ao sofgqfm~fq- xo`mf favq`ih sof`u  das`kiq ep amd`g`ih sods ik avmsvufc sofdsfu dvc`fiaf f`qsq skcdp `i Gf`ak sods gfu`sq dssfis`ki Ikx `q sof s`gf sk qokx sofg sof`u g`q' sdjf ep ufnvq`ih sk dssfic sof`u |ukcvas`kiq- ep ufnvq`ih sk ef nkkmfc: XF XDIS SOKQF XOK CFQ@UF SK MDVHO sk hk sk sof a`uavq udsofu  sodi nduafq mdaj`ih akggki qfiqf ku x`s- q`iaf sof a`uavq x`so `sq amkxiq `q x`sokvs d ckves nvii`fu dic mfqq huksfqtvf huks fqtvf sodi sokqf nduafq /Ik kif qokvmc dqqvgf sods xf duf fifg`fq kn hkkc nvi: evs if`sofu ck xf efm`f~f sods akgfcp ki qsdhf gvqs ef- |funkuaf- akduqf dic ~vmhdu): XF XDIS @IQSFDC SK MFIC fnnfas`~f qv||kus sk sokqf akg|di`fq dic daskuq vicfusdj`ih dus`qs`a xkuj ku- ds mfdqs- sokqf mdeku`ih x`so hkkc `isfis`kiq: XF XDIS SOF DVC DVC@FI @FIAF SK C@QA C@QADU DUC C sof |dqq`~f dss`svcf `s odq ffu' a`qfc vis`m ikx dic d||mdvc ku xo`qsmf- ufqkmvsfmp- efadvqf xdug d||mdvqf dic ik`qp xo`qsmfq xofi gfu`sfc- duf gkuf vqfnvm sk dvsokuq dic sof`u `isfu|ufsfuq dic q|fdj gkuf mkvcmp `i nd~ku kn sof q|fasdskuq‐ c`hi`sp: XF XDIS SK @GGFC@DSFMP \VS DI FIC sk so`q c`usp- amvgqp |dukcp kn d nkug admmfc Nufiao uf~vfq sods f~fi sof `iode`sdisq kn Gf`ak skm' fudsf dic sods od~f `i~dcfc f~fup|mdaf nukg sof efqs sofdsfuq sk sof ovgemfqs ovsq efadvqf- `i q|`sf kn sof ndas sods mpu`a xu`sfuq xdis sk s k |uk' cvaf xkuj kn d c`nnfufis sp|f- sof gfuadis`m`qg kn sof |ukcvafuq `g|kqfq sof uf~vf v|ki vq: XF XDIS @S SK EF JIKXI sods dvsokuq f`qs soukvhokvs sof Uf|ve' m`a xokqf xkuj adi ef |ufqfisfc dmkihq`cf sof efqs kn sokqf nukg ksofu  akvisu`fq- iks kimp sof Huv|k cf mkq Q`fsf ku sof Vi`ñi cf Dvskufq Cudgäs`akq- evs dmqk d hufds ivgefu kn Gf`adi dvsokuq xok od~f |`ajfc v| qkgfso`ih kn sof ids`kidm q|`u`s dic xok duf |vs knn ep sof c`qcd`i kn sof |ukcvafuq dic gdip daskuq dic dasufqqfq xok `iq`qs v|ki `gdh`i`ih sods Gf`adi |mdpxu`hosq‐ eud`iq dufi‐s kn sof qdgf tvdm`sp dq sokqf kn nkuf`hi dvsokuq: XF XDIS SOF \VEM@A IKS SK `iq`qs ki dssfic`ih |ukcvas`kiq ds u`c`avmkvq |u`afq sods gdjf `s `g|kqq`emf sk akqsvgf daskuq |uk|fump ku  |uk~`cf dcftvdsf qafifup- evs- ds sof qdgf s`gf- xofi sofp ck |dp sods sofp cfgdic hkkc |funkugfuq- akuufas |ukivia`ds`ki- dic gkcfui xkuj- dmm xfmm ufofduqfc XF- SOF HUV\K CF MKQ Q@FSF- @IQ@QS sods xf duf iks |vuqv`ih dip qfmn'`isfufqsfc hkdm Dmm xf xdis `q nku sof Gf`adi |vem`a sk ufaf`~f sof |ukcvas`kiq `sq avmsvuf gfu`sq Xf `iq`qs sods xf x`mm ik mkihfu qvnnfu sof `uki`a akggfisq kn sokqf `iad|demf kn |ukcva`ih dipso`ih sofgqfm~fq-

Gdcf `i Gf`ak

4>1

sokqf xok |kqqfqq ik ksofu xfd|ki sodi gkajfup xofi akinukisfc ep q`iafuf fnnkus kn dip j`ic ”D mkq ivfqsukq p d mkq ksukq-‗ Vi`~fuqdm @mvqsudck 368 /405>)- `i Gdh' dôd Fqtv`~fm- Gfc`k q`hmk cf sfdsuk gf`adik- 40<<‑40>4 /Gf`ak A`sp2 @iqs`svsk Ida`kidm cf Efmmdq Dusfq- 40>3)- ><‑>4 Ufgdujq ep Qdm~dcku Ik~k ds sof K|fi`ih kn  Sfdsuk cf Vm`qfq- 405?

Sof ‰uqs |u`ia`|mf v|ki xo`ao Sfdsuk cf Vm`qfq xdq nkvicfc xdq sods kn  mf`qvuf Skcdp ik kif qokvmc ckves sof qvccfi vs`m`sp kn mf`qvuf So`q kuhdi`r`ih hukv| kn mf`qvuf |fuqkiq akisd`ifc d |d`isfu- Dhvqsçi Mdrkxokqf |d`is`ihq ikekcp m`jfc D |o`mkqk|op qsvcfis- Qdgvfm Ukqdqxokg \uknfqqku Adqk c`ci‐s aduf nku D |kfs dic fqqdp`qs- H`mefusk Kxfi- xok |ukcvafc qsudihf so`ihq- dic d pkvih au`s`a idgfc _d~`fu  ^`mmduuvs`d xok c`qm`jfc f~fupso`ih Ki mkih dnsfuikkiq- od~`ih ikso`ih Gf`adi sk ufdc- sofp sdmjfc dekvs nkuf`hi ekkjq Sods xdq okx sofp hks sof `cfd kn |vem`qo`ih d m`ssmf gdhdr`if kn au`s`a`qg dic avu`kq`sp Mdsfu- `s od~`ih efakgf i`hos- sofp s ofp qsdusfc ckxi sof ukvsf dmm d mm kn vq od~f nkmmkxfc gdip s`gfq sods sdjfq pkv soukvho Ekmç~du Qsuffs- nukg sof Sfdsuk Mçu`ak sk sof Sfdsuk @u`q- adqs`ih d gfmdiaokmp hmdiaf ds sof Sfdsuk Näeufhdq- akis`iv`ih ki sk sof Sfdsuk \u`ia`|dm- dic- ikx mdaj' `ih sof qsufihso sk ufdao sof Sfdsuk Duefv- ‰idmmp |dqq`ih ep sof Sfdsuk @cfdm Ikso`ih sk qff Sof cd`mp cfaf|s`ki cfaf| s`ki kn iks ‰ic`ih d q`ihmf sofdsfu  xofuf sofuf xdq dipso`ih xkuso xdsao`ih So`q xdq xofuf sofp hks sof `cfd sk nkug d qgdmm |u`~dsf sofdsfu- `i sof qdgf xdp sodssods - mdaj`ih d hkkc akiafus odmm ku adedufs- fdao kn vq evpq d ufakuc nukg s`gf sk s`gf sk |mdp ki kvu ^`asukmd Dq @ qd`c efnkuf- dic xdis sk gdjf amfdu dek~f dmm- so`q |u`g`s`~f |u`g `s`~f hukv| kn mf`qvuf |fuqkiq sods ‰uqs efhdi sof bkvuidm Vm`qfq dic sofi nkugfc d sof' dsfu hukv|- if~fu sokvhos dekvs eu`ih`ih sof |u`~dsf cudgds`a hdgfq x`so xo`ao sofp kaav|`fc sofgqfm~fq `i sof`u nuftvfis mf`qvuf gkgfisq sk sof |vem`a qsdhf @ od~f dmxdpq ofmc sods sod s kif qokvmc qdp sof u`hos so`ihq So`q `q d gdssfu kn qfmn'ufq|fas- q`iaf q`iaf sk |ud`qf d so`ih ‰uqs dic sofi dnsfu' xduc ck `s c`g`i`qofq kif‐q c`hi`spc`hi`s p- dq xfmm dq uviq sof u`qj kn vind~kudemf akggfisq ufhduc`ih sokqf xok |ufdao xfmm pfs das qk |kkump So`q bvqs hkfq sk qokx okx fi~`demf `s `q sk ef d mfh`qmdsku mfh`qmdsku  Sof idsvudm so`ih nku vq sk od~f ckif xkvmc od~f effi sk nkug ivgfukvq ivamf` kn `isfmm`hfis dic dcd|sdemf fisovq`dqsq x`so hkkc euffc`ih Sofqf |ds`fis dic qsvc`kvq |fk|mf xkvmc qveg`s sofgqfm~fq x`sokvs kebfas`ki sk sof qsu`as c`qa`|m`if

4>3

Iks sof Ksofu D~dis'Hducf

kn d x`qf dic fisovq`dqs`a c`asdsku xok xkvmc qv|fu~`qf f~fupso`ih nukg sof ik`qf kn sof u`q`ih avusd`i sk sof qgdmmfqs odic hfqsvuf: nukg sof qm`hosfqs |dvqf `i sof c`dmkhvf sk d gdcf'v| nkufofdc Qkgfkif xok xkvmc dqq`hi |dusq sk qk gdip |fk|mf `i qvao d xdp sods ik kif xkvmc od~f sk |funkug sof g`udamf kn ‰ss`ih sofgqfm~fq `isk d |dus sods sofp xfufi‐s ekui nku q`g|mp efadvqf sofuf xdq ik kif fmqf d~d`mdemf sk ck `s Dmsokvho sofp od~f ik akiifas`ki sk vq- gdip hukv|q x`so sof o`hofqs `cfdmq xkvmc xkuj tv`ajmp sk |funkug sof cfq`ufc g`udamf @i |mdaf kn dmm sods xf od~f odc sk akisfis kvuqfm~fq x`so sof sfixofi dmm |ufqfis- |fk|mf `i Sfdsuk Vm`qfq xok- mdaj`ih dip |uknfqq`kidm dq|`uds`kiq ku dge`s`kiqdge`s`kiq- od~f daaf|sfc sof sdqj kn akmmdekuds`ih ki |mdpq sods x`mm- |funkuaf- akgf nukg d ufcvafc hukv| kn sokqf x`so d m`g`sfc ivgefu kn aodudasfuq dic |kqq`e`m`s`fq Iks d hufds cfdm odq knnfufc `sqfmn  sk vq X`so hufds |mfdqvuf xkvmc xf ck Mdrduvq Mdvhofc ku Qsudihf @isfu' mvcfmvcf- Diid Diid Aou`qs`f  Aou`qs`f ku Sof Od`up D|f- ep sof K‐If`mm xok hd~f vq Xfmcfc Xods xf duf sup`ih sk ck `q `inkug sof Gf`adi dvc`fiaf kn nkuf`hi xkujq sof mkadm `g|ufqdu`kq cki‐s cduf eu`ih sk sof`u kxi sofdsfuq efadvqf sofp vicfuqsdic sods sofp xkvmc mkqf evq`ifqq Vm`qfq vicfusdjfq so`q bkvuifp- mfd~`ih sof dnnfas`ki kn `sq nfx mkpdm nu`ficq ds okgf- dic ~fisvufq kvs `isk |vem`a x`so dmm kn so`q q`hi`‰adiaf Xf xdis sk qff `n `s `q akuufas sods |fk|mf xki‐s hk sk qff K‐If`mm efadvqf sofp duf qds`q‰fc x`so M`idufq U`~dq Dmm kn vq od~f ufikviafc sof |fssp ~di`sp kn kvu m`s' fudup idgfq `i kucfu sk cufqq kvuqfm~fq- nku kif i`hos- `i sof qm`hosmp huksfqtvf gdqj kn di dasku- qkgfkif xok |ufsficq nku gkifp Dic xf xdis- ep sof nkuaf kn kvu fnnkusq- sk fisfu `isk sfuud`i s fuud`i sods `q iks ikx iku  x`mm f~fu ef kvuq- `i kucfu sk gdjf amfdu sods kvu qkmf kebfas`~f `q sk gdjf xods xf od~f akiqfisfc sk |ukcvaf jikxi Nkuhfs sods xf duf ^`mmduuvs`d- Qfôkud U`~dq- ku gpqfmn- dq pkv qff vq admmfc Kunfk- G`hvfm Ad|f- ku Fmfkikud Dq sofp qdp- xf‐~f hkif sk sof emdajekduc sk cfgkiqsudsf Ifxski‐q e`ikg`dm sofkufg Gdp sof |uknfqqku dic sof `g|ufqdu`k- `n xf od~f aki~`iafc sofg- |fug`s vq sk ufsvui sk kvu cfqjq dic akis`ivf keqfu~`ih- qk sods sofp adi admm v|ki sokqf xok gdjf so`q sof`u m`~`ih dic |vqo so`ihq nkuxduc @n sods od||fiq `s x`mm ef kvu hufds' fqs ufxduc Gdp 405? Qdm~dcku Ik~k- ”Xkucq ki K|fi`ih I`hos-‗ `i Gdhdôd Fqtv`~fmGfc`k q`hmk cf sfdsuk gf`adik- 40<<‑40>4 /Gf`ak A`sp2 @iqs`svsk Ida`kidm cf Efmmdq Dusfq- 40>3)- ><‑>4

Gdcf `i Gf`ak

4>6

Gdi`nfqsk kn sof Sfdsuk cf Dokud- 4015

Qkki xf x`mm ufifx kvu dssfg|s Sof mdeku xf efhdi Nfeuvdup 45 dic xo`ao amkqfc `sq ‰uqs apamf ki Gduao 45 odq iks ficfc nku kvu dvc`fiaf iku daakg|m`qofc kvu kebfas`~fq Sof Sfdsuk cf Dokud‐q qfakic apamf x`mm qkki efh`i2 |kqq`emp ifs xffj ku sof nkmmkx`ih    Evs- efnkuf sdmj`ih dekvs xods xf duf dnsfu  x`so so`q ifx dssfg|s- mfs vq qvggdu`rf xods xf od~f daakg|m`qofc ekso nku kvuqfm~fq dic nku ksofuq Jff|`ih `i g`ic sof fsufgfmp gkcfqs ufqkvuafq v|ki xo`ao xf xfuf demf sk cudx dq xf efhdi so`q bkvuifp- xf gvqs dn‰ug sods xf c`c iks qau`g| di `ksd kn kvu x`mm dic `i~fis`~fifqq `i aduup`ih kvs kvu sdqj If~fusofmfqq- xf jifx xods xf xfuf dekvs dic odc ik `mmvq`kiq Xf jifx- nku fdg|mf- sods sof gkqs xf akvmc dq|`uf sk xdq sk |k`is kvs d ‰ug |dso nku sofdsu`adm |ukcvas`ki `i Gf`ak So`q `q suvf- dek~f dmm- `i s`gfq m`jf kvuq xofi `s `q ifafqqdup sk |dp | dp dssfis`ki sk sof o`qsku`adm ukmf nvui`qofc sk sof xu`sfu–dic f~fi gkuf qk sk sof |mdpxu`hos | mdpxu`hos Xf jifxdq xfmm- sods |fk|mf `i Gf`ak cki‐s hk sk sof sofdsfu- dic sokqf sods sod s ck hk qiffu ds f~fupso`ih gdcf `i Gf`ak So`q `q f~fi gkuf sof adqf xofi `s `q d tvfqs`ki kn qokxq m`jf sokqf sof Sfdsuk cf Dokud odq knnfufc `i xo`ao sof gdxj`qoifqq kn sof ′d||fuq `qi‐s ′dssfufc- `i xo`ao ik aofd| qpuv|q duf |uk~`cfc sk qxffsfi sof c`hfqs`ki- dic `i xo`ao iks sof mfdqs akiafqq`ki `q gdcf sk sof sdqsf kn sof d~fudhf a`s`rfi- difqsofs`rfc ep ‰mg dic udc`k So`q odq effi kif kn Sfdsuk cf Dokud‐q gdbku q`iq2 xf od~f edi`qofc sokqf qxffs sofgfq sods ‰mm d ~fup fmf~dsfc |fuafisdhf kn  kvu cd`mp m`~fq soukvho sof `i′vfiaf kn sof gk~`fq–Pdijff gk~`fq `i |dus`avmdu Xf xkvmc od~f effi qkgfso`ih gkuf sodi s odi cfmvcfc `n xf odc odc sof `cfd sods xf akvmc daakg|m`qo d akg|mfsf ~`askup `i so`q dsgk' q|ofuf ′dssfifc ep sof cfiqf- fhk`qs`a qka`dm sfg|fudsvuf kn sof cdp Kif `i xo`ao di fakikg`a qpqsfg xfdjfiq efnkuf ad~`ih `i v|ki `sqfmn Evs `s `q fdasmp `i gkgfisq m`jf sofqf sods vqfnvm dus qokvmc gdjf `sqfmn  nfms- `i cf‰diaf kn sokqf xok qs`mm efm`f~f sods sof ukmf kn dus qokvmc ef ufcvafc sk qkkso`ih gfi‐q fduq- dic sods sofdsfu x`sokvs dgkukvq aki′`as `qi‐s sofdsfu Xf od~f su`fc sk ufdm`rf sof ‰uqs sfqs kn d sofdsfu sods `q qveqsdis`dmmp kvuq Sk sof sdu`nn kn ids`kidm`sp adi ef dccfc sof deqfiaf kn gdxj`qo' ifqq dic `sq `isudiq`hfis dss`svcf xofi ndafc x`so sof qka`dm ufdm`sp kn  sofqf cdpq Xf gvqs aufdsf d c`qdqsukvq fakikg`a edmdiaf qoffs- ds mfdqs `n xf vicfuqsdic so`ihq vq`ih sof au`sfu`d kn sof `g|ufqdu`k kn Q|di`qo nduafq ku sof Pdijff gk~`fq Ukgdis`admmp- `s xkvmc ef xkusoxo`mf uf|fds`ih sods xf |mkx sof x`ic dic qkx sof qfd Evs ufdm`qs`a akggki

4>>

Iks sof Ksofu D~dis'Hducf

qfiqf–dic sods `q sof xdp xf od~f dmxdpq effi c`q|kqfc sk sdjf sof akvuqf kn f~fisq–sfmmq vq sods sof fduso qvajq v| sof qffcq dic ufsvuiq sofg kif cdp- dmsokvho sods cdp akgfq mdsf Dq gvao dq xf xkvmc m`jf `s sk ef qk- a`uavgqsdiafq od~fi‐s qvn‰a`fismp gdsvufc sk s k gdjf kvu qka`dm akgg`sgfis nfms ep nkuaf Nku sof ufqs- xf cki‐s aduf dekvs sof ~dmvf dqq`hifc sk so`q xkuj- faf|s `i ufhduc sk `sq akisu`evs`ki sk sof qka`dm sudiqnkugds`ki kn kvu akvisup Nku vq- xok od~f if~fu qffi sofqf cdpq qkmfmp dq di dc~fisvuf- sofuf `q d akiaufsf hkdm v|ki xo`ao xf x`mm odu| dq nuftvfismp dq ifafqqdup vis`m f~fupkif xok ikx ak~fuq sof`u fduq qodmm ofdu vq Sfdsuk cf Dokud- sof ‰uqs qj`ug`qo sk nuff nuf f v| q|daf nku d cf‰ifc sofdsfu `i Gf`ak- xokqf ~dmvf–u`ao ku |kku–xf cfm`~fu `isk sof odicq kn sof |fk|mf Uf~`qsd cf Uf~`qsdq-

D|u`m 4015- 0‑4<

Qfj` Qdik dic Xdmcffi ki Sfdsuk cf mdq Dusfq

Nuff nukg ”gfuadis`m`qg-‗ nukg ”cfhfifudsf |uknfqq`kidm`qg-‗ nukg sof ”qsdu qpqsfg‗ dic nukg dip ksofu cfnfas sods odq |uf~fisfc- vis`m skcdpsof ofdmsop cf~fmk|gfis kn d hfiv`ifmp |k|vmdu sofdsuf `i kvu akvisup @s x`mm ef d xfd|ki `i sof odicq kn sof |fk|mf- qk sods sofp adi `g|uk~f sofgqfm~fq Sof Sfdsuk cf mdq Dusfq ‰hosq sof |u`ia`|mf kn ”dus nku dus‐q qdjf‗: `s `q fqqfis`dmmp2 sofdsuf ep sof |fk|mf- nku sof |fk|mf Sof Sfdsuk cf mdq Dusfq `q d ufdm`qs`a sofdsuf- nuff nukg su`~`dm idsvudm' `qg ku ufdm`qg- dq xfmm dq nukg d nkugdm`qg c`qsdis nukg sof |fk|mf \fk|mf kn Gf`ak$ So`q `q pkvu sofdsuf: `s uf|ufqfisq pkvu dq|`uds`kiq nku |ukhufqq$ H`~f `s pkvu fiakvudhfgfis- qv||kus `s$ Qfj` Qdik dic Xdmcffi- ”Sofdsuf kn sof \fk|mf nku sof \fk|mf-‗ Fm  Sfdsuk cf mdq Dusfq /Gf`ak A`sp2 \dus`ck cf md Uf~kmva`ki Gf`adid4035)- 4 Iksfq

4 Qff Ifmqki Ifmqki Kqku`kKqku`k- fc- Gdi`nfqskq- |ukamdgdq p |kmàg`akq cf md ~dihvduc`d m`sfudu`d o`q|dikdgfu`adid /Adudadq2 E`em`ksfad Dpdavaok- 40??) 5 Cd~`c Dmnduk Dmnduk Q`tvf`ukqQ`tvf`ukq- ”Gdi`nfqsk ”Gdi`nfqsk sk sof \mdqs`a \mdqs`a Dusq Dusq kn Dgfu`ad /Eduafmk /Eduafmkidid4054)- `i Fiapamk|fc`d kn Akisfg|kudup Mds`i Dgfu`adi dic Adu`eefdi Avmsvuf- fc Cdi`fm Edmcfuqski- G`jf Hkirdmfr- dic Did G Mñ|fr /Mkicki2 Ukvsmfchf- 5<<<)- 1 1 Qff Dcdg ^fuqàip`^fuqàip`- ”Sof ”Sof Gf`adi Uf~kmvs` Uf~kmvs`ki2 ki2 Ufm`h`kiUfm`h`ki- \km`s`aq\km`s`aq- dic Sof' Sof'

Gdcf `i Gf`ak

4>8

dsfu-‗ `i Auva`emfq kn Au`q`q2 \funkug`ih Qka`dm Aodihf- fc Bdifmmf Uf`ifms /Dii Dueku2 Vi`' ~fuq`sp kn G`ao`hdi \ufqq- 400>) 3 Gfic Gfickr krdd Mñ|f Mñ|frr- \u`gfukq ufik~dckufq cfm Sfdsuk fi Gf`ak- tsc `i Hv`mmfugk Qaog`covefu- Fm sfdsuk gf`adik fi a`fuif- 4055‑401? /Ifx Pkuj2 Mdih- 4005)- 0< 6 Fmfi Fmfidd Dm~d Dm~duf ufrr- Ckq cudgdq uf~kmva`kidu`kq /Gf`ak A`sp2 Fc`a`kifq cf md M`hd cf Fqau`skufq Uf~kmva`kidu`kq- 405>)- 3> > Evqs Evqs`m`mmk mk Kuk Kuk-- ^`cd a`ifgdskhuä‰ad /Gf`ak A`sp2 A`ifsfad Ida`kidm- 40?3)- ?5 8 Bvdi Bvdi Evq Evqs`m s`mmk mk KukKuk- Sufq cudgdq gf`adikq2 Mkq tvf ~vfm~fi- Gdqdq- Bvqs`a`d- QD /Gdcu`c2 Fc`sku`dm Afi`s)- 4011 ? Q`tvf`u Q`tvf`ukqkq- ”Gdi`nf ”Gdi`nfqskqsk-‗‗ 1 0 Sof |mdp |mdp `q`q `i Gdvu`ak Gdvu`ak Gdhcdmf Gdhcdmfikik- Sfdsuk uf~kmva`kidu`k gf`adik /Gdcu`c2 Fc`sk' u`dm Afi`s)- 4011 4< 4< Bkoi Bkoi E Ikgmd Ikgmdic ic-- Sfdsuk gf`adik akisfg|kuäifk /40<<‑406<) /Gf`ak A`sp2 @iqs`' svsk Ida`kidm cf Efmmdq Dusfq- Cf|dusdgfisk cf M`sfudsvud- 40>8)- 5?<‑?4 44 Hfugäi Hfugäi M`qs Durve` Durve`cfcf- Sufq keudq cfm sfdsuk uf~kmva`kidu`k /Gf`ak A`sp2 Fc`a`kifq @isfhudmfq- 4011)- >3 45 Qfj` Qdik Qdik dic XdmcffiXdmcffi- ”Sofdsuf ”Sofdsuf kn kn sof \fk|mf \fk|mf nku sof \fk|mf-‗ \fk|mf-‗ `i Fm Sfdsuk cf  mdq Dusfq /Gf`ak A`sp2 \dus`ck cf md Uf~kmva`ki Gf`adid- 4035)- 4