LSAT
*
PrepTest 9 October 1993 Test ID: LL3009 LL300 9
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Reading Comprehension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SECTION I
Logical Reasoning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SECTION SECTION II
Analytical Reasoning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SECTION III
Logical Reasoning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SECTION SECTION IV
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SECTION I Time— Time —35 minutes 27 Questions Directions: Direction s: Each passa passage ge in this this section section is follow followed ed by a group group of ques questions tions to to be answere answered d on the basis basis of of what is stated stated or implied in the passage. passage. For some some of the questions, questions, more than one of the choices choices could could conceivably conceivably answer answer the question. Howev However, er, you are to choose the best answer; that is, the response that most accurately and completely answers the question, and blacken the corresponding space on your answer sheet.
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Many argue that recent developments in electronic technology such as computers and videotape have enabled artists ar tists to vary var y their forms of expres expression. sion. For example example,, video art can can now now achieve images whose effect is produced by “digitalization”: “digitalization ”: breaking up the picture using computerized information information processing. Such new new technologies create new ways ways of seeing and hearing by adding different dimensions to older for ms, rather than replacing replacing those those forms. forms. Consi Consider der Locale, a film about a modern dance dance company company.. The camera operator wore a Steadicam™, an uncomplicat uncomplicated ed device that allows a camera to be mounted on a person so that the camera remains steady no matter how the operator moves. moves. The Steadicam™ captures the dance in ways impossible with traditional mounts. Such new equipment also allows allows for the preservation of previously unrecordable unrecordable aspects aspects of performances, thus enriching archives. archives. By contrast, others claim that technology technology subverts the the artistic enterprise: that artistic efforts efforts achieved with machines preempt human creativity, rather than being inspired inspired by it. The originality of musical musi cal performance performance,, for example, example, might suffer suffer,, as musicians would would be deprived deprived of the opportunity to to spontaneously spontaneous ly change pieces of of music before live live audiences. Some even worry worry that technology will eliminate live performance performance altogether; altogether; performances will be recorded for home viewing, abolishing the relationship between between performer and audience. audience. But these negative views assume both that technology poses an unprecedented unprecedented challenge to the arts and that we are not committed committed enough enough to the artistic enterprise to preserve the live performance, assumptions that seem seem unnecessarily cynical. cynical. In fact, technology has traditionally assisted our our capacity for creative expression and can refine our notio notions ns of any given given art art form. form. For example, example, the portable camera and the snapshot were developed at the same time as the rise of Impress Impressionist ionist painting painting in the nineteenth nineteenth century.. These photographic technologies century technologies encouraged encourage d a new appreciation appreciation for the chance chance view and unpr unpredic edictable table angl angle, e, thus pre preparing paring an audience audie nce for a new style style of pain painting. ting. In addition, addition, Impressionist Impressio nist artists like Degas studied the elements of light and and movement movement captured by instantaneous photography and used their new understanding understand ing of the way our perceptions perceptions distort reality to try to more accurately capture reality in their work. Since photos can capture capture the “moments moments””
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of a movement, movement, such as a hand partially raised in a gesture of greeting, Impress Impressionist ionist artists were inspired to paint such moments in order order to more effectively effectiv ely convey convey the quality of spontaneou spontaneouss human action. Photograph Photographyy freed freed artists from from the the preconception that a subject should be painted in a static, artificial entirety, entirety, and inspired inspired them them to capture the random and fragmentary qualities of our worl world. d. Fina Finally lly,, sinc sincee photograph photographyy preempted preempted painting as the means of obtaining portraits, painters had more freedom freedom to vary their subject matter,, thus giving rise to the abstract creations matter characteristic of modern art.
1. Which Which one one of the fol followin lowingg state statement mentss best best expr expresse essess the main idea of the passage? passage? (A)) (A (B) (C) (D) (E)
The pro The progr gres esss of of art re reli lies es pri prima maril rilyy on technology. Tech echno nolog logica icall innov innovati ation on can can be benef benefici icial al to art. There The re are ris risks ks ass associ ociate ated d with with us using ing technology to create art. Tech echnol nology ogy will will transf transform orm the the way the the public public responds to art. The rel relatio ationsh nship ip betw between een art and tec techno hnolog logy y has a lengthy history.
2. It can be inferred inferred fro from m the pass passage age that that the the author author shares which one of the following following opinions with the opponent oppo nentss of the use of of new techno technology logy in art? (A) (B) (C) (D) (E)
The liv livee perfo performa rmanc ncee is an imp import ortant ant aspe aspect ct of the artistic enterprise. The public’s commitment to the artistic enterprise is questionable questionable.. Rece Re cent nt techn technolo ologic gical al inno innovat vation ionss presen presentt an entirely new sort of challenge to art. Tech echnol nologi ogical cal inn innova ovatio tions ns of of the pas pastt have have been very useful to artists. The per perfo formi rming ng arts arts are are espe especia cially lly vul vulner nerabl ablee to technological innovation.
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1 3. Whic Which h one one of th thee fol follo lowin wing, g, if tru true, e, wo woul uld d mos mostt undermine the position held held by opponents of of the use of new technology technology in art concerning concerning the effect effect of technology on live performance? (A)
(B)) (B
(C)) (C (D)) (D (E)
Surveys Surve ys sho show w that that whe when n rec recor ordin dings gs of performances are made available for home viewing, the public becomes far more knowledgeable knowledge able about different performing artists. Surv Su rvey eyss show show tha thatt some some peo peopl plee feel feel comfortable responding spontaneously to artistic performances when they are viewing recordings of those performances performances at home. Afte Af terr a live live perf perfor orma manc nce, e, sa sale less of re reco cord rdin ings gs for home home viewing of the particular particular performing artist generally increase. Thee dis Th distri tribu buti tion on of of re reco cord rdin ings gs of of art artis ists ts’’ performances has begun to attract many new audience members to their live performances. Musi usicia cians ns are les lesss apt apt to to make make cre creativ ativee changes in musical pieces during recorde recorded d performances than during live performances.
4. The aut author hor use usess the the examp example le of of the Ste Steadi adicam cam™ primarily in order to suggest that (A)) (A (B) (C) (D) (E)
the film the filmin ingg of pe perf rfor orma manc nces es sho shoul uld d not not be limited by inadequate equipment new tec techno hnolog logies ies do not nee need d to to be be very very complex in order to benefit art the int intera eracti ction on of a trad traditio itional nal art fo form rm with a new technology will change attitudes toward technology in general the rep replac lacem ement ent of a tradi traditio tional nal te techn chnolo ology gy with a new technology will transform definitions of a traditional art form new tec techno hnolog logyy does does not not so so much much pr preem eempt pt as as enhance a traditional art form
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5. Acc ccord ording ing to the the pass passage age,, pro propon ponent entss of the use use of of new electronic technology technology in the arts claim that which one of the following is true? (A)) (A (B) (C) (D) (E)) (E
Most peo Most people ple who rej reject ect the us usee of of ele electr ctroni onicc technology in art forget that machines require a person to operate them. Electr Ele ctroni onicc techno technolog logyy allow allowss for for the expa expansi nsion on of archives because because longer performances can be recorded. Electr Ele ctroni onicc techno technolog logyy assists assists artis artists ts in findi finding ng new ways to present their material. Electr Ele ctron onic ic techn technolo ology gy make makess the prac practic ticee of any art form more efficient by speeding up the creative process. Mode Mo dern rn dan dance ce is the the art art for form m that that wil willl probably benefit most from the use of electronic technology.
6. It can can be inferr inferred ed from from the the passage passage that the the author author would agree with which one of the following statements regarding changes in painting since the nineteenth century? (A)) (A
(B)
(C) (D)
(E)) (E
The arti artisti sticc exp experim eriment entss of the nin ninet eteen eenth th century led painters to use a variety of methods in creating portraits, which they then applied to other subject matter. The nin ninet eteen eenthth-ce centu ntury ry kno knowle wledge dge of lig light ht and movement provided by photography inspired the abstract works characteristic of modern art. Oncee paint Onc painters ers no long longer er felt felt tha thatt they they had had to to paint conventional conventional portraits, portraits, they turned exclusively exclusiv ely to abstract portraiture. Oncee paint Onc painters ers we were re less less lim limite ited d to the Impressionist Impression ist style, they were able to to experiment with a variety of styles of abstract art. Oncee paint Onc painters ers pai painte nted d fewer fewer co conv nvent ention ional al portraits, they had greater greater opportunity to move beyond beyond the literal depiction depiction of objects.
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During the 1940s and 1950s the United States government developed a new policy toward Native Americans, often known as “readjustment.” Because Becau se the increased increased awaren awareness ess of civil rights rights in these decades helped helped reinforce reinforce the belief that life on reservations prevented prevented Native Americans Americans from exercising the rights guaranteed to citizens under the United States Constitution, the readjustment readjustment movementt advocated the end movemen end of the federal government’’s involvement in Native American government affairs and encouraged encouraged the assimilation assimilation of Native Americans as individuals into mainstream society. However, Howev er, the same years also saw the emergence of a Native American leadership and efforts efforts to develop develop tribal institutions and reaffirm reaffirm tribal identity. identity. The clash of these two trends may be traced in the attempts on the part of the Bureau Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) to convince convince the Oneida tribe of Wisco Wisconsin nsin to accept readjustment. The culmination of of BIA efforts to to sway the Oneida occurred at a meeting that took place in the fall of 1956. The BIA suggeste suggested d that it would would be to ’ the On Oneid eidaa s benefit to own their own property and, like other other homeowners, homeowners, pay real estate taxes taxes on it. The BIA BIA also also emphasiz emphasized ed that, that, afte afterr readjustment,, the government readjustment government would not attempt to restrict Native Native Americans Americans’’ ability to sell their individually owned lands. lands. The Oneida were then then offered a one-time lump-sum lump-sum payment of of $60,000 in lieu of the $0.52 annuity annuity guaranteed in perpetuity to each member member of the tribe under under the Canandai Canandaigua gua Treaty. The efforts efforts of the BIA to “sell sell”” readjustment to the tribe failed because the Oneida realized realized that they had heard similar offers offers before. The Oneida Oneida delegates reacted negatively to the BIA’ BIA’s first suggestion because taxation of Native American lands had been one past vehicle vehicle for dispossessing dispossessing the Onei Oneida: da: afte afterr the distri distributio bution n of some tribal lands to individual Native Native Americans in the late nineteenth century, century, Native American American lands became subject to taxation, resulting in new and impossible impossible financial burdens, burdens, foreclos foreclosures, ures, and subsequent subsequent tax sales of property property.. The Oneida Oneida delegates delegates were equally equa lly susp suspiciou iciouss of the BIA BIA’’s emphasis on the rights of individ individual ual lando landowners wners,, sinc sincee in the late nineteenth century many individual Native Americans had been convinced by unscrupulous speculat spec ulators ors to sell their their lands. lands. Final Finally ly,, the offer offer of a lump-sum payment was unanimously opposed by the Oneida delegates, who saw saw that changing the the terms of a treaty might jeopardize jeopardize the many pending land claims based upon the treaty. treaty. As a result of the 1956 meeting, the Oneida Oneida rejected readjustmen readjustment. t. Instead, they determined determined to improve tribal life by lobbying for federal monies for postseco postsecondary ndary education, for the improve improvement ment of drainage on tribal lands, and for the building building of a con convale valesce scent nt home for tribal members members.. Thus Thus,, by learning the lessons of history, the Oneida Oneida were able to surviv survivee as a tribe in their homela homeland. nd.
7. Which Which one one of the foll followi owing ng would would be be most most consis consiste tent nt with the policy of readjustment described described in the passage? (A) (B) (C) (D) (E)
the est establ ablish ishmen mentt among among Nati Native ve Amer America icans ns of a tribal system of elected government government the cre creati ation on of a nati nationa onall proj project ect to pre preserv servee Native American language and oral history the est establ ablish ishmen mentt of of pro program gramss to en enco coura urage ge Native Americans to move from reservations to urban areas the dev develo elopme pment nt of a large large-sc -scale ale eff effort ort to restore Native American American lands to their original tribes the rea reaffi ffirma rmatio tion n of fe feder deral al tre treaty aty obl obliga igatio tions ns to Native American tribes
8. Accor According ding to the pass passage, age, afte afterr the the 1956 1956 meetin meetingg the the Oneida resolved to (A) (B) (C) (D) (E)
obtain imp obtain impro rove ved d soci social al servic services es and livi living ng conditions for members members of the tribe pursu pu rsuee litig litigatio ation n desig designed ned to recl reclaim aim trib tribal al lands secur se curee rec recogn ognitio ition n of of the their ir uniq unique ue sta status tus as a self-governing self-gov erning Native American nation within the United States estab es tablis lish h new kin kinds ds of trib tribal al ins instit tituti utions ons cultiv cul tivate ate a life life-st -style yle sim simila ilarr to to that that of oth other er United States citizens
9. Which Which one one of of the fol follo lowin wingg best best descr describe ibess the the function func tion of the first first paragraph paragraph in the context context of the passage as a whole? (A)) (A (B)) (B (C) (D) (E)
It su summ mmari arize zess the the ba basi siss of of a con confl flic ictt underlying negotiations described elsewhere in the passage. It pr pres esen ents ts tw two o pos posit itio ions ns,, on onee of of wh whic ich h is is defended by evidence provided in succeed succeeding ing paragraphs. It co compa mpare ress comp competi eting ng int interp erpret retatio ations ns of a historical conflict. It ana analyz lyzes es the cau causes ses of a speci specific fic his histo torica ricall event and predicts a future development. It out outlin lines es the his histo tory ry of of a gov govern ernmen mentt agen agency cy..
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1 10. The autho authorr refer referss to to the the incr increase eased d aware awareness ness of civil rights during the 1940s and 1950s most probably in order to (A) (B) (C) (D) (D) (E)
contrast contra st the the read readjus justme tment nt mov moveme ement nt with with other social phenomena accoun acc ountt for for the sta stanc ncee of of the Na Nativ tivee Amer America ican n leadership help hel p explai explain n the imp impetu etuss for for the read readjus justme tment nt movement expl ex plai ain n the mot motiv ives es of of BI BIA A bure bureau aucra crats ts fost fo ster er sup suppor portt for for the pol policy icy of rea readju djustm stment ent
11. The pass passage age sug suggest gestss that that adv advocate ocatess of of read readjust justment ment would most likely likely agree with which one of the following statements regarding the relationship between the federal government government and Native Americans? (A) (B) (C) (D) (E)
The fe feder deral al gov govern ernmen mentt shoul should d work work with with individual Native Americans to improve life on reservations. The fe feder deral al gov govern ernmen mentt shou should ld be no no more more involved involv ed in the affairs of Native Americans than in the affairs of other citizens. citizens. The fe feder deral al gove governm rnment ent sho should uld ass assum umee more more responsibility for providing social services to Native Americans. The fe feder deral al gov govern ernmen mentt shoul should d share share its its responsibility for maintaining Native American territories with tribal leaders. The fe feder deral al gov govern ernmen mentt shou should ld obs observ ervee all all provisions of treaties made in the past with Native Americans.
12. The pass passage age sugge suggests sts that the Oneida Oneida dele delegate gatess viewed the Canandaigua Treaty Treaty as (A) (B)) (B (C) (D) (E)
a valu valuabl ablee safe safegu guard ard of ce certai rtain n Onei Oneida da righ rights ts and privileges thee sour th source ce of of ma many ny pa past st pro probl blem emss for for the the Oneida tribe a mode modell for for the typ typee of of agr agree eemen mentt they they hop hoped ed to reach with the federal government government an impo importan rtantt step step to towar ward d rec recogn ognitio ition n of the their ir status as an independen independentt Native American nation an obso obsole lete te agre agreem ement ent wit withou houtt relev relevanc ancee for for their current condition
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13. Which Which one of the foll following owing situ situations ations most clos closely ely parallels that of the Oneida delegates delegates in refusing to accept a lump-sum payment of $60,000? (A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)) (E
A unive universi rsity ty offe offers rs a stud student ent a four four-y -year ear scholarship with the stipulation that the student not accept any outside employment; the student refuses the offer and attends a differentt school because differen because the amount of the scholarship would not have covered living expenses. A com compan panyy seeki seeking ng to redu reduce ce its pay payro roll ll obligations offers an employee a large bonus if he will accept accept early early retirem retirement; ent; the employee refuses because he does not want to compromise an outstanding worker’ worker ’s compensation compensatio n suit. Paren Pa rents ts of a teen teenage agerr off offer er to pa payy her her at the the end of the month for for performing weekly weekly chores rather than paying her on a weekly basis; the teenager refuses because because she has a number of financial obligations that she must meet early in the month. A car car deale dealerr offe offers rs a cus custom tomer er a $500 $500 cas cash h payment for buying a new car; the customer customer refuses because she does not want to pay taxes on the amount, and requests instead instead that her monthly payments be reduced by a proportionate amount. A land landlo lord rd off offers ers a tenan tenantt seve several ral mon months ths rent-free in exchange for the tenant’ tenant’s agreeing not to demand that her apartment be painted every two years, as is required by the lease; lease; the tenant refuses because she would have to spend her own time painting the apartment.
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Direct observation of of contem contemporary porary societies at the threshold threshold of widespread literacy literacy has not assisted assisted our understanding understanding of how such literacy altered altered ancient Greek society society,, in particular its political political (5) culture. The discovery discovery of what Goody has called called the “enabling effects” effects” of literacy in contempo contemporary rary societies tends to seduce the observer into confusing often rudimentary rudimentary knowledge of of how to read with popular access to important books and documents; (10) this confusio confusion n is then projected onto onto ancient societies.““In ancient Greece,” societies. Greece,” Goody writes, “alphabetic reading and writing was important for for the develop development ment of political democracy democracy..” An examination of the ancient Greek city (15) Athens exemplif exemplifies ies how this sort of confusio confusion n is detrimental to understanding understanding ancient ancient politics. In Athens, the early developm development ent of of a written law code was retrospectively retrospectively mythologized mythologized as the critical factor in breaking breaking the power power monopoly of of (20) the old aristo aristocracy: cracy: henc hencee the Greek Greek traditi tradition on of the “law-giver, law-giver,”” which has captured the imaginations of scholars like Goody Goody.. But the application and efficacy of all law codes codes depend on their interpretation by magistrates and courts, and unless the right of (25) interpretation is “democratized,” the mere existence of written laws laws changes changes little. In fact, never in antiquity did any any but the elite consultt documents and books. Eve consul Even n in Greek courts the juries heard heard only only the relevant statutes (30) read out during during the proceed proceedings, ings, as they heard verbal verb al tes testimon timonyy, and they they then then rendere rendered d their their verdict ver dict on the the spot, spot, witho without ut the bene benefit fit of any discussion among among themselves. themselves. True, in Athens the juriess wer jurie weree represe representati ntative ve of of a broad broad spectrum spectrum of (35) the popu populatio lation, n, and these these juries, juries, drawn from from diverse social classes, classes, both interpreted interpreted what they had hear heard d and determine determined d matters matters of fact. However Howev er,, they were guided solely by the speeches prepared for the parties by professional pleaders (40) and by the quotati quotations ons of law lawss or decrees decrees within within the speeches,, rather than by their own access to any speeches kind of docu document ment or book. book. Granted, people today also also rely heavily on a truly knowledg knowledgeable eable minority for information information and (45) its interpretation interpretation,, often transmitted orally orally.. Yet this is still fundamentally fundamentally different different from an ancient society in which there there was no “popular literature,” literature,” i.e., no news newspape papers, rs, maga magazine zines, s, or other other media media that that dealt with sociopolitical issues. issues. An ancient law code (50) wou would ld have have been been analog analogous ous to to the Latin Latin Bible Bible,, a venerat ven erated ed docume document nt but a closed closed book. book. The resistance of the medieval medieval Church Church to vernacular translatio trans lations ns of the Bible, Bible, in the West West at least, least, is thereforee a pointer to the realities of ancient literacy. therefor literacy. (55) When fundamental documents are accessible for studyy only to stud to an elite, elite, the rest rest of the society society is is subjec sub jectt to the elite elite’’s interpretation interpretation of the rules of behavior beha vior,, incl includin udingg right poli political tical behavi behavior or.. Athens, insofar as it functioned functioned as a democracy, democracy, did (60) so not because because of wides widespre pread ad literacy literacy,, but because because the elite had chosen to accept accept democratic institutions. institutions.
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1 14. Which Which one one of the fol followin lowingg state statement mentss best best expre expresses sses the main idea of the passage? passage? (A) (B) (C) (D) (E)
Democratic Democr atic pol politic itical al ins instit tituti ution onss gro grow w organically from the traditions and conventions conv entions of a society. society. Democr Dem ocrati aticc poli politic tical al ins instit tituti utions ons are not necessarily the outcome outcome of literacy in a society. society. Relig Re ligiou iouss autho authority rity,, lik likee poli politic tical al aut author hority ity,, can determine who in a given society will have access to important books and documents. Those Tho se who who are are best best educa educated ted are most most oft often en those who control the institutions of authority in a society society.. Those Tho se in in autho authority rity hav havee a ves vested ted int intere erest st in in ensuring that those under their control remain illiterate.
15. It can can be inferre inferred d from from the pass passage age that that the the author author assumes which one one of the following following about societies in which the people possess a rudimentary reading ability? (A) (B) (C) (D) (E)
They are They are more more pol politic iticall allyy advan advance ced d than than societies without rudimentary reading ability. Theyy are unl The unlike ikely ly to to exhibi exhibitt the pos positiv itivee effe effects cts of lite literacy racy.. Theyy are rap The rapidl idlyy evolv evolving ing to towar ward d widesp widesprea read d literacy. Many Ma ny of the their ir peop people le mig might ht not not hav havee acce access ss to to important documents and books. Most Mo st of the their ir peo people ple wo would uld not part partici icipat patee in in political decision-making decision-making..
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1 16. The autho authorr refers refers to the the truly truly knowl knowledge edgeable able minority in contemporary societies in the context of the fourth paragraph in order to imply which one of the following? (A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
Becausee they Becaus they hav havee a pop popula ularr litera literatur turee that that closes the gap between the elite and the majority, contempo contemporary rary societies rely far less on the knowledge knowledge of experts than did ancient ancient societies. Cont Co ntemp empora orary ry socie societie tiess rely rely on on the kno knowle wledge dge of expe experts, rts, as did ancie ancient nt societi societies, es, becau because se contemporary contempo rary popular literature so frequently conveys specious information. Altho Al though ugh con contem tempor porary ary socie societie tiess rely rely heavil heavily y on the knowledg knowledgee of expe experts, rts, acce access ss to popular literature makes contemporary societies less dependent on experts for information about about rules of behavior than were ancient societies. While Wh ile onl onlyy som somee memb members ers of the el elite ite can become experts, popular literature gives gives the majority in contemporary society an opportunity to become become members of such an elite. Acce Ac cess ss to to popul popular ar liter literatu ature re dist disting inguis uishes hes ancient from contemporary societies because it relies on a level level of educational achievement achievement attainable only by a contempo contemporary rary elite.
17. Acco Accord rding ing to the the pass passage age,, eac each h of the fo follo llowin wing g statements concerning concerning ancient Greek juries is true EXCEPT: (A) (B) (C)) (C (D) (E)
They were They were som somewh ewhat at demo democra cratic tic ins insof ofar ar as as they were composed composed largely of people from from the lowest social classes. Theyy were The were expo expose sed d to the la law w only only inso insofar far as they heard relevant statutes read out during legal proceedings proceedings.. They Th ey asc ascer erta tain ined ed th thee fac facts ts of of a case case and and interpreted the laws. Theyy did not hav The havee direct direct acc access ess to impor importan tantt books and documents that were available to the elite. Theyy rende The rendered red ve verdi rdicts cts with without out ben benefi efitt of of private discussion among themselves.
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18. The auth author or charac characte teriz rizes es the the Greek Greek tradi traditio tion n of the “law-giver law-giver”” (line 21) as an effect of mythologizing most probably in order to (A)) (A (B)) (B (C) (D)
(E)) (E
illustrat illust ratee the the ancie ancient nt Gree Greek k tende tendency ncy to memorialize historical events by transforming them into myths conv co nvey ey the the his histo toric rical al imp import ortan ance ce of of th thee development developm ent of the early Athenian Athenian written law code conv co nvey ey the the high high regar regard d in which which the the Athe Athenia nians ns held their legal tradition sugge sug gest st that that the dev develo elopme pment nt of of a writte written n law law code was not primarily responsible for diminishing the power power of the Athenian Athenian aristocracy sugg su gges estt tha thatt the the Gr Gree eek k trad traditi ition on of th thee “law-giver law-giver”” should be understood in the larger context context of Greek mythology mythology
19. The autho authorr draws draws an analo analogy gy between between the Latin Bibl Biblee and an early law code (lines 49– 49–51) in order to make which one of the following points? (A)) (A (B) (C) (D) (E)) (E
Documents Docume nts were were con consid sidere ered d author authorita itativ tivee in premodern society in proportion to their inaccessibility to the majority. Docume Doc uments nts tha thatt were were per percei ceive ved d as hig highly hly influential in premodern societies were not necessarily accessible to the society ’s majority. What Wh at is is most most reve revered red in a non nonde democ mocrati raticc society is what is i s most frequently misunderstood. Poli olitic tical al docum document entss in premod premodern ern socie societie tiess exerted a social influence similar to that exerted by religious documents. Poli olitic tical al docu documen ments ts in in premo premode dern rn socie societie tiess were inaccessible inaccessible to the majority of the population because because of the language in which they were written.
20. The pri primary mary pur purpos posee of of the pas passag sagee is is to to (A)) (A (B) (C)) (C (D)) (D (E)) (E
arguee that argu that a parti particu cula larr meth method od of of ob obse servi rving ng contemporary contempo rary societies is inconsistent point poi nt out the we weakn akness esses es in a partic particula ularr approach to understanding ancient societies pres pr esen entt the dis disad adva vant ntag ages es of of a parti particu cula larr approach to understanding the relationship between ancient and contemporary contemporary societies exam ex amin inee the the impor importa tanc ncee of de deve velo lopi ping ng an appropriate method for understanding ancient societies conv co nvey ey th thee dif diffi ficu cult ltyy of of ac accu curat ratel ely y understanding attitudes in ancient societies
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The English who in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries inhabited those colonies that would wou ld later later becom becomee the Unite United d States States shared shared a common political vocabulary vocabulary with the English in (5) England. Steeped as they were were in the English political language, these colonials colonials failed failed to observe that their experience in America had given the the words wor ds a signi significa ficance nce quite quite diff differen erentt from from that accepted accepte d by the English with whom they debated; debated; (10) in fact, they claimed that they were were more more loyal to the English political tradition tradition than were the English English in Engl England. and. In many respects the political institutions of England were reproduced in these American (15) colonies colonies.. By the middle middle of the eighteenth eighteenth century, century, all of these colonies colonies except except four were were headed by Royal Governors appointed appointed by the King and perceived perceiv ed as bearing a relation to to the people people of of the colonyy similar to that of the King to the colon the English (20) people. Moreo Moreover ver,, each of these colonies enjoye enjoyed da representative represen tative assembly, assembly, which was consciou consciously sly modeled, in powers powers and practices, practices, after the English Parliament.. In both England and these colonies, Parliament colonies, only property holders could could vote. vote. (25) Nevertheless, Neverthel ess, though English and colonial institutions were structurally similar, similar, attitudes toward those institutions institutions differed. differed. For example, example, English legal development development from the early seventeenth sevente enth century had been moving steadily steadily (30) tow toward ard the absolut absolutee power of Par Parliame liament. nt. The most unmistakable sign sign of this tendency tendency was the legal assertion that the King was subject to the law. Together with this resolute resolute denial of the absolute absolute right of kings went the assertion assertion that that Parliament Parliament (35) was unli unlimite mited d in its pow power: er: it could could chang changee even even the Constitution by its ordinary acts acts of legislation. By the eighteenth century century the English had accepted accepted the idea that the parliamentary parliamentary representatives representatives of the people were were omnipotent. omnipotent. (40) The citizens of these colonies colonies did not look look upon the English Parliament Parliament with such fond eyes, nor did they concede that their own assemblies possessed such wide powers. powers. There were good good historical historical reasons for this. To the English English the word (45) “constitution constitution”” meant the whole whole body of law and legal custom formulate formulated d since the beginning beginning of the kingdom, whereas to these colonials colonials a constitution was a specific specific written written docu document ment,, enum enumeratin erating g specific powers. This distinction distinction in meaning can be (50) traced to the fact that the foundations of governm government ent in the various colonies colonies were written charters charters granted by the Crown Crown.. Thes Thesee express express autho authorizati rizations ons to to govern were tangible, definite things. Over the years these colonials had often often repaired to the charters to (55) just justify ify them themsel selves ves in in the strugg struggle le against against tyranni tyrannical cal governors governo rs or officials officials of the Crown. Crown. More than a century of governme government nt under written constitutions constitutions convinced convince d these colonists colonists of the necessity for and efficacy of protecting their liberties against (60) governmental encroachment by explicitly defining all governm governmental ental powers powers in a document.
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1 21. Which Which one one of the foll followi owing ng best best expre expresse ssess the main main idea of the passag passage? e? (A) (B) (C) (D) (E)) (E
The co colon lonial ialss and and the the Engli English sh mist mistak akenl enly y thought that they shared a common political vocabulary.. vocabulary The co colon lonial ialss and and the the Engli English sh shar shared ed a vari variety ety of insti institutio tutions. ns. The co colon lonial ialss and the Eng Englis lish h had con confli flicti cting ng interpretations of the language language and institutional structures that they shared. Colon Co lonial ial attitu attitudes des towar toward d English English instit instituti utions ons grew increasingly hostile in the eighteenth century. Seve Se vent ntee eent nthh-ce cent ntury ury Engl Englis ish h legal legal development accounted for colonial attitudes toward constitutions.
22. The pass passage age sup supports ports all of the foll followin owingg state statement mentss about the political conditions present by the middle of the eighteenth century in the American American colonies colonies discussed in the passage EXCEPT: (A) (B)) (B (C) (D) (E)) (E
Colonial Colon ialss who did not not own own prop property erty coul could d not not vote. Alll of th Al thes esee colo coloni nies es had had repr repres esen enta tativ tivee assemblies modeled after the British Parliament. Somee of Som of the these se co colon lonies ies had Ro Royal yal Go Gove verno rnors. rs. Royal Roy al Gove Governors rnors cou could ld be remo removed ved from offi office ce by colonial assemblies. assemblies. In the these se col colon onie ies, s, Ro Roya yall Gove Governo rnors rs wer weree regarded as serving a function like that of of a king.
23. The pass passage age impli implies es which which one one of the foll followi owing ng about about English kings prior to the early seventeenth century? century? (A) (A) (B) (C) (D) (E)
They we They were re th thee sou sourc rcee of of al alll law law.. Theyy fre The freque quentl ntlyy flo floute uted d law lawss made made by Parliament. Their The ir pow power er rela relativ tivee to to that that of Pa Parli rliame ament nt was considerably greater than it was in the eighteenth century. Theyy wer The weree more more of often ten the so sourc urces es of le legal gal reform than they were in the eighteenth century. Theyy had The had to co comba mbatt those those who bel believ ieved ed that that the power of of Parliament was was absolute. absolute.
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1 24. The auth author or menti mention onss which which one of of the foll followi owing ng as evidence for the eighteenth-ce eighteenth-century ntury English attitude toward Parliament? (A) (B) (C) (D) (E)
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26. Accor According ding to the the passag passage, e, the Engl English ish attitu attitude de tow toward ard the English Constitution differed from the colonial attitude toward constitutions in that the English regarded their Constitution as
The Eng Englis lish h had had beco become me unc uncomf omfort ortabl ablee with with institutions that could claim absolute authority. The Eng Englis lish h reali realize zed d that that their their inte interes rests ts were were better guarded by Parliament Parliament than by the King. The Eng Englis lish h allo allowe wed d Parli Parliame ament nt to to make make constitutional changes by legislative enactment. The Eng Englis lish h felt felt that that the the King King did not not poss possess ess the knowledge that would enable him to rule responsibly. The Eng Englis lish h had had deci decided ded tha thatt it it was was tim timee to to reform their representative government.
(A) (A) (B) (C) (D) (E)) (E
27. The pri primary mary pur purpos posee of of the pas passag sagee is is to to (A)) (A
(B)) (B
25. The passa passage ge implies implies that the the colon colonials ials discu discussed ssed in the passage would would have considered considered which one of the following to to be a source source of their debates with England? (A)) (A (B) (C) (D) (E)
(C)
theirr chan thei change ged d use use of th thee Engl Englis ish h poli politi tica call vocabulary Englis Eng lish h co commi mmitme tment nt to par parlia liamen mentary tary representation their the ir un uniqu iquely ely Eng Englis lish h exp experie erienc ncee their the ir refu refusal sal to to adopt adopt any any Englis English h politi political cal institutions their the ir great greater er loy loyalt altyy to the Eng Englis lish h polit politica icall traditions
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the leg the legal al fo foun unda datio tion n of of th thee kin kingd gdom om a docu docume ment nt co conta ntaini ining ng a coll collect ection ion of cus custom tomss a cum cumula ulativ tivee corp corpus us of le legis gislat lation ion and leg legal al traditions a reco record rd alt altera erable ble by ro royal yal aut author hority ity an unc uncha hang ngea eabl blee bod bodyy of of go gove vern rnme ment ntal al powers
(D) (E)) (E
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expose the mis expose misun under dersta standi nding ng tha thatt has has characterized descriptions of the relationship relationship between seventeenthseventeenth- and eighteenth-century eighteenth-century England and certain certain of its American colonies colonies sugg su gges estt a re reas ason on fo forr Eng Engla land nd’’s treatment of certain of its American American colonies in the seventeenth seventee nth and eighteenth centuries settle set tle an an ongoin ongoingg debate debate abou aboutt the rela relatio tionsh nship ip between England and certain of its American colonies in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries interp int erpre rett the the event eventss leadi leading ng up up to the independ inde pendence ence of of certa certain in of Engl England and’’s American colonies in the eighteenth century explai exp lain n an an asp aspect ect of the rel relatio ationsh nship ip bet betwee ween n England and certain certain of its American colonies colonies in the seventee seventeenth nth and eighteenth centuries
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IF YOU YOU FINISH BEFORE TIME IS CALLED, YOU MAY MAY CHECK YOUR WORK WORK ON THIS THI S SECTION ONLY ONLY.. DO NOT WORK ON ANY OTHER SECTION IN THE TEST.
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2 SECTION II Time—35 minutes Time— 25 Questions
Directions: The questions questions in this section are based on the reasoning contained in brief statements or passages. passages. For some questions, more than one of the choices choices could could conceivably conceivably answer answer the question. Howev However, er, you are to choose the best answer; that is, the response that most accurately accurately and completely completely answers the question. question. You should not make assumptions assumptions that are by commonsense commonse nse standards standards implausible, superfluou superfluous, s, or incompatible incompatible with the passage. passage. After you you have chosen the best answer, answer, blacken the corresponding corresponding space on your answer sheet. sheet.
1. Crimes Crimes in which handg handguns uns are used used are more more like likely ly than other crimes to result result in fatalities. fatalities. Howev However, er, the majority of crimes in which handguns handguns are used do do not result result in fatalities. Therefor Therefore, e, there is no no need to to enact laws that address crimes involving handguns as distinct from other crimes. The pattern of flawed reasoning reasoning displayed displayed in the argument above most closely resembles that in which one of the followin following? g? (A)) (A
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
Overweig Overw eight ht peop people le are at hig higher her risk of developing heart disease than other people. Howeve Ho wever, r, more than than half half of all overweig overweight ht people never never develop heart disease. disease. Hence it is unnecessary for physicians to be more careful to emphasize the danger of heart disease to their overweight patients than to their other patients. Manyy peo Man people ple swi swim m dail dailyy in or order der to sta stay y physicallyy fit. Yet people who swim daily physicall increase their risk of develop developing ing ear infections. Hence people who want to remain in good health are better better off not following following fitness programs that include swimming daily. Most Mo st physi physicia cians ns rec recomm ommend end a balanc balanced ed diet diet for those who want to remain in good health. Yet many people find that nontraditional dietary regimens such as extended fasting do their health health no no serious serious harm. harm. Therefore Therefore,, there is no need for everyone to avoid nontraditional dietary regimens. Foods Fo ods rich rich in chol choles ester terol ol and and fat pos posee a serious serious health threat to most people. Howev However, er, many people are reluctant to give up eating foods that they greatly greatly enjoy. enjoy. Therefore Therefore,, people who who refuse to give up rich foods need to spend more time exercising than do other people. Manyy serio Man serious us heal health th probl problems ems are the resu result lt of of dietary disorders. Yet these disorders are often brought about by psychological psychological factors. Hence people suffering from serious health problems should undergo psychological evaluation.
2. Tall childre children n can generall generallyy reach high high shelves shelves easily easily.. Short children can generally reach high shelves only with difficulty. difficulty. It is known that short children are more likely than are tall children to become short adults. adul ts. Ther Therefor efore, e, if short childr children en are taught taught to reach high shelves easily easily,, the proportion proportion of them who become short adults will decrease. A reasoning error in the argument is that the argument (A) (B) (C)) (C (D) (E)) (E
attribute attrib utess a cha charac racter terist istic ic of an ind individ ividual ual member of a group to the group as a whole whole presup pre suppos poses es tha thatt which which is to be pro prove ved d refu re fute tess a gene general raliz izat atio ion n by mea means ns of of an exceptional case assum ass umes es a caus causal al relat relation ionshi ship p where where only only a correlation has been indicated take ta kess lac lack k of of evi evide denc ncee for for th thee exi exist sten ence ce of a state of affairs as evidence that that there can be no such state state of affai affairs rs
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2 3. Balance Balance is is particul particularly arly import important ant when repo reporting rting the backgroun backg round d of civil wars wars and and confli conflicts. cts. Fac Facts ts must must not not be deliber deliberatel atelyy manipula manipulated ted to to show show one party party in a favorable light, and the views of each side should be fairly represent represented. ed. This concep conceptt of balance, howeve however, r, does not justify concealing or glossing over basic injustices in an effort effort to be even-handed. even-handed. If all the media were to adopt such a perverse interpretation of balanced balan ced report reporting, ing, the publi publicc would would be given given a picture picture of a world where each party party in every conflict had an equal measure measure of justice on on its side, side, contrary to our our experienc expe riencee of life and, and, inde indeed, ed, our common common sense. sense. Which one of the following best best expresses the main point of the argument argument?? (A) (B)
(C)
(D) (E)
Balanced Balanc ed repo reportin rtingg prese presents nts the publ public ic with with a picture of the world in which which all sides to a conflict have equal justification. Balanc Bal anced ed rep reporti orting ng re requi quires res imp imparti artiall ally y revealing injustices where they occur no less than fairly presenting presenting the views of each party in a conflict. Ourr expe Ou experien rience ce of lif lifee sho shows ws tha thatt ther theree are are indeed cases in which conflicts arise because of an injustic injustice, e, with one party party clearly clearly in the wrong. Commo Co mmon n sense sense tel tells ls us us that that bala balance nce is especially needed when reporting the background of civil wars and conflicts. Balanc Bal anced ed repo reportin rtingg is an idea ideall that that cann cannot ot be be realized real ized,, becau because se judgments judgments of balan balance ce are necessarily subjective subjective..
4. Data Data from from satell satellite ite phot photogr ograph aphss of the trop tropica icall rain forest in Melonia show that last year the deforestation deforest ation rate of this environmentally environmentally sensitive zone was significantly lower than in previous years. The Melonian government, government, which spent millions of dollars last year to enforce laws against burning and cutting of the forest, forest, is claiming that the satellite data indicate that its increased efforts to halt the destruction are proving effective. Which one Which one of the foll following owing,, if true, most serio seriously usly ’ undermines the governmen governmentt s claim? (A)
(B) (C) (D)) (D (E)) (E
Landowne Lando wnerr oppos oppositio ition n to the go gove vernm rnmen entt’s antideforestation antideforestatio n efforts grew more violent last year in response to the increased enforcement. Rainfa Rai nfall ll du during ring the us usual ually ly dry 6-m 6-mont onth h annual burning season was abnormally heavy last year. Gove Go vernm rnmen entt agents agents had had to issu issuee fines fines total totaling ing over $9 million to 3,500 v iolators of burning-and-cutting regulations. regulations. Thee inac Th inacce cess ssib ibil ilit ityy of mu much ch of of th thee rain rain fore forest st has made it impossible to confirm the satellite data by direct observation from the field. Muc uch h of th thee mone moneyy that that was was des desig igna nate ted d last last year for forest preservation preservation has been spent on research and not on enforcement.
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5. Adv dvert ertis isem emen ent: t: Nor orth thwo wood odss Ma Mapl plee Sy Syru rup, p, ma made de the old-fashioned way, way, is simply tops for taste. And here is the proof: in a recent market market surveyy, 7 out of eve surve every ry 10 shoppers shoppers who expressed a preference said that Northwoods was the only maple syrup for them, no ifs, ands,, or buts. ands buts. Of the following, following, which one is the strongest reason why the advertisement is potentially misleading? misleading? (A)) (A (B)) (B (C) (D) (E)) (E
The pro propor portio tion n of sho shopp ppers ers exp expres ressin singg no preference preferen ce might have been very small. Othe Ot herr bran brands ds of ma mapl plee syru syrup p migh mightt also also be be made the old-fashioned way. No mar marke kett surve surveyy cove covers rs more more tha than n a sizab sizable le minority of the total population of consumers. The pre prefer ferenc encee for for the Nort Northw hwood oodss brand brand might be based on such a factor as an exceptionally exception ally low price. Shopp Sho ppers ers who bu buyy syrup syrup mig might ht buy onl only y maple syrup.
6. In the the summ summer er of 193 1936 6 a pollin pollingg servic servicee telep telephon honed ed 10,000 United States voters and asked how they planned to vote in the coming presidential election. The survey sample included a variety of —rural and urban, male and female, respondents— respondents from every state. The poll predicted predicted that Alfred Landon would soundly defeat Franklin Roosevelt. Nevertheless, Neverthel ess, Roosev Roosevelt elt won in a landslide. Which one Which one of of the follo following, wing, if true, best expl explains ains why the poll’ poll’s prediction was inaccurate? (A)) (A (B)
(C)
(D) (E)) (E
The int intervie erviewer werss did did not not reve reveal al thei theirr own own political affiliation to the responden respondents. ts. Onlyy peopl Onl peoplee who woul would d be qual qualifi ified ed to to vote vote by by election time were were interviewed, so the survey sample was not representative representative of of the overall United States population. The surv survey ey sampl samplee was re repre presen sentat tative ive onl onlyy of people who could afford telephones at a time when phone ownership was less common common than it is today. No ef effo fort rt was was made made to det determ ermine ine the respondents’’ political affiliations. respondents Becaus Bec ausee the the poll poll ask asked ed only only fo forr respo responde ndents nts’’ candidate preference, preference, it collected no information concerning their reasons for favoring Landon or Roosevelt.
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7. Waste manag managemen ementt compan companies, ies, which col collect lect wast wastee for for disposal in landfills and incineration incineration plants, report that disposable plastics make up an ever-increasing percentage percent age of the waste waste they handle. handle. It is clear clear that attempts to decrease decrease the amount of plastic that people throw away in the garbage are failing. Which Whi ch one one of of the foll following owing,, if true, most serio seriously usly weakens the argument? argument? (A)) (A
(B) (C) (E)) (E
(E)
Becausee plast Becaus plastics ics crea create te harm harmful ful pol pollu lutan tants ts when burned, an increasing percentage percentage of the plastics handled by waste management companies are are being disposed disposed of in landfills. Althou Alt hough gh man manyy plast plastics ics are rec recyc yclab lable, le, mo most st of of the plastics disposed disposed of by waste management management companies are not. People Peo ple are more like likely ly to to save save and reu reuse se plasti plasticc containers than containers containers made of of heavier materials like glass or metal. An inc incre reas asin ingg prop propor ortio tion n of th thee pape paperr, gl glas ass, s, and metal cans that waste management companies used to handle is now being recycled. While Wh ile the per perce centa ntage ge of pro produ ducts cts usi using ng pla plasti sticc packaging is increasing, increasing, the total amount amount of plastic being manufactured has remained unchanged.
8. Most Most of the ultr ultravi aviol olet et radiat radiation ion reac reachin hingg the Earth Earth’’s atmosphere from the Sun is absorbed by the layer of stratospheric ozone and never reaches the Earth’ Earth’s surface. Between 1969 1969 and 1986, the layer layer of stratospheric ozone over North America thinned, decreasing by about about 3 percent. Yet, the average level level of ultraviolet radiation measured at research stations across North America decreased over the same period. Which one Which one of of the foll following owing,, if true, best reco reconcile nciless the apparently discrepant facts described above? (A)) (A
(B)
(C) (D) (E)) (E
Ultraviole Ultravi olett radia radiatio tion n incre increase asess the the ris risk k of of ski skin n cancer canc er and cataracts; cataracts; the incidenc incidencee of skin cancer and cataracts increased substantially between 1969 and 1986. Betw Be twee een n 196 1969 9 and and 19 1986 86,, th thee lay layer er of stratospheric ozone ozone over Brazil thinned, thinned, and the average average level of of ultraviolet radiation reaching the Earth’ Earth’s surface in Brazil increased. Manufa Man ufactu ctured red chl chlorin orinee chem chemica icals ls thin thin the layer of stratospheric ozone. Ozon Oz onee poll polluti ution, on, whi which ch abs absorb orbss ultr ultravi aviole olett radiation, increased dramatically between between 1969 and 1986. Thin Th inni ning ng of th thee lay layer er of st stra rato tosp sphe heric ric oz ozon onee varies from one part of the world to another and from year to year.
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2 Questions 9– 9–10 The number of aircraft collisions collisions on the ground ground is increasing because because of the substantial increase increase in the number numb er of flig flights hts operate operated d by the airlines airlines.. Man Manyy of the fatalities that occur in such collisions are caused not by the collision itself, itself, but by an inherent flaw flaw in the cabin design of most aircraft aircraft,, in which seats, seats, by restricting restricting access access to to emergency exits, impede escape. Therefor Therefore, e, to reduce the total number of fatalities that result annually annually from such collisions, the airlines should be required to remove remove all seats that restrict access to emergency exits. 9. Whic Which h one one of th thee fol follo lowin wing, g, if tru true, e, pr prov ovid ides es th thee most support for the proposal? (A)
(B) (C)) (C (D)
(E)
The nu numbe mberr of of de death athss that that oc occur curred red in the theate aterr fires because theater patrons could not escape was greatly reduced when theaters were were required to have aisles leading to each exit. Remo Re moving ving the sea seats ts that that bloc block k emerg emergenc encyy exits exits on aircraft will require a costly refitting of aircraft cabins. In the the even eventt of fi fire re,, pu publ blic ic buil buildi ding ngss equi equipp pped ed with smoke detectors have have fewer fatalities than do public buildings not so equipped. In the ev event ent of co colli llisio sion, n, pas passe senge ngers rs on pl plane aness with a smaller passenger capacity generally suffer more serious injury than do passengers on planes with a larger passenger capacity. capacity. The saf safety ety bel belts ts atta attache ched d to air aircraf craftt seats seats function to protect passengers from the full forcee of impac forc impactt in the event event of a collision collision..
10. Which Which on onee of the fo follo llowin wingg pro propos posals als,, if implemented together together with the proposal made in the passage, would improve improve the prospects for achieving the stated objective objective of reducing fatalities? fatalities? (A) (B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
The airl airline iness shou should ld be req requir uired, ed, whe when n buyi buying ng new planes, to buy only only planes with unrestricted access to emergency exits. The airl airline iness shou should ld not be perm permitt itted ed to increase further the number of flights in order to offset the decrease in the number of seats on each aircraft. Airpor Air portt autho authoriti rities es sho shoul uld d be req requir uired ed to to streamline their passenger check-in procedures to accommodate the increased number of passengers served by the airlines. airlines. Airpor Air portt author authoritie itiess shoul should d be requ require ired d to refine security precautions by making them less conspicuous without making them less effective. The airl airline iness shou should ld not not be be allo allowed wed to incr increas easee the ticket price for each passenger to offset the decrease in the number of seats on each aircraft. GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.
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2 11. Recentl Recentlyy discove discovered red fossi fossill evidence evidence casts casts doubt doubt on the evolutionary theory that dinosaurs are more closely related to reptiles than to other classes of animals. Fossils show show that some dinosaurs dinosaurs had hollow bones— bones—a feature found today only in warm-blooded creatures, creatures, such as birds, that have a high metabolic rate. Dinosaurs had well-developed well-developed senses sens es of sight and and hearing, hearing, which is not not true of present-dayy cold-blooded creatures present-da creatures like reptiles. The highly arched arched mouth mouth roof roof of some dinosaurs would have permitted them them to breathe while eating, as fast-breathing animals, such as birds, need to do. Today oday,, all fast-breathing animals are warm-blooded. Finally,, fossils reveal that many dinosaurs Finally dinosaurs had a pattern patt ern of growt growth h typical of warm-b warm-blood looded ed animals. animals. The argument in the passage proceeds by (A) (B) (C) (D)) (D (E)
attemptin attemp tingg to to just justify ify one pos positio ition n by by demonstrating that an opposing position is based on erroneous information estab es tablis lishin hingg a gene general ral prin princip ciple le that that it it then then uses to draw a conclusion about a particular case dismis dis missin singg a clai claim m made made abou aboutt the the prese present nt on on the basis basis of of historical evidence assu as sumi ming ng th that at if if al alll mem membe bers rs of a cate catego gory ry have a certain property then all things with that property belong to the category prese pr esenti nting ng evid evidenc encee that that a past past phe phenom nomen enon on is is more similar to one rather than the other of two present-day phenomena
12. Purebre Purebred d dogs dogs are are prone prone to gene geneticall ticallyy determin determined ed abnormalities. Although such such abnormalities often can be corrected by surgery, surgery, the cost can reach several thousand dollars. dollars. Since nonpurebred nonpurebred dogs rarely suffer from genetically determined abnormalities, potential dog owners who want to reduce the risk of incurring costly medical bills for for their pets would be well advised to choose nonpurebred dogs. Which Whic h one of of the follo following wing if true, most seriou seriously sly weakens the argument? argument? (A) (B) (C) (D) (E)) (E
Most genet Most genetica ically lly dete determi rmined ned abno abnorma rmalit lities ies in in dogs do not seriously affect a dog ’s general well-being. Alll dog Al dogs, s, whe whethe therr pure purebre bred d or or nonp nonpure urebre bred, d, are subject to the same common nongenetically determined diseases. Pureb Pu rebred red dog dogss tend tend to have have shor shorte terr natura naturall life life spans than do nonpurebred dogs. The pu purch rchase ase pri price ce of non nonpur purebr ebred ed dog dogss tends tends to be lower than the purchase price of purebred dogs. A dog dog that that doe doess not not have have gen genet etic ical ally ly determined abnormalities may nevertheless have offspring with such abnormalities.
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13. Criticism Criticism that that the pres presss panders panders to public public senti sentiment ment neglects to consider that the press is a profit-making institution. Like other other private enterprises, it has to makee money to survive. mak survive. If the press press were were not profit-making,, who would support profit-making support it? The only alternativ alte rnativee is subsidy and, and, with it, outs outside ide control control.. It is easy to get subsidies subsidies for propaganda, propaganda, but no one will subsidize honest journalism. journalism. It can be properly inferred from the passage that if the press is (A)) (A (B) (B) (C)) (C (D) (E)) (E
not subs not subsid idiz ized ed,, it is is in no dan dange gerr of ou outs tsid idee control not sub subsid sidize ized, d, it will will no nott prod produc ucee pro propag pagand andaa nott to no to be be sub subsi sidi dize zed, d, it ca cann nnot ot be a profit-making institution to pro produ duce ce hon hones estt jour journal nalism ism,, it must must be a profit-making institution to mak makee a prof profit it,, it mus mustt prod produc ucee hone honest st journalism
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Questions 14– 14–15 Lucien: Luc ien: Pub Public-h lic-housi ousing ng advoc advocates ates claim that the the many many homeless people people in this city are proof that there is insufficient housing available to them and therefor thereforee that more low-income low-income apartments are needed. needed. But that conclusion conclusion is absurd. Many apartments in my own building remain unrented and my professional colleaguess report similar vacancies where they live. colleague Since apartments clearly are available, available, homelessne homelessness ss is not a housing problem. Homele Homelessness ssness can, therefore,, only be caused by people therefore people’’s inability or unwillingness to work to pay the rent. Maria: On the con Maria: contrary trary,, all rec recent ent stud studies ies sho show w that that a significant percentage percentage of this city ’s homeless people hold regular jobs. jobs. These are people who lack lack neither will nor ability. 14.
Lucien’s argument against the public-housing advocates’’ position is most vulnerable to which one advocates of the following criticisms? (A)) (A (B)
(C)) (C (D) (E)) (E
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It off offers ers no no justi justific ficati ation on for for dism dismiss issing ing as as absurd the housing advocates advocates’’ claim that there are many homeless people in the city. It tre treats ats inf inform ormati ation on acq acquir uired ed thr throu ough gh informal conversations conversations as though it provided evidence as strong as information acquired on the basis of controlled scientific studies. studies. It re resp spon onds ds to a cla claim im in wh whic ich h “available available”” is used in the sense of “ of “affordable affordable”” by using “available available”” in the sense of “ of “not occupied.” occupied.” It ove overlo rlooks oks the pos possib sibili ility ty that that not not all apartment buildings have vacant apartments for rent. It fail failss to add addre ress ss the the iss issue ue,, rai raise sed d by the the public-housing advocates’ advocates’ arg argume ument, nt, of who would pay for the construction construction of more low-income housing.
Maria Ma ria res respo pond ndss to Luc Lucie ien n’s argument by (A)) (A (B) (C) (D) (E)) (E
challe chal leng ngin ingg the the accu accurac racyy of th thee pers person onal al experiences he he offers in support support of his position showin sho wingg that that a pres presupp upposi ositio tion n of of his arg argume ument nt is false presen pre sentin tingg evidenc evidencee that that calls calls into into quest question ion his his motives for adopting the view he holds demons dem onstrat trating ing that that the the evide evidenc ncee he off offers ers supports a conclusion other than the conclusion conclusio n he draws from it offeri off ering ng an an altern alternativ ativee expla explanat nation ion for for the the fact factss he cites as evidence evi dence supporting his conclusion conclusion
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2 16. Some Some peopl peoplee take take their their moral moral cues cues from from governme gov ernmental ntal code codess of law; for them, it is inconceivable that something that is legally permissible could be immoral. Those whose view is described above hold inconsistentt beliefs if they also believe inconsisten believe that (A) (B) (C) (D)) (D (E)
law does law does not not cov cover er all all circum circumsta stanc nces es in whi which ch one person morally wrongs another a leg legall allyy impe impermis rmissib sible le act action ion is nev never er mor morall ally y excusable gove go vernm rnment ental al offic official ialss somet sometime imess behav behavee illegally thee moral th moral co cons nsen ensu suss of a soci societ etyy is exp expre ress ssed ed in its laws some so me gov govern ernme menta ntall regu regulat lation ionss are are so deta detaile iled d that they are burdensome to the economy
17. Certain Certain instrum instruments ents used in veteri veterinary nary surge surgery ry can be made either of stainless steel or of nylon. In a study of such instruments, 50 complete complete sterilizations of a set of nylo nylon n instruments instruments require required d 3.4 times the amount of energy used to to manufacture that set of instruments, whereas 50 complete complete sterilizations of a set of stainless steel steel instruments required required 2.1 times the amount of energy required to manufacture manufacture that set of instru instrument ments. s. If the statem statements ents abov abovee are true, each of the following could be true EXCEPT: (A)
(B)
(C) (D) (E)
The 50 co compl mplete ete st steril eriliza izatio tions ns of the nyl nylon on instruments used more energy than did the 50 complete complete sterilizations of the stainless steel steel instruments. More Mo re ene energy rgy was was requ require ired d for for each each com comple plete te sterilization of the nylon nylon instruments than was required to manufacture manufacture the nylon instruments. More Mo re nylo nylon n instru instrumen ments ts than than stai stainle nless ss ste steel el instruments were sterilized in the study. More Mo re energ energyy was used used to to produc producee the stai stainle nless ss steel instruments than was used to produce the nylon instruments. The to total tal co cost st of 50 comp complet letee ste steril riliza izatio tions ns of the stainless steel instruments was greater than the cost of of manufacturing the stainless stainless steel instruments.
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2 18. A local local group group had had planned planned a parade parade for tomo tomorrow rrow,, but city hall has not yet acted on its application for a permit. The group had applied for for the permit well in advance, had made sure their their application satisfied all the requirements, requirements, and was clearly entitled to a permit. Although the law prohibits prohibits parades without a permit, the group plans plans to proceed proceed with its parade. The group’ group’s leader defended its decision by appealing to the principle that citizens need not refrain from actions that fail to comply comply with the law law if they have made a good-faith effort to comply but are prevented from doing so by government inaction. Which one of the following actions actions would be justified by the principle to which the leader of the group appealed in defending the decision to proceed? (A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
A chemica chemical-p l-proc rocess essing ing compa company ny commi commissi ssione oned d an environmental impact report on its plant. The report described foul odors emanating from the plant but found no hazardous wastes being produced. produced. Consequen Consequently tly,, the plant did not alter its i ts processing practices. A city city res reside ident nt app applie lied d for for rez rezon oning ing of her property so that she could build a bowling alley in a residential community. community. She based her application on the need for recreational facilities in the community. community. Her application was turned down by the zoning board, so she decided to forego construction. The la law w requ require iress that that no no car car be op opera erated ted without a certain amount of insurance coverage.. But since the authorities coverage authorities have been unable to design an effective procedure for prosecuting owners of cars that are driven driven without insurance, many car owners are allowing their insurance to lapse. A realreal-est estate ate deve develop loper er obtai obtained ned a perm permit it to demolish a historic apartment building that had not yet been declared a governmentally protected historic landmark. Despite the protests prot ests of citiz citizens ens’’ groups, the develop developer er then demolished the building. A phy physic sician ian who had bee been n train trained ed in on onee country applied for a license to practice medicine in another country. country. Although he knew he met all the qualifications for this license, he had not yet received received it one year after he applied for it. He began to practice practice medicine without witho ut the lice license nse in in the seco second nd country country despite the law ’s requirement for a license.
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Questions 19– 19–20 A university should not be entitled to patent the inventio inv entions ns of its faculty faculty members. members. Uni Univer versities sities,, as guarantors of of intellectual freedom, should encourage the free flow of ideas and the general dissemination dissemination of knowledge.. Yet a university that retains the right to patent knowledge the inventions inventions of its faculty members has a motive motive to suppress information about a potentially valuable discovery discove ry until the patent for it has been secured. Clearly Clearly,, suppressingg information concerning such discoveries is suppressin incompatible with the university ’s obligation to promote the free free flow of ideas ideas.. 19. Which Which one one of the foll followi owing ng is an an assump assumptio tion n that that the argument makes? (A)) (A (B)) (B (C) (D)
(E)) (E
Univers Univ ersiti ities es are are the only only insti institut tution ionss that that have have an obligation to guarantee intellectual freedom. Most Mo st inve inventi ntion onss by univ univers ersity ity facu faculty lty memb members ers would be profitable profitable if patented. Publi Pu blicat cation ion of rep report ortss on on rese researc arch h is the onl only y practical way to disseminate information concerning new discoveries. Univ Un ivers ersiti ities es that that have have a motiv motivee to suppr suppress ess information concerning discoveries by their faculty members will occasionally act on that motive. If th thee inv inven enti tion onss of of a uni unive vers rsit ityy fac facul ulty ty member are not patented by that university, then they will be patented by the faculty member instead.
20. The claim claim that that a unive university rsity shou should ld not not be entitl entitled ed to patent the inventions inventions of its faculty members plays plays which one of the following roles in the argument? (A) (A) (B)) (B (C) (C) (D) (E)) (E
It is is the the con concl clus usio ion n of of th thee argu argume ment nt.. It is is a princ principl iplee from from whic which h the the concl conclusi usion on is is derived. It is an exp expli lici citt ass assum umpt ptio ion. n. It is addit addition ional al but but nones nonessen sentia tiall inform informatio ation n in support sup port of of one of of the premi premises. ses. It is is a clai claim m that that must must be demo demons nstrat trated ed to to be false in order to establish the conclusion.
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21. English English and the the Au Austro stronesi nesian an langu language age Mbarb Mbarbaram aram both use use the the word word “dog ” for canines. canines. These two two languages are unrelated, unrelated, and since speakers speakers of the two languages only came in contact with one another long after the word “dog ” was first first used used in this way way in either either language, neither language could could have borrowed the word wor d from from the other other.. Thus this case case shows shows that that sometimes when languages share words that are similar in sound and meaning the similarity is due neither to language relatedness nor to borrowing.
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2 22. Poli olitic tician ian:: Fro rom m the the ti time me ou ourr part partyy too took k off offic icee almost four four years ago the number number of people unemployed city-wide increased by less than 20 percent. The opposition party controlled controlled city government during the four preceding years, and the number of unemplo unemployed yed city residents residents rose by over over 20 percent. percent. Thus, due to our our leadership,, fewer people now find themselves leadership themselves among the ranks of the unemploy unemployed, ed, whatever the opposition may claim.
The argument requires that which one of the following be assumed?
The reasoning in the politician’ politician’s argument is most vulnerable to the criticism that
(A)) (A
(A)
(B) (C) (D) (E)
English Englis h and and Mbarba Mbarbaram ram shar sharee no wo word rdss other other than “dog. dog.”” Severa Sev erall lang languag uages es bes beside idess Engl English ish and Mbarbaram use “dog ” as the word for canines. Usua sually lly whe when n two two lang languag uages es shar sharee a wor word, d, those languages are related to each other. There The re is no thir third d langu language age fro from m which which both both English and Mbarbaram borrowed the word “dog. dog.”” If tw two o unre unrela late ted d lang langua uage gess shar sharee a wor word, d, speakers of those two languages languages must have come in contact with one another at some time.
(B)
(C)) (C (D) (E)) (E
the cla claims ims mad madee by the op oppos positio ition n are are simpl simply y dismissed without being specified no evid evidenc encee has has been been off offere ered d to sho show w that that any any decline in unemployment over the past four years was uniform throughout throughout all areas of the city thee issu th issuee of ho how w much much une unemp mplo loyme yment nt in in the the city is affected by seasonal fluctuations is ignored the evid evidenc encee cite cited d in su suppo pport rt of of the co concl nclus usion ion actually provides more support for the denial of the conclus conclusion ion thee poss th possib ibil ilit ityy has has not not been been add addre ress ssed ed tha thatt any increase in the number of of people employed is due to programs supported by the opposition party
23. A poor poor farme farmerr was fo fond nd of of tel tellin lingg his chi childr ldren: en: “In this world, you are either rich or poor poor,, and you are either honest or dishonest. dishonest. All poor farmers are honest. Therefor Therefore, e, all rich farmers are are dishonest. dishonest.”” The farmer’ farmer’s conclusion conclusion is properly properly drawn if the argument assumes that (A) (A) (B)) (B (C) (D)) (D (E)) (E
every ho every hone nest st fa farm rmer er is po poor or every ev ery ho hone nest st pe pers rson on is a farm farmer er every ev eryone one who is dish dishone onest st is is a rich rich far farmer mer every ev eryon onee who who is po poor or is is hone honest st every ev ery po poor or pe pers rson on is a far farme merr
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24.. Jo 24 Jour urna nali list st:: Ca Can n you you gi givve me me a sum summa mary ry of of th thee novel you are working on? Novelis ist: t: Wel ell, l, I ass assum umee th that by “summary ” you mean somet something hing brief brief and not not a version version of the novel itself. The reason I write novels novels is that what I want to communi communicate cate can be communicated communicat ed only in the form form of a novel. novel. So I am afraid I cannot summarize my novel for you in a way that would tell you what I am trying to communicatee with this novel. communicat Which one of the follo Which following wing exhibits exhibits a pattern pattern of reasoning that is most parallel to that used by the novelist? (A)) (A
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)) (E
Only if a draw Only drawin ingg can can be us used ed as a gui guide de by by the the builder can it be considered a blueprint. This drawing of the proposed proposed building can be used as a guide by the builder builder,, so it can be considered considere d a blueprint. Only On ly a stat stateme ement nt tha thatt doe doess not not div divul ulge ge company secrets can be used as a press release. This statement does does not divulge company secrets, secrets, but it is uninformative and therefore cannot be used as a press release. Watc atchin hingg a trav travelo elogg is no nott the the same same as as traveling. But a travelog confers some of of the benefits of travel without the hardships of travel. So many people just just watch travelogs travelogs and do not undergo undergo the hardships hardships of travel. Only On ly a thr threeee-dim dimens ension ional al repr represe esenta ntatio tion n of of a landscape can convey convey the experience of being in that landscape. A photograph taken taken with a traditional camera is not three-dimensional. three-dimensional. Therefore a photograph taken with a traditional camera can never convey convey the experience of being in a landscape. landscape. A banq banque uett menu menu for foret etel ells ls the the con conte tent nt of of a meal, but some people people collect menus menus in order to remind themselves themselves of great meals they have eaten. Thus a banquet banquet menu has a function function not only before, but also after after,, a meal has been served.
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25. Medical Medical resea research rch findin findings gs are are customa customarily rily not not made made public prior to their publication in a medical journal that has had them reviewed reviewed by a panel of of experts in a process called called peer review. It is claimed that this practice delays public access to potentially beneficial information that, that, in extreme instances, could save lives. Yet prepublication peer review is the only way to prevent erroneous and therefore potentially harmful information from reaching a public that is ill equipped to evaluate medical claims on its own. Therefore, Therefor e, waiting until a medical journal has published the research findings that have passed peer review is the price that must be paid to protect the public from making decisions based on possibly substandard research. The argument assumes that (A)) (A (B)
(C) (D) (E)) (E
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unlesss medica unles medicall resear research ch findi findings ngs are are brou brought ght to peer review by a medical journal, peer review will not occur anyo an yone ne who doe doess not not serv servee on on a med medica icall review panel does not have the necessary knowledgee and expertise to evaluate medical knowledg research findings the gene general ral publ public ic does does not not hav havee acce access ss to to the the medical journals in which research findings are published all medic medical al rese researc arch h finding findingss are subje subjecte cted d to prepublication peer review peerr revie pee review w panel panelss are are somet sometime imess subje subject ct to to political and professional pressures that can make their judgments less than impartial
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SECTION III Time—35 minutes Time— 24 Questions Directions:: Each group Directions group of ques questions tions in this section section is based based on a set of con conditio ditions. ns. In answering answering some of the question questions, s, it may be useful to draw a rough diagram. Choose the response that most accurately and completely completely answers each question and blacken the corresponding space on your answer sheet.
Questions 1– 1 –7 A florist is making three corsages from four types of flowers flo wers:: gard gardenias enias,, orch orchids, ids, rose roses, s, and viole violets. ts. Each of the corsages will contain contain exactly three flowers. flowers. The nine flowers used in the corsages must include at least one flower from each of the four types, and at least twice as many roses as orchids must must be used. The corsages must also meet the following specifications: Corsage 1 must contain contain exactly two types of flowers. Corsage 2 must contain at least one rose. Corsage 3 must contain at least one gardenia but no orchids. 1. Which Which one one of the foll followi owing ng is an acce accepta ptable ble sele selecti ction on of flowers for for the three corsages? corsages? (A)
(B) (C)) (C (D)) (D
(E)
Corsage 1 2 gardenias 1 rose 2 orchids 1 rose 2 or orch chid idss 1 rose 1 ga gard rden enia ia 1 orchid 1 rose 1 orchid 2 roses
Corsage 2 1 orchid 1 rose 1 violet 2 orchids 1 rose 3 ro rose sess 1 ga gard rden enia ia 1 rose 1 violet 3 violets
Corsage 3 1 gardenia 1 orchid 1 violet 2 gardenias 1 rose 1 ga gard rden enia ia 2 violets 1 ga gard rden enia ia 1 rose 1 violet 3 gardenias
2. The max maximu imum m total total nu numbe mberr of ros roses es that that can be used in the three corsages is (A) (B) (C) (D) (E)
three four five six seven
3. If co corsa rsage ge 1 co conta ntains ins two or orchi chids ds and and one one rose rose,, wha whatt is the maximum total total number of violets that the florist can use in making the three corsages? (A) (B) (C) (D) (E)
one two three four five
4. If co corsa rsage ge 2 is exac exactly tly the sam samee as co corsa rsage ge 3, 3, the nin ninee flowers used in the corsages can include exactly (A) (B)) (B (C) (D) (E)
two orchids thr hreee ga garrden enia iass three roses five roses five violets
5. If tw two o of the co corsa rsage gess conta contain in at lea least st one one orc orchid hid each each,, then the flowers in corsage 2 must include at least (A) (A) (B)) (B (C)) (C (D)) (D (E)) (E
one gar one garde deni niaa and and on onee orc orchi hid d onee gar on garde deni niaa and and one one ro rose se onee orc on orchi hid d and and on onee ros rosee onee orc on orchi hid d and and on onee vio viole lett onee ros on rosee and and on onee vio viole lett
6. If the gre greate atest st pos possib sible le num number ber of vio violet letss is use used d in the three corsages, corsages, the florist must use (A) (B) (C)) (C (D)) (D (E)) (E
exactlyy one exactl one rose rose and and exac exactly tly one gar garden denia ia exactl exa ctlyy one one orchi orchid d and and exact exactly ly four four vio violet letss exac ex actl tlyy tw two o or orch chid idss exac ex actl tlyy tw two o ro rose sess exa xact ctlly six six vi vio olet etss
7. If cor corsage sage 1 contai contains ns at at least least one gard gardenia enia and at least least one violet, and if corsage 3 contains contains three different types of of flo flowers wers,, which one one of the follo following wing could could be used to make corsage 2? (A) (A) (B)) (B (C)) (C (D)) (D (E)) (E
one ros one rose, e, on onee orc orchi hid, d, an and d one one ga gard rden enia ia onee ros on rosee and and tw two o orc orchi hids ds onee ros on rosee and and tw two o viol violet etss two tw o ros roses es an and d one one ga gard rden enia ia two tw o ros roses es an and d one one vi viol olet et
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3 Questions 8– 8–13 —J, K, L, M, N,P From a group of seven people people— N,P,, an and d Q— exactly four will be selected to attend a diplomat’ diplomat’s retirement dinner. dinner. Selection must conform conform to the following conditions: Either J or K must be selected, selected, but J and K cannot both be selected. Either N or P must be selected, selected, but N and P cannot both be selected. N cannot be selected unless L is selected. Q cannot be selected unless K is selected. 8. Which Which one one of the foll followi owing ng coul could d be the the four four peopl peoplee selected to attend the retirement dinner? (A) (B) (C) (D) (E)
J, K, K, M, M, P J, L, L, N, N, Q J, M, M, N, N, Q K, M, M, P, P, Q L, M, M, N, N, P
9. Among Among the peop people le select selected ed to atten attend d the retir retiremen ementt dinner there must be (A) (B) (C) (D) (E)
K or Q or both L or M or both N or M or both N or Q or bo both P or Q or both
10. Which Which one of the fo follo llowing wing is a pai pairr of pe peopl oplee who who CANNOT both be selected to a ttend the retirement dinner? (A) (B) (C) (D) (E)
J and N J and Q K and L K and N N and Q
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11. If M is not sele selected cted to atte attend nd the the retire retirement ment dinn dinner er,, the four people selected to attend must include which one of the follo following wing pairs pairs of peo people? ple? (A) (B) (C) (D) (E)
J and Q K and L K and P L and P N and Q
12. If P is not sele selected cted to atte attend nd the the retire retirement ment dinn dinner er,, then exactly how many many different groups groups of four are there each of which would be an acceptable acceptable selection? (A) (B) (C) (D) (E)
one two three four five
13. There There is only only one one acce accepta ptable ble grou group p of fo four ur that that can can be selected to attend the retirement retirement dinner if which one of of the following following pairs of people is selected? selected? (A) (B) (C) (D) (E)
J and L K and M L and N L and Q M and Q
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Questions 14– 14–18 —and three girls— Three boys— boys—Karl Karl,, Lui Luis, s, and Migu Miguel el— girls— —are giving a dance Rita, Sarah, and Tura ura— dance recital. Three —1, 2, an dances— dances and d 3—are to be performed. Each dance involves involv es three pairs of children, a boy and a girl partnering each other in each pair, according to the following following conditions: Karl partners Sarah in either dance 1 or dance 2. Whoever partners Rita in dance 2 must partner Sarah in dance 3. No two children can partner each other in more than one dance. 14.. 14
If Sa Sarah rah pa partn rtner erss Lui Luiss in dan dance ce 3, 3, wh whic ich h one one of th thee following is a complete and accurate list of the girls any one of whom could partner Miguel in dance dance 1? (A) (B) (C) (D) (E)
Rita Sarah Tura Rita, Sarah Rita, Tura
15. If Mig Miguel uel part partner nerss Rit Ritaa in in dan dance ce 2, whi which ch one of the following could be true? (A) (A) (B)) (B (C)) (C (D)) (D (E)) (E
Karl part Karl partne ners rs Tur Turaa in da danc ncee 1. Luis Lu is pa partn rtner erss Sara Sarah h in in dan dance ce 2. Luis Lu is pa partn rtner erss Sara Sarah h in da danc ncee 3. 3. Migu Mi guel el part partne ners rs Sara Sarah h in danc dancee 1. Migu Mi guel el part partne ners rs Tur Turaa in dan dance ce 3.
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3 16. If Mig Migue uell partn partners ers Sara Sarah h in in danc dancee 1, 1, whic which h one one of the following is a pair of children who must must partner each other in dance 3? (A) (B) (C) (D)) (D (E)
Karl an and Ri Rita Karl and Tura Luis and Rit itaa Luis an and d Tura Miguel an and Tu Tura
17.. If Lu 17 Luis is part partne ners rs Sara Sarah h in dan dance ce 2, 2, wh whic ich h one one of th thee following is a pair of children who must must partner each other in dance 1? (A) (B) (C) (D)) (D (E)
Karl an and Ri Rita Karl and Tura Luis and Rit itaa Luis an and d Tura Miguel and Rita
18.. If Mi 18 Migu guel el part partne ners rs Rit Ritaa in danc dancee 1, wh whic ich h one one of th thee following must be true? (A) (A) (B)) (B (C)) (C (D)) (D (E)) (E
Karl pa Karl partn rtner erss Rit Ritaa in in dan dance ce 2. Karl Ka rl pa partn rtner erss Sar Sarah ah in da danc ncee 3. 3. Karl Ka rl part partne ners rs Tur Turaa in dan dance ce 1. Luis Lu is part partne ners rs Rit Ritaa in dan dance ce 2. Luis Lu is part partne ners rs Tur uraa in da danc ncee 3. 3.
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Questions 19– 19–24
3 20. Wh Which ich one of the fo follo llowing wing co coul uld d be true true??
Six cities are located within the numbered areas as follows follows::
City 1
City 2
City 3
City 4
City 5
City 6
(A) (A) (B) (C)) (C (D) (E)) (E
City 1 co City conta ntains ins exa exactl ctlyy one one hos hospit pital. al. Cityy 1 con Cit contai tains ns exac exactly tly one uni unive versi rsity ty.. City Ci ty 2 con conta tain inss exac exactl tlyy one one jail jail.. Cityy 5 conta Cit contains ins exac exactly tly one uni unive versi rsity ty.. Cityy 6 co Cit conta ntains ins exa exactl ctlyy one one uni unive versi rsity ty..
21. Which Which one of the fo follo llowing wing is a com comple plete te and and accurate accu rate list list of the cities cities any one of which could could contain the jail that is not in city 6? (A) (B) (C) (D) (E)
1, 4 2, 4 4, 5 1, 4, 4, 5 1, 2, 2, 4, 4, 5
22. If eac each h of of the six cit cities ies co conta ntains ins at le least ast one of the eight instituti institutions, ons, then which which one of the followin following g must be true?
Within the six-city area there are exactly four hospitals, two jails, and two universities. These eight institutions are located as follows: No institution institution is in more than one one of the cities. None of the cities contains more than one jail, and none contains more than one university. None of of the cities contains contains both a jail and a university. Each jail is located in a city that contains at least one hospital. The universities are located in two cities that do not share a common boundary. City 3 contains a university, university, and city 6 contains a jail. 19. Wh Which ich one of the fol follo lowin wingg could could be true true?? (A) (A) (B)) (B (C)) (C (D)) (D (E)) (E
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(A) (A) (B)) (B (C)) (C (D)) (D (E)) (E
23. In whic which h one of the foll followi owing ng citi cities es mus mustt there there be be fewer than three hospitals? (A) (B) (C) (D) (E)
(A) (B) (C) (D) (E)
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24. If one of the cit cities ies co conta ntains ins exa exactl ctlyy two two hospi hospital talss and and exactly one university university,, then which which one of the following lists lists three cities that might, among them, contain no hospital?
City 5 co City cont ntai ains ns a un univ iver ersi sity ty.. City Ci ty 6 co cont ntai ains ns a uni unive vers rsit ityy. City Ci ty 2 con conta tain inss a ja jail il.. City Ci ty 3 con conta tain inss a jai jail. l. City Ci ty 3 con conta tain inss a hosp hospit ital al..
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Theree is Ther is a ja jail il in ci city ty 1. Ther Th eree is is a ho hosp spit ital al in ci city ty 2. Ther Th eree is is a ho hosp spit ital al in ci city ty 3. Ther Th eree is is a hos hospi pita tall in in city city 4. Ther Th eree is is a ja jail il in ci city ty 4.
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1, 3, 3, 5 1, 4, 4, 5 2, 3, 3, 5 2, 4, 4, 6 4, 5, 5, 6
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SECTION IV Time—35 minutes Time— 25 Questions Directions: The questions questions in this section are based on the reasoning contained in brief statements or passages. passages. For some questions, more than one of the choices choices could could conceivably conceivably answer answer the question. Howev However, er, you are to choose the best answer; that is, the response that most accurately accurately and completely completely answers the question. question. You should not make assumptions assumptions that are by commonsense commonse nse standards standards implausible, superfluou superfluous, s, or incompatible incompatible with the passage. passage. After you you have chosen the best answer, answer, blacken the corresponding corresponding space on your answer sheet. sheet. 1. Peopl Peoplee who who accuse accuse the post postal al service service of inco incompe mpetenc tencee and inefficiency while complaining complaining of the proposed five-cent increase in postal rates do not know a bargain when they they see see one. one. Fe Few w experien experiences ces are are more more enjoya enjoyable ble than reading a personal letter letter from a friend. Viewed in this way, way, postal service is so underpriced that a five-cent five-ce nt increase is unworthy unworthy of serious debate.
3. It might might seem seem that that an airline airline cou could ld increas increasee profits profits by by reducing airfares on all its flights in order to encourage discretionary travel and thus fill planes. Offers of across-the-b across-the-board oard discount fares fares have, indeed, resulted in the sale of large numbers numbers of reduced-price reduced-p rice tickets. Neverthel Nevertheless ess such offers have, in the past, actually cut the airline’ airline’s profits.
The reasoning in the argument is flawed because the argument
Which Whic h one one of th thee foll follow owin ing, g, if tru true, e, mo most st hel helps ps to to resolve the apparent discrepancy described above?
(A)) (A
(A)
(B) (C) (D) (E)
suggests sugges ts that that the pos postal tal se service rvice is both both competent compete nt and efficient, but does not establish how competence and efficiency should be measured claims cla ims that that the the prop propose osed d incre increase ase is is insign insignifi ifican cantt but does does not not say say at what lev level el the incr increase ease would wou ld be worth worthyy of serio serious us debate debate confu co nfuses ses the val value ue of the obj object ect del deliv ivere ered d with with the value of delivering that object appeal app ealss to an outs outside ide auth authori ority ty for for support support of of a premise that should be established by argument fails fai ls to to estab establis lish h wheth whether er or or not not the the critic criticss of the postal service service are employees employees of the postal service
2. Whe hen n a st stud udyy of of as aspi piri rin n’s ability to prevent heart attacks in humans yielded positive results, researchers immediately submitted those results to a medical journal, which published them six weeks later.. Had the results later results been published sooner, sooner, many of the heart attacks that occurred during the delay could have been prevented. The conclusion drawn above would be most undermined if it were true that (A)) (A (B) (C) (D)) (D (E)
the me the medi dica call jo jour urna nall’s staff work worked ed overtime overtime in order to publish the study ’s results as soon as possible studies of of aspiri rin n’s usefulness in reducing heart attacks in laboratory animals remain inconclusive people peo ple who tak takee aspir aspirin in regu regular larly ly suf suffe ferr a higher-than-average higher-than-av erage incidence incidence of stomach ulcers thee me th medi dica call jo jour urna nall’s official policy is to publish articles only after an extensive review process a person’s risk of suffering a heart attack drops drops only after that person has taken aspirin regularly for two years
(B)
(C)
(D)) (D
(E)
Fewer tha Fewer than n 10 per perce cent nt of of all air tra trave veler lerss make make no attempt to seek out discount fares. Fares Fa res fo forr trips trips betw between een a large large city city and and a smal smalll city are higher than those for trips between two large cities even when the distances involved are the same. Acros Ac ross-t s-thehe-boa board rd disc discoun ounts ts in fare faress tend tend to decrease revenues revenues on flights that are normally filled, but they fail to attract passengers to to unpopular flights. Only On ly a sma small ll num numbe berr of pe peop ople le who who hav havee never before traveled by air are persuaded to do so on on the basis of across-the-bo across-the-board ard discount fares. It is is diff difficu icult lt to to devise devise an adv adverti ertisin singg camp campaign aign that makes the public aware of across-the-board across-the-boar d discount fares while fully explaining the restrictions applied to those discount fares.
4. Only Only if the ele electo ctorat ratee is moral moral and and intell intellige igent nt will will a democracy function well. Which one of the following following can be logically logically inferred from the claim above? (A) (B) (C) (D)) (D (E)) (E
If the ele electo ctorat ratee is mo moral ral and int intell ellige igent, nt, the then na democracy will function well. Either Eit her a democ democrac racyy does does not not func functio tion n well well or or else the electorate is not moral or not intelligent. If the ele electo ctorat ratee is no nott moral moral or not not inte intelli lligen gent, t, then a democracy will not function well. If a demo democr crac acyy does does not not fun funct ctio ion n well well,, th then en the the electorate is not moral or not intelligent. It ca cann nnot ot,, at th thee sam samee tim time, e, be tru truee tha thatt the the electorate is moral and intelligent and that a democracy will not function well. GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.
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5. Infants Infants you younger nger than six month monthss who who have have norma normall hearing can readily distinguish between acoustically similar sounds that that are used as part of any language language— not only those used in the language spoken by the people who raise them. Young adults can readily distinguish between such sounds only in languages that they regularly use. It is known that the physiological physiological capacity to hear begins to deteriorate after after infancy. So the observed difference difference in the the abilities of infants and young you ng adults adults to distingu distinguish ish betwee between n acoustic acoustically ally similar speech sounds sounds must be the the result of the physiological physiolo gical deterioration deterioration of hearing.
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(B) (C) (D)) (D (E)
sets an sets an arbi arbitra trary ry cut cutof offf po poin intt of of si sixx mont months hs for for the age below which infants are able to distinguish acoustically similar speech sounds does do es not not exp explai lain n the the proc procedu edure ress used used to to measure the abilities abilities of two very very different populations ignor ign ores es the fac factt that that ce certai rtain n type typess of of spe speech ech sounds occur in almost all languages assu as sume mess tha thatt what what is is true true of of a grou group p of of pe peop ople le taken collectively collectively is also also true of any individual within that group takes tak es a fact factor or tha thatt migh mightt con contrib tribute ute to an explanation of the observed difference difference as a sufficient explanation for that differenc differencee
6. The econo economie miess of som somee industr industrial ialize ized d countr countries ies face face the prospect prospect of large labor shortages shortages in the decades ahead. Meanwhile, these countries countries will have a vast number of experienced and productive productive older older workers who, as things stand, will be driven from the work force upon upon reaching the age of sixty-five by the widespread practice of requiring workers to retire at that age. age. Ther Therefo efore, re, if the discrimin discriminatory atory practice practice of mandatory retirement at age sixty-five were eliminated, the labor shortages facing these economies would be averted. The argument assumes that (A) (B) (C)
(D) (E)) (E
older work older workers ers hav havee acqu acquire ired d skill skillss that that are extremely valuable and that their younger colleagues lack worke wo rkers rs in indu industr strial ialize ized d count countrie riess are oft often en unprepared to face the economic consequences conseque nces of enforce enforced d idleness a lar large ge nu numb mber er of wo work rker erss in in som somee industrialized countries would continue working work ing beyon beyond d the age age of sixty sixty-fiv -fivee if work workers ers in those countries were allowed to do so mandat man datory ory retir retireme ement nt at age sixt sixty-f y-fiv ivee was first instituted when life expectancy was considerably lower lower than it is today a subs substa tant ntia iall prop propor ortio tion n of th thee popu popula lati tion on of of officially retired workers is actually engaged in gainful employment
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7. The inc incide idenc ncee in Jap Japan an of mo most st type typess of of can cance cerr is remarkably low compared to that in North America, especially considering considering that Japan has a modern life-style, industrial pollution included. The cancer rates, howeve however, r, for Japanese Japanese people people who immigrate to North America America and adopt the diet of North Americans approximate the higher cancer rates prevalent in North America. If the statements statements above are true, they provide the the most support for which which one of the following? following? (A)) (A
The reasoning in the argument is flawed because the argument (A)) (A
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(B)) (B (C) (D)
(E)) (E
8.
The gre greate aterr the the leve levell of of ind indus ustria triall poll polluti ution on in in a country, country, the higher that country ’s cancer rate will tend to be. The str stress ess of lif lifee in in Nort North h Amer America ica is gre greate aterr than that of life in Japan and and predisposes predisposes to cancer. The sta stapl plee food foodss of of the Jap Japane anese se die diett con contai tain n elements that cure cancer. The rel relati ative vely ly low low rat ratee of can cance cerr among among peo people ple in Japan does not result from a high frequency of a protective protective genetic trait among Japanese people. Thee hig Th highe herr can cance cerr rat rates es of Ja Japa pane nese se immigrants to North America are caused by fats in the North American diet.
A trans translatio lation n invar invariably iably ref reflect lectss the the writing style of the translator. Sometimes when a long document needs to translator. be translat translated ed quickl quicklyy, seve several ral translat translators ors are are put to to work on the the job, job, each assig assigned ned to to translate translate part of the document.. In these cases, document cases, the result is usually a translation marked by different and often incompatible writing style styles. s. Certai Certain n comput computer er program programss for for language translation that work without the intervention of human translators translators can finish the job faster than human translators and produce a stylistically uniform translation with an 80 percent accuracy rate. Therefor Therefore, e, when a long document document needs needs to be translated quickly, quickly, it is better to use a comput computer er translation program than human translators. Which one one of the following following issues would would be LEAST LEAST important to resolve in evaluating the argument? (A)) (A (B) (C) (D) (E)) (E
whethe whet herr the the prob proble lem m of st styl ylis isti ticc varie variety ty in human translation could be solved by giving stylistic guidelines to human tr anslators whethe whe therr nume numeric rical al co comp mparis arison onss of of the acc accura uracy cy of translations can reasonably be be made whethe whe therr com comput puter er tran transla slatio tion n prog program rams, s, lik likee human translators, translators, each have their own distinct writing style whethe whe therr the comp compute uterr transla translatio tion n conta contains ins errors of grammar and usage usage that drastically alter the meaning of of the text how ho w the acc accura uracy cy rat ratee of of co compu mpute terr tran transla slatio tion n programs compares compares with that that of human translators in relation to the users’ users’ needs GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.
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Questions 9– 9–10 Myrna: People People should should follow follow diets in which fat represe represents nts no more than 30 percent percent of total calories, calories, not the 37 percent the average diet in this country contains. Roland: If eve everyone ryone in in the country country follow followed ed your your recommendation recomme ndation during his or her entire life, just 0.2 percent would would lengthen their lives lives at all, and then only only by an average of 3 months. Modifying our diet is not worthwhile. worthwhile. A lifetime of sacrifice spent eating an unappealing low-fat diet is too high a price to pay for for the chance of extending that sacrifice for 3 months. Myrna: Myrn a: But for for everyone everyone who dies early early from from a high-fat diet, many more people people suffer from from serious chronic diseases because they followed such diets. 9. My Myrna rna res respon ponds ds to Ro Rolan land d by by (A)) (A (B) (C) (D)) (D (E)) (E 10.
disputing disput ing the co corre rrectn ctness ess of the fac facts ts cit cited ed by Roland and offering facts that she considers correct showing sho wing tha thatt the fac factor torss cons conside idered red by Rola Roland nd are not the only ones relevant in evaluating her recommen recommendation dation demon dem onstr stratin atingg that that the the stat statist istics ics use used d by by Roland to dispute her recommendation are inaccurate sugg su gges esti ting ng th that at Ro Rola land nd’’s evidence derives from unreliable sources poin po inti ting ng ou outt tha thatt Rol Rolan and d’s argument assumes the very proposition it sets out to prove
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11. Some critics claim that it it is unfair unfair that so so many many great great works of art are housed in huge metropolitan museums, since the populations populations served by these museums already have access access to a wide variety of important artwork. But this criticism criticism is in principle principle unwarranted because the limited number of masterpieces makes wider distribution of them impractical imprac tical.. Besid Besides, es, if a masterpiec masterpiecee is to be fully fully appreciated, it must be seen alongside alongside other works that provide a social and historical context for it. Which one of Which of the follo following, wing, if esta establish blished, ed, coul could d most most logically serve as the principle appealed to in the argument countering the critics’ critics’ claim? (A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)) (E
Roland’s argument assumes that (A)) (A (B) (C) (D)
(E)) (E
it is is desir desirabl ablee to liv livee in suc such h a way way as to to lengthen life as much as possible a low low-fa -fatt diet diet can cannot not rea readil dilyy be be made made appealing and satisfying to a person who follows it regularly diett is the die the only only rele relevan vantt facto factorr to cons conside iderr in computing influences on length of of life the diff differ erenc encee in tast tastine iness ss betwe between en a diet diet in in which fat represents 30 percent percent of total calories and one in which it represents 37 percent is not noticeable not eve everyo ryone ne in the the co count untry ry eats eats the the ave averag ragee diet
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In pro provid viding ing fac facili ilitie tiess to to the the publ public, ic, the go goal al should be to ensure that as many as possible of those people people who could could benefit from from the facilities are able to do so. In pr provi ovidin dingg faci facilit lities ies to the pub public lic,, the go goal al should be to ensure that the greatest possible number of people gain the the greatest benefit benefit possible from them. It is unre unreaso asonab nable le to enfo enforc rcee a redist redistrib ributi ution on of social goods that involves involves depriving some some members membe rs of soci society ety of thes thesee goods goods in order to supply others. Forr it to be reas Fo reason onabl ablee to crit critici icize ze an arrangement as unfair, unfair, there must be a more equitable arrangement that is practically attainable. A wor work k of of art sh shou ould ld be di disp spla laye yed d in in conditions resembling as closely as possible those in which the work was originally intended to be displayed.
12. Some acco accountan untants ts calcu calculate late with simpl simplee adding adding machines, and some some use complex compute computers. rs. One can perform more calculations in less time with a computerr than with an adding machine. Therefore compute Therefore,, assuming the costs costs of using the two types of machines are equal, an accountant who uses uses a computerr generally can earn more per hour than an compute accountant who uses an adding machine. Which one one of the following following is an assumption that would make the conclusio conclusion n in the passage a logical one? (A) (B) (C) (D) (E)) (E
More acc More accou ounta ntants nts use co compu mpute ters rs than than use adding machines. The mor moree hours hours an acc accou ounta ntant nt spen spends ds on on the the job, the more money he or she will earn. The mor moree calcul calculati ations ons an an acco account untant ant perf perform orms, s, the more money he or she will earn. An acc accou ounta ntant nt who who uses uses an addi adding ng mach machine ine can charge a higher hourly rate than one who uses a computer. In ge gene nera ral, l, ac acco coun unta tant ntss vary vary in te terms rms of th thee number of calculations they make and the amount amou nt of mone moneyy they earn. GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.
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13. This This summe summerr, Je Jenni nnife ferr, who has wo worke rked d at KVZ KVZ Manufacturing for just over over three years, plans to spend with her family the entire four four weeks of paid vacation to which she is entitled this year. Anyo Anyone ne who has worked at KVZ Manufacturing for between one and four years is automatically entitled to exactly three weeks paid vacation each year but can apply up to half of any vacation vacation time time that remains remains unused unused at the end of one year to the next year year’’s vacation. If the state statement mentss above above are are all true, which one of the following must must also be true on on the basis of them? (A)) (A (B)) (B (C) (D) (E)
Jennif Jenn ifer er did did not not use use two two we week ekss of th thee paid paid vacation time to which she was entitled last year.. year If Je Jenn nnif ifer er con conti tinu nues es to wor work k for for KVZ KVZ Manufacturing, she will only be entitled entitled to three weeks paid vacation next year. The ma majori ritty of of KVZ’s employees use each year all of the paid vacation time to which they are entitled. Lastt year Las year Je Jenni nnife ferr took took onl onlyy one one week week of the paid vacation time to which she was entitled. KVZ Man Manufa ufactu cturing ring som someti etimes mes all allow owss extr extraa vacation time to employees who need to spend more time with their families.
14. A caref careful ul review of hosp hospital ital fata fatalitie litiess due due to anes anesthes thesia ia during the last 20 years indicates that the most significant safety improvements resulted from better training of anesthetists anesthetists.. Equipment that monitors monitors a ’ patient’s oxygen and carbon dioxide levels was not patient available in most operating rooms during the period under review. Therefor Therefore, e, the increased increased use of such monitoring equipment equipment in operating rooms will not significantly cut fatalities due to anesthesia. A flaw in the argument is that (A)
(B) (C)
(D) (E)
the evid evidenc encee cited cited to to show show that that one one fact factor or led led to a certain result is not sufficient to show that a second factor will not also lead to that result the rea reaso sons ns giv given en in supp support ort of the co concl nclusi usion on presupposee the truth of that conclusion presuppos conclusion the evid evidenc encee cited cited to to show show that that a certa certain in facto factorr was absent when a certain result occurred does not show show that the absence absence of that factor caused that result the evid eviden ence ce cite cited d in sup suppor portt of the co concl nclus usion ion is inconsistent with other information that is provided the rea reason son ind indica icated ted fo forr the the claim claim tha thatt one one event caused a second more strongly supports the claim that both events were independent independent effects effe cts of a third event event
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15. New New types types of was washin hingg machin machines es desig designe ned d to cons consume ume less energy also extract less water from laundry during their final spin cycles than do washing machines that consumee somewhat more energy. consum energy. The wetter the laundry,, the more energy required laundry required to dry it in an automatic dryer. dryer. Thus using these new types of washing wash ing machin machines es could could resul resultt in an overa overall ll increas increasee in the energy needed needed to wash and dry a load of laundry laundry.. In which which one of the following following is the pattern of reasoning most parallel to that in the argument above? (A)) (A
(B)) (B
(C)
(D)
(E)
The mor moree skill skill req requir uired ed to to opera operate te a mach machine ine,, the harder it is to find people able to do it, and thus the more those people must be paid. Therefor Ther efore, e, if a factory installs installs machines machines that require highly skilled skilled operators, operators, it must be prepared to pay higher wages. There The re are are two two rou routes tes bet betwee ween n Cente Centervill rvillee and and Mapletown, Mapleto wn, and the scenic route route is the longer route. rou te. Ther Therefor efore, e, a person who is not concerned with how long it will take to travel between Centerville and Mapletown Mapletown will probably take the scenic route. The mo more re pe peop ople le who wo work rk in the the lib library rary ’s reading room, the noisier the room becomes; becomes; and the noisier the working environment, environment, the less efficiently efficiently people people work. work. Therefor Therefore, e, when many people are working in the reading room, those people are working less efficiently. Pinee is a less Pin less exp expens ensiv ivee wood wood than than ceda cedarr but is is more susceptible susceptible to rot. Outdoor furniture furniture made from wood susceptible to rot must be painted with more expensive expensive paint. Therefor Therefore, e, building outdoor outdoor furniture from pine rather than cedar could increase the total cost of building and painting the furniture. The mor moree weig weights hts add added ed to an ex exerc ercise ise machine, the greater the muscle muscle strength needed to work work out on the machine. Up to a point, using more muscle muscle strength can make make a person stronger. stronger. Thus an exercise machine with more weights can, but does not necessarily,, make a person stronger. necessarily
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Questions 16– 16–17
Questions 18– 18–19
G: The grou group p of wo works rks exhi exhibit bited ed in this this year year’’s Metropolitan Art Show reveals a bias in favor of photographers. Equal numbers of photographers, sculptors,, and painters submitted sculptors submitted works that met the traditional criteria for the show, show, yet more photographs were exhibited than either sculptures or paintings. As you you know, know, each artist was allowed to submit work in one medium only.
Marcus: Marc us: Fo Forr most most ethical ethical dilem dilemmas mas the the journal journalist ist is is likely to face, face, traditional journalistic ethics is clear, clear, adequate adeq uate,, and essentially essentially correct. correct. For example, example, when journalists have uncovered uncovered newsworthy newsworthy information, they should go to press with it as soon as possible. No delay motivated by the journalists journalists’’ personal or professional professio nal interests is permissible.
H: How How could could there have have been bias? bias? All All submitted submitted works works that met the traditional criteria— criteria—and only those works— works — were exhibited in the show. show. 16.
If both G’s assertions and H’ H’s assertion are true, which one of the following must also be true? (A)) (A (B) (C) (D) (E)) (E
More phot More photogr ograph aphers ers than than sculp sculpto tors rs or paint painters ers submitted works to be considered for exhibition in the Metropol Metropolitan itan Art Show. All the wo works rks subm submitt itted ed for for the the Metr Metropo opolit litan an Art Show met the traditional criteria for the show. The qu quali ality ty of pho photo tograp graphs hs exh exhibi ibite ted d in in the the Metropolitan Art Show was inferior to the quality of the sculptures sculptures or paintings exhibited. exhibited. Somee of Som of the pho photo tograp graphs hs su submi bmitt tted ed fo forr the the Metropolitan Metropol itan Art Show did not meet the traditional criteria for the show show.. More Mo re work workss that that met met the the trad traditio itional nal crit criteri eriaa for the Metropolitan Art Show were submitted by photographers than by sculptors or painters.
Anita: Ani ta: Wel ell, l, Mar Marcus cus,, of co cours ursee intere interesti sting ng and and import important ant information should be brought before the public public— — that is a journalist’ journalist’s job. job. But in the the typical typical case, case, wher wheree a journalist has some information but is in a quandary about whether it is yet important or “newsworthy, newsworthy,”” this guidance is inadequate. 18.. The 18 The poi point nt ma made de by An Anit itaa’s statements is most accurately expressed expressed by which one of the following? (A) (B)
(C) (D)
(E) 17.. 17
Whi hich ch one one of of th thee foll follow owin ing, g, if tru true, e, mo most st str stron ongl gly y supports G’ G’s allegatio allegation n of bias? (A)) (A
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
If an art artis istt has has ha had d one one of hi hiss or or her her wo work rkss exhibited in the Metropolitan Metropolitan Art Show, Show, that artist has an advantage in getting commissions commissions and selling works over artists who have never had a work exhibited in the show. The fe feee for for ent enteri ering ng pho photo tograp graphs hs in the the Metropolitan Metropol itan Art Show was $25 per work submitted, while the fee for each painting painting or sculpture submitted submitted was $75. The com commit mittee tee that that sel select ected ed from from the the submit submitted ted workss the ones work ones to to be exhibit exhibited ed in this this year year’’s Metropolitan Metropo litan Art Show had four members: members: one photographer, photographe r, one sculpto sculptor, r, one painter painter,, and one who works in all three media but is the least known known of the four members. members. Rev evie iew ws of thi hiss year ar’’s Metropolitan Art Show that appeared in major newspapers and magazines tended to give more coverage to the photographs in the show than to the sculpturess and paintings that were exhibited. sculpture In pr previo evious us ye years ars,, it has oft often en hap happe pened ned tha thatt more paintings or more sculptures were exhibited in the Metropolitan Art Show than photographs,, even though the total number photographs number of workss exhibite work exhibited d each year does not vary vary widely widely.
Marcus’ claim that traditional journalistic ethics is clear for most ethical dilemmas in journalism is incorrect. A typica typicall case case illu illustr strate atess that that Marc Marcus us is is wrong wrong in claiming that traditional journalistic ethics is essentially correct for most ethical dilemmas in journalism. The ethi ethical cal prin princip ciple le that that Marc Marcus us cite citess does does not not help the journalist journalist in a typical kind kind of situation in which a decision needs to be made. There The re are are co commo mmon n situa situatio tions ns in whic which ha journalist must make a decision and in which no principle of journalistic ethics can be of help. Trad raditio itional nal jou journal rnalist istic ic ethic ethicss amount amountss to no no more than an unnecessarily convoluted description of the journalist journalist’’s job.
19. In order order to concl conclude ude pro properly perly from Anit Anitaa’s statements that Marcus’ Marcus’ general claim about traditional journalistic ethics is incorrect, it would have to be assumed that (A)) (A (B)
(C) (D)
(E)) (E
whethe whet herr a piec piecee of in info form rmat atio ion n is or or is not not newsworthy can raise ethical dilemmas for journalists there the re are cir circum cumsta stance ncess in in whic which h it it woul would d be be ethically wrong for a journalist to go to press with legitimately acquired, newsworthy information the mos mostt seriou seriouss prof profes essio sional nal dile dilemma mmass that that a journalist is likely to face are not ethical dilemmas there the re are are no ethic ethical al dilem dilemmas mas that that a jour journal nalist ist is likely to face that would not be conclusively resolved by an adequate adequate system of journalistic ethics forr a sys fo syste tem m of jo jour urna nali list stic ic eth ethic icss to to be adequate it must be able to provide guidance in every case in which a journalist must make a professional decision GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.
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Questions 20– 20–21 Of every 100 burglar alarms alarms police police answer, answer, 99 are false alarms. This situation causes causes an enormous and dangerous drain on increasingly scarce public resource resources. s. Each false false alarm wastes wastes an average of 45 minutes minutes of police time. As a result police are consistently consistently taken away from from responding to other other legitimate calls for service, service, and a disproportionate share of police service goes goes to alarm system users, who are mostly businesses and affluent affluent homeowners. Howev However, er, burglar alarm systems, unlike car alarm systems, systems, are effective effective in deterring burglaries, burglaries, so the only acceptable solution is to fine burglar alarm system owners the cost of 45 minutes of police time for each false alarm their systems generate.
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(A)) (A
(B)) (B
(C)
(B)
(C)
(D) (E)
It justi justifie fiess placi placing ng more more rest restric rictio tions ns on owne owners rs of burg burglar lar alarms alarms than on owners owners of car alarms. alarms. It pro provid vides es back backgro ground und inf inform ormati ation on nee needed ded to make plausible the claim that the number of burglar burgl ar alarms alarms police police are are called called on to to answer answer is great enough to be a drain on public resources. It pro provid vides es a basi basiss for for ex exclu cludin dingg as as unacceptablee one obvious alternative to the unacceptabl proposal prop osal of finin finingg owners owners of burgl burglar ar alarm systems for false alarms. It give givess a reas reason on why why poli police ce migh mightt be mor moree inclined to respond to burglar alarms than to car alarms. It expl explain ainss why why a disp dispro ropor portio tionat natee numbe numberr of the burglar alarms responded to by police come from alarm systems owned by businesses.
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21. On the the basi basiss of the pre premis mises es adva advanc nced, ed, whi which ch one one of of the following following principle principles, s, if estab establish lished, ed, wou would ld provide provide the most justification for the concluding recommendation?
20. The state statement ment that burgl burglar ar alarm alarm syst systems, ems, unli unlike ke car alarm systems, are effective effective in deterring burglaries plays which one one of the following following roles in the argument? (A)
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(D)
(E)) (E
No se segm gmen entt of of a com commu muni nity ty sho shoul uld d be be permitted to engage in a practice that has been shown to result in a disproportionate share of police service being devoted to to that segment of the community community.. When Wh en pub public lic reso resour urces ces are in short short sup supply ply,, an any y individual who wants special services serv ices from public agencies such as police and fire departments should be required to pay for those services if he or she can afford afford to do do so. Poli olice ce dep departm artment entss are are not not justi justifie fied d in improving service service to one segment segment of the community at the expense of of other segments segments of the community unless unless doing so reduces reduces the crime level throughout the entire area served. Anyo An yone ne who who direc directly tly bene benefit fitss from from a servic servicee provided by public employees should be required to reimburse the general public fund an amount equivalent to the average cost of providing that service. If re rece ceip iptt of of a serv servic icee res resul ults ts in the the wa wast stee of of scarce public resources and people with other legitimate needs are disadvantaged in consequ con sequence ence,, the recipient recipient of that service should compensate the public for the resources wasted.
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22. When When butterf butterfat at was was consi considere dered d nutritio nutritious us and healthful, a law was enacted enacted requiring that manufacturers use the term “imitation butter” butter” to indicate butter whose butterfat content had been diminished through the addition addition of water water.. Today oday,, it is known that the high cholesterol cholesterol content content of butterfat makes it harmful to human health. health. Since the public should be encouraged to eat foods with lower rather than higher butterfat content and since the term “imitation imitation”” with its connotations of falsity deters many people from purchasing products so designated, manufacturers who wish to give reduced-butterfat reduced-b utterfat butter the more appealing name of “lite butter” butter” should be allowed to do so. Which on Which onee of the fo follo llowin wing, g, if tru true, e, mos mostt ser seriou iously sly undermines the argument? (A)) (A
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)) (E
The man manuf ufact actur urers ers who who pref prefer er to to use use the wo word rd “lite lite”” instead of “ of “imitation imitation”” are motivated principally by the financial interest interest of their stockholders. The man manuf ufact actur urers ers who wis wish h to to call call the their ir product “lite butter” butter” plan to change the composition of of the product so so that it contains more water than it now does. Somee indivi Som individu duals als who ne need ed to to reduc reducee their their intake of cholest cholesterol erol are not deterred from from using the reduced-butterfat product by the negative connotations connotations of the term “imitation.” Choles Cho leste terol rol is only only one of man manyy facto factors rs that that contribute to the types of health problems problems with which the consumption of excess excessive ive amounts of cholester cholesterol ol is often associated. associated. Mos ostt peop people le det deter erre red d from from eat eatin ingg “imitation butter”” because of its name choose butter alternatives with a lower butterfat content than this product has.
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23. Farm anima animals ls have have certai certain n behaviora behaviorall tenden tendencies cies that result from from the evolutionary evolutionary history of these species. species. By imposing on these these animals a type of organization that conflicts with their behavioral tendencies, tendencies, current farm-managementt practices cause the animals more farm-managemen pain and distress than do practices that more closely conform to the animals’ animals’ beha behavioral vioral tend tendenci encies. es. Becau Because se the animals tend to to resist this type of organization, current practices can also be less efficient than those other farm-management practices. If the sta statem tement entss abov abovee are are true, true, whi which ch one one of of the following can be properly inferred from them? (A)) (A (B)) (B
(C)
(D)
(E)
Some of th Some thee beh behav avio ioral ral te tend nden enci cies es of fa farm rm animals can be altered a ltered by efficient farm-management practices. In ord order er to to impl implem emen entt effi effici cien entt farm-management practices, practices, it is necessary necessary to be familiar with the evolutionary history of farm animals. In orde orderr to cre create ate farm farm-ma -manag nageme ement nt prac practic tices es that cause less pain and distress to farm animals, animal s, a significant significant loss of effi efficienc ciencyy will be required. FarmFa rm-man manage ageme ment nt pract practice icess that that cause cause the least amount of pain and distress distress to farm animals are also the most efficient management practices. Somee chan Som changes ges in farm farm-ma -manag nageme ement nt pra practi ctice cess that lessen the pain and distress experienced by farm animals can result in gains in efficiency.
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24. It now now seems seems clear clear that that the signi significan ficantt role role initially initially predicted for personal computers in the classroom has not become fact. One need only look to the dramatic decline in sales of comput computers ers for classroom classroom use in the past year for proof proof that the fad has passed. passed. Which one of the following arguments arguments contains contains flawed reasoning parallel to that in the argument above? (A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
T
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25. Scientists Scientists atte attemptin mptingg to repl replicate icate certa certain in controversial results reported by a group of experienced researchers researchers failed to get the same results as those reported. reported. The conclusion conclusion drawn from this by the scientists who conducte conducted d the replication experiments was that the originally reported results had been due to faulty measurements. The argument argument of of the scientists scientists who conducted the replication experiments assumes that
Clearlyy, go Clearl gove vernm rnment ent leg legisl islati ation on mand mandatin atingg the the reduction of automobil automobilee emissions has been been at least partially successful, successful, as is demonstrated by the fact that the air of the 20 largest cities now now contains smaller smaller amounts amounts of the major pollutants mentioned mentioned in the legislation than it did before the legislation was passed. Mecha Me chanic nical al trans translat lation ion from from one lan langu guage age int into o another,, not merely in narrow contexts such another such as airline reservations but generally generally,, is clearly an idea whose time has come. Since experts have been working on the problem for 40 years, it is now time for the accumulated expertise to achieve a breakthrough breakthrough.. Sales Sal es of co compu mpute ters rs fo forr home home us usee will will nev never er reach the levels optimistically projected by manufacturers.. The reason is that home use manufacturers use was envisioned as encompassing encompassing tasks, such as menu planning and checkbook reconciliation, that most homemakers perform in much simpler ways than using a computer would require. It is app appare arent nt that that cons consume umers rs have have tire tired d of microwavee ovens as quickly as they initially microwav came to accept this recent recent invention. invention. In contrast to several several years of increasing sales following the introduction of microwav microwavee ovens, sales of of microwav microwavee ovens ovens flattened flattened last last year,, indicating that consumers have year have found relatively little use for these dev ices. Creat Cr eating ing inc incent entiv ives es for for a part particu icular lar kin kind d of investmentt inevitably investmen i nevitably engenders boom-and-bustt cycles. The evidence is in the boom-and-bus recent decline decline in the value of commercial real estate, estat e, which shows shows that, altho although ugh the government can encourage people to put up buildings, it cannot guarantee that those buildings will be fully rented or sold.
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(A)) (A (B) (C) (D) (E)) (E
O
the ori origin ginal al exp experi erimen ments ts had not bee been n described in sufficient detail to make an exact replication possible the fac factt that that the the origi original nally ly repo reporte rted d resul results ts aroused controversy controversy made it highly likely that they were in error the theor theoreti etical cal princ principl iples es called called into into quest question ion by the originally reported results were themselves themselv es based on weak evidence the repl replica icatio tion n experi experimen ments ts were were not not so likely likely as the original experiments to be marred by faulty measurement measurementss the res resear earch chers ers who ori origin ginall allyy repor reported ted the controversial results had themselves observed those results only once
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IF YOU YOU FINISH BEFORE TIME IS CALLED, YOU MAY MAY CHECK YOUR WORK WORK ON THIS THI S SECTION ONLY ONLY.. DO NOT WORK ON ANY OTHER SECTION IN THE TEST.
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SIGNATURE
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LSAT WRITING SAMPLE TOPIC Valerie, a first-year graduate student in mathematics, needs a part-time job, and competition for jobs in the small town where her university is located is keen. With the following considerations in mind, write an argument in support of one of Valerie’s two job offers over the other: • Valerie wants the income from her job to minimize the money she must borrow for living expenses. • Valerie wants the job to interfere with her graduate program as little as possible. The university’s Undergraduate Learning Center has offered Valerie a job tutoring groups of students taking introductory mathematics courses. Valerie has been assigned five 1:00 PM to 5:00 PM sessions, for which she will receive $160 per week. The ULC also provides free individual tutoring for students in advanced mathematics courses who request it. As a graduate student employee, Valerie would be eligible to serve as an individual tutor, in addition to her regular sessions, for which she would receive $15 per hour. The schedule of this job will require her to make changes in the courses she had planned to take this semester. She will also miss the afternoon office hours that most professors set aside to work individually with graduate students. Milano’s, a local restaurant, has offered Valerie a job as a food server. She will work Tuesday, Thursday, Friday and Saturday nights each week, starting at 5:00 PM. The salary is $130 per week plus tips, which can range anywhere from $80 to $140 for four nights of work. Milano’s is often crowded on Friday’s and Saturday nights but rarely during the week. A server at Milano’s told Valerie that although the restaurant’s kitchen closes at 11:00 PM, servers must stay until all customers have left, which can be midnight or later. Valerie’s most demanding class meets at 8:00 AM Wednesdays and Fridays and cannot be rescheduled. Taking this job also means that she must give up the evening meetings of her study group.
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DIRECTIONS:
CONVERSION CHART
1. Use Use the Answ Answer er Key Key on the next next page page to to check check your your answers. 2. Use Use the Scoring Scoring Works orksheet heet belo below w to compu compute te your your Raw Score. 3. Use Use the Sco Score re Conv Conversio ersion n Chart to conv convert ert your your Raw Score into the 120-180 scale.
SCORING WORKSHEET 1. Enter Enter the the num number ber of of que questi stion onss you you answe answered red correctly in each section NUMBER CORRECT
SECTION I . . . . . . . . . . SECTION II . . . . . . . . . SECTION III. . . . . . . . . SECTION IV. . . . . . . . . 2. En Ente terr the the sum sum he here re::
THIS IS YOUR RAW SCORE.
For Converting Raw Score to the 120-180 LSAT Scaled Score LSAT Prep Test IX REPORTED SCORE
LOWEST RAW SCORE
HIGHEST RAW SCORE
180 179 178 177 176 175 174 173 172 171 170 169 168 167 166 165 164 163 162 161 160 159 158 157 156 155 154 153 152 151 150 149 148 147 146 145 144 143 142 141 140 139 138 137 136 135 134 133 132 131 130 129 128 127 126 125 124 123 122 121 120
98 97 96 95 94 93 92 90 89 88 86 85 83 82 80 78 77 75 73 71 70 68 66 64 63 61 59 58 56 54 53 51 49 48 46 45 43 42 40 39 37 36 35 33 32 31 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 __ * 0
101 97 96 95 94 93 92 91 89 88 87 85 84 82 81 79 77 76 74 72 70 69 67 65 63 62 60 58 57 55 53 52 50 48 47 45 44 42 41 39 38 36 35 34 32 31 30 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 __* 16
*There is no raw score that will produce this scaled score for this test.
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SECTION I 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
B A D E C E C
8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.
A A C B A B B
15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21.
D C A D B B C
22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27.
D C C E C E
B A B E D A D
22. 23. 24. 25.
D A D A
B B C D E A D
22. 23. 24.
D B A
D E B C A C E
22. 23. 24. 25.
E E D D
SECTION II 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
A D B B D C D
8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.
D A B E A D C
15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. SECTION III
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
C D B A C D A
8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.
D B B B C E D
15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. SECTION IV
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
C E C C E C D
8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.
C B B D C A A
15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21.
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