Mentum_Planet_5.7_LTE

Mentum Planet 5.7 LTE Mentum Planet Public Training MP502

Copyright © 2014 InfoVista S.A. All rights reserved.

Notice

This document contains confidential and proprietary information of InfoVista S.A. and may not be copied, transmitted, stored in a retrieval system, or reproduced in any format or media, in whole or in part, without the prior written consent of InfoVista S.A. Information contained in this document supersedes that found in any previous manuals, guides, specifications data sheets, or other information that may have been provided or made available to the user. This document is provided for informational purposes only, and InfoVista S.A. does not warrant or guarantee the accuracy, adequacy, quality, validity, completeness or suitability for any purpose the information contained in this document. InfoVista S.A. may update, improve, and enhance this document and the products to which it relates at any time without prior notice to the user. InfoVista S.A. MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, THOSE OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, WITH RESPECT TO THIS DOCUMENT OR THE INFORMATION CONTAINED HEREIN. Trademark Acknowledgement Mentum, Mentum Planet and Mentum Ellipse are registered trademarks owned by InfoVista S.A. MapInfo Professional is a registered trademark of PB MapInfo Corporation. iBwave Design is a trademark owned by iBwave. This document may contain other trademarks, trade names, or service marks of other organizations, each of which is the property of its respective owner. Last updated January 2014 , MP502 LTE

2

Introduction to LTE

LTE – The UMTS Long Term Evolution 3GPP

3

LTE Requirements • LTE was the result of a study item which finalized the requirements in 2005, as follow: – – – – – – – –

4

Reduced delays Increased user data rates Increased cell-edge bit rates Reduced cost per bit Greater flexibility of spectrum usage Simplified network architecture Seamless mobility Reasonable UE power consumption

LTE Design Targets • Higher Data Rates – Enables true “mobile broadband” connectivity

• Shorter Delays – Enables latency-sensitive services such as voice & gaming

• Better Spectral Efficiency – Helps operator with the explosion of the mobile data traffic

• Mobility Support – Support for high mobility devices

• Coverage – Optimized for small cells but capable of large coverage footprints

5

User Throughput Target • LTE release 8 targets a substantial increase in end-user data throughput compared to previous radio standards • Theoretical peak data rates – Downlink: > 100mbps in a 20 MHz channel compared to 14mbps for HSPA release 6 – Uplink: > 50mbps in a 20 MHz channel compared to 5.7mbps for HSPA release 6

• Practical cell throughput – Downlink: 3-4x spectrum efficiency over release 6 – Uplink: 2-3x spectrum efficiency over release 6

6

Basic Principles - Capacity • Achieved Data Rate is a function of the bandwidth and spectral efficiency

S  C  B log 2 1   N  Power Limited Region

7

Where…

C is the data rate in bits per second S is the signal power level N is the noise power level B is the bandwidth

Bandwidth Limited Region

LTE Technologies to Increase User Throughput • Higher order modulation schemes – Enable increased payload in areas of high CINR

• Wider bandwidth – Maximum 20 MHz channel

• MIMO – Spatial multiplexing increases user throughput by exploiting the non correlated transmission paths of several antenna pairs

8

Latency Target • User plan latency – Current 3G networks have latency of 50-100ms – Target for LTE is a reduction of latency by a factor of 5, which means a target of 10ms.

• Connection setup latency – < 100 ms

9

Spectrum Efficiency Target • LTE objective in terms of spectrum efficiency is to increase it 3-4 times (downlink) and 2-3 times (uplink) over HSPA release 6 • Spectrum efficiency of LTE Release 8 is superior to HSPA release 8 with the same MIMO configuration – Improvement is more modest but still significant

• LTE broadcast mode (MBMS) to offer 1 bps/Hz spectrum efficiency • LTE peak spectral efficiency is > 5 bps/Hz

10

Technology

Downlink Spectral Efficiency (bits/Hz)

Uplink Spectral Efficiency (bits/Hz)

HSPA Rel. 6

0.5 (0.4-0.7)

0.3 (0.2-0.4)

HSPA Rel. 7 (MIMO 2x2)

1.2

0.5

HSPA Rel. 8 (MIMO 2x2)

1.4

0.5

LTE (MIMO 2x2)

1.7 (1.5–2.1)

0.7 (0.6 – 1.0)

Comparison of Spectrum Efficiency

Downlink spectrum efficiency of wireless standards

Source: 3G 11 Americas

Uplink spectrum efficiency of wireless standards

SNR – The Main Driver to Spectral Efficiency

12

Mobility Support Target • In order to be a suitable replacement for all existing wireless technologies, LTE must offer a level of mobility support similar to (or better than) to existing technologies • Objective for LTE is to support high level of mobility (350km/h) while delivering optimal performance for low speed devices as most of the data users are non mobile devices (typically indoor) – Mobility defined as handover between cells which are imperceptible in terms of delays or loss of data

13

Coverage Target • LTE is optimized for small cells but capable of operating with ranges up to 100 km to enable wide, rural area coverage • Cell edge performance target of LTE is to achieve 0.02 – 0.03 bps/Hz/user – This is 2-3 times what is offered by HSPA release 6!

14

Orthogonal Multiplexing Principles • A single high data rate stream is broken into multiple (M) parallel lower data rate streams which are modulated individually on (M) narrowband carriers which are orthogonal • Advantages – Increases the symbol duration by a factor M, making it much longer than the delay spread of the channel – Very simple equalization procedure in the receiver – Easy to adapt to large bandwidths

• Disadvantages – Sensitivity to frequency offsets due to the narrowband nature of the sub-carriers – High peak to average power ratio (PAPR) of the resulting time-based signal

15

Frequency Illustration of OFDM subcarriers

16

Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR) • OFDM has an inherently high peak to average power ratio (i.e. peak power compared to average power) • This leads to issues associated with amplifier non linearity and clipping, leading to a degradation of the signal CINR • The PAPR increases with the number of subcarriers and therefore, a wider bandwidth OFDM carrier will have a higher PAPR • Techniques exist to reduce PAPR – Clipping and filtering, typically along with oversampling in order to reduce out of band radiation – Selected mapping (not possible in LTE) – Coding techniques (not possible in LTE)

17

Power Envelope of OFDM signal

Average Power time

18

Sensitivity to Frequency Offsets • In OFDM, all subcarriers are orthogonal provided that their frequency spacing is constant – Change in the frequency spacing introduces inter-carrier interference (ICI) as the orthogonality is lost.

• Frequency shifts can happen for many reasons – A moving mobile will introduce a Doppler shift or spread as the multipath components will be shifted as a function of their angle of arrival – Frequency errors can be introduced by the local components of the UE, particularly the oscillators

• The level of ICI that can be tolerated is dependant on the modulation as ICI introduces interference and reduces the CINR

19

Illustration of Frequency Shift

20

Timing Offsets • Inter symbol interference (ISI) is caused by the delay spread associated with the radio channel • OFDM implements a cyclic prefix, which prevents ISI due to time dispersive channel • When the impulse response length is greater than the duration of the cyclic prefix, interference occurs – LTE provides 2 length options for the cyclic prefix – Choosing a longer cyclic prefix increases system overhead and reduces capacity

21

Special Consideration for broadcasting mode (MBSFN) • LTE is designed to support a single frequency network mode (MBSFN) • In this mode, all cells transmit the same information on a subset of the resource blocks and the UE combines these signals • This implies that the relative timing of arrival of the various signals must fall within the cyclic prefix duration • LTE approach to this is to… – Double the number of subcarriers, which doubles the length of the symbol duration (at the expense of mobility) – The length of the cyclic prefix is therefore also doubled to 33us when using the extended cyclic prefix (1/4 of the symbol length)

22

Summary of Cyclic Prefix Configurations Normal Cyclic Prefix

Extended Cyclic Prefix

Extended Cyclic Prefix MBSFN

Symbol duration

71.3us

83.3us

166.7

Cyclic Prefix Length

5.2us

16.7us

33.3us

Distance equivalent at speed of light

1.560km

5km

10km

Subcarrier spacing

15kHz

15kHz

7.5kHz

Number of symbols per resource blocks

7

6

3

Cyclic Prefix Overhead (%)

7.3%

20%

20%

23

Time & Frequency Illustration

24

Summary of OFDM • OFDM has been used successfully for years • OFDM achieves high performance despite the low complexity of the receiver • OFDM implements a cyclic prefix (CP) in order to avoid inter symbol interference (ISI) • OFDM parameters must be configured based on the operating environment and particularly with regards to the mobility requirements • OFDM can be extended into an access technology (OFDMA)

25

SC-FDMA • The LTE uplink uses single-carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) • Advantages of SC-FDMA compared to OFDMA – It offers a low peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR), in contrast with OFDMA, due to its single carrier nature. – It has a low sensitivity to carrier offset frequency

• Both of these advantages are important for the user equipment (UE) for which cost & power consumptions are important elements

26

Flexible Bandwidth • •

The subcarrier spacing is the same, no matter what the channel bandwidth is Therefore, the number of resource blocks is a function of the channel bandwidth

27

Channel Bandwidth (MHz)

Number of Resource Blocks

1.4

6

3

15

5

25

10

50

15

75

20

100

Channel Bandwidth & Spectral Efficiency

2

• Spectral efficiency is linked to the channel bandwidth of LTE – The guard bands represent a larger proportion of the total channel bandwidth – Frequency domain scheduling is more efficient on channels with large bandwidths

Spectral Efficiency (bps/Hz)

1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0

LTE Channel Bandwidth

28

1.4 MHz

3 MHz

10 MHz

20 MHz

5 MHz

Interference Coordination • Interference in LTE is due to the reuse of the same resource block by 2 (or more) eNodeB • Interference scheduling uses the X2 interface to exchange information allowing neighboring eNodeB’ to: – Schedule resource blocks in order to minimize collisions – Schedule collisions when the difference in signal level between the serving cell is maximal

29

Network Settings LTE Interference Coordination

• •

Scheduling strategy to control the inter-cell interference and provide benefits for LTE performance at the cell edge Determines certain frequency-time domain restrictions to the UL and DL schedulers in a cell and which power can be allocated to these resources to reduce the interference seen in the neighborhood Cell-edge terminals cell 1 Cell-center terminals cell 1 f

F1 F1+F2+F 3

Reduced Tx power

Cell-edge terminals cell 2

f

Cell-edge terminals cell 3 F1+F2+F 3

F1+F2+F 3

f f

30

F2

F3

Inner vs. Outer cell Outer cell

Inner cell

•

-

Few subscribers are allocated to the outer cell. As a result, the FFR usage is low, e.g. 10% (blue area). The inner cell captures 90% of cell A’s traffic. In the outer cell, only a portion of the resource elements are allocated. For example, 25%.

Cell B: -

31

Inner cell

Cell A: -

•

Outer cell

More subscribers are allocated to the outer cell. As a result, the FFR usage is higher, e.g. 50% (red area). The inner cell captures the rest of the traffic, i.e. 50%. In the outer cell, only a portion of the resource elements are allocated. For example, 25%.

Inner vs. Outer cell Outer cell

Inner cell

• •

32

Outer cell

Inner cell

A subscriber located in the inner cell (green) experiences full interference (minus the loading). A subscriber located in the outer cell (blue) experiences a reduced interference (thanks to interference coordination).

Interference Coordination (1/2) Outer cell

Inner cell

• • •

•

33

Let’s look at a subscriber allocated to the A cell’s outer cell (blue) Obviously, it will experience interference from the B cell. Since the FFR usage of the A cell (10%) is lower than the FFR usage of the B cell (50%), the eNodeB can make sure that the received interference corresponds to the resource elements of the B cell’s outer cell. Consequently, this subscriber will only ever experience interference from the B cell’s outer cell and the interference coordination gain is optimal.

Outer cell

Inner cell

Interference Coordination (2/2) Outer cell

Inner cell

• • •

•

34

Let’s now look at a subscriber allocated to the B cell’s outer cell (blue) Obviously, it will experience interference from the A cell. Since the FFR usage of the B cell (50%) is greater than the FFR usage of the A cell (10%), it will receive interference from both the outer cell and the inner cell. In our example, out of the total received interference from the A cell, only 1/5 (10% vs. 50%) comes from the outer cell, and hence the interference coordination gain is reduced.

Outer cell

Inner cell

Interference Coordination Gain (Basic) Outer cell

Inner cell

• • •

35

Outer cell

Inner cell

The basic scheduler assumes a random distribution of the resource elements allocated to the outer cells. This option is slightly pessimistic. In our example, the interference would be reduced by 75%, since only 25% of the resource elements are used in the outer cells.

Interference Coordination Gain (Advanced) Outer cell

Inner cell

• • • •

36

Outer cell

Inner cell

The advanced scheduler assumes advanced communication between eNodeBs on the X2 interface. This option is slightly optimistic. The algorithm cancels out the interference from the most interfering sectors. If all sectors use 25% of the resource elements in the outer cell, the outer cell interference of the 3 most interfering sectors will be entirely eliminated.

Time Domain Structure • • • •

An LTE radio frame is 10ms in duration and is composed of 10 sub-frames of 1ms each Each sub-frame consists of 2 slots of 0.5 ms each Each slot is composed of 7 OFDM symbols (only 6 when using extended cyclic prefix) Therefore, each radio frame (10ms) is made of 140 OFDM symbols of 71.3us in duration each

37

Frequency Domain Structure • • • •

In the frequency domain, the carrier spacing of the sub-carriers is 15kHz At the center of the OFDM carrier, there is a DC subcarrier Each resource block is made of 12 consecutive sub-carriers, which represents 180kHz The number of resource blocks is a function of the channel bandwidth

38

LTE Downlink Resource Elements • • •

A resource element corresponds to one symbol of one sub-carrier It is the smallest unit of information on the downlink The raw maximum payload of each resource element is 6 bits (64 QAM)

39

Downlink Resource Blocks • • • •

A resource block corresponds to 12 consecutive sub-carriers during one slot (0.5ms) Therefore, each resource block is made of 84 resource elements A resource block is the smallest unit that can be allocated by the scheduler The raw maximum payload of a resource block is 504 bits (64 QAM)

40

Reference Symbols • LTE employs coherent detection, which means that it employs channel knowledge – Accurate estimation of the propagation channel is achieved by means of transmission of known signals which do not carry data – This impacts the spectral efficiency as this introduces overhead

• Reference signals are mapped into resource elements in the frequency / time lattice offered by OFDM • Interpolation in the time and frequency domain is used for the data resource elements which do not have reference signals

41

Reference Symbols • • •

In the frequency domain, there is 1 reference symbol per 6 subcarriers In the time domain, there are 2 reference symbols per slot The reference signals are staggered such that there is a reference signal every 3 subcarriers in each slot

42

Reference Signal Transmission • Reference signals are modulated using a QPSK in order to keep the PAPR low • The reference signal can be boosted compared to the data resource elements, up to a maximum of 6 dB (3 dB being typical) • The reference signal carries the cell identification (Cell ID)

43

Reference Symbols & Multiple Antenna Ports •

In a MIMO configuration, there are multiple antenna ports and each will have its own propagation channel – Estimation must therefore be performed independently for the multiple ports – LTE supports up to 4 antenna ports (4x4 MIMO) – Overlapping resource elements are set to zero power to minimize intra-cell interference between the multiple antenna ports

44

Uplink Transmission • • • •

Sub-carrier spacing in the uplink is the same as the downlink (15 kHz) Unlike the downlink, there is no DC sub-carrier in the uplink Time/Frequency assigned to a user are consecutive Inter-slot Frequency hopping provides additional frequency diversity & interference averaging

45

Uplink Reference Signal • 2 types of reference signals – Channels sounding reference signals – Demodulation reference signals

• Reference signals are time multiplexed with data • Channel sounding reference signals are wide-band and used for channel estimation – Channel Quality Indicator (CQI) estimated by the eNodeB and reported by the DL

46

Connection Setup • •

•

•

UE acquires time & frequency of a cell and detect identification during cell search LTE eNodeB transmits primary and secondary synchronization signal to assist cell search procedure – Synchronization signals are inserted in specific OFDM symbols The initial cell search is performed in 2 steps – Step 1 finds the cell identity group and frame timing – Step 2 resolves the pseudo-random sequence used to generate the reference signal and resolves frame timing Initial cell search has relaxed timing requirements to allow for resolution of all the unknowns such as bandwidth and carrier frequency

47

Paging • Like with any prior technologies, paging is used for network-initiated connection • Discontinuous transmission is used and UE can only be paged at specific point in time, allowing the UE to “sleep” most of the time, reducing idle-mode battery consumption – Paging message includes the UE identity – UE will discard any information unless it finds its identity

48

Resource Scheduling • • •

Frequency and time domain scheduling with OFDMA Allows an optimal allocation of radio resources to users for all channel types Interference can also be scheduled in order to maximize resource re-use while maintaining cell edge coverage

49

Network and site settings for LTE Defining Frame Editor Parameters

•

50

3GPP LTE frame definition for downlink (OFDMA) and uplink (SCFDMA)

Network Settings Slow Fading

51

Network Settings Hard Handover

52

Network Settings MBSFN Areas

53

Site Editor Defining Sector Link Parameters

54

Site Editor Defining Link Configurations

Cable (Feeder) length is set at the sector level

55

Link Configurations Creating

56

Multiple Antenna Techniques • Multiple Antenna Techniques can be broken into 3 sub-categories – Space-time coding, where diversity gain against fading is achieved through the use of the multiple Tx-Rx links to exploit the independent fading characteristics on the links for the transmission of a single data stream – Spatial Multiplexing, where multiple data streams are transmitted in multiple Tx-Rx links that are sufficiently different in terms of spatial signature such that receiver can separate the streams – Beamforming, where the phase & gain is applied to several antennas in order to maximize the received power and minimize the level of interference provided that there is sufficient knowledge of the channel between the Tx and the Rx

57

Advantages of MIMO •

•

•

When the CINR is low, use of diversity coding improves performance against fading (i.e. coverage) When the CINR is high, spatial multiplexing can increase system throughput Beamforming can increase CINR and hence both coverage and throughput

58

MIMO Experimentation • • •

MIMO 2x2 requires high CINR to offer any advantage over SIMO MIMO 4x4 always provides substantial advantage MIMO gain in the field is impaired by the antenna correlation

Source: NTT 59Docomo

DL reference signal (3GPP 36.211) Normal CP, # Tx antenna = 1

Normal CP, # Tx antenna = 2

Normal CP, # Tx antenna = 4

60

Antenna Algorithms Applying

Beam-forming

Increase power Smart Antenna

Spatial Multiplexing

Diversity

Multiple data rate

Mitigate fading

Space-time coding

Space-time coding

61

Antenna Algorithms Enabling MIMO in a Sector

1

• Enable the check box next to those ports you want to use with the antennas.

2

• Setup Antenna Algorithms with Antenna Algorithm Editor

3

• Select MIMO method for sector in Link Tab

4

• Set TX power in Power Tab based on TX PA count e.g. 2x 43dBm = 46dBm.

5

• Planet Automatically adjusts analysis outputs based on assigned MIMO algorithm.

LTE MIMO type layer

62

Site Editor Defining Implementation Settings

63

Site Editor Defining Configuration Settings

64

Site Editor Defining Configuration Settings

65

Site Editor Defining Coordination Settings

66

Site Editor Defining Power Settings

67

Introduction Defining a LTE Workflow (con’t)

12 13

14 15

16

68

• Optionally, generate traffic maps.

• Define subscriber settings.

• Define environment settings.

• Generate an analysis or simulation.

• Generate and view layer statistics.

17 18

19

20

21

• Optionally, generate interference matrices.

• Optionally, generate neighbor lists.

• Optionally, create coverage maps.

• Create reports.

• Visualize in Virtual Google Earth

Network Overlay Tool • Simplifies the creation of an LTE overlay on an existing 2G or 3G network • Supports initial creation on ongoing updates of the overlay from the underlying 2G/3G network • Supports all technologies including CDMA/EV-DO, GSM, WCDMA/HSPA, WiMAX, and LTE 69

2G/3G network

LTE network

Traffic Map Management • Provides detailed modeling of how and where subscribers utilize the network – A critical input for accurate network performance modeling

• Traffic map generation distributes measured or modeled traffic • Support for multiple traffic maps for various traffic scenarios & services • Detailed subscriber modeling – Defines how subscribers access the network (services, priorities, user equipment)

70

Detailed traffic map & Monte-Carlo simulations

Traffic Maps Creating from Network Data

71

Traffic Maps Sector Display Schemes for Network Data

72


Instant Graphical Statistics based on imported network data: “Top Ten Drop Call Sectors Bar Graph” and ”Top 30 Sectors Carried Traffic Line graph”

Any two columns can be defined for running statistics in Bar, Line or Point formats

73


• Using Network Data allows us to import and create traffic data based on Switch or Network Statistics for use in Mentum Planet

74


• Using Network Data as traffic data input and apply clutter weight for the traffic map generation.

75


• Use pre-bound network data and traffic spreading algorithm.

76


• Based on Sector Service Probabilities algorithm:

77


• Apply the clutter weighting to the traffic map

78


• Traffic Map with Clutter Weighting

79

Traffic Maps Social Media and Geolocalization

• •

Ability to leverage social media information in traffic map generation Ability to leverage geolocated measurements in traffic map generation

• •

•

Geolocated by Mentum Planet geolocation engine Or geolocated by 3rd-party geolocation engine

Very accurate traffic map generation process Traffic Map Generator

80

Traffic Maps Social Media and Geolocalization

Example of a Traffic Map from Twitter Feeds, in Washington DC 81

Environments Defining

For each environment, you define the:         

Slow Fading Standard Deviation Outdoor Fast Fading Margin Outdoor Penetration Loss Vehicular Fast Fading Margin Vehicular Penetration Loss Indoor Fast Fading Margin Indoor Penetration Loss Deep Indoor Fast Fading Margin Deep Indoor Penetration Loss

82

Subscribers Defining

Different types of subscribers using different services and equipment require different subscriber definitions.

83

Subscribers Editor • The characteristics of subscribers are defined using the nodes in the Subscriber Settings dialog box. • Possibility to create a diverse mix of subscribers by defining different services, quality types, and user equipment types and assigning them to subscriber types. 84

Subscribers Services

85

Subscribers Voice Over LTE Services

86

Subscribers Voice Over LTE Services: Semi-Persistent Scheduling

The goal of Semi-Persistent Scheduling is to reduce PDCCH overhead. Typically, access grant provided by PDCCH Channel every 20ms. With semi-persistent scheduling, pre-allocated resources • No need to grant every single voice packet, which means less PDCCH resources • However, no Frequency Selective Scheduling gain

Semi-Persistent Scheduling 87

Subscribers Voice Over LTE Services: TTI Bundling

• The goal of TTI bundling is to improve uplink cell edge coverage. • HARQ interlace time is 8 milliseconds: Latency and higher overhead issues for users in poor radio conditions. • Bundle of four TTIs: four consecutive repetitions of the same UL data. Lower required C/(N+I) and better latency.

HARQ Without TTI Bundling 88

HARQ With TTI Bundling

LTE Subscriber Equipment • Radio bearers defined in network settings are listed in a tabular format • All Bearers, can be individually enabled/ disabled for different equipment configurations • UE MIMO configurations are set at the Equipment level • MBSFN modulation can be enabled for a certain equipment

89

LTE Subscriber Equipment

90

Subscribers Understanding Input Load

• The input load is amount traffic contributed by one subscriber from using a given service • The type of service and usage pattern determines input load per subscriber • The input load and traffic map together determine the number of active subscribers in each Monte Carlo simulation run • Input load is quantified by Erlang per subscriber and Throughput per subscriber – For packet data call, input load may be determined according to its call profile

91

Subscribers Understanding Activity Factors

• A packet data call consists a number of packet transmissions. The two consecutive packets are separated by the packet inter-arrival time. Therefore, transmission of data packets is not continuous. • From the RF point view, the radio channel is active during packet transmission, and, inactive during the packet inter-arrival time, when no packet is transmitted (although from network point of view, the user is still in active state until a timeout period is reached). • The activity factor is defined as the percentage of time when radio channel transmits on downlink/uplink. • DL and UL activity factors are used in sector throughput and interference calculation 92

Subscribers Defining DL/UL Activity Factor

• For a circuit switched voice service, the activity factor is typically 40% to 50% • For packet switched data service, the activity factor varies with applications and radio bearers used to support the service • The DL/UL activity factors in the Planet service settings should be defined according to the lowest DL/UL bearer service data rates that are allowed for the service. • The Planet analysis algorithm automatically scales activity factor when the served by a higher data rate bearer. • The asymmetry nature of the packet data service can be modeled by specifying different DL and UL activity factors

93

Subscribers Understanding Usage Weightings

•

•

•

•

Subscribers in different environment may experience different radio signal fading and losses Mentum Planet defines four environment types that can be assigned individually to each clutter class The usage weightings determine the traffic distribution in different environment types Different speeds can be models for each subscriber

94

Changing the analysis area Creating a custom area

Make your Cosmetic layer editable, so that your drawing toolbar becomes available

95


Use any of the polygon tools to draw a specific shape on your map window, then use the Select tool and click on it 96


This process will create a GRC file with a value of “Downtown” inside the selected polygon and NULL elsewhere. 97

LTE Monte Carlo Simulations • Mentum Planet LTE Monte-Carlo simulation engine makes it possible to analyse system performance • • • • • • •

98

Traffic/subscribers Service (VOIP, web) User Equipment Adaptive Modulation QoS classes RF performance System capacity limits

Monte-Carlo simulation, subscribers & Ec/Io

Monte Carlo Simulations Setup Wizard

99


100


101


102


103


104

Monte Carlo Simulations Generating

105

Monte Carlo Simulations Reports

Available reports for a Monte Carlo simulation are: 

Sectors/carrier



Subscribers – Per sector/carrier – Global



Throughputs – Per sector/carrier – Global



All simulation runs (Sector/Carrier) 106

Report Preview Viewing Create a sector display scheme for statistical data

Export to Excel

Generate Statistics for columns PDF/CDF/Graphs

107

Network Analysis Defining a Workflow

1

2 3 4 5

108

• Configure the Mentum Planet project including site configurations, antennas, and propagation models.

• Optionally, generate predictions.

• Specify and define antenna algorithms (if applicable), environments, and subscriber types.

• Generate the network analysis.

• Analyze results.

LTE Network Analyses Setup Wizard

109


110


111


112


113


114

LTE Network Analyses Viewing Results

RSRQ Best Server Reference Signal Strength

115

LTE Network Analyses Analysis Layers

• Best Server based on – Reference signal strength – RSRQ

• Reference signal received power (RSRP), Reference Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) and quality (RSRQ) • Reference signal probability • Best Channel • MIMO – Diversity gain – Spatial multiplexing gain

• Interference coordination

116

Best available downlink modulation layer

LTE Network Analyses Analysis Layers

• PDCCH/PDSCH/Uplink C/(N+I) • Downlink/Uplink modulation coverage probabilities • Downlink/Uplink Peak and Average Data Rates • Composite Coverage • Worst Interfering Sector • Per-channel and Best Serverbased layers • Common and per carrier layers • Etc... 117

LTE interference coordination layer

Generating statistics for an Analysis Layer Layer statistics

Displaying the layer on the map is not mandatory, but it will give you a good idea on what to expect from the statistics.

118

Layer Statistics Generating

119

Changing the analysis area Choosing your area of interest

Statistics will be calculated only within the region chosen in the Analysis Area dropdown menu. New areas can be created by using the Areas function under the Project Data category in Project Explorer. 120

Ignoring invalid bins Excluding null values

Depending on the type of statistics that want to be generated, it may be interesting not to include points where the layer being analyzed has no values populated. In that case, the Exclude null values checkbox can be checked. 121

Applying filters to ignore unwanted bins Selecting a grid to filter

The grid you query can be an existing analysis layer or a any other grid you have created/generated before. Remember you can use the Areas function in Mentum Planet to create grids based on existing polygons. 122

Applying filters to ignore unwanted bins Selecting a grid to filter

Enable the Apply area filter checkbox and browse for the grid (numeric or classified) on which you will be applying the filter. 123

Applying filters to ignore unwanted bins Operators

Operator

124

Meaning v

Reserved character to stand for "value"

==

Equal

!=

Not equal

>

Greater than

>=

Greater than or equal to

<

Less than

<=

Less than or equal to

&&

And

||

Or

Applying filters to ignore unwanted bins Selecting a grid to query

The output file will exclude results for any bins where the value of the grid is “Buildings”, so that your stats reflect outdoor points only.

125

Viewing the stats Sorting and exporting

In the Report Preview, results will be shown in absolute (km²) and relative (%) numbers, and can be sorted in ascending or descending order. This report can be exported to Excel or CSV format. 126

Creating graphs PDF/CDF

Highlight one of the columns in the report and click the Generate Statistics button to create a PDF or CDF of the results in that column.

127

Creating graphs X vs. Y

You can also select multiple columns in the Report Previewer and click on the Show Graph button to display a graph that will compare the multiple columns chosen. When choosing the best server, it can be used to see the ranking of all sectors on a particular metric. 128

Visualizing your results Creating Sector Display Schemes and Labels

By using the Sector Display Scheme button , you can color-code each sector based on its stats. There is also a Label button to help you display the per-sector values on the map. 129

Interactive Analysis Tool • User-friendly and Interactive Analysis tool for LTE in order to visualize information for any Bin on the map • Automatic updates to reflect network configuration changes • Visualization of coverage, interference, and capacity metrics • Ability to select receiver height Interactive Analysis Tool for LTE 130

Point-to-Point Analysis Performing

131

Automated Analyses Generation Setup

132

Interference Matrices Creating

133

Interference Matrices Viewing Results

134

Neighbor Lists • Generation, editing & management of multiple neighbor lists • Comparison & merging of several neighbor lists • Single or multitechnology neighbor lists neighbor list in urban Paris

135

Neighbor Lists

136

Neighbor Lists Generating Neighbor Plans

137

Neighbor Lists Generating Neighbor Plans

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Neighbor list Example

• Site C0429 • No Neighbor relations

• Apply Neighbor Plan

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Neighbor list Example

• Neighbor Plan applied

• Site list contains Neighbor relations from Neighbor Plan

140

LTE Automatic Frequency & PCID Planning Frequency Planning

Frequency planning parameters

141

LTE Automatic Frequency & PCID Planning LTE Cell Identification (Physical Cell ID)

• 504 reference signal sequences – Allows for 504 different cell identities

• Reference-signal sequence is the product of a two-dimensional pseudo-random sequence and a two-dimensional orthogonal sequence – 168 pseudo-random sequences corresponding to one out of 168 cell-identity groups – 3 orthogonal sequences corresponding to a specific cell identity within each cellidentity group

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LTE Automatic Frequency Planning Physical Cell ID Planning

• • • •

Physical Cell ID planning for LTE Incremental or new plan generation Management of multiple plans Management of hard & soft constraints

Physical Cell ID planning parameters

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PRACH Root Sequence Planning • •

The LTE physical layer encompasses the Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH), which carries random access requests from the user equipment in the network. The preamble signal sent to the site is selected from available Zadoff-Chu sequences. Which sequences are selected is determined by the PRACH parameters assigned to the sector. This ensures that neighboring sites do not use overlapping sequences.

144

PRACH Root Sequence Planning •

•

View the assignments in the Site Editor and export them for further manipulation. PRACH Root Sequence can be assigned manually or planned automatically

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Automatic PRACH Root Sequence Planning •

Each LTE cell needs 64 Preambles – Preambles are generated from Zadoff-Chu sequences – Each sequence can generate X Preambles, X being defined by the cell’s Cyclic Shift (Ncs)

146

PRACH Root Sequence Display •

Visualize the sequences assigned to sectors using the PRACH Root Sequence Display tool.

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LTE MBSFN • MBSFN = Multicast-Broadcast Single Frequency Network • Also known as e-MBMS (enhanced Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Services) • Communication channel that can deliver services such as mobile TV • Transmission of the same data from multiple cells 148

MBSFN Service Areas

149

LTE MBSFN Service Areas Visualization MBSFN Area

Combining Area

Reserved Area

150

LTE – MBSFN Analyses • Detailed MBSFN analyses – – – – –

Best Servers Signal Time arrivals MBSFN C/(N+I) Maximum data rate Worst interfering sector

• Co-existence of MBSFN and unicast traffic – Interference from unicast traffic onto MBSFN – Interference from MBSFN onto unicast traffic – Capacity reduction for unicast traffic 151

MBSFN C/(N+I) Analysis Layer

Small Cell Planning Tool • Why Offloading to Small Cells? – Capacity increase – Improved customer experience – Reduced Cost

• New dedicated tool in Mentum Planet for LTE to plan optimize small cells efficiently – Where, and how many? – Macro cellular traffic offloading and capacity improvements – Advanced algorithms – Easy to use

152

Small Cells Mounted on Lamp Post and Building

Small Cell Planning Workflow 1 2

3 4

5

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• Add vector files to roads to project

6

• Create a traffic map in kbps.

7

• Create a small cell site template

8

• Create an area grid covering where small cells are needed

• Gnerate predictions for existing sites

9

• Create a small cell plan.

• Review small cell plan reports.

• Create small cell sites.

• Optimize all sites .

Small Cell Planning Wizard • Create an area grid that covers the area of small cell planning. • Create a traffic map in Kbps/km2 for this same area. • Create a small cell site template for a single technology.

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Small Cell Planning Wizard • On the Sector Selection page, select all sectors to include in the planning process.

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Small Cell Planning Wizard • On the Small Cell Placement page, do the following: • Use candidate sites within the area grid that you have defined as points in a MapInfo table. • Enable the Generate Candidate Locations on the Roads check box next to the files you want to include in the planning process, and then for each vector file, select the location, and specify the distance between the sites. • To use a site template, click Add, and select the template to use. 156

Small Cell Planning Wizard • On the Exceptions page, enable the check box next to those clutter classes that you do not want to include in the planning process and, if required, define the specify the range outside of which candidate locations will be discarded. • To consider only locations within a specific percentile, enable the check box and define the percentage of captured traffic you want to consider in small cell planning.

157

Small Cell Planning Wizard • Choose the equipment type to use in small cell planning. • Define cell load. • Choose proper indoor option. • Chose to generate interactive cell planning data • Specify how initial sector loads are determined. 158

Step by Step Analysis – Interactive Cell Planning

LTE Small Cell Selection – 200 Hotspots 159

Small Cell Planning Results • Display small cell planning reports • Optimize the small cell plan • Create optimized small cells

160

Network Performance Inspector

• •

To have interactive display and analysis of Key Performance Indicators. It is possible to

• •

•

View 1 or 2 Key Performance Indicators at a time View the information for a group of cells

Time interval selection:

• •

Select a particular day View aggregated data for a period of time Visualization of DL Cell Load (%)

161

Network Performance Inspector

• •

•

Easy access and visualization of network performance data Graphical and statistical visualization of Key Performance Indicators (e.g., cell throughput, call drop rate, Handover success rate) Ability to identify issues in the network and cells that need to be optimized Visualization of DL and UL Cell Load (%)

162

Raster Analysis Grid Manager

• Fully integrated Vertical Mapper™ Raster GIS platform – Standard open raster file format – Flexible raster map display capabilities – Ability to edit any input (clutter, heights…) – Advanced raster data manipulation such as queries, calculations, etc… 163

Interference problem identification using raster query

Grids Modifying

Trimming a grid brings the focus of network analysis onto the area of interest and can reduce the time it takes to generate analyses

164

Grid Analysis Understanding Results

165

Spatial Analysis Performing

For example, you can use the: •

Region Inspection tool

•

Point Inspection tool

•

Line Inspection tool

166

Coverage Maps Producing

In the Layout window, you can: •

Add text by clicking the Text button on the Main toolbar. Move and resize frames using the Select tool. Align objects by choosing Layout  Align Objects.

• •

167

Layered PDFs Printing

When you print a layered PDF, you can disable/enable layers as you want them displayed on your window 168

Mentum_Planet_5.7_LTE

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