1
is!
A
NEW
EASY LATIN PBIMEK.
F.
*
HAVERFIELD,
LANCING COLLEGE
SHOREHAM, SUSSEX
A
NEW EASY
LATIN PRIMER
BY
REV.
EDMUND FOWLE,
AMESBUllY HOUSE SCHOOL, BICKLEY, KENT,
1
AUTI10B OF " Short and Short and Easy Latin Book," Easy Greek Book,
" " Gods and Heroes," Schoolboy's First Book of Easy Poetry," etc., etc., etc.
LONDON
SWAN SONNENSCHEIN,
:
LE
BAS & LOWREY,
PATEKNOSTEK SQUAEE. 1886.
As boys are not over- careful in the use of Books, and New Easy Latin Primer should be constantly in
as this
the learner's hands, the
separately at
Part
I.
II.
,,
III.
One
several parts have been issued
Shilling each.
Accidence. Syntax. Irregular Latin Verbs.
taking in the Gender and Pecuof the Substantive, etc., etc.
IV. Difficiliora
liarities
PREFACE. THIS
little
is still
It
is
an attempt to supply a want that
universally felt
and yet the
Book
a Latin Primer sufficiently full
sufficiently easy for
Lower Forms
our Preparatory and for
of our Public. Schools.
has been thought well to follow in
many
particulars
the lines of the P. S. L. P.
AMESBURY HOUSE, BICKLEY, KENT. January 13th, 1886.
*** Certain matter will be found repeated in these pages, but this has been found necessary, so that each of the four parts,
when published
separately,
may
be complete in
itself.
PART
I.
ACCIDENCE.
PART
ACCIDENCE.
I.
CONTENTS. PAGE 11
.... ....
2.
Latin Alphabet Parts of Speech
3.
Gender, Number, Case
4.
Parts of Speech explained
13
5.
Stem and Root
14
6.
Substantives
7.
Declension
8.
Gender
9.
Adjectives
1.
,
,
12
.,
12
.... Substan-
the
Substan-
Three Term. Two Term. One Term.
12. Adjectives 13.
Notes on the Adjectives
14.
Numeral Adjectives Numerals Numerals (in full)
.
20.
Comparison of Adjectives Comparisons Notes on Comparison Comparison of Adverbs
21.
Pronouns
.
25.
Pronouns
etc.
The Verb " Sum The Verb
26. Transitive tive
Stem
.
.
Anomalous 45
Tenses in
38.
Deponent Verbs Deponent Verb
full of Irregular
46
Verbs
.
.... in
...
....
.
42. Quasi-Passive
.
.
.
.
.
34
Verbs
of the
...
....
43.
Derived Verbs
44.
54
and Semi-
...
....
55
56
Adverbs
57
58
46. Conjunctions
59 59
47. Interjections
Rules
34
Quantities
35
Words
36
52
45. Prepositions
48. General
and Intransi-
48
full
50
(Utor)
Impersonal Verbs 41. Defective Verbs 40.
"
Verb 28. Regular Verbs 27.
or
37.
39.
43
44
ciples
Verbs
.
Relative
of
Compounds Pronouns,
24.
....
and Passive)
42
(Active
Deponent Verbs
22. Declension of 23.
Gerunds, Supines, Parti-
.
.
.
...
.
Mood
35.
36. Irregular
18. Irregular
19.
and Passive)
(Active
Infinitive
21
.
40
Mood
34.
.
.
Tenses of Regular Verbs (Passive)
18
11. Adjectives
38
(Active) 32.
33. Imperative
20
10. Adjectives
17.
37
16 of
tive
16.
37
Regular Verbs Conjugated 31. Tenses of Regular Verbs
30.
15 of
tives
15.
PAGE 29. Participles
49.
Epitome
for
of
(Prosody)
the
Latin
...
60 62
NEW EASY PART
LATIN PRIMER,
ACCIDENCE.
I.
LATIN ALPHABET, The Latin Alphabet The
same as the English without w.
the
is
etc.
have also two forms like the English (b) the Small or Modern.
letters
the Capital or Ancient
The Alphabet
:
(a)
;
as
also,
in
English,
is
divided
into
:
(a) Vowels, (6) Consonants. a.
Vowels sound by themselves, and are
b.
The Consonants must be joined with Vowels any sound
;
b (be), c
as,
1.
Mutes.
b, c, d, g, k, p, q,
2.
Nasals,
m,
sound)
Liquids.
1,
r,
4
Spirants,
f,
h,
5.
Double,
x, z,
o, u, y.
to have
into
t.
j,
s, T.
made up
of cs, ds.
Diphthongs (two vowels with a combined au, in common use ei, eu, ui, seldom used.
six
ce, ce,
Latin
which
The
i,
n.
3.
:
a, e,
(ce), f (ef).
The Consonants again are subdivided
There are
:
;
is
is
spelt
by
syllables, the quantity of
w long ~, short
stops in Latin are the
same 11
,
or doubtful ^.
as those used in English.
NEW
EASY LATIN PRIMER.
PARTS OF SPEECH. The Parts
of Speech are eight.
1.
Substantive
5.
Adverb
2.
Adjective
6.
Preposition
Pronoun Verb
7.
Conjunction
8.
Interjection
3. 4.
The Substantive, Adjective, Pronoun, Verb change their meaning by their endings. These changes are called Flexions, and in making these Nouns are said
changes be declined, Verbs The other parts of conjugated. speech, sometimes called Particles, have no flexions.
to
GENDEK, NUMBEE, CASE. 1.
The Noun
consists
of
Substantive,
Adjective,
and
Pronoun.
These have for the most part Gender, Number, and Case. There are Three Genders: (a) Masculine, (b)
Two Numbers
Feminine, (c) Neuter.
:
(a) Singular, a table;
Six Cases,
known
in
(b) Plural, tables.
English by their
signs, in
Latin by
their endings or flexions.
Nom. Voc.
Ace.
Gen
-
But-
Answers Who or what? Used in speaking to persons. Answers Whom or what ? Of whom, of what, whose ? To or for whom or what ? ,
By, with, or from whom, or what?
13
PARTS OF SPEECH.
PARTS OF SPEECH EXPLAINED. 1.
The Noun Substantive
the
is
name
of anything
as,
;
a pen, Ccesar, Corinth. Names of persons and places are Proper Nouns all others are Common Nouns. 2. The Noun Adjective is joined with a Substantive, show the quality of the Substantive. Hence it is said
qualify a Substantive. 3.
noun.
A
good
Icing
;
to to
a bad pen.
The Pronoun is sometimes used instead of (pro) a Hence its name. Sometimes it qualifies a Noun
This boy
is
the son of that good gentleman, and he
is
a
good boy himself. 4.
(a)
The Verb tells us What a thing or person
What What
(6) (c)
The boy is good. is. The boy loves. a thing or person does. a thing or person suffers, i.e. what is being The boy
done to one. 5.
The Adverb
is
Verb or Adjective, or another meaning as, The boy runs quickly.
added
Adverb, to qualify
its
is loved.
to a
;
The Preposition from pr8B and pono, to place before, placed before a Noun, to mark its relation to another The boy is word as, The boy was hurt by the dog. 6.
is
;
without knowledge. 7.
The Conjunction (from cum^ogether, and jungo, to join) and clauses as, The boys and girls. The dog bit the cat and ran away.
joins together words Winter or summer. 8.
;
The Interjection (a word as
it
were thrown in among is an
other words, from inter, among, and jacio, to throw)
exclamation
Lo
!
it
thunders
!
NEW EASY
LATIN PRIMER.
STEM AND ROOT. STEM.
The Stem of a word has been defined as " that part on which the changes of flexion are based," i.e., it is that part of the word which remains after the variable endings have been taken away. In Nouns the Stem Plural of Declensions
Declensions
The Stem ,,
,,
,,
,,
of
III.,
IV.
is
found by throwing away rum from the Genitive II., V., and um from the Genitive Plural of
I.,
Thus
Memo, is Hens A. Dominus is DominO. Lapis
is
The Stem ,,
of
Nubes is Nubl. Gradus is QradU. Dies
LapiD.
is
DiE.
But before a Noun can be declined, when the last letter of the Stem a vowel, as in mensa, domino, nubi, gradw, die, this vowel must be cast off, and the case-endings can then be added to what remains, which
is
is
called the Clipt Stem.
For all practical purposes the part of the Stem needful for declining a Substantive can be found by throwing away the Genitive Singular termination of the five declensions.
ROOT. word must not be confounded with its Stem. It is really that part which kindred words (words of one family) have in common. Thus in the words acies, acus, acuo, the common root is ac, sharp, but their Stems would be respectively acie, acu, acu.
The Boot
of a
SUBSTANTIVES.
15
SUBSTANTIVES.
A Noun
Substantive
is
the
name
of anything
;
as,
a pen,
Ccesar, Corinth.
There are
five
Declensions of
known by
Substantives,
the ending of the Genitive case. 1.
ae
2.
i,
(diphthong), Mensa, mensce.
3. is,
Dominus, domini. 5. ei,
4. us,
Nubes, nubis. Gradus, grades.
Ees, ret.
NOTES ON THE SUBSTANTIVES. Peculiarities of the Substantives are given at length (pp. need only give here two or three simple notes. 168-183).
We
1.
Nom. and Voc.
cases are alike in both numbers, excepting some of as, dominus, Voc., doming ; films, Voc., ;
those of the Second Declension fili.
2.
bers, 3.
In Neuter Nouns the Nona., Voc., and Ace. are alike in both num-
and in the plural they end in
Some words
as, puer,
pueri
;
of the
a.
Second Declension in
some drop
it
;
er
keep the
e
throughout
;
as, magister, magistri.
4. In the Third Declension note should be taken of nubes, nubis, which does not increase in the Genitive case, and lapis, lapidis, which does. Those which increase in the Genitive Singular have their Genitive Plural
in
wm
instead of ium, with exceptions.
Words
of the Third Declension have in the nominative various terminations (or endings), as nubes > lapis, opus, mare. All other cases depend on the Genitive singular. 5.
The following Substantives are declined Mensa, mensse (f.), a Dominus, domini, (m.), a lord. Magister, magistri, (m.), a master.
Regnum, regni Nubes, nubis
(n.),
(f.),
a
:
Mare, maris (n.), the sea. Gradus, gradus (m.), a step. Genu, genus (n.), a knee.
a kingdom. cloud.
Ees, rei
(see over)
Lapis, lapidis (m.), a stone. Opus, operis (n.), a work.
table.
(f.),
a thing.
NEW
16
EASY LATIN PRIMER.
DECLENSION OF SUBSTANTIVES. FIRST DECLENSION. S.
N. Mensa V. Mensa
(f)
a table table
P. N. Mensae
(f.)
tables
DECLENSION OF SUBSTANTIVES.
THIRD DECLENSION. S.
1ST.
Lapis (m.)
NEW
18
EASY LATIN PRIMER,
GENDER OF THE SUBSTANTIVE. There are three Genders
;
a Substantive must be either
Feminine, (c) Neuter. (Z>) Masculine or Feminine.
(a) Masculine,
Common,
i.e.
We I.
give two
common General Rules
Some
also
:
Certain classes of things are of certain Genders. Masculine.
are
GENDERS OF SUBSTANTIVES.
19
GENDER OF THE SUBSTANTIVE. EXCEPTIONS.
DECLENSION Nouns So
in
a denoting Males, are Masculine
;
I.
as, poeta,
a poet.
also are
Scurra, a buffoon.
Hadria, Adriatic Sea.
DECLENSION
A few in -us are Feminine
II.
the ground. Pampinus, vine-leaf. Pirus, a pear-tree, (a)
Humus,
Alvus, the belly. Arctus, the Bear (constellation).
Carbasus, fine flax. Colus,
a
,
:
Sapphirus, a sapphire. (6)
distaff.
Vannus, a winnowing fan.
A few
in us are
Neuter
:
Vulgus, the
Pelagus, the sea.
common
people
(generally).
Virus, poison.
DECLENSION
in.
Exceptions are numerous (see pp. 158-167).
DECLENSION
A few in us are Feminine
Manus, the hand. Nurus, a daughter-in-law. Porticus, a portico. Socrus, a mother-in-law.
Acus, a needle. Anus, an old woman.
Domus, Idus
a,
IV.
:
house.
(pl.)j tlie Ides.
Tribus, a tribe.
DECLENSION
V.
All are Feminine except dies, which is common in the Singular, but Masculine in the Plural, and meridies, midday, which is Masculine.
(a) (b)
And names And names
of plants. of jewels.
NEW
20
EAST LATIN PRIMER.
ADJECTIVES.
A
Noun
Adjective qualifies a Substantive, as
A good boy. A bright day.
A
A A
tall tree.
Cold weather.
Adjectives are divided into three Classes in the 1.
child.
state.
those which have
Nominative
Three terminations.
1.
;
happy sad
2.
Two
terminations.
3.
One
termination.
Adjectives of three terminations end in us, a, urn, as
2.
3.
er, a, urn,
bonws, bona, bonwm, good, as tener, tenera, tenerwm, tender.
er t is,
as acer, acrzs, acre, sharp.
e,
Adjectives of two terminations end in is, e,
as tristt*, triste, sad.
or, us,
as melior, melius, better.
Adjectives of one termination have various endings; Felix, happy.
Ingens, immense. Praestans, excellent.
The following sample Adjectives
are declined;
Bonus
bona
bonum
good.
Tener Acer
tenera
tenerum
tender.
acris
acre
sharp.
Tristis
triste
sad.
Melior
melius
better.
Felix
happy.
as,
21
ADJECTIVES.
ADJECTIVES OF THREE TERMINATIONS. S.
S.
Masc. N. Bonus V. Bone A. Bonum G. Boni D. Bono A. Bono N. V. A. G. D.
N. V. A. G. D. A.
Neut.
bona bona
bonum bonum bonum
bonam
boni
bonaa bonaa
-erum -erum Tenerum teneram -erum Tener Tener
tenera tenera
Teneri
Masc.
Neut.
Fern. bonae bonaa
P. N. Boni
V. Boni A. Bonos G. Bonorum
bona bona bona -orum
bonas
-arum
bono bono
bona
teneri
tenersB tenerae
Tenero A. Tenero
S.
Fern.
tenero tenero
tenera
Acer Acer
acris acris
Acrem
acrem
acre acre acre
Acris ) Acri > all genders Acri )
P. N. Teneri
tenerse
V. Teneri teneraa A. Teneros teneras G. Tenerorum -rarum
fc
3
tenera tenera tenera
-rorum
.
P. N. Acres
acres acres acres
V. Acres A. Acres
G. Acrium ) D. Acribus > A. Acribus 3
all
acria acria acria
genders
ADJECTIVES OF TWO TERMINATIONS. S.
N. V. A. G. D.
M. F.
N.
Tristis Tristis
triste
Tristem
triste
triste
Tristis) Tristi
{
all
genders
A. Tristi )
melius melius melius
N. Melior V. Melior A. Meliorem
G. Melioris D. Meliori
) > all
genders
A. Meliore(i).)
M. F. P. N. Tristes V. Tristes A. Tristes G. Tristium) D. Tristibus > A. Tristibus.)
N. tristia tristia
tristia all
P. N. Meliores V. Meliores A. Meliores
genders
meliora meliora meliora
G. Meliorum ) D. Melioribus > A. Melioribus^
all
genders
ADJECTIVES OF ONE TERMINATION. S. N. Felix (m.
f.
n.)
V. Felix A. Felicem (m. f.) felix (n.) G. Felicis D. Felici A. Felici (rarely Felice)
P. N. Felices (m. V. Felices A. Felices
G. Felicium) D. Felicibus > A. Felicibus )
f.)
felicia (n.) felicia felicia
all
genders
NEW
22
EASY LATIN PKIHER.
NOTES ON THE ADJECTIVE. There are some Adjectives declined tenerum, which however drop the e, as
like
tenera,
tener,
Niger, nigra, nigrum, black.
There are eleven other Adjectives declined like acer. Celer It has also ium in the Gen. Plural keeps e before r. ;
um
only when used
of
the ancient body-guard at
Rome
Celeres, Celerum. 8. Saluber, healthful.
1.
Alacer, lively.
5.
Paluster, marshy.
2.
6.
Pedester, pedestrian.
3.
Campester, level. Celeber, crowded.
7.
Puter, rotten.
4.
Equester, equestrian.
9.
Silvester,
woody.
10. Terrester, earthly. 11. Volucer, winyed.
Adjectives of one termination have various endings ingens, immense.
praestans, excellent.
rapax, rapacious.
NUMERAL OR PRONOMINAL ADJECTIVES. There are some Adjectives which are however declined like bonus or tener or niger y excepting that they have no Voc. and make the Gen. Sing, to end in ius and the Dative in i. Alius also
makes
a\'md instead of aliwm in the Neut. Sing.
Unus,
Uter, which (of two).
one.
Neuter, neither (of two). Alter one (of two).
Solus, alone. Totus, whole.
Nullus, none.
Ullus, any. Alius, one (of
any number).
Adjectives, duo, two; tres, three, are thus declined tria N. Tres duae duo tria A. Tres duo Duos (o) duas -orum G. Trium Duoruin -arum D. Tribus -obus -abus Duobus
The numeral N. A. G. D. A.
Duo
Duobus
-abus
-obus
A. Tribus
:
NUMERAL ADJECTIVES.
23
NUMERALS. Numerals are divided 1.
into
Cardinal numbers
those on which the other
bers hinge (cardo, a hinge) 2.
denoting numerical rank (ordo) primus, first ; secundus, second.
numerals
apiece or at each time. tolas
Numeral Adverbs
letters apiece.
denoting the number of is
Puer
done.
Small number first, without as one word, tredecwi).
(b)
Larger number
(c)
Duo
first,
with
et.
et.
de viginti (18).
times
bis locutus est
The general rule for writing compound numbers 1. In numbers less than twenty. (a)
:
giving or distributing so many Pueri scripserunt Unas epis-
The boys wrote two
:
anything happens or The boy spoke twice.
2.
num-
unus, one; duo, two.
Ordinal numerals
3. Distributive
4.
as,
;
:
is
Tres decem (13) (written
Decem et tres (13). Unde viginti (19).
In numbers over twenty. Just the reverse
(a)
small number with
et.
Eomulus reigned
thirty-seven years navit septem et triginta annos.
Larger numbers without
(b)
:
Romulus reg
et.
To men
are assigned thirty-two teeth bini viris attribuuntur.
:
Dentes
3.
In numbers above one hundred the larger comes with or without et. Centum (et) septem (107).
4.
The thousands
triceni
first,
are expressed by prefixing the numeral as, bis mille, ter mille (chiefly in
adverbs to mille, poetry)
;
duo milia, N.B.
or
by prefixing the cardinals
sand men.
and
milia, as,
an indeclinable adjective. Milia, thousands, is a neuter declined like maria; so that duo milia hominum=two thou-
Mille, a thousand, is
plural substantive,
to
tria milia. is
NEW
EASY LATIN PRIMER.
I 3
g
i
-fi
1
11 1 1 i i
fjllfmfmll ns
iiilLjfliJIiifl
ifiiisiiiillllll S 9 ^ lilt ssf^ .S -d
cr cr
NUMERALS,
Si55
25
<
8g'i-
-s
m * -3 o 2 8 *' bo
.a
.Sa
NEW EASY
26
LATIN PRIMER.
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. Adjectives have three degrees of comparison 1.
Positive.
2.
The comparative and
The comparative or
is
positive.
formed from the positive by changing
of the Gen. Singular into ior
is
Superlative.
superlative are, ordinarily, both formed
from the
i
3.
Comparative.
Gen.
Altus, high Brevis, short
;
as,
alti
Comp.
is
superlative is formed from the positive of the Gen. Singular into issimus ; as, Gen.
Altus, high Brevis, short
by changing
i
Sup. altissimus brevissimus ,,
alti
brevis
,,
altior
brevior
brevis
,,
The or
:
Adjectives however in er form their comparative regularly, but their superlative by adding rimus to the Nom. Singular; as,
Pulcher, beautiful
pulcherrimus
Celer, swift
celerriinus
lis, though they form their comparative form their superlative by changing is into limus ;
Six Adjectives in regularly,
as, facilis, facilior,
facillmms
Facilis, easy.
Similis, like.
Gracilis, slender.
Difficilis, difficult.
Dissimilis, unlike.
Humilis, lowly.
But other Adjectives Utilis
in
lis
are Regular
utilior
;
as,
utilissimus.
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES.
IRREGULAR COMPARISONS. Some
Adjectives are compared quite irregularly, as in the comparative or superlative being obtained from English, other words long since unused or forgotten.
Bonus, good
NEW
28
EASY LATIN PRIMER.
NOTES ON COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. 1.
The comparative
has no masc. or fern, gender in the somewhat irregular. Nom. and Ace., Dat. and Abl., pluribus
of multus (plus)
Singular, but full Plur., though plures, plura; Gen., 2.
as,
and maxime
;
(i.e.
us preceded
as,
;
Adjectives in dicus, ficus, volus change us of the positive into entior
and entissimus;
as,
Ocior, swifter, has 4.
;
by a vowel) use for comparison magis pius, maxime pius except those in quus ; antiquus, antiquior, antiquissimus, and a few others.
rnagis
3.
plurium
Adjectives in us pure
no
magni/icws, magniflce?itior, positive.
Many
magnificentim'wws.
Adjectives have a positive only.
There are some Adjectives which seem to spring from Prepositions.
Preposition. E, ex, out of Intra, within
Positive Adj.
Comparative.
Superlative.
29
PRONOUNS.
PRONOUNS. There are eight kinds of Pronouns. 1.
Personal.
5. Definitive.
2.
Eeflexive.
6.
4.
1.
8. Indefinite.
Demonstrative.
Personal Pronouns are 1.
2.
2.
Reflexive:
3.
Possessive:
Se
4.
:
Ego, I. Tu, thou.
themselves (sese), himself, herself, itself,
2.
Meus, mine. Tuus, thine.
3.
Suus,
1.
6.
Vester, yours.
3.
Ille,
:
Idem, same. 6.
Ipse, self.
Relative: Qui,
that (yonder).
4. Iste, that (near you).
Hie, this (near me).
Definitive
Cujus, whose. Noster, ours.
:
1. Is, that, he, she, it.
5.
5.
4.
his, hers, etc.
Demonstrative 2.
Kelative.
7. Interrogative.
3. Possessive.
7.
who or which. 8.
Interrogative: Quis, who or what ?
Indefinite:
Quis (aliquis) any one.
DECLENSION OF PRONOUNS. PERSONAL PRONOUNS. S.
N. Ego
NEW EASY
30
REFLEXIVE PRONOUN. i
N. A. G. D. A.
LATIN PRIMER.
POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS declined
(none)
are
Se
niger, except that
1. Is,
S.
or
Sibi
Se
tive.
Sui
that, he, she,
it.
Hie, this (near me).
N. Is
bonus
meus makes mi in the Voc. Sing. Masc. Tuus and smis have no Voca-
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS.
2.
like
31
PRONOUNS.
RELATIVE
PRONOUN.
Qui, wlw or which. S.
N. Qui
P.N. Qui A. Quos G.
Quorum
D.
quis,
quae
quas
quae
quarum
quorum
Quibus or queis or quls Quibus or queis or quis
A.
The Interrogative Pronoun noun quis, are mostly declined
quas
and the
like qui,
Indefinite Pro-
with some differences.
NEW
32
EASY LATIN PRIMER.
THE VERB SUM. Sura, es, esse,
fui,
futurus, to be.
Before other Verbs are given, verb SUM, which because
it
(p. 40).
Homo
it is
necessary to
helps to conjugate the other verbs
i.e. it
know
the
the Auxiliary or helping Verb,
called
But when not used
Copulative, as,
is
as
;
as
Amatus sum
an Auxiliary Verb
it is
called
"couples" the subject to the complement;
est morfcalis
;
man
is
mortal.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
THE VERB SUM.
CONJUNCTIVE MOOD. PRESENT.
33
NEW EASY
34
LATIN PRIMER.
THE VERB. Verbs are of various forms rego, audio.
1.
Regular
as,
Amo, moneo,
2.
Irregular
as,
Possum, volo, nolo, malo,
3.
Deponent
partly active, partly passive;
etc.
as,
Loquor, 1 speak, p. 48.
4.
Impersonal
used in 3rd pers. sing, and infinitive mood; Piget me, it grieves me.
5.
Defective
not having
6.
Quasi-passive, or
all their
parts
;
Inquam,
as,
as, fio, I
semi-deponent
as,
I say.
am made
;
gaudeo, gavisus sum, I rejoice. All of
which
will
be mentioned in their proper places.
TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERBS. Verbs are
either 1.
1.
Transitive;
2. Intransitive.
or,
Transitive
The word
made up of two Latin words, trans, across, For our present purpose it will signify passing on, and it means, when spoken of a Verb, that the action of the Verb passes on to the case which follows it and
transitive is
eo, to go.
I love the boys.
Here that 2.
is,
it
I hit the table.
I eat
an apple.
love, hit, eat are transitive Verbs action in the Verb which passes on to the case.
can be seen at once that
that there
is
an
;
Intransitive.
A
Verb is intransitive, that is, not transitive there is no action in the Verb to pass on ; as I stand.
Here
it
The
tree grows.
(in
meaning
The
can be seen that in stand, grows, flies there
bird is
not)
when
flies.
no action that
will pass on.
There are some Verbs which are both transitive and intransitive Doleo, I grieve, grieve
for.
;
as
35
THE VEEB.
STEM OF THE VERB. To conjugate a Verb a boy must know, not merely Present, but also that of the Perfect
The Stem
the
Stem
of the
and Supine.
of the Present is found in the Imperative Mood ; except (1) where the final " e " must be cut off ; and (2) in
in the Third Conjugation,
Deponent Verbs, where
Amo
is
Moneo
re or ere
must be thrown away. Thus the stem Venor
Ama. is
Vereoris Vere.
Mone.
Utor
Rego is RegAudio is Audi.
The Stem
of
Vena.
is
is
Dt-
Partior
of the Perfect of
any Eegular
(a)
Verb
is
Part i
of
found by adding v to the Stem of the Present as, Ama, amav.
CONJUGATION
I.
CONJUGATION
II. is
is
found by changing
e of
the
Stem
;
of the Present
into u; as, Mone, monu.
CONJUGATION IV.
is
found by adding v to the stem of the Present Audi audiv.
as,
;
t
The Stem of the Perfect in Conjugation only be found by consulting a dictionary.
III. is so irregular
that
it
can
The Stem of the Supine of any Eegular (a) Verb is found by adding t Stem of the Present in Conjugations I., IV. as, ama, amat ; audi, In Conjugations II., III., the Stem of the Supine is so irregular audit. to the
;
that the Verb should be looked out.
We
add here the Tenses,
From Stem of Present. Present Act. and Pass.
etc.,
formed from the
From Stem
of Perfect.
Future Simple A. and P.
Perfect Act. Future Perfect Act.
Imperf. Act. and Pass. Imperat. Act. and Pass.
Pluperfect Act. Infinitive Perfect Act.
Infin.
Pres.
Act.
and
Pass.
different Stems.
From Stem
of Supine.
Supines Participle Fut. Act. Infinitive Fut. Pass.
Participle Perf. Pass. Perfect Pass.
Future Perf. Pass.
Gerund and Gerundive
Pluperfect Pass.
Participle Pres. Act.
Infinitive Perf. Pass.
(a) We say Eegular Verbs, for many are irregular, and it would be beyond the scope of the present manual to enter into the various irregularities.
NEW
36
EASY LATIN PEIMER.
THE REGULAR VERBS. Regular Verbs have 4 Conjugations. 2 Voices. 4 Moods.
Numbers.
2
6 Persons (generally). 3 Gerunds.
2 Supines.
6 Tenses.
4 Participles.
THE FOUR CONJUGATIONS are
known by 1. 2. 3.
4.
Two
;
;
VOICES. _
1.
the ending of the Infinitive Mood.
Has a long before re; as, amdre, to love. Has e long before re as, monere, to advise. Has short before re as, reg^re, to rule. Has I long before re ; as, audlre, to hear.
Six TENSES.
_,
2. Passive.
Active.
1.
Present,
2.
Future Simple.
1. Indicative.
3.
Imperfect.
2.
4. Perfect.
FOUR MOODS.
3
k
Conjunctive. Imperative.
4. Infinitive.
Each
5.
Future Perfect.
6.
Pluperfect.
and Conjunctive Mood, lias two Numbers, and three Persons in each Number.
tense, in Indicative
The Imperative has Number and
Person, but the latter
incomplete.
The
Infinitive has neither
Number nor
Person.
THREE GERUNDS. Nom.
2.
or Ace. in dum Genitive in di ; as,
3.
Dat. or Abl. in do
1.
;
Two 1. 2.
Supine in urn Supine in u ;
;
;
as,
as,
amandfw?, loving. amandi, of loving.
amando,/or or by
loving.
SUPINES.
as,
amatwm,
as,
amatw,
to love.
to be loved,
or in loving.
37
PARTICIPLES.
PARTICIPLES. There are four Participles 1. 2.
:
Present in ans or ens; as, amans, loving ; monews, advising. Participle in dus (known as the Gerundive) ; as, amandus, to that is to be, or that must be loved.
3.
Perfect in us
4.
Future in rus
as,
; ;
as,
amatws, loved, or having been loved. amaturus, going to love, about to love.
These Participles are also classed in another way
Two
Two
Active.
Passive.
1.
Present in ans or ens.
2.
Future in
1.
Perfect in ws.
2.
Participle in dus.
rus.
THE REGULAR VERBS CONJUGATED.
:
be,
38
NEW
EASY LATIN PRIMER.
in 1
H |I a
s
^
u ^ ^ 11
5 >
">
a
P
*43
S .S > a
i
"8
S
39
THE REGULAR VERBS.
^^ ss
S| | 8
|
B
*
*
OH >
O
O
|
i
II
||f J
.1 .1 .1 .1
i
ll
d c3* ba d a a a a
e3
cJ
c3
a
a
a
.2
a rt
0>
I
II
jj
ss f l K* rt
s
l
<
si a g
> e3
a a
8
PH
j
*
'S
1^15
&
a
1
NEW
40
EASY LATIN PRIME B.
pdaoj dq ii[6iw
e d
H^|
Amarem
Ameremi
02
P-*
svai
duidq
03 CQ
v
-0
O
g
I
^ 3 -S S a a
|
n
|
a s
-a -g "S
S
la!
a a a a a
a a a a a
111 ti
pdsiapv
03
.
41
THE REGULAR VERBS.
Uddq am[
fiviu
S
acimi
N45M
o o
s
^
1
1
a
S
*>
r
,
,,
co
^
02
CQ
^ I| i 1 1 1 1??
*s "i CQ
3
CQ rj
02 ry
s
"
u
j|J
s
^
iT
I
*s
rt
BifH^I 1 1 i
^
-r-r
s
.PH
i|
SCOP;
I
^
*-i
s! +^S-5
s
o
S a O
o
^si^ g^g^ 1 ^-^
T3
~H
a s s & =
PH
JT7
.
"S
-s
c
^
441114 I CO
a a ^ ^^ 9 CO
'
^
S 1
fl
* I i "2 ^ sSsM ~3cOco
f*<
3
3
2gg cDCDa) "illlil s ssa P
|
ff
f3
^
CO
CO
|
.
^
"^
T O
^
.2
^ ^ s s
'i3
^ S
PL|
SO >
a DQ
d
H-a
-^
J3
^l
cd^
J9
| 5
fldS SflS^l
.^ .^
.,_,
e8
^
1 a ^ W2
S rO
a S 3 .
-5 -5 -5
_<
g| e
|KH^* % %
^
!3
1 i 1 1 1 11 -tj
sis" ^2_S
"S
{'..-
^
^
^s
m
C3
pj
I
^ 8 .g i/SJ ^c3SS>g^g SMtoco^^QJ .^ tj E3
^>
-'
a
2 2
53
1 1 1 111 1 1 1 1 1 1
o> o) co
S,
f
|
rt Q
5 ^
3
NNN|
s
^,
l
42
NEW EASY
LATIN PRIMER.
IMPERATIVE MOOD. PRESENT TENSE.
43
THE REGULAR VERBS.
INFINITIVE MOOD. ACTIVE.
Present and Imperfect
Amare
Perfect and Pluperfect
Amavisse
Future
Amaturus
Present and Imperfect Perfect
and Pluperfect
Future
to love
esse
to
have loved
to
be about to love
Monere
to
advise
Monuisse
to
have advised
Moniturus esse
to be
about to advise
Present and Imperfect
Eegere
to rule
Perfect and Pluperfect
Kexisse
to
Future
Kecturus esse
to be
Audire
to
hear
Audivisse
to
have heard
Auditurus esse
to be
about to hear
to be
loved
Present and Imperfect Perfect
and Pluperfect
Future
have ruled about
to rule
PASSIVE.
Present and Imperfect Perfect
and Pluperfect
Amari
Amatus
esse
Future
Amatum
iri
to
have been loved
to be
about
advised
Present and Imperfect
Moneri
to be
Perfect and Pluperfect
Monitus esse
to
Future
Monitum
to be
Present and Imperfect Perfect
and Pluperfect
Future Present and Imperfect Perfect
Future
and Pluperfect
iri
to be
loved
have been advised about
to be
advised
to be ruled
Regi Eectus esse
to
Kectum
to be
about
Audiri
to be
heard
Auditus esse
to
Anditum
to be
iri
iri
have been ruled to be
ruled
have been heard about
to be
heard
44
NEW EASY
LATIN PRIMEE.
GEEUNDS, SUPINES, PAETICIPLES. There are three Gerunds
:
THE IRREGULAR VERBS.
IRREGULAR OR ANOMALOUS VERBS. The following Verbs
are called Irregular or Anomalous,
KEW EASY LATIN
46
'S
fl
*S
.S
I S o
*
"^
I I I o
J
43
'-3
ci
1 g'S o o o
II II
+3
e
^S
PRIMER.
.5
c
.3 .3
PH PH PH
,
I
o
-o
3
fi
'+2 co
5
J2
o o o o o
J
3 S
-3 ^J
o
PH PH PH PH PH
PH
PH PH
02
S W 3 '43 *S
a
*
O O
S
PH PH
a O
ll
-
a O3
O)
0)
"o
"o
"o
"o "o
PH PH
PL,
PH PH
__~
.13
.1
l|
"o [o 'o [o [o 'o
Pn
PH
.2
.
I
S2
.1
-T3
o o o
a O .
CO
to O)
i. to OJ
O
"S
"S
B*A ! f3 CO
i 13 co O)
.2 "3
03 '
O
"S
"3 .2
3
'o
PH PH PH PH
1 od
2
13^1
ss
0)
O2
2 2 o
'5
Pi
3
I
*3 5zi
02
PH"
02
Jz;
S ^o
3
"S
I
^ K & &
THE IRREGULAR VERBS. pa^uud are
pens 'saS-ed O.M4 OQUI sasaej o? aepjo jo )no ^nd eaB 03^ jo sasua^ eseqit
*ij*|
e
^i
K) Kl K]
KJ
SS
1
1
,0 IS lo rO f^ Ss K*,
H
02
CO
r Conjunc
Pos
Pos
osset
ossem
Pos
Pos
Pos
a m
PH*
_ta "
-
,
Ql
'm
""oi
Q.)
Q>
Poss
us
atis rant
. Potera
Poteras
Poterat
Potera
Potera
Potera
PR
1x4
c3
c3
S.
a
'
i
1
1
-5
o3
cfl
c3
-s -
s CQ
PH
CQ
NEW
EASY LATIN PRIMER.
IMPEKATIVE MOOD. Present.
Future.
Noli
Nollte
Nollto
Nolito
Nolitote
Fer Fi
Ferte
Ferto
Ferto
Fertote
I
Ite
Ito
Ito
Nolunto Ferunto
Fite
INFINITITE MOOD. Present and Imperfect.
Posse
to be able
Velle
to be willing
Nolle
to be
unwilling
Malle
to be
more willing
Ferre
to
bear
Fieri
to be
Ire
to
go
made
Itote
Eunto
DEPONENT VERBS.
49
In conjugating a Deponent Verb, it will be seen that they an Active Verb by having Gerunds and Supines. also take of the nature of
They also have four Participles, two (Pres. and Fut.) Active form and sense; one (Perf.) Passive in form, but generally Active in sense and the Gerundive. in
;
Particular notice must be taken of the meaning of the Perfect Participle of a Deponent Verb, venatus, verltus, usus, partltus, the English of which, is, liaving hunted, having feared, having used, having divided ; whereas if it were the Passive Participle of an Active
Verb
it
would be hunted, having been
There is indeed no such convenient Latin Parhunted, etc. ticiple as having loved, having advised, etc., in Active Verbs.
DEPONENT VERBS CONJUGATED.
1st Pers. Pres.
2nd Pers. Inf. Pres.
Pres.
NEW EASY LATIN
PRIMER.
THE VERB " UTOR.
>
s
& & 1M n g * a tj
)CU
a!
^5
<
|C2
>S ^-
*
2
J
s
.-r
rg
r3
o
**
's?
*" '
s
co"
*ddfl^' a I J r^
-J
J SJ GPPP ppppp -I
51
1
t3
*
1 'P P P p p m
GO
ft CM
^d
.S
1 1
+-(
^ w M
PH
1 s 1 3 1 J 5 ^
-<
'S
CQ
CO
CQ
'tO
i S
"2
'S
"S
1
I
B
a
a g
>g
CO"
)g
5
TO
co
co
no
CO
CQ
'S3
S CO
E3 CQ
>S
>S
CQ
CO
$3
.^
.PH CO
00
._ CO
p p p p p p
P P P P P P
*=
S CQ
S
p-*&
^5
^o
-ta
J S
g
co
0>
DQ
CO
OQ
CO
I DQ
g
)CP
g
'g)
)
P P P P P P
p p p p p P
III
I P P
02
OQ
02
PM
PM'
PW
NEW
52
EASY LATIN PEIMEK.
IMPERSONAL VERBS. Impersonal Verbs are those which have no Personal Proas Subject, and are used only in the Third Person
noun
Singular (Ind. and Conj.) and in the Infinitive Mood. It vexes
It hails, grandinat.
me,
me
piget.
The greater number of the Impersonal Verbs are. of the second conjugation. give those most commonly used.
We
CONJUGATION Delectat, it delights.
Juvat,
it
I.
Tonat,
delights.
Constat, it is evident.
Decet,
it
it
Dedecet,
behoves.
Pudet,
it
it is
Tsedet, it disgusts.
Miseret, it
Libet,
it
lightens.
it hails.
II.
Pcenitet, it repents.
Piget, it irks.
it
shames.
becomes.
unseemly.
thunders.
Grandinat,
CONJUGATION Oportet,
it
Fulgurat,
Licet, it is lawful.
Liquet, it is clear. Attiuet, it relates.
moves pity.
Pertinet, it belongs.
pleases.
CONJUGATION
III.
Accidit, it happens.
Plait, it rains.
Contingit, it befalls. Ningit, it snows.
Lucescit, it dawns. Vesperascit, it grows late.
CONJUGATION IV. Convenit,
it suits.
Evenit,
it
turns out.
Expedit,
it is
IRREGULAR. Interest, it imports.
Kcfert,
it
concerns.
expedient.
IMPERSONAL VERBS.
53
The Impersonal Verbs may be arranged also according to The following are used
the case they are constructed with. with the Accusative Case Decet.
Oportet.
Dedecet.
Piget. Poenitet.
Delectat.
Pudet.
Juvat.
Miseret.
Tsedet.
.
The following are used with the Dative Case Libet.
Accidit.
Convenit.
Licet.
Contingit. Evenit.
Expedit.
Some of these Impersonal Verbs, however, are constructed with ad and the Accusative, e.g. attineb and pertinet, while others, in addition to an Accusative of the person, have a GeniSo we may sum up the casetive as well, as piget, pudet, etc. construction of these Impersonal Verbs thus :
Those which require
c.
Accusative of Object oportet, decet, Dative of the Object libet, licet, etc. Ad with Accusative attinet, pertinet,
d.
A Genitive
a. 5.
To
:
etc.
:
:
these
we may add
Genitive unless place of the
agreeing with
it is
Genitive, re.
etc.
with an Accusative, piget, pudet,
129
interest
and
refert,
necessary to use a
we
etc.
which admit a
pronoun
;
when, in
use mea, tua, sua, nostra, vestra,
(III. a).
The Impersonals Fulgurat,
Tonat,
it
it lightens,
thunders,
Pluifc, it
rains,
Grandinat,
it hails,
Vesperascit, it gets late,
Ningit,
it
snows,
Luscescit, it dawns,
are of course not used with any Personal or other Object.
NEW EASY LATIN
54
PRIMER.
DEFECTIVE VERBS. Irregular or Anomalous Verbs (see pp. 45-48) are those which have for the most part the usual tenses, but are irregular as regards the formation of some of these tenses as ;
Possum, I am able. Volo, I am willing. Nolo, I am unwilliny.. Malo, I prefer. Fero, I bear.
lam made. Eo, I go. Queo, I am able. Fio,
But Defective Verbs are those which want parts of a Verb, and may be divided into 1.
some
of the usual
Those which have no Tenses derived from the Present stem, though they have the English of the Present as ;
I have begun (Present-Past)
Ccepi,
Odi,
I
hate.
Memini, I remember. 2.
Those which have Perfect without Supine, and those which iave neither Perfect nor Supine; as, Tremo, J tremble, which has no Supine, and Mitesco, I grow mild, which has no Perfect or Supine.
3.
Verbs defective
in various forms; as
Aio, 7 say.
Inquam, I
QUEOSO, I entreat.
Fari, to speak.
Imperatives: Apage, begone; cedo,give age, come
;
say.
liere;
vale, farewell.
have, salve,
Ji
ail;
QUASI-PASSIVE AND SEMI-DEPONENT YERBS.
QUASI-PASSIVE
55
AND SEMI-DEPONENT VERBS.
Quasi-Passive Verbs are those which unite an Active form
with a Passive meaning
;
Exulo, I
as
am
banished.
I am made.
Fio,
I am put to auction. Vapulo, I am beaten. Veneo, I am on sale.
Liceo,
SEMI-DEPONENT VERBS (1) are,
first,
those which have an Active Present but a
Perfect of Passive form (Active meaning) Audeo, I dare.
Perfect,
Fido, I trust.
,,
Gaudeo, I rejoice. I am wont.
Soleo,
,,
;
as
Ansus sum, I dared. Fisus sum, I trusted. Gavisus sum, I rejoiced. Solitus sum, I was wont.
(2) Those which have an Active Perfect with
Deponent
Perfect Principle; as Present.
Juro, I swear.
Ceno, I sup. Prandeo, I dine.
Perfect.
I swore. Cenavi, I supped. Prandi, I dined. Juravi,
Perfect Participle. Juratus, having sworn.
Cenatus, having supped. Pransus, having dined.
So nupta, wedded; potus, having drunk, and some others.
NEW
56
EAST LATIN PRIMER.
DERIVED VERBS. Derived Verbs are divided into 1.
1.
Frequentative.
2.
3.
Inceptive.
Desiderative.
Frequentative Verbs express repeated or intenser action, and are of the First Conjugation, and end in to or so, or it o t it or.
The
principal Frequentative
Canto
Verbs are
sing.
catch up. run hither
Capto fCurso Cursito
run hither
Clamito
cry aloud.
Dicto
say often.
Dictito
say often. lear
Gesto
:
Haesito
& thither. & thither.
These are all conjugated regularly -are, -avi, -atum, except those marked f> which have no perfect or supine but ;
;
Minitor, -an, -atus sum,
is
deponent.
Verbs (sometimes called Inchoative) express beginning of action, and are of the Third Conjugation, and end in asco or esco ; as
2. Inceptive
Labasco, I begin to totter. Pallesco, I turn pale. Puerasco, I become a boy. I become mild.
Mitesco, 3. Desiderative
Verbs express
desire of action,
Fourth Conjugation, and end in urio Esurio,
and are ;
as
I am hungry, wish to eat. I am in labour, wish to produce.
Parturio,
of the
57
ADVERBS.
ADVERBS. There are four kinds of Adverbs 1. 2. 3.
4.
1.
Adverbs Adverbs Adverbs Adverbs
Ubi, where ? Quo, whither
3.
Quorsum, whithenvard
2.
Adverbs 1.
3.
of number. of description.
Adverbs of place answer the questions
2.
1.
of place. of time.
4. 5.
?
of time
Quando,
ubi,
?
?
answer the questions when ?
2.
Quamdiu, how long
?
Adverbs of number answer the question Quoties,
4.
6.
Unde, whence ? Qua, which way ? Quatenus, quousque, how far
how
often
?
Adverbs of description express
manner
Many Adverbs e,
ter
;
quality
quantity.
are derived from Adjectives, and end in
as Fortiter, bravely.
Misere, wretchedly.
Sapienter, wisely.
N.B.
Pulchre, finely.
Adverbs
of negation are non,
haud, not.
NEW
58
EASY LATIN PRIMER.
PREPOSITIONS. There are three
Those which are followed by the Accusative Case. Those which are followed by the Ablative.
1.
2.
Those which are followed by the Ace. and Abl.
3.
1,
Ad,
classes of Prepositions
Prepositions followed by the Accusative Case
to,
at
Juxta, adjoining to, beside Ob, over against, by reason of Penes, in the power of
Ante, before
Apud,
at, in,
Per, through
Pone, behind Post, after, behind
among
Circum, around Circa, circiter, about Cis, citra, on the near side of Contra, against, over against
Erga, towards (of the feelings) Extra, outside of out of Infra, below t
Inter, between,
among, amid
Intra, within
2.
Prseter, beside
Prope, near ; propius, proximo Propter, nigh, on account of Secundum, next, along, according Supra, above [to
Trans, across Ultra, beyond Versus, versum, toivards
Prepositions followed by the Ablative Case
A, ab, abs, by or from Absque, without Clam, witliout the knowledge of
Ex, e, out of, from Palam, in sight of PraB, before, owing
Coram, in
Pro, before, for, instead of Sine, without Terms, reaching to, as far as
the presence of
Cum, with De, down from, from, concerning 3.
[with to,
compared
Prepositions followed by the Accusative or Ablative In, into, against (Ace.)
In, in, upon,
among
(Abl.)
Sub, up to, under (Ace.) Sub, under (Abl.)
Super, over, upon Subter, under
In and sub, with Accusative, imply motion; with Ablative,
rest.
59
CONJUNCTIONS.
CONJUNCTIONS. There are two kinds 1. 1.
of Conjunctions
Co-ordinative.
Sub-ordinative.
2.
Co-ordinative are those which join words and sentences together, but do not affect
mood
;
as
Et, que, ac, atque, and.
Aut,
vel, ve, either, or.
Sed, autem, but.
Nam, enim, /or, 2
etc., etc.
Snb-ordinative are those which join sentences, influencing
mood
;
as Ut, that.
Quum, when,
Ne,
Si, if.
lest.
^
Nisi, tinfew.
I because.
Quia
since.
\
INTERJECTIONS.
An
interjection is used to express pleasure, pain, astonishment, etc., and is used with different cases. 0, O I oh ! A, ah, alas
Eheu,
May be used
!
lieu, alas
Pro, proh, forbid
En
")
,
,
,
,
it !
C
, , ;
Ecce j
|
Hei,atoM YSB,
woe
I
\
M
with a Nominative,
Vocative, or Accusative Case.
!
b
May
be used with Nominative or Accusative.
NEW
60
EASY LATIN PRIMER.
PKOSODY. GENERAL RULES FOR THE QUANTITIES OF LATIN WORDS.
The following are LONG before two consonants
SHORT.
:
1.
A vowel
2.
A
3.
Amazon, Ajax. Diphthongs; as, menses, pauca,
;
1.
One vowel before another vowel in the same word is short, as via-, but diei, flo are long, and fidei, iUttM are common.
2.
All cases in a except ablative of the and its .correfirst declension
as,
jdctdntes.
vowel before a double consonant or a j in_same word j as, felix, pcerice,
sponding adjectives;
Teucri, h~i. 4.
COMMON. Syllables are sometimes common (i.e. long or short) when a vowel in the same word stands before
j
5.
as, mensd,
bond.
Datives and ablatives singular and plural when they end in a, as, i, o, u, is (and e of the 5th declension) as, mensd, mensce, lapidi, gradul, melion, domino, 'bond, gradu, mensis, dominls, facie. Accusatives plural, unless they end
two consonants, of which the first a mute and the second is a
is
liquid
(7,
r)
;
as duplex, latebra.
but one (penultimate) of a three-syllable or four-syllable word may be marked long or short (- w) as the pupil hears his tutor pronounce it, or as he himself may know; as, laplde, operibus, domtnus, amdbam.
The
last syllable
a very useful rule for all common words which the pupil is familiar the penultimate long or short directly he hears it pronounced in dictation, or because, having heard it again and again, he is quite sure of the quantity.
This
N.B.
with.
To
is
He marks
see
how these few general rules work we subjoin a couplet marked according and these rules only and we find that we have the quantities of
to these rules
considerably more than half the syllables.
Quascunque aspicles, lacrymse f ecere, lituras ; Sed tamen et lacrymge pondera vocis habent.
II.
THE LONG AND SHORT TERMINATIONS WITH PRINCIPAL EXCEPTIONS. LONG. a,
i, o,
ucas,
es, os. I is
1.
2.
a is long, as frustra ; but Puta, ita, quia, ejS, are short, All cases in a are short as men set, except the ablative of the opertt, first
declension, as inensa.
long, as domini; but
1.
Nisi, quasi are short.
2.
Some
3.
Greek nouns are short, as Chlorl. Mihl, tibl, sibl, ubl, ibl, have the i
dative and vocative cases of
common.
PROSODY.
61
Pallas, lampadas(|icc.), are short,
anas
domino j but eg6, modo, citS, duo, sci6, nesci6, are 5 is long, as
short
putO,
u
is
common. long, as hostes ; but in es increasing short in the gen. are short comes, comles is
1.
Some words
2.
Es from sum and its compounds are short, and penes and some Greek
long, as tu, genu.
as ac, hie (here)
1.
Nee, donee, fac, are short.
2.
Hie
;
but
abies, aries, Ceres, pes,are long.
plurals, as Troade's.
common.
(he, this) is
but though increasing short
tis;
w c is long,
and
(a duck).
as
os is long, as gladi5s but some Greek words are short, as Argos, Delos, and 6s, ossis (a bone), and compos. ;
Greek
as is long, as musas ; butcases in as of third declension, as
SHORT. ,
e is short,
as regg
;
yb,
<*, t, I,
is, ys,
aether,
2.
Ablatives of the fifth declension, as
(except the enclitics que, n6, v8) are long; as,
Monosyllables in
me,
is short, as tegmgn; but in many Greek words, such as Hymen, it is long.
e
te, se, de, e,
is,
?s is 1.
3.
7.
t,
are short, as ab, sed,
amat,
;
but
and ablatives in is, as dommis Sis, from sum, and its compound possls, Vis, from volo,
4.
and
its
compound,
;
Second per. sing, of the pres. of the fourth conjugation, as audis, also malls, noils, veils, are long, ys is short, as chely s.
y 8t,
ys
duMs
Datives
vis, strength
Cave and cave are both used. Fame, abl. of fames, is long. b, d,
short, as
;
2.
ne.
long. 6.
are long.
n
Quare, hodie, fere, ferme, ohe, are
5.
because derived from
;
Adverbs derived from adjectives in Bene us, as operose, are long. and male are however short.
4.
aer,
;
die; 3.
us.
a!0jjp, aTjp,
Imperatives of second conjugation
mone
n 3.
but
1.
as,
r,
chely'.
us
I
as Hannibal; but nil, sal, are long nihil, common.
is short,
Us is short, as
sol, 1.
dominus
;
but
Words increasing long in the
geni-
tive, as juventus, salus, senectus 2.
r
is short,
as vlr ; but
1.
Lar, Nar, ver, fur, cur.
2.
Par with
its
compounds
Syllables that cannot be
Rules already given must the
first syllable
of
words
3.
;
The monosyllables crus, thus The us of the fourth declension, except Nona, and Yoc. Singular,
dispar, etc.
marked by the help
;
are long.
of this Table and by the General be looked out in Dictionary or Gradus ; as for instanca such as quoque, generd, gradus, etc.
NEW EASY
62
LATIN PRIMER.
EPITOME. There are 8 Parts of Speech. 2 Numbers.
6 Tenses.
3 Persons.
3 Genders.
Singular.
6 Cases.
Plural.
2 Supines.
4 Participles. 4 Kinds of Adverbs.
8 Kinds of Pronouns.
4 Conjugations of Verbs.
3 Classes of Prepositions. 2 Kinds of Conjunctions.
2 Voices.
4 Moods.
1.
thou, he.
3 Gerunds.
5 Declensions (Substantives). 3 Classes of Adjectives.
EIGHT PARTS OF SPEECH
I,
Them, you, they.
Two NUMBERS:
:
Singular, as mensa, a table. Plural, as mensas, tables.
1.
Substantive")
2.
I 4.
Verb
5.
rb Adverb
)
THREE GENDERS )
6.
>sition Prepositi
7.
inction C Conjunct
8.
jectiony Interjecti
f
Six CASES, with their signs in English.
No
1.
Nominative,
2.
Vocative,
0.
3.
Accusative,
No
4. Genitive,
1.
undeclined.
1.
Those which have in the Nominative three termina-
us, a,
Of.
6.
Ablative,
In, with, from,
or for.
er, a,
2.
FIVE DECLENSIONS OF SUBSTANTIVES.
i.
:
um, as Bonus, a, urn. um, as Tener, tenera, teneruw. as Ace?*,
er, is, e,
by.
2.
Neuter.
tions
To
Gen.
Feminine.
3.
sign.
Dative,
83.
Masculine.
2.
THREE CLASSES OF ADJECTIVES
sign.
5.
1.
:
acrt's,
acre.
Those which have
is, e,
as
or, us,
as Melior, melius.
two.
Trisfa's, triste.
3. is. 4. us. 5. ei.
3.
Those which have
one.
Felix, ingens, prsestans.
PRONOUNS.
PRONOUNS. There
are
Pronouns 1.
8
Kinds
of
POSSESSIVE:
3.
thine, your.
3.
Suns,
his, hers, etc.
4.
Cujus,
whose.
5.
Noster,
ours.
6.
Vester,
yours.
2.
Personal.
2. Reflexive.
3. Possessive. 4.
Demonstrative.
5. Definitive.
6. Kelative.
1.
DEMONSTRATIVE
4.
1. Is,
8. Indefinite.
2.
Hie, this (near me).
3.
Ille,
PERSONAL PRONOUNS 2.
Ego, I. Tu, thou
4.
that, he, she,
it.
that (yonder).
4. Iste, that (near you).
:
DEFINITIVE:
5.
1.
(you).
6.
Plur. 3.
Nos, we. Vos, you, ye.
(sese), himself, herself, itself, themselves.
Idem, same.
RELATIVE: Qui, who
2. Ipse,seZ/.
or which.
7.
INTERROGATIVE: Quis, who or what ?
8.
INDEFINITE
REFLEXIVE: Se
:
7. Interrogative.
1.
2.
mine.
Meus, Tuus,
1. :
Quis
:
(aliquis),
any
one.
VERBS. Verbs have
1.
2.
4 Conjugations. 2 Voices.
3.
4 Moods.
4.
6 Tenses. 6 Persons.
Has a long before re. Has e long before re. Has e short before re. Has i long before re.
Two VOICES:
3 Singular. 3 Plural.
1.
3 Gerunds. 2 Supines.
4 Participles.
Active.
2. Passive.
FOUR MOODS: 1. Indicative.
FOUR CONJUGATIONS Known by the endings Infinitive Mood
:
2.
of the
3.
Conjunctive. Imperative.
4. Infinitive.
NEW
Six TENSES
EASY LATIN PRIMEE.
THREE GERUNDS
:
1.
Present.
2.
Future Simple.
3.
Imperfect.
2.
3.
Two
4. Perfect. 5.
Future Perfect.
6.
Pluperfect.
:
Ending in dum. Ending in di. Ending in do.
1.
SUPINES
:
Supine in um. Supine in u.
1.
2.
FOUR PARTICIPLES
THEEE PERSONS Singular. Plural
I,
ens.
2. Participle in dus. 3. Perfect in us.
thou (you), he.
We, ye
:
Present in ans or
1.
:
Future in
4.
(you), they.
rus.
PARTICLES. The
four Parts of Speech which are undeclined are 1.
Adverb.
2.
3.
Preposition.
4. Interjection.
4 KINDS OF ADVERBS 1.
3.
Adverbs of Place. Adverbs of Number.
2.
4.
:
Adverbs of Time. Adverbs of Description.
3 CLASSES OF PREPOSITIONS 1.
2.
3.
:
Conjunction.
:
Those which are followed by the Accusative case. Those which are followed by the Ablative. Those which are followed by the Accusative and Ablative.
2 KINDS OF CONJUNCTIONS 1.
Co-ordinative.
:
Sub-ordinative.
2.
INTERJECTIONS are particles of exclamation, and are not classed or divided except as regards the cases they are used with.
END OF PART
I.
PART
SYNTAX.
II.
6
PART
II.
SYNTAX.
CONTENTS.
PART
SYNTAX,
II.
A SIMPLE SENTENCE. THE
simplest sentence that can be framed contains a single thought
only; as
Puer amatur. The boy is loved.
Puer amat. The boy loves.
That of which or of whom something is said is called the subject, as, " and " the that which is said of the subject is called the predicate boy " " is loved." loves," (from prcedico, to assert), as ;
We cannot indeed speak without having a subject to speak about, and we cannot frame a sentence without saying something concerning that subject.
The
subject in the simplest sentence is always the Nominative Case, called the predicate is the is said about the subject
and that which Verb.
Now
1.
2. 3. 4. 5.
this Subject or 1.
A
2.
An
3.
A
4.
An
5.
A
Nominative case
may
be either
Substantive.
Adjective used as a Substantive.
Pronoun. Infinitive
Mood.
Clause.
The boy
Puer amat. Omnes amant vitam. Nos amamus.
All
men
We
love.
Amare est jucundum. Amare patriam est decorum.
To love is pleasant. To love one's country
loves.
love
life.
is
honourable.
A simple sentence may, however, consist of a single word only because a Pronoun is the subject the latter is implied in the ending of the Verb, as amamus, "we love," not necessarily nos amamus.
if
But a simple sentence, though not the simplest sentence, may consist more than a subject and verb by the introduction of what is called an " The boy loves," if we object; as for example in our simplest sentence, of
69
NEW
70
EASY LATIN PRIMER.
whom or what the boy loves, will generally be in the Accusative, as
wish to say
we must add an
object,
which
Puer amat matrem. The boy loves his mother.
Thus we see that a simple sentence Verb, or Predicate, (3) an Object.
may
consist of (1) a Subject, (2) a
may be extended e.g. we may add An Adjective (say bonus) to puer An Adverb (say valde) to amat An Adjective (say car am) to matrem as
Of course any of these three elements 1.
2.
3.
;
;
;
:
Bonus puer valde amat caram matrem. The good boy greatly loves his dear mother. These Adjectives bonus and caram are called epithets (from two Greek " CTTI Ti6t)[ju, epi," on to, and "tithemi," I place), and qualify (or attribute some quality to) each of the Substantives, and hence are said to be in attribution to them.
words,
Valde
is
an Adverb
(i.e.
something added to the Verb) and
qualifies
The Adverb frequently increases or lessens the force of the Verb. Instead, however, of valde we might have had an adverbial egression, as magno studio (with great affection) the Verb amat
.
:
Bonus puer amat magno studio caram matrem,
Note that the Object is so generally in the Accusawe speak of the Accusative or Object.
tive case that
We have already learned that most Verbs take the Accusative after them, but we have also learned that some take other cases as ;
(a)
(b)
Puer potitur pecunise (gen.). The boy gains possession of money. Puer paret matri (dat.). The boy obeys his mother.
A SIMPLE SENTENCE. (c)
Puer utitur cultro
The boy uses
(abl.).
his knife.
We can
extend a sentence also by putting in some other Substantives we already have, and these second Substantives are then said to be in apposition.
which
refer to the Substantives
dux amat Acbaten comitem. JEneas the leader loves Achates his attendant.
Here dux
is
in apposition to &neas, and comitem in apposition to
Achaten.
Again instead of a single we sometimes have a double object. One is then called the nearer object, and is put in the Accusative case, the other the remoter object, and is put in the Dative as :
;
Puer dat librum matri. The boy gives a book to
These remarks do not apply from copula, a link, as Puer Puer
to the
est bonus. fit vir.
Vir nascitur poeta.
his mother.
Verbs which are called Copulative
The boy is good. The boy becomes a man. The man is born a poet.
For in these sentences the word linked or joined to the subject and completing the sense, is called the complement (or completion), both copula
and complement forming the predicate. PBEDICATE. Subject. Vir.
Copula. Nascitur.
Complement. Poeta.
Of course the ways of enlarging a simple sentence might be multiplied in a greater degree.
*#* Reference
is
made
in the following pages to the Public This is the meaning of the figures The more important of these rules are
School Latin Primer Rules. that follow each rule.
also given in full in Latin
and English in
parallel
columns
on pp. 192-206.
FOUR GENERAL RULES, A.
A
FINITE
in
Number and
Verb agrees with Person.
Nominative Case
its
88.
Rex pugnat.
Nospugnamus.
Reges pugnant.
Etc., etc., etc.
B.
An
Adjective agrees with Gender, Number, and Case.
its
Substantive
in
89.
Fortis rex "hsibet peritum ducem.
c.
A
Substantive
with which Rex,fortis
it is
vir,
put in the
is
in apposition.
pugnat.
Bex
vincit
same Case as that 90. ducem, fortem virum.
Filius regis, sapientis viri, pugnat. I).
A Eelative agrees with its Antecedent in everything ; i.e.
in
Gender, Number, and Per son. 91.
Bex,
quern, regina amavit, Begina, quam rex amavit, Vidi regem qui ibat, etc.
Bex amabit
te,
O
ibat, etc.
ibat, etc.
feraina, quce 72
amas reginam.
THE VERB AND
THE VERB AND
ITS
ITS
73
NOMINATIVE OR SUBJECT.
NOMINATIVE OR SUBJECT.
I.
VI.
Every finite Verb must have a Nominative Case as its Sub-
If the Nominative Case or Sub-
93.
ject.
Rex
(as lieges pugnant.
pugnat.
II.
Persons
jects are of different tu
Ego
the
ille),
Verb
(in
Number
the Plural
of course) will agree with the First Per-,
This Nominative Case or Sub-
son rather than with the Se-
ject need not always be put
cone/,and with the Second rather
but
is
in,
understood.
than with the Third.
Pugnat (understand ille.) Pugnant (understand illi.)
Ego
Tu
et tu
92, l.
pugnamus.
et ille pugnatis.
III.
The Verb must agree with
VII.
its
or Subject in Number (Sing, or PI.) and in Per-
Nom. Case
son (First, Second, Third). 88. Nos pugnawws. Ego pugno. Tu pugnas. Vos pugnafo's. Illi pugnant. Hie pugnat IV.
Sometimes an Infinitive Mood is the Nominative Case or Subject to a Verb, which Infinitive
Mood HO,
in for the sake of
emphasis or
distinction.
Ego pugno, 1
distinction between " J" and "we," would be simply pug no, fugimus.
V. or
Number
will
have a
Verb in the Plural Number. Rex
et
improbum.
Sometimes a clause
dux pugnant.
92.
is
the No-
minative Case or Subject ; and this is also looked upon as a 156, 3.
Celare suas culpas mentiendo est im-
probum.
IX.
Though
more Substantives of
the Singular
est
VIII.
Neuter Substantive.
tu fugis.
Nos pugnaraus, vos fugitis. But " I fight,' " we flee," without any
Two
Neuter Gender.
I. 26, 4.
Mentiri
When
a Pronoun (ego, tu, ille, nos, vos, illi) is the Nominative Case or Subject, it is only put
then considered a Sub-
is
stantive in the
all
it
has been stated that
Verbs have a Nominative
Case or Subject, yet there are Impersonal Verbs,of which more will
be said (see page 106,107)
NEW EASY
74
LATIN PRIMER.
THE ADJECTIVE AND SUBSTANTIVE, I.
The use
of the Adjective is to describe the nature of the Substantive with which it goes, i.e., it " qualifies the Substantive." II.
The Adjective
(including the Participle and Adjective Pronoun, which partake of the nature of the Adjective) agrees with the Substantive in Gender, Number, and Case i.e., if the Substantive
be of the Masculine Gender, the Adjective must be Masculine the Substantive be of the Singular Number, the Adjective
;
if
must be Singular if the Substantive be in the Nominative Case, the Adjective must be in the Nominative, &c. ;
Rex laudat/j/^m
Bonus rex regit civcs. Boni reges regunt cives.
Bex
Bonus rex
ducerc.
laudat fortes duces.
regit cives.
rex being Masculine, bonus is Masculine rex being Singular, bonus is Singular rex being Nominative, bonus is Nominative
Boni reges regunt
cives.
reges beiug Masculine, boni is Masculine reges being Plural, boni is Plural
reges being Nominative, boni
Eex
laudat fortem
is
Nominative.
ducem
ducem being Masculine, fortem is Masculine ducem being Singular, fortem is Singular ducem being Accusative, fortem is Accusative. III.
If the Adjective, however, has to
the Feminine
;
go with Substantives, which are
agrees with the Masculine rather than but in things without life it will often be put in
of different Genders,
the Neuter Gender.
it
92 (a.)
92, 2.
Hex Labor (m)
et rcgina snnt
et ignavia (f.)
bom.
sunt dissimillima (n
)
IV. Adjectives are ofcen used by themselves as Substantives to present either persons or things, 156, as Multi,
miny mei\
Multa, miny things. Vera dicere est liouestum.
re-
THE RELATIVE AND ANTECEDENT.
AVPOSITION.
75
APPOSITION.
When
two Substantives come
a Substantive placed (in meanby the side of another
together representing the same thing, they are put in the same
Substantive.
Case.
To
90.
Reges, fortes viri, pugnant. Rex amat reginam, bonam femi-
nam. Filius regis,/oris viri, pugnat. Rex dat ensem duci, bono viro.
Rex
utitur ense, acuto telo.
But the two Substantives need not necessarily be of the same
Number
or Gender.
called
is
from appono,
Apposition
to
explain this Reges, fortes
place beside
viri,
pugnant
As
reges and viri are both of them evidently the same persons referred to put in apposition, or placed by
the side of each other they are both of them in the same Case, the Nominative.
Rex Here
Tixit Thebis tnagno oppido. Dedit regi ensem, donum reginse.
This
ing)
dat ensem duci, bono viro.
viro, referring to duci, is put
in the
In the
same Case as duci (Dative), (Bex utitur ense,
last sentence
&c.) it is very plain that telo refers to ense; it is therefore put in the
came Case as ense
(Ablative).
THE RELATIVE AND ANTECEDENT. I.
I.
The
Eel alive means the Relative
Pronoun " or
refers
qui," which relates to some person or
to
its
Antecedent as possible.
Many boys
The
thing mentioned before.
The
Antecedent
means
the
who
will
person or thing mentioned be-
from
fore
ante,
before,
and
cedo, to go.
The
and Antecedent are most difficult for
Relative
doubtless
young
boys
to
understand,
chiefly because, in whatever Case the Relative Pronoun is, it
Verb
to
cause
it
make
come before sense,
its
and be-
has to be taken as near
parse
fecit hoc,
boij
did
this,
not be able to parse Quod puer fecit, Which the boy did,
though both contain simply a Nominative Case, a Verb, and an Accusative Case.
They
will
stumble at the latter because they have to take the Accusative
Case
first.
II.
must, according to the Eng-
lish language,
will
Puer
This Relative Pronoun agrees (see p. 31). with its Antecedent
(i.
e. t
the word to which
NEW
76
it
EASY LATIN PRIMER.
refers) in everything but Case.
91.
Paupereg, quorum boni miserentur, sunt grati (thankful).
Morbus, cui medicus
Eex, qui amavit reginara, ibat, &c. Kegina, qua amavit regem, ibat, &c. Eeges, quos regina ainavit, ibant, &c. Eegina, quam rex amavit, ibat, &c. Eex amavit te, femina, quss amas
reginam.
Ensis,
quo rex
utitur, est acutus.
Eex, cui dux dat ensem, est fortis. Eex, cujus ensis est acutus, est fortis. Eex, a quo civitas
Taking the Res., qui
Milites,
amavit reginam,
gubernatur, est
fortis.
sentence
first
medetur, est
gravis.
ibat, &c.
quibuscum dux
ibat,
sunt
fortes.
rex beiug Sing., qui is also Sing. rex beiug Mas., qui is also Mas.
In the sentences given above it will be seen that in turning
rex being 3rd Per., qui is also 3rd Per.
them
But though
rex
is
Nom. and
Nom.,
qui
is
Nom. is
the
to the
Nom.
Verb
ibat,
and qui
into English the Relative Pronoun, in whatever case it is taken before its Verb, is,
that its
which
to amavit.
may come
it
Antecedent it
as near to
word
the
refers
as
to
possible,
as
Taking the fourth sentence Regina,
quam
The sword, which
rex amavit, ibat, &c.
Regina being Fem,,quam is also Fern. Begina being Smg.,quam is also Sing.
But reyina is
Nom. quam
to is
Nom. and quam
is
because regina
Ace.,
the
Verb
is
ibat
the
which Ace.
The
poor, whom the good whom Gen. after pity.
The
disease, which the physician, which Dat. after heal.
The sword, which which Abl.
amavit,
Again The king, &c. to
in.
The
The Case of the Relative Pronoun may be any Case which the Verb governs, as
The
dux habet,
pity, &c.
&c.
the king uses, &c.
after uses.
and
the Ace. after the Verb
Ensis, quern
the leader has,
after has,
est acutus
to
wliom the leader
whom
gives,
Dat. after gives.
king, whose sword is sharp, &c. whose Gen. of the possessor.
king, by whom the state Abl. after a.
is,
&c.
whom The
soldiers,
with
whom
the general,
&c.
whom
Abl. after
cum.
THE VERB -AND
THE VERB AND
OR OBJECT.
ITS ACCUSATIVE
OR OBJECT.
ITS ACCUSATIVE
II.
I.
Transitive Verbs
All
ordinary take an Accusative case after
action in the
them, which Accusative Case called the nearer object.
The word
Transitive
Here
made
is
up of two Latin words, trans, and eo, to go. To our
across,
it will
present purpose over,
passing
when spoken
and
erns
signify
means,
of a Verb, that
the action of the over to the
it
I
Sto,
Verb
passes
Noun which
gov-
Verb
there
to
is
no
pass over
stand.
Arbor crescit, tlie tree grows. Avis volat, the bird flies.
95, 96.
landat ducem,
when
implying not)
is
Eex
77
can be seen that
it
stand*,
grows, flies are Intransitive, for there is no action to pass over.
We
need put no Substantive
after
them
to
Intransitive
make
sense.
Verbs then (as a rule)
take no Case.
Verbs
Intransitive called
are
also
Neuter.
it.
The
By an
ordinary Transitive Verb,
then,
is
meant a Verb after you can place some
which
Common
Substantive to
mon
following are some comNeuter or Intransitive
Verbs Cado, Cubo,
com
Curro,
plete the sense, as
I fall. I
lie
J
I sit. J stand. Vivo, I live. Sedeo,
down,
run.
Sto,
III.
I touch.
Neuter Verbs, however, do take an Accusative after Som.e
This will take any such com-
mon
word, as
ink,
book, cat, dog, house, &c.
In
table, chair,
other words,
action in touch
on
pen,
there is an which passes
to table, chair, pen, ink, &c,
them, but only an Accusative of some particular word which is
of like meaning
with
the
Verb.
Lndo aleam. Servio servitutem. Vivo vitam.
II.
This Accusative
A
Verb
that
is,
is
call
not
Intransitive
Transitive
(in
is
called the
Accusative of kindred meaning. 97
78
NEW EASY LATIN
PRIMER.
THE NOMINATIVE AFTER THE VERB. Although most verbs take after them an Accusative Case, after some a Nominative appears, a full list of
It will
which will be found on
They 2.
which
that
completes the sense.
are
Examples
Copulative Verbs. The Passive of those Verbs which in the Active are called Factitive
fit
videtur
Verbs.
N.B.
or
Complement,
p. 156 of P.S.L.P.
1.
be seen that after these
Verbs a Nominative appears> which must be regarded as a
dux.
habetur appellatur
These words
Factitive, &c.
Copulative, are explained, see
P.S.L.P. p. 176,
and
fest vocatur
p. 75.
Nemo nascitur
The Copulative Verbs
sapiens.
Poeta evadit orator.
I.
are
III.
Sum, I am.
When, however,
I become. Appareo, I appear. Existo, I stand forth. Audio, I am called. Maneo, I remain. Nascor, J am born. Videor, J seem. Evado, I turn out. Fio,
Verb
is
the Copulative
in the Infinitive,
and
is
preceded by an Accusative, its Complement will also be in the Accusative. es? e
Dicunt regem
( \
& e *v 1
)
(
vocari
)
rducem.
II.
The following are the passive of some of the principal Facti-
Dicunt poetam evadere oratorem. i
The Latin Primer
Rule for
'
live
Verbs I am esteemed. I am thought. Nominor, J am named. Habeor,
Existimor.
lam called. am said. J am created.
Appellor, Dicor, J Creor,
this
is:
"Copulative
whether finite or
infinite,
Verbs,
gene-
rally have a Complement agreeing with the Subject ;" but this
requires some such explanation as we have given above.
THE GENITIVE AFTER THE VEEB.
79
THE GENITIVE AFTER THE VERB. V.
I.
Some Verbs the
Genitive
127
signifies
Nature
followed
by
Sum when
it
are
Eegis est
Misereor Miseresco
Token
Duty
the nature) eirare. is the duty} imperare
(it is
(it
miseresco,
7
135.
pily.
(b)
Function
ITomirus est
and
Misereor
)
|P^P^m.
Miseror, commiseror, take an Accusative
VI.
recte
Memini, reminiscor, recorder,
II. it
Interest,
Refert, 129.
imports.
concerns.
it
I remember 133
These also take an Ace. (seep.83). VII.
&c.
Warning,
Piget,
These, as well as a Genitive case of the chaige, take an Accusative of the
I
it
irJcs; it
Poanitet,
disgusts; Miseret,
ducem ignavice. cotderanat ducem multo?'tt??& accusat
I
*
ducem ignavice. admouet ducem pristine absolvit
fortunes.
P^et
Wanting, ing (and
of
Abounding,
Potior).
Depriv-
119
(
C eget 6 CI< pecunice.
j *
potitur urbis. liberat ducem culpce.
Rex
-
it
(b)
These also take an Ablatv, see p.
(
poaaitet I
tsedet
shames;
Ta?det, moves pity
it
an Ac134.
\
pudet
[
scelerwm (crimes.)
)
miseret pauperww.
These sentences
Enriching,
ako
Regew Eegem
rv.
Many Verbs
it
;
cusative (see p. 82).
sceltrwm. I
Pudet, repents
take a Genitive with
Ubjtct (seep. 12;.
Kex
'
oblivisuitur
133.
suarum culparum.
I
recordatur
III.
/
v
reininiscitur
Bex
Verbs of Accusing, Acquitting,
I forget
obliviscor,
meminit
Regis interest regere recte. Kegt's ref ert regere recte.
Condemning,
;
(a).
literally ren-
dered, are It irks,
it
shames,
it
repents,the king,
but in construing, the Accusative should be taken first, as if it
were a Nominative.
The king repents, &c., of his crimes.
NEW EASY
80
LATIN PRIMER.
THE DATIVE AFTER THE VERB. I
I.
Some Verbs
are
followed
the
Dative.
may
be remembered
the
in
Henry's
Many
by
of these if
studet
(is
eager after)
:
Rex
indulget (indulges in) dolori. II.
Verbs compounded with
remember pray,
After envy, spare, obey,
bene, male, satis, re,
Persuade, believe, command; to these Add pardon, succour, and displease; With vacare "to have leisure," Andplacere "to have pleasure," With nubere (of the female said),
ad, ante, con, in, inter, de, ob, sub, super, post et praa.
The English
of it is
"to wed
Senefacit (does good to) ^ mafedicit (speaks ill of)
;''
sa^sfacit (satisfies)
Servire add, and add studere,
resistit (resists)
Heal, favour, hurt, resist, aud indul-
to) antece\l\t (surpasses) confidit (trusts in)
104, 105, 106.
Juvo I please, Isedo J hurt, Jubeo I order govern an Ace. governs an Ace. (or Dative)
N.B.
infert bellum
Rex
.
(wages
war on)
{
duci,
interdicit (forHds) bel-
finvidet(envies)
lum
parcit spares)
f&trahit
paret (obeys)
from) pecuniam o&stat (opposes)
persuadet (persuades) /
(takes
subvemt
credit (believes)
ex
(keeps close
acZhaeret
ge.
j>
tha
106 (a.)
following Particles
A Dative put,
literis.
Medicus medetur (heals) morbo.
learned
following rhyme (See " First Latin Book,"
(pp. 62, 63)
Rex
away
(assists)
supertuit
(has
out-
lived)
imperat (commands) ignoscit (pardons)
prcestsit
succurrit (succours)
to)
(is
superior
displicet (displeases)
placet (pleases) favet (favours)
nocet (hurts) resistit (opposes) vacat (has leisure for) philo{
Rex
Rex
jpostfert libertati.
Many
(sacrifices)
Verbs,
Jiowever,
suas opes
so
pounded are construed with
com-
the Ac-
Regina nubit (marries) regi.
cusative or with the Case of their own Preposition the Preposition
Rex
being of course repeated.
sophic. servit
(is
the slave of) duci.
THE ABLATIVE AFTER THE VERB. III.
Sum, with
its
III.
compounds 107
cept possum..
ex-
I am in, or upon. I take part in. Obsum, I am against, injure. Prresum, I am at the head of. Prosum, I am serviceable.
am
Rex
take a Dative.
for habeo,
(c.) to
V.
Sum and
dud.
other Verbs are some-
times followed by two Datives,
one being used as a Complement, the other being the Dative of the Recipient. 108.
dud.
o&fuit
107
Est mifii pater There is a father me; i.e., J have a father.
abest regince. adest dud. interimt prcsliis.
*
to) regi.
when used
unde?.
est causa doloris
wanting
IV. fat, sunt y
Intersum,
I survive.
(is
by.
Insum,
Subsum, I
Virtus deest
Magna fortitude inerat dud. Dux subest arbori.
(b).
Absum, I am absent. Adsum, I am present, stand Desum, I am wanting.
Supersum,
81
preztmt exerdtui. prodesi multis.
Mare
est exitio nautis destruction to sailors.
8uperl\\\i regince.
The
sea
is
(See p.
a .)
THE ABLATIVE AFTER THE VERB. II.
I.
Some Verbs
are
the Ablative. Fungor,
to
followed
by
119 (IX. a.)
Verbs of Abounding, Wanting, Enriching, Depriving.
perform.
Fruor, to enjoy. Utor, to use. Vescor, to eat (feed upon.) Potior, to get possession of. Dignor, to deem worthy. f ungitur
locupletavit (enriched) dti-
Rex
cem auro. fraudat (defrauds) cunid.
These also take a Gen.
utitur pecunia.
vescitur carne. potitur urbe. dignatur se honor e.
Potior takes P-79).
me
pe-
(p.79.).
m-unere ducis. III.
fruitur Victoria.
Hex
119 (b.)
abundat (abounds) divitiis. eget (is in need of) pecunid.
also
a Gen. (see
Verbs wben compounded with ex.
122 (a.)
abiit
(retired
Prepositions, ab, de, Consul
from Rex se
magistratu office.)
dejecit (threw himself
equo,
Dux
eanit
(went out
of)
domo.
down
NEW
82
EAST LATIN PRIMER.
VERBS WHICH TAKE TWO CASES. ACCUSATIVE AND GENITIVE. T.
Verbs of Accusing, Acquitting, Condemning, Warning. dncem
faccusat
o
I
1 I
ignavi<# (cowardice.)
conderanat ducein absolvit (acquits)
multorum scelenm*. dncem ignavi^.
admonet ducewt pristine fortuu^. II.
Figet. it
Pudet,
it
Poenittt, it repentt. Tsedf t, it disgusts.
irJcs.
shames. Miseret, it
moves pity. \
pudet
}$celerum
poenitet taadet
{piget
Regem
miseret pauperww.
ACCUSATIVE AND DATIVE. Verbs of Comparing, Giving, Restoring, Promising, Owing, PayWithdrawing.
irg, Telling, Threatening,
Rex
confer t
magwa
par vis. \
rt
ddit prBsm.\um
\
promittit preemiwra debet pecuniam solvit
f
duci
peouniaw
\
nnrrabat hcec
minatur
inoi
\em
detrahit pecunia?^
In
all
these sentences the Accusative
Object,
is
the Case of the nearer
and the Dative the Case of the remoter
Object.
VERBS WHICH TAKE EITHER OF TWO CASE3.
83
VERBS WHICH TAKE EITHER OF TWO CASES. GENITIVE OR ABLATIVE.
GENITIVE OR ACCUSATIVE. Memiui, J remember. Recorder, I remember.
See
Verbs of Abounding or Wanting, Enriching or Depriving, as also
I remember I forget.
Reminiscor, Obliviscor,
meminifc
/
reminiscitnr
recordatnr obliviscitur
pp.79.81.
potior.
suattem culparum (or ( 6Uascu as .) lp
) (
Rex eget pecuni^ (or pecnnW). Bex potitur urbz's (or urbe). Hex
I
liberal
ducem
VERBS WHICH TAKE A DOUBLE
TWO ACCUSATIVES
culpce
CASE.
TWO ACCUSATIVES-
PER-
SON AND THING.
OBJECT AND COMPLEMENT,
Verbs of Asking, Teaching, Entreating, Demanding, Admon-
of making, Verbs Thinking, &c.
Calling,
ishing, Concealing. /
Rex
rogavit hoc ducem. docuit filittm literas.
fecit
I
I
poscit
ducem
militem dncem.
urbem Eomam ducem siultum
vocavit
orat te "hoc,
I
1 putat
pace?7t.
monuit ducem. ea. ea ducem.
V celavit
TWO Sum
with other words.
Filius est dedecori raatri
Vertis id vitio mihi
DATIVES.
The son
You impute
a disgrace to his mother. as a fault to me.
is
it
NEW
84
EAST LATIN PRIMER.
ADJECTIVES AND THEIR CASES. should be noted hero, that although logically the construction or Cases with Verbs and Adjectives ought to be considered under one head, it has been found convenient in this very elementary work to treat the Verbs and It
Adjectives apart.
,
Adjectives, like Verbs, take certain give them in the following order.
Cases after them.
We
will
1
.
2. 3.
4.
Those Those Those Those
which take the Genitive. which take the Dative. whiqji take the Ablative.
which take the Genitive or Ablative.
THE GENITIVE AFTER THE ADJECTIVE. I
The Genitive
the Thing Measured follows words denoting such as satis, parwn, &c., and Neuter Adjectives, such quantity, as aliquid, muJtum, &c. 131. of
Rex habet satis sapientia (sufficient wisdom*) Rex habet multum pecunics (much money.") II.
Adjectives which signify skill,
knowledge,
desire,
fear,
care,
memory,
power,
innocence,
and
their contraries
take a Genitive after
132
(I.),
133
them
/peritus belli. negligens (regardless of) cupidus laudis.
x est
<
(IT.)
officii.
potens (master of) sui conscius recti. .
inemor
,
.
leneficii.
timidus mortis. ^insons mendacii (falsehood)
ADJECTIVES AND THEIR CASES.
85
THE DATIVE AFTER THE ADJECTIVE. Adjectives which signify advantage, disadvantage,
pleasure,
likeness,
submission,
unlikeness,
nearness, &c.,
take a Dative after them.
displeasure, <&e.
105, 106.
utilis patriiz, iuutilis exercitui.
similis deo, dissimilis patri.
Ilex est
gratus omnibus.
supplex regince. fiuitimus (near
akin
to)
pootos
THE ABLATIVE AFTEK THE ADJECTIVE. L
II.
The following Adjectives take an Ablative
119 (IX. a)
As
also
the
opus and usus Opus
est
mihi pecunit.
Uaiis est miLi pecunid.
dignus, worthy ; indignus, unworthy ; coutentus, contented ; fretus, relying ; praeditus,
J
endued.
Substantives 119 (IX. a).
III.
Adjectives which take a Geni live or Ablative. 119 (IX. b.) abounding, wanting,
dignus culpd.
ex est / i n dig nus laude. \conteni\isparvo,
enriching,
virtute.
depriving.
Ten a Rex
fretus divitiis abiit
Eex
est dives
est expers
eqi(orum (or equis).
metus
(or metu).
NEW EASY
86
LATIN PROIElt.
DIFFERENT USES OF CASES. We have given the Cases as they come after Verb or Adjective. We proceed Cases,
now
and
to consider
some
of the different uses of the different
to give examples.
NOMINATIVE. IV.
I.
The Nominative
as Subject. 93.
Hex pugnat.
Nominative, with Comparative. Ferrum
quam
II.
Nominative put in Apposition. 90.
est durius
Nominative
cera.
after certain
Verbs
(see p. 78).
Rex,filius ducis, pugnat.
VOCATIVE.
III.
Nominative used in exclamations with or without an Interjection.
The Vocative
138.
never
In/and iin ! Unutterable ! Ecce nova turba ! Lo I a new turbance
after
quam,
124, xiv. (i.)
out
is
the
of
said to stand
sentence,
as
it
depends on any word.
137. dis-
Eex, pugnas.
1
ACCUSATIVE. III.
I.
Accusative of .Respect. Accusative
as
Infinitive.
93
Subject of the
Hex Hex
(2).
100.
tremit artus. est
nudus
lacertos,
IV.
Scio regem pugnare,
Accusatives used in ExclamaThis will be fully explained in another place (see p. 100).
N.B.
tions with or \vithout jection.
Me II.
Accusative put in Apposition. 90.
En
laudat
ducem,fortem virum.
miserum, ivretched me 1 quatuor aras Lo,four altars !
I
V. Accusative, Duration of Time 102
Rex
an Inter-
138.
(1).
Hex
regnavit duos annos.
DIFFERENT USES OF CASES.
87
VI.
VIII.
Accusative, Measure of Space.
Accusative oi Place Whither*
102
101.
(2).
Eex Muri erant duos pedes
ivit
Bee Ablative of Measure,
IX.
p.
with quam,
Accusative,
Accusative, after certain
Ecx
dixit
after
124 (xiv. 2) Comparative. Puto mortem leviorem quam dede-
VII.
positions (see
Eomam.
alti.
Pre-
cus.
list, p.58).
Accusative
after
Transitive
Verbs, as already mentioned.
contra spem.
GENITIVE. HI.
I.
Genitive
the
of
Possessor.
Author and
Ablative
127.
(see p.
88
may
be
used
also
.)
IV.
Bex
est filius
duds.
Elliptic Genitives.
n. Genitive
put
in
Apposition.
Pluris, est filius ducis, fortis viri.
HI. Genitive
of
Epithet.
128
Rex
(a.)
Magni, of great value. of more value. Plurimi, of high value. Tanti, of so great value orprice.
90.
Rex
(128)
Parvi, of little value. Minoris, of less value. Minimi, of very little value.
Quality
^
(with
Quanti, of what price. Maxiini. of very great price. ex em ^ ^ un ^um magni, at a great price.
(II.)
after
Genitive
est vir vnagnce fortitudinis.
(see
certain
DATIVE. I.
Dative in Apposition.
Eex
90.
dat librum duci, forti viro II.
With the exclamations, He mihi
hei, alas! vse, !
Verbs
p.79.)and Adjectives.
Vaa regi
woe !
139.
I
III.
Dative after certain Verbs (see p.so).
104, 105, 106.
NEW
88
EAST LAT1X PRIMER.
ABLATIVE. VII.
I.
Rex
Manner
Ablative of
90.
Ablative in Apposition.
(c )
Rex
utitur ense, telo acuto.
Excepting in a few phiases Ablative of
II.
quires
Manuer without Epithet cum.
Ablative after ibe Comparative 124 (XIV.)
VIII.
degree.
Rex
re-
1
est fortior duce.
Ablative of Condition,
Rex
est fortis
mea
(d.)
sententia.
in. Ablative
after
certain
PrepoAblative of Quality with Epi-
122 (XII.)
sitions (see list).
thet,
Dux
dicebat cor
am rege.
(e.)
Rex After
est
some when compounded. Rex
afciit
benigno vultx.
X.
magistrate.,
Ablative of Respect.
( /. )
IV.
Rex augitur of
Ablative tbe
(is distressed)
animo.
Agent takes
tbe
a,
Preposition,
ab.
XL
122
CXIT. 6).
Ablative of Price,
(g.)
j
Rex
culpatur
a regind.
Bex emit funduui magna pecunia.
V.
XII.
Ablative of Cause (a.)
Rex
est
bonus amore
virtutis.
Ablative of Measure,
Murus
erat
latua
pede
(/t.)
(a
foot
broad.)
VI.
XIII. Ablative
of
the
M
Instrument. Ablative of Matter.
Rex
dcfendit se
manibus
(/.)
Cibus ducis constat carne, &c.
ON CASES INDEPENDENT OF VERB OR ADJECTIVE. XVII.
XIV. Ablative of Time
IP/**;*?
Rex pugnavit hieme. Rex veuiet biduo (in two Romulus
89
120(X.)
The Ablative of Place without
days').
a
the question
paucis annis ante Numam, multis annis post Ilonievixit
121
is
Preposition, 13 y
is
put
when
ichut road /
(XI. A.)
mm. Rex*ibat. pvsecipiti via.
XV. Where?
Ablative of Place
(XI
121
A)
XVIII.
See Locative Case, below. Ri-x vixit Neapoli et postea Thebis. Ternpla patent (are open') tota urbe.
Ablative Absolute.
Urbe condita, Romulus factus
XVI. Ablative of a question
is
Rex So
fugit
est
rex.
Town when
Whence
(125)
the
This Ablative
121 (XI. 0.)
?
ever, we
Boma.
also with cZorao
and rure.
Absolute,
must explain
how-
at greater
length.
LOCATIVE CASE. I.
See Latin Primer. Place
word be
Where"
is
121 (B, a.)
put in a Case resembling the Genitive Singular if tho Second Declension, Singular Number; if not, in a
of the First or
Case resembling the Ablative.
II.
Like to the above are used. humi, on the ground. Coaii, at home.
121 (B, belli
militias
run, in the country.
Hex
est foitis
domi
et
6).
|
/
at the
wars
NEW
90
EAST LATIN PRIMER.
ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE.* The Latin Piimer Rule follo\YS
A
is
as
:
Substantive combines with a Parti-
which
ciple in the Ablative
is called
as a Substantive), and sometimes the Relative Pronoun.
EXAMPLE
eodern
quondam et grues.
1.
Adveniente
Absolute.
"In
prato pascebantur anseres
domino
prati,
grues,'
&c., &c.
Now this requires some explanation which a teacher will always supply
when
possible pupil or class. people take up the
viva voce to his
But some study
of
without
Latin
but that help Hence Books.
any derived from
many
tions in theAuthor's
explana-
Books
will,
of course, be passed over by those who, in a much better
way,
will
make
the explanation
by word of mouth.
Take the Ablative Case of the Substantive as if it were a Nominative by which I mean, take putting any sign before it
without and then
it
take the Participle either directly, or as 30071 after as you can.
must be
It
noted, however, not always a Sulstanthat is used but sometimes
tive
it is
;
may be an
it
*
N.B.
Adjective (used
Absolute,
i.e-
the Rule given. Take the Ablative Case of the Substantive,
domino, but put no sign to it " the saying, Domino, master;" t;
prati,
of the field
" ;
and then
the Participle (which you will find in the Ablative Case, ad " " The vi'niente, coming up." master of the field coming up, the cranes (easily flaw away)." "
EXAMPLE
In turning Latin into English, the rule for construing is this :
that
The Latin words in italics form an Ablative Absolute. Follow
2. Mures aliquando habuerunt consilium quomodo a fele caverent. Multis aliis propositis,
omnibus placuit," &c.
Multis
aids
propositis
is
an
Ablative Absolute in the Plural
Number. There isno Substantive to take, but there are two Adjectives. So we take mullis a^'/s,put-
ting no sign before it, and say, Multis aliis, "many other things;" propositisjz&'vmg been proposed 2ilacuit, "it
pleased," &c.,&c.,&c.
released (absolutus) so to speak from government.
ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE.
EXAMPLE mortem filios
3.
sibi
"
Agricola senex quum propinquare sentiret,
convocavit, quos, ut
fieri solet,
iuterdum discordare noverat,
allatis, filios hortabatur, &c. &c.
allatis
is
an Ablative
(agreeing with virgultis, underbefore stood), putting no sign " which " and ; it, say, Qidbus,
having been brought ;" u he exhorted," &c.
hortabatur,
Sometimes instead of a Participle
another
an Adjective)
Substantive is
Hex, hostibus
(or
If you
Casar, being our leader,
are
my
leader
may be an
Care must be taken not to put Case a Substan-
in the Ablative
having a participle agreeit when it forms the
tive
ing with
Verb.
subject of the Caesar, being
made
consul, departed
we
must not put the words made Consul as an
CcBsar being shall
more diffito use when knowing be
domum,
Te duce, vincam.
Ablative Absolute
we should will
bit
Ablative Absolute.
We
conquer.
culty in
red
victis,
used.
Ccesare duce vincemus.
There
Ablative Absolute, as
If you are my leader, I shall conquer.
Absolute, the Relative Pronoun We take quibus being used.
allatis,"
therefore be put into an
may
et fas-
cem virgultorum afferri jussit. Quibus
Quibus
91
we
if
;
did,
"
leave
departed" without any Nominative Case.
still
an Ablative Absolute in turning
Csesar factus
consul,
facto consule)
(not
Casara
abiit.
English into Latin.
If,
The King, when he has conquered his enemies, will return home.
Ccesar, his enemies being conquered,
Here
it
is
said that the
King
do a certain thing after another thing has been done
will
that he will return
home when
he has conquered his enemies when he has conquered his enemits ;
however, we say
;
departed.
we can put
his enemies
being
conquered into
an Ablative Ab-
solute
hostibus), as
does tive
Verb.
(victis
not
form
Case or
the
it
Nomina-
Subject
to the
NEW EASY
LATIN PRIMER.
QUAM AFTER THE COMPARATIVE DEGREE. " There are two ways of expressing the word " than Latin aft.T a comparative degree (124 xiv.). I.
word quam, which is followed by any things compared being in the same case.
By
the
Iron
Ferrum
is
in
case, the
harder than wax.
est durius
quam
cera.
They say that iron is harder than wax. Dicunt ferrum esse duriorem quam ceram. Sooner forget injuries than kindnesses. Citius obliviscere injuriarum quam leneficiorum. II.
By
the Ablative case, Iron
quam being
is
Ferrum
left out.
harder than wax.
est durius cera (Abl.).
I think that death is lighter than disgrace. Puto mortem esse leviorem dedecore.
But in comparison with cases other than the Nominative or Accusative quam must be used, as also where its omission would cause any ambiguity. I his
is
Hoc I have
more useful est utilius
lost
is
Est
me than
quam
to you. tibi.
more money than you (have).
Ego amisi
He
to
mihi
plus pecuniae
quam
tu.
richer in lands than in servants.
ditior agris
quam
ministris.
SEQUENCE OF TENSES.
93
SEQUENCE OF TENSES. One very important thing
for a
boy
remember
to
is
the proper
Sequence of Tenses.
The
Present,
" have"), are followed Future, and Perfect (with
by Present or Perfect Subjunctive, or Future Participle in rus with bim.
The
Imperfect,
and Perfect are followed by Imper-
Pluperfect,
fect or Pluperfect Subjunctive,
or
Futwe
Participle in
rus with
Essem.
Queero, 1 ask.
\
Quseram, 1 will ash.
>
Quaesivi, 1
have asked.
Quid aga?, what you are doing. Quid egeris, what you did or have done. Quid acturus sis, what you are going to do.
}
Quserebam, I was asking.
\
Qusesivi, 1 asked.
(
,
1
had
asked.
}
Quid ageres, what you were doing. Quid egisses, what you had done. Quid acturus esses what you were about )
Let these points also bo noted. Dicit se amare, he says that he is loving. Dixit se amare, he said that he was loving.
Dicit se amavisse, he says that he Dixit se amavisse, he said that he
Polliretur se
amahmrm
Pollicitus est se
e?se,
amaturum
.
has loved, or loved.
had
loved.
he promises that he will love. he promised that he wculd love-
etse,
to do.
NEW
94
EASY LATIN PRIMER.
INFINITIVE MOOD. IV
1.
The Verb
Infinite consists
of
Verb -Nouns. (1.)
The
is
what
Infinitive.
(3.)
The Gerunds The Supines
(4.)
Participles.
(2.)
It
which supply cases to
used is
Obliquely (or in as Enuntiatio
known
Obliqua)
with
Subject.
140
Accusative (3);
93
oi
(2).
Iii-
fiuiiive.
Aiunt terram esse rotundara.
See Latin Primer, 45 (II.) II.
The
Infinitive
V.
with
the
Ge-
runds, Participles, and Supine in itm, governs the same cases as the Verb Finite.
Dux Dux
142 (HI.)
vult obedire rtiagistro.
It
is
used in narration for a
Finite Verb.
140
(2).
Fors omnia regere. Chance governed all things.
cupidus est obediendi magistro, III.
VI.
The
Infinitive
is
often
as a Substantive for the
native 140
or
Accusative
used
NomiCase.
(I.)
jective.
Discere (Norn ) est difficile.
Puer
dic't
(Ace.)
used to carry on the construction of a Verb or Ad-
It is
(calls
i
1
)
miserum mori
140
(4).
multa Puer paratus (ready) discere multa
Ptiir voluit discere
GEKUNDS AND SUPINES.
GERUNDS. IV.
I.
There are three Gerunds end-
The GmltivB Gerund
ing in dum, di, do, reckoned as part of the Verb Infinite, and,
to Substantives
141
mentioned above, forming as it were cases when the Inas
Substantive.
These Gerunds are 1.
didicit
Rex
est cupidus
artem scribendi. bene scribendi.
Accusative
iu
V.
The Dative Gerund Nouns and Verbs
II.
joined
(2).
Rex
declined as a Verbal
finitive is
is
and Adjectives.
called
is
joined to
141
(3.)
Puer dat ope ram discendo.
dum, Amandwm,
loving. 2. 3.
Genitive in di, AmantK, of loving. Dative or Ablative in do, Amando, to or for or by loving.
Accusative
Gerund
AbJativ3
or manner,
with a Preposition.
III.
The
The cause
Gerund
joined to Prepositions. 141 Puer natus est ad agendum.
Puer Puer
is (1.)
or
is
141
discit
docendo.
vincit
pugnando.
Reges rixantur
(quarrel)
of
used
is
(4.)
de spoli-
ando.
SUPINES. I.
II.
There are two Supines called 1. Supine in urn, Amatww, to love. 3.
Supine in u, Amatw, to be loved.
tive Passive of eo,
the
Passive.
Dux
141
to yo,
of the
Infinitive
forms
Future
(5 a.)
sperat proelia non
pugnatum iri
II.
The
in
Supine
Accusative
after
um
is
an
Verbs
of
motion it is thus equivalent to " ut" with the Subjunctive. ;
141
(5.)
Puer
This
it
used with Present
follows the in-
declinable Substantives/as,?7
opus
&
certain Adjectives,
an AbL of Respect. 141
(goes) dormitum,
Supine, which is the
III.
The Supine in u
m,
Infini-
&
is
(6.)
Difficile est dictu. It is difficult to say, or to be said, or
in saying.
NEW EASY
96
LATIN PRIMER.
PARTICIPLES. There are Four 1.
2.
Participles.
Present in ans or
Am ans,
The Participle in dus (Gerundive) is formed from the present Participle by throwing away s and adding dus, as amans, aman-
2.
I.
ens, as
dus
monens.
Participle in dus (the
Ge-
changing um into us, as araatum, amatws ; rectum, rectws. The Future Participle is formed
rundive), as Amano'ws. 3.
Perfect in
4.
us, as
from the Supine
Amattts. 4.
Future
ing
are
order
for
rus,
as
in
N.B.
It will
lie
seen that
"before
the
Participles can lie formed in this ivay the Supines must be known.
arranged in this the sake of their
II.
being more easily formed, as
These
follows
classed in another
1.
u by add-
amatw, amaturws;
rectw, recturws.
in rus, as
Amaturws.
They
regens, regencies.
;
The Perfect Participle is formed from the Supine in um by
2.
:
The Present Participle is formed from the present tense by chang-
Two
.
2.
Two
N.B. In the Second Congngation it will be by changing eo into ens, as moneo, monen*.
way
also
:
Active 1
ing o into ans or ens, as amo, rego, regens.
amans ;
are
Participles
Present in ans or ens. Future in rus.
Passive. 1. 2.
Perfect in us. Participle in dus.
THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE. I.
The
is
used
must not be used
to express a single instantaneous action, It
|
in Latin Prose to express con-
|
as
tinuous action, as
The boy went, carrying with him. Puer ibat gerens suos
II.
I
Present Participle
his books
libros secum.
That is, he was carrying his books all the time he was goiug.
Drawing his sword ( really, ''having drawn his sword"), the Icing attacked the enemy.
Euse
stricto
rex impetum
quum ensem ensem stiingens)
(or)
btrinxisset (not
fecit in hostes.
PARTICIPLES. III.
The
pupil will
2.
hardly require
the ending of the Present Participle, yet that a word
We learn by teaching. By teaching will, of course be the Ablative Gerund.
3.
"ing" and yet not be translated by a Present Parin
ticiple in
Latin, as
1.
PARTICIPLE IN BUS.
is
Learning
useful. here will be translated
Mood,
finitive
Of hunting be the Genitite Gerund, Venor the VenaSubstantive andi; tionis.
ing is
may end
The love of hunting. will
be reminded that though
to
97
Learning by the In-
This has been fully explained as
discere.
The Gerundive,
THE PERFECT PARTICIPLE
pp. 98, 99.
PASSIVE.
I.
The
Perfect Participle Passive
is
the one most frequently found in Latin, as
Amatus
Brutus having been made
consul, departed. CaBsar, Bruto facto consule, abiit.
loved, having
Par-
It is also the
been loved.
Ceesar,
generally used in Ablative Absolute.
the
ticiple
CcBsar having been
made
parted. Csesar factus consul
abiit.
consul de-
II.
We
must remember that Intrasitive Verbs have no Per/. Part. Pass., such as "ventus" from "venio," and that the Perf. Part, of a Depoment Verb, means having (and not having been), as usus, having used from utor.
FUTURE PARTICIPLE. II.
I.
The Future Part and
urus
in
"about
to,"
:
always ends
the English
"going
to,"
tending to, "and also simply Amaturue, to
love," "
"
is
"in' '
to"
" to love" going intending to love," or
to
form the Future
II.
Future
Part
:
is
used
Infini-
tive Active.
The boy said that he would come. dixit se venturum esse.
Puer
III.
about "
to love," with, of course, simply, a future meaning.
This
sum
This Future Part :
is
sometimes
used to express a purpose instead of ut with the Subjunctive.
The boy goes away
to consult his
father.
with the Infinitive of the
Verb
Puer
abit consulturus patrem.
G
KEW EAST
98
LATIN PRIMER.
THE GERUNDIVE. III.
The Gerundive is another name, and no doubt a more correct one, for the old-fashioned Parin
ticiple
It is
dus.
of like
form with the Gerund, hence the
name
Gerundive.
sometimes used
in
It
is
When turned
an
is
place of the
2.)
The gate must be shut. Porta claudenda est.
audiendi patrem. very desirous of hearing
Case after
may be
be taken. est.
The state must be ruled. itespublica regenda est
used.
We
put our Substantive in the case we want it to be (here
be the Genitive) and make our Gerundive agree
his father will
143.
it.
The food must Gibus sunieudus
but instead of
it,
this the Gerundive
est studiosus patris audiendi. interfeclus est iu liberandd
IV.
When
the Gerundive of neuter
or intransitive Verbs, as "live," " die," has to be used, it must
be used Impersonally in the neuter Gender with "est," and what might be supposed to be the Nominative
urbe.
This
144 (IV.
Accusative.
Here we have the Genitive Gerund with the Accusative
Puer
must
provided the Verb governs
tive,
his father.
Bex
we
Latin
est studioeus
The boy
with
into
generally use the Gerundive in agreement with the Substan-
Gerund Puer
the word must has to be
is
called
the
Gerundive
Attraction, and should only be used when the Verb governs
the Accusative.
H.
turned into (IV,
L
the
Case
"We must live well. Beue vivendum est nobis.
must live well. Beae vivendum c-st mihi. 1
He must live well. Beue vivenduiu est
Amandnsest, He
The boy must
be loved, is
meet
to be loved,
to be
a.)
The English of the Gerundive " is to " is with sum is be," meet to be," " must be." is to be loved,
is
Dative.
must
illi.
live well
Puero bene vivendum est
144
THE GERUNDIVE.
99 VII.
V.
When
the English Nominative ";
means ral"
it is
generally
We must
left
out
both the Latin and the English. We must labour. Laborandum est (aobis). The wicked must die.
live well.
Beae vivendum efat (nobis). We must die. Moriendum est (nobis).
VI.
comes from a Verb which governs the Dative Case (as credo), the sentence is a little more puzzling, as there will then be two DaIf this .Gerundive
the
in
tives
Dative
after
sentence
144 (IV.
1,
We must
the
Gerundive
the
(Agent) and the the Object after
Dative the
Let the pupil study well these sentences, of which we give
of
Verb.
Improbis
monendum
We must
believe.
Credendum est (nobis). We must believe the wise. Credendum est sapientibus.
We must read
(Dat. of Object). the book.
Liber legendus est nobis,
We must fear the wicked Improbi nobis tiinendi sunt. The wicked must fear. Improbis metueudum
the boys. Ignosceiiduin est pueris (Dat. of Object.)
&).
believe
good people.
Good people must be Credendum est nobis
believed by us. bonis homini-
bu3.
VIII.
" Must" and
"
where
instances of this kind, the sense would be
doubtful,
the
times
agent
is
some-
by a or ab
expressed with the Ablative, as
A
nobis credendum est bonis hominibus.
Sometimes, however, the agent may be left out (see v,) where its omission can cause no ambiguity, and the sentence stand,
Credcudum
est bonis hominilius.
ought," are to
be expressed in Latin, however, sometimes by the Impersonal
Verb in
est.
We must pardon
i.e.,
But
est.
We
oportet
ougbt
we must
to
"believe
you
Oportet DOS credere vobis.
Or by
necesse est, it is necessary,
We must obey
our parents. Necesse est nobis parere parentibus.
IX.
There are
yet,
however, other
senses in which must
and the Latin
is
used,
will therefore
be
altogether different You must hear me, i.e., nothing shall prevent your hearing me. Nihil obstabit quominus audias mp.
100
NEW
EASY LATIN PKIMER.
ACCUSATIVE CASE AND INFTNITIVE MOOD. This form of
As with the
that of the
it
one which
also
is
expression, like Ablative Absolute,
Ablative Absolute
be well to take this as
will
found in Latin, that the Pupil
beginners very slow to learn, but a few words of explanation and example should make it
Latin
plain.
enable him also to
are
This Accusative and Infinitive called Enuntiatio ( bliqua Oblique (Indirect) Enuncia-
is
or
tion,
or statement.
"The
of
an
Infinitive
is
having been just previously The
Subject of a Finite Verb Nominative."
the two examples
it
is
in a
This
will
know how
turn the Oblique Enunciainto Latin, though here
again the more will
difficult thing be to know when to use
Anni
fugiunt.
It
gives
Let us look
1,
2.)
first
;
Infinitive
Mood) with
the Accusative annos.
and
sentence,
how we ought
to construe
Vidernus
auctumno
the see it.
aves
in
alias
terras migrare. see that birds migrate into other
evident
Finite
the
carefully at
flee. is
example we have Verb (fugiunt) with and the Nominative (mini) the second example we in have the Infinitive Verb (Verb In the
use ut with the
lands in autumn.
flee,
(Latin Primer, 93.
to
Subjunctive Mood.
We Tears
Constat annos fugere. that years
in
con-
it
a
are
A
to
sees
Sentence.
following
stated that
And
to tion
how
learn
when he
it
and when
is
Subject put in the Accusative."
*
first
the Accusative and Infinitive,
The Latin Primer Rule
It
may strue
Here we have an Accusative Case (fives), and an Infinitive
Mood
(migrare).
We
take vide*
mus, according to the old, but
never-to-be-forgotten, rule " Take the Nominative Case, first,
and, if there
take the
Verb,
Nominative
;"
is
not one, in a
and put then
we
will
101
ACCUSATIVE CASE AND INFINITIVE MOOD. take
the
as
aves,
Accusative
Case, and Subject of the Infinitive Mood migrare ; before
we
the Accusative. Case,
the
in
put
most
will
then in
1.
important
word "THAT"; and, as migrare the
Present
we
Indicative
videmus,
They say (as a matter of fact that the earth is round. is certain (as a matter of fact) that the earth moves round the sun.
It
Constat TEEKAM MOVERI circum solem. 3.
We
believe
God
that
aves that birds migrare
see
the Accusative
Aiunt TEKRAM BSSE rotundam, 3.
Present Infinitive, we will construe it as if it were the Third Person Plural of the is
Latin
with Infinitive is used, as-^
(as a
the
is
matter of fact) Creator of all
things.
Credimus DEUM ESSB Creatoron
migrate.
omnium rerum. In
turning such a Sentence
into birds
We
Latin migrate,
we
that
see
leave
out
word "that" turn what might be the Nominative into the Accusative, and put the Verb in the Infinitive Mood the
;
instead
of,
as learners
might
think they were to do, using " ut " with the Subjunctive.
But here
sometimes
is
the
knowing when to use the Accusative and In" ut " finitive, and when to use difficulty
the
with the Subjunctive.
The
ex-
planation however that seems most satisfactory is
When
before the
word "
that
"
English you can insert the words "as a matter of fact,"
in
But we enter larly
into
more
this in
the
particufollow-
we ing pages, which with the word ** THAT."
for
however,
Reverting,
moment
to the
head
mode
a
of con-
struing such sentences as
we
have given, we see that in all these we have first to put in "that" take the the word Accusative Case as
if
a Nominative, then Infinitive it,
as
Mood and
if it
it
take
were the
construe
were the Indicative
And as in the first Mood. and third sentences the Accusative comes before esse (as the Subject), we take care to have the Accusative after (as the
Complement).
esse
NEW
102
EAST LATIN PRIMER.
"THAT" AND There are two common ways " THAT " of in expressing Latin
"
UT." II.
" Ut"
with
however,
Subjunctive
used
generally
after
Accusative and Infinitive.
1.
the
is
We hear that the boy is sick. Audinius puerum esse segium.
Accidit, it "happens.
Reliquurn
est, it
remains.
Sequitur, it follows.
2.
"Ut"
The boy
with the Subj.
is so idle that
he has learned
And many
nothing.
Accidit ut puer puniatur. Beliquura e^t ut puer eat domum. Sequitur ut puev sit domi.
Puer est tarn ignavus wYdidiceritnihil. "
*'
But when
to express that by the Accusative and Infini" ut" with tive, and when by
the
is
no doubt
We
give here
Subjunctive,
very puzzling.
some
very
simple
rules
and
explanations.
other like words.
III.
When "to," the ordinary sign of the Infinitive, can be turned into it
"in order
"that,"
that,"
expresses a purpose and must " ut " with the
be rendered by I.
Subjunctive, as
the Ace. and Infin. after
Use Verbs
of
saying,
thinking,
The boy was
sent to school to learn
that, in order that, he might learn, i.e., for the purpose of learn(i.e.,
knowing,
&c
,
constat, fS/,
hearing,
perceiving,
and with such words as manifestum
&C.,
est,
Jama
ing)-
Fuer missus est ad ludum utdisceret.
&C.
IV. The boy says The bey thinks
\
that he has learned many things well.
II is certain] that the boy has learned It is evident
Fuer
dicit
Filer putat
Uoost.it
>
many
things well.
Se didicisse multa beue.
puerum
r
"so" and "
" such," with the Subjunctive is used to After
express a consequence.
The boy
is so idle that
he has learned
nothing. didicisse multa bene.
Fuer est tarn ignavus ut didiceri
nibil
AND " UT.
THAT
103
V.
VIII.
" is also used The word " that after Verbs of doubting, if pre-
With words of fearing, "ne"and "ut" seem to exchange places ; " that" must be translated by
ceded by a negative or a question, &c.,
inwbich case
it
must
be translated by "quin," and " quin" takes the Subjunctive
" ne " "that not" by "ut," as I fear that the boy will not come. Vereor ut puer veniat.
;
the b
^
is
*
Non
est dulium QuisduUtat
that the boy will come, i.e
am afraid
lovcs
no doubt f fas mother very doubts
There
Who
***
J fear
Vereor ne puer veniat.
IX.
em
After words
valdo.
expressing hinduse quominus with the
rance VI.
" that not " can be turned into " lest,' it is called
When
a negative PURPOSE, and must be translated by "ne."
Subjunctive,
What
prevents the boy from going
home Quid
?
obstat
quominus
is sent to school that he may not be ignorant of letters. Puer mittitur ad ludura ne (that not,
ignarus literarum.
puer
eat
domum ? X.
The boy
lesf) sit
J
much.
i
\v
,
he come.
lest
It
has been said that when
"that" introduces a purpose, " must be translated by " ut
it
But when "that not" ko
express
used
is
a negative CONSE-
QUENCE, "ut non"mustbe used.
He was
so idle as not to learn
many
things.
Erat tainignavus utnondisceretmults.
VII.
When in
the
with the Subjunctive ; but sometimes the idea of purpose is not clearly brought out in the
VerbsAdvise,
ask,
Exhort, beg,
there
a comparative dependent clause, the
word " that
Eng-
lish sentence, as, e.g., after the
command (not jubeo), strive (not couor),
is
"
must be translated by "quo," and requires
where, nevertheless, a purpose is and therefore " ut " implied, with the Subjunctive
the Subjunctive, as
Moneo
The boy is punished that he may be the more industrious.
I advise you
Puer punitur quo
I command you
sit diligentior.
is
used,
as
Impero
te
ut bene vivas.
tibi
to live well.
ut bene vivas. to live well.
NEW EASY LATIN
104
PRIMER.
OBLIQUE STATEMENT. An
Oblique Statement is ordinarily formed by the Infinitive Clause (Accusative with Infinitive) and depends on an Impersonal Verb, or a Verb of declaring, thinking, perceiving, &c.
In Oblique Statement Infinitive
all
Mood, whereas
the principal Verbs will stand in the all the Subordinate Verbs, i.e., the
Verbs in the Subordinate Clauses (provided they express the words and opinions of the original speaker) will be in the Subjunctive. Caesar " Plura stint" inquit "qu
Ccesar said,
l '
volo dicere
tibi."
(Direct.)
There are more things which I wish
to
mention
to
you?
Here Sunt
is the principal Verb and Volo the Subordinate Verb therefore in Oratio Obliqua the sentence will run thus
;
Ceesar dixit plura esse qnee vellet dicere ei. (Oblique.) Ccesar said, that there were more things which he wished to mention to
him.
QUI. Qui requires the Subjunctive when there (1.)
In order that, monerem.
(2.) Since,
(3.)
Such
Pudet that,
(4.) Although,
Litteras scrips! quibus
me
tui qui
Sunt qui Ego, qui
(=
(
is
(
implied
= tu
= quum tu) tarn
iis)
puerum.
ignavus
sis.
ejnsmodi ut) discant multa.
(= quamvis
ego) senex sim, disco multa.
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
105
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. pages might here be written on the Subjunctive Mood, but we will be content with giving the principal conjunctions which are followed by the Subjunctive Mood.
Many
I.
CONSECUTIVE
; quin, but that. The boy is so foolish that he knows nothing. Puer est ita stultus ut nihil sciat.
There
Non
ut, so that
no doubt but that these things are true. base vera sint. Who is there who does not weep ?
is
est
dubium quin ( = ut non)
Quis est quin
=
(
II.
FINAL
ne,
I
Quo, in order
ut, in order that. lest,
that not.
will strive to conquer,
in
i.e.
Enitar ut vincam. I will strive that you may not conquer (i.e. Enitar ne vlncas.
I
that.
Quominus, bat that. order that I may conquer. lest
you should).
may conquer the more easily. Enitar quo facilius vincam. What hinders me from conquering (i.e. but that I may conquer) Quid obstat quominus ( = ut eo minus) vincam f will strive in order that I
III.
CAUSAL
quum,
since.
Since these things are so, I will go. Quse quum ita sint, ibo. IV.
CONDITIONAL The general
Dum, modo, dummodo, provided ivill
that. conquer provided that he fears nothing.
Dux
vincet
dum
nihil metuat.
V.
CONCESSIVE
Licet, quamvis, ut, although. Although those things are true, I mill not go. Ut ea vera sint non ibo. VI.
COMPARATIVE
Tanquam,
You
ceu, velut, quasi, as
I were foolish. Loqueris tanquam stultus sim.
talk as
if
if.
?
NEW EAST LATIN
106
PRIMER.
IMPERSONAL VERBS. I.
III.
Impersonal Verbs are those which have no Personal Pro-
Conjugation.
Accidit, it happens.
Contingit, it befalls Ningit, it snows. Plait, it rains.
noun
as Subject, and are used only in the Third Person Sin-
Lucescit, it dawns.
gular (Ind. and Conj.) and in the Infinitive Mood.
Vesperascit, it grows lats.
IV. Conjugation. Convenit, it suits. Evenit, it turns out.
It hails, grandinat. It vexes me, me piget.
Expedit,
For the Conjugation of Impersonal Verbs see pp. 61, 62, of the Latin Primer
III.
II.
number of the Im-
greater
personal Verbs are of the second
We
conjugation. that are
give
those
most commonly used. /.
Juvat, it delights. Constat, it is evident, Tonat, it thunders. it lightens.
Grandinat, II.
it
hails.
Conjugation.
Oportet,
it
behoves.
Verbs
and also, Verbs which take a Dative Case after them if used in the PasIntransitive
siveVoice, are used impersonally There is playing by me, or I play. Luditur a me.
Conjugation.
Delectat, it delights.
Fulgurat,
I
am
believed.
Creditur mihi.
IV.
The Neuter
of the Gerundive
V. In using Impersonal Verbs the different persons,
Figet, it irks.
&c.,
it
shames.
are
different
take after them.
Taedet, it disgusts. Miseret, it moves pity.
The
Liquet,
it is clear.
Attinet, it relates. Pertinet,, it belongs.
7,
thoit,
lie,
expressed by the cases the Verbs
Pcenitet, it repents.
Libet, it pleases. Licet, it is lawful.
is
often used impersonally. I must play. There must be playing by me. Ludendum est mihi.
Decet, it becomes. Dedecet, it is unseemly.
Pudet,
expedient.
Interest, it imports. Befert, it concerns.
.
The
it is
Irregular.
following are used with the Accusative Case Decet.
Juvat.
Piget.
Dedecet.
Oportet. Miseret.
Pcenitet.
Delectat.
Teedet.
Pudet.
IMPERSONAL VERBS.
Oportet
me
ire, it
behoves
Oportet
me
to go, or
eum ire
him
to go.
he
&o
&c.
&c.
I ought you
you
Oportetteire
1Q7
&G.
VI.
The
following are used with the Dative Case
Libet.
Accidit.
Licet.
Contingit.
Evenit.
Convenit.
Expedit.
as Licet mi hi
ire. it is
Licet
tibi ire
Licet
ei ire
allowed
me to
go, or
you him &c.
&c.
I may
go.
you ,,
&c.
he <&o.
YIT. Intransitive
Verbs when used
the person,
as
impersonally in the Passive Voice sometimes have the Ablative and Preposition, to express Luditur a me, there is playing Luditur a te ,, Luditur ab eo
But
you
him
,,
&c.
&e.
me, or I flay. you play.
"by
&c.
he plays. &c.
this Ablative is often left out.
VIII. Interest, refert, are
used with the Genitive as also with the Pos-
sessive Cases, mea, tua, sua, nostra, vestra.
129 (III.
).
Regis interest facere recte. Regis refert facere recte, It imports (it concerns) the king to act rightly. II. See also p. et mea interest te valere, your interest and mine that you should
Et tua
It
is
both to
be well.
IX.
The Impersonals Pulgurat, it lightens. Tonat, it thunders.
Pluit, it rains.
Grandinat, Ningit,
it
it hails.
Luscescit, it dawns. Vesperascit, it gets late
snows
are of course not used with any Personal or other Object.
NEW EASY
108
LATIN PRIMER.
MODE OF ASKING QUESTIONS. The Interrogative Pronoun "quis Quis homo
Qua
sunt
est ?
Who
is
asks a question, as
man
the
Who
puellse ?
illae
"
?
are those girls
Quid agis ? What are you doing ? Quid est nomen tibi? What is your name Cujus est hie liber? Whose is this book ?
Such words
When
Quo, whither ? Quorsum, whitherward
?
?
Quamdiu, how long Quoties,
?
also, as
Quando, when Ubi,
?
how
Ubi, where
often
Unde, whence ? Qua, which way
? ?
Quatenus,
?
f
?
how far
*
Quousque, hou far ?
are all of
them Interrogates, but they can ask only
particu-
lar questions, as
Whither do you run ? When will you return ? Quoties dixisti hoc ? How often have you said
Quo curds ? Quando
redibis ?
&e.,
&.c.,
this ?
&c.
1.
But
in
used, in
asking questions in Latin the word ne is frequently the same way that we use the note of Interro-
much
gation in (?) English
;
no English
is
to
be given to
Videsne, puer?
Do you
see,
boy ?
it,
as
MODE OF ASKING QUESTIONS, IV,
II.
If there is
a nan in the sen-
tence ne will
come
of non, and will non>^, as
end
at the
make
thus
est puer diligens ? Is not the boy industrious ?
is
a sign of a question is
a double ques"whether,"
is
tion asked, Utrum, (or
nwn
or ne),
est
gentior
the very wording of the
answer "yes"
there
Utrum
sentence, it will be seen that the answer "yes" is expected
nonne therefore
When
used, fol-
is
lowed by an, " or,"
Nonne
From
109
said to be
when
the
"Whether
as^
an
puer
dili-
puella
?
is the
industrious
boy or the girl more
?
Utrum need
not,
however, be
translated, as
it is
quite
enough
to say
expected. Is the boy or girl
more industrious 1
III.
Num "no"
put when the answer
is
expected, and, like nc, must not be translated, as is
Num est puer diligens ? however,
"no"
being
to
show
this
Utrum
the
expected,
may be
question
turned so as
u
to
is
which
that the
is
answer
"no"
is is
seen is
put in the Subj.
?
Mood
He asks who you are. Eogat quis
sis-
He
asks whether the boy or girl more industrious.
ex-
Rogat
pected.
dili-
V.
no"
clearly
puella
Est puer an puella diligentior
not industrious, is he ? it
an
puer
In indirect questions the Verb
applicable, but
The boy
as
left
or
and the words
"yes" or
is
?
Is the boy industrious f
which
may
way
out in Engmatters not whether
est
gentior
rendered not simply
to
Utrum it
we say answer
the
"whether" lish, for it
Is the boy industrious ?
Here,
Neither, indeed, need be put in in Latin, but be left out in the same
utrura
di.igentior
puer
an
puella
is
sit
NEW
110
EAST LATIN PEIMER.
PRONOUNS. There are Eight kinds of Pronouns 1.
Personal.
5.
Demonstrative
4.
Definitive.
2.
Reflexive.
6. Relative.
3.
Possessive.
7.
4.
Demonstrative.
8. Indefinite.
Interrogative. 5.
Tu, Thou.
2.
Vos, Ye.
Ille,
Iste, that
Be
(sese), himself, herself, itself,
Ipse, self.
who
Qui,
or which.
7.
Interrogative
8.
Indefinite
themselves.
Quis, 8.
(near you).
Relative
6.
Reflexive-
2.
it).
that (yonder).
3. 4.
Idem, same.
1.
4.
Is,
Hie, this (near me),
Definitive
Personal Pronouns are 3. Nos, We. Ego, I.
1.
that (he, she,
1.
2.
who
what
or
?
Possessive
1.
Meus, my, mine.
2.
Tuus, thy, thine, your. Suus, his own, her own, &c.
3.
6.
Cujus, a, um, Noster, our.
6.
Vester, your.
4.
Quis,
N.B.
any
one.
2 D's, 2 I's, 2 E's, 2 P's, Will give the Pronouns eight with ease.
PERSONAL PRONOUNS. II.
But
The Personal Pronouns, tu,
nos,
vos,
ego,
and the Demon-
Pronouns, ille, illi, are sometimes used as the Nomina-
is
this
not
except
Personal
Pronoun
generally expressed, for the purpose of
strative
tive
Case
to the
Verb where no
other Nominative
is
emphasis. J am walking in the garden, Ambulo (not ego ambulo) in horto. III.
expressed
But
or evidently understood.
if
I wish
Amo
means Ego amo, I
Tu
Anias
Amat
,,
Amamus
,,
Arnatis
Amant
amas, Ille amat,
love.
Thou
He
lovest.
loves.
Nos amamus, We love. Vos aiuatts, Ye love. Illi aiuant, They love.
to
show some
between what /
am
doing and what somebody is doing, I must use ego.
else
distinction
I
am walking
in the garden, you are
sitting in the house.
Ego ambulo domo.
in horto,
tu sedes
in
PRONOUNS.
Ill
EEFLEXIVE PRONOUNS. The Reflexive Pronoun
se
is
and there-
often misunderstood, fore misplaced.
In the
sentence the
first
sentence the
The master said
'that
he
man
speaking of himself, so we must use " se." In the second is
1
the boy, so
man is
speaking of
we must use "eum."
writing.
master praised the boy and said " that he " was good.
TJte
Magister dixit se scribere. Magister laudavit puerum et dixit
eum
esse
bonum.
POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS. III.
The Possessive Pronouns,
like
Adjectives, agree with their Substantives,
and THAT ALONE.
'
Note that you" in English is both singular and plural tu and " your" is both and vos " tuus" "and be care;
He was
reading his book. She was reading her book. They were reading their book.
Must
be
all
tester,"
whether you are speaking to, or of one person or more than
ful
turned into suum
one.
librum, II.
Notice the difference between ejits,
and
suus.
What
The boy was reading
his
(own) book.
Puer legebat suum librum.
The boy was sitting near and reading his book.
his brother
Puer sedebat prope fratrem bat ejus
(i.e.,
Wliat are you doing,
my
boy
my
boys
?
Quid agis, puer ?
Quid
his brother's) librum.
?
Soldier, hasten your flight.
Miles, et lege-
are you doing,
agitis, pueri ?
matura tuam fugam.
Soldiers, hasten your flight. Milites,
maturate vestram fugam.
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. The
distinction
and
must be remembered means " this near me," ille
hie
isle
between
hie, ille
Boy, do you see this book J Videsne hunc librum, puer ?
:
"that yonder, "pointing at something at some distance, and istc, "that of yours, or that by you."
Boy, give me that book (yonder). Da mihi ilium librum, puer. Boy, give
me
that book of yours
near you).
Da
rnitii
^st^tm librum puer
NEW
112
EAST LATIN PRIMER.
PREPOSITIONS. III.
I.
The Preposition must stand
Cum
not used ordinarily " for with," unless it may be
1.
Either immediately before the word that it governs.
2.
Or before the Adjective agreeing with that word.
turned into " together with," along with,"
3.
Or before a Genitive depending
The
on that word. Milites
ibant
"
trans fertiles
agros
Milites ibant trans hostium fertiles agros.
however, follows
its
case, which is sometimes a So also do versus Genitive. and versum. II.
A, ab for by is used of an Agent, but not to express the instrument. The
man was
killed
Vir occisus est a
The
man was
went with (together with)
Rex ivit cum legionibus. The king fought with his sword.
Rex pugnavit
hostium.
Tenus,
Icing
his legions.
Milites ibant trans agros hostium.
me
killed
by me. (agent)
by a
The king was
sitting in the garden.
Rex sedebat in
The king was
living in Carthage
at Carthage). Rex vivebat Carthagine.
(i.e.
In winter the cold
Hieme
stone.
In,
Abl. signifies
is
Ibat ad urbem.
He was
going to Rome. Ibat Romam. list
when
it is
magnum.
followed by the rest in
Sedeo in domo. In,
to the city.
For
is intense.
frigus est
Ad
Towns, etc. He was going
horto.
The king was fighting in Italy. Rex pugnabat in Italia.
Vir occisua est lapide (instrument).
of
gladio.
In (in) is used before ordinary words, but not before a name of a Town, or a Noun denoting Time when, as
.
used after Verbs of motion, but not before names
I
is
when
it is
followed by the
Ace., signifies motion into, or on to or to, Festino in
of Prepositions, see p. 58.
END OF PART
II.
domum.
PART
III.
IRREGULAR VERBS.
PART
IRREGULAR VERBS.
III.
CONTENTS. PAGE
at,
Snp ne ,
117
119 119
18.
Irregular Verbs,' Conj. III.
xi,
.
PAGE
119
3.
Perfect
117
turn
2.
(a)
.
Verbs with no Perfect 15. Verbs with no Supine 16. Verbs with neither Perfect nor Supine 17. Verbs with two Supines
Irregular Verbs, Conj. I. Irregular Verbs, Conj. II.
1.
(c)
si,
,
xum sum
(d)
si,
,
turn
120
,
ptum
120
,
turn
120
No Supine Supine turn with Reduplication r Supine turn, sum Perfect di, Supine sum
121
from
ui, in,
121
20. Perfects
(b)
(e)
psi,
(/)
ui,
(g) (/i)
(i)
(I)
Compounds
of do
.
19.
5.
Conj. III. Irregular Verbs, Conj. IV.
.
.
.
and Neuter Deponent Verbs
124 125 125
1.
Regular
127
2.
Irregular
128
Sum
.
.
136
137
2.
With Perfect and Supine. With Perfect only.
3.
Without Perfect or Supine.
.
25.
Semi.
.
.
.
.
.
28.
129 130 130 131
Eo
12.
Verbs similar in spelling with different meanings!32 .
29.
.
139
Verbs .140 Verbs 140 141 Impersonal Verbs Impersonate relating to the weather 142 Specimen of an Impersonal Verb in full .112 Anomalous Verbs 142 .
24.
11.
13.
134
.
different Verbs
.
.
Deponents of
.134
.
23. Desiderative
27.
Compounds
.
22. Frequentative
26.
10.
.
Verbs
126
and
.
more Supines from .135 Supines somewhat similar
1.
io of
Quasi-Passives
132 133
21. Principal Inceptive Verbs
123
Principal Neuter Verbs . 7. Principal Verbs both Active
9.
.
123
6.
8.
.
somewhat similar that come from different
123
.
headings
Verbs in
.
or
the same Verb
(m) Verbs that cannot be arranged under previous
4.
Two
122
-
(fc)
.
14.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.... .143 Irregularities of Edo Defective Verbs .... 143 .
.
145
30. Fari, to speak
31. Age, Ave, etc 145 32. Irregular Verbs (alphabetically
arranged)
113
....
146-151
PART It is to be noted
III.
IRREGULAR VERBS.
throughout that forms thus marked
IRREGULAR VERBS
*
occur only in compounds.
CONJUGATION
I.
creak.
Crepo
crepui
Cubo
cubui
crepitum cubitum
lie.
domitum
tame.
Domo
domui
Mico
micui
Plico
*plicui
*plicitum
Sono Tono
sonui toiiui
Veto
vetui
sonitum tonitum yetitum
Seco
secui
sectum
cut.
Do
dedi
datum
give.
Sto
steti
statum
stand.
Juvo Lavo
jiivi
jutum lotum
help.
glitter,
lavi
IRREGULAR VERBS
sound. thunder, forbid.
wash.
CONJUGATION
Deleo Fleo *Pleo
*plevi
*pletum
Neo
nevi
netum
Ardeo
arsi
arsum
Fulgeo Hsereo
fulsi
Jubeo
fold.
II.
delevi
deletum
blot out*
flevi
fletum
weep. fill.
spin.
take fire. glitter.
heesi
heesum
stick.
jussi
jussum
command.
117
118
Maneo
CONJUGATION OF LATIN VERBS.
CONJUGATION OF LATIN VEKBS.
119
CONJUGATION III. All the Verbs of the Third Conjugation are of themselves BO irregular that they require to be classed in as the following. I.
Cingo
PERFECT
arc,
SUPINE
turn.
some such way
120 Lsedo
CONJUGATION OF LATIN VERBS.
CONJUGATION OF LATIN VERBS. Colo
colui
Consulo
consului
*Cumbo Exuo Fremo
121
cultum consultum
till.
consult.
*cubui
*cubifcum
exui
exutum
put
fremui
fremitnm
murmur.
Gemo
genmi
gemitam
groan.
Grigno
genui
genifcum
produce.
Imbuo
imbai
Induo
indui
imbutum indutum
put
Lao Minuo
lui
luitum
wash, atone.
minui
minutum
lessen.
Occulo
occului
occnltum
hide.
posifcum
place.
Pono
posui
Ruo
rui
Sero
semi
Statuo
statui
Strepo
Texo
strepui texui
Tribuo
tribui
Vomo t
Met.
lie
down. off.
tinge. on.
f rutum sertnm statutum
join.
strepitum
roar.
textum tributum voniitum
assign.
vomui
rush, fall. set
up.
weave.
vomit.
The Primer iv.
460
;
gives ruitum as supine, and ruiturum occurs in Ovid, but Andrews gives rutum. Cf . obrutus.
VII. PERFECT
ui,
NO SUPINE.
Metuo
metal
fear.
Nao
nui
nod.
Tremo
tremui
tremble.
Volo
volui
wish.
VIII. PERFECT Arcesso
vi,
SUPINE
turn.
122
Pasco
CONJUGATION OP LATIN VERBS.
CONJUGATION OF LATIN VERBS.
X. PERFECT
*Cando
Edo
di,
SUPINE sum.
123
124
CONJUGATION OF LATIN VERBS.
Solvo 1
solvi
Velio 2
Verto Vinco Volvo 1 1
These might have been included in those making Perfect
vi, Supine but they only make vi because there is a v in the present. This because it also makes vulsi has been included in those making Perfect si, Supine sum (see p. 4).
turn, 2
125
CONJUGATION OF LATIN VERBS.
IRREGULAR V^BBS
CONJUGATION IV.
Aperio
aperui
Operio
operui
apertum opertum
Salio
salui
saltum
leap,
Sepelio
sepelivi
sepultum
"bury.
open, cover,
Sancio
sanxi
sanctum,
consecrate.
Vincio
vinxi
vinctum
bind.
prop. drain.
Fulcio
fulsi
fultum
Haurio
hausi
Sarcio
sarsi
haustum sartum
Seepio
ssepsi
seeptum
Sentio
sensi
sen sum
Comperio
comperi
compertmn
Reperio
repperi veni
repertum ventum
Venio
mend. in.
feel.
find, discover.
come.
PEINCIPAL NEUTER VERBS. Neuter Verbs indicate a state or an action 'not exercised upon an object : " Duram servit servithey take an accusative of kindred meaning, e.g. There are exceptional uses in the poets, e.g., " Ire vias." tutem." " Currimus sequor." Virg. Mn. III. 191. Many of them Prop. I. i. 18. too are followed by the accusative of part affected, e.g. tremit artus, dolet caput, etc.
Algeo
algere
alsi
Ambulo
ambularo
ambulavi
Ardeo
ardere
arsi
Oaleo
calere
calui
Clango
clangere
be cold.
ambulatum walk. arsum take fire. be
warm.
resound.
126
Conniveo
CONJUGATION OP LATIN VERDS.
CONJUGATION OP LATIN VERBS.
Ruo
127
128
CONJUGATION OF LATIN VERBS.
PRINCIPAL DEPONENT VEEBS.
CONJUGATION OF LATIN VERBS.
Conjugation IV.
Assentior
Experior Mefcior
assentiri
assensus
sum
agree
to.
130
CONJUGATION OF LATIN VERBS.
COMPOUNDS or SUM. Absum
CONJUGATION OF LATIN VERBS.
VERBS SIMILAR IN SPELLING,* THOUGH THEY HAVE TOTALLY DISTINCT MEANINGS. Appello
131
CONJUGATION OF LATIN VERBS.
132
CASES IN WHICH THE SAME VERB HAS DIFFERENT MEANINGS. These
be found to be reducible to one idea
will often
LEGO means
(1)
(2)
To "
gather, select.
Ilia legit calthas."
To "
(3)
thus,
read.
Plurimus orbe legor."
To coast along, skim. "Inarimen Prochytamque
legit."
These come under the one idea of " gathering " (1) to gather literally; letters and words (3) to skim lightly over or pass ^2) to pick out the along. All these involve a notion of moving lightly along from one thing to another as one does in gathering flowers. :
;
Ruo means
(1)
To fall. "B/uit alto e
(2)
To "
(3)
culmme
To throw
scelesti ruitis ?
Ad
"
Hor.
up.
"
Et
ruit
atram
coelum picea crassus caligine nubem."
These all fall under the idea of " violent motion." motion " (intransitive) " to put in violent motion " motion may be in any direction up or down.
"
To be
in violent
(transitive).
VERBS WHICH HAVE NO PERFECT. Antecello
jEn.'ii.
rush.
Quoquo
;
Yirg.
Troja."
The
CONJUGATION OF LATIN VERBS.
VERBS THAT HAVE NO SUPINE. Algco
133
134
CONJUGATION OF LATIN VERBS.
VERBS WHICH HAVE NEITHER PERFECT NOR SUPINE. Ambigo
waver.
Furo
rage.
Anfcecello
surpass.
Plecto
punish.
Dignosco
distinguish.
Praecello
Also following Inceptives hebesco
labasco
And many
excel. :-
niitesco
pueraseo
others.
VERBS WHICH HAVE TWO SUPINES. Alo
alitum, altum
feed.
Applico
applicitum, applicatnm
join.
Eneco
enectum, enecatum
kill.
Frendo
fressum, fresum
gnash
Frico
frictnm, fricatum
rub.
Frigo
frictum, frixum
parch.
Lavo
lavatum, lautum, lotum
wash.
Misceo
mistum, mixtum
mix.
Pando
passum, pansum
expand.
Pango
panctum, pacturn
Plico
*plicitum, plicatum
fix.
fold.
Poto
potatum, potura
drink.
Sancio
sanctum, sancitura
consecrate.
Tendo
tentum, tensum
stretch.
Tundo
tumsum, tusum
thump.
CONJUGATION OF LATIN VERBS.
Two
135
OB MORE SUPINES FROM THE SAME VERB.
Alitum
Altum
136
CONJUGATION OF LATIN YEEBS.
SUPINES SOMEWHAT SIMILAR THAT COME FROM DIFFERENT VERES. captum carptum
CONJUGATION OF LATIN VERBS.
sessum
sedere
sit.
sensum
sentire
feel.
tensum(tuinj
tendo
stretch,
tentum
teneo
hold.
textum tectum
texo
weave,
tego
cover.
versum versum
verro
sweep.
verto
turn.
visum visum
viso
visit.
video
see.
vinctum
vincio
bind,
victura
vinco
conquer.
victum
vivo
live,
vectura
veho
carry.
137
PERFECTS SOMEWHAT SIMILAR THAT COME FROM
138 luxi
CONJUGATION OF LATIN VEKBS. ")
CONJUGATION OP LATIN VEKBS.
139
PRINCIPAL INCEPTIVE VERBS. These, which are also called Inchoative Verbs, express the beginning of action, and are of the 3rd Conjugation. (a)
Abolesco Adolesco Coalesce
Concupisco Consuesco Convalesco Exardesco Inveterasco
THOSE WITH PERFECT AND SUPINE.
140
Obmutesco
CONJUGATION OF LATIN VERBS.
141
CONJUGATION OF LATIN VERBS.
PRINCIPAL IMPERSONAL VERBS. These are mostly of the 2nd Conjugation, and are conjugated as such only in 3rd Person Singular of Finite Verb
and
in the Infinitive.
CONJUGATION
INFINITIVES
1.
Constat Delectat
constitit
Juvat
juvit
REGULAR it is
IN are.
acknowledged.
it delights.
CONJUGATION
it pleases.
INFINITIVES
2.
REGULAR
IN ere.
Attinefc
attinuit
it relates..
Dedecet Decet
dedecuifc
it
decuifc
it
misbecomes. becomes.
Liquet Miseret
& libitum est licuit & licitum est liquit & licuit miseruit & miseritum
Oportet
oportuit
it
Pertinet
pertinuit
it belongs.
Piget
piguit
Pcenitet
pcenituit
Pudet
puduit
Tsedet
teeduit
Libet
libuit
Licet
CONJUGATION
3.
&
it
it is
lawful.
it is clear.
est
it
pigitum est
pities.
behoves.
it irJcs.
& puditum est & perteesum est INFINITIVES
pleases.
it
repents.
it
shames.
it
disgusts.
REGULAR
IN ere.
Accidit
accidit
it
Contingit
contigit
it befalls
CONJUGATION
4.
Convenit Evenit
INFINITIVES
happens.
REGULAR
IN
ire.
convenit
it suits.
evenit
it
turns out.
Interest
interfuit
interesse
it
imports.
Refer t
retulifc
referre
it
concerns.
142
CONJUGATION OF LATIN VERBS.
IMPERSONATE RELATING TO THE WEATHER, ETC. Advesperascit
CONJUGATION OF LATIN VERBS.
THE
IRREGULARITIES IN
EDO
(to
143
Eat) ARE
:
Indicative Present. Act.
Edis or es
edit or
3 sing.
Pass,
esfc
editis or estis.
Editur or estur.
Imperative Present. Act.
Ede
Act.
Imperative Future. Edito or esto, editote or estate.
edite or este.
or es,
Conjunctive Present.
Edam
Act.
or edim.
Conjunctive Imperfect. Act.
Ederem
Pass.
Ederetur or essetur.
or essem.
Infinitive.
Edere
or esse.
DEFECTIVE VERBS. INQOAM, I Say. '
Ind. Pres.
Inquam
inquis
inquit.
inquimus Fut. Simple.
inquiunt. inquies
inquiet.
inquiebat.
Imperf.
inquiebant inquit.
Per/.
inquisti
Imperative Pres. Imperative Fut.
inque, inquite. inquito.
Aio, Ind. Pres-.
Aio
Ind. Imp. CUHJ. Pres.
Aicbam,
I Say. ais
etc.,
regular, sing, aias
ait,
and
aiunt.
plural.
aiat, aiant.
144
CONJUGATION OF LATIN VERBS.
DEFECTIVE YERBS (continued). The following have no present tenses derived from that stem.
I have begun I hate. Memini, I remember.
Coepi,
stem, and therefore no or began.
Odi,
Indicative Mood.
Perf.
145
CONJUGATION OF LATIN VERBS.
FARI, to Speak.
The forms
in brackets only
found in compounds,
e.g. affari, effari, profari, prjefari.
Ind. Pres.
Fatur, (famur), (famini).
Fut.
Fabor, (faberi
Imp erf.
(Fabar).
Per/.
Pluperf.
Fatus sum, etc. Fatus eram, etc. Fatus sim,
Perf.
Pluperf.
Gerundive.
etc.
Fatus, essem, etc.
Fare.
Imperative Present. Part. Pres.
fabitur, (fabimur).
(Farer).
Conj. Imperf.
Infinitive.
),
Fari.
Ger.
Fantem, Fandus.
Fandi, fando.
fantis, etc.
Supine. Fatu.
Part. Perf. Fatus,
a,
um.
AGE, AYE, ETC. Age, agite, come.
Apage,
"begone.
Ave (sometimes
spelt have), avete, aveto, avere (Infin.) hail
Salve, salvete, salveto, salvebis (fut.), salvere (Infin), hail
Cedo, cedite or
!
I
cette, give here.
Quaeso, pi. quassumus, entreat.
Vale, valete, valeto, valebis (fut.), valere (Infin.), farewell. Infit, lie begins. (Only in this form.)
NEW EASY LATIN
146
PRIMER.
IRREGULAR VERBS, ALPHABETTCALLY ARRANGED. Those marked with an asterisk are only used in compounds.
NOTE. Abolesco,
-levi,
Accendo,
-di,
3. to set
Acuo, acui, acutum, Adolesco,
3. to
Ago,
3. to
3. to
Agnosco, -novi, -nltum,
Mo,
sharpen.
adultum,
-levi,
away. on fire.
3. to pass
abolitum,
-sum,
Cerno, crevi, cretum,
alsi, 2. to be cold.
Cieo, civi, cltum,
allectum r
Allicio, allexi,
3. to
Alo, alui, alltum or altum,
Ambigo,
Aniicio, amicui,
Ango, anxi, Antecello,
allure.
3. to
nourish.
waver.
3. to
3. to
to yield.
2. to vote.
3. to sift.
2. to stir
to clothe.
up.
surround.
3. to
Cingo, cinxi, cinctum, Clango, 3. to resound.
3. to
Claudo, clausi, clausum,
amictum, 4,
3. to
Cedo, cessi, cessmn, 3.
Censeo, censui, censum,
ais, ait,
Algeo,
to plucJc.
beware.
2. to
grow up.
recognise.
actum, I say, defect.
egi,
3. to take.
Caveo, cavi, cautum,
do.
3. to
Capio, cepi, captum,
Carpo, carpsi, carptum r 3.
Coalesce, coalui, coalitom,
shut. to
3.
grow
together.
squeeze.
Cognosce, -novi, -nltnm,
surpass. 4. to
Aperio, aperui, apertum,
Appello, appuli, appulsum,
Cogo, coegi, coactum,
open.
3. to
land.
3.
3. to
know.
compel.
Colligo, collegi, collectum, 3. to collect.
Applico, applicui applicavi, applicltum
applicatum, Arcesso,
Ardeo,
-Ivi,
arsi,
1. to
Colo, colui, cultum, 3. to
apply.
-itum,
arsum,
send for.
3. to 2. to
takeffre.
Arguo, argui, argutum, 3. to prove. Audeo, ausus sum, 2. to dare. 2. to
Augeo, auxi, auctum,. Bibo, bibi, bibitum,
3. to
adorn.
Compello, -puli, -pulsum,
3. to
compel.
Comperio, -p^ri, -pertum,
4.
Compesco, compescui, Concupisco,
increase.
-ivi,
ascertain.
restrain.
3. to desire.
-nixi, 2. to winJc.
Conseneaco, consenui,
drink.
3. to
-itum,
Conm'veo, -nivi and
3. to
till.
Como, compsi, comptum,
3. to
grow
old.
Consuesco, consuevi, consuetum,
Cado, cecldi, casum,
3. to fall.
Csedo,cecMi, Cesum r Caleo, calui,
2. to
be
3.
Cano, ceclni, cantum, 3 -sivi,
to
i&cut r beat,
Hill.
Consulo, -sului, -sultum,
3. to consult.
warm.
*Cando, *cendi, *censum,
Capesso,
3.
get accustomed.
-sltum,
3. 'o set
to sing.
3. to seize.
on fire.
Conticesco, conticui,
3. to
become
sileni.
Convalesco, -valui, -valitum, 3. toget welU
Coquo, coxi, coctum,
3. to
cook.
IRREGULAR VERBS. Crcpo, crSpui, crepltum,
3. to
Cresco, crevi, cretum,
*Cubo, *cubui, *cuWtum,
Cudo, cudi, cusum,
Gumbo,
creak.
1. to
grow.
1. to lie
Eo,
down.
3. to lie
Emo, emi, emptum, 3. to buy, take. Eneco, -cui & -avi, -ctum & -atum, 1.
Cupio, cupivi, cupltum,
3. to desire.
Curro, cttcurri, cursurn,
3. to
run.
-Itum,
-Ivi,
Abeo,
-ivi
Adeo,
-ivi
Dego,
3. to
-itum, to go
-ii,
to
Ante-eo, ante-ivi,
defend.
go
to.
before.
-itum, to go round.
-ivi,
Exeo, exivi, exitum,
to
go together.
go out.
to
Ineo, inivi, initum, to go into.
Deleo, delevi, deletum,
2. to blot
Delitesco, delitui, 3. to
lie
out.
Intereo, -i(v)i, -Itum, to perish.
hid.
Demo, dempsi, demptum, 3. to taJce away. -sui,
3. to Jcnead.
-stum,
3. to
Dico, dixi, dictum,
Dignosco,
3. to
Disco, dldlci,
-ui,
3. to
Prodeo, 1. to fight.
-i(v)i,
-itum, to go forth.
1.
3. to
divide.
to give.
Transeo, 3. to
/to
\
-i(v)i,
add.
Credo
to believe,
Expavesco, expavi,
Dedo Edo
to give
to give forth,
Facesso,
to lose,
Facio,
to betray.
Reddo Subdo
to restore,
Trado
to deliver.
to substitute,
\tosdl.
-si,
feci,
Doceo, docui, doctum,
2. to teach. 2. to feel
Domo, domut, dSmltum, Duco, duxi, ductum,
edi,
esum,
3. to
1. to
3. to
grow alarmed.
3. to
pain.
tame.
lead.
grow hard.
3. to eat.
-sltum, 3. to accomplish. 3. to
factum,
make.
do,
Pallo, fgfelli, falsum, 3. to deceive.
Parcio, farsi, fartum, 4. to stuff.
Faveo, favi, fautum,
*Fendo,
*
*
fendi,
Fero, inf. ferre,
Ferveo and
Doleo, dolui, dolitum,
3. to (xccl.
up.
Prodo
Veado'
go over.
3. to blaze fortli.
Exardesco, -arsi, -arsum, Excello, excellui,
-didi,-ditum,3.
to
-itum,
hide.
tofound, hide,
Duresco, durui,
return.
Subeo, subi(v)i,subitum
Condo
Perdo
to
Redeo, redi(v)i, reditum,
learn.
Abdo, abdidi, abditum,
Addo
Praetereo, -ivi, -itum, to go by.
3. to love.
-atum,
Divldo, divlsi, divisum,
Do, dedi, datum,
encounter.
to
Praeeo, -ivi, -itum, to go before
distinguish.
Dlmico, -avi and
Obeo, obivi, obitum,
Pereo, peri(v)i, peritum, to perish.
say.
Diligo, dilexi, dilectum,
Edo,
-Itum, to go atoay.
-ii,
Coeo, ooivi, coitum,
3. to live.
Depso,
to go.
and and
Circu(m)eo,
Defendo, defendi, defensum,
kill.
down.
3. to fashion.
cubui, cubltum,
147
2. to favour.
fensurn,
tiili,
-vo, -bui
3. to strike.
latum,
and
to bear.
-vi, 2, 3. to boil.
Fido, fisus sum, 3. to trust.
Figo,
fixi,
Findo,
fixum,
fldi,
3. to fix.
fissum,
3. to cleave.
Fingo, finxi, fictum,
3. to
Fio, inf. fieri, factus
sum,
to
Flecto, flexi, flexum,
3. to
bend.
fashion.
become.
Fleo, flevi, fletum, 2. to weep.
Effloresce, efflorui, 3. to bloom.
Ploreo, florui,
Elicio, elicui, elicitum, 3. to entice forth.
Fluo, flux', fluxum,
2. to flourish. 3. to
flow.
NEW EASY
148 3. to
Fodio, fodi, fossnm,
Foveo,
Frango,
fregi,
dig.
cherish.
2. to
fotum,
fovi,
3. to
fractum,
break.
LATIN PRIMER. Labasco,
3. to totter.
Lacesso,
-ivi,
Lsedo,
Lambo, Iambi, Fremo,
-ui,
-itum,
murmur.
3. to
Frendo, fressum & fresum, 2. to
Frigeo,
Frigo,
-xi,
1. to
rub,
be cold.
-ctum or -sum,
3. to
Lego,
4. to
Lino, levi and.
fudi,
Furo, furui,
fusum, 3. to
prop.
pour, rout.
rage.
2. to rejoice.
Gemo, gemui, gemltum, Gigno, genui, genitum,
groan. carry on.
3. to
produce.
Horresco, horrai, ici,
ictum,
2. to stick.
4. to
shudder.
3. to
Ignosco, ignovi, ignotum, 3. to
3. to
Incanesco, incanui,
inf.
3. to
play.
mourn. wash, atone.
3. to
to prefer.
malle, malui,
3. to
3. to
pardon.
grow
ripe.
3. to
drown.
Meto, messui, messum,
3. to
mow, ep.
2. to
fear.
1. to glitter.
Mico, micui,
Minuo, minui, minutum, 3. to lessen. Misceo, -cui, mistum or mixtum, 2. m
glow.
Mitesco,
become white. 3.
Incesso, -cesslvi, or -cessi,
3. to
Merge, mersi, mersuni,
warm.
3. to tinge.
Incendo, -cendi, -censum,
Maturesco, maturui,
light.
3. to get
Incandesce, incandui,
Malo,
luitum,
Metuo, metui,
grow
Imbuo, imbui, imbutum, Incalesco, incalui,
lui,
shine.
lusum,
luxi, 2. to
smear.
Vck.
to leave.
3.
lictum,
2. to
3. to
3. to
Mansuesco,-suevi,-suetum,3.0roM>u?H'>.
drain.
3. to strike.
Illucesco, illuxi,
Luo,
*
choose, read.
3. to
lltum,
linctnm,
liqui,
lusi,
Lugeo,
livi,
Mando, mandi, mansum, 3. to chew. Maneo, mansi, mansum, 2. to rema'n.
3. to baric, peel.
Haurio, hausi, haustum,
Ico,
3. to
3. to
Hsereo, haesi, hsesum,
linxi,
Linquo,
Ludo,
Glubo,
lectum,
Luceo, luxi,
Gaudeo, gavlsus sum, Gero, gessi, gestum,
legi,
Lingo,
3. to
tosetonfirc
3. to assail.
3. to
Mitto, misi,
grow
missum,
3. to
grind.
Mordeo, momordi, morsum,
2. to bite.
move.
Increbresco, -crebui,3. become frequent
Mulceo, mulsi, inulsum,
2. to soothe.
Indulgeo,
Mulgeo, mulsi, mulsum,
2. to
Induo, indui, indutum, Ingemisco, ingemui,
2. to
beindulgeut
3. to
3. to
groan
orcr.
Jacio, jeci, jactum, 3. to throw. 2. to
Jungo, junxi, junctum, Juvo, juvi, jutum,
1. to
command.
3. to
help.
2. to
milk.
put on. Necto, -xui
Negligo,
Jubeo, jussi, jusaum,
x.
send.
3. to
Molo, molui, molitum,
Moveo, movi, motum,
-ultum,
!
ripe.
Incipio, incepi, inceptum, 3. to begin.
-ulsi,
1. to
parch.
Fulcio, f ulsi, fultum,
Fundo,
hid.
Lavo, lavi, lavatum, lautum,lotum, wash.
3. to flee.
fulsi, 2, to glitter.
grow languid.
3. to
2. to lie
Lateo, latui,
Fugio, fugi, fugitum, Fulgeo,
provoke.
3. to lick.
Languesco, langui,
3. to gnasli.
Frico, frlcui, frictuin& -aturn,
3. to
-itum,
Isesum, to hurt.
Isesi,
join,
and
-lexi,
-xi,
Neo, nevi, netum,
Ningo, ninxi,
No, navi,
-sum,
-lectum,
3. to
2. to
3. to tie, binl.
3. to neglect.
spin.
snow.
1. to s icim.
Nolo, inf. nolle, nolui, to be unwilling.
149
IRREGULAR VERBS. 3. to be
Noeco, novi, notutn,
acquainted
with.
Prandeo, prandi, pransum, Prehendo,
Obmutesco, obmutui, Obdormisco,
3.
Obstupesco, -stupui,
become mute.
3. to
3. to fall asleep.
-itum,
-ivi,
married.
3. to be
Nubo, nupsi, nuptum,
3. to fall.
Occido, occldi, occisum,
3. to slay.
-sum,
3. to
Queo, quivi, quitum,
-di,
-sum & passum,
Pango, pepigi, pactum, Pario, peperi, partum,
Pasco, pavi, pastum, Patesco, patui,
Paveo, pavi, Pecto,
-xi,
3. to
2. to
fasten.
3. to
3. to
spread.
spare.
bring forth.
become open.
fear.
3. to seize.
2. to
Percello, -culi, -culsum,
3. to
3. to
Pergo, perrexi, perrectum,
hang.
dishearten.
3. to
go on.
3. to
ask, seek.
Pingo, pinxi, pictum,
3. to
paint.
-sui,
-sum,
3. to
Plango, planxi, planctum, Plaudo,
-si,
Plecto,
3. to
-sum,
Repo, repsi, reptum, Revivisco, revixi,
3. to
pound.
3. to beat.
clap hands.
plicitum,
come
3. to
to life
risi,
risum,
2. to
laugh.
Rodo,
rosi,
rosum,
3. to
gnaw.
Rubesco, rubui,
*plicui,
-di
Rumpo,
and
3. to
-ivi,
again.
become red.
-itum,
3. to
bray.
ruptum, 3. to break. rutum, 3. to rush, fall.
rupi,
rui,
Saepio (sepio),
-si,
-turn, 4. to
hedg
in.
Salio, salui, saltum, 4. to leap.
Sancio, sanxi, sanctum,
Sarcio, sarsi, sartum,
Scabo, scabi,
4. to consecrate.
3. to taste of, be wise.
3. to
4. to
mend.
scratch.
Scalpo, scalpsi, scalptum,
3. to
scratch.
Scando, scandi, scansum,
3. to
climb.
Scindo, scldi, scissum,
*Pleo, *plevi, *pletum, 2. to fill.
and
4. to discover.
3. to creep.
Rideo,
Sapio, sapi(v)i,
punish.
Plico, plicavi
scrape.
3. to rule.
weigh.
Peto, petivi, petitum,
and
3. to
Reperio, -pperi, -pertum,
Ruo, Pendo, pgpendi, pensum,
-si
rasum,
Rego, rexi, rectum,
Rudo,
3. to drive.
pulsum,
Pendeo, pependi, pensum,
Pinso,
rasi,
3. to feed.
-xum and -ctltum, 3. to comb.
Pello, pepuli,
shake.
3. to rest,
Quiesco, quievi, quietum,
Rado,
3. to
3. to
Parco, peperci, parsum,
3. to seek.
3. to
to be able.
Rapio, rapui, raptum,
Pando,
prick.
4. to cover.
grow pale.
3.
press.
3. to
Pungo, pupugi, punctum,
Quatio, quassi, quassum,
knock against.
Operio, operui, opertum,
Pallesco, pallui,
3. to
Promo, -mpsi, -mptum, 3. to take forth. Psallo, psalli, 3. to play on harp.
Qusero, qusesivi, quaesitum,
hide.
3. to
Occulo, occului, occultum, -di,
Premo, pressi, pressum,
dine.
2. to
grasp.
become amazed.
Occido, occldi, occasum,
Offendo,
3. to
-sum,
-di,
3. to tear.
*plicatum and Scisco, scivi, scitum, 3. to decree.
1. to fold.
Scribo, scripsi, scriptum, 3. to write.
Pono, posui, positum, Posco, poposci,
Possum,
3. to
3. to
place.
Sculpo, sculpsi, sculptum,
demand.
inf. posse, potui, to be able.
Poto, -avi, -atum
and potum, 1.
Praecello, prsecellui, 3. to cxc .1.
to
drink.
3. to
Seco, secui, sectum,
1. to cut.
Sedeo, sedi, sessum,
2. to sit.
Sentio, sensi, sensum,
engrave.
4, to feel.
Sepelio, sepelivi, sepultum, 3. to bury.
NEW
150 Sero, serui, sertum, Sero, sevi, eatum,
3. to
3. to sit
Sumo, sumpsi, sumptum,
join.
sow.
3. to
Suo, sui, sutum,
Surgo, surrexi, surrectum,
3. to arise.
Tango,
touch.
allow.
3. to
*Sisto, *stiti,*statura,
tomato
3.
tostancl.
3. to
tactum,
tetigi,
Tego, texi, tectum,
4. to sob.
Sino, sivi, sltum,
take.
down.
Sileo, silui, 2. to be silent.
Singultlo,
3, to
sew.
3. to
crawl.
3. to
Serpo, serpsi, serptum, Sido, sidi,
EASY LATIN PEIMEfi.
3. to
cover.
Temno, tempsi, temptum, 3. to despise. Tendo, tetendi, -sum & -turn, 3. to stretch. Teneo, tenui, tentum, 2. to hold. 3. to become warm.
Sitio, siti(v)i, 4. to be thirsty.
Tepesco, tepui, Soleo, solitus sum,
2. to
Solvo, solvi, solutum,
be icont.
Tero, trivi, tritum,
3. to loosen.
Sono, eonni, sonitum, 1. to sound. Sorbeo, -bui, 2. to suck up. 3. to sprinkle.
Spargo, sparsi, sparsum, *
Specie, *spexi, *spectum,
Sperno, sprevi, spretum,
3, to
3. to
Sterno, stravi, stratum,
despise.
3. to set
3. to
up.
strew.
Sterto, stertui, 3. to snore. 2. to
*Stinguo,*stinxi,*stinctum, Sto, stSti, statum,
1. to
Strideo, stridi,
quench.
wipe.
Texo, texui, textum,
3. to
weave.
Timeo, timui,
2. to fear.
Tinguo, tinxi, tinctum,
roar.
3. to
Tondeo, totondi, tonsum, Tono, tonui, tonitum, Torqueo,
torsi,
2. to
roast.
draw.
2. to
advise. be wont.
trusi,
assign.
3. to
thump.
2. to swell.
2. to
be in.
-fui, to be
among.
-esse, -fui, to be in the
way of.
-fui, to be before.
Prosum, prodesse, profui, to be Subsum, subesse, to be under.
useful.
Supersum,-esse, -fui,to be over,remain.
3. to
anoint.
press.
Uro, ussi, ustum,
Praesum, -esse,
3. to
3. to thrust.
trusum,
Unguo, unxi, unctum, Urgeo, ursi,
3. to swcfc.
Sum, inf. esse, perf. fui, to be. Absum, -esse, -fui & afui, be absent. Adsum, -esse, -affui, to be present. Desum, -esse, -fui, to be wanting.
Obsum,
tremble.
Tribuo, tribui, tributtun,
3. to pile.
3. to
Intersum, -esse,
thunder.
2. to twist.
3. to
3. to
up.
shear.
Traho, traxi, tractum,
Turgeo, tursi,
Suesco, suevi, suetum,
-esse, -fui, to
tt
tie.
Suadeo, suasi, suasum,
Sugo, suxi, snctum,
2. to
1. to
tortum,
Tundo, tutudi, tunsum,
Struo, struxi, structum,
dye.
Torreo, torrui, tostmn,
Trudo,
2. to shriek.
Stringo, strinxi, strictum, 3. to
Insum,
3. to
Tollo, sustuli, sublatum, 3. to
Tremo, tremui,
stand.
Strepo, strepui, strepitum,
3. to
tersi,
espy.
Spondeo,spopondi, sponsum, 2.topledge. Statuo, Btatui, statutum,
rub.
3. to
tersum,
Tergo,
3. to
Vado, *vasi, *vasum, Veho, vexi, vectum,
burn.
3. to go.
3. to
carry.
Velio, vulsi (velli), vulsum,
3. to
pluck.
Veneo, venivi and venii, v-enitum, be on sale. Venio, veni, ventum,
Vergo, versi,
3. to
4. to
come.
bend.
Verro, verri, versum, Verto, verti, versum,
Veto, vetui, vetitum,
3. to 3. to
sweep. turn.
1. to forbid.
4.
to
151
IRREGULAR VERBS.
Vinco,
vici,
Viso, visi,
Volo, inf. velle, volui, to wish.
2. to see.
Video, vidi, visum,
Vincio, vinxi, vinctum,
victum,
bind.
4. to
3. to
Vomo, vomui, vomitum, Voveo, vovi, votum,
3. to visit.
Vivo, vixi, victum,
3. to roll.
Volvo, volvi, volutum,
conquer.
3. to
2. to
vomit.
vow.
3. to live.
IRREGULAR DEPONENTS. Ajnplector, ampleciti, amplexus sum, to
Apiscor, apisci, aptus sum, to obtain. Assentior, -tiri, assensus sum, to agree to.
Comminiscor,
-ci,
Expergiscor,
-ci,
-mentus sum.to devise. experrectus sum,
feseus
sum, to grow weary.
Fruor, frui, fruitus sum,
Fungor,
-gi,
to
measure.
Nanciscor,
-ci,
nactus sum,
to obtain.
Nascor, nasci, natus sum, to be born. Nitor, niti, nisua & nixus sum, strive.
Obliviscor,
Experior, experiri, expertus sum, to try. Fatear, fateri, fassus sum, to confess. -ci,
mensus sum,
to
wake up.
Fatiscor,
Metior, metiri,
Morior, mori, mortuus sum, to die.
embrace.
to enjoy.
functus sum, to discharge.
-ci,
oblitus
sum,
to forget.
oppertus sum, to wait for. Ordior, ordiri, orsus sum, to begin. Opperior,
-iri,
Orior, oriri, ortus
Paciscor,
-ci,
sum,
to rise.
pactus sum, to bargain.
Patior, pati, passus
sum,
Proficiscor, -ci, profectus
to suffer.
sum,
to set out.
Gradior, gradi, gressus sum, to step.
Queror,
Irascor, irasci, iratus
Reor, reri, ratus sum, to think. Sequor, sequi, secutus sum, to follow.
Labor,
labi,
sum,
lapsus sum,
Loquor, loqui, locutus stun,
Medeor, mederi,
to heal.
to
be angry.
to glide.
to speak.
-i,
questus sum,
Ulciscor, ulcisci, ultus
to
sum,
Utor, uti, usus sum, to use.
END OF PART
III-
complain.
to
avenge.
PART
IV.
DIFFICILIORA.
153
PART
DIFFICILIORA.
IV.
CONTENTS. PAGE 1.
Gender
2.
Gender
the
of
General Eules
tive.
clension
of
PAGE
Substan.
.
6. Peculiarities
stantive
157
the Third De-
:
Eule (1) First General
.
159
of the Sub-
:
(1)
First Declension
(2)
Second Declension
.
171
(3)
Third Declension
.
172
.
.
171
'
(2)
Second General Eule 159
(a)
Accusative Sing. 173
(3)
Third General Eule
.
159
(I)
Abl. Sing, in
(4)
Masc. Substantives
.
160
(c)
Abl. Sing,
(5)
Feminine
.
161
(6)
Neuter
.163
(d) Genitive Plural
164
176
(5)
Fifth Declension
.
176
Alphabetical List of Sub-
7.
stantives, irregular as
8. Peculiarities
5.
(1)
Masculine
(2)
Feminine
(3)
Neuter
(4)
Common
Peculiarities of
stantive
to
....
165
.
.
of
the Sub-
(alphabetically
178
arranged)
166
9.
166
10.
Eoman Calendar Eoman Money
167
11.
Parsing
12.
Order of Latin Words
.
13.
Eules of Syntax
192-206
the Sub-
General
.
Declension of Proper Names 177
stantive
.... ....
175
.
4.
:
174
.
Fourth Declension
Epitome
Gender
.173 e
(4)
3.
their
i
and
i
168
155
.
184
....
186
.
.
188
.
.
.
190
PART
DIFFICILIORA.
IV.
GENDER OF THE SUBSTANTIVE. In giving in
THERE
the Gender of the Substantive, page 18, Part
full
make each Part complete
repeated, to
are three
(a) Masculine,
Common,
a Substantive must be
Genders;
(&) Feminine,
I., is
in itself.
Some
Neuter.
(c)
either
also are
Masculine or Feminine.
i.e.
We
give two
common General
Rules
:
Certain classes of things are of certain Genders.
I.
Males.
People.
Mountains (most).
Months.
Winds.
Rivers (most).
Feminine.
Females.
Countries (most). Cities and Trees (most)
Neuter.
Indeclinable
Common.
Words
Masculine.
Islands.
Nouns ;
.
as, fas, nefas, nihil.
applicable to either sex
;
as,
Conjux, husband or wife. Hostis,
II.
an enemy.
Genders of
known by
Substantives are in a general way also the terminations in each Declension.
First.
Feminine, in a and
Second.
Masculine, in us and er
Third.
(a)
(c)
Masculine in as and ;
es.
Neuter in um. o, or, os,
:
er, es,
increasing in
03).
Feminine terminations is, as, aus, x (not ea?), s preceded by a consonant, es not increasing in genitive. :
Neuter terminations
Fourth.
Masculine in
Fifth.
Feminine.
But
;
Masculine terminations gen., ex (not
(b)
e
its ;
:
Neuter
to these rules there are
ar, ur, us, c, a,
many
167). 137
t, I, e,
n.
in u.
exceptions (see pp. 158-
158
NEW
EASY LATIN PRIMER.
GENDER OF THE SUBSTANTIVE, EXCEPTIONS.
DECLENSION Nouns So
in
a denoting Males, are Masculine
;
I.
as, poeta,
Hadria, Adriatic Sea.
Scurra, a buffoon.
DECLENSION
A
a poet.
also are
few in us are Feminine
II.
:
Alvus, the belly. Arctus, the Bear (constellation).
Humus, the ground.
C&Tlo&sTis, fine flax.
Pirus, a pear-tree, (a)
Pampinus, vine-leaf.
Colus, a distaff.
Sapphirus.,
a sapphire.
(&)
Vannus, a winnowing fan.
A few in us are Neuter
:
Pelagus, the sea.
Yulgus, the
Virus, poison.
common
people
(generally).
DECLENSION
III.
Exceptions are numerous (see pp. 158-167).
DECLENSION
A few in us are Feminine
IV.
:
Acus, a needle. Anus, an old woman.
Manus, the hand. Nurus, a daughter-in-law. Porticus, a portico. Socrus, a mother-in-law.
Donius, a house. Idus (pi.), the Ides.
Tribus, a tribe.
DECLENSION
V.
All are Feminine except dies, which is common in the Singular, but Masculine in the Plural, and meridies, midday, which is Masculine.
(a) (b)
And names And names
of plants. of jewels.
GENDER OF THE THIRD DECLENSION.
159
GENDER OF THE THIRD DECLENSION. Words and of
of the Third Declension are of various terminations
all
Some
genders.
may be known by
of course
Pater, a father,
)
Tiberis, the Tiber,
j
Mulier, a woman,
-\
Soror, a sister,
C
Venus, the goddess Venus,
j
their
meanings;
as,
are masculine.
are feminine.
But, as a rule, the gender in each declension must be decided by the termination.
FIRST GENERAL RULE. Substantives are masculine which end in increasing in Genitive, ex (not x). o, leo, a lion. os, flos,
or,
os,
er, es
a goose. a foot, grex, a flock.
er,
anser,
pain.
es,
pes,
a flower.
ex,
or, dolor,
o,
SECOND GENERAL RULE. Substantives are feminine which end in (not ex), s preceded navis, a is,
by a consonant,
es
is, as, aus, x not increasing in Gen.
as,
libertas, liberty.
bs,
pax, peace, urbs, a city,
am,
laus, praise.
es,
nubes, a cloud.
x,
ship.
THIRD GENERAL RULE. Substantives in ar, ur, us, ar,
calcar,
a spur.
ur,
fulgur, lightning.
us,
corpus, a body. lac, milk.
c,
n,
c,
a,
t, I, e,
n (catlen) are neuter.
a,
poema, a poem,
t,
caput, the head,
I,
animal, an animal,
e,
mare, the
nomen, a name.
But there are many exceptions.
sea.
160
NEW I.
Substantives in
o,
EASY LATIN PRIMER.
MASCULINE.
or, os, er, es
masculine. 1. But though Substantives ending in o are masculine,
increasing, ex (not x) are
SUBSTANTIVES. 5.
Those ending in
es in-
161
NEW EAST
162 Sanguis
-guinis
Hood
LATIN PRIMER.
163
SUBSTANTIVES.
III.
NEUTER.
Substantives in ar, ur,
1.
us, c, a,
Substantives ending in
t,
I,
e,
n, are neuter.
NEW EAST
164
LATIN PRIMER.
EPITOME. As a
rale the genders
must be decided by the terminations,
as follows, but there are Masculine : Feminine ; Neuter :
o, or, os, er, is, as,
many
exceptions.
es increasing, ex (not x).
aus, x, s preceded
ar, ur, us, c, a, t,
1,
e,
n
by a consonant, es not increasing. (catlen).
MASCULINE. 1.
do,
Words ending
two in
in o
go, eight in io
but those in do, go, io are feminine, three in are however masculine and one in go is common.
:
;
MASCULINE. 2.
And four 3.
FEMININE.
Words ending in or. But one is feminine, are neuter.
Words ending
1.
Words ending in is. But many are masculine
2.
Words ending
in os.
But two are feminine,
And 4.
Words ending
And And Words But
And
4.
thirteen are neuter.
in
es,
one
is
5.
neuter.
three are
ten are
And
one
is
neuter.
Words ending in aus. Words ending in x. But three in ix are masculine, And two in ux are common.
Words But
And
common.
in ex (not x). six are feminine,
six are masculine,
Note words in ex (opposite column).
increasing.
But seven are feminine,
6.
3.
Words ending in er. But one is feminine,
And 5.
two are neuter.
in as.
But
6.
common.
in
s after
a consonant.
thirteen are masculine,
seven are
common.
Words in es not increasing. But two are masculine. And one is common.
NEUTEE. 1.
Words ending But one
2.
3.
is
in ar.
4.
Words ending in ur. But four are masculine.
Words ending in MS. But two are masculine, And nine are feminine, And two are common.
Words
in
c, a, t, e.
There are no exceptions.
masculine.
5.
Words ending in I. But five are masculine.
6.
Words ending But
in n.
eight are masculine, And three (in on) are feminine.
SUBSTANTIVES IRREGULAR.
SUBSTANTIVES IRREGULAR IN GENDER. (Alphabetically arranged.)
MASCULINE. Acinaces
165
166 Sol
NEW EASY
LATIN PRIMER.
SUBSTANTIVES IRREGULAR.
COMMON. Adepg
167
NEW
168
EASY LATIN PRIMER.
PECULIARITIES OF THE SUBSTANTIVE. There are many
Substantive which
irregularities in the
require notice. 1.
Some
Substantives are not declined nefas.
fas.
2.
;
as, instar.
nihil.
Some
Substantives are used in the Singular number only. silver. JEvum, age. Aurum, gold. Letum, death. Ferrum, iron. Sanguis, blood. Pueritia, boyhood. Plebs, the common people. Argentum,
*Aer, air. ^Ether, the sky.
3usiitia, justice.
Ver, the spring.
With many more.
A Plural occurs in Lucretius.
*
3.
Some
are used in the Plural
number
only.
Manes, ghosts.
Nugse,
Liberi, children.
Grates, thanks. Arma, arms.
Penates, household gods.
trifles.
Munia, funct ions Magalia, huts.
Divitise, riches.
Cunae, a cradle.
(office).
With many more. 4.
Some
Substantives want one or more cases.
The following have no Nom.
;
viz.
:
(daps) dapis (f.) a feast. (ditio) ditionis (f.) a dominion. (frux) frugis
(f.)
(ops) opis
strength. others.
and 5.
Some take two
fruit.
(f.)
forms, though of the same declension, as
Jocus, a jest; plur., joci and joca.
Locus, a place; plur., loci, loca. Frenum, a bit; plur., freni, frena. Eastrum, a harrow ; plur., rastri, rastra.
PECULIARITIES OF THE SUBSTANTIVE. 6.
Some Substantives have a twofold are called Heteroclita
7.
;
e.g.
169
declension,
and so
domus, a house.
In the second declension some Substantives end in us
and
um ;
as
Callus, callum, hardened, skin.
Commentarius, commentarium,
8.
Some
fluctuate between the first
a,
note book.
and second declension
as Menda, mendurn, a fault. Vespera, vesper, the evening.
9.
Some
fluctuate
between the
first
and
fifth
;
as
Barbaria, barbarieg, barbarism. Luxuria, luxuries, luxury. Materia, materies, matter. Mollitia, mollities, softness.
10.
Some
fluctuate
between the second and third
;
as
and delphin, delphinis, a dolphin. Elephantus, -i, and elephas, elephantis, an elephant. Tergum, -i, and tergus, tergeris, a back. Delphitms,
11.
Some
Cupressus,
-i,
fluctuate between the second
and fourth;
as
;
NEW
170
Some vary
13.
EASY LATIN PRIMER.
their declension in the
two numbers
Sing., second declension Juge'rum, an acre; Vas, vasis, a vessel; Sing., third declension j
Some Substantives have a
14.
;
:
Plural, third. Plural, second.
different
meaning in the
Singular and the Plural. JEdes, a temple.
JEdes, a house.
P.
Aqua, water.
Aquae, medicinal springs.
Auxilium, help.
Auxilia, auxiliary forces.
Career, a prison.
Carceres,
Castrum, a fort.
Castra, a camp.
Copia, plenty.
Copise, forces.
a
starting place.
Gratia, favour.
Gratiae, thanks.
Impedimentum, a hindrance. Littera, a letter (alphabet).
Impedimenta, baggage.
Ludus, play, school.
Ludi, public games.
Opera, exertion.
Operse,
Opis (Gen.), help.
Opes, power, wealth.
Litterse,
an
epistle.
workmen.
Eostrum, a beak.
Rostra, a platform for speakers.
Tabula, a board.
Tabulse, writing tablets.
With 15.
Many have
others.
only certain cases
;
but these will be given
elsewhere. 16.
The following have a
full plural,
but only the ablative
in the singular:
Ambage
(f.),
a
circuit.
Casse (m.), a snare.
Fauce
(.), the throat.
Verbere
(n.),
With
a
stripe.
others.
Verlere has also, according to Ovid, a Gen.
:
verberis.
PECULIARITIES OF THE SUBSTANTIVE.
171
FIRST DECLENSION". 1.
3.
The Dative and Ablative of some words end in abus. Dea, a goddess, deabus. Filia, a daughter, filiabus. Nata, a daughter, natabus.
And
Two
words
have
old
Genitive in as remaining, Paterfamilias, master of a family. Materfamilias, mother of a family.
others. 4.
2.
The two following words have Gen. Plnr. in um. Coelicola, a dwelling in
Voc., .Enea.
heaven,
ccelicolum.
Ace., ./Eneam or j-Enean.
Greek Substantives in
Terrigena, earth-born, terrigenum.
given on
and
es
are
common people. } B
p,
e
p. 177.
SECOND DECLENSION. 1.
Deus, a god, p.
4.
Pelagus, the sea. is
irregular;
177.
Virus, poison.
Vulgus,
t/i
5. 2. ;,
Films, a
Nom.P.carbasa, Tartara.
Tartarus, Tartarus,
makes
son,
6.
Voc.,
fili
(mi Gen., filii or
And
fili,
my
son).
fili.
Adulter, an adulterer.
Armiger,
an
armour-
v
bearer.
proper names in ius are
\\kefilius; as, Lcelius, Lceli; so is also genius.
3.
Gener, a son-in-law. Liber, Bacchus. Liberi, children.
Puer, a boy. Signifer, a sign-bearer. Socer, a father-in-law. Vesper, evening. 7.
> a
cf
Faber, a smith, Gen. Plur., fabrorum and fabrum. Nummus, money, Gen. P., nummuni
and nummorum. For Greek Substantives, Delos, Orphans,
see p.177.
NEW
172
EASY LATIN PRIMER.
THIRD DECLENSION. (With Adjectives^) 1
.
The terminations of the Substantives of this declension are many and various. Some grammars give at full length
many as thirty samples but this adds considerably to -what a boy thinks he has to learn. Three, or at most four, as samples, are quite sufficient. as
;
Nubes, because
it
does not increase.
Lapis, because Opus, because
it
does increase.
Mare,
because
it is neuter. it
makes
ia in the Plural.
it must be well noted that the Genitive Singular must be known, and then nearly every Substantive, whatever its termination, can be gone through regularly.
2.
But
3.
Some
Substantives have more syllables in the Genitive than they have in the Nominative, hence they are called increasing, the proper word being imparisyllabic (not not increase are equal in syllables), as those which do called parisyllabic (equal in syllables).
4.
is generally with learners a Genitive Plural, whether it ends in
There
general rule
difficulty
um
or ium.
as
to
the
But the
is,
The Genitive Plural of increasing nouns is um and not ium. if the word increases in the Genitive does not further increase in the Genitive
In other words, Singular
it
Plural; but there are exceptions, which will be given presently.
There are peculiarities also in the Ace. and Abl. Singular.
PECULIARITIES OF THE SUBSTANTIVE.
THIRD DECLENSION. ACCUSATIVE AND ABLATIVE SINGULAE. ACCUSATIVE SINGULAR.
173
NEW
v4
EASY LATIN PRIMER.
THIRD DECLENSION. ABLATIVE SINGULAR IN The Ablative Singular has both 1.
i
and
In most words where the Accusative is
im and em ;
as,
Kestis,
puppi and
AND
i
E.
e, a,
Securis,
rope, has only reste.
an
axe, has only securi.
puppe.
Also in Avis
a bird
2.
In
Adjectives
Nominative
which one
-
and
Imber
rain
Prudens
prudent
Supellex
household utensils
Altior
higher
j
.
But the following Ccflebs
Compos Deses
Impos Pauper Princeps
Pubes Superstes
have
in
termination
in Comparatives
Adjectives have e only.
;
as
ti
and
ri
and re
te
;
PECULIARITIES OP THE SUBSTANTIVE.
175
THIRD DECLENSION. GENITIVE PLUEAL. The general rule, as before stated, is that words that do not increase in Gen. Sing, do increase in Gen. Plural, and have ium ; if they do increase in Gen. Sing., they do not further increase in Gen. Plural,
and have only urn;
as,
Hostis
Nubes
But,
But 1.
The following Sing.,
and
there are exceptions.
though they do not increase in the Gen. have urn in Gen. Plural. six
others,
NEW
176
EASY LATIN PRIMER.
FOURTH DECLENSION. often contracted into u
1.
The Dative Singular gradm, gradw.
2.
The following eleven words have the Dative and Ablative Plural in ubus ; some have both forms, ubus and ibus. Acus
ui
is
:
as,
DECLENSION OF PROPER NAMES, ETC.
DECLENSION OF PEOPER NAMES AND IRREGULAR SUBSTANTIVES. FIRST S.
N. Epitome V. Epitome A. Epitomen
Dr "g
g ,>
G. Epitomes D. Epitomae
A. Epitome
^
177
NEW EAST
178
LATIN PRIMER.
PECULIARITIES OF SUBSTANTIVES AND ADJECTIVES. Acer
(adj.), acris, e,
Neut., acria
Abl. Sing., acri
sharp.
;
Nom., Voc., and Ace. Plur.
Gen. Plur. acrium.
;
Acies, aciei (f.), a line of battle. Only Nom., Voc., Ace., in the Plur. Acus, -us (f.), a needle. Dat. and Abl. Plur., acubus.
Gen. Plur., adolescentium. (c.), a youth. Adulter, -eri (m.), an adulterer. Keeps the e in all cases. ^Edes (f.), in the Sing, is a temple; in the Plur., aedes, -ium, a house.
Adolescens, -entis
(m.), JEneas.
-ae
.ZEneas,
Voc.
Sing., .ZEnea
;
Ace. Sing., .ZEneam or
-ZEnean.
Ambages, Amussis,
a winding. In Sing, only Abl. Gen. Plur., ambagum. a rule. Ace. Sing., amussim Abl. Sing, amussi.
-is (f.),
-is (f.),
Anchises,
Anchisa
;
;
(m.), Anchises.
-as
Voc. Anchise or
Ace., Anchisen, or
-am;
Abl.,
Anchise or
-a, declined, see p. 177.
-is (n.), an animal. Nom., Voc., Ace. Plur., animalia; Gen. animalium Abl. Sing., animali. Gen. Plur., apium and apum. Apis, apis (f.), a bee. Also, apes, apis. Aqua, aquae (f.), water. (Plur.) aquas, medicinal springs. Arcus, -us (m.), a low. Dat. and Abl. Plur., arcubus, like acus. Arma, -orum (n.), arms. Has no singular. Artus, -uum (PL), (m.), limbs. Dat. and Abl. Plur., artubus, like acus.
Animal, Plur.,
;
Arx, arcis
(f.),
a
citadel.
Gen. Plur., arcium.
As, assis (m.), a small coin. Gen. Plur., assium, like arx. Aurum, auri (n.), gold. Has no Plur.
Auxilium, Avis,
-i
-is (f.),
Barbaria, Caalicola,
Cselum,
a
bird.
-aa (f.),
-ae,
barbarism.
-i
(n.),
a spur. ;
Nom., Voc., and Ace.
Plur., calcaria;
Abl. Sing., calcari. -i (n.), hardened skin. Gen. Plur., canum.
(m.), also callum,
-is (c.),
Carbasus,
Gen. Plur., cselicolum.
(no plural), heaven.
Plur., calcarium
Callus,
Also barbaries, barbariei.
a dweller in heaven.
caeli (n.),
Calcar, -aris
Canis,
(Plur.) auxilia, auxiliary forces. Abl. Sing., avi and ave.
(n.), help.
-i
a dog.
(f.),
fine flax.
Career, -eris (m.), a prison.
(Plur.),
carbasa
(n.), sails.
Carceres, -um, a starting point.
Gen.
PECULIAEITIES OF SUBSTANTIVES AND ADJECTIVES.
179
Casses, -ium (PI.), (m.), a snare.
Only Abl. in Sing. a fort. (Plur.) castra, -orum, a camp. Chlamys, chlamydis (f.), a cloaJc. Declined (see p. 177). Clavis, -is (f.), a key. Ace. Sing., -im or -em. Abl., -i or -e. Gen. Plur., clientium and clientum. Cliens, clientis (c.), a client. Abl. Sing., ccelibe. Ccelebs, coelibis, unmarried (adj.). Commentarius (m.), also commentarium, -i (n.), a note book.
Castrum
-i
(Sing.),
Compos, compotis Copia,
-83 (f.),
Cupressus,
(n.),
(adj.),
having the mastery
and cupressus, -us
-i,
of.
Abl. Sing., compote.
(Plur.) copiaa, -arum, forces.
plenty.
(f.),
a cypress.
a feast. No Nom. or Voc. Sing. (f.), a goddess. Dat. and Abl. Plur., deabus.
(Daps), dapis
Dea,
-SB (f.),
Delos, Deli (f.), Delos. Irr., declined at full length (see p. 177). Deses, desidis (adj.), lazy. Abl. Sing., deside. Deus, dei (m.), a god. Irr., declined at full length (see p. 177).
Common in Sing., masc. in Plur. dii, a day. a dominion. No Nom. Sing. no Plur. a house. Declined (see p. 177).
and
Dies, diei or die
(Ditio), ditionis (f.),
Domus,
-us
(f.),
Echo, echus
(f.),
;
The other
echo.
cases in
o.
an image. Has only Nom., Voc., and Ace. in Epitome, epitomes (f.), an abridgment. Declined (see p. 177). Eventus, -us (m.), eventum, -i (n.), an occurrence.
Effigies, effigiei
(f.),
Gen. Plur., fabrorum and fabrum. a face. Has only Nom., Voc., and Ace. in Plur.
Faber, fabri (m.). Facies, faciei
Fas
(n.),
(Faux)
(f.),
Divine law.
(f.)
febri
and
(f.),
-i,
and
Filius,
-i
Frenum,
;
Plur., fauces, faucium, etc.
(f.),
(f.),
Has no Sing. a fig tree. Gen. Sing., fidei, also
holidays.
ficus, -us (f.),
Fides, fidei (f.), faith. fide in poets, or fidei. Filia, -SB
Abl., fauce
Ace. Sing., febrim and febrem; Abl. Sing.,
fever.
febre.
FeriaB, feriarum
Ficus,
Indeclinable.
some times
Sing.,
Febris, febris
Plur.
fide in poets
a daughter. Dat. and Abl. Plur., filiabus. a son. Voc. Sing., fili ; Gen. Sing., filii and
(m.),
-i (n.),
(Frux), fragis
a
(f.),
Dat. Sing.,
fill.
Plur. freni (m.), frena (n.).
lit.
fruit.
Grates, thanks (Plur.)
;
;
Has no Nom. usually only in
Nom. and
Aco.
Abl. (Tacitus).
NEW
180 Gratia, -&
(f.),
favour;
EASY LATIN PRIMER.
gratiae,
-arum, thanks.
Gravis, -e (adj.), heavy. Nona., Voc., and Ace. Plur. neut., Gen. Plur., gravium; Abl. Sing., gravi.
Gener, generi (m.), a son-in-law. Keeps the e in all cases Genius, genii (m.), a genius. Declined like filius. Gen. Plur., glirium. Glis, gliris (m.), a dormouse.
;
(like puer).
Ace. Sing., Hispalim.
-is (f.), Seville.
Hispalis,
gravia
Abl. Sing., igni and igne.
Ignis, ignis (m.),fire.
Imber, imbris (m.), a shower. Abl. Sing., imbri and imbre. Impedimentum, -i (n.), a hindrance. Plur., impedimenta, baggage.
Impos, impotis Instar
(adj.),
(n.), likeness.
not master
of.
Abl. Sing., impote.
Indeclinable.
-i (m.), a joke. Plur., joci (m.), joca (n.). Jugerum, -i (n.), an acre. 2nd declension in Sing., 3rd in Plur. Nom., Dat. and Abl., Voc., and Ace. Plur., jugera; Gen. Plur., jugerum
Jocus,
;
jugeribus. Justitia,
-se
Juvenis,
-is (m.),
Has no
(injustice.
a youth.
Plural.
Gen. Plur., juvenum.
Dat. and Abl. Plur., lacubus, like acus. Declined like filius.
Lacus, -us (m.), a lake.
Laelius, Laelii (m.), Lcelius.
Lauras,
-i (f.),
a lay
tree,
and laurus, -iis. Keeps the e in Has no Sing.
Liber, Liberi (m.), Bacchus. Liberi, -orum (m.), children. Lis, litis
Littera,
Locus,
Ludus,
(f.),
a law suit. Gen. Plur., litium. a letter (alphabet) litterse, -arum, an
-se (f.),
-i -i
Luxuria,
all cases.
;
epistle.
a place ; loci (m. Plur.), loca (n. Plur.). (m.), play ; ludi, -orum, public games.
(m.),
-ee (f.),
luxury
;
also luxuries, luxuriei.
Mare, maris (u.), the sea. Abl. Sing., mari; neut. Plur., maria. Mas, maris (m.), a male. Gen. Plur., marium. Materfamilias (f.), matrisfamiliae and matrisfamilias, the mother of a family.
PECULIARITIES OF SUBSTANTIVES AND ADJECTIVES. -SB
Materia,
timber
(f.),
Memor, Menda,
-SB (f.),
Mensis,
-is (m.),
-oris (adj.),
-is (f.),
Messis,
and materies,
;
and mendum,
-i
(n.),
a fault.
Gen. Plur.,
a harvest.
-ei.
Abl. Sing., memori.
mindful.
a month.
181
Ace. Sing.,
mensum
messem
or mensium.
or messim.
-as, softness; and mollities, -ei (f.). Mons, montis (m.), a mountain. Gen. Plur., montium. Mus, muris (m.), a mouse. Gen. Plur., murium.
Mollitia,
Nata,
-ae (f.),
Nefas Nihil
a daughter. Dat. and Abl. Plur., natabus. a ship. Aec. Sing., navim ornavem.
-is (f.),
Navis,
crime.
(n.), (n.),
Nix, nivis
Indeclinable. Indeclinable.
nothing. (f.),
Gen.
snow.
Numus and minimus, Opera,
-83
(Ops) opis
(f.),
(f.),
-i
Plur.,
(m.),
an exertion; strength
;
nivium.
money. Gen. Plur.,
-arum
operas,
opes,
opum
(m.),
numorum and numum.
workmen.
(Plur.), wealth.
Orpheus, Orphe'i, Orpheos (m.), Orpheus. Declined (see p. 177). Gen. Plur., ossium. Os, ossis (n.), a bone.
Pallas, Palladis or Pallados
(f.),
Minerva.
Paris, Paridis or Paridos (m.), Pan's.
Partus,
-iis
(m.), a birth.
Pecu
p. 177).
Dat. and Abl. Plur., partubus, like acus.
and patrisfamilias
(m.), father of a family. Abl. Sing., paupere. Dat. and Abl. Plur., pecubus, like acus.
Paterfamilias, patrisfamiliae
Pauper, pauperis
Declined (see p. 177).
Declined (see
(adj.), poor.
(-us) (n.), cattle.
Has no Plural. a basin. Ace. Sing., pelvim and pelvem. Declined at full length Pericles, -is and -i (m.), Pericles. Pinus, -us, and pinus, -i (f.), a pine. Plebs, plebis, and plebes, -is, -ei (f.), common people. Pelagus,
-i
Pelvis, -is
(n.), the sea.
(f.),
Portus, -us (m.), harbour. (Prex) (precis)
(f.),
(adj.),
and portibus. Sing, not used.
Dat., Abl. Plur., portubus
a prayer.
Nom. and Gen.
Princeps, principis (adj.), chief.
Prudens, prudentis
(see p. 177).
Abl. Sing., principe. Abl. Sing., prudenti and prudente;
prudent.
Nom., Voc., and Ace. Plur.
(n.),
prudentia.
NEW
182
EASY LATIN PRIMER,
Pubes and puber, puberis (adj.), adult. Keeps the e in all cases. Puer, pueri (m.), a boy. Ace. Sing., puppim and puppem. Puppis, -is (f.), a ship. puppi and puppe. Quercus, -us
Rastrum,
-i (f.),
-is (f.),
(Ravis),
-etis
Requies,
an oak.
(f.),
Dat. and Abl. Plur., quercubus.
a rake. (Plur.) rastri, -orum (m.), rastra, Ace. Sing., ravim. hoarseness.
-orum
Ace. Sing., requietem and requiem.
rest.
(f.),
Abl. Sing.,
(n.).
Abl. Sing.
requiete and requie. Restis, -is
Rostrum,
a rope. Ace., restim or restem. Abl. Sing., reste. a beak. (Plur.) rostra, -orum, a platform for speaking.
(f.), -i
(n.),
Sappho, -us and -onis -is
Securis,
(f.),
an axe.
(f.),
Declined at full length (see p. 177). Sappho. Ace. Sing., securim and securem Abl. Sing., ;
securi.
Sedes,
-is (f.),
Series
(f.),
Sibilus,
a
-i
a
seat.
series.
(m.),
a
Gen. Plur., sedum and sedium." Has only Nom., Ace., and Abl. Sing. (Plur.) sibili
hissing.
and
sibila, sibilos
and
sibila.
Ace. Sing., sitim; has no Plur. Socer, -en (m.), a father-in-law. Keeps the e in all cases, like puer. Has only Nona., Voc., and Ace. Plur. Species, -ei (f.), an appearance. Sitis, -is (f.), thirst.
Specus, -us (m.), a cave. Spes, spei (f.), hope. (Spons), Abl. sponte Strix, strigis
Dat. and Abl., specubus, like acus. Ace. Plur.
Has only Nom., Voc., and one's own accord. (f.), of Gen.
an owl.
(f.),
Plur., strigium.
a heap. Gen. Plur., struum. Suggestus, -us (m.), and suggestum, -i (n.), a platform for speakers. Strues, struis
(f.),
Supellex, supellectilis
(f.),
household utensils.
Abl., supellectili
and
-e.
Superstes, superstitis (adj.), only surviving. Abl. Sing., superstite. Sus, suis (c.), a swine. Dat. plur. subus (Lucretius), and suibus.
Tabula,
-SB (f.),
Tartarus,
-i
a board;
Tenebrae, -arum Terrigena,
tabulae,
(m.), Tartarus. (f.),
-re (c.),
darkness.
earth born.
Tiberis, -is (m.), the Tiber.
Abl. Sing.,
-i.
-arum, writing
(Plur.) Tartara,
Has no
tablets.
-orum
(n).
Sing.
Gen. Plur., terrigeniim. Ace. Sing., Tiberim, Tibrim (from Tibris)
;
183
PECULIARITIES OF SUBSTANTIVES AND ADJECTIVES. Tribus, -us
a
(f.),
tribe.
Dat. and Abl. Plur., tribubus.
Abl. Sing., tristi. a tower. Ace. Sing., turrim
Tristis, -e (adj.), sad. -is (f.),
Turris,
and turrem
;
Abl. Sing., turri
and turre. a cough. Ace., tussim
-is (f.),
Tussis,
Vas, vasis
a
(n.),
;
Abl. Sing., tussi.
3rd dec. in Sing., 2nd in Plur
vessel.
;
(Plur.) vasa,
vasorum. Vates, vatis (c.), a prophet. Gen. Plur., vatum. (Verber), verberis (n.), a stripe. Abl. Sing., verbere
;
only Gen. and Abl.
in Sing., full Plur.
Veru, verus
a
(n.),
Vesper, vesperis keeps the e in Virus, viri Vis, vis
(n.),
(f.),
Dat. and Abl. Plur., verubus and veribus. Ace. Sing., vesperum evening.
-eri (2) (m.), the
Also vespera,
Has no
poison.
-88
;
(f.).
Plural.
Ace. Sing., vim; (Plur.) Nom., Voc., and Ace., Gen. and Dat. Sing., very rare.
strength.
vires, virium.
-i
and
all cases.
Volucris, volucris
Vulgus,
spit.
(3)
(n.),
(f.),
a
bird.
Gen.
Plur., volucrum.
common people. Has no
Plural.
APPENDIX. Ales, alitis
(c.),
a bird.
Abl. Sing., alite
and
-e
;
Gen. Plur., alitum and
alituum. (Cassis, cassis) (m.), a net, snare.
Grus, gruis
(c.),
a crane.
Nom.
Only
Abl., casse, in Sing.
Full Plural.
Sing., gruis (Phcedrus).
Lien, lienis, and lienis, lienis (m.), milt, spleen.
Obex, obicis and objicis (c.), a bolt. Gen. Plur., paludum and paludium. (f.), a marsh. Parens, parentis (c.), a parent. Gen. Plur., parentum and parentium. Palus, paludis
Poema, poematis Eenes,
renum
(n.),
a poem.
Dat. and Abl. Plur., poematis.
Has no Singular. blood. Has no Plural.
(m.), kidneys.
Sanguis, sanguinis (m.),
Amnis, a river, Clunis, a buttock,
Collis,
Finis,
besides those mentioned and
a hill, a boundary,
many
others,
Fustis, a cudgel, Postis,
a
door,
have Abl. Sing, in
i
and
e.
NEW EASY
184
LATIN PRIMER.
THE ROMAN CALENDAR. The Roman month had three chief days, with reference which the other days were reckoned. These days were the Kalends (Kalends), which
fell
on the
the Nones (NonjB), the Ides (Idus),
But
io
1st;
5th
;
13th.
in
March, July, October, May, The Nones were on the 7th day,
and the Ides on the 15th, or eight days
later.
All other days were counted backwards from these three points in other words, the Romans did not say such a day after the Kalends, Nones, or Ides, but such a day before these three principal days. ;
To
express a date in Latin observe these rules
:
(a) For days before the Kalends, add two to the number of days in the month, and subtract the day of the month from
the result so obtained.
For days before the Nones and Ides, add one to the day on which they respectively fall, and subtract the day of the month from the result.
(6)
E.g.
To express
the 16th of January in Latin
January contains 31 days add 2 to this, and you have 33 16 = 17. So that you find January 16th = ante diem septimum decimum Kalendas Februarias or, as it is usually ;
33.
;
written, a. d.
XVII.
Kal. Feb.
THE ROMAN CALENDAR.
To express February
The Nones
3rd.
Add
1, aud the result is 6; 3rd=a. d. III. Non. Feb.
185
on the 5th; Therefore, February
63=3.
fell
'
To
express
add 1 to 13th=a.
May
13th.
d. III. Id.
To express
The Ides
and you have 16
this,
16
;
of
May
fell
13=3.
on the 15th
Therefore,
Mai.
in Latin the date of a year the ordinal
must be used
;
;
May
A.D.
e.g.
1885=Anno
numerals
natum
post Christum
millesimo octingentesiino octogesimo quinto.
The Kalends, Nones, and Ides of January,
etc.,
expressed by Kalendis, Nonis*, Idibus, Januariis, Non. Jan. Id. Jan., etc briefly, by Kal. Jan. :
will
etc.
;
be or,
:
before the Kalends, Nones, and Ides of January, expressed by Pridie Kalendas, Nonas, Idus, Januarias, etc.; or, briefly, Prid. Kal., Non., Id., Jan.
The day
etc., is
In leap year February 24 (a. d. VI. Kal. Mart.) was reckoned and the day was called dies bissextus, whence the
twice
;
term, bissextile, as applied to leap year.*
The Latin names
of the months, which are adjectives with mensis), are Januarius, Februarius, Marfcius, (agreeing Junius, Julius (or Quintilis), Augustus (or Maius, Aprilis, Sextilis),
Those tristis
*
and
;
The
September, October, November, December. in -us
are
declined like bonus;
those in
-is like
those in -er like acer.
intercalated day
was counted between
called a. d. bissextum Kal. Mart.
;
a. d.
VI. and
a. d. VII.,
so that a. d. VII. answers as in
ordinary years to Feb. 23rd.
N
NEW EASY
186
LATIN PEIMER.
ROMAN MONEY. There were two principal the Sestertius (a silver coin
As (genitive asses'), the symbol lie
coins,
= 2J
assis)
for
and
which
was HS. The As, or pound Uncia
was thus divided:
of 12 ounces (uncice),
=
or -^ of the As.
1 oz.,
=2 Quadrans =3 =4 Triens Quincunx =5 Semis =6 Septunx = 7 Bes =8
a
Sextans
Dodrans Dextans
Deunx
= 9 =10 = 11
TT ,
-i
i
_*_
i
J?
=
,
.,
5
T 2-
,,
.JL.
'
M
=
i
,,
TV
A=I
TV
if
= =
I -,,
#
The following terms were used Heres ex asse. Heres ex sextante. Heres ex besse.
=
&=
in bequeathing property
Heir to the whole
estate.
of the ,,
:
,,
,,
,,
Etc., etc., etc.
Interest
100
was reckoned monthly
at the rate of so
much per
asses.
Hence Uncise usurse
=
per annum. Sextan tes usurse
T\ per cent, per month
=
=
=2
per annum.
Quadrantes usurss cent, per
per cent, per month
=
annum.
1 per cent.
per cent, per month
per cent-
=3
per
ROMAN MONEY. Asses usurse
=
187
month
1 per cent, per
=
12 per cent, per
annum. Instead of asses usuree
we
find centesimse
So, Binge centesimse Trinee
^ /
Quaternas
sestertii, or sesterce, as
is
,
.
we have of a
so
said,
} per I r J
was a
sum (= 1,000
an-
num. coin.
sestertii),
HS, joined with Cardinal or Distributive numbers,
many thousand
sesterces.
The Numeral adverbs joined with (gen.
per cent.
only used in the plural.
Sestertm,
means
.
\
The sestertiwm was the name and
^
J
f
.
The
:
=2 or 24 = 3 per cent. 36 month r = 4 J per 48
sing.),
sestertium,
or
(or understanding) sestertii so many 100,000
HS, denote
sesterces.
=3
Thus, Tres sestertii Trecenti sestertii Mille sestertium
Duo
millia sestertium, or
...
duo
)
>
sestertia
3
Decem millia sestertium Centum millia sestertium, Centena millia sestertium
Centum
J>
= 1,000 = 2,000 = 10,000
,,
.,
= 100,000
sestertia
Ter centena millia sestertium, Ter sestertium Decies centena millia sestertium, TA
j
i-A
X = Sestertii
)
3
Quadringenties sestertium HS. HS. HS.
]
r
Decies sestertium
NOTE.
sesterces.
=300
= 300,000 n = 1,UUU,UUU = 40,000,000
X= Sestertia
decem =10 decem =10,000
X = Sestertiwn
decies
sesterces.
= 1,000,000
,,
NEW EASY LATIN
188
PRIMER.
PARSING. There
but little doubt that the generality of teachers, whether make use of Parsing too much as a means of teaching the Grammar of a sentence, whereas it should more properly be used simply as a test of what the pupil knows. As also dictation is often improperly used as a means of teaching spelling, though it is a most capital exercise and test when the pupil has learned to spell fairly. is
at public or private schools,
Much time is wasted over Parsing. The pupil has to say everything he knows of a word, whether it is Masculine or Feminine, Singular or Plural and of a Verb, what Conjugation, Voice, Mood, Tense, Number, Person, etc. Careful and diligent teachers boast that they do this with their pupils every day. The pupil no doubt gets up the required form by rote, but half the time does not understand what he is about and if asked what Gender and why, cannot answer without thinking. ;
;
The simplest form
of Parsing is the best, as not
either to the teacher or the pupil.
Below
is
Maturus fructus dulcem saporem
an example
wearying :
hdbet.
Maturus fructus ripe fruit habet has dulcem saporem a sweet taste. Maturus. Fructus.
Dulcem.
Saporem. Habet.
Nominative Case, to agree with its substantive fructus. Nominative Case to the verb habet. Accusative Case, to agree with its substantive saporem. Accusative Case governed by the verb halet. Third Person Singular, to agree with its Nominative Ca,se fructus.
This is all that is required to enable a pupil to understand the construction of the sentence. It is certainly most important that much more than this should be known; but, according to the teaching of this little book, the
pupil would know it. He would know as well as his teacher that maturus was an Adjective, Masculine Gender and Singular Num. ber, and declined like bonus, or certainly he would not and could
not be doing exercises.
And so with dulcem. If he did not know that dulcem was an Adjective of two terminations, declined like tristis, and that did-
189
PAUSING.
in itself -was Masculine or Feminine, but Masculine in this sentence because it has to agree with saporem, he certainly would have to shut his Exercise book and take to his Grammar again.
cem
There must be added a word or two about this Parsing for who wish to learn Latin by themselves, that they may
those teach
it
to others.
Maturus
is
the Nominative Case, simply and for no other reason it has to agree with fructus, which is Nomina-
than that
tive. Being an Adjective, it has nothing to do with the Verb, or with anything but a Substantive.
the Nominative Case to the verb habet. Hdbet standing in the sentence must have some Nominative, either expressed or understood; as fructus is a Nominative, then fructus must be taken.
Fructus
is
Dulcem
is
Saporem
Habet
is
the Accusative Case not governed by the Verb, for being an Adjective it has nothing to do with anything but a Substantive; but it is the Accusative Case to agree with saporem, because saporem is the Accusative. is the Accusative Case governed by the verb Habet must take some Accusative Case after it is it but saporem ?
Jiabet.
what
the Third Person Singular, to agree with its Nominative C&se fructus (or maturus fructus). Habet is the Singu-
Number because fructus is, and Third Person because " " " " " every thing and every person but you or I," you " or we" is the Third Person.
lar
But were there any idea that the pupil did not know every particular about each word, then each word should be taken, and he should be questioned upon
it
in every way.
What Case? Why? What Declension? you know the Declension ? What Gender ?
Saporem. Halet.
How Why ?
do
What Part of Speech? What Voice Mood Tense ? What Person? Why? What Conjugation? How do you know that it is the Second Conjugation ?
But then a pupil taught as by this book would know this, and there would be no need to ask these questions once a month.
NEW EASY
190
LATIN PRIMER.
ORDER OF LATIN WORDS. In short Latin sentences the Nominative will come
I.
Pisces extra
Fish
As a general
II.
first.
cito exspirant. quickly expire out of the water.
aquam
the Verb comes
rule,
last.
Milites trans hostium fertiles agros ibant. The soldiers were going across the fertile fields of the enemy. III.
The word governed word that governs it
Pomum
is ;
generally
placed
before
the
as,
Habet pomum.
habet, not
Urbis portas clausit, not Portas urbis clausit.
The Possessive Pronoun will usually come word it agrees with as, Puer librum suum amisit, not Puer suum librum
IV.
after
the
;
V.
The Adjective mostly comes which it agrees as,
amisit.
after the Substantive with
;
Poetafiliam VI.
bonam
habet.
may however be separated from its Suba Genitive (with its Adjective) depending by that Substantive, in which case it precedes the
This Adjective stantive
on
Genitive
;
as,
Puer bonam poeissfiliam
videt
;
as also
Puer bonam sapientis -poetssfiliam videt. The boy sees the good daughter of the wise poet. VII.
The Adverb to
which
it
will
come generally next before the word
belongs
Pisces extra
;
as,
aquam
cito exspirant.
ORDER OP LATIN WORDS.
The
Preposition, as a general rule, must come IMMEDIATELY before the word to which it belongs ; as in the last sentence,
VIII.
Pisces extra
IX.
191
It
(a)
aquam
cito exspirant.
may however (see p. 112) Go before the Adjective stantive
;
that agrees with the Sub-
as, Milites trans fer tiles agros ibant.
Or
(6) Before a Genitive depending on that word; Milites trans hostium fertiles agros ibant.
as,
Conjunctions which join words together must of necesas, Hare et terra. sity come between such words
X.
;
If que to
used instead of
is
which
it
belongs
;
et, it
as,
will
be affixed to the word
Mare terramquQ
videt.
If the conjunction join sentences together, it will come between the sentences ; as, Multa vidit et plura audivit.
XI.
vero, quidem, quoque, igitur, may not stand the sentence ; but namque sed, equidem, ergo, itaque, tamen, may stand first.
Autem, enim, first in
XII.
The
There
Interjection will be the first
is also
Latin words;
another
viz.
way
word
in the sentence.
of telling the proper order for
The word which
according to emphasis.
of first importance is first in the arrangement of words. Hence the emphatic words precede others. The following will at least explain what is meant by the above rule : is
1.
2.
Will you go into the town to-morrow Visne eras in oppidum ire ?
}
Will you go into the town to-morrow
?
Tune 3.
in
oppidum eras
ire vis ?
Will you go into the town to-morrow Crasne in oppidum ire vis ?
?
NEW
192
EAST LATIN PRIMER.
RULES OF SYNTAX. Page
72.
FOUR GENERAL RULES. LATIN.
ENGLISH.
A.
Verbum
A.
Finitum
A Verb
cum
nominativo Subject! congruit nnraero et persona. 88. I.
Finite agrees with
the nominative of in
its Subject Person. 88.
Number and
I.
B.
B.
Adjectivum genere,numero, et casu congruit
attribnitnr.
cum
eo cui
89. II.
An
Adjective
attribution.
in
89. II.
C.
C.
Substantivumcasu congruH
cum eo cui apponitur.
90. III.
A
Substantive agrees in case with that to which it is 90. III.
in apposition.
D.
D.
Relativum cum Antecedents congruit, genere, numero, et persona; sed casu spectat
suam clausulam.
agrees
Gender, Number, and Case with that to which it is in
91.
IV.
A
Relative agrees with
its
Gender, NumPerson but in Case and ber,
Antecedent
in
;
belongs 91. IV.
to
its
own
clause.
The Letter or figure at the top of each Eule refers to Syntax, Pa r t II. The figures after each Rule refer to the Public School Latin Primer.
RULES OF SYNTAX.
THE VERB AND
193
ITS NOMINATIVE
OR SUBJECT.
LATIN.
ENGLISH.
I.
I.
Finiti Verbi Subjectum nativus est. 93. 1.
The Subject
Nomi-
of a Finite
a Nominative.
V.
With a composite Subject Plural words agree.
92.
92.
VI.
VI.
In
diversitate
differ,
Verbs
agree with the Prior Person.
92. 1.
If
personarum
Verba congruunt cum Priore Persona.
the
Persons
92. 1.
VII.
VII.
Infinitivum
pro 140.
is
V.
Cum Subjecto composite pluralia congruunt.
Verb
93. 1.
stat substantive, nominativo vel Accusative.
1. 1.
The
Infinitive stands substantively for nominative or Accusative. 140. I. 1.
VIII.
VIII. Clausulae
ponuntur.
pro 156 (3).
Substantivis
THE VERB AND
Clauses are put for Substantives. 156 (3).
ITS ACCUSATIVE
OR OBJECT.
The Accusative
Accusativus est Casu Proprioris Necnon limitandi vim Objecti.
the nearer Object.
habet.
power
is
It
the Case of has also the
of limiting.
I.
I.
Verba Transitiva regunt Accusativum Objecti.
Transitive Verbs govern an Accusative of the Object.
III.
vum
III.
capiunt Accusati-
Intransitiva vi cognata.
97.
Intransitive Verbs take an Accusative of kindred meaning. 97.
THE NOMINATIVE AFTER THE VERB. Verba Copulativa, sive Infinitiva,
rumque cum habent.
94.
sive
Finita
complementum pleSubjecto
congruens
Copulative Verbs, whether Finite Infinitive, generally have a complement agreeing with the or
Subject.
94.
This applies also to the Accusative.
<
NEW
194
EAST LATIN PRIMEK.
THE GENITIVE AFTEE THE VEEB. Page
79.
I.
I.
Genitivus ita stat ut
suppleri
possit,
indoles
munus
indicium
officium 127.
A
Genitive so stands that nature, token, function, duty, can be sup127.
plied.
b.
b.
II.
II.
Interest,
mittunt.
refert, 129. III.
Genitivum ad-
Eadem pro Genitivis Pronominum usurpant bos casus, mea, tud, suci, nostril, vestra, cum recon129. III. a.
gruentes.
Interest
imports), refert (it concerns) admit a Genitive. 129. III. The same verbs, instead of the Genitives of Pronouns, use these cases,
(it
mea, tua, sua, nostra, vestra,
agreeing with
HI.
III.
Genitivus adjungitur Verbis et Adjectivis quibus significatur
A
Genitive
signify
Condemnation, acquittal.
Memory
et oblivio.
133. II.
and.forgetfulness. 133. II.
IV.
IV. Adjectivis
joined to Verbs
and Adjectives which
Inculpation, innocence.
Damnatio, absolutio.
Ex
is
Power and impotence.
Potentia et impotentia. Criminatio, innocentia.
Memoria
129. III. a.
re.
et Verbis
abun-
dandi vel egendi, ditandi vel privandi, pleraque Ablativum capiunt, multa etiam Genitivum. 119. IX. b.
Most Adjectives and Verbs of abounding or wanting, enriching or depriving, take an Ablative ;
many
119. IX.
also a Genitive.
b.
V.
V.
VI.
Misereor, miseresco (I pity), take a Genitive miseror, commiseror (I compassionate), an Accusative. 135. IV. VI.
recorder, reminiscor, obliviseor, Genitivum vel Accusativum adinittunt. 133. II. a.
obliviseor (I forget) admit Genitive or Accusative. 133.
Ulisereor,
miseresco,
Genitivum
capiunt miseror, commiseror Accusativum. 135. IV. ;
Memini,
;
Memini,
reminiscor,
recorder
(I remember),
II. a.
VII.
VII.
pudet
shames),
teedet,
Piget
atque miseret, Impersonalia, Genitivum capiunt cum Accusative.
poenitet
134. III.
impersonal Verbs, take a Genitive 134. III. with an Accusative.
Piget,
pudet,
pcenitet,
gusts),
(it irks), (it
and
(it
repents), tasdet (it dismiseret (it moves pity),
RULES OF SYNTAX.
195
THE DATIVE AFTER THE VERB. Pages
80, 81.
LATIN.
ENGLISH.
Datmts est casus Recipientis seu Remotioris Object!. 104.
The Dative is the case of the Recipient or Remoter object. 104.
sensum trajiciunt ad Remotius objectum, sunt multa
"Words which carry their meaning over to a Remoter Object are called include Trajective, and many Adjectives, Adverbs, and Verbs, more rarely Substantives, by which is implied Nearness and its contraries.
I.
Trajectiva, quse
et Verba, Adverbia, Adjectiva, rarius Substantiva, quibus indica-
tur:
Propinquitas et contraria.
Demonstration and its contraries. Gratification and its contraries. Dominion and its contraries.
Demonstratio
et contraria. Gratificatio et contraria. Dominatio et contraria. 105.
105.
1.
H.
II.
Inter
Trajectiva
Verba composita quales sunt
sunt
cum
multa
Particulis,
Among Trajective words are many Verbs compounded with Particles,
:
Bene, male,
I.
satis, re,
Ad, ante, con,
in, inter, de, ob, sub, super, post, et prcs.
106. a.
such as
:
bene, well. male, ill. satis, enough. re, ad, ante, con, in, inter, de, ob, sub, super, post, et prae. 106. a.
III.
Sum,
cum
compositis, prater 107. II. b.
possum, capit Dativum.
III.
Sum, with
its
compounds, ex-
cept possum, takes a Dative.
107.
II. 6.
IV. Est, sunt,
cum
saepe significant.
IV. Dativo, habere 107. II. c.
Est, sunt, with a Dative, often imply having. 107. II. c.
V.
Dativus Propositi pro complernento adjuncto saepe ponitur, Dativo Recipientis. 108. III.
V.
A Dative
of the
Purpose
is
used
as a complement, a Dative of the Recipient being often added. 108.
NEW
196
EASY LATIN PRIMER.
THE ABLATIVE AFTEE THE VERB. Page
81.
LATIN.
ENGLISH.
I.
I.
Ablativum regunt (1) Verba
These words govern an Ablative The Verbs (1)
:
fungor, potior,
:
:
to perform.
fruor,
Fungor,
vescor,
Fruor,
dignor.
Utor, to use. Vescor, to eat.
to enjoy.
Potior, get possession of.
Dignor, deem worthy. * (2)
Adjectiva
(2)
The
Adjectives
:
Dignus, worthy. Indignus, unworthy. Contentus, content.
dignus, indignus, contentus, fretus, prceditus.
Fretus, relying. Praeditus, endued. (3)
Substantiva, opus, usus. 119. IX. a.
(3)
The Substantives Opus, need. Usus, use.
:
119. IX. a.
II.
Ex
II.
Verbis abundandi vel egendi, ditandi vel pri-
abounding or ivanting, enriching or
vandi, pleraque Ablativum capiunt, multa etiam Genitivum. 119. &.
depriving, take an Ablative also a Genitive. 119. b.
Acljectivis
et
Most Adjectives and Verbs ;
of
many
III.
III.
Praepositiones etiam compositaG regunt Ablativum, praesertim ab,
Prepositions, even when compounded, govern an Ablative, espe-
de, ex. * It
122. XII. a.
cially ab, de t ex.
122. XII. a.
has been thought convenient to place the Adjectives and the Substantives
here to
make
the rule complete.
RULES OP SYNTAX.
197
VEEBS WHICH TAKE TWO CASES. Page
82.
ACCUSATIVE AND GENITIVE. LATIN.
ENGLISH.
I.
I.
A
Genitivus adjungitur Vefbis et Adjectivis quibus significatur
Genitive is joined to Verbs and
Adjectives which signify
:
:
Potentia et impotentia.
Power and impotence.
Criminatio, innocentia.
Inclination, innocence.
Damnatio,
Memoria
absolutio.
Condemnation, acquittal.
Memory and forg etfulness.
et oblivia.
133. II.
133. II.
II.
II.
t&det,
Piget
atque miseret, Impersonalia, Geni-
poenitet
tivum capiunt cum Accusative.
gusts),
Piget,
pudet,
poenitet,
134
The above do not
III.
pudet
(it irks), (it
(it
shames),
repents), tasdet (it dis-
miseret
(it
moves pity), Im-
personal verbs, take a Genitive with an Accusative. 134. HI.
necessarily always take two cases.
ACCUSATIVE AND DATIVE. Trajectiva quas
sensum
trajiciunt
ad Eemotius Objectum, sunt nmlta Adjectiva, Adverbia, et verba> rarius Substantiva, quibus indicatur :
Words which carry their meaning over to a Remote Object are Adjectives,
more Propinquitas et contraria.
and include many and Verbs, Substantives, by which
called Trajective,
is
rarely
implied
Adverbs,
:
Demonstratio et contraria.
Nearness and
Gratificatio et contraria.
Demonstration and its contraries.
Dominatio
et contraria.
105.
I.
its contraries.
Gratification and its contraries. Dominion and its contraries. 105.
The above do not
necessarily always take two cases.
I.
NEW
198
EASY LATIN PRIMES.
VEEBS WHICH TAKE EITHER OF TWO CASES. Page
83.
GENITIVE OR ACCUSATIVE. LATIN.
ENGLISH. Memini, reminiscor, recorder
Memini, reminiscor, recorder, Genitivum vel Accusativum admittunt.
(I
remember), obliviscor (I forget), admit Genitive or Accusative. 133.
133. II. a.
II. a.
GENITIVE OR ABLATIVE.
Ex
Most Adjectives and Verbs of abounding or wanting, enriching or depriving, take an Ablative;
Adjectivis et Verbis abundandi vel egendi, ditandi vel privandi, pleraque Ablative capiunt, multa etiam Genitivum. 119. IX. &.
many also
a Genitive.
119. IX.
&.
VEEBS WHICH TAKE A DOUBLE CASE. Page
Two
ACCUSATIVES
83.
PERSON AND THING.
I.
Verba qusedam, rogandi praesertim et docendi, binos adrnittunt Accusatives, alterum Eei, alterum Persona?.
98.
Two
ACCUSATIVES
Some Verbs, especially those of asking and teaching, admit two Accusatives, one of the thing, the other of the Person. 98.
OBJECT AND COMPLEMENT.
I.
I.
Verba quasdam faciendi, vocandi, binos habent putandi, similia, Accusatives, alterum Objecti, alterum Obliqui Complementi. 99.
*
Certain
Verbs, of making, calling, thinking, and the like, have two Accusatives, one of the Object, the other of the Oblique
Complement.
Two
DATIVES
99.
SUM WITH OTHER WORDS.
I.
I.
Dativus Propositi pro Complement ponitur, adjuncto Dativo Eecipientis. 108. III. *
A Dative of the Purpose is used as a Complement, a Dative of the Eecipient being often added.
These are called Factitive Verbs.
108. III.
199
RULES OF SYNTAX.
ADJECTIVES AND THEIE CASES. Pages 84, 85.
GENITIVE AFTER THE ADJECTIVE. ENGLISH.
LATIN. I.
Genitivus ReiDemensae Vocabula Adjectiva
Quantitatis et Neutra comitatur. 131. B.
A Genitive of the Thing Measured is
joined to
Words
II.
Quantity and
131.
B.
II.
Genitivus objective jungitur Substantivis, Adjectivis, aut Participiis,
quibus transitiva queedam vis est, prasertim si significant : Peritiam, curam, desiderium. Vel quidquid erit his contrarium. 132.
Damnatio, dbsolutlo. et oblivio.
A
Genitive
is
joined objectively to Substantives, Adjectives, or Participles if they signify skill, care, desire, or whatever is contrary to these. 132. I.
I.
Genitivus adjungitur Verbis et Adjectivis quibus significantur : Potentia et impotentia. Criminatio, innocentia.
Memoria
of
Neuter Adjectives.
A
Genitive
joined to Verbs
is
and Adjectives which signify Power and impotence.
:
Inculpation, innocence.
Condemnation, acquittal. 133. II.
Memory &ud.forgetfulness. 133.
II.
DATIVE AFTER THE ADJECTIVE. Dativum, Trajective Words take a Dative when the meanings implied are quum significatur (2) Demonstra(1) Propinquitas (1) Nearness (2) DemonTrajectiva
capiunt
:
:
;
;
stratio;
minatio
(3) ;
Gratificatio; (4) Do106.
et contraria.
tion
nion
(3)
;
;
THE ABLATIVE AFTER THE
;
I.
Ablativum regunt t
:
indignus, con-
tentus, fretus, prceditus.
119. IX. a. 2.
These words govern an Ablative
Adjectives dignus (ivorthy), contentus indignus (unworthy) ,
(content), fretus (relying), praeditus
119. IX. a. 2. II.
II.
Adjectivis et Verbis abundandi vel egendi, ditandi vel privandi, pleraque Ablativum capiunt, multa etiam Genitivum. 119. b.
:
The
(endued).
Ex
106.
ADJECTIVE.
I.
Adjectiva dignu
Domi-
Gratification (4) their contraries.
and
Most Adjectives and Verbs
of
abounding or wanting, enriching or depriving, take an Ablative many ;
also a Genitive.
Also the Substantives opus and usus take an Ablative.
119.
b.
119.
IX.
a. 3.
NEW EASY
200
LATIN PRIMER.
DIFFEKENT USES OF CASES. Page
*** These
"
86.
different uses of Cases
"
are not intended to
include the Case after the Verb or Adjective, which has been
already given.
NOMINATIVE. ENGLISH.
LATIN.
I.
I.
Subjectum Nomi-
Finiti Verbi
nativus
est.
The Subject a Nominative.
93. 1.
Verb
is
93. 1.
II.
II.
Substantivum casu congruit cum eo cui apponitur.
of a Finite
A
Substantive
agrees
with that to which
90.
it is
case
in
Apposition. 90.
III.
III.
Noininativus et Accusativus in
exclamando usurpantur Interjectione vel
. vel
sine
cum Interjectione. 138.
The Nominative and the Accusative
are used in Exclamations
either without
138.
IV.
IV.
Quam cum
an Interjection or
with an Interjection.
Quam with Nominative.
Nominative. 124.
XIV.
124. XIV.
1.
I.
VOCATIVE. Vocativus extra sententiam stat vel sine Interjectione vel terjectione.
137.
cum
In-
The Vocative stands out
of the
sentence either without an Interjection or with
an
Interjection. 137.
EULES OF SYNTAX.
201
ACCUSATIVE. Pages 86, 87. ENGLISH.
LATIN. I.
Tnfinitivi
I.
Subjeetum in Accu-
sative ponitur.
93. 2.
The
Subject of
II.
90. III.
Substantive agrees in case with that to which it is in Apposition.
90. III. III.
Accusativus Kespectus adjungitur Verbis et Adjectivis, praesertim 100.
The Accusative
cum
Interjectione. 138.
The Nominative and the Accusative are used in Exclamations either without an Interjection or with au
Interjection.
138.
V.
V.
102. 1.
The Duration the Accusative.
ponitur.
Spatii 102. 2.
The Measure the Accusative.
Praa-
put in
of Space is put in 102. 2.
103.
Many
Prepositions govern Accusative Case. 103.
an
VIII.
VIII. itur, in
Accusative
ponitur, iclque sine Praepositione, si vel oppidi nomen est, vel domm, 1U1. rus.
The
place, whither one goes, is put in the Accusative and without a Preposition, if it is either the name of a town, or domus (home), ;
rus (country}.
IX.
Quam cum
is
VII.
VII.
Locus, quo
Time
VI.
Accusative
in
Accusativum regunt multaa positiones.
of
102. 1.
VI.
Mensura
is
Eespect
IV.
Duratio Temporis in Accusative ponitur.
of
joined to Verbs and Adjectives, 100. especially in poetry.
IV.
Nominativus et Accusativus in Exclamaiido usurpantur vel sine Interjectione vel
93. 2.
A
III.
apud poetas.
Infinitive is
II.
Substantivnm casu congruit cum eo cui apponitur.
an
put in the Accusative.
101.
IX.
Accusative. 124.
Quam XIV.
2.
with the Accusative. 124. 2.
NEW EASY
202
LATIN PEIMEE.
GENITIVE. Page 87. LATIN.
ENGLISH.
I,
I.
Genitivus Auctoris et Possessoris. 127.
I.
Genitive Possessor.
II.
A
etc.
etc.
Substantive 90 III.
III.
theto.
and
agrees in
case
II.
Substantivum casu,
Genitivus
Author
of the 127. I.
III.
qualitatis,
cum
epi-
Genitive of quality with epithet.
128. II.
128. II.
IV.
IV.
Notentur
elliptic!
Genitivi
The
:
parvi
minoris
minimi
magni
pluris
plurimi
tanti
quanti
maximi
Genitives
elliptic
remarked
be
may
:
Parvi, of small worth; minoris, of less value ; minimi, of very little worth. Magni, of great price;
more value; plurimi, of high value. Tanti, of so great price; quanti, of what price; To maximi, of very great price. which supply pretii. 128. II. a. pluris, of
quibus supple pretii. 128. II. a.
DATIVE. Page
87. I.
Substantivum casu,
A Substantive
etc.
II.
agrees in case, etc. II.
Ita Dativus ponitur I 139.
cum
So the Dative
va
(alas!) \s&(woe
!)
is
put with hei,
139.
ABLATIVE. Page 88. I.
Substantivum casu,
I.
A
etc.
Substantive agrees in case,
II.
Ablativus Eei Comparatse (1) (2)
etc.
II. :
Pro quam cum Nominative. Pro quam cum Accusative. 124.
Ablative of the Thing (1) (2)
XIV.
Compared
:
For quam with Nom. For quam with Ace. 124. XIV.
III.
III.
Multas Prsepositiones Ablativum 122. XII. regunt. (See list.)
Ablative.
IV. Ablativus Agentis expetit Praepositionem a, ab. 122. XII. b.
IV. The Ablative of the Agent takes the Preposition a, ab. 122. XII. b.
Many
Prepositions govern an 122. XII. (See list.)
203
RULES OF SYNTAX. ENGLISH.
LATIN.
V.
V.
Ablativus est Casus rerum quas circumstant et adverbial! more limitant actionem. Definit etiam
Tempus V. VI. VII. VIII. IX.
et
Locum.
110.
Ablativus Causse. Ablativus Instrument!. Ablativus Modi. Ablativus Conditionis. Ablativus Qualitatis, cum
The Ablative
is the Case of circumstances which attend action,
and
limit also time
V. VI. VII. VIII. IX.
it
Ablative of Cause. Ablative of the Instrument. Ablative of Manner. Ablative of Condition. Ablative of Quality with Epithet.
Epitheto.
X. Ablativus Eespectus. XT. Ablativus Pretii. XII. Ablativus Mensuras. XIII. Ablativus Materise. 111-119.
X. Ablative of Eespect.
XL Ablative of Price. XII. Ablative of Measure. XIII. Ablative of Matter. 111-119.
XIV.
XIV.
Ablativus
Temporis respondet, si rogatur, Quando ? Intra quantum tempus ? Quanta tempore ante vel post
?
120. X.
The
Ablative of
Time answers
Within When? the questions, ic hat time? How long before or after
XV. nomina
Oppidorum
It defines adverbially. 110. space.
and
120. X.
?
XV. singularia
ex Declinatione prima et secunda stationis denniunt per casus in i. 121. XII. a.
locum ,
Singular names of towns of the first and second Declension define the place of station by cases in 121. XII. a. o>, i.
XVI.
XVI. Ablativus
oppidi Prsepositione caret, cum rogatur Unde ? Ita domo, rvre. 121. XI. C.
The Ablative
of a
out a Preposition,
town
is
when the
with-
ques-
Whence ? So domo (from home).
tion is
rure (from the country). 121. XI. C.
XVII. Ablativus
Loci
Prsepositione,
via
?121. XL
cum
XVII. ponitur rogatur,
sine
qua
A.
XVIII. Substantivum cum
The Ablative without a question
is
of Place is put Preposition when the By ichat road ? 121. XL A.
XVIII. Participio
coalescit in Ablative, qui vocatur Absolutus. 125. XV.
A
Substantive combines with a Participle in the Ablative which is called Absolute. 125. XV.
<
NEW
204
EASY LATIN PRIMER.
INFINITIVE MOOD. Page
94.
ENGLISH.
LATIN.
I.
I.
Infinitivi et
Supina.
Casus sunt Gerundia 141.
II.
Gerunds and Supines are the Cases of the Infinitive. 141. II.
II.
II.
Gerundio, Par-
The Infinitive, with Gerund, Par-
Supino in um, eosdein casus regit ac Verbum Finitum.
and Supine in um, governs the same Cases as the Verb Finite.
142.
142.
Infinitivum, ticipiis,
cum
et
III.
ticiples,
III.
III.
III.
Infinitivum
stat
substantive,
Nominative vel
pro 140.
I.
Accusative.
The
Infinitive stands
tively, for tive.
140.
I.
(1).
(1).
IV.
IV.
Infinitivum stat
oblique,
Accusative Subjecti.
140.
cum
I. (3).
The Infinitive stands with Accusative 140.
I.
Infinitivum
stat
predicative, Finite.
The
140.
I.
(4).
Verbi
obliquely,
Subject.
Predica-
narration, for a Finite
140.
I.
(2).
VI.
VI.
Infinitivum stat
stands
Infinitive
tively, in
Verb.
I. (2).
structione
the
V.
narrando, pro Verbo
140.
of
(3).
V.
in
substan-
Nominative or Accusa-
prolata convel Adjectivi.
The on the
Infinitive stands
carrying construction of Verb or
Adjective.
140.
I.
(4).
RULES OF SYNTAX.
205
GEEUNDS. Page
95.
ENGLISH.
LATIN.
III.
III.
Accusativus Gerundii
Praeposi-
141.
/ionibus adjungitur.
II.
(1).
The Accusative
Gerund
is
(1).
IV.
IV.
Genitivus Gerundii Substantivis et Adjectivis additur.
141. II.
(2).
The Genitive
of the
Gerund
is
joined to Substantives and Adjectives.
141.
II. (2).
V.
V. Dativus Gerundii Nominibus et Verbis additur.
of the
joined to Prepositions. 141. II.
141.
II. (3).
The Dative of the Gerund is 141. joined to Nouns and Verbs. II. (3).
VI.
VI.
Gerundii
Ablativus
modi 141.
causae
vel
est aut Praepositioni juugitur. II.
The
Ablative of the Gerund
cause or manner, or Preposition.
(4).
is
H.
141.
is of
joined to a (4).
SUPINES. II.
II.
Supinum
in
um Accusativus
est
The Supine in um is an Accusative
141. II. (5). post Verba motus. Iri cum Supino efficitlnfmitivum
after
futuri Passivi.
Infinitive of the
141.
II. (5). a.
Verbs of motion. 141. II. (5). Supine forms the
Iri with the
Future Passive. 141.
III.
III.
Supinum epectus est.
in
u pro Ablativo
141.
II. (5). a.
II.
(6).
Pte-
The Supine tive of respect.
in u is for 141.
an Abla-
II. (6).
NEW EASY
206
LATIN PRIMER.
RULES NOT ARRANGED IN THEIR PROPER ORDER. GERUNDIVE ATTRACTION. I.
In Geruudiis Transitivis usitatior est Attractio
Gerundiva; cujus con-
structionis regula est hascce
In Transitive Gerunds the Gerunis more usual the which construction is the
dive Attraction rule for
:
following
Trabitur Objectum in Gerundivi
casum, Gerundivum in et
genus Objecti.
numerum
143.
;
:
The Object
is
attracted to the
case of the Gerundive, the Gerundive to the Number and Gender of
the Object.
143.
PARTITIVE GENITIVE. Genitivus Rei Distributee
Par-
adjungitur, quse, quantum Genitivi sumunt genus. 130.
titivis licet,
A
Genitive of
tributed
the Thing Dis-
joined to Partitive words, which, as far as may be, is
take the Gender of the Genitive.
IV.
130.
IV.
ABLATIVE OF SEPARATION. AblativusSeparationis et Originis etiam sine Praepositione Verbis et Participiis adjungjtur.
123. XIII.
The Ablative Origin
is
Preposition ticiples.
of Separation
joined to
123.
also
Verbs XIII.
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books as that achieved by Mr. FOWLE in the easy series of Latin and Greek manuals which he has published. It was our lot to be the very first
to recognise the great and special merit of these works, and we are glad to see," etc., etc. SCHOOL
BOABD CHBONICLE. ' '
The grand and
distinctive merit
of these books is the admirable skill with which the author has carefully excluded all the more difficult and advanced matters, and yet has prepared the way for their later ac-
quirement. This faculty of exclusion and simplification amounts almost It requires no little skill to confine every subject within the to genius.
or, at the most, two the same time to prepare the pupil for the study of larger
limit of one
pages, and
at,
and more comprehensive treatises, by a perfectly natural and easy
growth and yet this has been achieved by Mr. FOWLE with perfect and unerring skill." THE SCHOOLMASTBB. ;
"
It is impossible to speak in terms of too high satisfaction of Mr. EDMUND
FOWLE'S Book.'"
'
First
Easy Latin Reading
JOHN BULL.
"Among
those
who have
lately
published excellent working methods for elementary teaching, one of the
highest places ought to be reserved for Mr. FOWLE. His little book is one of the most striking instances we could find of a thoughtful adult mind making the way easy for the young learner. It is always dangerous to assert an absolute superlative ; but it seems to us that this little Latin Reading Book for beginners is one of the best that has ever come into our hands." QUAB-
TEHLT JOUENAL OF EDUCATION.
(Longmans') carries a step farther the plan of elementary teaching so ably sketched out in his ' Short and Easy Latin Book,' and First Easy Latin Reading Book.' Everything, however simple, that the pupil ought to know, is put before him in the plainest and most direct lan'
guage." GUAEDIAN. " It is a common
books. We do not think they have any further ground of dissatisfaction since the appearance of Mr. FOWLE'S most admirable manual." OXFORD
UNDEEGBADUATES' JOUENAL. " Mr. FOWLE'S earlier educational works have been noticed in our columns with well-merited praise. The volume before us lacks nothing of the striking excellences which
marked
its valuable predecessors. simple in the extreme, very in its steps, clear in expresgradual
It is
sion,
and shirks no
"The Rev. EDMUND FOWLB'S Second Easy Latin Reading Book '
difficulty.
The
passages selected are from the purest models of the purest LatinSCHOOLBOABD CHBONICLE. ity."
" The same good work which the Rev. EDMUND FOWLE has done for beginners in Latin by his Short and Easy Latin Book' he has now performed for those beginning Greek, in his companion volume, 'A Short and Easy Greek Book.' '
The arrangement is excellent, and is the same simplicity and
there
adaptation to the special difficulties of beginners which made Mr. FOWLE'S previous work so great a success." JOHN BULL.
"The
early study of the Greek
language has
many thorny steps, and we think any boy fortunate who has such sedulous care given
is here shown to help him o yer them. It must be a very idle or a hopelessly stupid boy whom such a system as this would not bring, as old Lily said, past the wearisome " LITEbitterness of his learning.'
as
'
'
complaint
amongst tutors that there is a great want of good elementary Greek
BAET CHUECHMAN.
211
REVIEWS OF THE LATIN AND GREEK BOOKS-continued. "This very easy and carefully selected reading book is framed on the model of the author's Latin Reading Book, which we have
commended
so cordially in our columns. We speak our fullest conviction of the merits of the work when we declare it to be by far the easiest and most useful introduction, to Greek when a pupil has once mastered the rudiments of his Greek Gram-
mar."
EVENING STANDARD.
" The author of these books, who is a classical scholar of high attainments, has performed a difficult and important task with complete sucand top much cannot cess, . . be said in praise of his work. While his books are free from the defects of works of a similar kind, they are .
marked by striking excellences." WORCESTER JOURNAL.
quite as easy as his
is
Latin."
BRIGHTON GAZETTE. "
It has seldom been our fortune to light upon a Greek Grammar in
which economy and retrenchment of space went so thoroughly along with lucidity and solidity of information. A vast amount of thought and pains has been bestowed upon such arrangements of declensions, divisions of a declension, tenses, and tables of verbs, as obviate wearisome repetition and establish a sequence appreciable by the learner." SATURDAY REVIEW.
...
"
We
have examined these books a somewhat sceptical spirit, fancying that amid the shoals of books of a similar character issuing
in
daily from the press there could be no possible ground for granting them even a conditional welcome but Mr. FOWLS has converted our scepticism into something like a well-assured and hopeful faith. The first of the two contains a very concise grammar, chiefly valuable for what it does NOT contain, and at the same time ingeniously putting the information it does contain in the ;
"They remain now,
as
when they
were published the simplest and, in our opinion, the most effective of any classical primer we know." LITE-
RARY CHURCHMAN.
"The study
of language is no but some . . . matter, teachers have the gift to lighten the student's labour ; and such a man is Mr. FOWLE, who has the ability to
easy
clear
away
difficulties,
and thereby
smooth the way to the attainment of a thorough knowledge of a lanT
guage. Jv o one but a practical teacher could do what the author has done ; and in this respect his Greek Book
form most adapted for comprehension and retention by the youthful pupil and this grammar is followed up by some very easy exercises, admirably adapted to the slow and painful steps which can be taken by the child. The book reveals on every pa(je the experience of one who ;
has not only worked with children, but them," SCHOOLIUSTEH.
felt for
SWAN SONNENSCHEIN, LE BAS & LOWREY, PATERNOSTER SQUARE.
212
By 12mo,
the
Same
price 2s.
cloth,
Cheaper Edition, boards,
Author.
free
;
Is.,
2s. 2d.
by post
free by post, Is. 2d.
THE
SGHOOLBOY'S fIRST BOOK OP
E^SY EXTRACT FROM PREFACE. MY
objection to nearly all those
fallen into
children,
my hands
is,
Books
of Poetry
which have
that there are so few pieces suitable for
from nine to fourteen years easy, and some too
some are too
of age, to difficult.
commit
to
memory
I believe that all
the pieces in the present selection are of very nearly the same not childish, I hope, but at the same time simple in difficulty the matter and in the versification.
Another objection to nearly all the selections I have seen is same stock pieces very pretty many of
that they contain the
them, and very suitable, but too well known for me to care to give them in my Book. I append a list of many such pieces which will not be found in the present publication.
The present book would not do, certainly, to be the only Poetry Book in use in a school, or the younger generation would grow up without knowing many
of
our old favourites
not intended to take the place of books
now
;
it is
therefore
in general use,
but to supplement them.
SWAN SONNENSCHEIN, LE BAS & LOWKEY, PATEENOSTEB SQUARE.
213
By
the
Same
Author.
SIXPENNY SCRIPTURE MANUALS. I.
A SHORT BIBLE HISTORY, FOP Schools and Families. II.
THE WANDERINGS OF THE ISRAELITES: Settlement in Canaan, Government by Judges, Life of Saul, David, and Solomon.
etc.
III.
THE KINGS OF JUDAH AND ISRAEL. In Parallel Columns. IV.
SHORT PAPERS ON JEWISH HISTORY. Giving in connected form the times after the Captivity down to the destruction of Jerusalem. V.
THE ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. Dealing chiefly with the Travels of
S.
Paul.
All the above neatly and tastefully bound in cloth, and uniform in size
6d.
;
and price.
free
SWAN SONNENSCHEIN, LE BAS
by post Id.
&
214
LOWREY, PATEJINOSTER SQUARE.
By
the
Same
Author.
THE GOSPELS, HARMONIZED AND AEEANGED Has now
"been
IN
SHOET EEADINGS,
brought out in six separate parts, as
"THE LIFE OF CHRIST," In ihe Author's
"Sixpenny Scripture Manuals."
Price 6d. each; free by post Id.
The Literary Review says "The idea which suggested the arrangement of the Gospels observed in this book was a very happy inspiration on the part of the industrious editor. The whole work is :
It will be worthy of the very highest commendation. found most useful by the masters and teachers of schools of all grades, either as a class reading book or for personal use; and for the clergy and students generally, it will
prove invaluable as a work of reference."
The School Guardian says: " Mr. FOWLE has the happy
art of producing books that are useable, books that one can teach from. Himself a teacher, he has found by experience what boys can learn, how they can learri, and how far it is expedient that their teacher should help them, or ho'w far the books they use should be suggestive of help. He has utilised this insight in the preparation of the Gospels Harmonized, and has succeeded, perhaps as far as any one ever can, in harmonizing the facts and dates of the four evangelical narratives. think it will make a capital class-book for the better kind of schools, and will be, as it is designed to be, exceedingly useful to teachers, pupil teachers, and for family
We
reading."
SWAN SONNENSCHEIN, LE BAS
&
LOWBET, PATERNOSTER SQUARE.
215
By
the
PRICE CD.
Same
Author.
FREE BY POST, GD.
;
HELP TO DEVOTION. This is a little Book of Meditation, most tastefully got up, with cloth case for the pocket. There are two separate editions (1)
(2)
A
FOR BOYS AT HOME OR AT SCHOOL. FOR THOSE LATELY CONFIRMED.
-well-known Literary Clergyman writes
" :
Many thanks
and really useful manual
your attractive-looking candidates; kindly send is
one in a thousand.
me thirty copies." I turned over all
for
for confirmation
Others write: "It stock last year,
"It is really a well thought out little matter." "Very many thanks for the little manual so " Send six carefully compiled and so beautifully got up." copies. I like them much, and wish to give them to my confirmation
and saw nothing equal
"
candidates." of Meditations
;
to it."
Many thanks I
for your extremely
good
little
Book
am
by the dozen at any
Can they be had greatly pleased with it. " abatement, for distribution in a Parish ?
" I thank you very book which you inclosed. Are they " "I like it exceedingly, and if you will send me published ? twenty copies I shall be glad to give them to some of our nuper " Thanks for the other attractive-looking little gift. confirmati." A London publisher I will draw my masters' attention to it." Three
Head
much
for the
writes
"
:
Masters of Public Schools write
It is
a perfect
TO BE
BEV.
:
little
charming
little
gem."
HAD AT PRESENT ONLY OF
EDMUND FOWLE,
AMESBURY HOUSE, BICKLEY, KENT.
Twelve or more copies sent post
216
free.
6
University of Toronto CVi
Library
H -P
DO NOT REMOVE THE CARD FROM THIS
POCKET
Acme 00
Library Card Pocket
LOWE-MARTIN CO.
LIMITED
