SECON
E D IT IT IO IO N
AERODYNAMICS, E RO RO N CS ND G H M EC HA N C S B a rn rn e Th
W . M cC c C o rm r m ic i c k P h .D .D .
Penn Pennsy sylv lvan ania ia Stat Stat
Depa Depart rtme ment nt
Univ Univer ersi sity ty
of Aero Aerosp spac ac
Engi Engine neer erin in
'"
J OH OH N W I E Y
S ON ON S
NC
wY
ACQUISITIONS
S EN IO R P RO DU Cf IO N
Susa
Elbe
MANUFACfVRlN
R en z Lor Bulwin
MANAGE
Jaim
ILLUSTRATION COORDINATOR
T hi s b oo k w a s e i n
e w B as ke rv il l
Printing Company.
R ec og ni zi n
th
Th th
i mp or ta nc e
p ap e er
h ar ve st in g
o f t re e
Copyright
e pr od uc ti o
Publishe
n it e
Department
John Wile
S ta te s
e ro dy na mi cs ,
p.
an
b ou n
u bl is h
n it e
f or es t m an ag em en t
y ie l
th
in th
S ta te s
t o t ha t e nd .
h ar ve st in g
o un t o f n e w
p ro gr a
p ri nc ip le s
i nc lu d
e ns ur e t ha t
ro th
in Canada
p yr ig h o r f ur th e
or
b ey on d t ha t
c t w it ho u i nf or ma ti o
th
pe
e r i tt e i ss io n
b y S ec ti on s 1 0 th
s ho ul d b e a dd re ss e
c op y i gh t o wn e to th
is
P er mi ss io n
in Publication Data: 1926
a er on au ti cs , 2n
p ri nt e
SOllS Inc.
Barnes Warnock,
c Co r i ck .
S us ta in e
o f a n y p ar t o f t h i
of Congress Catalogin
McCormick,
I nc . a n
Sons Inc.
simultaneously
R eq ue st s f o p er mi ss io n
v al u
b y a m il l w ho s
o f i t t im be rl an ds .
o r t ra ns la ti o
W et he ri ll ,
o u b es t e ff or t
u t e ac h y ea r d oe s n o e x e e
n d 1 0 o f t h e 1 97 6
librar
o f e nd ur in g
e xe r
1 99 5 b y J oh n W il e
Al rights reserved
u nl aw fu l
b oo k
p ap er , a n
i n t hi s b oo k w a m an uf ac tu re d y ie l
nu
b y R u tt le , S ha w
o f p re se rv in g w ha t h a b ee n w ri tt en , i t i s a p ol ic y o f
S on s I nc . t o a v
o n a ci d- fr e
s us ta in e
Rebecca
Tommy Emily
by Hamilton
p ri nt e
Gerry
Pere
David Lev
COVER DESIGNER
J oh n W il e
T h i b oo k is d e di ca t e t o m y G r a nd c h il d re n Joan
Savoula Amanatidis
E DI TO R
n n M ar i
TEXT DESIGNER
Dedication
Cliff Robichaud
EDITOR
MARKETING MA,\lAGER
an
f li gh t m ec ha ni c
B ar ne s W .
ed,
ern,
Includes
bibliographical
1. Aerodynamics L 57 0. M3 8
references.
2. Airplanes.
I.Title.
1 99 5
629. 132'3--dc20
94-22312 CIP
P ri nt e
in th
U ni te d S ta te s o f A me ri c
0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
'"
•~_
,"
ACQUISITIONS
S EN IO R P RO DU Cf IO N
Susa
Elbe
MANUFACfVRlN
R en z Lor Bulwin
MANAGE
Jaim
ILLUSTRATION COORDINATOR
T hi s b oo k w a s e i n
e w B as ke rv il l
Printing Company.
R ec og ni zi n
th
Th th
i mp or ta nc e
p ap e er
h ar ve st in g
o f t re e
Copyright
e pr od uc ti o
Publishe
n it e
Department
John Wile
S ta te s
e ro dy na mi cs ,
p.
an
b ou n
u bl is h
n it e
f or es t m an ag em en t
y ie l
th
in th
S ta te s
t o t ha t e nd .
h ar ve st in g
o un t o f n e w
p ro gr a
p ri nc ip le s
i nc lu d
e ns ur e t ha t
ro th
in Canada
p yr ig h o r f ur th e
or
b ey on d t ha t
c t w it ho u i nf or ma ti o
th
pe
e r i tt e i ss io n
b y S ec ti on s 1 0 th
s ho ul d b e a dd re ss e
c op y i gh t o wn e to th
'"
is
P er mi ss io n
in Publication Data: 1926
a er on au ti cs , 2n
p ri nt e
SOllS Inc.
Barnes Warnock,
c Co r i ck .
S us ta in e
o f a n y p ar t o f t h i
of Congress Catalogin
McCormick,
I nc . a n
Sons Inc.
simultaneously
R eq ue st s f o p er mi ss io n
v al u
b y a m il l w ho s
o f i t t im be rl an ds .
o r t ra ns la ti o
W et he ri ll ,
o u b es t e ff or t
u t e ac h y ea r d oe s n o e x e e
n d 1 0 o f t h e 1 97 6
librar
o f e nd ur in g
e xe r
1 99 5 b y J oh n W il e
Al rights reserved
u nl aw fu l
b oo k
p ap er , a n
i n t hi s b oo k w a m an uf ac tu re d y ie l
nu
b y R u tt le , S ha w
o f p re se rv in g w ha t h a b ee n w ri tt en , i t i s a p ol ic y o f
S on s I nc . t o a v
o n a ci d- fr e
s us ta in e
Rebecca
Tommy Emily
by Hamilton
p ri nt e
Gerry
Pere
David Lev
COVER DESIGNER
J oh n W il e
T h i b oo k is d e di ca t e t o m y G r a nd c h il d re n Joan
Savoula Amanatidis
E DI TO R
n n M ar i
TEXT DESIGNER
Dedication
Cliff Robichaud
EDITOR
MARKETING MA,\lAGER
an
f li gh t m ec ha ni c
B ar ne s W .
ed,
ern,
Includes
bibliographical
1. Aerodynamics L 57 0. M3 8
references.
2. Airplanes.
I.Title.
1 99 5
629. 132'3--dc20
94-22312 CIP
P ri nt e
in th
U ni te d S ta te s o f A me ri c
0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
----------------
..........
'.
Barnes W. McConnic U ni ve rs it y P ar k P A A pr i 5 , 1 99 4
vi
----------------
..........
'.
Barnes W. McConnic U ni ve rs it y P ar k P A A pr i 5 , 1 99 4
vi
CONTENTS ' .
Chapter
INTRODUCTION
- "' w
._"
Brie Histor
rp
er rm
,Chapter F lu i S ta ti c a n t h A tm os ph er e
E le me nt ar y F lo w F un ct io n
22
43
Chapter gGe
o de r A ir fo i e ve lo pm en t 68 nAi Maximum Lift 85 T he L if ti n h ar ac te ri st ic s o f a F in it e eL
in
10
eM dAd 12 Uncertainties in th Calculatio of lm., Airfoi Characteristic at Lo ReynoldsNumbers
13
Chapter mD ago
ea
ix
CONTENTS ' .
Chapter
INTRODUCTION
- "' w
._"
Brie Histor
rp
er rm
,Chapter F lu i S ta ti c a n t h A tm os ph er e
E le me nt ar y F lo w F un ct io n
22
43
Chapter gGe
o de r A ir fo i e ve lo pm en t 68 nAi Maximum Lift 85 T he L if ti n h ar ac te ri st ic s o f a F in it e eL
in
10
eM dAd 12 Uncertainties in th Calculatio of lm., Airfoi Characteristic at Lo ReynoldsNumbers
13
Chapter mD ago
ea
ix
CONTENTS
CONTENTS
Dra Breakdown and Equivalen Flat~PlateArea gC A ve ra g S k r ic ti o o ef fi ci en t 17 E xa mp le E st im at e o f r ag B r ea kd o 17 mD
175
ePa p er at in g L im it at io n 39 EnergyMethods fo Optima Trajectories eA
gR gC l A ir pa n
ma
L IF T
N D D RA G A T H IG H M AC H N UM BE R
Qualitativ Behavior ofAirfoil asa Function of Mach Number F un da me nt al s o f G as D n am ic s 21 ra cAi oi 32 rs Linearized CompressiblePotential Flow 24 Three~DimensionalWings 24 Effect of Mach Number on th Zero~Lif tDra of two- and na
Chapter
212
e lc op te r P er fo rm an c B a i c v / T O A er od yn am ic s
Chapter
ttuee-
T H E P R OD UC T IO N O F T H RU S T
A IR P LA N E P E R FO R M A N C E
l im b
......
H E LI C O PT E R S A N D V /S T O L A I RC R A F
284
S TA T
im to ra
l im b a n
e ii ng s
42 44
CoordinateSystem:Forces,Moments an Velocities L on gt ud in a S ta t S ta bi li t 47 tu tr Latera/~Dir ectiona Static Stabilit an Contro 51
C ha p e r 1 0
O PE N -L OO P D YN AM I
tu Latera/~Dir ectiona Motion
357
36
410
S T AB IL IT Y A N D C O N TR O L
Chapter 11 C O N TR O LL E
R at e o f
'.
an
21
ri to P i t o E ng in e C ha ra ct er is tc s 28 pe pe wPr ri ry rb s T ur b eRa SomeConsideration Relating to GasTurbinePerformance 32 Qualitative Compariso of the Performanc of Turbojet, Turbofan, r op E n Specific Engine Characteristic an Performanc 33 r en ds i n A ir cr af t P ro pu ls io n 35
Chapter
39
ra
Chapter Chapter
xi
etoa rFu dm
ro
S TA B L IT Y A N
473
47
C O NT RO L
538
56
M O TI O
A N D A UT O M A T I S T AB IL IT Y
88
aI Convolutio Integral (Duhamel's Integral r eq ue nc y R es po n 59 59
59
588
CONTENTS
CONTENTS
Dra Breakdown and Equivalen Flat~PlateArea gC A ve ra g S k r ic ti o o ef fi ci en t 17 E xa mp le E st im at e o f r ag B r ea kd o 17 mD
175
ePa p er at in g L im it at io n 39 EnergyMethods fo Optima Trajectories eA
gR gC l A ir pa n
ma
L IF T
N D D RA G A T H IG H M AC H N UM BE R
Qualitativ Behavior ofAirfoil asa Function of Mach Number F un da me nt al s o f G as D n am ic s 21 ra cAi oi 32 rs Linearized CompressiblePotential Flow 24 Three~DimensionalWings 24 Effect of Mach Number on th Zero~Lif tDra of two- and na
Chapter
......
212
H E LI C O PT E R S A N D V /S T O L A I RC R A F
e lc op te r P er fo rm an c B a i c v / T O A er od yn am ic s
Chapter
ttuee-
T H E P R OD UC T IO N O F T H RU S T
284
S TA T
A IR P LA N E P E R FO R M A N C E
l im b
im to
l im b a n
e ii ng s
42
CoordinateSystem:Forces,Moments an Velocities L on gt ud in a S ta t S ta bi li t 47 tu tr Latera/~Dir ectiona Static Stabilit an Contro 51
C ha p e r 1 0
O PE N -L OO P D YN AM I
tu Latera/~Dir ectiona Motion
357
44
etoa rFu dm
ro
S TA B L IT Y A N
M O TI O 88
CONTENTS
l Mo t o n h F ee d S y s te ma n P a ra m e te r e n
ca on
pp nd pp AppendixC
SOLUTION OF NTH-ORDE
pp nd pp nd pp INDEX
639
47
C O NT RO L
A N D A UT O M A T I S T AB IL IT Y
aI Convolutio Integral (Duhamel's Integral r eq ue nc y R es po n 59 59
36
473
538
56
ra
pp nd
410
S T AB IL IT Y A N D C O N TR O L
Chapter 11 C O N TR O LL E
R at e o f
'.
an
21
ri to P i t o E ng in e C ha ra ct er is tc s 28 pe pe wPr ri ry rb s T ur b eRa SomeConsideration Relating to GasTurbinePerformance 32 Qualitative Compariso of the Performanc of Turbojet, Turbofan, r op E n Specific Engine Characteristic an Performanc 33 r en ds i n A ir cr af t P ro pu ls io n 35
Chapter
39
ra
Chapter Chapter
xi
LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL
59
588
CONTENTS
l Mo t o n h F ee d S y s te ma n P a ra m e te r e n
ca on
pp nd pp AppendixC pp nd
SOLUTION OF NTH-ORDE
pp nd pp nd pp INDEX
639
LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL
