Longman_-_Complete_course.for.the.TOEFL..pdf

With

Key

Longman COMPLETE COURSE or the TOEFL TEST

PREPARATION FOR THE

COMPUTER AND

PAPER TESTS

DEBORAH PHILLIPS TOEFL®'

Is

the registered trademark of Educational Testing Service

This publication

is

not endorsed or approved by ETS.

Longman COMPLETE COURSE for the TOEFL"

TEST

Preparation for the

Computer and Paper Tests

Deborah Phillips

LONGMAN test directions, test format, and answer screens are reprinted by permission of Educational Testing Service, the copyright owner. However, the test questions and any other testing information are provided by Addison Wesley Publishing Company, Inc. No endorsement of this publication by Educational Testing Service should be inferred.

TOEFL®

—

Longman Complete Course for the TOEFtP Test: Preparation for the Computer and Paper Tests Copyright

© 2001

by Addison-Wesley Longman,

Inc.

A Pearson Education Company All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced,

stored in a retrieval system, or

transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,

photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the permission of the publisher.

Pearson Education, 10 Bank Street, White Plains, N.Y. 10606 Vice president, director of publishing: Allen Ascher Editorial director: Louisa Hellegers

Development

Angela Castro Vice president, director of design and production: Rhea Banker editor:

Associate director of electronic production: Aliza Greenblatt

Executive managing editor: Linda Moser Project editor: Helen B.

Ambrosio

Production manager: Alana Zdinak Production supervisor: Liza Pleva Director of manufacturing: Patrice Fraccio

Senior manufacturing manager: Edie Pullman

Text design adaptation: Page Designs International, Inc.

Composition: Page Designs International, Text

art:

Jill

Inc.

C.Wood

Text photography: Hutching s Photography; additional photographs: bat on page 19

©Bettmann/CORBIS, Three-Mile Island on page 20 ©Leif Skoogfors/CORBIS, Lewis and Clark statue on page 159 ©CORBIS, Liliuokalani on page 181 ©CORBIS, James Cook on page 181 ©CORBIS.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Phillips,

Deborah

Longman complete

course for the

computer and paper

tests /

p.

TOEFL test:

Deborah

preparation for the

Phillips,

cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 0-13-040895-6 ISBN 0- 1 3-040902-2

Answer Key) (without Answer Key) (with

—Textbooks English a foreign lauguage — Study Examinations — Study guides. 1.

English language

as

I.

test

II.

Title.

for foreign speakers.

guides.

Title:

3.

2.

Test of

English language

Complete course

for the

TOEFL

CONTENTS INTRODUCTION

SECTION ONE:

LISTENING LISTENING DIAGNOSTIC PRE TEST (Paper) LISTENING DIAGNOSTIC PRE TEST (Computer) LISTENING INTRODUCTION SHORT DIALOGUES (Paper and Computer)

3

10

22 25

Strategies

SKILL SKILL SKILL

1:

2: 3:

Focus on the last line Choose answers with synonyms Avoid similar sounds

TOEFL EXERCISE

(Skills 1-3)

Who, What, Where SKILL 4: Draw conclusions about who, what, where SKILL 5: Listen for who and what in passives SKILL 6: Listen for who and what with multiple nouns

TOEFL EXERCISE (Skills 4-6) TOEFL REVIEW EXERCISE (Skills

1-6)

29 31

33 35

36 39 41

43 44

Negatives

SKILL SKILL SKILL SKILL

7:

Listen for negative expressions

8:

Listen for double negative expressions

9:

Listen for "almost negative" expressions

45 47 49

10:

Listen for negatives with comparatives

51


1-10)

53 54

Functions

SKILL SKILL

11:

Listen for expressions of agreement

12:

Listen for expressions of uncertainty

and suggestion

SKILL

13:

Listen for emphatic expressions of surprise

TOEFL EXERCISE (Skills 11-13) TOEFL REVIEW EXERCISE (Skills Contrary Meanings SKILL 14: Listen SKILL 15: Listen

1-13)

for wishes for untrue conditions


1-15)

55

57 60 62 63

63 66 68 69

Idiomatic Language

SKILL SKILL

and three-part verbs

16:

Listen for two-

1 7:

Listen for idioms


1-17)

70-

72 74 74

CONTENTS

LONG CONVERSATIONS

(Paper)

76

Before Listening SKILL 18: Anticipate the topics SKILL 19: Anticipate the questions

78 80

While Listening SKILL 20: Determine the topic SKILL 21: Draw conclusions about who, SKILL 22: Listen for answers in order

82 83 84

TOEFL REVIEW EXERCISE

LONG TALKS

(Skills

18-22)

(Paper)

Before Listening SKILL 23: Anticipate SKILL 24: Anticipate

the questions

(Skills

CASUAL CONVERSATIONS

23-27)

(Computer)

(Computer)

29:

Recognize the organization

30:

Listen for direct

31:

Visualize the passage


ACADEMIC LECTURES SKILL SKILL SKILL

what, when, where

Understand casual conversations

ACADEMIC DISCUSSIONS SKILL SKILL SKILL

89 91

the topics

TOEFL REVIEW EXERCISE 28:

86 87

While Listening SKILL 25: Determine the topic SKILL 26: Draw conclusions about who, SKILL 27: Listen for answers in order

SKILL

what, when, where

and

indirect details

(Skills

29-31)

93 94 95 97

98 100 103 110 118 122 128

(Computer)

134

32:

Recognize the organization

33:

Listen for direct

34:

Visualize the passage

140 148 153


and indirect (Skills

details

32-34)

LISTENING POST-TEST (Paper) LISTENING POST-TEST (Computer)

SECTION TWO: STRUCTURE STRUCTURE DIAGNOSTIC PRE TEST (Paper) STRUCTURE DIAGNOSTIC PRE TEST (Computer) STRUCTURE INTRODUCTION THE STRUCTURE QUESTIONS (Paper and Computer) Sentences with One Clause Be sure the sentence has a subject and a verb SKILL 1: Be careful of objects of prepositions SKILL 2: Be careful of appositives SKILL 3:

159 165 171

185 192 195

198

200 201

203

CONTENTS

SKILL 4: SKILL 5:

Be Be

careful of past participles

EXERCISE (Skills 1-5) TOEFL EXERCISE (Skills Sentences with SKILL 6: SKILL 7: SKILL 8:

205 206 208 208

careful of present participles

1-5)

Multiple Clauses Use coordinate connectors correctly Use adverb time and cause connectors correctly Use other adverb connectors correctly

EXERCISE (Skills 6-8) TOEFL EXERCISE (Skills 6-8) TOEFL REVIEW EXERCISE (Skills

1-8)

209 211 213 215 215 216

More Sentences with Multiple Clauses SKILL SKILL SKILL SKILL

9:

10: 11: 12:

Use noun clause connectors correctly Use noun clause connector/subjects correctly Use adjective clause connectors correctly Use adjective clause connector/subjects correctly


1-12)

Sentences with Reduced Clauses SKILL 13: Use reduced adjective clauses correctly SKILL 14: Use reduced adverb clauses correctly

EXERCISE (Skills 13-14) TOEFL EXERCISE (Skills 13-14) TOEFL REVIEW EXERCISE (Skills Sentences with SKILL 15: SKILL 16: SKILL 17: SKILL 18: SKILL 19:

1-14)

217 219 221

222 224 225 226

227 230 232 232 233

Inverted Subjects and Verbs

and verb with subject and verb with subject and verb with subject and verb with subject and verb with

Invert the subject

question words

Invert the

place expressions

Invert the Invert the Invert the


negatives

conditionals

comparisons

1-19)

235 236 238 240 242 244 244 245

THE WRITTEN EXPRESSION QUESTIONS (Paper and Computer)

247

Problems with Subject/ Verb Agreement SKILL 20: Make verbs agree after prepositional phrases SKILL 21: Make verbs agree after expressions of quantity SKILL 22: Make inverted verbs agree SKILL 23: Make verbs agree after certain words EXERCISE (Skills 20-23) TOEFL EXERCISE (Skills 20-23) TOEFL REVIEW EXERCISE (Skills 1-23)

248 249 250 252 253 253 254

Problems with SKILL 24: SKILL 25: SKILL 26:

256 257 259

Parallel Structure

Use Use Use

parallel structure with coordinate conjunctions parallel structure with paired conjunctions parallel structure with

comparisons

.

v

CONTENTS


260 260 261

1-26)

Problems with Comparatives and Superlatives SKILL 27: Form comparatives and superlatives correctly SKILL 28: Use comparatives and superlatives correctly SKILL 29: Use the irregular -er, -er structure correctly EXERCISE (Skills 27-29) TOEFL EXERCISE (Skills 27-29) TOEFL REVIEW EXERCISE (Skills 1-29)

Problems with the Form of the Verb SKILL 30: After have, use the past participle SKILL 31: After be, use the present participle or

269 the

270

past participle

SKILL

32:

After

will,

262 264 265 266 266 267

would, or other modals, use

the base form of the verb


270 271

1-32)

272 272

Problems with the Use of the Verb SKILL 33: Know when to use the past with the present SKILL 34: Use have and had correctly SKILL 35: Use the correct tense with time expressions SKILL 36: Use the correct tense with will and would EXERCISE (Skills 33-36) TOEFL EXERCISE (Skills 33-36) TOEFL REVIEW EXERCISE (Skills 1-36)

274 275 276 278 279 279 280

Problems with Passive Verbs SKILL 37: Use the correct form of the passive SKILL 38: Recognize active and passive meanings EXERCISE (Skills 37-38) TOEFL EXERCISE (Skills 37-38) TOEFL REVIEW EXERCISE (Skills 1-38)

282 283 285 285 286

Problems with Nouns SKILL 39: Use the correct singular or plural noun SKILL 40: Distinguish countable and uncountable nouns SKILL 41: Recognize irregular plurals of nouns SKILL 42: Distinguish the person from the thing EXERCISE (Skills 39-42) TOEFL EXERCISE (Skills 39-42) TOEFL REVIEW EXERCISE (Skills 1-42)

292 292 293

Problems with Pronouns SKILL 43: Distinguish subject and object pronouns SKILL 44: Distinguish possessive adjectives and pronouns SKILL 45: Check pronoun reference for agreement EXERCISE (Skills 43-45) TOEFL EXERCISE (Skills 43-45) TOEFL REVIEW EXERCISE (Skills 1-45)

294 296 297 298 299 299

287 288 290 291

1

CONTENTS

Problems with Adjectives and Adverbs SKILL 46: Use basic adjectives and adverbs correctly SKILL 47: Use adjectives after linking verbs SKILL 48: Position adjectives and adverbs correctly EXERCISE (Skills 46-48) TOEFL EXERCISE (Skills 46-48) TOEFL REVIEW EXERCISE (Skills 1-48)

301

302 304 305 306 307

More Problems with Adjectives SKILL SKILL SKILL

49:

Recognize

50:

Use predicate adjectives correctly Use -edand -ing adjectives correctly

51:

-ly

adjectives


31

312 313

1-51)

Problems with Articles SKILL 52: Use articles with singular nouns SKILL 53: Distinguish a and an SKILL 54: Make articles agree with nouns SKILL 55: Distinguish specific and general


ideas

1-55)

Problems with Prepositions SKILL 56: Recognize incorrect prepositions SKILL 57: Recognize when prepositions have been omitted


1-57)

Problems with Usage SKILL 58: Distinguish make and do SKILL 59: Distinguish like, alike, and unlike SKILL 60: Distinguish other, another, and others


STRUCTURE POST-TEST STRUCTURE POST-TEST

1-60)

314 315 316 317 318 319 319

321

322 323 323 324

325 326 327 328 329 330

(Paper)

331

(Computer)

338

SECTION THREE: READING READING DIAGNOSTIC PRE TEST (Paper) READING DIAGNOSTIC PRE TEST (Computer) READING INTRODUCTION THE READING COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS (Paper and Computer)

308 309 310

343

350 359

368

vii

1

viii

CONTENTS

Questions about the Ideas of the Passage SKILL 1: Answer main idea questions correctly Recognize the organization of ideas SKILL 2:

TOEFL EXERCISE

(Skills 1-2)

368 373 377

Directly Answered Questions

SKILL 3: SKILL 4: SKILL 5:

Answer

stated detail questions correctly

Find "unstated" details Find pronoun referents


1-5)

Indirectly Answered Questions Answer implied detail questions correctly SKILL 6:

SKILL

7:

Answer

transition questions correctly


1-7)

Vocabulary Questions SKILL 8: Find definitions from structural clues Determine meanings from word parts SKILL 9: SKILL 10: Use context to determine meanings of difficult

SKILL

11:

379 385 388 392 395

398 402 405 407

41

415

419

words

Use context to determine meanings of simple words

TOEFL EXERCISE (Skills 8-1 1 TOEFL REVIEW EXERCISE (Skills )

1-1 1 )

Overall Review Questions SKILL 12: Determine where specific information is found SKILL 13: Determine the tone, purpose, or course SKILL 14: Determine where to insert a piece of information


1-14)

READING POST-TEST (Paper) READING POST-TEST (Computer)

SECTION FOUR: WRITING WRITING INTRODUCTION The Writing Score (Paper and Computer) Sample Essays

Before Writing SKILL 1: Decode the Topic Develop Supporting Ideas SKILL 2:

422 425 428

431

435 441

445 448 452 46;

473

474 475 481 481

484

CONTENTS

While Writing SKILL 3: SKILL 4: SKILL 5: SKILL 6:

Write the Introductory Paragraph Write Unified Supporting Paragraphs Write the Concluding Paragraph Connect the Supporting Paragraphs in the Essay

496

Edit Sentence Structure

499 499 499

After Writing

SKILL

7:

7A 7B 7C

SKILL

8:

487 487 490 493

Simple Sentence Structure Compound Sentence Structure Complex Sentence Structure Edit Written Expression

8A

Inversions

8B

Parallel,

and Agreement Comparative, and Superlative

Structures

8C 8D

Verbs

Nouns and Pronouns Adjectives and Adverbs Prepositions and Usage

8E 8F

501

503 506 506

507 508 509 510 511

COMPLETE TEST

(Paper) Listening Comprehension Structure and Written Expression Reading Comprehension

Test of Written English

515 521 528 538

COMPLETE TEST (Computer) Listening

539

Structure

551

Reading

554 563

Writing

APPENDIXES APPENDIX A: APPENDIX B: APPENDIX C: APPENDIX D: APPENDIX E: APPENDIX F: APPENDIX G: APPENDIX H: APPENDIX I:

Sounds Two- and Three-Part Verbs Similar

Idioms Prepositions

Word Endings Irregular Verb

Forms

Formation of the Passive Irregular Plurals

Word Parts

565 566 570 574 576 582 584 586 587

SCORING INFORMATION Scoring Your Pre-Tests, Post-Tests, and Complete Practice Tests Charting Your Progress

RECORDING SCRIPT ANSWER KEY

601 603

604 661

INTRODUCTION

ABOUTTHIS BOOK PURPOSE OF THE BOOK intended to prepare students for the TOEFL® (Test of English as a Foreign Language) test in both its paper and computer formats. It is based on the paper format first introduced in July 1995 and the computer format first introduced in July 1998. This book

is

Longman Complete Course for

the

TOEFL®

Test:

Preparation for the Computer and Paper Tests

can be used in a variety of ways, depending on the needs of the reader: •

It

•

It

•

It

can be used as the primary classroom text in a course emphasizing TOEFL test preparation. can be used as a supplementary text in a more general English language course. can be used as a tool for individualized study by students preparing for the TOEFL test outside

of the

ESL classroom.

WHAT IS IN THE BOOK This book contains a variety of materials which together provide a comprehensive preparation program: •

Diagnostic Pre-Tests for each section, in both paper and computer formats, measure students' level

of performance on each section of the

TOEFL test and allow students to determine specific

areas of weakness. •

Skills

and

Strategies for each of the sections of the

defined steps to improve performance on the

more

TOEFL

test

provide students with clearly

test.

non-TOEFL format.

•

Exercises provide practice of one or

•

TOEFL Exercises provide practice of one or more skills in a TOEFL format. TOEFL Review Exercises provide practice of all of the skills taught up to that point in a TOEFL

•

skills

in a

format. •

•

•

TOEFL Post-Tests for each

both paper and computer formats, measure the progress that students have made after working through the skills and strategies in the text. Complete Tests, in both paper and computer formats, allow the students to simulate the experience of taking actual TOEFL tests with all of the sections together in one complete test. Scoring Information allows students to determine their approximate TOEFL scores on the paper section, in

and Complete Practice Tests. record their progress on the Pre-Tests, Post-Tests, and Complete

version of the Pre-Tests, Post-Tests, •

Charts allow students to

Practice

Tests. •

Recording Scripts allow the students to see the text of included on the audio cassettes/ CDs.

all

the listening exercises

and

tests

xi

INTRODUCTION

xii

WHAT IS ON THE STUDENT CD-ROM The Student CD-ROM,

with 1,475 TOEFL-format questions and 200 additional writing

practice questions, includes a variety of materials that contribute to an effective preparation •

program

A Tutorial

computer

for the

demonstrates

how

TOEFL test:

to

answer each type of question found on the computer

TOEFL

test.

•

•

Practice Questions for each of the sections

the computer

and

the opportunity to master each of the language

skills

Test Sections for each section of the computer

TOEFL

computer TOEFL be printed for feedback and review.

and

testing conditions of the

•

on

Explanations for

all test

test

to

TOEFL

test

provide students with

types of questions

test

on the

test.

allow students to simulate the actual

measure

their progress. Writing tests can

items allow students to understand their errors and learn from their mis-

takes. •

Diagnostic Information relates the test items on the

CD-ROM

to the

language

presented in

skills

this text. •

Scoring and Record-Keeping enable students to record and print out charts that monitor their progress on

•

all

the practice

Screens, Buttons,

and

test exercises.

and Clicking Sequences

similar to those

students with practice that simulates the actual computer

on the computer

TOEFL

test

provide

TOEFL test.

WHAT IS NEW IN THE COMPLETE COURSE Longman Complete Course for the TOEFL Test has been written puter format and the paper format of the

to include

TOEFL test.

•

Diagnostic Pre-Tests are included in both paper and computer formats.

•

The

Listening Section includes a presentation of the Listening section of the computer

new

TOEFL

and questions, plus the presentation of the Listening Comprehension section of the paper TOEFL test. For each of the new types of listening passages on the computer test (Casual Conversations, Academic Discussions, Academic Lectures), a description, language skills, question types, practice exercises, and TOEFL exercises are presented. The Structure Section includes a presentation of the Structure section of the computer TOEFL test in addition to the presentation of the Structure and Written Expression section of the paper test

•

both the com-

with

its

types of passages

TOEFL test. •

TOEFL test, in addition to the presentation of the Reading Comprehension section of the paper TOEFL test. The new types of questions used to test some of the language skills on the computer TOEFL test The Reading Section

includes a presentation of the Reading section of the computer

have been included, along with the presentation of a language •

The Writing Section

includes an expanded writing

skills

skill

on

Inserting Information.

section in addition to sample essays, writ-

ing strategies, and scoring information.

and computer formats. both paper and computer formats are also included.

•

Post-Tests are included in both paper

•

Complete Tests

in

OTHER AVAILABLE MATERIALS Additional materials are available to supplement the materials included in the •

Longman Complete Course

for the

TOEFL®

of the listening comprehension exercises and

Test:

text:

— Audio Cassettes /CDs contain recordings

tests in

the text.

INTRODUCTION

•

Longman Complete Course answers to exercises

•

all

and

for the

TOEFL®

Test

— User's Guide includes an answer key with

questions and a recording script with a transcription of all listening comprehension tests

included on the audio cassette tapes or

Longman Preparation Course

TOEFL®

for the

Test:

Volume

Edition provides comprehensive coverage of the language

•

•

paper-format

TOEFL

plete practice

test,

test,

CDs accompanying

the text.

A — Skills and Strategies,

skills

and

Second

test-taking strategies for the

including sample exercises, procedures, pre-tests, post-tests, a com-

scoring information, and charts to record progress.

— —

Volume A Audio Cassettes, Second Edition contain recordings of the listening comprehension exercises and tests in this text. User's Guide, Second Edition Longman Preparation Course for the TOEFL® Test: Volume A


for the

TOEFL®

includes an answer key with answers to

all

Test:

questions, a recording script with a transcription of all

comprehension exercises and tests included on the audio cassette tapes or CDs accompanying the text, and teaching tips for each section of the test. Practice Tests, Second Edition Longman Preparation Course for the TOEFL® Test: Volume B contains five paper-format TOEFL tests, tapescripts, answer keys, scoring information, and a listening

•

—

chart to record progress. •

•

•

•

•

•

•

—

Volume B Audio Cassettes, Second Edition contain recordings of the listening comprehension sections of the tests in Volume B. Longman Preparation Course for the TOEFL® Test: CBT Volume contains examples and practice for each of the types of passages and questions that appear on the computer version of the TOEFL test, a description of the test-taking strategies for the computer test, an expanded writing skills section, and computer-format test sections. Longman Preparation Course for the TOEFL® Test: CBT Volume Audio Cassettes/ CDs contain the recordings of all the listening comprehension exercises and tests in the CBT Volume. Longman Preparation Course for the TOEFL® Test: Bonus Test Disk contains an additional testbank of 860 questions not found on the Student CD-ROM, which can be used by schools to give


for the

TOEFL®

contolled

tests.

Longman

Introductory Course for the

Test:

TOEFL®

Second Edition presents language skills and test-taking strategies for both the paper and the computer versions of the test, at a low-intermediate or intermediate level. This text starts below the level of the TOEFL test and continues up to the level of the easier questions on the test. It includes strategies and skills that are appropriate for students at this level. It also includes diagnostic pre-tests, post-tests, and complete practice tests in both paper and computer formats. Longman Introductory Course for the TOEFL® Test: Audio Cassettes/CDs, Second Edition contain recordings of the listening comprehension exercises and tests in the Introductory Course. Longman Introductory Course for the TOEFL® Test: User's Guide, Second Edition includes a recording script with a transcription of all listening comprehension exercises and tests included on the recordings accompanying the text, and an answer key with answers to all the questions in Test,

the text.

ABOUT THE TOEFL® TEST OVERVIEW OF THE TEST The TOEFL test is a test to measure English.

It is

required primarily by English-language colleges and universities. Additionally,

institutions such as this test.

the level of English proficiency of nonnative speakers of

government agencies,

The TOEFL

programs may require both a paper format and a computer format.

businesses, or scholarship

test currently exists in

xiii

INTRODUCTION

THE PAPERVERSION The paper version of the TOEFL •

Listening Comprehension:

nees must

listen

has the following sections:

test

To demonstrate

understand spoken English, examito various types of passages on a tape recording and respond to multiple choice their ability to

questions about the passages. •

Structure and Written Expression: rect English,

To demonstrate

their ability to recognize grammatically cor-

examinees must either choose the correct way

to

complete sentences or find errors

in sentences. •

Reading Comprehension: To demonstrate their ability to understand written English, examinees must answer multiple choice questions about the ideas and the meanings of words in reading passages.

•

Test of Written English (TWE): To demonstrate their ability to produce correct, organized, and

meaningful English, examinees must write an essay on a given topic in thirty minutes. The Test of Written English (TWE) is not given with every administration of the paper TOEFL test.

The

TOEFL test. (It should of the paper TOEFL test is given.)

following chart outlines the probable format of a paper

noted that on certain occasions a longer version

Listening

Comprehension

50 questions 40 questions 50 questions

Structure and Written Expression

Reading Comprehension Test of Written English

(TWE)

1

essay question

be

35 minutes

25 minutes 55 minutes

30 minutes

THE COMPUTERVERSION The computer version of the TOEFL •

test

has the following sections:

To demonstrate their ability to understand spoken English, examinees must first listen passages on headphones as they see pictures on a computer screen and then answer various

Listening: to

types of questions about the passages that they just heard. •

To demonstrate their ability to recognize grammatically correct English, examinees must look at sentences on a computer screen and either choose the correct way to complete the Structure:

sentences or identify errors in the sentences. •

•

Reading: To demonstrate their ability to understand written English, examinees must read passages on a computer screen and answer various types of questions about the ideas and meanings of words in the passages. Writing: To demonstrate their ability to produce meaningful, organized, and correct English, examinees must write an essay on a given topic in thirty minutes, either on the computer or by

hand.

The

following chart outlines the probable format of a computer

Structure

30-50 questions 20-25 questions

Reading

44-60 questions

Listening

Writing

1

essay question

TOEFL test: 40-60 minutes 5-20 minutes 70-90 minutes 1

30 minutes

INTRODUCTION

WHAT YOUR TOEFL® SCORE MEANS The paper TOEFL

scored on a scale of 217 to 677 points, while the computer TOEFL test is scored on a scale of to 300 points. There is no passing score on the TOEFL test, but various institutions have their own TOEFL score requirements. You must find out test is

from each institution what TOEFL score is required. The following chart shows how the scores on the computer TOEFL test and the paper TOEFL test are related: PAPER TOEFL TEST

COMPUTER TOEFL TEST

677 650 600

300 280 250 213

550 500 450 400

173 133

97

350 300

When you take it is

40

TOEFL Pre-Tests, Post-Tests, and Complete Test in this book, to estimate your TOEFL score. A description of how to estimate your TOEFL test has been provided at the back of this book on pages

the paper

possible for you

score

63

on the paper

601-603. Writing

TOEFL

is

scored on a scale of

1

to 6

on both the paper TOEFL

and the computer handled differently on the paper test test

However, the score of the writing test is and on the computer test. On the paper test, the writing is not included in the overall TOEFL score. On the computer test, the writing score is included in the overall TOEFL test.

score.

WHERETO GET ADDITIONAL INFORMATION Additional information

is

available in the

TOEFL® Information

be ordered free of charge by sending a request

Bulletin. This bulletin

can

to the following address:

TOEFL Services Educational Testing Service

Box 6151 Princeton, NJ 08541-6151 USA P.O.

Information about the http://www.toefl.org.

TOEFL

test

can also be obtained at the

TOEFL®

website at

xv

INTRODUCTION

xvi

TO THE STUDENT HOWTO PREPARE FORTHE TOEFL® TEST The TOEFL fore •

work

test is

a standardized test of English.

in these areas to

To do

well

on

you should there-

this test,

improve your score:

You must work on improving your knowledge of the

English language

skills

that are covered

on the

TOEFL test. •

You must understand the

test-taking strategies specific to

the version of the

TOEFL test that you are

taking. •

You must take practice tests with a focus on applying the appropriate language

skills

and

test-taking

strategies. •

You must work on computer skills if you are taking the computer version of the

TOEFL test.

This book can familiarize you with English language skills and test-taking strategies, provide some practice of each of the versions of the test, and introduce the computer skills you will need for the computer version of the test. Additional practice for the paper test is provided in Volume B, while additional practice of the computer version of the test and the computer skills needed for this version are included in the CBT Volume and on the

Student

CD-ROM.

HOWTO USETHIS BOOK This book provides a variety of materials to help you to prepare for the lowing these steps can help you to get the most out of this book: • •

•

•

TOEFL

test.

Fol-

Determine which version of the TOEFL test (paper or computer) you will be taking. Take the appropriate Diagnostic Pre-Test at the beginning of a section. When you take the PreTest, try to reproduce the conditions and time pressure of a real TOEFL test: (1) Take each section of the test without interruption. (2) Work on only one section at a time. (3) Time yourself for the section to experience the time pressure that exists on the actual TOEFL test. (4) Play the listening material one time only during the test. After you finish a paper-format Pre-Test, you can determine your TOEFL score for that section using the table on pages 601-602. Then record the results on the chart on page 603. After you finish a computer-format Pre-Test, record the number correct on the chart on page 603. Complete the Diagnostic Exercise at the end of the Pre-Test. Note which skills cause you the most trouble.

•

Work through

•

you had problems with in the Pre-Test. Each time you complete a TOEFL-format exercise,

the explanations

and

exercises for each section. Pay particular attention to the

skills

and time pressure of a real TOEFL test. (1) For listening questions, play the listening material one time only (2) For structure questions, allow yourself one minute for two questions. For example, you

minutes for an exercise with ten questions. (3) For reading passages, allow yourself one minute for one question. For example, if a reading passage has ten questions, you should allow yourself ten minutes to read the passage and answer the ten questions. When further practice on a specific point is included in an Appendix, a note in the text directs you to this practice. Complete those Appendix exercises on a specific point when the text directs you to these exercises and it is an area that you need to improve. For additional practice of the language skills in Volume A, work through the Practice exercises for each section on the Student CD-ROM. should take

•

•

try to simulate the conditions

five

INTRODUCTION

•

When you

have completed

all

the

skills

exercises for a section, take the appropriate Post-Test

(paper or computer) for that section. For the paper-format Post-Tests, determine your score using the table

•

•

on pages 601-602 and record your

on the chart on page record the number correct on the chart on page 603. results

TOEFL

603. For the

computer-format Post-Tests, When you have completed the Post-Tests for each of the sections, take the appropriate Complete Test (paper or computer). For the paper-format test, determine your TOEFL score using the table on pages 601-602 and record your results on the chart on page 603. For the computer-format test, record the number correct on the chart on page 603. For additional test-taking practice, see Volume B for paper-format tests and the Student CD-ROM Test section for computer-format tests.

TOTHETEACHER HOWTO GETTHE MOST OUT OF THE EXERCISES The

exercises are a vital part of the

TOEFL

Maximum benefit can be obtained from for the exercises •

Be sure

and

if

preparation process presented in this

the exercises

if

the students are properly prepared

the exercises are carefully reviewed after completion:

that the students have a clear idea of the appropriate

exercise. Before exercise.

text.

beginning each exercise, review the

Then when you

skills

review the exercises, reinforce the

skills

and skills

and

strategies involved in

each

used in that and strategies that can be used

strategies that are

determine the correct answers. As you review the exercises, be sure to discuss each answer, the incorrect answers as well as the correct answers. Discuss how students can determine that each correct answer is correct and each incorrect answer is incorrect. Two different methods are possible to review the listening exercises. One good way to review these exercises is to play back the listening material, pausing after each question to discuss the skills and strategies involved in determining which answer is correct and which answers are incorrect. Another method is to have the students refer to the recording script to discuss each question. The structure exercises in the correct/incorrect format present a challenge for the teacher. In exercises in which the students are asked to indicate which sentences are correct and which are incorrect, it is extremely helpful for the students to correct the incorrect sentences. An indication of the type of error and/ or one possible correction for each incorrect sentence is included in the User's Guide. It should be noted, however, that many of the incorrect sentences can be to

•

•

•

corrected in several ways.

The

role of the teacher

is

to assist the students in finding the various

ways that the sentences can be corrected. •

The

homework. The exerimportant to keep the

exercises are designed to be completed in class rather than assigned as

and take very litde time to complete, particularly since it is students under time pressure while they are working on the exercises. Considerably more time cises are short

should be spent in reviewing the exercises than in actually doing them.

HOWTO GETTHE MOST OUT OFTHE PRE-TESTS, POST-TESTS, AND COMPLETE TESTS It is

and Complete Tests to be taken under conditions conditions. You should give each section of the test

essential for the Pre-Tests, Post-Tests,

as similar as possible to actual

TOEFL

without interruption and under the time pressure of the actual

test.

xvii

.

INTRODUCTION

xviii

After you have given a Pre-Test, Post-Test, or Complete Test,

important to review the test thoroughly. The various types of tests serve different functions, so a review of these types of tests should have different emphases. While reviewing the Pre-Tests, you should encourage students to determine in which areas they are weak and need more practice. While reviewing the Post-Tests, you should emphasize the skills and strategies involved in determining the correct answer to each question. While reviewing the Complete Tests, you should emphasize overall strategies for the complete test and, of course, take this one final opportunity to review the variety of individual skills and strategies taught throughout the it is

course.

HOWTO INCORPORATE ADDITIONAL PRACTICE INTO THE COURSE For the most effective preparation for the TOEFL test, additional practice can be incorporated throughout a course with the Longman Complete Course for the TOEFL Test as its main text. This additional practice can take the form of practice of specific skills or of complete test sections or

tests.

The Longman TOEFL

series provides

ample opportunities

for

various types of TOEFL practice: •

Five additional paper-format tests are available in

Volume

B.

These

tests

throughout a course that is focused on the paper version of the TOEFL can be given either as complete tests or as individual test sections in

can be given periodically test.

The

additional tests

listening, structure,

and

reading. •

Additional practice of each of the types of passages and questions on the computer version of the test

are found in the

class or

CBT Volume. The

exercises in the

can be assigned to individual students

who

CBT Volume

can be used with the entire

require additional work

on the passages and

on the computer test (i.e., additional practice on Academic Discussions in listening, or additional practice on Insertion questions in reading) Considerable practice of each of the skills presented in Longman Complete Course for the TOEFL Test is provided in the Practice section of the Student CD-ROM. The practice exercises on the CD-ROM can be assigned periodically throughout a course that uses Longman Complete Course for the TOEFL Test as its primary text (i.e., after teaching Structure Skills 1-5 in the text, the practice exercises for Structure Skills 1-5 on the CD-ROM can be assigned.) Using the Check Score and Print functions found with the Student CD-ROM practice exercises, you can assign the Practice exercises for out-of-class assignments and have the students print out the report that shows that a particular exercise was completed, which language skills were involved, and which questions-types

•

questions were answered correctly •

Practice with computer-format tests tests in this

•

portion of the

is

available in the Test section of the Student

CD-ROM can be

taken either as individual

test sections

CD-ROM. The or as complete

tests.

After students have taken listening, structure, or reading sections, they can use the Check

Score

and

produce charts showing how many questions were answered, which were involved, and which questions were answered correctly and incorrectly; after

Print functions to

language skills they have taken a writing section, they can print out their essays for feedback and review using the Print function. Tests should be scheduled periodically throughout a course that is focused on the computer version of the test, either during classroom time in the school computer lab or as individual out-of-class assignments for students. Further practice with computer-format tests is available on the Bonus Test Disk, which contains an additional test bank of 860 questions that are found only on the disk. The additional test bank of questions on the Bonus Test Disk provides schools with a set of computer TOEFL test questions which students have not seen on the Student CD-ROM and which can therefore be used for controlled

tests.

2

INTRODUCTION

HOWTO USE THE STUDENT CD-ROM The Student

CD-ROM

dents to complete.

puter program, or

contains practice

and

exercises, section tests,

complete

tests

for the stu-

The results of these exercises and tests are recorded within the comthey may be printed out to hand in or to be kept in a notebook.

The practice exercises can be assigned throughout the book have been completed.

CD-ROM PRACTICE EXERCISES

the course after the related sections in

ASSIGN AFTER BOOK SECTIONS

NUMBER OF QUESTIONS

LISTENING PRACTICE Short Dialogues • Skills 1-3 •

Skills

'Skills

'Skills 'Skills

'Skills

4-6 7- 10 11-13 14-15 16-17

Listening

Skills

Listening

Skills

Listening

Skills

Listening

Skills

Listening

Skills

Listening

Skills

1-3

10 questions

4-6 7-10

10 questions

1-13 14—15 16-17

10 questions

1


Casual Conversations

28 28 28 28 28

•

Conversations

1

Listening

Skill

•

Conversations 2

Listening

Skill

•

Conversations 3

Listening

Skill

•

Conversations 4

Listening

Skill

•

Conversations 5

Listening

Skill

Listening

Skills

8 8 8 8 8

questions questions questions questions questions

Academic Discussions •

Discussion

•

Discussion 2

Listening

Skills

•

Discussion 3

Listening

Skills

•

Discussion 4

Listening

Skills

Listening

Skills

1

29-31 29-31 29-31 29-31


6 questions

Academic Lectures •

Lecture

•

Lecture 2

Listening

Skills

•

Lecture 3

Listening

Skills

•

Lecture 4

Listening

Skills

•

Lecture 5

Listening

Skills

1

32-34 32-34 32-34 32-34 32-34

5 questions 5 questions


STRUCTURE PRACTICE Structure • Skills

1-5

• Skills

6-8

•Skills

9-1

'Skills

13-14 15-19

'Skills

Structure Structure Structure Structure Structure

Skills Skills Skills

Skills Skills

1-5

6-8 9-12 13-14 15-19

20 20 20 20 20

questions questions questions questions questions

20-23 24-26 27-29 30-32 33-36 37-38 39-42 43-45 46-48 49-51 52-55 56-57 58-60

20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

questions questions questions questions questions questions questions questions questions questions questions questions questions

Written Expression • Skills ' Skills

'Skills ' Skills ' Skills

'Skills ' Skills ' Skills • Skills

'Skills ' Skills

'Skills ' Skills

20-23 24-26 27-29 30-32 33-36 37-38 39-42 43-45 46-48 49-51 52-55 56-57 58-60

Structure Structure Structure Structure Structure Structure Structure Structure Structure Structure Structure Structure Structure

Skills Skills Skills Skills Skills Skills Skills Skills

Skills Skills Skills Skills

Skills

INTRODUCTION

ASSIGN AFTER BOOK SECTIONS

CD-ROM PRACTICE EXERCISES

NUMBER OF QUESTIONS

READING PRACTICE Easy Passages / o • Passage 1 • Passage 2 • Passage 3 Medium Passages • Passage 1 • Passage 2 • Passage 3 Difficult Passages • Passage 1 • Passage 2 • Passage 3

/-5 1-5 1—5

Reading Reading Reading

Sk/7/s


Skills


Skills

Writing Writing Writing

Skills

Writing Writing Writing Writing Writing Writing Writing

Skill

7

Skill

8A 8B

Skills Skills

Skills Skills

questions questions 12 questions

l-ll l-ll l-ll

Skills

1

1

1

12 questions

1-14 1-14 1-14

Skills

1

1

1

1

1

questions questions

questions 12 questions questions 1

1

1

1

WRITING PRACTICE Before and While Writing • Before and While Writing 1 • Before and While Writing 2 • Before and While Writing 3 After Writing • Editing Sentence Structure •

and Agreement Comparative and Superlative

Inversions

• Parallel,

•

Verbs

•

Nouns and Pronouns Adject/ves and Adverbs Prepositions and Usage

• •

Structures

1-6 1-6 1-6

Skills Skills

Skill


20 20 20 20 20 20 20

8C Skill 8D Skill

Skill Skill

8E 8F

questions questions questions questions questions questions questions

The section tests and complete tests can be assigned periodically throughout the course. They can be used as diagnostic pre-tests before material is introduced in the book, they can be used midway through the course to assess progress, or they can be used as post-tests at the

end of the

course.

CD-ROM TESTS

ASSIGN THROUGHOUT

NUMBER OF

THE COURSE

QUESTIONS

As a beginning pre-test As a midway progress test As an ending post-test


INDIVIDUAL SECTION TESTS Listening Test

One

•

ListeningTest

•

ListeningTestTwo

•

ListeningTestThree

Structure Test • (tests in adaptive base)

Throughout the course

200 questions

Reading Test •

ReadingTest One

ReadingTestTwo • ReadingTestThree Writing Test • (questions in a base) •

As a beginning pre-test As a midway progress test As an ending post-test


Throughout the course

18 questions

COMPLETE TESTS • •

CompleteTOEFLTest One CompleteTOEFLTestTwo

*The Complete Test Structure questions come from

As a midway progress test As an ending post-test a separate adaptive base of

200 questions.

100 questions* 30 questions* 1

SECTION ONE

LISTENING

lDlnlnlnlnlDlnl LISTENING DIAGNOSTIC PRE-TES"

HI

(Paper)

SECTION 1 LISTENING COMPREHENSION Time

—approximately 35 minutes

(including the reading of the directions for each part) In this section of the test, you will have an opportunity to demonstrate your ability to understand conversations and talks in English. There are three parts to this section. Answer all the questions on

the basis of what

book

at

is

stated or implied by the speakers

any time. Do not turn the pages

until

you are

you

Do not take

hear.

told to

do

notes or write in your test

so.

Part A Directions; In Part A you will hear short conversations between two people. After each conversation, you will hear a question about the conversation. The conversations and questions will not be repeated. After you hear a question, read the four possible answers in your test book and choose the best answer. Then on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and fill in the space that corresponds to the letter of the answer you have chosen.

Sample Answer

Listen to an example.

®®®^

On the recording, you hear: (man)

(woman) (narrator)

That exam was just awful. Oh, it could have been worse. What does the woman mean?

In your test book, you read:

(C)

The exam was really awful. It was the worst exam she had ever seen. It couldn't have been more difficult.

(D)

It

(A)

(B)

wasn't that hard.

man thought the exam was very difficult and that the woman disagreed with the man. The best answer to the question, "What does the woman mean?" You

learn from the conversation that the

is

(D), "It wasn't that hard." Therefore, the correct choice is (D).

Wait DIAGNOSTIC PRE-TEST

(Paper)

3

1 1

.

(A)

The

coffee

much better this

is

8.

(A

morning. (C)

(D)

This morning he definitely wants

coffee tastes extremely good.

2.

(A)

(B

coffee isn't very good.

some The two

classes

meet

in

9.

(D

New York. Housing in New York is unavailable.

(A (B (C

10.

The fight will start in a while. They are frightened about the

(A

(B

departure.

4.

(D)

The plane

(A)

He

(B)

is

New

can't afford to

move

his

house to

The boss was working on the reports. He would have to finish the reports before the end of next month. He was directed to stay late and finish some work. He could finish the reports at home.

ago, the flight

departed. (C)

hard to find his house in

He

(D

A few minutes

It's

an hour and a

The class meets three hours per week. (C) Each half of the class is an hour long. (D) Two times a week the class meets for an hour.

(B)

hard to

(C

coffee.

(B)

(A)

is

York.

half.

3.

budget

his

locate.

The The

(B)

Housing within

going to take off soon.

(C

begun his project. He's supposed to do his science

(D

hasn't yet

The boisterous students made the teacher mad. The teacher angered the students with the exam results. The students were angry that the teacher was around. The angered students complained to the teacher.

project next week. (C)

(D)

He needs

working on changing the due date. He's been working steadily on his to start

11.

(A (B (C

The prices are reasonable. The store is too far out of town. He would like the woman to repeat what she said.

(D

He

agrees with the

(A (B

It's

rained unusually hard this year.

science project. 5.

(A)

(B) (C)

(D) 6.

(A)

At In In In

woman.

the post office

a florist shop a restaurant a hospital delivery

12.

room

The professor drowned the

There hasn't been any rain for

many

years. cells in

a

(C

It s

been many years since

(D

He

doesn't like rain.

(A

He needs to do

it

rained.

lab.

(B) (C)

The lecture was long and boring. The professor divided the lecture

13.

(D)

The

questions.

into

(B

parts.

biologist tried to sell the results

of the experiment.

a better job writing

He

certainly

must make

his writing

better.

(C

Without the questions, he cannot write the answers.

7.

(A)

She needs

(B)

Two

to get a driver's license.

pieces of identification are

(D

He needs

to

understand the written

questions better.

necessary. (C)

The man should check needs

(D)

to see

if

he

credit.

A credit card can be used to get a driver's license.

GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE^ LISTENING

Inlnlnlnlnlnlnl The agent was standing

in line with

She'd like some pie. It's easy to buy it. The task the man's working on

20.

his passport.

The

line to get

new passports

is

very

long.

The

difficult.

woman must wait her turn to get

It's

her passport checked. He can check her passport instead of the agent.

He

He

21.

B

couldn't finish closing the library

hadn't finished the library

assignment, but he was close.

All the lawyer's

D

is

doing.

reported that the time for the

budget meeting had been set. He is always late in submitting his accounting figures. He never manages to budget his time

He

is

never too late in turning in his

reports.

The repairs

22.

B

preparation did no

good. The lawyer prepared nothing for the

mechanic had indicated were already made. The car is going to need a lot of that the

repairs.

Buying a new car would be quite expensive.

case.

D

wasn't work for the lawyer to prepare for the case. The lawyer didn't work to prepare for It

the case.

The history in next

The mechanic extended the repair warranty.

23.

Betty wrote the letter as directed. The directions were given to Betty in a letter. Betty will follow the instructions later. Betty worked exactly as instructed.

24.

Walter had a lack of success with his

class begins next week.

He thinks the papers should be turned He has

man

do what

well.

He was working on the assignment when the library closed. His homework was incomplete because the library wasn't open.

easier to prepare pie than

the

book.

He

isn't

week.

already done the paper for

next week. The papers are not due next week.

business.

Walter failed in business. He's not really happy.

The

contractor's

Walter's

work was

rather

work with the

He should put the organ

25.

The

already contacted about the

work.

The man should

doing rather

Walter hoped to succeed in business.

contractor himself.

He was

is

well.

satisfactory.

He would

new company

closet has already

in the closet.

been

organized. try

He needs to rearrange the closet. He wishes the closet were closer.

another type of

paper.

The man should locate a typist tomorrow morning. The man should make a tape in the morning. The man should complete the paper without help.

She didn't do the work. She gave the assignment her best

26.

effort.

D

She finished the assignment even though it was difficult. She gave the man a signal.

GOÔNJOjriENEn^GE^ DIAGNOSTIC PRE-TEST

(Paper)

5

lDlDlnlnlnlnlnl (A)

(B) (C)

(D) (A)

She said some terrible things. She didn't say anything nice. She didn't have any nice things. She said really wonderful things.

29.

(B)

The woman is more than a week late. The children would have wrecked the house

New employees are rarely initiated company. New workers don't generally undertake actions on their own. New employees are initially rated. It's rare for employees to make new

(A)

later.

woman was

(C)

The

(D)

wreck. He's glad that she was not any

so late that she

was a

later.

into the

(B) (C)

(D)

suggestions.

30.

(C)

He had not gone to the store. He was still at the market. He was going to take care of the

(D)

shopping. He always went to the market.

(A)

(B)

goônYojhe'nextpage^ LISTENING

Part B Directions; In this part of the test, you will hear longer conversations. After each conversation, you will hear several questions. The conversations and questions will not be repeated. After you hear a question, read the four possible answers in your test answer. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the question

corresponds to the

letter of the

answer you have chosen.

Remember, you are not allowed 31

32.

to take notes or write in

your

35

(A)

Tn a

From

(A) v/v (B) V-*-*/

She's a iunior

(B)

(C)

She's a transfer student.

(C)

CD)

She's a graduate student.

(D)

(A)

(B)

How to transfer to a junior college How to find his way around campus

(C)

What

(D)

,

36.

a television program During a trip that she took From a lecture

communicate with other dolphins

(A)

Five

recognize objects in the water learn human language express fear

(A)

Three

(B)

Fifteen

(B)

Five

(C)

Fifty

(C)

Eight

(D)

Five hundred

(D)

Ten (A)

It is

limited.

(B)

It is

greater than

(C)

It is less

(D)

We

38. 34.

hook

Who won the campus election 37.

33.

book.

(D)

(C)

major

test

To To To To

(A)

(B)

courses are required for a

literature

book and choose the best and fill in the space that

American literature (B) World literature (A)

(C)

Literary analysis

(D)

Surveying

human

intelligence.

than previously thought. are beginning to learn how much

they have.

GOJDN JOJHE NEXT^PAGE^

DIAGNOSTIC PRE-TEST

(Paper)

Inlnlnlnlnlnlnl PartC Directions; In this part of the test, you will hear several talks. After each questions. The talks and questions will not be repeated. After you hear a question, read the four possible answers in your test answer. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the question

corresponds to the

Here

is

letter of the

talk,

you

will

hear some

book and choose the best and fill in the space that

answer you have chosen.

an example.

On the recording, you hear: (narrator)

(man)

an instructor talk to his class about painting. Artist Grant Wood was a guiding force in the school ofpainting known as American regionalist, a style reflecting the distinctive characteristics of art from rural areas of the United States. Wood began drawing animals on the family farm at the age of three, and when he was thirty-eight one of his paintings received a remarkable amount of public notice and acclaim. This painting, called "American Gothic, " is a starkly simple depiction of a serious couple staring directly out at the viewer. Listen to

Now listen to a sample question. (narrator)

Sample Answer

What style of painting


(A)

(B)

is

known

as American regionalist?

®* ®*

Art from America's inner cities Art from the central region of the

United States (C)

Art from various urban areas in the

United States (D)

Art from rural sections of America

The best answer to the question, "What style of painting is known as American "Art from rural sections of America." Therefore, the correct choice is (D).

Now listen to another sample question. (narrator)

What

is

the

®®0(fi)

"American Regionalist" (B) "The Family Farm in Iowa" (C) "American Gothic" (D) "A Serious Couple" (A)

The best answer to the question, "What

is

the

name

"American Gothic." Therefore, the correct choice

Remember, you are not allowed

is (D),

Sample Answer

name of Wood's most successful painting?


regionalist?"

of Wood's

most successful painting?"

is (C).


your test book.

is (C),

Inlnlnlnlnlnlnl 39.

(A)

(B) (C)

(D)

To protect its members To save the natural environment To honor the memory of John Muir To improve San Francisco's natural beauty

45.

(A)

(B) (C)

(D)

For less than a year Only for a decade For more than a century For at least two centuries

(D)

Music

(A)

(A)

(C)

(D)

They are completely different. (B) They are somewhat similar but have an essential difference. (C) They are exactly the same in all

over the world In the entire United States

All

Only Only

in California in the Sierra

Nevadas

respects.

Students signing up for athletic teams Students going on a tour of a

49.

campus

Students playing various sports Students attending a university dedication ceremony

(A)

Membership on an

(B)

Enrollment

(C)

A valid student

(D)

Permission from. a faculty

in

athletic

an exercise

is

8.

9.

10.

SKILLS 2 SKILL 2 SKILLS 2 SKILL 2 SKILL 4 SKILLS 2 SKILL 2 SKILLS 2 SKILL 6 SKILLS 2

and 3

STOP

will see

stop

which 11.

13. 14. 15.

and 3

16. 17.

and 3

18. 19.

and 5

(A)

Objective

(B)

Idealistic

(C)

Philosophical

(D)

Environmental

(A)

Heredity

(B)

Environment

(C)

Idealism Natural laws

(D)

STOP

stop]

[stop

[stop

questions that you answered incorrectly or were not sure

12.

and 3

They are unrelated.

member

number of each of the

of in Part A. Then, you

7.

class

(D)

the end of the Listening Diagnostic Pre-Test.

STOP

Circle the

team

identification card

This

room game

(A)

50.

6.

Science Literature

university

5.

(A)

football

(C)

(B)

4.

Watch a

the Art Center

All fifty states

(D)

3.

(D)

the Athletic Department office

(B)

(C)

2.

Visit the exercise

gymnasium

Art

(B)

1.

(C)

the

(B)

48.

44.

Sign up for sports classes

the arena

San Francisco

The Sierra Nevadas (D) The eastern United States

43.

(B)

the tennis courts

(A)

(C)

42.

Go to

(C)

47. 41.

(A)

(B)

46. 40.

(D)

To To To To

(A)

20.

skills

you should be sure

SKILL 11 SKILL 7 SKILL 2 SKILL 6 SKILLS 2 and SKILL 2 SKILL 12 SKILL 7 SKILL 12 SKILL 17

to review.

21. 22.

23. 24.

7

25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30.

SKILLS 7 and 16 SKILLS 2 and 3 SKILLS 2 and 17 SKILL 8 SKILLS 2, 3, and 14 SKILL 16 SKILL 10 SKILLS 3 and 9 SKILL 15 SKILL 13

DIAGNOSTIC PRE-TEST

(Paper)

9

LISTENING DIAGNOSTIC PRE-TES' (Computer)

A Longman Complete Course for the TOEFL^ Test

nfxl

When finished

leading

Listening

directions click on the

30 questions

icon below

Dismiss The Listening section

measures the English. While you

of the test

conversations and talks

in

ability to

understand

Directions

are listening, pictures of the

speakers or other information will be presented on your computer screen. There are two parts to the Listening section, with special directions for each part.

Click on Dismiss Directions to continue

rem Answer

10

LISTENING

1

A.

333

Longman Comple te Courao for tho TOEFL* Tost

1

nool

When finished

Question Directions - Part

reading

A

detections click on tho

icon below

Dismiss In

Part

A of the

Listening section, you

some

will

hear short conversations between

each person speaks only once. other conversations, one or both people speak more than once. Each conversation is followed by one question about it.

two people.

In

of the conversations,

Directions In

has four answer choices. You should click on the best answer to each question. Answer the questions on the basis of what is stated or implied by the speakers.

Each question

in

this part

After you click on Next and Confirm

Answer, the next question

will

be

presented Click on Dismiss Directions to continue.

Exit

II Time

DIAGNOSTIC PRE-TEST (Computer)

1

What does

CD CD CD CD

Listening

The key was on top of the clock. It was lucky that he got the key. The key was at his feet.

woman say about Professor Nash?

He speaks

clearly.

loudly.

He's very soft-spoken.

She

didn't

the

speak to him.

man mean?

He parked the car to buy the tickets. He left the car where he shouldn't have. He got a speeding ticket. He didn't park the car.

What does

CD CD CD

the

She can see him very

What does

CD CD CD CD

man mean?

the

He was given the wrong key.

What does

CD CD CD CD

woman mean?

She is too scared to try it. She would like another opportunity. Her time is very scarce. She has gone skiing for the last time.

What does

CD CD CD CD

the

the

man say about Sally?

She prepared him for what he was going to do She was unprepared for what she had to do. She probably didn't spend much time on her presentation.

CD

12

LISTENING

She was

really

ready for her presentation.

Listening

6.

What does

CD CD CD CD

8.

man mean? He'd like the woman to repeat herself. The woman should talk to a physician. He shares the woman's opinion. What the woman said was unimportant.

What does

CD CD CD CD

woman mean?

The tuition increase was unexpected. She was prepared for the tuition increase. She doesn't believe that fees were increased. She believes that tuition will not go up.

What does

CD CD CD CD

the

the

the

woman say about the employees?

Some of them are lying down. Some of them will lose their positions. Some of them are choosing part-time jobs. Some of them laid their newspapers down.

What did the woman

CD CD CD CD

10.

That the That the

man had been in class man didn't have the notes

That she didn't need the notes That the lecture had been canceled

What does

CD CD CD CD

believe?

the

man mean?

He really enjoyed the conference. He'll

be able to go to the conference.

He couldn't attend the conference. He heard everything at the conference.


A Longman C ompl ete Course for the TOEFL® Tost

PrTTeSHÎHHHI

ILi&enlrra Dfaonostic ~— -M-^M

When finished

reading

Question Directions - Part B

directions

on the icon below

click In

Part

and

B

of the Listening section,

Each conversation

talks.

you

or talk

conversations, talks, and questions

will

is

will

hear several longer conversations

followed by several questions. The not be repeated.

Directions

The conversations and talks are about a variety of topics. You do not need special knowledge of the topics to answer the questions. Rather, you should answer each question on the basis of what is stated or implied by the speakers

in

the conversations or talks.

For most of the questions, you will need to click on the best of four possible answers. Some questions will have special directions. The special directions will

appear

in

a box on the

computer screen.



presented. Click on Dismiss Directions to continue

Exit

14

||

LISTENING

Tune

Dismiss

will

be

Questions 11-12 1 1

.

What happened to

CD CD CD CD 12.

Carl?

He made the football team. His arm was in a cast. He got lost in the stadium. He hurt his leg.

How did Carl break his leg?

CD CD CD CD

He was playing football. He was on a ski trip. He had an accident at a sporting event. He tripped over some crutches.

Questions 13-15 13.

What do

CD CD CD CD 14.

15.

the students have to prepare?

A series of questions A psychological self-evaluation A theoretical model A psychology exam

How many people must respond to the questionnaire?

O O O O

5

15

50 150

What does the man NOT want to do?

CD CD CD CD

Prepare the questionnaire

Get the questionnaire answered Analyze the data Write the report


15

Questions 16-20 Listen to a discussion about a history course. The discussion

16

LISTENING

is

on the Outer Banks.

16.

What are

CD CD CD CD

the students doing?

19.

list

Drawing maps Planning a

stated about the inhabitants of the

is

Lost Colony?

Preparing for a presentation

Reviewing a

What

of study questions

on 2 answers.

Click

for a project

trip to the

Outer Banks

I

I

I~l

They came from England. They disappeared a decade

after their

arrival.

17.

I

I

I

I

They were never found. They were eventually found.

With what places are these people associated? Click on a

word or

phrase.

Then

click

on the empty box in the correct column. Use each word or phrase only once.

Blackbeard

Wright Brothers

Colonists

Roanoke

Ocracoke

Kitty

Island

Island

Hawk

When did

Lost

20.

How long was the longest flight that the Wright Brothers took on December

3,

1903?

CD CD CD CD

12 seconds

59 seconds 12 minutes

59 minutes

these people live?

on a word or phrase. Then click on the empty box in the correct column. Use each word or phrase only once. ^ Click

Blackbeard

sixteenth

century

Wright Brothers

Colonists

eighteenth century

twentieth century

Lost


17

Questions 21-25 Listen to a lecture in a zoology class.

18

LISTENING

The professor is

talking about hibernation.

9

What is NOT mentioned by the professor as a way that various types of animals prepare

24.

What happens to body temperature and heart rate during hibernation?

for the cold weather? Click

CZ) CZ> CZ) CZ)

22.

Some head to southern climates. Some increase their activity. Some hibernate, at least partially. Some build warmer dens or nests.

What

is

[~~l

Body temperature Body temperature

increases.

decreases.

[~~l

Heart rate increases.

[~~l

Heart rate decreases.

NOT stated in the lecture about

Groundhog Day? CZ)

on 2 answers.

It is

25.

Click

March. determines whether or not winter

It is

CD

It

first

from

hibernation?

based on folklore about the

groundhog.

CZ)

What part of the bear wakes up on the correct

letter.

in

is

over.

CZ)

It

requires observation of whether or

not a groundhog returns to

its

burrow.

23.

Which

of the following

is

NOT a good

hibernator? Click

on a drawing.


1

Questions 26-30 Listen to a lecture in a science class.

The

professor

Listening

is

talking about Three-Mile Island.

Listening !

o wafer-cooling

Science Three-Mi!e Island

20

LISTENING

system

1

26.

What do the

initials

PWR stand for?

29.

What errors

did the operators

make?

CZ) They thought that there was too much

Potential water resource Potential water reactor

water.

They thought

Pressurized water resource

Pressurized water reactor

that the water

was too

cold.

C3

They thought that there was too

little

water.

They thought that the water was too hot. 27.

How many PWRs are there on Three-Mile Island?

O C3

One Two 30.

Three

The professor explains a

series of events.

Put the events in the order in which they

CZ) Four

occurred.

on a sentence. Then click on the it belongs. Use each sentence one time only.

Click

space where

28.

What does

the lecturer say about the

PWRs The cooling water was shut

during the accident?

A partial meltdown occurred.

There were no problems with the

PWRs. There was a problem with only one the PWRs.

C3

Instruments were misread. of

The cooling valve stuck open.

PWR

There were problems with one

off.

1

after another.

C3

2

There were problems in more than

one

PWR at the same time. 3

4

number of each of the questions on the test that you answered incorrectly were unsure of. Then you will see which skills you should be sure to focus on. Circle the

1.

2.

3.

4. 5. 6. 7.

8.

9.

10.

SKILL SKILL SKILL SKILL SKILL SKILL SKILL SKILL SKILL SKILL

2

11.

3

12.

7

13.

5

14.

10

15.

8

16.

11

17.

16

18.

13

19.

14

20.


28 28 28

21.

28 28 30

24.

29

27.

29 30 30

28.

22. 23.

25. 26.

29. 30.


or

33 33 34 33 34 33 33 33 33

32


2

LISTENING Listening

is

TOEFL test.

tested in the

first

section


test

and the computer

number of different types of listening passages, each The paper and the computer listening sections are sim-

This section consists of a

followed by one or

more

questions.

the following ways:

ilar in

• •

some of the passages some of the language

The paper and

skills

the computer listening sections are different in the following ways:

•

some of the passages some of the language skills

•

the use of visuals

•

the

•

the

•

the control of time between questions

•

the procedures

•

number of questions amount of time

LISTENING

and strategies

ON THE PAPER TOEFL® TEST

On the paper TOEFL test, the first section is called Listening Comprehension. This section consists of fifty questions

(though some

tests

may be

longer) You will listen to recorded .

and respond to multiple-choice questions about the material. You must listen carefully because you will hear the recording one time only and the material on the recordmaterials

ing

is

not written in your

test

book.

*

1.

Short Dialogues are two-line dialogues between two speakers, each followed by a multiple-choice question. You will listen to each short dialogue and question on the recording and then choose the best answer to each question from the four choices in your test book. The 30 short dialogues and 30 questions about them make up Part A of the paper

2.

TOEFL test.

Long Conversations

are 60-90 second conversations

casual topics between stu-

You will listen to each long conversation and each of the questions that accompany it on the recording and then choose the best answer to each question from the four choices in your test book. The two conversations and the seven to nine questions that accompany them make up Part B of the paper TOEFL test. Talks are 60-90 second talks about school life or on academic subjects, each followed by a number of multiple-choice questions. You will listen to each lecture and each of the questions that accompany it on the recording and then choose the best answer to each question from the four choices in your test book. The three lectures and the 11-13 questions that accompany them make up Part C of the paper dents, each followed by a

3.

number of

on

TOEFL test.

multiple-choice questions.

SHORT DIALOGUES

(Paper and Computer)

GENERAL STRATEGIES FOR LISTENING COMPREHENSION (Paper TOEFL® Test) |§§

1

.

Be so

familiar with the directions. The directions on every paper TOEFL test are the same, not necessary to spend time reading the directions carefully

it is

You should be completely 2.

3.

on the recording because you

will

fully

on what the speakers are

hear the recording one time only.

Know where the easier and the more difficult questions are generally found. Within each part of the Listening Comprehension section on the paper generally progress from easy to

4.

Be

familiar with the pacing of the test. You have

for the next question

1

1

2 seconds and then be prepared

on the recording.

Never leave any answers blank on your answer sheet.

Use any remaining time to look ahead follow.

When

you

the questions

2 seconds between each question on

correct response, you should answer each question. There 6.

test,

difficult.

the recording, so you must answer each question within

5.

take the test.

familiar with the directions before the day of the test.

Listen carefully to the passages. You should concentrate saying

when you

finish

is

Even

if

you are not sure of the

no penalty for

guessing.

at the answers to the questions that

with one question, you may have time to look ahead at the answers

to the next question.

LISTENING

ON THE COMPUTERTOEFL®TEST

computer TOEFL test, the first section is called the Listening section. This section consists of 30-50 questions. In this section, you will listen to recorded material, look at visual cues, and respond to various types of questions about the material. You must listen carefully because you will hear the recorded material one time only and the recorded material does not appear on the computer screen. Four types of passages may appear in the Listening section of the computer TOEFL test:

On

the

1.

Short Dialogues consist of two- to four-line dialogues between two speakers. Each dialogue is accompanied by a context-setting visual and is followed by one multiplechoice question. You will listen to each short dialogue as you see a context-setting visual on the screen. Then you will listen to a question as you see the question and four answer choices on the screen. The 11-17 short dialogues and questions about

them make up Part A on the computer TOEFL 2.

test.

Casual Conversations consist of five- to seven-line conversations on casual topics between students. Each conversation is accompanied by a context-setting visual and is followed by two or three multiple-choice questions. You will listen to each casual conversation as you see a context-setting visual

on the

screen.

Then you

will listen

each question as you see the question and the four answer choices on the screen. The two to four conversations and the questions that accompany them are found in to

Part

B on

the computer

TOEFL test.

23

24

LISTENING

3.

4.

Part

Academic Discussions consist of 120-150 second discussions on academic topics by two to five speakers. Each discussion is accompanied by a number of context-setting and content visuals and is followed by three to six questions of varying types. You will listen to each academic discussion as you see a series of context-setting and content visuals on the screen. Then you will listen to each question as you see the various types of questions and answers on the screen. The one or two academic discussions and the questions that accompany them are found in Part B on the computer TOEFL test. Academic Lectures consist of 120-150 second lectures on academic topics by university professors. Each lecture is accompanied by a number of context-setting and content visuals and is followed by three to six questions of varying types. You will listen to each academic lecture as you see a series of context-setting and content visuals on the screen. Then you will listen to each question as you see the various types of questions and answers on the screen. The two to four academic lectures and the questions that accompany them are found in Part B on the computer TOEFL test.

A on

the computer

TOEFL

test consists

B

of only short dialogues, while Part

consists

of a mixture of casual conversations, academic discussions, and academic lectures. The Listening section of the computer TOEFL test is computer adaptive. This means that the difficulty of the questions that you see is determined by how well you answer the questions. will

The

section begins with a medium-level question,

get easier or harder depending

and the questions

on whether or not you answer the questions

that follow correctly.

GENERAL STRATEGIES FORTHE LISTENING SECTION (Computer TOEFL® Test)

Be

familiar with the directions. The directions on every computer TOEFL test are the

same, so test.

Be

fl|

not necessary to spend time reading the directions carefully when you take the

it is

You should be completely


computer

adaptivity. This section of the computer TOEFL test

familiar with

adaptive. This

means that you

questions

increase or decrease depending

will

will start

with a medium-level question, and the

is

difficulty

on whether or not your answers are

of the

correct.

Set the volume carefully before you start the Listening section. You have the opportunity to choose the volume that you would like before you start the section. Dismiss the directions as soon as they come up. The time starts when the directions come up. You should already be familiar with the directions, so you can click on IDjsmisslD.iiiectionl as soon as it appears and save all your time for the questions. 5.

Listen carefully to the spoken material. You only.

6.

will

hear the spoken material one time

You may not repeat the spoken material during the

Use the material,

test.

you focus on the context. As you listen to the spoken visual materials on the screen. The visual information may help you

visuals to help

you

will

see

to

understand the context for the spoken material as well as the content of the spoken material as 7.

you

listen.

Pace yourself between questions. You control when the spoken may take as much time as you need between questions.

material

is

played.You

SHORT DIALOGUES

8.

Think carefully about a question before you answer question later

9.

1

1

.

still

2.

test.

computer screen when you have selected an answer.

change your mind at

on

this

point and click on a different answer.

fireiffg

Do not spend too much time on

a question you are unsure of. know the answer to a question, simply guess and go on. The computer

Be very

into a level of questions that

careful not to

answer, the computer will

make

careless mistakes.

move you

3.

If

you

will

truly

do not

automatically

you can answer. If

you carelessly choose an incorrect

to an easier level of questions. You will have to waste

time working your way back to the appropriate 1

it.

and then click on B^^^^^^^^ to record your answer. After you click on the Confirm Answer button, you cannot go back and change your answer. A new question will appear, and you may not return to a previous question. Click

move you 1

the

You may not return to a You only have one opportunity to answer a given question.

Click on an answer on the

You may 10.

in


Monitor the time carefully on the

title

indicates the time remaining in the Listening

level of questions.

bar of the computer screen. The title bar section, the total number of questions in the

section, and the current number. 14.

Do

not randomly guess at the end of the section to complete all the questions the section before time is up. In a computer adaptive section such as the Listening section, random guessing to complete the section will only lower your score.

in

SHORT DIALOGUES (PAPER TOEFL® TEST

AND COMPUTER TOEFL® TEST)

Short dialogues appear on both the paper

Though

TOEFL

shprt dialogues are slightly different in

same language

skills.

The paper and computer

ffl

and the computer TOEFL test. format on the two tests, they both test the test

short dialogues are similar in the following

ways:

language

•

the

•

the type of question used

•

the

skills tested

number ofpeople talking

The paper and computer

short dialogues are different in the following ways:

number of lines of dialogue

•

the possible

•

the use of context-setting visuals to

•

the control of the timing between questions

•

the presentation of the question

JH

accompany

the dialogues

LISTENING

SHORT DIALOGUES ON THE PAPERTOEFL®TEST Short dialogues are found in Part A in the Listening Comprehension section of the paper TOEFL test. For each of the 30 short dialogues in this part of the test, you will hear a twoline dialogue between two speakers followed by a multiple-choice question. After you listen to the dialogue and the question, you must choose the best answer to the question from your test book. Look at an example of a short dialogue from the paper TOEFL test.

Example from the Paper TOEFL Test

On

the recording, you hear:

(man) (woman)

I'll

(narrator)

What

This physics course couldn 't be any harder. say!

woman mean ?

does the


(C)

She has something to say to the man. She doesn't think the physics course is hard. She agrees with the man.

(D)

She'd

(A) (B)

In the dialogue,

like to discuss the physics course.

when

man just said. Answer

woman

the (C)

is

showing that she therefore the best answer to this question. says Fll say, she

is

agrees with

what the

PROCEDURES FORTHE SHORT DIALOGUES (Paper TOEFL® Test) (MB

1

.

As you Jisten to each short dialogue, focus on the second The answer to the question

2.

Keep

in

is

generally found

mind that the correct answer

is

in

the second

line of the conversation.

line.

probably a restatement of a key word or

idea in the second line of the dialogue. Think of possible restatements. 3.

Keep

in

mind that certain structures and expressions are tested

short dialogues.

4.

Listen for these structures and expressions:

•

structures (passives, negatives, wishes, conditions)

•

functional expressions (agreement, uncertainty, suggestion, surprise)

•

idiomatic expressions (two-part verbs, three-part verbs, idioms)

Keep

in

regularly in the

mind that these questions generally progress from easy to

means that questions

I

through 5

will

difficult. This

be the easiest and questions 26 through 30

will

be the

hardest. 5.

Read the answers and choose the best answer to each question. Remember to answer each question even answers blank.

if

you are not sure of the correct response. Never leave any

SHORT DIALOGUES

6.

Even

if

you do not understand the complete dialogue, you can

correct answer. • If you only understand a few words or ideas in the second contains a restatement of those words or ideas. • If

you do not understand anything at

all in

the second

line

line,


still

find the

choose the answer that

of the conversation, choose

the answer that sounds the most different from what you heard. •

7.

Never choose an answer because

Be prepared

it

sounds

like

what you heard

for the next question. You have only

1

in

the dialogue.

2 seconds between questions.

SHORT DIALOGUES ON THE COMPUTERTOEFL®TEST Short dialogues appear in Part A of the Listening section of the computer

TOEFL test. For

each of the short dialogues in this part of the test, you will see a context-setting visual as you listen to a two- to four-line dialogue between two speakers. After you see the visual and listen to the dialogue, you will see the question and the four answer choices on the computer screen. You must click

on the best answer choice on the computer at an example of a short dialogue from the computer TOEFL test.

screen.

Now look

Example from the Computer TOEFL® Test You

see

on the computer

screen:

You hear:

(woman)

Do you want

to leave

now for the concert

or wait until later?

(man)

Let's leave now. I'd prefer to get there

a

bit

early.

complete, the question and answer choices appear on the computer screen as the narrator states the question. This question is a regular multiple-choice ques-

After the dialogue tion that asks

is

what the man means.

28

LISTENING

You see on the computer

You

screen:

hear:

What

(narrator)

Listening

does the

man mean?

What does the man mean? He doesn't want to go to the concert.

He would prefer to leave later. He wants to leave the concert early.

CZ^ He wants

to go immediately.

HI In the dialogue, the last

answer

1 .

2.

is

man

says Let's leave now. This

means

the best answer to this question, so you should click

Listen carefully to the short dialogue. You may

they are

talking.

As you

listen

Keep

in

go immediately.

on the

last

answer.

on and where

context-setting visual appears

shows you who

is

talking

is

generally found

in

the

last line

of the dialogue.

is

it

on the screen.

both spoken and written on the computer screen.

mind that the correct answer

is

probably a restatement of a key word or

idea in the last line of the dialogue. Think of possible restatements of the 1

last line

of the

dialogue. 6.

Keep

in

mind that certain structures and expressions are tested

regularly in the

dialogues. Listen for these structures and expressions:

7.

•

structures (passives, negatives, wishes, conditions)

•

functional expressions (agreement, uncertainty, suggestion, surprise)

•

idiomatic expressions (two-part verbs, three-part verbs, idioms)

Even

if

you do not understand the complete dialogue, you can

still

find the

correct answer. you only understand a few words or ideas in the contains a restatement of those words or ideas.

• If

last line,

choose the answer that

you do not understand anything at all in the last line of the conversation, choose the answer that sounds the most different from what you heard. Never choose an answer because it sounds like what you heard in the dialogue.

• If

•

8.


You may

still

The

to the dialogue one time only.

Listen to the question following the short dialogue as you read Each listening question

5.

It

to

to each short dialogue, focus on the last line of the dialogue. The

answer to the question 4.

listen

Use the visual to help you focus on the context. A the screen at the beginning of each short dialogue.

3.

that he wants


change your mind at

this point

and

click

on a

different answer.

.

SHORT DIALOGUES

Click

9.

click

on

on

KBBH Then .

this button,

Be prepared

10.

click

on


jg^^^^^^B^ to record your answer.

After you

you cannot go back and change your answer.

for the next question. After you click on

j^SHg^pfîlil .the

next

question begins automatically.

language skills. The following language skills will help implement these strategies and procedures with the short dialogues on both the

Next, you should

move on

you to paper TOEFL

and the computer

test

to the

TOEFL test.

STRATEGIES Skill

FOCUS ON THE LAST LINE

I :

The short dialogues involve conversations between two people, each followed by a question. It is important to understand that the answer to this type of question is most often (but not always!) found in the last line of the conversation.

Example from the Paper and Computer TOEFL® Tests

On


(man)

Billy really

(woman)

Yes,

(narrator)

What

In your test

made a

he forgot

to

does the

big mistake this time.

turn in his research paper.

woman say

book or on the computer

was the

time he

made

about Billy ? screen, you read:

a mistake.

(A)

It

(B)

He forgot to write his paper. He turned in the paper in the wrong place. He didn't remember to submit his assignment.

(C)

(D)

first

The last line of this dialogue indicates that Billy forgot to turn in his research paper, and means that he didn remember to submit it. The best answer is therefore answer (D) The following chart outlines the most important strategy for the short dialogues:

this

't

STRATEGY # 1

.

2.

The

last line

3.

worry because

it

last line in

If

you understand

that's

it,

good.

If

you don't understand

it,

probably does not contain the answer.

Be ready to focus on the the

FOCUS ON THE LAST LINE

of the dialogue probably contains the answer to the question.

Listen to the first line of the dialogue.

don't

I :

last line

of the dialogue because

it

your mind as you read through the answers

probably contains the answer. Repeat

in

the text.

LISTENING

EXERCISE question,

1:

In this exercise, you should focus on the

and then choose the

last line

best answer to that question.

of the dialogue, read the

Remember

that

you can prob-

ably answer the question easily with only the last line.

1.

Can you

(man)

matinee

tell

is

or western

2.

me

if today

a comedy, romance,

(B)

She has strong ideas about movies. She prefers comedies over westerns and romances.

?

(woman)

I have no idea.

(narrator)

What

(woman)

Was anyone

does the

(C)

woman mean ?

at

home

at

(D)

Barb 's

house when you went there

(man)

(A)

's

(A) (B)

to

She doesn't like today's matinee. She does not know. Barb answered the bell. The house was probably empty.

deliver the package?

(C)

I rang the

(D)

The bell wasn't in the house. The house doesn't have a bell.

(A)

It's

but no one

bell,

answered.

3.

man

(narrator)

What does

(woman)

You just got back from the

the

imply ?

interview.

interview for the internship.

How do you (man)

I think

it's

think

it

went ?

(B)

highly unlikely that I

What

does the

(C)

man

1:

(a;

(B

(C (D (a;

(B

He had an

He is leaving now. He has to go' out of his way. He will not be leaving soon. He will do it his own way.

5.

excellent interview.

and question

You should focus

care-

(A)

Her

(B)

She thought the lecture was great. The class was boring. She didn't want to watch Professor

(C)

(D)

eyes hurt.

Martin.

locked the door. tried unsuccessfully to get into

6.

(A) (B)

He was able to open the door. He left the house without locking

(C)

7.

(C (D

She especially likes the roast turkey. She'd prefer a different dinner.

(A

He'll be busy with her

(A) (B)

(C)

(B

He

(C (D

He's sorry he can't ever help her. He'll help her with her physics.

can't help her tonight.

said

on the phone was

back quickly. She'll definitely be back by 4:00. She'll give it back by 4:00. She'll call

She'll try to return fast.

homework

tonight.

What she

bills.

not credible. He used a credit card to pay some of the bills.

She doesn't like to listen to turkeys. She thinks the dinner sounds special.

Not all the bills have been paid. They don't have enough credit to pay the

the door.

(A (B

interview was apparently quite

I.

the house.

(C (D

The

best answer to the question.

NOW BEGIN THE RECORDING AT TOEFL EXERCISE

He He

recommended for a

In this exercise, listen carefully to each short dialogue

on the recording, and then choose the fully on the last line.

n

thinks he'll be

unsuccessful.

suggest ?

(D)

TOEFL EXERCISE

He

high-level job.

got the job.

(narrator)

unlikely that he'll go to the

8.

(C)

She hasn't seen Tim. Tim was there only for a moment. Tim was around a short time ago.

(D)

Tim will

(A) (B)

return in a minute.

.

1

SHORT DIALOGUES

(B)

She doesn't like the place he chose. She doesn't want to get into the car.

(C)

She's glad the spot

(D)

They can't park the car

(A)

Skill 2:

10.

reserved.

is

there.


(A)

There's plenty to

(B)

(C)

The refrigerator's broken. The food isn't in the refrigerator.

(D)

He's not sure

if

eat.

there's

enough.

CHOOSE ANSWERS WITH SYNONYMS an answer that contains synonyms (words meanings but different sounds) for key words in the conversation.

Often the correct answer in a short dialogue with similar

is


On the recording, you hear: Why

(woman) (man)

She just started working in a real

(narrator)

What

In your test (A) (B)

(C)

(D)

is

Barbara feeling so happy ?

man say

does the

about Barbara?


screen,

She always liked her work in real She began a new job. She just bought some real estate. She bought a real estate agency.

In this dialogue, the key

word

estate agency.

started

you read:

estate.

means

began,

and the key word working refers

to job.

The best answer to this question is therefore answer (B) The following chart outlines a very important strategy for short dialogues:

STRATEGY #2: CHOOSE ANSWERS WITH SYNONYMS 1 .

2.

As you If

listen

to the

last line

of the dialogue, focus on key

you see any synonyms for key words

in

words

in

that

line.

a particular answer, then you have probably found the "

correct answer.

EXERCISE

2:

•

,

In this exercise, underline key words in the last line of each short dialogue.

Then underline synonyms

words in the answers, and choose the best answer to each question. Remember that the best answer is probably the answer that contains synonyms for the key words in the last line of the dialogue. 1

.

(woman)

Did you

for these key

see the

manager about

the job in the bookstore?

(man)

Yes,

and I also had

to Jill

out

What

does the

He

(B)

The bookstore was not accepting

an

got a job as bookstore manager.

applications.

He

(C)

application.

(narrator)

(A)

man mean ?

saw a book about

how to

apply for

jobs. t

(D)

It

was necessary to complete a form.

3

c

LISTENING

(man)

We're planning to leave for the trip ai

^

f ^ r\i 1
WUlll
Îl
aooui

dlUI

WFnnt VVflLll

)

mun

z. uu.

7 i\D IKU/UK 1 0f1 1 ) o

Wt

\ '?

finos lilt tno 7/1/1 yyi fi >i // \? Y U/Uto WUlllU/ll Hon,

(woman)

The audience applauded for a

1

111716

QJ16T

(A)

TDfill-TcrcitiPf]'^ UJCVL ICVCIUCU,.

Irie

f

14-

i

vv

uy

t

C

11 11 is

TVif

Oct \ a possiDie 10 go uy j~\

r

4"

1

rr/^

r"\T 7

= Q f tVlf^Xf Liicy r*Qn'l" c
icdvc

r*i"llllri l# Q\7# LUUIU ICdVC =fc

=fc

1

i

•fill z.uu J

f\f\ iiuuii T~\

trip* L11C T*i"n"lT"TI 1

nprfnrmanrp wpnt an

fciv a

1

<~»n or

time.

p6TJ0V7flu7lC6.

1

nere was applause inrougnout tne

f\£>^ vrlo csjx) LlUULLv lA/nsjf twi£> Jii/iiw si T) VVtl'U/V n LVU f/Ctl tlUoo It otly nnfxiit

J

noon

they could leave at

If

It tLllCy Vl P*17 11

.

Win fhp VU/LVC/l rnYi rpxt rrCtoc IflC

mQ trtrl ^ll
a)

}~iO if\ YD >) r\ r\ >i UtIUlt ILUUIL.

( 11 1
iOTig

(A)

UCl 1U1 llldllCC

(C)

the concert?

The people clapped on and on

after the

concert.

(D)

The audience waited

for a long time for

the concert to begin.

TOEFL EXERCISE 2:

and question


on the recording, and then choose the best answer synonyms for key words in the last line.

to the question.

You should look

for

NOW BEGIN THE RECORDING AT TOEFL EXERCISE 2. (A

The

final

exam was harder than

the

6.

(A

The firefighters saved for

others.

(B

There were two exams rather than

(B

He

thought the exam would be

(D

The exam was not very difficult.

(A

He's not feeling very well. He's rather sick of working. He's feeling better today than

(C

7.

(C

The homes on

(D

burned. The houses weren't destroyed.

(A

There's enough soup.

(B

The

(C

She thinks the soup's too salty. The man should add more salt and

(D

yesterday.

(D

He'd

really rather

not answer the 8.

(B

(C (D

(A

The company was founded about It

was just established that he could go into business.

(C

He

is

business only lasted a year.

did not look at the right

(D

He had to wait for the plane

to land.

(B

She'd rather go running. She doesn't want to go into the

(D

change clothes quickly and go swimming. She needs a sweatsuit to go She'll

running.

fees.

a scholar at a college with low

He

(A

It

(B

earned a lot of money. This was the last year that

paid to get a scholarship.

profited from previous mistakes.

It

it

would

a profit.

(D

It

(A

Chuck's bank account has too

(B

much money in it. He thinks Chuck has

was not so successful.

the

wrong

kind of bank account.

pool.

(C

is

make

10.

(A

used his fortune to pay his

(D

(C

(C

He He

fees.

well-established.

The plane landed in the right place. The plane arrived on time.

receive a grant for

his studies.

(B

family

spices are adequate.

He was lucky to

a

schedule.

(B

(A

year ago.

The The

the hillside were

pepper.

question.

(A

last.

night.

easier.

(B

homes

A firefighter saved the hillside last

one.

(C

the

(C

He thinks that Chuck is on home from the bank.

(D

There

isn't

his

enough money in

Chuck's account.

way

.

SHORT DIALOGUES


AVOID SIMILAR SOUNDS

Skill 3:

Often the incorrect answers in the short dialogues are answers that contain words with similar sounds but very different meanings from what you hear on the recording. You should definitely avoid these answers.


On


Mark come

(man)

Why

(woman)

He was searching for a new apartment. What does the woman say about Mark ?

(narrator)

In your test

couldn't


with us?

screen,

you read:

He was in the department office. He was looking for a place to live. He was working on his research project. He had an appointment at church.

(A) (B)

(C)

(D)

The key words

in the last line of the dialogue are searching

and

apartment. In answers (C)

and (D), the words research and church sound like search, so these answers are incorrect. In answers (A) and (D), the words department and appointment sound like apartment, so these answers are incorrect.

The

best answer

is

therefore answer (B)

The following chart outlines a very important

strategy for the short dialogues:

STRATEGY #3: AVOID SIMILAR SOUNDS .

Identify

key words

2.

Identify

words

1

in

in

the

last line

of the dialogue.

the answers that contain similar sounds, and do not choose these answers.

Appendix A there are drills to practice distinguishing similar sounds. You may want to complete these practice drills before trying the following exercises.

NOTE:

EXERCISE

3:

In

In this exercise, underline key words in the

Then underline words with sounds

last line

of each short dialogue.

words in the answers, and choose the best answer to each question. Remember that the best answer is probably the answer that does not contain words with sounds that are similar to the sounds of the key words in similar to these key

the last line of the dialogue.

1

.

(woman )

/ heard that Sally just moved into

a new, big house near

the

beach.

(man)

But

(narrator)

What

Sally doesn

does the

't

have a cent!

man mean ?

no sense of responsibility.

(A)

Sally has

(B)

Sally sent

(C)

Sally

her friend to the house. has no money.

(D)

Sally

is

on the

set with her.

33

LISTENING

2.

wanted?

(B)

They locked the map in a car. They looked many times in the

(man)

No, they lacked the money.

(C)

It

(narrator)

What

(woman)

Did

they get the

does the

new car they

(A)

man mean ?

cost a lot of money

leaked (D)

Have you finished packing yet ?

(A)

(woman)

You should

(B)

call the porter to get

(C)

the suitcases.

(narrator)

What

does the

woman mean ? (D)

TOEFL EXERCISE 3:

They didn't have enough money

to

buy

car.

important to pack the suitcases. They need help carrying their bags. The man should pack his suit in case he needs it. It's

The

suitcases are quite portable.


on the recording, and then choose the

the car

oil.

another

(man)

when

car.


and question

You should be

careful

to avoid answers with similar sounds.

NOW BEGIN THE RECORDING AT TOEFL EXERCISE 3. (A (B

She has

The

to wait for

waiter

is

some

cash.

6.

bringing a glass of

(A

Twenty pairs of shoes are on

(B

The shoe

water.

dollars

(C

The lawn

(D

She needs

(A (B (C

The sweater's the wrong size. The man's feet aren't sweating. The sweater makes the man seem

is

(C

too dry.

to

watch out for a crash.

(D

The sweet girl doesn't feel

(A

He

7.

(A (B

right.

has been regularly using a

Tom

tended to dislike biology lab. Attendance wasn't necessary at

(C

Tom went to biology lab.

(D

There was a tendency

He communicates with a Boston

8.

He regularly goes to communities

(D

around Boston. He has been traveling back and forth to Boston.

(C

(C

by noon. He's expecting the before noon.

(D

The

9.

(A

ought

to

melt

be delivered

at

The weather will probably get

number of

(B

didn't like most of the lesson.

(C

worse later. The newspaper headlines described a bad storm. There was news about a headstrong

(D

man. He had a new bed.

(A

If she

(B

If

couldn't learn the lesson.

learned a massive

(D

He

(A

Some

(C (D

letters

ice to

12:00.

details.

(B

The meal will be served at noon. The males should be driven there

thought the lesson didn't

matter.

He He

(A (B

(C

to require

biology lab.

company.

(B

pears.

twenty dollars.

computer.

He

on

biology lab.

(D

(A

salesclerk spent twenty

The shoes cost twenty dollars. The shoes could be repaired for

fat.

(B

sale.

animals started the first fire. Animals are killed by forest fires. In the first frost, animals die. Frost can kill animals.

10.

could do the grocery shopping

she prefers cooked vegetables or salad

(C

If

she could help prepare the salad

(D

If

she minds shopping for vegetables

SHORT DIALOGUES

TOEFL EXERCISE



(Skills 1-3):

and question on the recording, and then choose the best answer to the question.

NOW BEGIN THE

RECORDING AT TOEFL EXERCISE

(SKILLS 1-3

He would like some iced coffee. He wants to stop drinking coffee.

(A

A drink seems like

(B

A program to develop new

(C

managers will commence soon. The new management program is

a

good

idea.

drink something to stop his coughing.

very weak.

She would prefer a sunny day The park is too crowded. She would like a place that is not so loud.

(D

8.

(A (B

(C

(D

fire started to attack

to get to sleep.

9.

The

firefighter stared at the

The

fire

probably began at the top

The

firefighter started to attack the

He

assured the

change. to

10.

close to

an

They were stranded in their car. Most of the people have been in line for hours.

D

They made a

A

The

line in the sand.

instructor

is

selecting several

passages.

The conductor

is fair

to the

passengers. collector

is

conducting

his business.

D

The

riders are paying for the train

trip.

truth.

(D

aware of what happened. He soon will know the truth.

(A

The

art professor

is

not one of his

(B

His drawings were amazing.

(C

The

catches that he

hour.

The stamp

he

fans.

The wait has taken

B

that

(C

him.

c

woman

He is sure that it isn't new. He thought that the woman was

(B

hasn't heard anything about the

The changes are believable. What has happened is incredible

(A

knew the

the requirements.

B

the

fire.

The department is not changing

He

letter.

of the building.

keep the cost

something

monotonous

be maintained to

attacker.

open an account. take a ride on a ship.

try

The

will

building.

old.

try to

The program the

She cannot walk because she's too

should should should cheap. He should

take the train to

the program.

He needs to

He He He

The managers will

made were

fantastic.

(D)

His sketches showed a fantasy world.

.

36

LISTENING

WHO, WHAT, WHERE Skill 4:

DRAW CONCLUSIONS ABOUT WHO, WHAT, WHERE

common

It is

in the short dialogues to ask

type of question the answer

you

draw some kind of conclusion. In this instead you must draw a conclusion based to

not clearly stated; on clues given in the dialogue. One kind of conclusion that is common in this part of the test is to ask you to determine who the speaker is, based on clues given in the dialogue. is


On


(woman) (man)

Can you

(narrator)

Who


(C)

(D)

The

5B

clues

me what assignments I missed when I was You missed one homework assignment and a quiz. is

tell

the

absent from your class ?

man?


screen, you read:

A newspaper editor A police officer A teacher A student

class,

homework,

and

quiz in the dialogue tell

you that the

man is probably a

Answer (C) is therefore the correct answer. Another type of conclusion that is common in the short dialogues will probably happen next, based on clues given in the dialogue.

is

to

teacher.

determine what

Example from the Paper and Computer TOEFL® Tests *

On


(woman) (man)

Are you going to read those books here in the

(narrator)

What

In your test

/ think I'd rather check them out now and take them home. will the

man probably


(B)

down in the library Look for some more books

(C)

Return the books

(D)

Go

(A)

library ?

do next?

screen, you read:

Sit

to the shelves

to the circulation desk

The man mentions

and

he would like to check them out now. Since the circulation desk is where you go to check books out from a library, the man will probably go to the circulation desk next. The correct answer is therefore answer (D) books

says that

SHORT DIALOGUES

A final

type of conclusion that

is

common

the conversation probably takes place, based

in the short dialogues

on

is


to

determine where

clues given in the conversation.


On


(woman)

Are you going into

(man)

/ think I need

(narrator)

Where does


(C)

(D)

The

to

the water, or are you just

put on some suntan

lie

there

on

the

sand ?

lotion.

probably take place?

this conversation


going to

screen, you read:

At a beauty salon At the beach In a sandbox At an outdoor restaurant

and suntan lotion in the dialogue tell you that this dialogue probably takes place at the beach. Answer (B) is therefore the correct answer. The following chart outlines the key point that you should remember about this type of clues water, sand,

question:

CONCLUSIONS ABOUT WHO, WHAT, WHERE It is

common

for you to be asked to I.

•

EXERCISE 4:

WHO

is

draw one of the following conclusions

in

the short dialogues:

probably talking?

2.

WHAT will sfhe probably do next?

3;

WHERE does the dialogue probably take place?

and question, underline the clues that help you answer the question, and then choose the best answer. You will have to draw conclusions about who, what, and where. In this exercise, read each short dialogue

(man)

I'd like to deposit this check in

(A) (B)

(woman)

my account, please. Would you like any cash back ?

A store clerk A bank teller

(C)

An

(narrator)

Who

woman ?

(D)

A waitress

(woman)

Have you

(A)

Earn

is

the

deposited your

paycheck yet?

(man)

No, but that's next on my

list

(narrator)

What next?

will the

(B)

paycheck Write a check for a deposit on an apartment

(C)

Go

(D)

Make

of

errands.

man probably do

accountant

his

to a

a

bank list

of errands to run

LISTENING

3.

(man)

Did you get the bread, and milk? Now we need to stand

(woman)

eggs,

in line at

Where does

In a restaurant

(B)

At a bakery On a farm In a market

(C)

(D)

the checkout counter.

(narrator)

(A)

this conversation

probably take place ?

TOEFL EXERCISE 4:

In this exercise, listen carefully to each short dialogue and question

on the recording and then choose the conclusions about who, what and where.


You

will

have to draw

NOW BEGIN THE RECORDING AT TOEFL EXERCISE 4. A

In a photography studio

(a;

On a playground

B C

In a biology laboratory

(B

In a parking lot

In an office

D

In the library

(C (D

At a zoo In a photo studio

A

(a;

Respond

(B

D

He's a pilot. He's a flight attendant. He's a member of the ground crew. He works clearing land.

Put the letters in a file Create a pending file File the answers she received to the

A

Wash

B C

Use

B C

letters

the dishes immediately

as

Wash

(C (D

many dishes

as possible

to the mail

8.

the dishes for as long as

possible

(A

In an airplane

(B

In a police car

(C (D

In a theater

At a fireworks exhibit

D

Wait until

A

In a

bank

(A

Take care of Bob

B C

In a restaurant

(B

At a service station

(C

Bob to dinner Let Bob know that they accept his

D

In a beauty salon

A

A salesclerk in a shoe store A shoe repairperson A party caterer A salesclerk in a fixtures

B C

D

later to clean

department

up

Invite

invitation

(D 10.

(a;

(B

(C (D

Respond

to the

woman's question

A pharmacist A dentist A teacher A business manager

.

SHORT DIALOGUES

Skill 5:

LISTEN FOR

WHO AND WHAT IN


PASSIVES

sometimes difficult to understand who or what is doing the action in a passive sentence. This problem is often tested in the short dialogues. It is


On


(man)

Did

Sally

(woman)

Yes,

she did. She got a

(narrator)

What

(B)

(C)

(D)

does the

bank

woman

this

morning?

new checking account. imply ?

you read:

screen,

wrote several checks. Sally wanted to check up on the bank. A new checking account was opened. Sally checked on the balance in her account. Sally

In this dialogue, the

means

to the


In your test (A)

go

woman

uses the active statement She got a new checking account, which

that Sally opened a checking account.

The

correct answer uses the passive structure that

a new checking account was opened to express the same idea. Therefore, the best answer to the

answer (C) You should note the following about passive sentences in the short dialogues:

question above

is

PASSIVE 1.

If

STATEMENTS

the dialogue contains a passive statement, the answer to the question

is

often an active

is

often a passive

statement. 2.

If

the dialogue contains an active statement, the answer to the question

statement.

NOTE: Check

EXERCISE 5:

carefully

who or what

is

doing the action

in

these questions.

In this exercise each of the correct answers

is

either a passive restatement of

an active sentence or an active restatement of a passive sentence. Read each short dialogue and underline the key active or passive statement. Then read the question and choose the best answer to the question. Be careful about who and what with these passives.

1.

(woman) (man)

(A)

Alice's education has paid off.

Alice needs to pay her tuition

(B)

today.

(C)

be paid. Alice has already paid her fees. Alice has already received the money.

But her

tuition has already been

paid.

(narrator)

What does

the

man

imply ?

(D)

Alice's tuition

needs

to

LISTENING

tt

/

,

7

•

7

(man)

Have you been taking good c« re o/ me www f

(woman)

/ watered

(narrator)

What

it

(A)

only this morning.

does the

(B)

woman mean ?

She drank some water on the lawn this morning. She waited for him on the lawn this morning. 1 he lawn has already been watered

r

(C)

11111

i ii

1

today.

(man)

(woman) (narrator)

(D)

She wanted a new lawn

Did you hear the news about the child who was lost in the park ? Yes, and I heard that she was

(A)

Someone

(B)

She heard about the new park from the

just found!

(C)

What

does the

TOEFL EXERCISE 5:

woman mean ?

located the

this

girl.

child.

(D)

The The

child

found her

lost pet.

child was the last

one



morning.

in the park.

and question

You should be


particu-

of passives.

larly careful

NOW BEGIN THE RECORDING AT TOEFL EXERCISE 5. 1.

(A) (B)

A

on the corner If the man would like to go to the If

the restaurant

is

B

She was broke from skiing. She went skiing in spite of her

restaurant

2.

accident.

If

(D)

If vegetarian

(A)

He

food can be obtained

fall.

The law school accepted him

A'

The road

would be a student

It

that he

He would

C

in the fall

3.

(A)

D

fall

(C)

A

Mark's plants were cared for in his

B

Mark's plan was to be out of town. Mark was careful about his plans

C

for the out-of-town trip.

(D)

She was careful while Mark was

D

gone. 4.

(A)

The

lights in the trees

were

destroyed in the storm. (C)

The storm damaged the trees. The falling trees destroyed a store.

(D)

In the light the destruction of the

(B)

the horses took was long

was hard to find the hidden

The

riders

worked the horses too

storm could be seen.

It

was hard for people to ride the horses for long.

semester.

absence. (B)

in the

much.

be admitted to law

school after the

skis

skiing trip.

houses.

semester.

(D)

on a

and hard.

B

The law professor admitted

leg was hurt

were broken mountains.

as a

student. (C)

D

Her Her

admitted that he wanted to go

to law school in the

(B)

C

the vegetables are fresh

(C)

8.

A'

He didn't want the coffee that the woman ordered. He wasn't sure if the woman wanted coffee. He assumed the woman had ordered coffee. He was unaware that coffee had already been ordered.

The

car was in the left parking lot

at the airport.

B

The friends parked

their car at the

airport.

C

The

airport couldn't hold a lot of

cars.

D

There were a

lot

of the parking

of cars to the lot.

left

1

SHORT DIALOGUES

The students pointed at Mac. Mac was present when the other students made the appointment. The class representative suggested Mac to the other students. Mac was chosen by his classmates to

(A) (B)

(C)

(D)

(A)

10.


After the earthquake, the

insurance

company came out

to

inspect the damage. (B)

The insurance company insisted that the building be repaired to

meet earthquake

represent them.

(C)

(D)

safety standards.

The inhabitants paid their premiums after the earthquake. The insurance company paid for the earthquake damage.

Skill 6:

When

LISTEN FOR

there

is

the answers to

WHO AND WHAT WITH MULTIPLE NOUNS

more than one noun in a sentence confuse which noun does what.

in the short dialogues,

it is

common

for


On


(man)

(woman) (narrator)

Do you know who is in the band now? / heard that Mara replaced Robert in the band. What does the woman say about the band?

In your test book or on the computer screen, you read: (A) (B)

(C)

(D)

Robert became a new member of the band. Robert took Mara's place in the band. Mara didn'tjiave a place in the band. Mara took Robert's place in the band.

woman's response to the man's question, she talks about two people {Mara and Robert) and these two people are confused in the answers. Because Mara replaced Robert, this means that Mara took Robert's place m the band. The best answer is therefore answer (D). In the

,

The

following chart outlines the key point that you should

remember about

questions

with multiple nouns:

WHO AND WHATWITH MULTIPLE NOUNS When

there are multiple nouns

does what.

in

a sentence,

It is

common

for the answers to confuse which

noun

4

LISTENING

EXfeRCISE 6: In this exercise, underline the confusing nouns in each short dialogue. Then, read the question and choose the best answer to that question. Remember to think very carefully about

Why

(man)

who is

is

doing what.

Bill not at

work

(A)

this

His doctor made him take a week

(narrator)

(B)

some time

The doctor

told Bill

he wasn't too weak

to work.

off.

What

to take

off from work.

week?

(woman)

The doctor decided

woman mean ?

does the

(C)

(D)

was mad when the doctor took some time off. Bill took a vacation on his doctor's Bill

orders

Why

(man)

this

(woman)

Paul going back home summer? is

He's returning

to

(narrator)

What

does the

Paul

(B)

Paul's sister

is

returning from Vermont

is

to get married.

Vermont for

his sister's wedding.

getting married this summer.

(A)

be there when married this summer.

(C)

Paul

(D)

Paul's sister

woman mean ?

will

coming

is

his sister gets

to his

wedding

in

Vermont.

(man)

Did you hear that John 's uncle

(A)

Yes,

and John was named

(B)

beneficiary in his uncle's will.

(narrator)

his

uncle died.

died ?

(woman)

John received an inheritance when

What does

the

woman mean ?

It's

a benefit that John's

name

same as his uncle's. (C) John knows that his uncle

will

is

the

come

to

the benefit.

(D) John's uncle gave

him a

beneficial

name.

TOEFL EXERCISE 6:


on the recording, and then choose the best answer larly careful

of who

is

and question

You should be

to the question.

particu-

doing what.


(A) (B)

The passenger waited at the corner. The passenger looked for a taxi at

3.

The cab

(B)

(C)

The passenger cornered

(A)

It

was hard for her to hear Jane

last

Jane gave a harp recital last night. (C) Jane was playing hard while she was

baby-sitter

made

4.

The

(A)

The man taught

(B)

the

bed

after

baby-sitter did

not stay up

his son

late.

about

last

The boy is receiving

the ball from

his dad.

(C)

hurt.

Jane.

The

early.

football.

(B)

She played the harp

bed quite

children were forced to go to

(D)

night.

(D)

to

the children got up.

the

waiting taxi driver. 2.

The

bed

driver waited for the

passenger.

(D)

The baby sister went early.

the corner. (C)

(A)

The

ball

is

being tossed into the

air

by the boy.

night for (D)

The man

is

the sun.

playing with the ball in

SHORT DIALOGUES

5.

(A)

The

students were told to go listen

8.

(A)

The The

students were given directions

The professor was

directed to the

(A)

(D

more

The manager went

to the supply

9.

room. (B)

(C)

(D)

7.

(A)

The The

on the

floor.

went to the supply room at the manager's request. The clerk backed into the manager in the supply room.

The

(A (B

clerk set supplies

(C

clerk

librarian was quite reserved

10.

Within two days the librarian had the books for the students. The librarian reserved the books

(C)

The

defendant from the murderer. The judge said that the defendant was a criminal.

The defense couldn't make a judgment about the criminal.

(A

The woman should announce names of the committee

(B

the

He

is

thankful to be appointed to

the committee.

(C

students put the books

The judge defended the murderer. The judge tried to protect the

members.

for the students.

(D)

year.

(D

with the students for two days. (B)

for

chairman after one year. Tony became chairman for one

lecture hall. 6.

Tony

(C

(B

to the lecture.

(D)

that

another year. The chairman elected the board. The board decided Tony could be

professor attended that

evening's lecture. (C)

The chairman decided

would serve on the board

to the speaker.

(B)


on hold

He

is

sure about the time of the

appointment with the committee.

for two days.

(D

The woman

will serve

on the

committee.

TOEFL EXERCISE

(Skills 4-6):


and question on the recording, and then choose the best answer

to the question.

NOW BEGIN THE RECORDING AT TOEFL EXERCISE (SKILLS 4-6). 1.

2.

(A)

In a department store

(B)

In a stationery store

(B)

(C)

(C)

(D)

At the post office At the airport

A delivery man A famous chef A clerk in a fast-food restaurant

(D)

An

(A)

The teacher gave

(A)

They need new print for the

4.

the students a

5.

(A)

hand. (B)

(C)

additional copies.

The term papers were turned in. The students got the papers from

(B)

(C)

The teacher handed

the papers to

(A)

Mark's (B)

Mark checked

he had

(A) (B)

service

(C)

station attendant.

(D)

Mark wrote oil.

Additional copies are needed

The The

professor bought two books. students had to purchase two

books.

his car.

Mark checked with the

needed for the

oil in 6.

to see if

Printers are

immediately. the

car.

enough oil in (C)

(D)

The attendant checked

if

additional copies.

the students. 3.

They can make extra copies necessary.

the office. (D)

airline steward

a check to pay for the

The

students sold two books to the

professor.

(D)

The

students were required to read

two books by the professor.

LISTENING

(A)

The doctor returned

to the office.

(B)

Jim asked the doctor

to

come

(A)

to the

(B)

The doctor will not return

Go

(A) (B)

(C)

(D)

Sue took her place

as class

president.

until

next week. (D) Jim was told to come back. 8.

new class

the

president.

office.

(C)

Mary became

(C)

In place of Mary, Sue

became

senior class president.

(D)

work in the lab Sample the work from the lab Have the samples delivered Send a note to the lab

The

to

senior class president replaced

Sue and Mary. 10.

(A)

The panel was analyzed on

the

program. committee evaluated recent television

(B)

A

political events.

(C)

The program

featured a

psychoanalyst.

(D)

The panel

discussed the television

program.


(Skills 1-6):

In this exercise, listen carefully to each short

dialogue and question on the recording, and then choose the best answer to the question.

n

NOW BEGIN THE RECORDING AT TOEFL REVIEW EXERCISE (SKILLS He seemed

6.

(D)

be rather hungry. She was quite angry at him. He was trying to hang the posters. She believes he was mad.

(A)

The

7.

(A) (B)

(C)

to

parents are going to stay

up

(B)

The parents have

given

Lately, the parents

(A)

Buying the bigger container

(B)

Putting the milk in the cart

(C)

(D)

Taking a carton that is smaller Getting the milk tomorrow instead

(A)

The

(C)

Hannah

her allowance. (C)

(D)

The car stalled on the road. Someone took the car. Rob sold his car. Rob heard someone steal his

(A) (B)

late.

have not been 8.

so loud.

(D)

Hannah does not have

to

go

to

1-6).

receptionist

car.

welcomed the

businesspeople.

bed (B)

The man created

a shipping

and

early.

receiving business.

(C)

At a department store At a service station At a collection agency

(D)

In a delivery

(A)

She just broke some eggs. They need to eat fast. She is serious about the boat. He has a choice to make.

(A) (B)

(B)

(C)

(D) (A) (B)

(C)

(C)

The businesspeople were greedy.

(D)

The businesspeople greeted

room

the

receptionist. 9.

(A)

The

police officer was stationed

near the (B)

(C)

was urgent that Ellen do her best. He really urged Ellen to do more. He was encouraged by Ellen to try

tourist.

The tourist was forced to accompany the police officer. The tourist became mad at the

It

police station.

(D)

The

Ellen told to

do

him

better.

that she was trying

tourist stated that the police

officer never

harder.

(D)

rather

10.

(A)

He

(B)

It

(C)

He

(D)

It

came.

hasn't seen her ideas.

was a terrible deal. doesn't like the idea.

sounds magnificent to him.

SHORT DIALOGUES


NEGATIVES Skill

7:

LISTEN FOR NEGATIVE EXPRESSIONS

Negative expressions are very

common

and the most common kind statement containing a word with

in the short dialogues,

of correct response to a negative statement

is

a positive

an opposite meaning.


On


(man)

How did they get to

(woman)

They didn 't drive slowly on the

(narrator)

What does

In your test

the

their grandmother's

woman

trip to

house in

Maine

in only jive hours'?

Maine.

say about the trip?


screen,

you read:

They drove rather quickly. (B) They couldn't have driven more slowly. (C) They wanted to travel slowly to Maine. (D) They didn't drive to Maine. (A)

The

answer (A). If they didn't drive slowly to Maine, this means that they drove rather quickly. Notice that the correct answer uses quickly, the opposite of slowly. The answers that use slowly are not correct. The following chart outlines the types of negative expressions that you should be carecorrect answer

is

ful of:

TYPES OF NEGATIVE EXPRESSIONS

Regular negative: not or

Other

Tom

n't

nothing, never

(man)

The

un-, in-, dis-

insane

insane.

the question

and choose the best answer

is

one

/ can 't seem

That isn 't

What does

=

not sane

last line

=

late

lazy

=

crazy

of each short dia-

to that question.

Remember

that uses an opposite meaning.

to get the

door

(A) (B)

(C) the

woman mean ?

The key in the drawer is on the right. The man should write the message on the door.

the right key for the

door.

(narrator)

never works hard

underline the negative in the

unlocked.

(woman)

was

= happy

nobody ...on time =

time.

works hard.

patient

not sad

this exercise,

that the best answer

.

not sad about the results.

Sal never

EXERCISE 7: In logue. Then read

1

is

Nobody arrived on

negatives: nobody, none,

Negative prefixes:

Correct Answer

Example

Expression

(D)

The man has the wrong key. The right key isn't in the drawer.

LISTENING

Q.

(man)

Were you pleased with

last

week 's convention ?

(woman)

Nothing went as planned.

(narrator)

What does

the

(A)

The convention was

(B)

She didn't plan

disorganized.

to attend the

convention.

woman mean ?

(C)

(D)

She planned the convention last week. She wasn't pleased with the last week of the convention.

(woman)

Are you planning to go

to college

next year?

(man)

I'm

(narrator)

What

really

(B)

unsure about the

does the

TOEFL EXERCISE 7:

(A)

idea.

man mean ?

(C)

(D)

He He

definitely wants to is

go

to college.

certain about his plans.

He's hesitant about attending college. His idea is to go to college.




You should be

particu-

of negative expressions.

larly careful

NOW BEGIN THE RECORDING AT TOEFL EXERCISE 7.

(B)

She is very busy. She has lots of free time.

(C)

It is

(A)

6.

(B)

not necessary to take out the (C)

do

(D)

She

will

(A)

The

interview

(B)

He

(D)

it if

she has time.

is

(D)

very important.

worried about the interview. What he's wearing to the interview is important. He is not concerned about the is

7.

(A) (B)

(C)

(D)

He

(B)

His attendance was perfect. He went to all the lectures but one. He missed more than one psychology class.

(C)

(D)

(A)

has almost

all

They passed the

the notes.

The

8.

opens

at 6:00 in the

The

library closes at 6:00.

(D)

You

can't check out

more than

six

Water the plants once a

(B)

Give the plants

(C)

Water the plants often while the

(D)

He was joking when he told woman to leave. He left with the woman.

the

It's

(D)

They aren't even

(A)

impossible to finish. close to finishing

She doesn't mind an hour more. She'd rather stay more than an

no more water.

It's

(D)

She prefers to

(A)

The

(B)

(C)

gone.

amount of

better to stay than go.

(C)

day.

Give the plants a limited water.

to

(C)

summer.

(A)

is

wanted the woman

(B)

(B)

10.

man

seriously

hour.

(C)

in the

told his kids to leave.

The project will take all their effort. They have no other work to do.

(A)

summer.

books

He He

the project. 9.

library

She thought the service was bad. Neither the food nor the service was satisfying.

library at

6:00.

(B)

the

go.

interview.

(A)

The service satisfied her. The food was worse than service.

trash.

(C)

(A)

(D)

leave.

service at the hotel wasn't too

good. This hotel gave excellent service. The service at the hotel could have been improved. This hotel's service was the same as the service at other hotels.

SHORT DIALOGUES

LISTEN FOR DOUBLE NEGATIVE EXPRESSIONS

Skill 8:

possible for two negative ideas to appear in

It is


one sentence, and the

result

can be quite

confusing.


On


(man)

/ can 't believe the news that I heard about the concert.

(woman)

Well,

(narrator)

What

In your test

isn't impossible for the concert to take place.

does the

woman

say about the concert"?


screen,

you read:

(A)

There's no possibility that the concert

(B)

The concert will definitely not The concert might take place. The concert can't take place.

(C)

(D)

The

it

correct answer to this question

will take place.

take place.

answer (C).

is

If it isn't impossible tor the

concert to take

and the modal might indicates possibility. The following chart outlines the situations where double negatives can occur:

place,

then

it is

possible,

DOUBLE NEGATIVES

negative

word

He

(e.g., not, no,

none) and a negative prefix (e.g.,

two

Meaning

Example

Situation

did not like unclean office

didn't like the unclean

=

office.

liked clean office

ins un-, dis-)

negative verbs

It isn't

snowing, so they aren't

going to the mountains.

neither

or not...

Sue

either

didn't like

if it

the movie, and

would go were snowing

implies that they

both did not

like

the movie

neither did Mark.

EXERCISE 8: In this exercise, underline the two negatives in the last line of each short dialogue. Then read the question and choose the best answer to that question. Remember that two negatives can make the sentence positive. 1.

(man)

Paula, you worked so hard setting

(woman)

up

the field trip.

(B)

she has done.

I hope no one 's unhappy with the arrangements.

(narrator)

(A)

(C)

What does Paula mean ?

she's unhappy.

(D) the field.

LISTENING

(woman )

How was your history exam

(man)

/ didn 't study enough, so I

(B)

didn 7 do

(C)

What

(narrator)

3.

(man)

(A)

\

well.

does the

He studied a lot and passed. He failed in spite of his effort. He got a good grade even though he

man mean ?

Were your friends able

didn't study.

to get

(D)

His grade was poor because of inadequate preparation.

(A)

Although Mark couldn't get both

tickets for the concert?

(woman)

tickets,

Mark couldn H get tickets for the concert, and neither could Paul. What does the woman mean ?

(narrator)

(B)

(C)

to

Mark

tried to get tickets, but Paul didn't.

and question the question. You should be particu-


on the recording, and then choose the larly careful

Both were unable to obtain tickets. Neither Mark nor Paul wanted to go the concert.

(D)

TOEFL EXERCISE 8:

Paul did.

best answer to

of double negatives.

NOW BEGIN THE RECORDING AT TOEFL EXERCISE 8. (a;

He'll definitely be elected.

(B

The

(c (D

She has high hopes for It may happen.

(A (C

Both parts of his game were bad. He served better than he volleyed. Some parts of his game were better

(D

than others. He played rather

(A

It is

(B

election

is

(A)

Steve wanted to finish his paper,

(B)

and so did Paul. Both Steve's and Paul's papers were

now complete. his chances.

incomplete. Steve

(D)

When Steve wasn't able

(C (D

(A)

well.

a surprise that he was (B)

He was not ready, as usual. He prepared a really big surprise.

(C)

His strong preparation came as no

(D)

surprise.

(C

She felt good enough to go out. She went out to get some medicine. She felt like dancing, so she went

(D

out with everyone. She stayed home because she was

(A (B

sick.

(A (B

(C

(D

She has problems that others aren't aware of. Others aren't aware of her problems. She knows she's been a problem. She doesn't have a care in the world.

to finish his

paper, Paul couldn't help.

prepared. (B

and Paul were busy doing their term papers.

(C)

8.

It

wasn't George's responsibility to

pay the bill. Bill was irresponsible about paying George's rent. George acted carelessly by not taking care of the bill. George took responsibility for the unpaid bill.

(A)

It's

fortunate that he was accepted.

(B)

It's

good

(C)

Fortunately, the university didn't

(D)

admit him. It's too bad he was rejected.

that

he wasn't admitted.

SHORT DIALOGUES

(A)

9.

The

first

1

essay was better than the

A

10.

second. (B)

The

first

and second

The second

much (D)

A \

(A) (B)

disturbed.

drafts

couldn't be better. (C)

/


(C)

on Roger.

draft of the essay was

better than the

(D)

first.

Both versions were poorly written.

LISTEN FOR "ALMOST NEGATIVE" EXPRESSIONS

Skill 9:

Certain expressions in English have "almost negative" meanings. These expressions are

common

in the short dialogues.


On


(woman) (man)

.

I had barely

(narrator)

In your test

pay the electric enough money.

Were you able

What does

the

man

bill?

imply ?


screen, you read:

He had plenty of money for the bill. He did not have enough money for the He paid the bill but has no money left. He was unable to pay the bill.

(A) (B)

(C)

(D)

In the man's statement, the

word enough

bill.

indicates that there was enough, so

he paid

the bill

enough, so he almost did not have enough and certainly has no money The correct answer is therefore answer (C).

However, left.

to

it

was

barely

The following chart

outlines

common

"almost negative" expressions:

COMMON ALMOST NEGATIVE EXPRESSIONS Meaning almost none

hardly, barely, scarcely, only

almost never

rarely,

EXERCISE

9:

Example

Expression

There

He

seldom

is

hardly any food in the refrigerator.

rarely drives

to work.

In this exercise, underline the "almost negative" expression in the

last line

Then read the question and choose the best answer. Remember one that means that it is true but it is almost not true.

of each short dialogue. that the best

1.

(

man

answer

)

(woman) (narrator)

is

(A)

Mona hasn't worked hard.

the manager's job.

(B)

But she has hardly any work

(C)

experience!

(D)

Mona's experience has been hard. Mona's job as manager is hard. Mona hasn't worked for very long.

/ hear that

What

Mona

does the

Mona?

's

been offered

woman

say about

LISTENING

How much

(woman)

on

(man)

time did

Sam spend

(B)

Sam

(C)

has seldom taken so much

What does

(woman)

Does Steve usually park

the

much

time on

(D)

Sam has rarely worked so hard. Sam took too much time on this paper. Sam should've worked harder on this

man mean ?

(narrator)

usually spends this

his schoolwork.

class ?

paper. (A)

He

there?

(B)

Only once has he parked his car

(C)

He's parked his car there a lot. He only leaves his car there for short periods of time.

(D)

He

(man)

in that „

Sam

paper for economics

his

time on a research paper.

3.

(A)

What

(narrator)

his car

lot.

does the

man mean?

parks his car there once in a while.

left his

on just one

car there

occasion.

TOEFL EXERCISE 9:

on the recording, and then choose the larly careful

and question the question. You should be particu-

In this exercise, listen carefully to each short dialogue best answer to

of "almost negative" expressions.

NOW BEGIN THE RECORDING, AT TOEFL EXERCISE 9. 1.

2.

(A)

There's

(B)

In July

(C)

It

(D)

When

(A)

The

it

rains

rain in July.

little

(B

in July.

rains in July,

it

rains hard.

of the students

is

Betty prefers to take vacations in winter.

(C

university accepted three

None

Betty often takes vacations in winter.

Occasionally Betty works one week

during vacation.

students. (B)

(A

never rains.

hard

it

5.

(D

going to the

A winter vacation is unusual for Betty.

university.

3.

(C)

John was not accepted.

(D)

Two were not admitted.

(A)

Although he did

(B)

(C)

(D)

4.

(A)

pass, Mark's

6.

(A

his

courses.

(C (D

He's an excellent student. He never studies. His books are always open.

(A

He

(B

exam

grade wasn't too good. Mark failed his history exam. The highest grade on the history exam went to Mark. Professor Franks didn't pass Mark on the history exam.

7.

(B

(C

He must wait patiently for Robert.

(C)

Dr. Roberts

(D)

He doesn't mind waiting for Dr.

generally punctual.

exam

in plenty of

He was scared he wouldn't finish. He used every possible minute to finish.

(D

Roberts's office. (B)

finished the

time.

He often has long waits in Dr.

is

He rarely spends time on

He was unable

to

complete the

exam. 8.

(A

This was a very long staff meeting.

(B

This was the only staff meeting in a long time.

(C

The meeting

Roberts.

lasted only until

one

o'clock.

(D

The one

staff

meeting should've

lasted longer.

.

SHORT DIALOGUES

(A)

9.

Meat it's

(B)

He

him when

tastes delicious to

cooked

isn't

sure

10.

if

He He He

broke his arm trying to move it. only hurt the broken arm. only tries to move the broken arm. There's no pain if he rests quietly.

(A) (B)

rare.

the meal

(C)

is

delicious.

(C)

This meat

is

(D)

the best he's tasted in


a long time. (D)

He'd

some meat from

like to eat

this delicatessen.

Skill 10:

LISTEN FOR NEGATIVES WITH COMPARATIVES

Negatives can be used with comparatives in the short dialogues of the tence with a negative

and a comparative has a

TOEFL

superlative, or very strong,

test.

A sen-

meaning.


On


(woman)

What do you

(man)

No

(narrator)

What

one

is

think of the

more

does the

intelligent

man say

She

than she

in

math

class ?

is.

about the new student?


In your test

new student

screen,

you read:

not very smart. He is smarter than she is. Other students are smarter than she is. She is the smartest student in the class.

(A) (B)

(C)

(D)

is

The man responds to the woman's question with the negative No and the comparative more intelligent, and this combination has a superlative meaning, the smartest. The best answer is therefore answer (D)

The following chart

outlines comparisons that you should be careful of when they are

used with negatives:

COMPARATIVES WITH NEGATIVES Example

Comparative more

No one

-er

He

is

more

beautiful than she

couldn't be happ/er.

Meaning is.

She

He

is

is

the most beautiful.

extremely happy.

51

LISTENING

EXERCISE

underline the negative and the comparative in the second line of each short dialogue. Then read the question and choose the best answer to that question. Remember that the best answer is one that expresses a superlative, or very 10: In this exercise,

strong, idea.

Have you gotten

(woman)

over your cold

yet?

(man)

I couldn

t

be jeelmg

any

better

(B)

He felt a lot worse

(C)

He's not feeling too well today. He's a bit better today.

What

(woman)

What did you think of Mike when you first met him ?

(man)

He

does the

today.

Mike was extremely friendly when he met him. Mike could have met him sooner. (B) (C) Mike didn't seem to like him at all. (D) When he met Mike, he didn't have a (A)

couldn 7 have been more

unfriendly.

does the

terrific.

man mean ?

(narrator)

What

He's feeling

(D)

today.

(narrator)

(A)

man mean ?

friend.

(man)

(woman)

Did you see Theresa s grade on the math exam ? It was

(A)

unbelievable!

(C)

No

(D)

one

else

(B)

could have done

Theresa could've gotten a higher grade Anyone could get a good grade. Theresa got the highest grade. A high grade is impossible for anyone.

better.

What

(narrator)

TOEFL EXERCISE tion

does the

10:

woman mean ?



ticularly careful


(C (D

You should be

par-

of comparatives with negatives.

NOW BEGIN THE RECORDING AT TOEFL EXERCISE (A (B

and ques-

She's not very happy.

10.

5.

(A)

The

patient absolutely didn't

need

She didn't do very well on the exam. She could be somewhat happier.

(B)

She's delighted with the results.

(C)

The surgeon

(D)

was necessary. It was essential that the surgery be

(a;

Paula

(B

Paula didn't work very hard

is

always

the surgery.

The

necessity for the surgery was

unquestionable.

lazy.

this

felt that

the operation

performed immediately.

semester.

(C (D

Paula made a strong effort. Paula could have worked harder.

(A (B

The The

(C

She didn't buy much because of

6.

prices were great! prices were too high.

the prices.

(D

The

(a;

(B

She is not very smart. She always tells him everything.

(C

He

(D

She's extremely intelligent.

prices could have

doesn't

been

lower.

know her very well.

7.

(B)

They were not very lucky. No one was hurt.

(C)

The accident was

(D)

She wanted

(A)

Nothing was very

(B)

The exam wasn't at all easy. The exam couldn't have been

(A)

(C)

unfortunate.

to have better luck. difficult.

easier.

(D)

The exam had nothing on it.

difficult

SHORT DIALOGUES

8.

(A) (B)

(C)

She wants that job very much. No one is going to get the job. Everybody else wants that job as

much (D)

She

is

10.

(B)

This math project was extremely complex. This math project was less

(C)

complicated than the last. They seldom complete their math

(A)

as she does.

not sure about taking the

job. 9.

(A) (B)


projects.

Complicated math projects are

(D)

She was second in the race. She was almost the slowest person

often assigned.

in the race.

(C)

(D)

She won the race. She was not faster than anyone else.

TOEFL EXERCISE

(Skills 7-10):



NOW BEGIN THE RECORDING AT TOEFL EXERCISE 1.

(A) (B)

(C)

(D)

She can try a little harder. There is a lot more that she can do. She's doing the best that she can. It is impossible for her to do

(SKILLS

5.

7-

1

(A (B

3.

She's always been late for the bus.

(B)

The bus has always been late. The bus only left on time once.

(D)

Only on this on time.

(A)

There wasn't enough soup

(C

trip

6.

We had so much couldn't finish

(C)

has the bus been

to

go

(B)

It's

(A

Neither

Tim nor

Sylvia

is

taking

modern than Tim does.

even

(B

Sylvia likes

(C

Sylvia doesn't care for anything

7.

(A

Sylvia

art

less

does.

and Tim agree

in their art.

(B

(C

(D

She doesn't want to go there anymore. She really couldn't move there.

in the

They don't do much after lunch. After noon they never work. It's never hard for them to work in the afternoon.

to see the movie.

extremely important to her to

They always work hard afternoon.

8.

hard for him gets warm.

(a;

It's

(B

Whenever

go-

(D)

in.

opinion of modern

Everyone around the table had a

She does want

it

it.

Everyone got one serving of soup, but there wasn't enough for

(A)

(C)

a complete mess, so

The paper was unfinished.

(D

soup that we

lot of soup. 4.

in.

(D

Tim

seconds. (D)

The paper was

it

care of Art.

around. (B)

She handed the paper in on time. She was able to complete the paper,

she didn't turn

(A)

(C)

0).

but she didn't turn

anything. 2.

to the question.

it

gets

to

work when

it

warm, he turns on

the air-conditipner.

(C

The air-conditioner only works when it isn't needed.

(D

He likes when

to use the air-conditioner it is

warm.

LISTENING

(A)

He

(B)

worse before. The results co\ild not have been

did really poorly.

He's

(C)

10.

felt

With so many members present, the committee couldn't reach a decision.

(B)

better.

(D)

(A)

He's not too unhappy with the (C)

results.

The committee should've waited until more members were present. The issue shouldn't have been decided by

the committed

all

members. (D)


(Skills 1-10):

The

decided because so many members were absent. issue wasn't



NOW BEGIN THE RECORDING AT TOEFL REVIEW EXERCISE (SKILLS (A

In a doctor's office

(B

At a bar

(C (D

In a travel agency

(A

She bought some sheets. She got a new piece of clothing. She couldn't find anything because

(B

(C

7.

(A

I

—

1

0)

The waitress was

back

sitting in the

of the restaurant. (B

They were waiting

In a business office

for a seat in the

restaurant.

(C)

The customers had

a table in the

back.

(D)

The waitress

sat

down behind

the

table.

she's too short.

(D

She was sure

(a;

The

to greet

her boss.

8.

all right,

except for (B)

The view from

the hotel

(C)

She would have preferred a better

(D)

Take a nap Try the rest of the work

(A

She's an exacting person.

(B

She can't be expected

(A)

hard.

The man should never be

late for

school. (B)

The man can

always return to

school.

See a doctor

Have a

market

the market. 9.

(A (B (C (D

(C) bite to eat

The man should never go back

to

school.

to give

(D)

She generally forgives others. She isn't exact about what she

If

the man's late to school, he

should go through the back

you

four of them.

door. 10.

(A)

gives

(B) to others.

(C)

(A

its

She hardly ever goes to the market to buy fresh fruit. There was a scarcity of fresh fruit at

Only a few hotels would have been better.

(C (D

to sell

All of the fresh fruit at the

hotel.

(D

hard for the market

is

room was

spectacular.

(C

It's

fruit.

hotel was

the poor view.

(B

(A)

She's unable to take her vacation this year.

(B

Her vacation next week has been

(C (D

postponed. She'll go on vacation next week. She'll return from vacation in a week.

She can't bear to try. She is a daring person. She doesn't want the man even

to

try.

(D)

She

is

challenging the

the effort.

man

to

make

SHORT DIALOGUES


FUNCTIONS Skill

1

1 :

LISTEN FOR EXPRESSIONS OF AGREEMENT

Expressions of agreement are familiar with

common

in the short dialogues, so

you should become

them. The following example shows agreement with a positive statement.


On


(man) (woman)

/ think that the hypothesis So do

I.

(narrator)

What

does the

is

woman mean ?


In your test

She

indefensible.

screen, you read:

(C)

unsure about the hypothesis. The hippopotamus is behind the fence. She thinks that the hypothesis can be defended.

(D)

She agrees with the man.

(A) (B)

is

The expression So do I is an expression that shows agreement with a positive statement, so the woman means that she agrees with the man. The best answer is therefore answer (D). Other expressions are used to show agreement with negative statements.


On


(woman) (

man

/ don 't think that our history teacher is very

)

(narrator)


(C)

(D)

The expression

He He He He

Neither do

I.

What does

the

interesting.

man mean ?

book or on the computer disagrees with the

screen, you read:

woman.

thinks the history teacher

is

interesting.

woman's opinion. doesn't think the woman's idea shares the

is

good.

an expression that shows agreement with a negative statement, so the man shares the woman's opinion. The best answer is therefore answer (C). The following chart lists common expressions that show agreement. You should

become

Neither do I

is

familiar with these expressions:

55

,

LISTENING

EXPRESSIONS OF AGREEMENT Agreement with So do

Me, I'll

Agreement with Negative Statements

Positive Statements

Neither do

1.

too.

1

1.

don't either.

say!

Isn't

it!

You can say that again!

EXERCISE 11: In this exercise, underline the expression of agreement in each short dialogue. Then read the question and choose the best answer to that question. Remember that the best answer 1.

(woman)

one

is

that shows agreement. (A)

These paintings aren't very

fascinating!

(B)

(man)

Aren

(C)

(narrator)

What does

He He He

These paintings are really

't

they!

the

man mean ?

(D)

interesting.

by these paintings. he feels.

isn't fascinated isn't

sure

how

finds these paintings quite

interesting.

2.

(woman)

I don 't really care for the way the

(A)

building was renovated.

(man)

I don 't

(narrator)

What

thinks the building was not

renovated. (B)

either.

does the

He

man mean ?

He

has the same opinion of the building

as the

(C)

He

woman.

doesn't care about the renovation of

the building. (D)

He

suggests being careful in the

renovated building. 3.

(man)

I think that both candidates for

(A)

county supervisor are

(B)

supervisor.

unqualified.

(woman)

Me,

(narrator)

What does

(C)

too.

the

She agrees with the man. She thinks he should become county

woman mean ?

(D)

She thinks the candidates are qualified. She has no opinion about the candidates for county supervisor.

TOEFL EXERCISE tion

11:


on the recording, and then choose the best answer

to the question.

and ques-

You should pay

attention to expressions of agreement.

NOW BEGIN THE RECORDING AT TOEFL EXERCISE (A)

The

(B)

She doesn't think that be a good idea. She would like to take two

(C)

trip

would

much. a trip would

cost too

She would

I

(A)

He would like

to see the elections

town council. agrees that Matt should be

for (B)

He

elected.

trips

rather than one.

(D)

I

(C)

He

thinks the elections should take

place next month.

also like to take a trip.

(D)

He

disagrees with the

woman.

SHORT DIALOGUES

3.

not sure which course she should take. She's not sure if she should take a

She

(A)

(B)

(A

is

(B

She knows that she

not ready for intermediate French. She wants to take neither beginning nor intermediate French.

(D)

4.

(A)

8.

(C)

something foolish. She thinks that the food is the best

(D)

is

pretty

(A)

This party hasn't been any fun at

(B)

He wonders if the woman

He wants to know what she

(D)

He's enjoyed himself tremendously.

(B)

(C)

(D)

not a good idea. She imagines that she would like to have a similar car. She thinks that the man is mistaken about the car. She thinks the man has no

(A

He would like

said.

She condones what happened. She does not like what the man said. She agrees with the man about what happened. She says that she did not do it.

Skill 12:

She agrees that getting the car was

imagination. 10.

(C)

(A)

(A

enjoyed

herself.

6.

(C (D

(D

all.

agrees that the upstairs

She doesn't like this meal too much. This food tastes wonderful to her. She's not sure if she likes it. She can't stand this meal.

(A

(C

bad. 5.

(D

(B

She agrees that the food

many parties.

neighbors are noisy. The loud parties don't bother him.

said

she has ever tasted.

neighbors don't

He

(B

The man should repeat what he

The man

says that the

(C is

said.

(B)

thinks the parties aren't loud.

have

trip to France.

(C)

He He


what she (B

He

the

He

to repeat

said.

thinks that

one semester

enough time (C

woman

is

for the course.

also thinks that the course

should be extended.

(D

He would like

to take the course

two semesters from now.

LISTEN FOR EXPRESSIONS OF UNCERTAINTY AND

SUGGESTION and suggestion are common in the short dialogues, so you should become familiar with them. The following example shows an expression of uncertainty. Expressions of uncertainty


On


(man)

Do you know

(woman)

It 's

(narrator)

What does


(C)

(D)

anything about the final exam in physics ?

going to be rather difficult, isn 't the

it ?

woman mean ?

book or on the computer screen, you

The exam

not going to be too difficult. She 'positive that it's going to be hard. is

She thinks that it might be hard. She has no idea about the exam.

read:

57

.

.

LISTENING

58

The

changes a definite statement into a statement that shows uncertainty, so the best answer is one that expresses uncertainty. The best answer to this question is answer (C) because the words thinks and might express uncertainty.. Other expressions that are common in the short dialogues are expressions of suggestion. tag question isn 't

it


On


(man) (woman)

I'll

to type

Why not do it now? What does the woman

(narrator)

In your test

never have time

my paper tomorrow.

suggest?


screen, you read:

(A)

Finishing the paper today

(B)

Not working on the paper now

(C)

Never typing the paper Taking time out from the paper now

(D)

an expression of suggestion, so the woman suggests doing it now. In this suggestion, the woman is referring to the paper that the man needs to type, so the best answer is answer (A) The following chart lists common expressions that show uncertainty and suggestion:

Why

In this example, the expression

not

is

EXPRESSIONS OF UNCERTAINTY AND SUGGESTION Uncertainty

.

EXERCISE

12:

.

.

isn't

it

Suggestion

Why

(tag)?

As

far as

1

know.

As

far as

1

can

Let's

not...? .

.

tell.

In this exercise, underline the expression of uncertainty or suggestion in

each short dialogue. Then read the question and choose the best answer to that question. Remember that the best answer is one that shows uncertainty or suggestion. 1.

(man)

Do you know what leavingfor the

(woman)

They have o 'clock,

(narrator)

What

time they 're

when

they are

(B)

They are returning from the

(C)

about 4:00. She knows when they are leaving. She doesn't have any idea when they are

they ?

does the

She's not completely sure leaving.

city ?

to leave at four

don 't

(A)

woman mean ?

(D)

city at

leaving.

2.

(woman)

I'm so

thirsty from all this

walking.

(man)

Let's stop

(narrator)

What

and get a

does the

drink.

man suggest ?

They should stop drinking. (B) They should go for a walk. (C) They should walk thirty miles. (D) They should take a break and have a (A)

drink.

SHORT DIALOGUES

3.

(man)

(A)

The exam

3:00 on Thursday ?

(B)

As far as I know. What does the woman mean ?

(C)

She knows that the exam schedule has been changed. She is sure that the exam is set for

Is the

(woman) (narrator)

(Paper and Comput-r)

exam

still

scheduled for

is

far away.

Thursday. (D)

She thinks she knows when the test

TOEFL EXERCISE tion

12:



ticularly careful


He's sure about which chapters

He

6.

knows what the

thinks he

assignment (C

He

has to

tell

The

A

par-

B C

They should go to the hospital. Mary should visit the man. The woman should try not to break

D

her leg. They should go on a

A

She knows where the children

B

The children have

is.

her

how far

she

should go.

(D

You should be

12.

they are to read. (B

and ques-

of expressions of uncertainty and suggestion.

NOW BEGIN THE RECORDING AT TOEFL EXERCISE (A

is.

professor told

them

to read

the chapters after the exam.

Mary.

trip with

are.

finished playing

ball.

(A (B

The man should The man should

C

take the pie out. try

something

children.

D

else.

(C

(D

The man shouldn't try cherry pie. The man should feel sorry.

He knows the movie starts at 8:00. He is not quite sure when the

A B

movie begins. (C

He

(D

been changed. He will start the movie himself at

She believes that the children are in the park.

8.

(A (B

She's going to the park to find the

C

thinks the start of the movie has

D

The man should try to borrow some from a neighbor. The man should take a check to Tom. The man should work on his math assignment with Tom. The man should check behind the door.

8:00.

(A

Not doing the dishes now

A

He

(B

Leaving the house with the dishes Leaving later so that they can do

B

The

(C

the dishes

(D

now

C

Washing the dishes before they

She's told Matt he'll go

in the

approximately fifteen

He knows when

they should pay the

bill.

D

The

bill is

going to be fifteen days

far.

Matt has far from enough talent. She told Matt to roll farther. She believes Matt has the ability for the part.

bill is

bill is

dollars.

leave

(A (B (C (D

due middle of the month. thinks the

late.

10.

A

They should postpone

their

decision until morning.

B

They should go

to sleep in the

new

house.

C

They should not buy such a big house.

D

They should decide where sleep.

to

go

to

60

LISTENING

Skill

LISTEN FOR EMPHATIC EXPRESSIONS OF SURPRISE

3:

1

common

Emphatic expressions of surprise are

become

familiar with them.

When

surprise

is

in the short dialogues, so

expressed,

it

you should

implies that the speaker did not

expect something to be true.


On


(woman) (man)

Did you see Paul driving around Then he DID get a new car. (narrator) What had the man thought? In your test


Paul would definitely get a Mustang.

(B)

Paul did not

(C)

Paul did not like Mustangs.

(D)

Paul would not get a

In this dialogue the emphatic

got a

new

answer

is

The

car. It

means

form

that the

man

Mustang ?

screen, you read:

(A)

know how

1

in his

to drive.

new

car.

he did get

is

used to show the man's surprise that Paul

expected that Paul would not get a new

car, so

the best

answer (D).

following chart outlines various ways to express emphatic surprise:

EXPRESSIONS OF EMPHATIC SURPRISE Emphatic Form

Verb

Example

Then he is here! Then you can go! Then you do play tennis!

emphasis

be

be, with

modal

modal, with emphasis

present tense

do(es),

Meaning

with emphasis

1

1

1

thought he was not here. thought you could not go. thought you did not play

tennis.

Then she did read Then he has gone

with emphasis

past tense

did,

perfect tense

have, with emphasis

it

1

there.

1

thought she had not read

it

thought he had not gone

there.

EXERCISE

13:

short dialogue.

Remember 1.

In this exercise, underline the expression of emphatic surprise in each

Then read

the question and choose the best answer to that question.


(man)

(woman) (narrator)

is

Ijust got 600 on the

one

that shows surprise.

TOEFL

(A)

test!

(B)

Then you did pass. What had the woman assumed?

(C)

(D)

The The The The

man had not passed. man would pass easily. man had already passed. man got the score he was

to get.

expected

SHORT DIALOGUES

(woman)

Would you

like to

go skiing this

weekend ?

(A) (B)

(man)

So you can ski!

(narrator)

What had

the

(man)

Ijust got

man assumed?

(C)

my

(A)

sister.

(B)

(woman)

So the mail has come already.

(C)

(narrator)

What had

TOEFL EXERCISE tion

this letter from

13:

the

The woman was a good skier. The woman was going skiing this weekend.

(D)

3.

woman assumed?

(D)

The woman did not know how to ski. The woman did not intend to go skiing. The The The The

n (a;

(B

(C

(a;

NOW BEGIN THE RECORDING AT TOEFL EXERCISE Greg always comes to parties. Greg would come to the party later. Greg was unable to attend the

J

(A) (B)

(C)

Greg would stay at the party for only a moment.

The woman

always rode her

(D)

l

(A)

(C)

to

(D)

The woman was an expert

(D

motorcycle rider. The woman did not know ride a motorcycle.

,

how

(A)

to

(B)

The man was not a very good cook. The man never invited friends over

his

He had changed apartments. He did not like his new apartment. He was still in his old apartment. He had moved from a house to an The woman did not like desserts. The woman ate sweets regularly. The woman would not share her

(D)

The woman had eaten

his piece of

cake.

The man would never

invite

him 8.

(A)

over for dinner.

The man was an

He would start working on

chocolate cake.

for dinner.

(D

He had been somewhere else. He had been in the library. He had been working on his

apartment.

(C)

(C

par-

project in five hours.

(B)

The woman was not coming

(C

(B

You should be

research project.

school today.

(A

to the question.

13.

motorcycle to school. (B

never wrote to him. mail had not yet arrived. mail always came early. mail had already arrived. sister

of expressions of emphatic surprise.

party.

(D

man's

In this exercise, listen carefully to each short dialogue and ques-


ticularly careful


(B)

excellent cook.

The man was going to study hard. The man already had a driver's license.

(A

The woman had run more than

(D)

three miles.

(B

The woman

always got lots of

exercise.

(C

The woman ran

for three hours in

the morning.

(D

The woman had not gotten much exercise.

(C)

The man would not take the test. The man had already taken the test.

61

LISTENING

9.

She had registered in physics. She would go to physics class later. She had already taken a physics

(A) (B)

(C)

10.

(A) (B)

(C)

The pipes were not clear. The plumber would be late. The plumber had already cleared the pipes.

class.

(D)

She had not enrolled

(D)

in physics.

The

pipes did not need to be

cleared.

TOEFL EXERCISE

(Skills

11-13): In this exercise, listen carefully to each short dialogue


n

NOW BEGIN THE RECORDING AT TOEFL EXERCISE (SKILLS

(B

She plans to talk a lot this month. She has a lot to say about the

(C

phone bill. The bill is high because she has a

(a;

6.

(a:

Bill

(B

was too sick to come to class. Bill was sick of calculus class. Bill had forgotten about the calculus class that morning.

(C (D

(A (B

A B

really

been

to repeat

said.

says that

he would

like to take

He finished all the problems. He doesn't believe what the woman

class is over, too.

He was able

to finish

some of the

problems.

D

Both he and the woman were unsuccessful

on the math

problems.

the paper 8.

The man should go out Monday

The

woman

A'

C

A B

The man had mailed the package. The man had forgotten to go to the post office.

cafeteria was

open

in the

C

The man had

D

woman to mail. The man remembered

given the package to

the

morning. (B

He

the

said.

The man should go out tonight. The man should stay home and

The

He would like

He's happy the

instead.

(A

over

D B

tonight.

(D

it

sick.

Bill

The man should work on

say

the class again.

relax.

(C

He would be glad to

what she

C

She agrees with the man.

had never

11-13).

again.

lot to say.

(D

to the question.

cafeteria did not serve

after

he went

the package

to the post office.

breakfast.

(C

The

breakfast in the cafeteria was

not very

(D

9.

tasty.

The woman never

A

They should

B

The woman should

ate breakfast in

He believes that it is acceptable

(B

park there. The parking lot

is

car.

to

too far from

10.

D

They should go together

A

He wants to know if the muffins

their destination.

taste

He knows that they won't get a

B

He

in his car.

good.

thinks the muffins were

recently prepared.

ticket.

He knows where

not to be

The woman should buy a bigger

(a;

(D

try

afraid.

the cafeteria.

(C

take both cars.

the parking lot

is.

C

The muffins

D

He's sure that the muffins were just

made.

are not really fresh.

SHORT DIALOGUES


(Skills 1-13):




NOW BEGIN THE

RECORDING AT TOEFL REVIEW EXERCISE

(A

Write a message to the

(B

Make some phone

(C

Respond

(D

Get a new phone

(a;

She's not sure

(B

She's

(C

She'll write a

to the

marked

man

(SKILLS 1-13).

(A (B

she's free.

on her

phone

He

couldn't give Paula the

her.

list

over the phone.

installed

(C it

couldn't find Paula's

number, so he didn't call

calls

man's questions

if

He

When he went to

call

couldn't find the

calendar.

(D

check for the

He

Paula, he

list.

couldn't recollect the

that was

on the

number

list.

calendar.

(D

Her calendar says she has meeting

(B

He He

(C

The

(A

to have a

8.

(B

barely rode the bicycle.

(D

He paid for the

(A

She fixed the

(B

Bob made the television work. The woman looked at Bob on

(C

She carried her luggage from the

(D

There were no lockers for her

(A

The woman had taken

bags.

a different

television.

Bob works

(A

He helped her say what she

for the

major.

(B

(C (D

(A

The man should spend more time

(B

on registration. The man should walk more quickly

(C

through registration. The man should send in

The woman was uninformed. The woman needed to see a psychiatrist.

say.

(D

The woman had chosen psychology as a major.

woman.

She was unable to say anything about him. He hasn't helped her very much. What he said was very helpful.

(C

at the train

bicycle.

(D

(B

She stored her luggage

train station to the store.

television.

couldn't

to

station.

enough money. didn't need to be paid

didn't have bicycle

She couldn't take her luggage the store.

at 3:00.

for.

(C

(A

10.

(A (B

(C

(D

She would like the man to repeat what he said. She thinks the exam could have been a little more difficult. She shares the same opinion of the exam as the man. She believes that the exam was easy.

his

registration materials.

(D

The man should

try to avoid

registering next semester.

CONTRARY MEANINGS Skill 14:

LISTEN FOR WISHES

Conversations about wishes can appear in the short dialogues.

remember about wishes

is

The important

that a wish implies that the opposite of the wish

is true.

idea to

63

.

LISTENING


On


(woman)

It

's

too

bad that you have

to stay here

and work during the

school break.

(man)

/ really wish I could go with you and the

(narrator)

What

In your test

does the

Palm Springs.

man mean ?


Maybe he

others to

screen,

you read:

go with the others on the trip. He is unable to go on the trip. He's happy to be going on the trip. He's going on the trip, but not with the others.

(A) (B)

(C)

(D)

man

will

he could go with the others on the trip, so the implied meaning is that he is unable to go. The correct answer is therefore answer (B) The following chart outlines the key points that you should know about wishes: In this dialogue the

wishes that

KEY INFORMATION ABOUT WISHES Example

Point •

An

affirmative

wish implies a

Meaning

1

wish

1

had time to

1

wish

1

did not have time

1

wish he were at

= no time to

help,

help

negative reality. •

A negative wish

implies an

to

= time to

help.

help

affirmative reality.

•

A past tense verb

implies a present

home *

=

is

not at

home

reality.

•A

past perfect tense verb implies a

past

1

= was not

wish he had been at home.

at

home

reality.

* Remember that were

EXERCISE

is

used instead of was in wishes.

I

wish

I

were going.

underline the wish in each short dialogue. Then read the question and choose the best answer to that question. Remember that the best answer is one that implies the opposite of what is said. 1.

14: In this exercise,

(man)

Do you

think we '11 be able to

have the picnic today ?

(woman)

I wish the sky weren H so cloudy.

(narrator)

What

does the

woman mean ?

(A) (B)

(woman)

Did you

enjoy the Thanksgiving

(C)

(A)

dinner?

(B)

(man)

/ wish I hadn 't eaten so much.

(

(narrator)

What

does the

man mean ?

not very cloudy. sky yesterday was cloudier than sky

is

today.

(D)

2.

The The

C) (D)

The The

He He He He

sky

is

too cloudy.

sky

is

rather clear.

didn't eat very

plans

much.

on eating a

thinks he ate too

is

lot.

eating a

much.

lot.

it is

SHORT DIALOGUES

3.

(man)

Are you coming

(A)

to the party

tonight ?

(B)

(woman)

/ wish I could.

(C)

(narrator)

What

TOEFL EXERCISE

does the

14:

woman mean ?

(D)

NOW BEGIN THE RECORDING AT TOEFL EXERCISE (A

The

(B

There are not very many people

is

short.

The

6.

(A)

in

(B

line in front of

them

is

(C

too

Not many people want

to get tickets

to the concert. 7.

(a:

The woman

told

He wanted

the

woman

(C

He was happy to find out about the The woman did not

tell

(C

(D

(C

(A

He was able

(B

(C

(B

(C

(D

is

going

to the theater.

doesn't have

(D

(A (B

cheap

The apartment is cheap because of location.

He arrived early at the auditorium. He got one of the best seats in the auditorium.

(C

He was not early enough

to get a

seat at the front.

10.

(D

He prefers sitting at the back.

(A

He'd

(B

work on his social skills at the game. He wishes he could work on his

(C

term paper for sociology. He can't attend the game because

doesn't want to spend the

money.

to find a

His apartment is too expensive. He doesn't like the apartment's

its

enough money.

isn't afraid to go.

math, but she's taking the algebra course anyway. at

location.

She likes the new requirements. She changed her apartment just

He He He He

good

apartment.

The department did not change

She does not like the changes that the department made.

to take the

She has a good schedule of courses

(A

is

before graduation.

(D

She doesn't need

She's

the requirements.

(B

not her favorite.

(D

him about

9.

(A

is

this semester.

not working too many hours next week. She doesn't have enough hours next week. She is working too many hours next week. She likes working so much.

She

is

that she

algebra course.

8.

(B

The algebra course

to get a

the ticket.

(A

(A (B

ticket.

(D

He had a bet with Harry. taking

ticket.

(C

(D

him about the

ticket.

(B

Harry did not prepare enough for the exam. Harry studied hard for the exam. He has not heard anything about Harry.

long.

(D

You should remember

to the question.

14.

front of them.

(C

She is coming to the party. She might come to the party. She will try to come to the party. She is not coming to the party.


on the recording, and then choose the best answer that a wish implies an opposite meaning.

line


like to

of his schoolwork.

(D

important to him than football this weekend.

Sociology

is

less

65

.

LISTENING

Skill

LISTEN FOR

5:

1

UNTRUE CONDITIONS

Conversations containing conditions can appear in the short dialogues.

remember about conditions

idea to

is

The important

that a condition implies that the opposite of the condi-

tion is true.


On


Do you

(man) (woman)

think that you 'It be able

to

had time, I would go. (narrator) What does the woman say about In your test

go

to the

party ?

If I


the party ?

screen,

you read:

(A)

Maybe

(B)

(C)

She has time, so she'll go. She is going even if she doesn't have time.

(D)

It's

she'll go.

impossible to go.

In this question, the condition If I had time implies that the opposite is true: The woman does not have time for the party, so it's impossible to go. Therefore, the best answer to this

question

The

is

answer (D)

following

box outlines the key points

that

you should know about untrue

conditions:

KEY INFORMATION ABOUT UNTRUE CONDITIONS Example

Point •

An

affirmative condition implies

a negative

If

implies an

If

at

home

=

she weren't at home, she

at

home

could do it

affirmative reality.

•A

= not

she were at home, she

could do it*

reality.

•A' negative condition

Meaning

past tense implies a present

If

1

If

1

had money, would buy 1

it.

= do not have money

reality.

•A

•

past perfect verb implies a

had had money, would

have bought

past

reality.

Had

can be used without

1

did not have

money

=

did not have

money

it

Had 1 had money, would

if.

=

1

have bought it**

*Remember

that were

is

used instead of was in untrue conditions:

**This has the same meaning as inverted.

"If I

had had money

"

would help." the subject and "had" are

"If I were there, I

Note that

.

SHORT DIALOGUES

EXERCISE

15: In this exercise,

the question is

one

that implies the opposite of what

to that question.

is

Remember

said.

She

to eat?

(B)

If the food looked fresh, I would

(C)

eat some.

(D)

to

have something

(A)

is

woman mean?

(narrator)

What

(woman)

The flight must have taken

(A)

It

arrived early.

longer than usual.

(B)

It

was unusually short.

we

(C)

It left

late.

(D)

It

(A) (B)

She really is feeling fine. There is plenty of aspirin medicine cabinet.

If there were some aspirin in the

(C)

It is

medicine cabinet, I would not

(D)

She does not need

does the

Had the flight left on

(man)

time,

would not have arrived so

What

(narrator)

does the

Then read


not going to eat. The food looks fresh. She doesn't like fresh food. She already ate something.

Are you going

(woman)

2.

underline the condition in each short dialogue.

and choose the best answer

(man)


man

on time.

departed

late.

say about

the flight ?

3.

(man)

Are you sure you want out ? You do not seem

to

go

to be

feeling very well.

(woman)

need

(narrator)

to

What

TOEFL EXERCISE tion

go

(B)

(C)

(D)

(B)

(D)

The woman did not need to call him. The woman called to let him know

4.

the

woman

(B)

(C)

(D)

(B)

(C)

(D)

par-

5.

(A) (B)

The man drove rather slowly. The police should not stop the so often.

(C)

(D) _

.

.

(A)

Friday.

The The

letter.

letter arrived last letter

week.

did not need more

She did not put any postage on the

He has a dog. He doesn't pay attention to dogs. He wishes he had a dog. Dogs do not need much attention. They knew they had

to

prepare for

the exam.

She's so happy they don't have to

work on Friday. It would be nice if they could finish their work on Friday. She wonders if the man would be nice enough to come in to work in her place on Friday. It's too bad they must work on

She did not put enough postage on

letter.

6.

(A)

You should be

postage.

called.

The man often drives too quickly. The police do not stop the man too

(A)

the

about the meeting. He's not glad that the woman called. He already knew about the meeting

man

to the question.

15.

much. (C)

out.

of untrue conditions.

when (A)

go

In this exercise, listen carefully to each short dialogue and ques-

NOW BEGIN THE RECORDING AT TOEFL EXERCISE (A)

to

woman mean?


ticularly careful

necessary to get some aspirin.

to the drugstore.

does the

15:

in the

(B)

(C)

They didn't prepare for the exam. As soon as they knew about the exam, they began to prepare for it.

(D)

They knew the

that the preparation for

exam would

time.

take a lot of

LISTENING

7.

costs too

much for him

to go.

(A)

It

(B)

He agrees to go with them. He is unworried about the cost of

(C)

9.

(A) (B)

(C)

The woman didn't come. The woman wanted to be there. The woman was going to leave immediately.

the restaurant.

(D)

The

restaurant

is

rather

(D)

The woman was not really there.

(A)

Kathy didn't work as hard as possible because she didn't know what the reward was. Kathy couldn't have put more effort into the project to win the

inexpensive. 10. 8.

When Joe

saw the car coming, he tried to get out of the way. (B) Joe was able to get out of the way because he saw the car coming. (C) Joe jumped out of the way of the (A)

oncoming (D)

(B)

prize.

(C)

car.

Because Joe didn't see the car coming, he couldn't get out of

(D)

the way.

TOEFL EXERCISE

Kathy won first prize because of her hard work on the art project. Kathy worked so hard that she knew first prize was hers.


(Skills 14-15):


NOW BEGIN THE RECORDING AT TOEFL EXERCISE (SKILLS (a;

(B

She enjoys violent movies. She would have preferred a more

6.

(D (A

He

(B

The

(C (D

He forgot to The

(A

Her family is unable

(C)

rain did not get in.

(D)

close the windows.

It is

7.

Her parents

(D

ceremonies. She is not graduating this year.

(B

(C (D

(A (B

enjoys chemistry lab.

doesn't have chemistry lab this

afternoon.

(C (D

He isn't taking chemistry class. He has to go to the lab.

at the

run

out of gas. They ran out of gas because they

not really heavy. needs to add a few more

(B)

He

He

is

enrolled in

he

to the

He is going to miss the conference. He will take his vacation next week. He will attend the conference. He won't miss his vacation. He He

Even though they didn't stop

His schedule

(C)

(C

(A

ran out of gas.

courses.

come.

coming

still

(A)

to

possible that her family will

are

Although they filled up the tank,

didn't stop at the gas station.

rain got into the house.

come

at the

service station, they didn't

the windows open.

to

They filled up the gas tank

they

violent.

graduation.

(B

(A)

(B)

She thinks the film was too She enjoyed the movie. left

14-15).

last service station.

violent movie.

(C

to the question.

(D)

more courses than

really wants.

He will

register for a lot of courses

next semester. 8.

(A) (B)

(C)

She never took the bus to work. She regularly takes the bus. She doesn't know how to get to work.

(D)

She gets

lost

on the

bus.

SHORT DIALOGUES

9.

(A) (B)

She bought some eggs at the store. She doesn't have any eggs to lend

10.

(A)

Teresa

(B)

The doctor didn't prescribe

him. (C)

(D)


is

feeling a lot better.

the

medicine.

He

can borrow some eggs. She didn't go to the store.

(C)

Teresa didn't follow the doctor's orders.

(D)

Teresa did exactly what the doctor said.

TOEFL REVIEW EXERCISE dialogue and question

(Skills 1-15):



NOW BEGIN THE RECORDING AT TOEFL REVIEW EXERCISE 1.

2.

3.

Skills 1-15).

A)

He went to

Letting the tea cool off a bit

B)

(D)

Having the tea immediately

C)

morning. He was not working. He had to arrive at work earlier

(A)

In a bus station

D)

(B)

In a store

than 8 o'clock. He had ajob.

(C)

In a restaurant

(D)

In a theater

(A)

He's unhappy to end the semester. He's glad to be finishing school. He couldn't be happier to begin

(A)

Drinking the hot tea

(B)

Making more

(C)

(B)

(C)

tea in a few minutes

(D)

(A) (B)

(C)

The end of the semester him feel sad.

is

B)

C)

The vacation was

D)

He

A)

It will

making B)

C)

The team

(B)

He

D)

fall.

It's

A)

He

B)

hasn't won often.

doesn't

He assures The

know where

Riverdale

the

woman

that

he

to Riverdale.

laboratory assistant completed

The

laboratory assistant couldn't

finish

usually doesn't pay attention to

C)

The

D)

one experiment.

laboratory assistant didn't

want

out of the ordinary for the team

None

to

do more experiments.

of the experiments could be

completed.

usually hears about the football

games.

He

one experiment.

to lose.

(D)

believes

on the bus. he knows the correct

knows the way

the football team. (C)

take eight hours to get to

is.

During the storm, someone knocked on the door of the

(A)

really enjoyable.

bus.

house. 5.

He

as

did not really lose his passport.

Riverdale

The storm destroyed the house. The house blocked the trees. The stormy weather caused the trees to

(D)

8.

the office every

He did not enjoy his vacation much as possible. He got lost on his vacation.

A)

the semester.

4.


10.

A)

She would like the man what he said.

to repeat

The semester is really over! C) The semester will never end. B)

D)

She has the same wish

as the

man.

LISTENING

IDIOMATIC LANGUAGE Skill 16:

FORTWO- AND THREE-PART VERBS

LISTEN

Two- and three-part verbs appear in some questions in the short dialogues. These verbs are expressions that include a verb and one or more particles (such as in, on, or at); the particle changes the meaning of the verb. Questions involving two- and three-part verbs can be difficult for students because the addition of the particle changes the meaning of the verb in an idiomatic way.


On


What time does the meeting start? Didn you hear that it was called off by the director? (narrator) What does the woman say about the meeting? (man) (woman)

In your test

't


The The The The

(A) (B)

(C)

(D)

screen,

you read:

director called a meeting. director

phoned her about

the meeting.

director called the meeting to order.

director canceled the meeting.

In this question, the two-part verb called o/^has a different

which means phone. The two-part verb

A

NOTE:

list

verbs appear

in

of

common two-

Appendix

call off means cancel,

meaning from the verb

so the best answer

is

call,

answer (D).

and three-part verbs and exercises using these

You may want to study these two- and three-part

B.

verbs before you try the following exercises.

EXERCISE 16: In this exercise, underline the two- or three-part verb in each short dialogue. Then read the question and choose the best answer to that question. Remember that the best answer

might not seem 1.

(man)

(woman)

to

is

one

that

is

related to the

Did you have your history exam

(A)

today?

(B)

No, the professor put

it

offfor

woman

What does the exam ?

(woman)

Do we have any

(man)

We've run out of it. Someone will have to go to the store.

What

the

does the

(C)

(D)

(narrator)

(narrator)

two- or three-part verb

be related to the meaning of the verb without the

another week.

2.

meaning of the

She would

particle.

put it out of her mind. The professor canceled it. It was moved to another location. It was delayed. like to

say about

more soap ?

man mean ?

(A) (B)

He will run to the store. He needs soap to wash himself after running.

(C)

(D)

and

There is no more soap. They have a store of soap

at

home.

1

SHORT DIALOGUES

3.

(man)

/ need

(woman)

to take the written test to

renew my driver's

license.

Then, you '11 have

to

brush up

on the laws. (narrator)

What

TOEFL EXERCISE

does the

man

need

to


(A)

Reapply for his driver's

(B)

(C)

Sweep around the lawn. Learn the laws for the first

(D)

Review the information that will be on

do?

the

license.

time.

test.


16:

on the recording, and then choose the best answer ticularly careful of two- and three-part verbs. tion

NOW BEGIN THE RECORDING AT TOEFL

to the question.

and ques-

You should be

par-

EXERCISE 16.

(a;

Phone

(B

Call to their neighbors over the

their neighbors

6.

A B

She gets along with lots of people. She gets back at people who cross

fence

her.

(C

Help the neighbors move

(D

Visit their

(A

The course

C

in

neighbors is

D

becoming more

She gets rid of people she doesn't want to spend time with. She tries to get ahead of everyone else.

interesting.

(B

The course used

be more

to

7.

interesting.

(C

The course

is

about the same

as

He's not as bored in the

He must try to find

B

It is

Her headache

(B

She

felt

is

class as the

getting worse.

better this

8.

(D

(A

She seems to be feeling better now. She is just getting another headache now. stop breaking his

He's going to see what the children have done.

A

They are going on strike. They are lying down on the job. They are being released from their

(C

D

They are relaxing too much

He

9.

The

(D

The

C

It is

client

not so

difficult to play

on the

He

pulled a muscle while playing

She's unsure

B

man. She doesn't know where she put ,

C

why she

tolerates the

her keys.

She

is

actually the

one who put the

keys in the car.

client

The client made the lawyer unhappy about the case.

wants to succeed.

A

was upset about the

was annoyed because the lawyer returned the suitcase.

really

football.

client presented his case to the

lawyer's rejection.

(C

He

stop smoking

lawyer.

(B

B

D 10.

The

betting that the football team

football team.

completely.

(A

is

will win.

The man should decrease the number of cigarettes he smokes. The man should cut the ends off The man should

at the

factory.

his cigarettes.

(D

children need to be watched.

jobs.

cigarettes in half.

(B

up

D

C

The man should

to clean

The

B

morning than

now. (C

him

C

woman. (A

necessary for

the children.

after the children.

it

was.

(D

A

D

She can't understand why the man did what he did.

7

LISTENING

Skill

1

LISTEN FOR IDIOMS

7:

Idioms appear in some questions in the short dialogues. Idioms are special expressions in a language that all speakers of the language know; these special expressions describe one situation in life but are applied to many different areas of life. Idiom questions can be difficult for students because they seem to be describing one situation when they are really describing a different situation.


On


(man)

Tom

is

(woman)

He's

really

(narrator)

What

In your test

a full-time student and

is

holding down a full-time job.

burning the candle at both ends.

does the

woman say


about Tom? screen,

you read:

(C)

He's lighting a candle. He's holding the candle at the top and the bottom. He's doing too much.

(D)

He's working as a

(A) (B)

firefighter.

do with candles and

In this question, the idiom burning the candle at both ends has nothing to

nothing to do with burning or fires, so answers (A), (B), and (D) are not correct. Instead, this idiom is an expression that is used in a situation when someone is trying to do more than he or she really can do; after all, a candle usually only burns at one end, so a candle that burns at two ends is doing too much. Therefore, the best answer to the question above is answer (C). NOTE:

A list of common

idioms and exercises using these idioms appear

in

Appendix C. You may want to study these idioms before you try the following exercises.

EXERCISE

17:

In this exercise, underline the idiom in each short dialogue. Then, read

and choose the best answer to that question. Remember might not seem to be related to the idiom in the last line.

the question is

one

1.

that

(man)

(woman)

/ have

to take

advanced

biology

from Professor Stanton next

(B)

semester.

(C)

Don

't

worry about

it.

It's

a piece

of cake.

2.

(A)

What

(woman) (man)

Thanks for changing the oil and putting air in the tires. It's all in a day 's work.

(narrator)

What

does the

The man should try a piece of cake. The man should worry about the course. The man shouldn't take part in the course.

(D)

The course

(A)

It will

(B)

This is a regular part of his job. He can do the work at the end of the day. He's too busy today to do the work.

is

easy.

woman mean ?

(narrator)

does the


man mean ?

(C)

(D)

take

him a whole day

to

do the job.

SHORT DIALOGUES

3.

(man)

What was it like while the president was giving his speech ?

(A)

(woman)

You could hear a pin drop.

(C)

(narrator)

What

TOEFL EXERCISE tion

does the

17:

(B)

woman mean ?

(D)

The president dropped his pen. The audience was very quiet. The speech contained several puns. The president discussed dropping a bomb.



ticularly careful

n


to the question.

and ques-

You should be

of idioms.

NOW BEGIN THE RECORDING AT TOEFL EXERCISE

I

7.

A

She'll

(B

The man's never late. It's good that the man was fifteen

B

C

(C

minutes late. It's never good to be

not possible to do it. The man should have told her

(D

It's

(a:

The woman's work

(A

good that the man went on time or not. is all

in

D

to class,

to

(D

good idea

to

8.

(B

She would have done had asked.

it if

the

man

in his art

C

D

Abbie's father knocked on the door.

two-headed animals. (A

It is

He was knocked down. He was really surprised.

B

do two

work together. The biology experiment concerns a

immediately.

project.

The woman has It's

it

Abbie used a feather

her

experiments rather than one. (C

do

sooner.

late for class.

head. (B

par-

She has no time to work now. She doesn't want to work on the

A

They are taking a boat trip together.

B

report either.

The

six

chapters are

all

about the

boat.

(C

It's

over with now.

C

Everyone has to do the same thing.

(D

There's no time to present the report now.

D

The man will read while

She's very lucky to get the last

A

(A

best to get

it

B

She's sorry she can't get the

book

She has a

She always has good luck with She just wanted

The man doesn't like

(B

She doesn't

The man needs

Each of them has

own

Everyone has different

The man

his

doesn't really need to

The man needs

to

fill

out the

application with dots

D tastes.

improve

apply for the scholarship.

C his

to

all.

penmanship.

really like that

restaurant.

(D

A'

B

restaurant.

(C

She's the best of them

eating in

restaurants.

good head on her

D to look at the book. 10.

(A

really

shoulders.

books.

(D

She is taller than the others. She put her science project on top of the others.

today.

(C

on the

boat.

book. (B

he's

The man needs every detail.

to

and

crosses.

pay attention to

LISTENING

TJOEFL EXERCISE (Skills 16-17): In this exercise, listen carefully to each short dialogue and question on the recording, and then choose the best answer to the question.

NOW BEGIN THE RECORDING AT TOEFL EXERCISE (SKILLS (A) (B)

She gets lots of take-out dinners. She and her roommate alternate cooking responsibilities.

(C)

Her roommate cooks more

(D)

than she does. Her roommate does the cooking while she does other chores.

(A) (B)

(C)

(D)

(B)

(D)

She does not like football. She has a lot of work to do. She is getting sick.

(A)

He

(C)

(D)

He

The man's thinking of doing

(D

something dangerous. The man's playing a game

7.

(A (B

She'd

(B)

She prefers that the man leave a few minutes earlier than he

stay in the

8.

know if the man will

them

to stop the

(A

Fred has a dog that barks a lot. Fred has hidden the money in a

9.

(C (D

Fred has backed into a tree. Fred has made a mistake.

(A

She

him any help he

He

has to give away what he doesn't

need.

(C (D

He He

10.

(A

She'd rather go swimming than do

should not give up. should give back what he borrowed.

the homework.

(B

man for a

(Skills 1-17):

will give

needs.

market for only a few


like

tree.

to delay his trip.

She'd like to talk to the few minutes.

She would

She wishes the machines would cut the wood.

(B

minutes. (D)

The machines do not act very well. The machines don't really bother

(D

planned. to

in the

her.

(B

(A)

She wants

near the

park.

was hurt.

(C)

his car

(C

told the teacher that his foot

man

The man parked fire.

else.

put his foot where he should not have. He put the food that the teacher gave him into his mouth. He said something embarrassing.

like the

in the

noise.

She's going

(B)

(B

(C

somewhere

The man might start a fire park.

blocks.

(A)

(C)

(A

often

He resembles his father. He has a chipped tooth. He lives one block from his father. He and his father were playing a game with

6.

16-17).

The chemistry homework is

really

difficult.

homework by the

(C

She's doing the

(D

swimming pool. The stream is drying up.



^""^

NOW BEGIN THE RECORDING AT TOEFL REVIEW EXERCISE

(A)

There's no more

(B)

The wood

wood

inside.

in the fireplace

should

be put outside. (C)

There's a

(D)

He needs to bring some wood

fire outside.

outside.

(SKILLS 1-17).

(A) (B)

(C)

(D)

She worked late at a conference. Her meeting was canceled. She called a conference at work. She was late to a conference.

SHORT DIALOGUES

In a hospital

8.

At a police station At the beach In a locker

(A)

room

No one

(C)

Everybody knows what is going on. Nobody is aware that the problem

(D)

is

9.

(A) (B)

(C)

(D)

could not understand the fax machine. He wrote the letter that was sent. The fax machine was easy for him

10.

(A)

serious.

did not sleep well.

never woke up this morning. The alarm failed to go off. He needed a loud alarm to wake

(B)

He would like

the

woman

to

help

find his paper.

woman

paper away. He needs the woman

to

put the

to review the

paper.

He would like

the

woman

the paper for him.

to write

pilot

made an emergency

The

pilot

was forced to leave the

plane in a hurry.

not very good with figures.

The woman hit her head on a nail. The woman hit his new car. The woman was exactly right. The woman bought the new car.

The

landing.

(C)

to use.

the

He He

has been informed.

up.

He

He wants

is

(B)

dancing.

him

Information about the problem unavailable.

There was too much room on the dance floor. He enjoyed the room where they went dancing. The dance floor was too crowded. The club needed more rooms for

He was


The

pilot fielded questions

about

the forced landing.

(D)

The plane was damaged when landed

forcefully.

it

75

LISTENING

LONG CONVERSATIONS (PAPER TOEFL® TEST) Two long conversations, each followed by a number of multiple-choice in Part B of the Listening Comprehension section of the paper TOEFL on

the conversations and the questions

You must choose the

questions, appear test.

You

a recording; they are not written in your test

best answer to each multiple-choice question

hear book.

will

from the four choices

that are written in your test book.

The conversations are often about some aspect of school life (how difficult a class is, how to write a research paper, how to register for a course). The conversations can also be about topics currently in the news in the United States (desalination of the water supply, recycling of used products, damage from a storm or some other type of natural

phenomenon).

Example from the Paper TOEFL® Test

On


(narrator)

Questions 1 through 4. Listen

and a

professor

(man)

to

a conversation between a

student.

Are you free for a moment? Could I

Hello, Professor Denton.

have a word with you ?

(woman)

Come on in, Michael. Of course I have some time. These are my office hours, and this is the right time for you to come and ask questions. Now, how can I help you ?

(man)

Well,

I have a quick question for you about

the

homework

assignment for tomorrow. I thought the assignment was

answer the first text,

but

three questions at the top ofpage

when I looked,

there weren't

67 in

any questions

to

the

there.

I'm

confused.

(woman)

The assignment was to answer top ofpage 76, not 67.

(man)

Oh,

the first three questions at the

now I understand. I'm glad I came in

to check.

Thanks

for your help.

(woman)

No problem.

See you tomorrow.

Questions: 1.

On


(narrator)

Who is

the

man ?


2.

On

(A)

A professor

(B)

An

(C)

worker Professor Denton's

(D)

A student

office

assistant


(narrator)

When

does the


man

come

to see Professor Denton?

(A)

During regular

(B)

Just before class

(C)

As soon as class is finished During office hours

(D)

hours time

class

.

LONG CONVERSATIONS

(Paper)

On the recording, you hear: (narrator)

Why

does the

man


come

to see Professor Denton ?

To To To To

(A) (B)

(C)

(D)

turn in an assignment ask a question

up a completed test explain why he did not pick

attend class

On


(narrator)

What

incorrect information did the


(B)

(D)

The

first

question asks you to determine

who

have?

The date the assignment was due The page number of the

(A)

(C)

man

assignment The length of the assignment The numbers of the assignment questions

the

man

is.

Since the

man opens

the conver-

number of an assignment for tomorrow, he is probably a student. The best answer to this question is therefore answer (D). The second question asks about when the man comes to see the professor. The professor says that These are my office hours, so the best answer to this question is answer (D) The third question asks why the man comes to see the professor. Since the man says / have a quick question for you, the best answer to this question is answer (B). The last question asks what incorrect information the man had. The man thought that the assignment was on page 67 and not on page 76, so he was mistaken about the page number of the assignment. The best sation with Professor Denton

and he

asks about the page

.

answer to

this

question

is

answer (B)

PROCEDURES FOR THE LONG CONVERSATIONS (Paper TOEFL® Test)

1

.

2.

H

you have time, preview the answers to the questions. While you answers, you should try to do the following: If

•

Anticipate the topics of the conversations you will hear.

•

Anticipate the questions for each of the groups of answers.

Listen carefully to the first line of the conversation. The

first line

are looking at the

of the conversation

often contains the main idea, subject, or topic of the conversation, and you will often be

asked to answer such questions.

the conversation, draw conclusions about the situation of the conversation: who is talking, where the conversation takes place, or when it takes place. You will often be asked to make such inferences about the conversation.

As you

listen to

4.

As you

listen to

5.

You should guess even

6.

Use any remaining time to look ahead

3.

the conversation, follow along with the answers in your test book and try to determine the correct answers. Detail questions are generally answered in order in the conversation, and the answers often sound the same as what is said on the recording. if

you are not sure. Never

leave any

answers blank.

at the answers to the questions that follow.

78

LISTENING

The

following

skills will

on the paper TOEFL

help you to implement these procedures in the long conversations

test.

BEFORE LISTENING ANTICIPATE THE TOPICS

Skill 18: It is

very helpful to your overall comprehension

you know what topics to expect in the anticipate the topics you will be hearing. if

long conversations. You should therefore try to For example, are the conversations about some aspect of school life, or some type of social issue, or a trip someone is planning? A helpful strategy is therefore to look briefly at the answers in the test book, before you actually hear the conversations on the recording, and try to determine the topics of the conversations that you will hear.

EXERCISE

Look

answers to the five questions together, and try to anticipate the topic of the conversation for those five questions. (Of course, you cannot always determine exactly what the topic is, but you often can get a general idea.) Questions 1 through 5 have 18:

at the

been answered for you.

(B)

Every morning Afternoons and weekends

(C)

When

(D

Help students find jobs Ask the woman questions

(D)

Weekdays

(A

In the library

(A)

(B

In a classroom

(B)

(C (D

In a

(A

No more

out a form Give her some additional information Tell her some news Phone her

(B

At

(C (D

Not more than twenty

Find work on campus Work in the employment

(A (B

(C

What is

campus

(A) office

office

In an apartment

(C)

(D)

than ten

he's in class

Fill

least twenty

Up

to ten

the topic of the conversation for questions

looking for a job on

You can guess

this

campus

because of the following clues:

•

work on campus

•

employment

•

students

• jobs

office

1

through 5?

LONG CONVERSATIONS (Paper)

(A)

Just before a vacation

(B)

Just after the

9.

end of a school

(A) (B)

semester

tub

At the end of the summer (D) Just after a break from school

(B)

A trip to visit the Eskimos A trip the woman is planning to

10.

(D)

8.

She'd be scared, but she'd

like to

(C)

She can't wait. It would be quite exciting for

(D)

She'd prefer not to

(B)

A trip the man has already taken A camping trip the man and woman

(A)

try.

take (C)

(D)

Relaxing at the lodge Enjoying excellent food

(C)

(C)

(A)

Sleeping outside on the ground Spending time in a sauna or hot

her.

try.

took

Three hours (B) Three complete days (C) Three classes (D) Three weeks (A)

What is

the topic of the conversation for questions 6 through 10?

(A

All kinds of pollution

(B

How acid rain

has

harmed

14.

the

earth

(C (D

Pollution from cars

The causes and

(B)

Only in North America At the North and South Poles

(C)

In parts of several northern

(A)

and factories

continents

possible effects of

(D)

In equatorial areas

(A)

She should protect herself from the

acid rain 15. (a;

Nuclear power

(B

Electricity

(C (D

Burning coal and Solar power

(A

From

rain.

(B)

supply.

oil

sulfur dioxide

(C)

and water

vapor (B

From

sulfur dioxide

She should clean up the water

(D)

She should read a novel. She should get more information about acid rain.

and nitrogen

oxide (C (D

What is

From nitric acid and sulfur dioxide From water vapor and nitric acid

the topic of the conversation for questions 11 through 15?

LISTENING

80

ANTICIPATE THE QUESTIONS

Skill 19: It is

if

very helpful to your ability to answer individual questions with the long conversations

you can anticipate what the questions

will

be and

listen specifically for the

answers to

those questions.

Example from the Paper TOEFL® Test In your test book, you read: (A)

In the airport

(B)

In the library

(C)

In the dormitory

(D)

In the travel agent's office

You

try to anticipate the question:

Where does

the conversation probably take place?

In this example, you can be quite certain that one of the questions

be about where the conversation takes place. Since you are sure that this is one of the questions, you can listen carefully for clues that will give you the answer. This example shows that a helpful strategy is therefore to look briefly at the answers in the test book, before you actually hear the conversations on the recording, and try to determine the questions that you will be asked to answer.

EXERCISE

will

Study the following answers and try to determine what the questions will be. (You should note that perhaps you will only be able to predict part of a question, rather than the complete question.) If you cannot predict the question in a short period of time, then move on to the next group of answers. Question 1 has been answered for you. 1.

19:

What doee (eomeone) want to do?

Question: (A)

Find work on campus

(B)

Work in

the

employment office

Help students find jobs (D) Ask the woman questions (C)

2.

3.

Question: (A)

In the library

(B)

In a classroom

(C)

In a

(D)

In an apartment

office

Question:

No more

(B)

than ten At least twenty

(C)

Not more than twenty

(D)

Up

(A)

4.

campus

to ten

Question: (B)


(C)

When

(D)

Weekdays

(A)

he's in class

LONG CONVERSATIONS

5.

Question:

(C)

out a form Give her some additional information Tell her some news

(D)

Phone her

(A) (B)

6.

(Paper)

Fill

Question: (A)


(B)

Just after the

end of a school semester

At the end of the summer (D) Just after a break from school (C)

7.

Question: (A) (B)

(C)

(D) 8.

(B)

(C)

(D)

(A)

Sleeping outside on the ground

(B)

Spending time

(D)

(B)

(C)

(D)

(A)


(B)

How acid rain

(D)

(A)

Nuclear power

(B)

Electricity

(C)


rain

oil

Question: (A) (B)

(C)

(D) 14.

harmed the earth Pollution from cars and factories The causes and possible effects of acid has

Question:

(D) 13.

She'd be scared, but she'd like to try. She can't wait. It would be quite exciting for her. She'd prefer not to try.

Question:

(C)

12.

sauna or hot tub Relaxing at the lodge Enjoying excellent food in a

Question: (A)

11.

Three hours Three complete days Three classes Three weeks

Question:

(C)

10.

A trip to visit the Eskimos A trip the woman is planning to take A trip the man has already taken A camping trip the man and woman took

Question: (A)

9.

_________________

From sulfur dioxide and water vapor From sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide From nitric acid and sulfur dioxide From water vapor and nitric acid

Question: (B)


(C)

In parts of several northern continents

(D)

In equatorial areas

(A)

81

LISTENING

15.

Question: (A) (B)

(C)

(D)

She She She She

should should should should

protect herself from the rain.

clean

up the water

supply.

read a novel. get more information about acid rain.

WHILE LISTENING Skill 20:

DETERMINE THETOPIC

As you listen to each long conversation, you should be thinking about the topic (subject) or main idea for each conversation. Since the first one or two sentences generally give the topic, you should be asking yourself what the topic is while you are listening carefully to the first

part of the conversation.


On


(man)

You can 't

(woman) (man)

/ bet you got that new car you 've always wanted.

You

20:

believe

Now, how in

what Ijust got!

the world did you figure that out?

think:

The

EXERCISE

BB

topic of the conversation

Listen to the

first

is

the

new

car that the

man just got.

part of each of the conversations,

topic of each conversation.

NOW BEGIN THE RECORDING AT EXERCISE 20. 1.

What is

the topic of Conversation 1?

2.

What is


3.

What is


and decide on the

.


Skill 2

DRAW CONCLUSIONS ABOUT WHO, WHAT, WHEN, WHERE

1 :

each long conversation, you should be trying mind. You should be thinking the following thoughts:

As you

listen to

•

Who

•

When

•

Where does

•

What is

to set the situation in

your

talking?

is

does the conversation probably take place? the conversation probably take place?

the source of information for the conversation ?


On


(man)

(woman) (man)

Why do you have so many books? / need them for my paper on George Washington. Do you know how I can check them out? Yes, you should go downstairs to the circulation desk and fill out a card for each book.

You

think:

Who is probably talking?

(two students)

Where are they? What course are

(in the library)

they discussing?

(American History)

EXERCISE 21: Listen to the first part of each of the situation. Then answer the questions in the text.

NOW BEGIN THE RECORDING AT EXERCISE 2 Conversation 1

.

2.

I

1

Who is probably talking? Where does

the conversation take place?

Conversation 2 1.


2.

When

3.

What is

does the conversation take place? the source of the man's information?

Conversation 3 1.


2.

When

3.

What

does the conversation take place? is

the source of the information?

conversations and try to imagine the

.

.

LISTENING

84

LISTEN FOR ANSWERS IN ORDER

Skill 22:

There are two possible methods

you

to use while

•

You can just

•

You can follow along with

listen to the conversation

listen to

a long conversation:

(and ignore the answers).

the answers while you listen.

Some students prefer to just listen to the conversation while it is being spoken, and if that method works well for you, then that is what you should do. Other students find that they can answer more questions correctly if they read along with the answers while the converbeing spoken. Because the detail questions are answered in order, read along while you listen to the conversation on the recording. sation

is


(man) (woman) (man)

In your

Can I help you ?

1.

I'm interested in opening an account.

we have several different

Well,

possible to

B


On

it is

(D)

(A)

A form

(B)

An

(C)

of accounts: checking accounts,

book, you read (same time):

A checking account A savings account A money market account A time deposit account

(A) (B)

types

test

savings accounts, money market accounts, time deposit accounts.

(woman)

It's

a checking account that I am

interested in.

(man)

I can help you with

that. First,

have

to Jill

out a form,

need

to see

some

2.

then I

account

(Q A piece

identification.

That's about all there

(woman)

and

you

(D)

is to it.

of identification

A check

That sounds easy enough. Thanks for your help.

On


(narrator)

1.

What

type of account does the

woman want? 2.

What to

When you What

does the

man

need for her

show him?

read the answers to the

As you

first

question, you can anticipate that the

you determine that the

woman

first

question

wants a checking account. Therefore, you can anticipate that the best answer to the first question is (A) When you read the answers to the second question, you can anticipate that the second question is going to ask What thing. ? In the conversation, the man asks her to fill out a form and show some identification, so as you are listening you can anticipate that the correct answer to the second question is either (A) or (C) When you hear the question, you can determine that the best answer is answer (C) is:

type of account?

listen,

.

.

.

LONG CONVERSATIONS

TOEFL EXERCISE

22:

Listen to each complete conversation

(Paper)

and answer the questions

that follow.

n

NOW BEGIN THE

RECORDING AT TOEFL EXERCISE 22.

A

Find work on campus

B

Work

C

D

Help students find jobs Ask the woman questions

A

In the library

B

In a classroom

C

In a

D

In an apartment

A

No more

in the

employment

campus

9.

office

10.

C

D

Up

A B


C

When

D

Weekdays

a;

Fill

B

D

her some news Phone her

A


B

Just after the

11.

B

C

D

(C

She can't wait. It would be quite exciting for

(D

She'd prefer not to

(A


(B

How acid rain

has

her.

try.

harmed

Pollution from cars

The

the

and factories

causes and possible effects of

13.

(A

Nuclear power

(B

Electricity

(C (D


(A

From

14.

A trip to visit the Eskimos A trip the woman is planning to A trip the man has already taken A camping trip the man and

and water

From

sulfur dioxide

and nitrogen

(C (D

From nitric acid and sulfur dioxide From water vapor and nitric acid

(A (B


(C

In parts of several northern

continents

15.

(D

In equatorial areas

(A

She should protect herself from the

took

Three hours Three complete days Three classes Three weeks

sulfur dioxide

oxide

end of a school

At the end of the summer Just after a break from school

oil

vapor (B

woman

A

like to

acid rain

take

D

She'd be scared, but she'd

(C (D

semester

C

(A (B

12.

Tell

B

Enjoying excellent food

he's in class

C

a;

(D

earth

B

D

Relaxing at the lodge

to ten

out a form Give her some additional information

C

(C

try.

office

than ten At least twenty Not more than twenty

(B

Sleeping outside on the ground Spending time in a hot tub

(A

rain.

(B

She should clean up the water supply.

(C (D

She should read a novel. She should get more information about acid rain.

LISTENING

TQEFL REVIEW EXERCISE mation that you learned in

(Skills 18-22):

Skills

In this exercise, you will use

all

18 through 22.

Before the recording begins, you should read over the answers to questions

and do the

of the infor-

1

through 15

following:

• Anticipate the topics

you

will hear.

• Anticipate the questions.

While you are listening

to the conversations,

you should do the following:

• Listen for the topic in the first lines. •

Draw

conclusions about the situation (who, what, when, where).

• Listen for the answers in order.

NOW BEGIN THE RECORDING AT TOEFL REVIEW EXERCISE (SKILLS (A (B

(C (D

To To To To

Laramie

a rehearsal

(B

Devil's

a lecture

(C

Old

the library

(D

Wyoming

(A

Hear again about Yellowstone

(B

(C

Take a trip to Yellowstone Get a job in a national park

(D

Move

(A

How and when we celebrate

(B

(C (D

Three Four

(A

The bus does not go

(B

(C (D

8.

9.

directly to the

10.

Music Building. The bus goes very slowly to the Music Building. The bus sometimes does not come. The bus will not arrive for a while.

With colonists in Massachusetts Alone and thinking about how

(C (D

Thanksgiving developed With a big Thanksgiving dinner In an untraditional manner

(A

Boring

(B

Fantastic

(C (D

Lengthy

(B

Faithful

(C

(A

By car By plane By train By bicycle

(C (D

(A (B

(C

Miss the lecture

Think of another plan

The terrible winter The corn harvest The development of Thanksgiving Day For getting the whole family together

13.

Monument.

She made a few stops before going

on

(A

(D

She went directly to Yellowstone. She spent a few weeks in Laramie. She stopped at the Devil's Tower National

(D)

12.

to Yellowstone

(A (B

Walk Wait for the bus

Faithful

(C (D

(B

11.

Tower National Monument

Thanksgiving The traditional Thanksgiving dinner When Thanksgiving began Abraham Lincoln

(A (B (C (D

(B

8-22).

(A

a concert

One Two

(A

1

to Yellowstone.

(A (B (C (D

At many different times In July

November On a Thursday in November

Any time

in

LONG TALKS (Paper)

LONG TALKS (PAPER TOEFL® TEST) each followed by a number of multiple-choice questions, appear in Part C of the Listening Comprehension section of the paper TOEFL test. You will hear the talks and the questions on a recording; they are not written in your test book. You must choose the best answer to each question from the four choices that are written in your test book. Like the conversations in Part B, the talks are often about some aspect of school life or topics currently in the news. It is also very common for the talks to be shortened versions of lectures from courses taught in American colleges and universities.

Three

talks,


On


(narrator)

Questions 1 through 4. Listen

to

a

talk

about the settlement

of America.

(woman)

The

of the vast farmlands in central North America was delayed at least partly because of an error by one man. settling

In the

early nineteenth century,

the U.S.

Army was sent

out

Lieutenant Zebulon Pike of

to explore

and

chart the huge

expanses of land in the center of the continent.

When

he

returned from his explorations, he wrote a report in which he erroneously stated that the vast plains in the central part of the continent were desertlike, comparable to the

Sahara in

Africa. In reality, however, these vast plains contained

some

of the most fertile farmland in the world. Because of Pikes mistake, the is

maps of the day

depicted the central part of what

today the United States as a vast desert rather than the

excellent

and

available farmland that

it

was. This mistaken

nature of those lands caused the central plains for years. belief about the

settlers to

avoid

Questions: 1.

On


(narrator)

What is

the topic of this talk ?


(A)

Zebulon Pike's career

(B)

A mistake that influenced the settlement of America

2.

On

(C)

A report for the army

(D)

The farmlands


(narrator)

How did Pike describe the area that he explored?


(A) (B)

(C)

(D)

As a desert As usable for army purposes As located in the Sahara As available for farmland

LISTENING

On


What was

(narrator)

this

area really like?


was It was It was It was

(A)

It

(B)

(C)

(D)

On

a vast desert.

covered with farms. excellent farmland. similar to the Sahara.

the recording, you hear: This talk would probably be given in which of the

(narrator)

following courses ?


The

first

(A)

Agricultural Science

(B)

(C)

American History Geology of the United

(D)

Military Science

question asks about the topic of the

The

talk.

States

topic of the talk

is

found

in the first

The settling of the vast farmlands in central North America was delayed at least partly because of an error by one man. Therefore, the best answer to the question is (B) The second question is a detail question that asks how Pike described this area. It is stated in the sentence of the

talk:

.

talk that Pike wrote

a

report in

the continent were desertlike

question

is

an additional

which he erroneously stated that the vast plains in the central part of Therefore, the best answer to this question is (A). The third

detail question that asks

talk indicates that in reality.

.

.

what the area was some of the fourth question

these vast plains contained

Because the most fertile farmland in the really like.

is an inference question. answer to this question is (C). The It asks in which course this lecture would probably be given. The word probably indicates to you that the question is not answered directly in the talk. You must draw a conclusion from the information in the talk to answer this question. Because this talk refers to the early nine-

world, the best

teenth century

and

discusses the settling of the vast farmlands in central North America,

probably be given in an American History course. The best answer to

this

question

it

would

is

(B).

PROCEDURES FOR THE LONG TALKS (Paper TOEFL® Test)

1

.

If

H

you have time, preview the answers to the questions. While you

are looking at the

answers, you should try to do the following: •Anticipate the topics of the talks you •

2.

will hear.

Anticipate the questions for each of the groups of answers.

Listen carefully to the first line of the talk. The main

idea, subject,

or topic of the

talk,

and you

will

first line

of the talk often contains the

often be asked this type of question.

to the talk, draw conclusions about the situation of the talk: who is talking, where or when the talk takes place, which course this lecture might be given in. You will often be asked to make such inferences about the talk.

3.

As you

listen

4.

As you

listen to

5.

You should guess even

6.

Use any remaining time to look ahead

the talk, follow along with the answers in your test book and try to determine the correct answers. Detail questions are generally answered in order in the talk, and the answers often sound the same as what is said on the recording. if

you are not sure. Never

leave any answers blank.

at the answers to the questions that follow.

LONG TALKS

The following paper

skills will

(Paper)

help you to implement these procedures in the long talks on the

TOEFL test.

BEFORE LISTENING ANTICIPATE THE TOPICS

Skill 23:

you know what topics to expect in the long talks. You should therefore try to anticipate the topics that you will be hearing (as you did with the long conversations) For example, are the talks about American history, or litIt is

very helpful to your overall comprehension

if

.

erature, or

some aspect of school

life?

A helpful strategy is therefore

to look briefly at the

answers in the test book, before you actually hear the talks on the recording, and try to determine the topics of the talks that you will hear.

EXERCISE 23: Look at the

answers to the

five

questions together, and try to anticipate the

(Of course, you cannot always determine exactly but you often can get a general idea.) Questions 1 through 5 have been

topic of the talk for those five questions.

what the topic is, answered for you. 1

.

(A)

Room assignments

(B)

Exam

In a biology study group

(C)

Reading assignments

On

(D)

The

(A)

(C)

Exams and lab work Reading and writing assignments Class participation and grades on

(D)

examinations Lecture and laboratory attendance

During a

(A)

biology

laboratory

session (B)

the first day of class (D) Just before the final exam (C)

2.

3.

(B)

Once a week Two times a week

(C)

Three times a week

(D)

For fifteen hours

(A)

To do

(A)

the

first

(B)

laboratory

assignment

To take the first exam (C) To study the laboratory manual (D) To read one chapter of the text (B)

What is

the topic of the talk for questions

1

through 5?

the requirements of a biology class

You can guess •

this

because of the following clues:

biology

• first

day of class • reading assignments •

exam(s)

•

lab work

topics

first

lecture

89

LISTENING

(B)

What caused the Ring of Fire The volcanoes of the Ring of Fire

(C)

Hawaiian volcanoes

(D)

Different types of volcanoes

(A)

The Ring of Fire The characteristics of volcanoes in

(A)

(B)

(A) (B)

Fire.

They contain a lot of gas. (D) They contain thick lava. (C)

10.

the Ring of Fire

(D)

The volcanoes of Hawaii Mauna Loa

(A)

In Hawaii

(B)

In the United States

(C)

They are not so violent. They are located along the Ring of

(A)

A volcano on the Ring of Fire

(B)

An

(C)

A long, low volcanic mountain

(D)

An

island in Hawaii

explosive volcano

Along the Ring of Fire (D) Within the Ring of Fire (C)

What is

11.

the topic of the talk for questions 6 through 10?

(A)

An

(B)

A tour guide

(C)

An

(D)

Orville Wright

(A)

Several

(B)

Sixty

(C)

Sixteen million

(D)

Millions

(A)

The National Air and Space

(B)

(C)

Museum The Museum of Natural History The American History Museum

(D)

The Smithsonian Arts and

14.

artist

(A) (B)

Industries Building

Indian

(Q The Washington Museum (D)

12.

13.

15.

To the White House (B) To the Smithsonian (C) To the mall (D) To various other museums (A)

Industries Building

What is


Museum

thousand

and millions

The American History Museum The Smithsonian Arts and

the topic of the talk for questions 11 through 15?

.

LONG TALKS

Skill 24: It is

ANTICIPATE THE QUESTIONS

very helpful to your ability to answer individual questions with the long talks

what the questions will be and listen (as you did with the long conversations)

anticipate tions

(Paper)

specifically for the

if you

can

answers to those ques-

Example from the Paper TOEFL® Test In your test book, you read: (A) (B)

(C)

(D)

You

For For For For

three weeks

three days three

months

three hours

try to anticipate the question:

How long does

(something) last?

one of the questions will be about how long something lasts. Since you are sure that this is one of the questions, you can listen carefully for clues that will give you the answer. This example shows that a helpful strategy is therefore to look briefly at the answers in the test book, before you actually hear the talks on the recording, and try to determine the questions that you will be asked to answer. In this example, you can be quite certain that

EXERCISE

Study the following answers and try to determine what the questions will be. (You should note that perhaps you will only be able to predict part of a question, rather than the complete question.) If you cannot predict the question in a short period of time, then move on to the next group of answers. Question 1 has been answered for you. 1.

24:

When doee the

Question: (B)

During a biology laboratory session In a biology study group

(C)

On the first day of class

(A)

(D) Just before the final 2.

exam

Question: (B)


(C)

Three times a week

(D)

For fifteen hours

(A)

3.

talk probably take place?

Question:

To do the first laboratory assignment (B) To take the first exam (C) To study the laboratory manual (D) To read one chapter of the text (A)

4.

Question: (A)

Room assignments

(B)

Exam

(C)

Reading assignments

(D)

The

topics

first

lecture

91

LISTENING

5*

Question:

Exams and lab work (B) Reading and writing assignments (C) Class participation and grades on examinations (D) Lecture and laboratory attendance (A)

6.

Question: (B)


(C)

Hawaiian volcanoes

(D)


(A)

7.

Question: (A) (B)

(C)

(D) 8.

The Ring of Fire The characteristics of volcanoes The volcanoes of Hawaii Mauna Loa

in the

Ring of Fire

Question: (A)

In Hawaii

(B)


Along the Ring of Fire (D) Within the Ring of Fire (C)

9.

Question:

They (B) They (C) They (D) They (A)

10.

11.

13.

are located along the Ring of Fire.

contain a lot of gas. contain thick

lava.

Question: (A)


(B)

An

(C)

A long,

(D)

An

island in Hawaii

low volcanic mountain explosive volcano

Question: (A)

An

(B)

A tour guide

(C)

An

(D) 12.

are not so violent.

artist

Indian Orville Wright

Question: (A)

Several

(B)

Sixty

(C)

Sixteen million

(D)

Millions

thousand

and millions

Question: (A) (B)

(C)

(D)

The National Air and Space Museum The Museum of Natural History The American History Museum The Smithsonian Arts and Industries Building

LONG TALKS

(Paper)

Question:

14.

(A) (B)

(C)

(D)

The The The The

American History Museum Smithsonian Arts and Industries Building Washington Museum National Air and Space Museum

Question:

15.

To (B) To (C) To (D) To (A)

the White

House

the Smithsonian the mall various other

museums

WHILE LISTENING DETERMINE THE TOPIC

Skill 25:

each long talk, you should be thinking about the topic (subject) or main idea for the talk (as you did with the long conversations). Since the first sentence is generally a topic sentence, you should be asking yourself what the topic is while you are listening carefully to the first part of the talk.

As you

listen to


On

BBS


(man)

The major earthquake that occurred is still

You

east of Los Angeles in 1 971

affecting the economy of the area today.

think:

The

topic of the talk

is

the effect of the 1971 earthquake

on Los

Angeles today.

EXERCISE

25: Listen to the first part of

each of the

talk.

NOW BEGIN THE RECORDING AT 1.

What is

the topic of Talk 1?

2.

What is


3.

What is


EXERCISE 25.

talks,

and decide on the

topic of each

LISTENING

DRAW CONCLUSIONS ABOUT WHO, WHAT, WHEN, WHERE

Skill 26:

you should be trying to set the situation in your mind with the long conversations) You should be thinking the following thoughts:

As you

listen to

each

talk,

(as

you did

.

•

Who is

•

When

•

Where

•

What course is the talk concerned with ? What is the source of information for the

•

talking?

does the talk probably take place? does the talk probably take place?

talk ?


On


(woman)

You

The next stop on our tour of Atlanta of Coca-Cola, at

107 Marietta

manufactured at

this location until early in

(a tour guide)

Where

(in Atlanta)

are they? talk take place?

in the text.

Talkl


2.

Where does

3.

When

4.

What course

the talk probably take place?

does the talk probably take place? is

being discussed?

Talk 2 1.


2.

Where does

3.

When

4.

What course

the talk probably take place?

does the is

talk


being discussed?

Talk 3 1

.

(in the


2.

Where does

3.

When

September of 1888.

middle of a tour)

26: Listen to the first part of each of the talks

NOW BEGIN THE RECORDING AT EXERCISE 26.

.

Coca-Cola was


Then, answer the questions

1

Street.

home

think:

When does the

EXERCISE

will be the original

the talk take place?

does the talk take place?

and

try to

imagine the

situation.

LONG TALKS

LISTEN FOR ANSWERS IN

Skill 27:

ORDER

There are two possible methods to use while you

Some

•

You can just

•

You can follow along with

listen to the talks.

the answers).

the answers while you listen.

students prefer to just listen to the talk while

works well for you, then that

it is

being spoken, and

if

listen to

the talk

that

they read along with the answers while the talk

Because the detail questions are answered in order,

given.

if

method

what you should do. Other students find that they can

is

answer more questions correctly

you

(and ignore

listen to the talk

(Paper)

it is

is

being

possible to read along while

on the recording.


On

In your test book, you read (same time):


(woman)

The Great Chicago Fire began on October

8,

1871, and according

1.

to

when a cow knocked

legend began

over a lantern in Mrs. O'Leary 's barn.

No

was a

disastrous fire.

matter

summer had

how

it

began,

(A)

In a barn

(B)

In Mrs. O'Leary's

(C)

In a

(D)

In a lantern factory

(A)

The dry weather prior fire made it worse.

The preceding

and

(B)

It

(C)

Chicago's winds

2.

the extreme

dryness accompanied by Chicago 's

infamous winds created an inferno that destroyed killed it

On

18,000 buildings and

more than 300 people

was extinguished

cow pasture

it

been exceedingly dry

in the Chicago area,

home

before

to the

happened during the summer.

made

it

worse.

(D)

It

killed

many people.

the following day.


(narrator)

1

.

According

to legend,

where did

the Great Chicago Fire begin ? 2.

Which of the following is not true about the Great Chicago Firel

When you

read the answers to the first question, you can anticipate that the first question is: Where did something happen? As you listen, you determine that the fire began in Mrs. O'Leary's barn. Therefore, you can anticipate that the best answer to the first question is

(A). If

you read the answers

to the

second question while you

listen to the talk,

you can

determine that answers (A), (C), and (D) are true. Answer (B) is not true: the fire did not begin in the summer, it began in October, which is in autumn. Therefore, answer (B) is the best answer to the question Which of the following is not true about the Great Chicago Fire?

95

LISTENING

TOEFL EXERCISE 27:

Listen to each complete talk


that follow.


(B)

During a biology laboratory session In a biology study group

(C)

On the first day of class

(A)

(D) Just before the final 2.

3.

(B)


(C)

(A)

9.

exam

a lot of gas.

thick lava.

Three times a week

(B)

An

(D)

For fifteen hours

(C)

A long, low volcanic mountain

To do the

(U)

An

explosive volcano

(A)

(A)

An

artist

(B)

A tour guide

(C)

An

(D)

Orville Wright

(A)

Several

(B)

Sixty

first

laboratory 11.

island in Hawaii

Indian

(A)

Room assignments

(B)

Exam

(C)

Reading assignments

(C)

Sixteen million

(D)

The

(D)

Millions

(A)

(A)


(C)

Exams and lab work Reading and writing assignments Class participation and grades on

(B)

Museum The Museum

(D)

examinations Lecture and laboratory attendance

12.

topics

first

lecture

(B)


(Q

Hawaiian volcanoes

(D)


(A)

The Ring of Fire The characteristics of volcanoes

(A)

(B)

13.

(D)

The volcanoes of Hawaii Mauna Loa

(A)

In Hawaii

(B)


(C)

Along the Ring of Fire Within the Ring of Fire

(C)

(D)

thousand

and millions

of Natural History

(Q The American (D)

History

Museum

The Smithsonian Arts and Industries Building

14.

(A) (B)

The American History Museum The Smithsonian Arts and Industries Building

(Q The Washington Museum (D) in


Museum

the Ring of Fire

8.

They contain They contain


(B)

7.

They are located along the Ring of

(A)

10.

To take the first exam (C) To study the laboratory manual (D) To read one chapter of the text

6.

(B)

(C)

(B)

5.

They are not so violent. Fire.

assignment

4.

(A)

15.

To the White House (B) To the Smithsonian (Q To the mall (D) To various other museums (A)

1

LONG TALKS (Paper)

TOEFL REVIEW EXERCISE mation that you learned in

(Skills

Skills

23-27): In this exercise, you will use

23 through 27.

Before the recording begins, you should read over the answers to questions

and do the

of the infor-

all

1

through 12

following:

• Anticipate the topics

you

will hear.

• Anticipate the questions.

While you are listening

to the talks,

you should do the following:

•

Listen for the topic in the first sentence.

•

Draw

•

Listen for the answers in order.

conclusions about the situation (who, what, when, where).

NOW BEGIN THE RECORDING AT TOEFL (A)

OtVipr librarians 11U1 (XL XCXXXO

7

V_y

T

(Q

REVIEW EXERCISE

3.

(A)

TnHprcraHiiatp stiirlpnts

who

Students

are not in the

Graduate business students

m m

(

A\

It 11

nnpnc UUCIla

of cLL

1

\

D

)

It XL

rMoc^c at L1USC9 al

/

(C)

Tt

closes at

(D)

It is

(A)

Computer area and

/

m

(it \ .\J\J

Alcohol Nicotine ^X XX A.

business department

(D)

(SKILLS 23-27).

\-»

V-/ I.X

(C)

Caffeine

(D)

A reduced supply of blood

(A)

Tt 1111*1 LcloLO tfif XL incrfusfs LI 1

flow 1 VJ VV ofnlooH \J1. U1UUU to LU

tVif LI 1

s If in olxlll.

q III. a.

/'C\C\ t~> LI. ill. . \J\J

\

midnight always open.

D

)

Tt pmisfs inrrpa
(C)

It

V^r

V^r

M.

of \J1.

»

prevents the skin from receiving

enough nourishment.

business

(D)

It

causes

(A)

Before the Civil War At the end of the Civil War At the beginning of the twentieth century Within the last decade

stress.

materials (B)

(C)

Magazines and newspapers Business department and library

9.

(B)

(C)

staff offices

(D)

First

and second

floors of the

(D)

library

5.

(A)

Go home

(B)

Return

(C)

Work on

the computers

(D)

Tour the

library

(A)

A student in health services A drug abuse lecturer A dermatologist A representative of the tobacco

(B)

(C)

(D)

10.

(B)

to class

(C)

(D) 11.

How to reduce nicotine and other addictions

(D) (A)

Issue greenbacks

(B)

Sell

(C)

12.

The Civil War ended. The U.S. government issued a large amount of paper currency The price of gold plummeted. The value of gold became inflated.

The The The The

(A) (B)

industry (A)

(A)

president president's brother president's brother-in-law

president's wife

gold

(B)

How stress affects the

skin

(C)

Corner the gold market

(C)

The

on health

(D)

Hold

(D)

How to achieve optimal health

effects of alcohol

its

gold reserves

LISTENING

CASUAL CONVERSATIONS (COMPUTERTOEFL®TEST) Casual conversations appear in Part

B of

the Listening section of the computer

TOEFL

For each of the casual conversations in this part of the test, you will see a context-setting visual as you listen to a five- to seven-line conversation between two speakers. After you see the visual and listen to the conversation, you will see a series of two or three multiplechoice questions and the four answer choices for each question on the computer screen. You must click on the best answer choice to each question on the computer screen. Look at an example of a casual conversation from the computer TOEFL test. test.

Example from the Computer TOEFL® Test You see on the computer

screen:

You

hear:

(woman) (man)

(woman) (man)

Did you see the school play last night? I did, and it was pretty funny. The play was funny ? I thought it was supposed to be a serious drama. It was supposed to be serious, but it turned out to be funny, for the wrong reasons.

(woman) (man) (woman)

Why ? What happened ? One of the actors kept forgetting his lines. I guess

an

it is

computer screen

is

complete, the

first

to

have a serious play

actor doesn't remember

supposed

After the conversation

hard

what

if

he's

to say.

question and answer choices appear on the

as the narrator states the question. This question

is

a regular multiple-

choice question that asks about the type of play.

You see on the computer screen:

of play

be?

O

A drama A farce
was

hear:

(narrator)

Llstenln.

What type

You

it

supposed to

What

type ofplay

was

it

supposed

to be?


woman

thought

(Computer)

was supposed to be a serious drama, and the man replies that it was supposed to be serious. From this, it can be determined that the play was supposed to be a drama. The first answer is the best answer, so you should click on the first answer. After you have finished with the first question, another question appears on the computer screen. This question is a multiple-choice question that asks about the problem that In the conversation, the

says that she

it

occurred.

You hear:


(

Listening

What problem occurred

CD

What problem

narrator)

occurred at the play ?

at the play?

The man had to stand

in line.

The man went to the wrong performance.

CD

The performance was not very funny.

CD

One

of the performers

made

a

lot of mistakes.

In the conversation, the

man

states that one of the actors kept forgetting his lines.

can be determined that one of the performers made a answer, so you should click on the last answer.

lot

of mistakes.

The

last

From

answer

is

this, it

the best

PROCEDURES FORTHE CASUAL CONVERSATIONS (Computer TOEFL® Test)

1 .

JQ|

Listen carefully to the casual conversation. You may

listen

to the conversation one

time only. 2.

Use the

visual to help

you focus on the context.

the screen at the beginning of each casual conversation.

where they are 3.

A context-setting visual It

shows you who

is

appears on

talking

and

talking.

Focus on the overall meaning of the casual conversation rather than on specific words or expressions. The questions following a casual conversation generally test your overall comprehension of the conversation rather than the meaning of a specific word or expression.

4.

Listen to each question following the casual conversation as you read

screen. Each 5.

Do

not panic

can

still

listening question

is

it

on the


you do not understand every word of the casual conversation. You answer the questions correctly without understanding each word of the if

conversation. 6.


You may

still


change your mind at

this point

and

click

on a

different answer.

LISTENING

7.

8.

^^^^^^^^

Click on IGOMif . Then click on to record your answer. After you click on this button, you cannot go back and change your answer.

Be prepared

for the next question. After you

click

on PSi^BSSSESSSÊPi the next t


The

following language

casual conversations

Skill 28:

skill will

help you to implement these procedures with the

on the computer TOEFL

test.

UNDERSTAND CASUAL CONVERSATIONS

As you listen to each casual conversation in Part B of the computer TOEFL test, you should be thinking about the overall ideas and the supporting details in the casual conversation. Questions that accompany casual conversations most commonly test the overall ideas of the conversation (i.e., what are the man and woman discussing and what do they finally decide to do, or what is the woman 's problem and what does the man suggest) but they may also test supporting details from the passage (i.e., what time will they leave, or how many assignments are there) It is unusual for the questions that accompany a casual conversation to depend on the meaning of a specific vocabulary word, or idiom, or grammatical structure as the questions that accompany the short dialogues often do. ,

.

TOEFL EXERCISE

each casual conversation. Do not look at the questions or answer choices until the conversation is complete. (On the computer TOEFL test, you will not be able to see the questions or answer choices during 28:

Look

at the picture as

you

listen to

the conversation.) Questions 1-3 1.

Where

CD CD CD CD 2.

man going?

To listen to a concert To give a performance To attend a class To take part in a practice

How often does the orchestra meet for practice?

CD CD CD CD 3.

the

is

Once each week Twice each week Three times each week Four times each week

How many musical instruments does the woman play?

CD

Zero

One O CD Two

CD

Three


(Computer)

Questions 4-5

What is

the

woman

confused about?

CD Where to get the syllabus CD How many papers to write CD When the papers are due CD Where to find the professor What do

they decide to do?

CD CD CD CD

at the

Ask

next

class

Write a paper before the next class

Follow the course syllabus See the professor immediately

Questions 6-8 6.

What is

true about the

man?

CD He has a car. CD He has a parking sticker. CD He will never drive to school. CD He intends to get a car. What does

CD CD CD CD 8.

woman

say

about parking on campus

There are enough spaces. It's hard to find space. All students have permanent parking

The

lots are difficult to find.

What does

CD CD CD CD

the

the

man

say that

he needs?

A daily parking sticker A different type of car A permanent parking sticker A private parking space

stickers.

1

LISTENING

Questions 9-1

What was

9.

CZ) CZ) CZ) CZ)

.

.

had

CZ) CZ) CZ) CZ)

fifteen true-false questions.

was sixty minutes long. It had only one type of question. It took two hours.

the

man

feel

about the

true-false questions?

He minded doing them. He liked them less than the essays. He didn't think they were too bad. He didn't know the answers to them.

How did CZ) CZ) CZ) CZ)

exam?

It

How did

10.

1 1

It

true about the

She She She She

the

woman do on

the essay questions?

was rushed when she wrote them. didn't

know

the answers.

had enough time

to finish

wrote her answers

clearly.

them.

ACADEMIC DISCUSSIONS

(Computer)

ACADEMIC DISCUSSIONS (COMPUTERTOEFL®TEST)

J3|g

Academic discussions appear in Part B of the Listening section of the computer TOEFL test. For each of the academic discussions in this part of the test, you will see a series of context-setting and content visuals as you listen to a 120-150 second discussion by two to five speakers. After you see the visuals and listen to the discussion, you will hear a series of questions as you see each question and its answer choices on the computer screen. You must click on the best answer choice to each question on the computer screen.

A variety of types of questions are possible in this part of the test. Some of these types of questions 1.

may follow a

discussion:

One

Correct Answer ask you to select the best answer from four choices based upon the information given in the discussion. A multiple-choice question with one correct answer may ask about the main idea or a

Multiple-Choice Questions with

answered detail from the passage. Multiple-Choice Questions with Two Correct Answers ask you to select the two correct answers from four choices based upon the information given in the discussion. A multiple-choice question with two correct answers may ask about directly or indirectly answered details from the passage. Graphic Questions with Four Letters ask you to click on one of four letters on a graphic that answers a question. A graphic question with four letters may ask about a directly or indirectly answered detail from the passage. Questions with Four Graphics ask you to click on one of four graphics that answers a question. A question with four graphics may ask about a directly or indirectly answered detail from the passage. Matching Questions ask you to match three categories of information from the passage with details from each of the categories. A matching question generally asks about the organization of ideas in the passage. Ordering Questions ask you to put four pieces of information in the correct procedural or chronological order. An ordering question generally asks about the overall directly or indirectly

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

organization of ideas in the passage.

The following example of an academic discussion shows each of these types of questions. (On the actual computer TOEFL test, you will probably not see all of these types of questions accompanying one academic discussion.)

103

104

LISTENING


screen:

You

hear:

(narrator)

Listening

Listen to a discussion in a botany

The discussion

on

is

the cacao

class.

tree.

i

Botany The Cacao Tree 1

(instructor)

Today, we're going to talk about the

and some of the products we get tree, fust what products do we

cacao

(Joe)

tree

from this get from the cacao tree?foe? The products we get from the cacao are some of my favorites: cocoa

tree

and

chocolate.

(instructor)

And where are cacao trees found? Ellen?

(Ellen)

Cacao

trees

are native to the coastal areas

of Mexico, Central America, and South America. Today, in addition

to

Mexico,

and South America, cacao trees are also found along the west coast of Africa and on a number of tropical Central,

islands.

(instructor)

Yes, it's

true that cacao trees are found in

coastal areas of Central

and South

America as well as in Africa. Ql Let's look at this cacao tree. Can you describe

Listening

the cacao tree for

(Taylor)

You can thick,

me? Taylor?

see that the cacao tree

shiny leaves;

it's

a

has long,

type of evergreen

tree.

(instructor)

What does

it

mean

that

it's

an

evergreen

tree?

(Taylor)

An evergreen is any plant that keeps its leaves throughout the year.

Many people

and firs are reality, many plants

think that only pines evergreens, but in

with broad leaves are evergreens. Plants

with thin, narrow leaves are generally not evergreen.

(instructor)

And what about the fruit of the cacao tree?foe?

(Joe)

The fruit of the cacao tree is the size of a large cucumber and can be a variety of colors,

depending on the type of tree.


listening

(instructor)

O

Q And where

does chocolate come from ?

From which part of the (Ellen)

(Computer)

tree? Ellen ?

Chocolate actually comes from the seeds of

Each piece offruit contains a number of seeds. The seeds are roasted and then ground, and this gives us the fruit.

chocolate.

(instructor)

And what is cocoa ? How does cocoa differ from chocolate? Taylor?

(Taylor)

As Ellen

explained, chocolate

is

the

product that comes from the seeds of the cacao tree. To get chocolate, the seeds are first roasted

made from

and

chocolate. Chocolate

high fat content, that has Listening

(instructor)

Q

It's

then ground. Cocoa

and

cocoa

is

is

has a

chocolate

had most of the fat removed.

very easy to confuse the words

Can you and

cacao, cocoa, and chocolate.

summarize what cacao,

cocoa,

chocolate are, Joe?

(Joe)

Yes,

cacao, which

is

spelled C-A-C-A-O,

name of the tree, chocolate is the roasted and ground seeds of the fruit of the cacao tree, and cocoa, which is is

the

spelled C-O-C-O-A, results

from (instructor)

is

a product that

when much of the fat

is

removed

chocolate.

Very good. You all seem to understand this material very well. That's all for

today.

complete, the first question and answer choices appear on the computer screen as the narrator states the question. This question is a multiple-choice question with one correct answer that asks about a location.

After the discussion

is

You see on the computer screen: Listenlnj

I .

Where

is

the cacao tree probably

NOT found?

CD CD CD CD

In

Europe

In

Central America

In

South America

In

Africa

You hear: (narrator)

Where

is

found?

the cacao tree probably not

LISTENING

In the discussion, Ellen states that cacao

trees

are native to the coastal areas of Mexico, Central

and South America and that cacao trees are also found along the west coast ofAfrica. From this, it can be determined that the cacao tree is found in all of the locations listed in the answers except Europe, so the first answer is the best answer to this question. You should click on the first answer to this question.

America,

The next question tion,

is

a multiple-choice question with two

correct answers.

In this type of ques-

you must choose two answers rather than one.


screen:

What

is

hear:

(narrator)

Listening

2.

You

What

is

stated about the leaves of the

cacao plant?

stated about the leaves of

the cacao plant? Click

[~l

on 2 answers.

They are

long.

They are

thin.

shiny.

I

I

They are

I

I

They are narrow.

In the discussion, Taylor states that the cacao

tree

has long,

the leaves of the cacao plant are long and shiny, so the

thick,

first

shiny leaves. This

and

means

that

third answers are the best

answers to this question. You should click on both answers to this question. The next question is a question with four graphics. You must click on the graphic that answers the question.


screen:

Which

of these

is

Click

probably

hear:

(narrator)

Listening

3.

You

NOT an evergreen?

on a drawing.

Which of these

an

evergreen?

is

probably

NOT


(Computer)

In the discussion, Taylor states that plants with thin, narrow leaves are generally not evergreen.

From

can be determined that the plant with narrow leaves in drawing (C) bly not an evergreen. You should click on drawing (C) to answer this question. The next question is a graphic question with four letters. You must click on the the graphic that answers the question. this, it


You

screen:

4.

on a

letter

on

From which part of the

tree

does chocolate

come"?

From which part of the tree does chocolate come? Click

proba-

hear:

(narrator)

Listening

is

letter.

In the discussion, Ellen states that chocolate actually comes from the seeds of the fruit. Letter C, on the fruit, is therefore the best answer to this question. You should click on letter C to

answer

this question.

The next question click

on the box where

a matching question. You must click

is it

belongs.

You


How

is

each of these described

in

the discussion?

Then click on the empty box in the correct column. Use each word only once. Click on a word.

cocoa

A tree

chocolate

A high

hear:

(narrator)

Listening

5.

on each of the words and then

fat

product

cacao

A defatted product

How are each of these described in the discussion ?

LISTENING

In,

the discussion, Taylor states that chocolate

tree

and

that chocolate has a high fat content,

removed. uct,

From

this, it

and cocoa

is

and

cocoa

is

ordering question.

You must

had most of the fat chocolate is a high fat prod-

chocolate that has

a tree,

on each of the sentences and

click

belongs.

it

You

screen:

hear:

(narrator)

Listening

6.

is

a defatted product.

on the computer

see

the product that comes from the seeds of the cacao

can be determined that cacao

The next question is an then click on the box where

You

is

the discussion, the process for producing cocoa described. Put the steps in the process in order. In

In the discussion,

the

process for producing

is

cocoa

is

described.

Then click on the space Use each sentence only

Click on a sentence.

where

it

belongs.

once. Put the steps

The seeds

in

fat

is

in

order.

are ground.

The seeds come from the The

the process

tree.

removed.

The seeds

are roasted.

I

In the discussion, Taylor states that

and then ground can be determined

are first roasted

to get chocolate, the seeds

had most of the fat removed. From this, it that first the seeds come from the tree, then the seeds are roasted, next the seeds are ground, and finally the fat is removed.

and

that cocoa

is

chocolate that has

PROCEDURES FOR THE ACADEMIC DISCUSSIONS (Computer TOEFL® Test)

1

.

BB

Listen carefully to the academic discussion. You may

listen

to the discussion one time

only. 2.

Use the first visual to help you focus on the context. The first visual appears on the screen at the beginning of each academic discussion. It shows you how many people are talking

and where they are

an academic discussion.

talking.

Anywhere from two to

five

people could be taking part

in


3.

(Computer)

Focus on the overall meaning of the academic discussion rather than on specific words or expressions. The questions following an academic discussion generally test your overall comprehension rather than the meaning of a specific word or expression.

4.

Relate the remaining visuals to the academic discussion. The remaining related to the portion of the discussion that you hear as you see the visual.

5.

Listen carefully to each question following the academic discussion as you read it on the screen. Each listening question is both spoken and written on the computer screen.

6.

visuals are

Understand the ordering of the questions that accompany an academic discussion. The answers to the questions that accompany a discussion are generally found in

order

in

the discussion.

The answer to the

first

question

the beginning of the discussion, and the answer to the

last

will

generally be found closer to

question

will generally

be found

closer to the end of the discussion. 7.

Do

not panic if you do not understand all of the details of the academic discussion. You can still answer the questions correctly without understanding each

detail

of the discussion. 8.


You may 9.

Click on click

10.

still

on


change your mind at

KB|

.

Then

this button,

Be prepared

click

on

this

point and click on a different answer.

BSHS^^togli

to record your answer. After you



click

on

the next


Next you should move on to the language skills. The following language skills will help you to implement these procedures with the academic discussions on the computer

TOEFL

test.

110

LISTENING

Skill 29:

RECOGNIZE THE ORGANIZATION

each academic discussion in Part B of the computer TOEFL test, you should be thinking about the organization of the passage because questions about the organization of the passage quite commonly accompany the academic discussions. The types of questions that test the organization of the passage are matching questions and ordering questions. Matching questions are used to test your understanding of the organization of a classification passage that discusses the various types or categories of a given topic. Ordering questions are used to test your understanding of the organization of a process or chronological passage that discusses either how something is accomplished or a series of historical events. Look at an example of part of a discussion with a classification organization, followed by a matching question.

As you

listen to

Example

from the Computer TOEFL® Test

1

On the computer, you hear: Listen to a part of a discussion by students taking a geology

(narrator)

class.

(man

1

For

)

The discussion

the quiz today,

is

on

we need

types of rocks. to

understand what the various

types of rocks are.

(woman)

Yes.

The main

categories

of rocks are igneous, sedimentary,

and metamorphic.

(man

/ think I understand igneous

2)

rocks.

that are formed from extremely hot

Igneous rocks are rocks

magma. But what

are the

other two types of rocks ?

(man

1

Sedimentary rocks consist of older rocks and once-living material; these materials are compounded into rocks with

)

layers,

or strata,

and become sedimentary

Now for the third kind of rocks,

(woman)

rocks.

which are metamorphic

Metamorphic rocks are rocks that were

rocks.

originally igneous or

sedimentary but were transformed by intense heat or pressure.

You

think:

This passage

You

classifies

various types of rocks.

see the question:

What is

the key characteristic of each of these types of rocks?

on a phrase. Then click on the empty box the correct column. Use each phrase only

Click in

once.

igneous

sedimentary

metamorphic

rocks

rocks

rocks

Formed

in layers

Were transformed by heat or pressure

Formed from burning

magma


(Computer)

In the discussion, the students state that igneous rocks. .formed from extremely hot magma, that .

sedimentary rocks are rocks with layers, or strata, intense heat or pressure.

From

this, it

and

that metamorphic rocks.

.

.

were transformed by

can be determined that igneous rocks formed from

burning magma, that sedimentary rocks formed in layers, and that metamorphic rocks were transformed by heat or pressure. Now look at an example of a part of a discussion with a process organization, followed by an ordering question.

Example 2 from the Computer TOEFL® Test

On

the computer, you hear:

(narrator)

Listen to a part of a discussion in a physics is

(instructor)

discussing

The

class

the space shuttle is propelled into orbit.

and how it can you tell me where the

Today, we'll be talking about the space shuttle propelled into

orbit. First

shuttle gets

power? fack ?

The

(Jack)

how

class.

its

of all,

shuttle has three sources ofpower. It has

engmes, of course, and

it

its

is

main

also has smaller engines in the

and boosters attached to it. And how does the shuttle actually get shuttle

(instructor)

into orbit'?

Can you

explain the process, Cathy?

(Cathy)

First, the

main engines and

the boosters

work together to

lift

the shuttle off the ground.

(instructor)

Then, what happens

(Cathy)

The to

to the boosters?

boosters separate from the shuttle

Earth.

(instructor) Now, Greg, after the shuttle has does

(Greg)

it

(Greg)

lifted

off the ground,

how

get into orbit?

After the boosters have dropped the shuttle until

(instructor)

and parachute back

it is

off,

the

almost at orbital

main engines power

velocity.

Then how does the shuttle actually get into orbit? That's when the smaller engines kick in and push

the

shuttle into orbit.

You

think:

This passage explains the process by which the shuttle

is

propelled

into space.

You see the question:

The

process by which the shuttle

is

propelled into space

is

explained in the discussion. Put the steps in the process in order. on a sentence. Then click on the space where belongs. Use each sentence onetime only,

Click it

The main engines put the shuttle almost into orbit. The main engines and boosters lift the shutde. The smaller engines push the shuttle into orbit. The boosters separate and parachute to Earth.

III

112

LISTENING

1

2

3

4

In the discussion, the students state that first, the main engines and the

boosters

work together

to

and parachute back to Earth, that the main engines power the shuttle until it is almost at orbital velocity, and that the smaller engines... push the shuttle into orbit. From this, it can be determined that first the main engines and boosters lift the shuttle, next the boosters separate and parachute to Earth, then the main engines put the shuttle almost into orbit, and finally the smaller engines push the shuttle into orbit. Now look at an example of a part of a lecture with both classification and chronological organization, followed by both a matching question and an ordering question. lift

the shuttle off the ground, that the boosters separate from the shuttle


On

JQp


(narrator)

Listen to a part of a discussion by a group of students taking

a music

(woman

1)

The discussion

class.

is

on

early periods of music.

There are four periods of music that we need with.

The first period was

the

to be familiar

Medieval period, from 1100

1300. The Medieval period was the period when organized instrumental music began.

And after the Medieval period was the Renaissance period,

(man)

which was the age ofpolyphonic church music. This period lasted for

(woman

2)

300 years.

So the Renaissance period lasted from 1300

to

1600. Then

which period was next?

(woman

1)

After the Renaissance period there was the Baroque period

fiom 1600

1750

to

to

1750, followed by the Classical period from

1850.

And what type of music was featured in each

(man)

of these

periods?

(woman

1)

The Baroque period featured

the beginnings of opera

and

oratorio.

(woman

2)

And the Classical period was the age of symphonies and concertos.

You

think:

This passage presents types or chronological order.

classifications

of music in

to


(Computer)


The

students discuss a

number of periods of music. Put

the

periods of music into the order in which they occurred. Click

on a phrase. Then click on the space where Use each phrase one time only.

it

belongs.

Baroque period Renaissance period Classical period

Medieval period 1

2 3

In the discussion, the students mention the Medieval period, from 1100 period, which.

.

.

1300

lasted from

1750

From

to

1600, the Baroque period from 1600

to

to

1300, the Renaissance

1750,

and

the Classical

can be determined that first there was the Medieval period, then the Renaissance period, next the Baroque period, and finally the Classical

period from

to

1850.

this, it

period.

You see the question: Match the period of music

to the type of

music that was featured

during that period. on a phrase. Then click on the empty box the correct column. Use each phrase only

Click in

once.

Renaissance period

Baroque

Classical

period

period

Symphonies

Church music

Opera

In the discussion, the students mention the Renaissance period, which was the age of polyphonic church music, and state that the Baroque period featured the beginnings of opera and that the Clas-

was the age of symphonies. From this, it can be determined that the Renaissance period featured church music, the Baroque period featured opera, and the Classical period featured symphonies. sical period

113

LISTENING

EXERCISE 29:

Listen to each academic discussion,

tion in the passage

1.

a.

is

and

try to

organized.

What type of organization

is

used in the

first

passage?

CZ) classification CZ) ordering (process or chronology) CZ) both classification and ordering

2.

b.

What are

a.

What

the

main points

type of organization

in the organization?

is

used in the second passage?

CZ) classification CZ) ordering (process or chronology) CZ) both classification and ordering

3.

b.

What are

a.

What type of organization

the

main points


is

used in the third passage?

CZ) classification CZ) ordering (process or chronology) CZ) both classification and ordering b.

What are

the

main points


determine how the informa-


TOEFL EXERCISE

29: Listen to

(Computer)

each passage, and answer the questions that accompany it.

Questions 1-2 r

Jsten to a discussion by a

group of students taking a meteorology

he formation of hail. i

j.

In the discussion, the students explain the initial stages in

(

the formation of a hailstone

from a drop of water.

Summarize the process by putting the steps ^

in order.

on a sentence. Then click on the space where belongs. Use each sentence one time only.

Click it

It

picks

It falls It rises

It

up water.

within the cloud. within a cloud.

freezes for the first time.

1

2 |

3 1

4

I

In the discussion, the students explain hits the earth.

how a hailstone

Summarize the process by putting the

steps in order.


Click it

It

becomes too

It falls

to the

It rises

and

It

1

heavy.

ground.

falls

repeatedly in the cloud.

adds new layers of ice.

I

class.

The

discussion

is

on

115

LISTENING

Questions 3-5 Listen to a discussion in a physiology class.

3.

How many breaks in

the

The

bone are there

in

discussion

is

on

types of fractures.

each of these fractures?

on a phrase. Then click on the empty box in the correct column. Use each phrase only once. Click

double

multiple

single

fracture

fracture

fracture

One break

4.

Two

breaks

Numerous breaks

How is each of these fractures described? on a phrase. Then click on the empty box in the correct column. Use each phrase only once. Click

compound

simple

greenstick

fracture

fracture

fracture

Complete fracture no broken skin

Partial

fracture

Complete fracture with broken skin

with

5.

How serious is each

of these fractures?


simple

compound

greenstick

fracture

fracture

fracture

Less serious

Serious

More

serious


(Computer)

Questions 6-7 Listen to a discussion by a

group of students taking a law class. The students are discussing

Clarence Darrow.

6.

With what event was each of the defendants associated? on a name. Then click on the empty box in the correct column. Use each expression only once. Click

John Scopes Pullman

7.

strike

Loeb and Leopold Evolution in the classroom

Eugene Debs Murder

trial

A historical series of events in the life of Clarence Darrow is presented in the discussion. Put the events in the correct chronological order.


Click it

He arbitrated a coal strike. He defended the murderers of a teenager. He took part in the Monkey Trial. He defended the railway union president. 1

I

.

118

LISTENING

Skill 30:

As you

LISTEN FOR DIRECT AND INDIRECT DETAILS each academic discussion in Part

listen to

B

of the computer

TOEFL

test,

you

should focus on the details from the passage and indirect information that can be inferred from these details because questions about direct and indirect details quite commonly accompany the academic discussions. Multiple-choice questions are used to test direct and indirect details, and these multiple-choice questions may have one correct answer or two correct answers. Look at an example of a part of an academic discussion, followed by a multiple-choice question about a direct detail. This question has one correct answer.

Example from the Computer TOEFL® Test

On the computer, you hear: (narrator)

Listen to a part of a discussion by a group of students taking

an astronomy

(man 1) (woman)

class.

...And how large I believe the

text

is

The discussion

is

on our galaxy.

our galaxy, do you know?

said that our galaxy has a radius of 35, 000

light years.

(man 2) (man 1) (woman)

Then

that

would

be

a diameter of 70,000

And where is our sun positioned in Our sun

is

orbiting at

the galaxy ?

an average distance of 29,000

years from the center of the galaxy.

You

light years.

light

.

think:

This passage gives

direct

and

indirect details

about our sun and our

galaxy.

You

see the question

and the answers:

How wide is our galaxy?

O O O O

29,700 light years 35,000 light years 54,400 light years 70,000 light years

In the discussion, the speakers state that our galaxy has a radius of 35,000 light years, which is a diameter of 70,000 light years. This means that our galaxy is 70,000 light years wide, so the

answer is the best answer to this question. Now look at an example of a multiple-choice question about a direct tion has two correct answers.

last

detail.


What is stated about our Click

C3

Q

sun?

on 2 answers.

around the center of the

galaxy.

It

orbits

It

has a diameter of 35,000 light years.

It is just It

under 30,000

light years

from the center of the

has a radius of 29,000 light years.

galaxy.

This ques-

9


woman

In the discussion, the

and

that

sun

is

orbiting at

an average

distance of

29,000

means

that our sun orbits around the center of the is just under 30,000 light years from the center. The first and third answers are

light years from the center

galaxy

states that our

(Computer)

it

of the galaxy. This

therefore the best answers to this question.

Now

look at an example of a multiple-choice question about an indirect

question has

detail.

one correct answer.

You

see the question:

What can be

CD CD CD CD

It is It

inferred about our sun?

close to the center of our galaxy.

moves

It is It is

throughout the galaxy. almost as large as our galaxy. in the outer portion of our galaxy. erratically

In the discussion, the speakers state that our galaxy has a radius of 35,000 light years

our sun

is

This

orbiting at

an average distance of 29,000

inferred that our sun

is

light years from the center.

in the outer portion of our galaxy.

The

last

answer

From is

and

this, it

that

can be

therefore the best

answer to this question.

EXERCISE 30:

Listen to each academic discussion,

and

try to focus

on the

direct

and

indi-

rect details in the passage.

1.

What are some of the

direct details in the

a.

About when the performance

is:

b.

About the characters they are

playing:

c.

About the scene they are performing:

What are some of the indirect details

2.

d.

About how familiar they are with

e.

About what they will do


first

that can

passage?

be inferred from the passage?

their lines:

next:

direct details in the second passage?

a.

About how iron

b.

About the composition of iron

c.

About the reaction of iron

d.

About the

pyrite

is

like gold:

-

pyrite:

pyrite to heat:

derivation of the

word pyrite.

What are some of the indirect details

that can be inferred

e.

About the people who mistook iron

f.

About the reaction of gold

g.

About the use of gold

to heat:

to create fires:

pyrite for gold:

from the passage?

1

1

LISTENING


direct details in the third passage?

a.

About who named

b.

About where the name

c.

About what the

d.

About the inhabitants of the

California:

California

first

fictional California


appeared:

was

like:

fictional California:

indirect details that can be inferred

e.

About when California was named:

f.

About the

real land of California:

TOEFL EXERCISE 30:

Listen to each passage,

Questions 1-5

and answer the questions 4.

some students who are taking a drama class. They are discussing their class project on the play Our Town.

What is

When (ZD (ZD (ZD (ZD

O O

It

takes place before a wedding.

It

takes place during a wedding.

George and Emily are getting is

the students' performance?

married.

O

In three days

George and Emily are wedding

In a few weeks In three

months

What are

is

It is

O Q O

Emily

George Thornton Wilder The Stage Manager

most

the students probably going to

how

familiar with their lines?

(ZD They haven't even looked

at their

lines.

(ZD They have read over their lines. (ZD They have each memorized their lines.

(ZD They have each memorized everyone's lines.

on 2 answers.

Other plays Costumes Characters

Props

likely that the students are

own

Click

not a character in the

scene?

3.

guests.

In ten days

Which of these (ZD (ZD (ZD (ZD

accompany it.

on 2 answers.

discuss next?

2.

that

stated about the scene?

Click

Listen to a discussion by

1.

from the passage?


Questions 6-12

12.

What can be

(Computer)

inferred from the discussion

about gold in ancient cultures? Listen to a discussion about a geology class.

The students are 6.

In what way

CD CD CD CD

CD CD CD CD

discussing iron pyrite.

is

iron pyrite similar to gold?

not mined. not used to start fires. valued less than iron pyrite.

was It was It was It was It

called fool's gold.

In color In shape In composition In reaction to heat

Questions 13-18 Listen to a discussion in a history

7.

It is

implied in the discussion that what

type of people thought iron pyrite was

discussion

on the

is

history

class.

The

behind the name

California.

gold?

CD CD CD CD

Adventurous people Foolish people Wealthy people Practical people

13.

Who gave known

the area of North America

as California

its

name?

CD An explorer CD An Amazon A O CD

knight

The son of a knight

8.

What is

iron pyrite

Click

composed

of?

on 2 answers. 14.

Gold

North America known

Sulfur

likely given its

O O O

Pyrite

Iron

9.

O O O

.

most

name?

In 1435 In 1535 In 1635

on 2 answers. 15.

It

creates smoke.

It

emits a bad smell.

It

becomes golden.

It

develops a shine.

How was the name

CD CD CD CD

As As As As

the the the the

name name name name

California first used?

of a fictional place of an

Amazon

tribe

of an explorer's ship of a knight's son

How does gold most likely react to heat?

CD CD CD CD 11

as California

In 1735

How does iron pyrite react to heat? Click

10.

In which of these years was the area of

16. It

develops a cubical shape.

It

smokes and

It

does not have a strong reaction.

It

turns into iron pyrite.

What was Click

smells. 1

come from?

Where did

the

CD CD CD CD

word meaning "gold." a Latin word meaning "far." a Greek word meaning "iron." a Greek word meaning "fire."

From From From From

word

a Latin

pyrite

I

O O

the fictional California like?

on 2 answers.

was in the Americas. It was an island. It was full of explorers. It had lots of gold. It

121

LISTENING

17.

What is not stated

in the discussion

about

What can be

18.

the inhabitants of the fictional California?

inferred about the

California that Cortes visited?

CZ) They were women. They were Amazons. CZ) They were warriors. CZ) They were explorers.

O

Click

on 2 answers.

It

did not have Amazons.

It

did not have any gold.

was not an island. It did not have any inhabitants. It

Skill 3

1 :

VISUALIZE THE PASSAGE

each academic discussion in Part B of the computer TOEFL test, you should try to visualize what you hear in the passage because visual questions about what is being described in the passage quite commonly accompany the academic discussions. There are two types of visual questions that may accompany an academic discussion. One type of visual question shows you four drawings and asks you to click on the one drawing of the four that answers a question. The other type of visual question shows you one drawing with four letters on it and asks you to click on the one letter of the four that answers a question. Look at an example of a part of a discussion and a visual question with four drawings.

As you

listen to

Example

1


On the computer, you hear: apart of a discussion in a botany class. The discussion is on a type offlower called a calendula.

(narrator)

Listen to

(man)

The next

type offlower that

we need

to discuss is the

calendula.

(woman)

The calendula ? I've never heard of that, What does

it

look

like?

(man)

You

a very common kind of garden flower in the United States; you 've probably seen lots of them. The calendula has yellow or orange petals, and the petals grow in six to ten concentric circles around its center. It's

think:

This passage describes something that

I

should try to

visualize.


Which of the Click

following flowers

on a drawing.

is

most

likely

a calendula?

.


In the discussion, the

grow in six

man

states that the calendula has yellow or orange petals,

to ten concentric circles

around

its center.

Answer C, with

(Computer)

and

the petals

petals in concentric circles

around the center, is therefore the best answer to this question. Now look at an example of a part of a discussion and a visual question with one drawing

and four

letters.


On


a part of a discussion in a phonology class. The discussion is about how the English / 1/ sound is produced.

(narrator)

Listen to

(instructor)

The next sound we'll talk about is the / 1/ sound. What type of sound is the / 1/ sound ? Hannah ? The / 1/ sound is an alveolar sound. This means that the

(Hannah)

when the tip of the tongue is placed against the alveolar ridge and then is suddenly removed.

/ 1/ sound

is formed

(instructor)

And where is the alveolar ridge?

(Hannah)

The alveolar ridge

is

the ridge in the

mouth just behind

the

top front teeth.

(instructor)

That's exactly right. Ifyou practice forming a /t/ sound,

you can feel the ridge.

You

.

tip

ofyour tongue against the alveolar

.

think:

This passage has something that


Where

is

Click

the alveolar ridge?

on a

letter.

I

should try to

visualize.

LISTENING

In the discussion, top front teeth.

Hannah

Answer

B,

states that the alveolar ridge

on the ridge behind the top

is

the ridge in the

front teeth,

is

mouth just behind

the

the alveolar ridge and

is

therefore the best answer to this question.

EXERCISE

31: Listen to each

academic discussion, and

try to visualize the information in

the passage. 1.

How do you visualize the two theories about the behavior of storms? a.

2.

Redfield's theory

b.

Espy's theory

How do you visualize an opossum? a.

A mother with a very young baby

b.

A mother with an older child

c.

An

adult in a

defensive position


(Computer)

How do you visualize Chimney Rock? a.

Its

actual shape

b.

location in relation

Its

c.

to the Platte River

TOEFL EXERCISE 31: Questions 1-3

Listen to each pass;

,

Its

to the

2.

How did Espy believe storms behave?

group of students The discussion is on

a meteorology class. theories

1.

How did Redfield believe in

in

about the behavior of storms.

storms behave? Click

on a drawing.

that the winds

Rocky Mountains

and answer the questions that accompany it.

•

Listen to a discussion by a

location in relation

Click

on a drawing.

that the winds in

125

126

LISTENING

3.

Which of these diagrams most closely

5.

most likely be while around?

represents what winds actually do during

a storm? Click

Where would a three-month-old opossum

on a drawing.

Click

6.

on a

group of students discussing information from a zoology class. The discussion is on the opossum. 4.

Where would a one-month-old baby opossum most likely be found? Click

on a

letter.

is

What does an opossum do when

Click

Listen to a

mother

walking

letter.

threatened?

Questions 4—6

its

on a drawing.

it is


Questions 7-9

9.

from an American The discussion is on Chimney

Listen to a discussion history class.

Rock.

7.

Which of these most closely resembles Chimney Rock? Click

8.

Where

on a drawing.

is

Chimney Rock located in

relation to the Platte River? Click

on a

letter.

Where

is

Chimney Rock in

(Computer)

relation to the

Great Plains and the Rocky Mountains? Click

on a

letter.

)

128

LISTENING


(Skills

29-31

Questions 1-5 Listen to a discussion in an

American history

class.

The

discussion

is

Listening

American History An

Early

American

Coin ^

55 *B

feral

about an early American coin.


1.

By what two names Click

O

2.

this

coin known?

4.

What do

the circles

on the back of the

coin look like?

on 2 answers.

Click

The "I Fly" coin The Fugio coin The "Mind Your Business" coin The Franklin coin

on a drawing.

When was this coin first issued?

CD CD CD CD

3.

is

(Computer)

In the 16th century In the 17th century In the 18th century In the 19th century

For which part of the coin was Franklin given credit? Click

on a

letter.

5.

What words

O C>

are

on the back of the coin?

Fugio

Mind your business The 13 colonies

C> CO We are one

129

130

LISTENING

Questions 6-10 Listen to a group of students discussing a presentation for a business

marketing of Kleenex. Listening

f

1

•I

Business The Marketing of Kleenex

i Listening

Listening

class.

The

discussion

is

on the

1


6.

What are I

1

I

1

I

1

I

1

the students doing?

period of time

when

How did Kimberly-Clark learn

9.

that

its

product had a use as a handkerchief?

Reviewing class lecture notes Preparing for a presentation Writing a paper Preparing for an exam

Match the use of the product

(Computer)

I

1

I

1

I

1

I

1

From customer letters From research scientists From marketing experts From famous actresses

to the

that use

10.

Match the use of the product

to the

marketing strategy associated with that

predominated.

use.

word or phrase. Then click on the empty box in the correct column. Use each word or phrase one time only. Click on a

facecloth

handkerchief

gas

on a word. Then

on the empty box in the correct column. Use each word one time only. Click

mask bandages

Before 1920

8.

What was at the

It It

It

I?

on 2 answers.

had a large surplus of its product. needed to develop a new product. no longer needed to market its product.

O

It

needed product.

to

facecloths

handkerchiefs

Famous

No

Consumer

actresses

marketing

testing

In the 1930s

the situation at Kimberly-Clark

end of World War

Click

O O Q

In the 1920s

click

begin marketing

its

1

3

LISTENING

132

Questions 11-15 Listen to a discussion by a

group of students

IMening

an oceanography

class.

Listening

|

1

Oceanography Atolls i

Listening

in

The

discussion

is

on

atolls.


11.

What is an

atoll

made

of?

14.

is

discussed.

Summarize the process by putting the steps in order.

ash

CD CD

In the discussion, the process of the

formation of atolls

CD A combination of coral and algae CD A combination of algae and volcanic

(Computer)

Only of algae Only of coral

on a sentence. Then click on the space where it belongs. Use each sentence one time only. Click

Coral begins to grow. 12.

Which of these Click

is

an

A volcanic island forms.

atoll?

The volcano The volcano

on a drawing.

disappears underwater. erodes.

1

2 3

4

15.

Where

is

Click

13.

Where do Click

Q

atolls

tend to grow?

on 2 answers.

In tropical areas

CD In arctic areas In warm water

O O

In cool water

the lagoon?

on a

letter.

133

LISTENING

ACADEMIC LECTURES (COMPUTER TOEFL® TEST) Academic

lectures appear in Part

B of the

Listening section of the computer

TOEFL

test.

For each of the academic lectures in this part of the test, you will see a series of context-setting and content visuals as you listen to a 120-150 second lecture by a university professor. After you see the visuals and listen to the lecture, you will hear a series of questions as you see each question and its answer choices on the computer screen. You must click on the best answer choice to each question on the computer screen. A variety of types of questions are possible in this part of the test. Some of these types of questions 1.

2.

3.

may follow

a lecture:

One

Correct Answer ask you to select the best answer from four choices, based upon the information given in the passage. A multiple-choice question with one correct answer may ask about the main idea or a directly or an indirectly answered detail from the passage. Multiple-Choice Questions with Two Correct Answers ask you to select the two correct answers from four choices, based upon the information given in the passage. A multiple-choice question with two correct answers may ask about directly or indirectly answered details from the passage. Multiple-Choice Questions with

Graphic Questions with Four Letters ask you to graphic that answers a question.

click

on one of four

letters

on a

A graphic question with four letters may ask about

a directly or an indirectly answered detail from the passage. 4.

5.

6.

The

Questions with Four Graphics ask you to click on one of four graphics that answers a question. A question with four graphics may ask about a directly or an indirectly answered detail from the passage. Matching Questions ask you to match three categories of information from the passage with details from each of the categories. A matching question generally asks about the organization of ideas in the passage. Ordering Questions ask you to put four pieces of information in the correct procedural or chronological order. An ordering question generally asks about the overall organization of ideas in the passage.

following example of an academic lecture shows each of these types of questions.

the actual computer

TOEFL

accompanying one academic

test,

you

lecture.)

will

probably not see

all

(On

of these types of questions

ACADEMIC LECTURES

(Computer)


screen:

Listening

You hear: Listen to

a

lecture in

a

history class.

The professor is

talking about the history of Alcatraz Island. i

History ;

Alcatraz Island

ii—-J

San Francisco Bay. It was named in 1 775 by a Spanish explorer who first saw the rocky island when it was covered with pelicans. He named the island after the pelicans the Alcatraz

is

a

large, rocky island in

—

word Alcatraz

is

actually

a derivation of the Spanish

word for pelican.

Listening

Q You can

was acquired turned over to protect

The island in 1848, when it was

see Alcatraz Island in this photo.

by the United States

to the military. It

was first made

San Francisco because of its

into

location

a fort

due north

of San Francisco just inside the entrance to San Francisco Bay. It was later turned into a military

and it remained part of the military system 1934, when it was changed into a federal prison.

prison,

until

Alcatraz served as a federal prison for twenty-nine years

from 1934 until

was

During the time that it served as a federal prison, a number of famous prisoners served time there, including Al Capone, Machine Gun Kelly, and Robert Stroud, who was better known as the Birdman of Alcatraz because of the prison

the studies he conducted there

Q In 1963,

closed in 1963.

on

birds.

the prison at Alcatraz

was shut down, and,

for the next nine years, the entire island was closed off and no one was allowed to go there. Then, in 1972, Alcatraz became part of the National Park system, today the island

out

there.

is

open

to

anyone who wishes

to

and

venture

LISTENING

After the lecture

is

complete, the

first

question and answer choices appear on the com-

puter screen as the narrator states the question. This question with one correct answer that asks

You

see

on the computer

.

When

was Alcatraz current name?

CD CD CD CD

screen:

the 17th century

In

the 18th century

In

the

In

the 20th century

1

You

hear:

(narrator)

Island given

In

a multiple-choice question

about a period of time.

Listening

1

is

When was Alcatraz Island given current

its

name?

9th century

In the lecture, the professor states that Alcatraz was named in 1775 by a Spanish

means

its

that the Spanish explorer

named

explorer.

This

the island Alcatraz in the eighteenth century.

The

second answer is the correct answer, so you should click on this answer. The next question is a question with four graphics. You must click on the graphic that answers the question.


You

screen:

(narrator)

Listening

2.

What was Alcatraz named Click

hear:

What was Alcatraz named after?

after?

on a drawing.

B In the lecture, the professor states that he named the island after the pelicans. Drawing D, a pelican,

is

therefore the best answer to this question, so you should click

answer the question.

on Drawing

D

to

ACADEMIC LECTURES

The next question

is

a graphic question with four

Utters.

You must

click

(Computer)

on the

letter

on

the graphic that answers the question.


(narrator)

Listening

3.

Where

is

Click

You hear: Where

is

Alcatraz located?

Alcatraz located?

on a

letter.

mentions its location due north of San Francisco just inside the entrance to San Francisco Bay. Answer C, which is due north of San Francisco and just inside the entrance to the bay, is therefore the best answer to this question. The next question is a multiple-choice question with two correct answers. You must choose In the lecture, the professor

the two answers that are correct.


(narrator)

Listerwng

What

is

You hear: What

is

stated in the lecture about Robert

Stroud?

stated in the lecture about

Robert Stroud? Click f~|

on 2 answers.

He was known

as the Bird man

of Alcatraz. I~l f~l

O

He worked for Al Capone. He flew out of Alcatraz. He spent his time studying

birds.

known as the Birdman of Alcatraz because of the studies he conducted there on birds. This means that Robert Stroud was known as the Birdman of Alcatraz and that he spent his time studying birds. The first and last answers are therefore the best answers to this question, so you should click on the first and In the lecture, the professor

last

mentions Robert

Stroud,

who was

better

answers to this question.

The next question is a matching question. You must then click on the box where it belongs.

click

on each of the phrases and

LISTENING


You

(narrator)

Listen) no

5.

How

long did Alcatraz

fulfill

hear:

each of these functions?

fulfill

29 years

Belonged to

Was a federal

the military

prison

each of these

functions'?

on an phrase. Then click on the empty box in the correct column. Use each phrase only once. Click

9 years

How long did Alcatraz

86 years

Was

closed to

everyone

1^3 SSS.d,

In the lecture, the professor states that the island was acquired by the United States in 1848,

when

The

it

was turned over

to the military

and

that

it

remained part of the military system until 1934.

professor also states that Alcatraz served as a federal prison for twenty-nine years and that for

was closed off and no one was allowed to go there. From this, it can be determined that Alcatraz belonged to the military for 86 years, that it was a federal prison for 29 years, and that it was closed to everyone for 9 years. You should click on each period of time and then click on the box where it belongs to answer this question. The next question is an ordering question. You must click on each of the phrases and then click on the box where it belongs. the next nine years, the entire island

You

see

on the computer

You

screen:

(narrator)

Listening

Put these people

in

the order

in

which they most

arrived at Alcatraz.

it

I

Then

belongs.

phrase only once.

A tourist A federal prisoner A Spanish explorer A military prisoner

likely

Put

these people in the

order in which they most likely

Click on a phrase.

space where

hear:

click

on the

Use each

arrived at

Alcatraz.

ACADEMIC LECTURES

In the lecture, the professor it

was turned over

mentions the following:

to the military;

National Park system.

From

this,

people arrived at Alcatraz was

and

eral prisoner,

1

775 and a Spanish

(Computer)

explorer;

1848, when

a federal prison. .from 1934 until. 1963; and 7972 and the it can be determined that the most likely order that these .

first

.

.

a Spanish explorer, then a military prisoner, next a fed-

finally a tourist.

PROCEDURES FORTHE ACADEMIC LECTURES (Computer TOEFL® Test)

1.

2.

Listen carefully to the

Use the

academic lecture. You may

hall.

Focus on the overall meaning of the academic lecture rather than on specific words or expressions. The questions following an academic lecture generally test your overall comprehension rather than the meaning of a specific word or expression. Relate the remaining visuals to the academic lecture. The remaining related to the portion of the lecture that

5.

you hear as you see the

Listen carefully to each question following the

the screen. Each 6.

to the lecture one time only.

to help you focus on the context. The first visual appears on the the beginning of each academic lecture. It shows you that a professor is giving a

lecture in an academic lecture

4.

listen

first visual

screen at

3.

JM

listening question

is

visuals are

visual.

academic lecture as you read

it

on


Understand the ordering of the questions that accompany an academic lecture. The answers to the questions that accompany a lecture are generally found in order in the lecture. The answer to the first question will generally be found closer to the beginning of the lecture, and the answer to the

last

question

will generally

be found closer to the end of

the lecture. 7.

Do

not panic

You can 8.

Click

Click click

10.

you do not understand

all

of the details of the academic lecture.

answer the questions correctly without understanding each

detail of

the lecture.

on an answer on the computer screen when you have selected an answer.

You may 9.

still

if

still

change your mind at

on IgEHl Then

on

.

this button,

Be prepared

click

on

this point

and

click

on a

different answer.

WMMMttW^^^ to record your answer.

After you



click

on

M^Ô^fMfSI

.

the next


Next you should move on to the language skills. The following language skills will help you to implement these procedures with the academic lectures on the computer TOEFL test.

.

.

LISTENING

Skill 32:

RECOGNIZE THE ORGANIZATION

each academic lecture in Part B of the computer TOEFL test, you should be thinking about the organization of the passage because questions about the organization of the passage quite commonly accompany the academic lectures. The types

As you

listen to

of questions that

organization of the passage are matching questions and ordering

test the

Matching questions are used

your understanding of the organization of a classification passage that discusses the various types or categories of a given topic. Ordering questions are used to test your understanding of the organization of a process or chronological passage that discusses either how something is accomplished or a series of historical events. Look at an example of a part of a lecture with a classification organization, followed by a matching question. questions.

Example

On

1

to test


the computer, you hear: Listen to a part of a lecture in a health class. The professor

(narrator)

is

(professor)

talking about burns.

Today,

I'll

be talking about different kinds of burns

First degree

burns are characterized by some redness

surface of the skin as well as pain

and

In second degree burns, the upper

layers

and damaged, and

You

to tissues

.

of body fluids.

whitish or charred,

and

beneath the skin

think:

This passage

You

damage

is

.

of skin are reddish

there is evidence of loss

In third degree burns, the skin there is

swelling.

to the

classifies

information about various types of burns.

see the question:

What

characterizes each of these types of burns?

Then click on the empty box the correct column. Use each phrase only

Click on a phrase. in

once.

tissue

damage

beneath the skin 1st

degree burn

pain and

damage to upper

swelling

skin layers

2nd degree burn

3rd degree burn

.

.

ACADEMIC LECTURES

(Computer)

In the lecture, the professor states that first degree burns are characterized by... pain

and

and damaged, and that in third degree burns, there is damage to tissues beneath the skin. From this, it can be determined that tissue damage beneath the skin occurs in third degree burns, pain and swelling occur in first degree burns, and damage to upper skin layers occurs in second degree burns. Now look at an example of a part of a lecture with a chronological organization, folswelling,

that in second degree burns, the upper layers of skin are reddish .

.

.

lowed by an ordering question.

O


On


(narrator)

Listen to a part of a lecture in a class on the history of aviation.

(professor)

The

lecture is

on

early ballooning.

Today, Til be discussing some major events in the early history of ballooning.

The first important event

took place in

June of 1 783, when the Montgolfier brothers ofFrance sent up a large, smoke-filled cloth balloon without any passengers

Only a few months

later in the

same year, French

Jean Francois Pildtre de Rozier became up in a balloon

scientist

the first person to go

Two years later, French balloonist Jean-Pierre Blanchard and American doctorJohn Jeffries made the first balloon flight across the English Channel. It

was not until

1

793 that

.

.

the first balloon ascent in the

United States took place when Jean Pierre Blanchard gave a demonstration in front of a large crowd that included President George Washington

You

think:

This passage presents a series of historical events in chronological order.

You

see the question:

The

professor describes a series of events. Put the events in order.

on a phrase. Then click on the space where belongs. Use each phrase one time only. Click

it

The first balloon trip across the English Channel An unmanned, smoke-filled balloon The first balloon ascent in the United States The first manned balloon ascent 1

2

3

4

141

.

LISTENING

In the lecture, the professor mentions the following: June of 1 783 and a large, smoke-filled cloth balloon without any passengers; only a few months later in the same year and the first person to go up in a balloon; two years

and

later

and

the first balloon flight across the English Channel;

From

and

1

793

can be determined that first there was an unmanned, smoke-filled balloon, then there was the first manned balloon ascent, next there was the first balloon trip across the English Channel, and finally there was the first balloon ascent in the United States. Now look at an example of a part of a lecture with both classification and chronological organization, followed by both a matching question and an ordering question. the first balloon ascent in the United States.

this, it


On the computer, you hear: (narrator)

Listen to part of a lecture in a geography

class.

The

lecture is

on major rivers of the world. (professor)

Today,

I'll

be talking about the

systems of the world.

which

Africa,

is

The four

4,145 miles

South America, which

is

major rivers and

longest are the Nile River in

long, the

4,007 miles

Amazon River in

long, the Mississippi

River system in North America, which

and

the Yangtze River in China,

long.

You

orders

is

miles long,

3,436

miles

.

classifies

information about different

rivers. It also

the rivers by length.

professor discusses major rivers of the world. Put these rivers

in order, Click

from longest

The Mississippi River The Yangtze River The Amazon River The Nile River I

2 |

3 |

I

to shortest.

on a name. Then click on the space where Use each name one time only.

belongs.

4

which

710

see the question:

The

1

is 3,

think:

This passage

You

.

river

it

ACADEMIC LECTURES

mentions

In the lecture, the professor River.

.

,

.

which

the Yangtze River.

of the rivers River,

4,007 miles

is .

.

which

,

from longest

and the Yangtze

You

..,

which

long, the Mississippi River system.

3,436

is

the Nile River.

miles long.

to shortest

is

From

this, it

.

.

is ,

4,145 miles

which

is 3,

(Computer)

Amazon long, and

long, the

710

miles

can be determined that the order

the Nile River, the

Amazon

River, the Mississippi

River.

see the question:

Match each

river to

its

location.

Then click on the empty box the correct column. Use each phrase only

Click on a phrase. in

once.

Amazon River

Yangtze River

Nile River

China

Africa

South America

In the lecture, the professor ica,

in

and

the Yangtze River in China.

in the passage

a.

What

the Nile River in Africa, the

is

this, it

Listen to each academic lecture, is

and

is

used in the

first

passage?

CZ) classification CZ) ordering (process or chronology) both classification and ordering

O b.

What are

try to

organized.


the

main points

Amazon River in South Amer-

can be determined that the Amazon River in China, and the Nile River is in Africa.

From

South America, the Yangtze River

EXERCISE 32:

1.

mentions


is

determine how the information

LISTENING

2.

a.

What

CD CD CD

3.


in the

second passage?

ordering (process or chronology)

both

What are

a.

What

b.

used

classification

b.

CD CD CD

is

classification

and ordering

the main points in the organization?


is

used

in the third passage?

classification

ordering (process or chronology)

both

What are

classification

and ordering

the main points in the organization?

TOEFL EXERCISE 32:



Questions 1-2 Listen to a lecture in a geography class.

1

.

How are each

The

professor

is

talking about lakes.

of these lakes described in the lecture?

Then click on the empty box in the correct column. Use each name only once.

Click on a name.

Lake Superior

Caspian Sea

Lake Baikal

Largest lake

Deepest lake

Largest freshwater lake

that

accompany it.

ACADEMIC LECTURES

2.

How was each

(Computer)

of these lakes formed?

on a name. Then click on the empty box in the correct column. Use each name only once. Click

Lake Baikal

Lake Superior

Caspian Sea

Cut off from the oceans

Carved out by

Created over a

glaciers

fault in the crust

Questions 3-5 Listen to a lecture in

3.

an archeology

class.

The

In the lecture, the professor describes

professor

how the

it


Soft tissues

Hard

An

1

tissues

animal

Hard

decompose.

become

dies.

tissues

remain.

buried.

talking about the formation of fossils.

process of fossilization gets started. Summarize

the process by putting the steps in order. Click

is

145

LISTENING

4.

In the lecture, the professor explains what happens to the buried bones. Summarize the

process by putting the steps in order.

it

belongs.

Then

on the space where Use each sentence one time only.

Click on a sentence.

click

Minerals eventually replace the bones. Layers of sediment cover the bones.

Minerals from the ground water enter the bones.

The bones 1

sink to the level of the

ground

water.

I

2 |

3

4

5.

I

I

In the lecture, the professor explains what happens after the hard tissue has fossilized

underground. Summarize the process by putting the steps Click on a sentence. it

Then

on the space where belongs. Use each sentence one time only. click

The remains may be pushed close to the The fossilized remains are buried. Humans may discover the remains. The earth moves the buried remains. 1

I

surface.

in order.

ACADEMIC LECTURES

(Computer)

Questions 6-8 Listen to a lecture in a nutrition class.

6.

The

professor

is

talking about olive

In the lecture, the professor describes the cold-press process.

oil.

Summarize the process by

putting the steps in order. Click it

on a sentence. Then click on the space where Use each sentence one time only.

belongs.

Virgin olive oil results.

The crushed

The

olives are repressed.

olives are

pressed for the

Cold-pressed olive

time.

first

oil results.

1

2 |

3 |

4

7.

I

What

are the different grades of olive oil?


8.

light olive oil

virgin olive oil

Olive oil of the highest quality

Olive oil affected by heating

What are

the different types of

oil

pure olive

oil

Olive oil mixed with other oils

produced by the cold-press process?


cold-pressed

virgin

extra virgin

olive oil

olive oil

olive oil

From

the

first

pressing, with lower acid

From

the

first

pressing, with higher acid

From a later pressing

147

.

LISTENING

Skill 33:

LISTEN FOR DIRECT AND INDIRECT DETAILS

each academic discussion in Part B of the computer TOEFL test, you should focus on the details from the passage and indirect information that can be inferred from these details because questions about direct and indirect details quite commonly accompany the academic lectures. Multiple-choice questions are used to test direct and indirect details, and these multiple-choice questions may have one correct answer or two correct answers. Look at an example of a part of an academic lecture, followed by a multiple-choice question about a direct detail. This question has one correct answer.

As you

listen to

Example from the Computer TOEFL® Test

On

the computer, you hear: Listen to a part of a lecture in

(narrator)

lecture is

an astronomy

class. The^

on Halley 's comet.

(professor) Halley 's comet, which passes by our planet every 76 years, last

came

by

our planet in 1986.

This comet was

who

named

after

.

.

astronomer Edmund Halley,

correctly predicted its return in 1 758, sixteen years after

his death

You

think:

This passage gives

and

direct

and

indirect details

about

Edmund Halley

Halley's comet.

You see the question and the answers:

What is

stated in the lecture about Halley's comet?

<0

It last

C>

It

did not appear between 1758 and 1986.

CZ)

It

gave

came by in 1976.
name

to

an astronomer.

In the lecture, the professor states that Halley's comet. .passes by our planet every 76 years. This means that it comes by once every 76 years. The second answer is therefore the best answer to .

this question.

Now look at another example

of a multiple-choice question about a direct

question has two correct answers.


What does Click

Q

the lecturer say about

Edmund Halley?

on 2 answers.

He lived to the age of 76. He was an astronomer. He made an accurate prediction. He viewed the comet in 1758.

detail.

This

ACADEMIC LECTURES

(Computer)

mentions astronomer Edmund Halley, who correctly predicted its return. This means that Edmund Halley was an astronomer and made an accurate prediction. The second and third answers are therefore the best answers to this question. Now look at an example of a multiple-choice question about an indirect detail. This question has one correct answer. In the lecture, the professor

You see the question: In what year did

O O O O

Edmund

Halley most likely die?

In 1742 In 1758

In 1774 In 1986

mentions 1758, sixteen years after his death. From this, it can be determined that Edmund Halley most likely died sixteen years prior to 1758, in 1742. The first answer is therefore the best answer to this question. In the lecture, the professor

EXERCISE 33:

Listen to each academic lecture,

and

try to focus

on the

direct

details in the passage.

1.


direct details in the first passage?

a.

About

b.

About the percent of trees

c.

About the

d.

About the biggest

e.

About the evolution of conifers:

f.

About how evergreens

conifers:

that are conifers:

oldest tree:


trees:

differ

from deciduous

trees:


g.

About where

h.

About the giant redwoods:

conifers are found:

from the passage?

and

indirect

LISTENING

2.


direct details in the second passage?

a.

About who

b.

About the period of time discussed

c.

About the

rules related to clothing:

d.

About the

rules related to places to go:

is

listening to the lecture:


3.

in the lecture:


e.

About the

f.

About where the teachers would spend

lifestyle

What are some

from the passage?

of the teachers in the lecture: evenings:

of the direct details in the third passage?

a.

About how Venus compares

b.

About the highest temperatures on Venus:

c.

About the causes of the heat on Venus:

d.

About the components of Venus's atmosphere:

e.

About the components of Venus's

f.

About the causes of the brightness of Venus:


to the

clouds:


g.

About the

h.

About the brightness of Venus

i.

About the clouds

size

Moon:

from the passage?

of Venus in relation to other planets:

that

TOEFL EXERCISE 33:

in

its full

phase:

surround Venus:


Questions 1-8


that

accompany it.

What percent of the world's

trees are

conifers?

Listen to a lecture in a botany

professor

1.

is

The

talking about conifers.

What is

CD CD CD CD

class.

true about

They have

all

conifers?

colorful flowers.

Their leaves are wide. Their wood is red. They bear cones.

O O O O

It is

20 33 50 67

implied in the lecture that most

conifers are

CD CD CD CD

found

in

which hemisphere?

The northern hemisphere The southern hemisphere The eastern hemisphere The western hemisphere

ACADEMIC LECTURES

What is

true about the biggest

and oldest

(Computer)

Questions 9-14

trees?

Listen to a lecture in an education class. Click

D

on 2 answers.

professor

They are both found

in the

same 9.

state.

D D D

They are both hundreds of feet high. They are both types of conifers. They are both over 4,000 years old.

Which of the following giant

is

10.

Who is listening to this lecture?

CD CD CD CD

School administrators Future teachers

The

rules discussed in this lecture relate

to

CD A tree that weighs 2,000 pounds A tree that is 250 feet tall CD A tree with wide, flat leaves CD A tree with huge cones

O

Experienced teachers Students of American history

what period of time?

CD CD CD CD

Late in the 18th century Early in the 19th century Early in the 20th century

Late in the 20th century

inferred from the lecture? 11.

Click

talking about early teachers.

most likely a

redwood?

What can be

is

It is

on 2 answers.

implied in the lecture that the

teachers discussed in the lecture

Q O

All conifers are evergreens.

kind of lifestyle?

Some

CD CD CD CD

conifers are not evergreens.

All conifers have needles.

Q

Some

The

conifers

do not have

needles.

had what

Very liberated Extremely controlled Rather varied Quite adventurous

Why did needle-shaped leaves evolve?

CD CD CD CD

Because Because water Because Because

of a shortage of water

12.

of an overabundance of

discussed

in the lecture?

of a shortage of sunlight of an overabundance of

sunlight

What can be determined from

What rules about clothing are Click

on 2 answers.

The The The The

style

of the trousers

color of the cloth

length of the

skirts

type of material

the lecture

about different types of trees? Click

on 2 answers.

13.

Where would a

teacher from the era

discussed in the lecture most likely be at

Evergreen trees lose and replace their leaves at specific times in the year.

Evergreen trees lose and replace their leaves throughout the year. Deciduous trees lose and replace their leaves at specific times in the year.

Deciduous trees lose and replace their leaves throughout the year.

9:00 in the evening?

CD At home CD In the library CD At school CD On a date

LISTENING

14.

Where were

the teachers in the lecture

19.

Why is it hot on Venus?

forbidden to go? Click

Click

O 1

I

O

To To To To

on 2 answers.

O O O O

stores

bars friends' houses ice

on 2 answers.

Because Because Because Because

of its brightness

of its nearness to the Sun of its shape of its atmosphere

cream shops 20.

What

is

implied in the lecture about the

clouds that surround Venus?

Questions 15-22 Listen to a lecture in an astronomy class.

professor

The

talking about Venus.

is

CD CD CD

They are very thick. They are invisible from Earth. They are similar to the clouds

CD

surrounding Earth. They have been discovered only recently.

15.

can be inferred from the lecture that Venus is how large in relation to the other It

planets in our solar system?

CD CD CD CD

21.

It is

the second largest planet.

It is

the fourth largest planet.

It is

the

It is

the sixth largest planet.

Which of the

following are true,

according to the lecture? Click

on 2 answers.

fifth largest planet.

O

Venus's atmosphere

is

made

of carbon

is

made

of

dioxide.

O 16.

How does Venus compare with

CD

From

the

Moon?

sulfuric acid.

O

Earth, they appear similar in

CD CD

They have similar temperatures. From Earth, they both appear to

CD

have phases. They both have similar cloud cover.

O

it is

CD CD CD CD 18.

inferred about Venus

It It

not visible from Earth. is not at its brightest. reaches its hottest temperatures. is hidden behind the Moon.

are the highest temperatures

Venus? Click

500 500 900 900

of carbon

on 2 answers.

degrees Centigrade degrees Fahrenheit

degrees Centigrade degrees Fahrenheit

on

Venus's clouds are

made

of sulfuric

Why is Venus so bright?

CD CD CD

Because Because Because

its

inner core

its

atmosphere is so thin. clouds magnify the

its

is

so hot.

planet's inner light.

It is

What

O O O O

when

in a full phase?

It

made

acid.

22.

What can be

Venus's clouds are dioxide.

size.

17.

Venus's atmosphere

CD

Because

its

sunlight.

clouds reflect a lot of

.

ACADEMIC LECTURES

Skill 34:

(Computer)

VISUALIZE THE PASSAGE

each academic lecture in Part B of the computer TOEFL test, you should try to visualize what you hear in the passage because visual questions about what is being described in the passage quite commonly accompany the academic lectures. There are two types of visual questions that may accompany an academic lecture. One type of visual question shows you four drawings and asks you to click on the one drawing of the four that answers a question. The other type of visual question shows you one drawing with four letters on it and asks you to click on the one letter of the four that answers a question. Look at an example of a part of a lecture and a visual question with four drawings. As you

listen to

Example

On

1



(narrator)

a part of a The lecture is on the

Listen to

a

lecture in

class

on American

culture.

history of the bicycle.

(professor) ...In 1870, a new type of bicycle came into fashion. This bicycle

was

called

a

front wheel five feet

wheel a foot

You

had two wheels: a huge in diameter and a much smaller rear high-wheeler. It

and a half in

diameter.

.

.

think:


should try to

I

visualize.


Which of the Click

following bicycles

is

most likely a high-wheeler?

on a drawing.

In the lecture, the professor states that a high-wheeler.

.

.

had two

wheels:

a huge front wheel.

. .

and

a much smaller rear wheel. Answer A, a bicycle with a large front wheel and a smaller rear wheel, is therefore the best answer to this question.

Now and four

look at an example of a part of a lecture and a visual question with one drawing letters.

.

.

LISTENING


On


(narrator)

Listen to a part of a lecture in a zoology

on a kind of bird known as a (professor)

.

.

is

.

The

lecture

is

lovebird.

The next bird I'll be talking about is a type ofparrot that commonly called a lovebird. As you can probably guess,

this bird is called

a lovebird because

demonstrates great affection for

its

use

to

carry grass

the grass

and straw

and straw

this way.

.

lives in

is

the

to their nest.

.

pairs

and

and

.

method that

they

They don 't carry

in their beaks, in their claws, or

their wings. Instead, they pick

in their tail feathers

it

partner.

Something unusual about lovebirds

You

class.

under

up pieces of grass and straw

carry the material to their nest in

.

think:


I

should try to

visualize.


Where would Click

on a

a lovebird most likely carry pieces of grass or straw?

letter.

In the lecture, the professor states that

Answer D, on the

bird's

tail

feathers,

is

up pieces ofgrass and straw in their tail feathers. therefore the best answer to this question.

they pick

ACADEMIC LECTURES

EXERCISE

34:

Listen to each academic lecture,

and

try to visual the

(Computer)

information in the

passage.

1.

How do you visualize a.

An

the Iroquois village?

Iroquois house

b.

Where

the clan

is

c.


a plant affected by tropism?

A plant affected by

b.


The

A plant affected by

c.

geotropism

phototropism

3.

that

surrounds the village

identified

2.

The stockade

the sinkhole

sinkhole today

and b.

its

A plant affected by hydrotropism

contents?

The weapon found in the sinkhole

c.

Where found

the

weapon was

in the sinkhole

155

LISTENING

d.

Where

the water level

e.

Where

the trap was found

was 12,000 years ago

TOEFL EXERCISE 34:


Questions 1-3


that

What part of the house

accompany it.

indicates

what

clan the inhabitants belong to?

on Native The lecture is on Iroquois

Listen to a lecture in a course

American

studies.

Click

on a

letter.

houses.

1.

How does the professor describe an Iroquois house? Click

on a drawing.

3.

How does the professor describe

the

stockade surrounding an Iroquois village? Click

on a drawing.

ACADEMIC LECTURES

Questions 4-6

6.

Listen to a lecture in a biology class. lecture

4.

is

on tropism

What is

The

(Computer)

the stimulus for hydrotropism? on a

Click

letter.

in plants.

Which of these plants

is

exhibiting

phototropism? Click

on a drawing.

f-*\

\-J

1

c

A*-..*

—

U-w^wsfl

^

k

Questions 7-10 Listen to a lecture in an archeology class. lecture

is

on some archeological

The

finds at Little

Salt Spring.

7.

WTiat type of weapon was found at the sinkhole?

5.

Which of these root systems

is

exhibiting Click

geotropism? Click

on a drawing.

on a drawing.

158

LISTENING

8r

Where was Click

9.

the

on a

Where was

weapon found?

letter.

the water level 12,000 years

ago? Click

on a drawing.

10.

Where was Click

the trap found?

on a

letter.

ACADEMIC LECTURES


(Skills

32-34)


i

an American history

class.

The

Listening

lecture

is

on the

St.

Louis Arch.

Listening

G Jefferson National

Expansion Memorial

American History

IkiI

jfea

Listening

o

== ea]

(Computer)

LISTENING

1.

{v

What does

the professor say about the

4.

on 2 answers.

O O O O

It is

over 600

It is

made

Its

It

legs alone

has solid

Where

is

feet high.

of stainless

it is

approximately what distance between Louis and the Pacific Northwest?

arch? Click

implied in the lecture that

It is

steel.

do not support

it.

St.

O O O O

8,000 miles

The

professor explains a historical series

1,000 miles

2,000 miles 4,000 miles

legs.

each of these features of the

of events. Put the events in order.

arch located? on a sentence. Then click on the space where it belongs. Use each sentence one time only. Click

on a word. Then click on the empty box in the correct column. Use each word only once. Click

Thousands of setders trams

museum

At the top

In the legs

observatory

Under

the

ground

set

out from

St.

Louis.

The arch was built. Jefferson became president. Lewis and Clark set out to explore the west.

2

Why is the arch named after Jefferson? CZ) He was responsible for building the arch.

CZ)

O

He lived in St. Louis. He was responsible for expanding the country.

CZ)

He

traveled with Lewis

and

Clark.

3

4

1

ACADEMIC LECTURES

Questions 6-10 Listen to a lecture in a

geology

class.

The

lecture

is

on the

structure of the earth.

(Computer)

1

6

LISTENING

6|,

How thick is the crust? Click It is It is

9.

What minerals

on 2 answers.

Click

4 miles thick under the oceans. 4 miles thick under the land

O

It is

on 2 answers.

Nickel

Quartz

masses. It is

are in the core?

Silicates

20 miles thick under the oceans. 20 miles thick under the land

Iron

masses.

10.

7.

What are each of the

layers

composed

of?

on a word or phrase. Then click on the empty box in the correct column. Use each word or phrase only once. Click

mantle

inner core

Compressed

Stony

minerals

silicates

Liquid minerals

outer core

8.

Which

layer

Click on a

is 1

,800 miles wide?

letter.

Approximately how far is it from the surface of the earth to its center?

O O O O

1,800 miles

4,000 miles 10,000 miles

20,000 miles

ACADEMIC LECTURES

(Computer)

Questions 11-16 Listen to a lecture in a linguistics class.

The

professor

is

talking about the history of the letter

Listening

Listeninj

O

1

Linguistics The

Letter

c

Listening

Listening

K sound: Cl.

9 sound: c&* • • t

Listening

\\\ Early

Phoenician

Early

Greek

Semitic

Listening

Early Latin

Utter

Classical Latin

C

Classical Latin

G

o/» **$

cy

*••

c.

1

63

LISTENING

1

K Which

of the following letters was predecessor of the letter c? Click

on a

NOT a

14.

picture.

15.

The

letter c

CD CD CD CD

Saxon Greek French

took on an

sound because of an influence from which language? s

Phoenician

Which of the

following English words

begin with an Click

s

sound?

on 2 answers.

Coxswain Cytoplasm

Curmudgeon Cephalization

16.

The

professor discusses stages in the

history of the third letter of the alphabet. 12.

How was the

third letter of the alphabet

pronounced

in Phoenician

and

early

Put the following historical stages in order.

Greek?

CD CD CD CD

13.

Click on a sentence. Then click on the space where it belongs. Use each sentence one time only.

Like a k Like a g Like an

s

Like a c

In which language was the letter created?

CD CD CD CD

It

had only a k sound.

It

had only a g sound.

It

had both a k and an

It

had both a k and a g sound.

g 1

Phoenician Early Greek

2

Early Latin Classical Latin

3

s

sound.

Inlnlnlnlnlnlnl LISTENING POST-TEST

(Paper)



(including the reading of the directions for each part) you

have an opportunity to demonstrate your ability to understand conversations and talks in English. There are three parts to this section. Answer all the questions on the basis of what is stated or implied by the speakers you hear. Do not take notes or write in your test book at any time. Do not turn the pages until you are told to do so. In this section of the test,

will

Part A

A you will

hear short conversations between two people. After each conversation, you will hear a question about the conversation. The conversations and questions will not be repeated. After you hear a question, read the four possible answers in your test book and choose the best answer. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and fill in the space that corresponds to the letter of the answer you have chosen. Directions: In Part

Sample Answer


On

the recording,

(man)

(woman) (narrator)

you hear:

That exam was just awful. Oh, it could have been worse. What does the woman mean?

In your test book,

you read:

(C)

The exam was really awful. It was the worst exam she had ever seen. It couldn't have been more difficult.

(D)

It

(A)

(B)

® ® © o

wasn't that hard.

You learn from the conversation that the man thought the exam was very difficult and that the woman disagreed with the man. The best answer to the question, "What does the woman mean?" is (D), "It wasn't that hard." Therefore, the correct choice is (D).

Wait

POST-TEST

(Paper)

lDlnlnlnlnlDlnl (A)

He'll correct the

(B)

The exam

(C)

He will

(D)

The

will

exams

this afternoon.

8.

be at noon.

exams at 12:00. be graded by noon.

She's found a

(B)

She needs

(C)

something. She's shopping for a carpet. She's thankful she has a rag.

collect the

tests will

(D) (A)

Martha applied

(B)

Martha's visa will last for only a

(C)

month. Martha arrived

for a visa last

last

9.

month without

(B)

In a department store In a bank

(C)

In an accounting firm

(D)

In a checkout line

(A)

Jane usually visits San Francisco for her vacations. Jane's cousin often visits San

(A)

One month ago Martha got her visa. 10.

(A)

The professor described what the (B)

(B)

students should do. There was a long line to register for the required class. It is a requirement for each professor to teach at least one course. The professor required the class to

(C)

(C)

(D)

Francisco.

Whenever there's a holiday, Jane's cousin goes to San Francisco. (D) Whenever there's a holiday, Jane leaves San Francisco.

prepare an outline. 11.

Chuck had improved. (B) This visit was better than the last. (C) Chuck looked at him in the hospital. (D) Chuck didn't seem to be doing very

(A)

(A)

She thinks the

tuition should be

(B) (C)

tuition

is

1

.

1

•

Because he's weak, he can't eat. It's been weeks since he's had

12.

eat.

(D)

He

(A)

Traffic should not

(B)

The semesters

t

anything to

raised.

(B)

111"! .1 He d really like to have something to TT

eat.

well.

(A)

to

month.

her visa. (D)

new ring. help him find

(A)

quite

hasn't felt like eating for weeks.

be allowed. She thinks that the traffic should stay outside.

affordable. (C)

She doesn't have enough money

(D)

her school fees. She has more than enough for tuition.

for

13.

(C)

She agrees that the

(D)

She'll stay outside

(A)

The headings

traffic is noisy.

with the man.

for today's reading

assignment. (A)

(B)

He thinks he Cgot a good Cgrade. The history grades were all C or

The chance to make the headlines. (C) Her reading ability. (D) The daily newspaper. (B)

C?

above. (C)

No one got history grades.

(D)

There were no high scores.

(A)

The parking

lots

were

full

14.

before

10:00.

(B)

It

was impossible

(C) to start class

by

He parked the car before class The

possibility of finding a place to

park increased.

minutes. The man should hurry to catch the

(D)

The bus was

(A)

It's

(B)

She'll definitely fail.

(C)

It's

five

minutes

late.

at

10:00.

(D)

long.

bus.

10:00.

(C)

The bus trip is only five minutes (B) The man missed the bus by five (A)

15.

(D)

not possible to pass the class.

always possible. She shouldn't say anything about the class.

GOO N TOJH EN EXTRAG LISTENING

iDlnlnlDlnlnl

1 16.

17.

She gave Tom money to pay the rent. (B) She was given money for the rent. (C) Tom borrowed money for the rent. (D) She had some money to lend. (A)

(A)

The cake

(B) (C)

He never tasted the cake. He wished he hadn't tasted

(D)

The cake has never been very good.

is

24.

(A)

He

suggestion.

Parking is not free on the weekend. It is not necessary for them to park. He thinks they don't have to pay.

extremely good.

He He

25.

the cake.

(A)

(B) (C)

At the corner she ran into another car. She ran to Carl because she cared. She unexpectedly met one of her

(D)

Carl

was running from place

is

eager to leave his job. unhappy at the thought of

couldn't be unhappier about

retiring.

He He He

26.

relatives.

is

retiring.

He 18.

agrees with the woman's

to place.

is

retiring too soon.

got the car he really wanted. didn't get a

new car.

The car that he got was not 19.

(C)

She shouldn't leave her purse here. She's probably in the apartment. Her purse must not be in the

(D)

apartment. She left without taking her purse.

(A)

(B)

choice.

He

(A)

The landlord the

(B)

(C)

21.

on

The tenants absolutely must pay rent at the beginning of the month. The landlord will not fail to collect your rent on the first of next month. important to call the landlord about rent on the first of the month.

It is

(A)

Taking the car out for a

(B)

Listening to the noises

(C)

Fixing the car herself Getting the car repaired

want a new

car.

The president pointed to Mr. Drew's head. Mr. Drew

of last month.

(D)

(D)

22.

first

failed to collect rent

didn't really

Mr. Drew pointedly asked the president about the committee.

27.

B 20.

his first

D

became head

of the

new

commission. Mr. Drew was committed to the president's appointments.

She felt inferior. She wasn't furious. She felt there should have been more

28.

test drive

fairness.

She was extremely angry.

Martha s jobs are easy. (B) It's easy to hold two jobs. (C) It's better for Martha to have two jobs. (D) Martha should slow down.

29.

The man would do the dishes. The plates did not need to be washed. The man would not be ready to go. The dishes would not be done.

30.

He knew that grapes were cheaper

(A)

than cherries. 23.

(A)

The plane took

off just after

he

B

arrived. (B)

He arrived just after the plane took off.

(C)

(D)

He wasn't in time to catch the plane. He arrived too late to catch the plane.

D

He

didn't

know that grapes were

cheaper than cherries. He bought grapes because they were cheaper than cherries. He didn't buy either grapes or cherries because of the price.

GOON TOij"HE NEXT PAGE^ POST-TEST

(Paper)

167

Inlnlnlnlnlnlnl Part B Directions: In this part of the test, you will hear longer conversations. After each conversation, you will hear several questions. The conversations and questions will not be repeated.

you hear a question, read the four possible answers in your test book and choose the best answer. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and fill in the space that corresponds to the letter of the answer you have chosen.

After

Remember, you are not allowed 31.

(A

(B (C (D


Attend a football game alone Go to a sporting event Eat in the cafeteria and study See a play

your

35.

(A (B

(C

(D 32.

33.

34.

game

(A (B

It's

the final

It's

better than the

(C

department's play. It's a very important game.

(D

It's

(A (B (C

A play A game A study group meeting

(D

Dinner in the cafeteria

(A (B (C

Saturday night After dinner in the cafeteria Sunday afternoon

(D

Maybe

test

book.

Trash orbiting Earth A trip by an astronaut to the Moon The overabundance of garbage on Earth Becoming space scientists

of the season.

drama

36.

close to the cafeteria. 37.

In a magazine article

(D

On a television program

(A (B (C

17,000 pounds 3,000 tons

(D 38.

From

(A (B (C

(A (B (C

next weekend (D)

In a

a lecture

book

3,000 pounds 300 tons

She will be able to travel in space. The problem will take care of itself. Scientists will find solutions to the

problem. The junk will

fall

to Earth.

GO ON TO THE NEXT PAG E% 168

LISTENING

Inlnlnlnlnlnlnl PartC you

hear several questions. The talks and questions will not be repeated. Directions: In this part of the test,

will

talks. After

each

talk,

you

will

hear some


After

Here

On

is

an example.

the recording,

you hear:

an instructor talk to his class about painting. Artist Grant Wood was a guiding force in the school' of painting known as American regionalist, a style reflecting the distinctive characteristics of art from rural areas of the United States. Wood began drawing animals on the family farm at the age of three, and when he was thirty-eight one of his paintings received a remarkable amount of public notice and acclaim. This painting, called "American Gothic, " is a starkly Listen to

(narrator)

(man)

.

simple depiction of a serious couple staring directly out at the viewer.

Now listen to a sample (narrator)

Sample Answer

question.



is

known

® ® © o


(A)

Art from America s inner cities

(B)

Art from the central region of the

United States (C)


United States (D)


The best answer to the question "What style of painting is known as American regionalist?" "Art from rural sections of America." Therefore, the correct choice is (D).


What

is

the

Sample Answer

^ ^

(A)



(A)

(B) (C)

(D)

"American Regionalist" "The Family Farm in Iowa" "American Gothic" "A Serious Couple"

^S)

The best answer to the question, "What is the name of Wood's most successful painting?" "American Gothic." Therefore, the correct choice is (C).


is (D),

is (C),

to take notes or write in your test book.

POST-TEST

(Paper)

.

Inlnlnlnl-nlnlnl 39.

(C)

(D)

In the final

(A)

Later today By Friday of this

(B)

40.

On the

day of class In the middle of the semester At the end of class

(A)

(B) (C)

(D)

46.

first

week

(D)

Preparing for a trip Writing a report about the weather Beginning a study of the weather Buying ST C warm clothes for a trip

(A)

Modern American Authors

(B)

United States History

(A)

(B) (C)

of the semester 47.

week

•J

American Democracy (D) Nineteenth-Century American

In two weeks In three weeks

(C)

Literature 41.

(D)

Journal and magazine articles Books from outside the library Books listed in student journals Both books and journals

(A)

Two

(B)

Three

(C)

Five

(B)

It's

(D)

Seven

(C)

It's

(A)

In winter

remained unchanged. (D) It's a volume of poetry that grew with

(B)

In spring In summer In fall

(A)

(B) (C)

42.

43.

(C)

(D)

48.

The death of Abraham Lincoln (B) The beauty of American democracy (C) The raising of plants (D) The maturity of poetry

49.

(A)

It's

(A)

its

50.

(C)

(D)

Bloomed" "American Democracy"

(B) (A)

(B) (C)

(D) 45.

Seasonable, with warm summers and cold winters Fairly constant and moderate

author.

"Leaves of Grass" Song or Myself "When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard

(A) /T"»\

44.

a poem about the author. a poem about Abraham Lincoln. a collection of twelve poems that

Very humid Extremely hot year-round

They come from the Southwest. (B) They come most days of the year. (C) They are the hardest during the night. (D) They increase the humidity. (A)

the end of Section Stop work on Section 1

This

is

1

Turn off the recording.

stop

stop (

LISTENING

)

[

(stop) )

^TO^

(stop)

(stop)

[stop)

LISTENING POST-TEST (Computer)

4 Longman Complete Course for th o TOEFL® Test tnlng Posl-Tesl

0:00

When finished

leading

Listening


30 questions

icon below

Dismiss The Listening section of the test measures the ability to understand conversations and talks in English. While you are listening, pictures of the speakers or other information will be presented on your computer screen. There are two parts to the Listening section, with special directions for each

Directions

part

Click on

Dismiss Directions

to continue.

POST-TEST (Computer)

A Longman Complete Courso for tho TOEFL® Tost When finished

leading

Question Directions - Part A


icon below

Dismiss In

Part

A of the


will

In

some


Each question

in this

part



two people.

has four answer choices. You should

best answer to each question.

click

Answer the questions on the basis

of

Directions In

on the

what

is

stated or implied by the speakers. After you click on Next and Confirm


will

be

presented Click on Dismiss Directions to continue.

Answer

LISTENING

<<>

What does

O

the

man mean?

He needs to complete the math assignment first.

be ready in a couple of hours. CZ^ He is going to history class now. CZ^ He was ready a few minutes ago.
What does

Listening

the

woman mean?

CZ} It's hard to lock the room. CZ^ Her cloak was delivered on time. CZ^ Someone struck the crockery and broke CZ^ It is now midday.

3.

What does CZ^ CZ} CZ} CZ^

the

it.

man mean?

They were in the regular room. The key was misplaced. He's taking a different class.

He has the key to the classroom.

What does the woman mean? CZ} She has no time to go to class. CZ} They are already late for class. CZ} She has to be on time for class. CZ} It's too early to go to class.

5.

What does the man mean? CZ^ The professor gives quizzes regularly. CZ} The woman is really quite prepared. CZ^ It is unusual for this professor to give CZ} He doesn't think there's a class today.

quizzes.


What does

CD CD CD CD

the

woman mean?

She knows where to take the next check.

how much rent is. She's not quite sure when to pay the rent. She knows how far away the apartment is. She's not certain

What does the man

CD CD CD CD

Listening

8.

They were disappointed. They didn't get any gifts. They were unexcited. They were really pleased.

What does the woman mean?

CD CD CD CD

She's wearing a

CD CD CD CD

She's ready to study for hours.

She has studied about the war for hours.

the

man say about the party?

He went to it. He knew about it. He gave it. He didn't know about it.

What did the man believe about the woman?

CD CD CD CD

LISTENING

new dress.

She's exhausted.

What does

10.

say about his nieces and nephews?

That she wouldn't take the

trip

That she would go to the beach That she really liked the beach That she would take a break from her studies

5E

4 Longman Complete Courso for tho TOEFL® Tost tenin

When finished

reading



icon below In

Part

and

B


Each conversation

talks.

you

will


or talk is followed


will

by several questions. The

not be repeated.

Dismiss Directions

The conversations and talks are about a variety of topics. You do not need special knowledge of the topics to answer the questions. Rather, you should answer each question on the basis of what is stated or implied by the speakers in the conversations or talks. For most of the questions, you

Some

answers. will

appear

in

questions

will

will

need to

click

on the best of four possible

have special directions.

The special directions

a box on the computer screen.



will

be

presented. Click on

Exit

II

Dismiss Directions

to continue.

Time


Questions 11-12 1 1

.

What problem does CZ) CZ) CZ) CZ)

12.

man have?

He was absent from class. He missed his doctor's appointment. He has messy handwriting. He will miss class later in the week.

What problem does CZ) CZ) CZ) CZ)

the

Her notes

the

woman have?

are not very neat.

She doesn't have any notes. She is sick. She will be absent from class.

Questions 13-15 13.

How often does the chess club meet? CZ) CZ) CZ) CZ)

14.

Two times a year

How often are tournaments held? CZ) CZ) CZ) CZ)

15.

Every week Every three weeks Every few months

Every week Every three weeks Every few months

Two times a year

Who competes in the tournaments? CZ) All the members of the school's chess club CZ) Players from various schools CZ) Anyone who wants to participate CZ) The best member of the school's chess club

LISTENING

Questions 16-20 Listen to a lecture in a botany class.

The professor

is

talking about leaf arrangements.


177

1

6.

The professor discusses four types of leaf arrangements. Match the type of leaf arrangement to

19.

What does the professor say about the botanical garden?

description.

its

Click

Click

on the empty the correct column. Use each

on a word. Then

click

box in word only once.

on 2 answers.

I~l It

belongs to the university.

I~l It

has quite a limited number of plants.

The plants are not labeled. alternate

whorled

Two leaves

Three leaves per node

opposite

One

leaf

per node

per node

It

has examples of

all

three leaf

structures.

20.

How many examples do the students have to find for their assignment?

17.

Identify the node. Click on the correct

1

8.

letter.

The professor describes how common these leaf arrangements are. Match the leaf arrangement to Click

box

its

description.


on a word. Then

in

word

click

only once.

opposite Least

common

178

O O O O

LISTENING

alternate

Neither most

nor

least

common

whorled Most

common

3

6 9 12

Questions 21-25 Listen to a discussion

from a geography

class.

The discussion

is

about the Great Salt Lake.


21.

When did Lake Bonneville come into

24.

rivers flow?

existence?

O O O O 22.

In which direction does the water in the

10,000 years ago

Click

on the correct answer.

100,000 years ago 1,000,000 years ago

10,000,000 years ago

How does the Great Salt Lake compare in size to

CD CD

Lake Bonneville?

The Great The Great

Lake Salt Lake Salt

is

much larger.

is

about equal in

size.

CD

The Great

Salt

Lake

is slightly

Salt

Lake

is

smaller.

CD

23.

The Great

What

is

much smaller.

stated in the lecture about the

water in the two lakes? 25. Click I~l I~l

on 2 answers.

The Great The Great

Salt Salt

Lake Lake

Salt is

a saltwater lake.

is

a freshwater

lake. [~1 I~l

Lake Bonneville was a saltwater lake. Lake Bonneville was a freshwater lake.

LISTENING

How much salt has built up in the Great

CD

Lake? 6 tons

O CD

6 million tons

CD

6 billion tons

600 tons

1


an American history

class.

The professor

is

talking about Hawaii.


1

8

26.

.

When did each person live?

29.

What did

Liliuokalani believe, according to

the professor? Click

box


on a name. Then

in

click

CD CD

name only once.

That the monarchy should end That the monarch's power should be limited

Kamehameha

James Cook

18th century

That someone

else

should be monarch

That the monarch should have complete power

Beginning

End of the

CD CD

Liliuokalani

of the 19th century

End

of the

19th century

30.

Which of the

following did

NOT happen to

Liliuokalani?

CD CD 27.

What does

the professor say about

James

Cook?

CD CD

He

served as one of the kings of

Hawaii.

CD

He named the

islands after a British

earl.

28.

The professor explains a

series of events.

Put the events in order. Click

on

a sentence.

the space where

it

Then

on Use

click

belongs.

each sentence one time only.

The monarchy disappeared.

Kamehameha became king. The

her

CD

life.

She received a pension from the government.

He was the Earl of Sandwich. He fought to unite the islands under one king.

CD

She became queen in 1891. She ruled Hawaii until the end of

islands

Liliuokalani

1

2 3

4

LISTENING

had

different

monarchs.

became queen.

CD

She was removed from power.

SECTION TWO

STRUCTURE

2°2°2°2<>2°2o2°2 STRUCTURE DIAGNOSTIC PRE-TEST (Paper) I SECTION

2

STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION Time

—25 minutes

(including the reading of the directions)

Now set your clock for 25 minutes. designed to measure your ability to recognize language that is appropriate for standard written English. There are two types of questions in this section, with special directions for This section

is

each type.

Structure Directions: Questions 1-15 are incomplete sentences. Beneath each sentence you will see four words

marked (A), (B), (C), and (D). Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and fill in the space that corresponds to the letter of the answer you have chosen. Fill in the space so that the letter inside the or phrases,

oval

cannot be seen.

Look at the following examples.

Example

Sample Answer

I

The president (A)

(B) (C)

(D)

won he won yesterday fortunately

The sentence should read, "The president choose

©®©®

the election by a landslide.

won the election by a landslide."

Therefore, you should

(A).

Example

Sample Answer

II

When

the conference?

(A)

the doctor attended

(B)

did the doctor attend

(C)

the doctor will attend

(D)

the doctor's attendance

®©©®

The sentence should read, "When did the doctor attend the conference?" Therefore, you should choose (B).

Now begin work on the questions.

DIAGNOSTIC PRE-TEST

(Paper)

185

2°2o2o2o2o2°2<>2 1.

The North Pole

a latitude of 90

7.

degrees north.

(B)

has is having

(C)

which

(D)

has

(A)

The

(A)

it

is

(B)

having

(C)

(D)

city of Beverly Hills is

surrounded on

its

(B) (C)

the sides are it is the side of

(D)

all

sides

off the

Hawaiian coastline are living,

others are dead.

sides

(A)

step

using gene therapy use gene therapy they use gene therapy uses

8.

the city of Los Angeles.

by

(A)

While some types of coral

(B) (C)

Some types of coral reefs There are many types of coral reefs

(D)

Coral reefs

reefs

greyhound, can achieve speeds up to thirty-six miles per hour.

Nimbostratus clouds are thick, dark gray clouds forebode rain.

The (B) The (C) The (D) The

what (B) which (C) what they (D) which they (A)

(A)

fastest fastest

dog

fastest dog, the

Marmots spend

their time foraging

meadow plants and rocky (A)

(B) (C)

(D)

(A)

among

10.

on

flowers or

Some economists now suggest that home equity loans are merely a new trap to push consumers beyond

cliffs.

sun sunning the sun sunny gets

(C)

they can afford they can afford it what is affordable

(D)

able to afford

(A)

(B)

The greenhouse effect occurs radiated from the Sun.

when does

heat

11.

People

who reverse the letters

to read suffer

the Earth's atmosphere

trap

(A)

when

(B)

if

does the Earth's atmosphere trap

(C)

when

(C)

when

(D)

if

(D)

the Earth's atmosphere traps

the Earth's atmosphere traps

The Rose Bowl, Day,

is

place on

New Year's

from

of words

dyslexia.

trying

they tried

(B)

12. 6.

Experiments represent a giant into the medicine of the future.

he

tried

tries

Featured at the Henry Ford Museum of antique cars dating from 1865.

the oldest postseason collegiate

football

game

in the United States.

(A)

takes

(B)

it

(C)

which takes

(D)

took

takes

an exhibit (B) an exhibit (C) an exhibit is (D) which is an exhibit (A)

is

GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE

STRUCTURE

2 o 2 © 2 o 2 13.

Rubber

from vulcanized

with a high molecular weight

silicones

is difficult

15.

to

distinguish from natural rubber.

produced (B) producing (C) that produces (D) produced (A)

°2°2o2o2 According to the World Health Organization, any of the six most dangerous diseases to break out, it could be cause for quarantine.

is

(A)

were

(B)

they were there were were they

(C)

(D) 14.

appears considerably larger at the horizon than it does overhead is merely an optical illusion. (A)

The Moon

(B)

That the

(C)

(D)

Moon When the Moon The Moon which


DIAGNOSTIC PRE-TEST

(Paper)

1

87

2°2°2o2°2°2o2<>2 Written Expression Directions: In questions 16-40, each sentence has four underlined words or phrases. The four underlined parts of the sentence are marked (A), (B), (C), and (D). Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and fill in the space that corresponds to the letter of the answer you

have chosen.

Look at the following examples.

Example

Sample Answer

I

The four ~A~

string

®o©®

on a violin are tuned

B

"C

D

in fifths.

The sentence should choose

read, "The four strings


in fifths." Therefore,

you should

(B).

Example

Sample Answer

II

The research

for the

book Roots taking

B

A

®®o®

C

Alex Haley twelve years.

D The sentence should you should choose

read, "The research for the

(C).


STRUCTURE

book Roots took Alex Haley twelve

years." Therefore,

A

<>2°2o2o2o2o2° 16.

On

the floor of the Pacific

Ocean

A

B

mile beneath sea

17.

hundreds of flat-topped mountains more than a

is

D

C

level.

Because of the flourish with which John Hancock signed the Declaration of

A Independence, his

name become synonymous with signature.

18.

d

c

"B~

Segregation in public schools was declare unconstitutional by the Supreme Court

A

B

C

in 1954.

D 19.

Sirius, the

Dog

Star, is the

most brightest

star in the sky with

an absolute 'magnitude

B

A about twenty-three times that of the Sun.

D~

C 20.

Killer

whales tend to wander in family clusters that hunt,

~A 21

.

22.

24.

and resting

B

Some of the most useful A B

resistor material are carbon, metals,

J.

D

and metallic

B

~~

and copper have been widely using

B

~B~

patients together to discuss

Store.

D

C

in various types of coins.

C~~

H. Pratt used group therapy early in this century

A

alloys.

D

C

The community of Bethesda, Maryland, was previous known as Darcy s

Alloys of gold

together.

C

A 23.

play,

D when he brought C

tuberculosis

disease.

its

D" 25.

The United States has import

A wools are too fine and

all

carpet wools in recent years because domestic

C

B"

soft for carpets.

D 26.

Irving Berlin wrote

"Oh

How I Hate to Get Up in the Morning"

~~A~ U.S.

while serving in a

B

C

Army during World War I. D

GOJDNJOJHE^NEXTPAGE^ r

DIAGNOSTIC PRE-TEST

(Paper)

A

2°2°2°2<>2o2o2o2 27.

Banks are rushing

to

merge because consolidations enable them

A

to slash theirs costs

C~~

B

~~

and expand.

D 28.

That water has a very high specific heat means that without a large temperature

-

B

~~

change water can add or lose a large number of heat.

D

C 29.

Benny Goodman was equally

talented as both a jazz performer as well as a

A

B

C

classical musician.

D 30.

The

state seal

still

used in Massachusetts designed by Paul Revere,

A designed the

first

B

who also ~C~

Continental currency.

D 31

.

Quarter horses were developed in eighteenth-century Virginia to race on courses short of about a quarter of a mile in length.

B 32.

No longer A has

D

C

moved

satisfied

with the emphasis of the Denishawn School, Martha

B

Graham

C

to the staff of the

Eastman School

in 1925.

D 33.

34.

William Hart was an act best ~A Prior to an extermination

known

for his roles as western heroes in silent films.

B

"C~

program

A

earlier this century, alive

all

wolves roamed

~C~

B

across nearly

D

of North America.

D 35.

During the 1960s the Berkeley campus of the University of California came to

A

B

national attention as a result

its

radical political activity.

~C~~ 36.

Artist

D

Gutzon Borglum designed the Mount Rushmore Memorial and worked on

A project

B

from 1925

until his death in 1941.

~C~~D

G Cf N TOJHIE N EXT^RAG I

190

STRUCTURE

A

1

2<>2°2°2°2°2°2°2 37.

It is

proving less costly and more profitably for drugmakers to market directly to

B

A

D

C

patients.

ABC

much as two pounds have on occasion mined. D

38.

Sapphires weighing as

39.

Like snakes, lizards can be found on

-

B

~~

40.

all

others continents except Antarctica.

D

C

Banks, savings and loans, and finance companies have recently been doing

home

~B~

A equity loans with greater frequency than ever before.

D

C

This

is

the end of the Structure and Written Expression Pre-Test.

stop

[stop] (

Circle the of.

1.

2. 3.

4. 5. 6. 7.

8.

9.

10.

11. 12. 13.

14. 15.


Then you will

see which

SKILL 1 SKILL 2 SKILL 3 SKILL 6 SKILLS 7 and 15 SKILL 12 SKILLS 4 and 13 SKILL 8 SKILL 12 SKILL 10 SKILL 14 SKILL 16 SKILLS 5 and 13 SKILL 9 SKILL 18

(stop) )

skills

^TO^

stop

(stop) (

(stop) )


you should be sure 16. 17.

18. 19.

20. 21.

22. 23. 24. 25.

26. 27. 28. 29. 30.

SKILL 22 SKILL 33 SKILL 31 SKILL 27 SKILL 24 SKILL 21 SKILL 47 SKILL 51 SKILL 45 SKILL 30 SKILL 51 SKILL 44 SKILL 40 SKILL 25 SKILL 37

to review.

31. 32. 33.

34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39.

40.

SKILL 48 SKILL 35 SKILL 42 SKILL 50 SKILL 57 SKILL 52 SKILLS 47 and 49 SKILL 38 SKILL 60 SKILL 58

DIAGNOSTIC PRE-TEST

(Paper)

1

9

STRUCTURE DIAGNOSTIC PRE-TEST (Computer) J3LS

A Longman Completo Course for the TOEFLQ Test Structure Diagnostic Pro-Test

%

When finished

reading

Structure


20 questions

icon below

Dismiss This section measures the

ability to

recognize language that

standard written English. There are two types of questions

In

the

in

is

this section.

Beneath each choose the one word or

type of question, there are incomplete sentences.

first

sentence, there are four words or phrases. phrase that best completes the sentence.

You

will

The second type of question has four underlined words or phrases. You choose the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed for the sentence

Directions

appropriate for

to

will

be correct.

After you click on Next and Confirm Answer, the next question

will

be

presented. Click on Dismiss Directions to continue.

Exit

II

Time

\t

I

lin

t

jj1

Answer

STRUCTURE

<3>

1.

The music on a compact disk (CD)

is

8.

composed

elements: earth, water,

of four basic

air,

and

fire.

9.

3.

introduced in 1908,

CZ) the price was CZ) a price of CZ) to be priced at CZ) was priced at

Aristotle believed that everything in the

universe were

car,

$850.

record by lasers.

2.

The Model T

During the 1982-83 El Nino, 90 percent of Peru's fur seal

The 1980 explosion of

the

pups have

died.

first

volcanic eruption in the continental United States in over

60 years.

O

10.

Mount St. Helens CZ) was Mount St. Helens CZ) it was Mount St. Helens CZ) Mount St. Helens was

One type of Australian eggs at a time

frog lays

Augustine, Florida, was founded in 1565

by Pedro Menendez and was raze 2 1 years later

1 1

4.

St.

up

reacts with a chlorine atom,

.

to 25

and then swallows they

by Francis Drake.

electron

of the

for

is

an

transferred from the outer shell

sodium atom

to the outer shell of the

chlorine atom. protection.

5.

CZ) A sodium atom CZ) For a sodium atom CZ) When a sodium atom CZ) It is a sodium atom

one cloud to another or between clouds and the ground Static electricity

creates lightning.

CZ) flows from CZ) the flow from CZ) flowing from CZ) is flowing from

6.

12.

travel in herds ranging in

cattle to the

amount from

a few to several thousand.

The Spanish introduced not only horses and also

Antelopes are gregarious animals that

13.

North American

In

1

82 1

,

Emma Willard opened officially

the doors of the first school in the United

continent.

States to offer college-level courses for

women. 7.

White blood blood

cells

in shape.

cells are

the largest of red

and are more varied

in size

and

14.

In 1858, the city of

site

Denver was

was

become the a way station

to

settled as

for outfitting gold prospectors.

O O

it

of

it

CZ) what CZ) of what


193

15.

Typical long bone, such as the femur,

1

9.

Tremendous flooding during the summer of

consists of a long shaft with swellings at

1993

each end.

midwestern

left

8 million acres of nine states

inundated and proved

both expensively and deadly

1

6.

.

The vacuum tube did an important

and

to occur in the earth's crust, push-

20.

contribution to the early growth of radio

pull television.

and shake waves would be generated

simultaneously.

Were a break 17.

In the Antarctic Ocean

CD CD CD

of plankton

and crustacean forms of life.

CD CD CD

18.

an abundance is an abundance it is abundant an abundance is

A bimetallic thermometer relies different rates of expansion of

metal, usually brass

unsure

skills

2.

3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

STRUCTURE

If

broken

and copper.

number of each of the Then you will see which

SKILL 31 SKILL 23' SKILL 2 SKILL 43 SKILL 4 SKILL 25 SKILL 28

A break was

two types of

questions

1.

a break

the

Circle the of.

If

8. 9.

10.

11. 12. 13.

14.

on the

test that

you should be sure

SKILL SKILL SKILL SKILL SKILL SKILL SKILL

you answered

incorrectly

to focus on.

13

15.

34 37

16.

7

18.

40 48 10

19.

17.

20.

SKILL 52 SKILL 58 SKILL 16 SKILL 57 SKILL 49 SKILL 18

or

were

STRUCTURE Structure

TOEFL

is

tested in the

second section on both the paper

TOEFL test and

the computer

This section consists of a number of multiple-choice questions that test your knowledge of the structure of English sentences and error recognition questions that test test.

your knowledge of correct written expression. tions are similar in

The paper and

the computer structure sec-

the following ways:

•

the types of questions

•

the

language

skills tested

The paper and the computer structure sections are different

in the following ways:

number of questions amount of time

•

the

•

the

•

the ordering of the questions

•

the strategies

•

the scoring

STRUCTURE ON THE PAPERTOEFL®TEST On

the paper

TOEFL

test,

the second section

is

and Written Expression. may be longer). You have

called Structure

This section consists of forty questions (though

some

tests

minutes to complete the forty questions in this section. There are two types of questions in the Structure and Written Expression section of the paper TOEFL test: twenty-five

1.

Structure (questions 1-15) consists of fifteen sentences in which part of each sen-

tence has been replaced with a blank. Each sentence choices.

You must choose the answer

is

followed by four answer

that completes the sentence in a grammati-

cally correct way. 2.

Written Expression (questions 16-40) consists of twenty-five sentences in which four words or groups of words have been underlined. You must choose the underlined

word or group of words

that

is

not correct.

The questions on the paper test are presented in linear order. The fifteen structure questions (1-15) progress from easy to difficult. The twenty-five written expression questions (16-40) also progress from easy to difficult. Your score in this section is based on your answers to these forty questions.

195

STRUCTURE

GENERAL STRATEGIES

H

(PaperTOEFL®Test)

1

.

Be so

2.

familiar with the directions. The directions on every paper TOEFL test are the same, it is

take the



Begin with questions

through

I

easiest. Anticipate that questions

much time on questions 3.

when you

not necessary to spend time reading the directions carefully

1

1

1

1

through

1

5. Anticipate that questions

through 1

5.

There

Continue with questions 6 through 40. easiest. Anticipate that questions

be the most

will

will

through 5

difficult.

Do

be easier questions that

will

be the

not spend too

come

later.

Anticipate that questions 16 through 20

1

be the

5

1

I

36 through 40

will

be the most

test.

difficult.

Do

will

not

spend too much time on questions 36 through 40. 4.

If

you have time, return to questions

questions

1

1

through

1

1

through

1

5 only after you spend

all

You should spend extra time on the time that you want on the easier 1

5.

questions that follow. 5.

Guess to complete the section before time it

up. There

no penalty for guessing, so can only increase your score to guess the answers to questions that you do not have time is

is

to complete.

STRUCTURE ON THE COMPUTERTOEFL®TEST On

the computer

TOEFL

test,

the second section

tion consists of twenty to twenty-five questions.

is

called the Structure section. This

You have

fifteen to twenty

minutes

to

sec-

com-

plete the questions in this section.

There are two types of questions 1.

in the Structure section of the

test:

Structure questions consist of sentences in which part of each sentence has been

replaced with a blank. Each sentence 2.

computer TOEFL

is

followed by four answer choices. You must

choose the answer that completes the sentence in a grammatically correct way. Written Expression questions consist of sentences in which four words or groups of words have been underlined. You must choose the underlined word or group of words that is not correct.

These two types of questions are intermixed in this section of the test. The Structure section of the computer TOEFL test is computer adaptive. This means that the difficulty of the questions that you see is determined by how well you answer the questions. The section begins with a medium-level question, and the questions that follow will get easier or harder depending on whether or not you answer the questions correctly. Your answers to these questions count as only half of your structure score; the other half of your structure score comes from your answer to the writing question.

STRUCTURE QUESTIONS


GENERAL STRATEGIES

J

(Computer TOEFL® Test)

1.

Be


same, so test. 2.

3.

Be


it is


computer

adaptivity. This section of the computer TOEFL test

familiar with

adaptive. This

means that you

questions

increase or decrease depending on

will

will start

with a medium-level question, and the

in

the

test.

Click on an answer

You may

still

of the

whether or not your answers are correct.

You may not return to a You only have one opportunity to answer a given question. it.

on the computer screen when you have selected an answer.

change your mind at

this point

and

on a

click

different answer.

Do

question, either a structure question or a written expression question, will appear.

not spend too

much time on a question you

are unsure of. know the answer to a question, simply guess and go on. The computer move you into a level of questions that you can answer.

Be very

careful not to

answer, the computer

will

make

careless mistakes.

move you to

in

level

you

will

truly

do not

automatically

you carelessly choose an incorrect will

have to waste

of questions.

bar of the computer screen. The title bar the Structure section, the total number of questions in the

Monitor the time carefully on the indicates the time remaining

If

If

an easier level of questions. You

time working your way back to the appropriate 9.

difficulty

Click on IHiBBi and then click on ^^nffi^^^^^fl to record your answer. After you click on the Confirm Answer button, you cannot go back and change your answer. A

new

8.

is

Dismiss the directions as soon as they come up. The time starts when the directions come up. You should already be familiar with the directions, so you can click on as soon as it appears and save all your time for the questions.

question later

7.

take the


Think carefully about a question before you answer

6.

when you

title

section, and the current number. 10.

Do

not randomly guess at the end of the section to complete all the questions in the section before time is up. In a computer adaptive section such as Structure, random guessing to complete the section

will

only lower your score.

.

STRUCTURE

THE STRUCTURE QUESTIONS (PAPERTOEFL®TEST AND COMPUTERTOEFL®TEST) 11 JHB Multiple-choice questions that test your knowledge of the correct structure of English

on both the paper TOEFL test and the computer TOEFL example of a structure question from the paper TOEFL test. tences appear

test.

Look

sen-

at an


A camel (A) (B)

(C)

(D)

30 gallons of water in ten minutes.

can drink it can drink a large drink of with a drink of

In this example, you should notice that the sentence has a subject camel but needs a verb.

Answer

(A)

is

the correct answer because

incorrect because

it

has the extra subject

it,

it

contains the verb can drink. Answer (B)

and answers

(C)

is

and (D) are incorrect because

You should therefore choose answer (A) an example of a structure question from the computer TOEFL

they do not have verbs.

Now, look

at

test.

Example from the Computer TOEFL® Test ,

a firefighting specialist from Texas, has dealt with

numerous major fires worldwide.

CD

Red Adair is CZ> For Read Adair Red Adair In Red Adair's life

O O

In this example, you should notice that the sentence has a verb has dealt but needs a subject.

the

The

The comma in front of the verb has indicates that specialist is an appositive and is not subject. The third answer is the best answer because it contains the subject Red Adair.

answer has an extra verb, and the second and fourth answers contain prepositional phrases, so these answers are incorrect. You should click on the third answer to this first

question.

STRUCTURE QUESTIONS


PROCEDURES FORTHE STRUCTURE QUESTIONS (Paper TOEFL® Test and

1

.

First,

Computer TOEFL® Test)

study the sentence. Your purpose

is

g§

to determine what

is

Jj

needed to complete the

sentence correctly. 2.

Then study each answer based on how well

it

completes the sentence.

Eliminate

answers that do not complete the sentence correctly. 3.

Do

not try to eliminate incorrect answers by looking only at the answers. The incorrect answers are generally correct by themselves. The incorrect answers are generally incorrect only

when used

language skills. The following language skills will help implement these strategies and procedures in the structure questions of both the

Now, you should move on you to paper

to complete the sentence.

TOEFL

test

to the

and the computer TOEFL

test.

SENTENCESWITH ONE CLAUSE one subject and verb, and it is very important for you to find the subject and verb in these sentences. In some sentences it is easy to find the subject and verb. However, certain structures, such as objects of prepositions, appositives, and participles, can cause confusion in locating the subject and verb because each of these structures can look like a subject or verb. An object of the preposition or an appositive can be mistaken for a subject, while a participle can be mistaken for a verb. Therefore, you should be able to do the following in sentences with one subject and verb: (1) be sure the sentence has a subject and a verb, (2) be careful of objects of prepositions and appositives when you are looking for the subject, and (3) be careful of present participles and past participles when you are looking for the verb.

Some sentences

in English have just

199

200

STRUCTURE

Skill

I:

BE SURETHE SENTENCE HAS A SUBJECT AND A VERB

You know that a sentence in English should have a subject and a verb. The most common types of problems that you will encounter in structure questions on the TOEFL test have to do with subjects and verbs: perhaps the sentence is missing either the subject or the verb or both, or perhaps the sentence has an extra subject or verb.

Example

1

from the Paper and Computer TOEFL® Tests

was backed up for miles on the freeway. (A)

Yesterday

(B)

In the morning

(C)

Traffic

(D)

Cars

In this example you should notice immediately that there ject.

Answer (C)

is

the best answer because

it

is

a verb was, but there

contains the singular subject

agrees with the singular verb was. Answer (A) yesterday, and answer (B) ,

,

is

no

sub-

traffic that

in the morning, are

not subjects, so they are not correct. Although answer (D), cars, could be a subject, correct because cars is plural and it does not agree with the singular verb was.

it is

not

Example 2 from the Paper and Computer TOEFL® Tests Engineers

for

(A)

necessary

(B)

are

(C)

hopefully

(D)

next month

work on the new space program.

needed

In this example you should notice immediately that the sentence has a subject engineers

and

no verb. Because answer (B) are needed, is a verb, (C), and (D) are not verbs, so they are not correct.

that there

Answers (A),

is

,

Example 3 from the Paper and Computer TOEFL® Tests

The boy

going to the movies with a friend.

(B)

he is he always was

(C)

is

(D)

will

(A)

relaxing

be

it is

the best answer.

.

.

STRUCTURE QUESTIONS


This sentence has a subject boy and has part of a verb going; to be correct, verb be

is

needed

to

make

some form of the

the sentence complete. Answers (A) and (B) are incorrect

because the sentence already has a subject

and does not need the extra subject

boy

he.

Answer (C) is incorrect because relaxingis an extra verb part that is unnecessary because of going. Answer (D) is the best answer; will be together with going is a complete verb. The following cljart outlines what you should remember about subjects and verbs: SUBJECTS AND VERBS

A sentence

English

in

must have

at least

one

subject

and one

verb.

EXERCISE 1: Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice in each sentences. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I) 1

!

Q

.

A schedule of the day's events can be obtained at the front desk.

3.

A job on the day shift or the night shift at the plant available.

4.

The new computer program has provides

5.

The box can be opened only with

a special screwdriver.

6.

The assigned

it

7.

The papers

8.

Departure before dawn on a boat in the middle of the harbor.

9.

Yesterday found an interesting article on pollution.

Skill 2:

An

Last week went fishing for trout at the nearby mountain lake.

2.

10.

text for history class

The new machine

is

a variety of helpful applications.

contains

processes 50 percent

is

more than

gerund or noun clause that comes after a and so on, to form a prepositional phrase.

in, at, of, to, by, behind, on,

Tom will

take a trip (by boat)

This sentence contains two objects of prepositions.

test

the previous machine.

a noun, pronoun,

(After his exams)

An

chapters.

BE CAREFUL OF OBJECTS OF PREPOSITIONS

preposition, such as

and

more than twenty

be emptied into the trash can outside.

in the wastebasket should

object of a preposition

after,

of the following

boat

is

the object of the preposition

Exams

is

the object of the preposition

by.

object of a preposition can cause confusion in structure questions

because

it

can be mistaken for the subject of a sentence.

on the TOEFL

STRUCTURE

Example from the Paper and Computer TOEFL® Tests With

his friend

(A)

has

(B)

he

(C)

later

(D)

when

b

In this example you should look

found the movie

for the subject

first

verb found and should also notice that here subject; friend is the object of the preposition i

and an object he, is

at the

same

theater.

is

no

with,

time. Because a subject

and the

verb.

You should

notice the

Do

not think that friend is the and one noun cannot be both a subject subject.

is

needed

in this sentence, answer (B),

the best answer. Answers (A), (C), and (D) are not correct because they cannot be

subjects.

The

following chart outlines the key information that you should

remember

about

objects of prepositions:

OBJECTS OF PREPOSITIONS

A preposition If

a

word

is

is

followed by a noun, pronoun, gerund or noun clause that

an object of a preposition,

NOTE: A found

in

lengthy

list

Appendix

it is

back of the

before continuing with Exercise

EXERCISE

called an object

of the

preposition.

not the subject

of prepositions and practice

D at the

is

text.

in

recognizing prepositions can be

You may want to complete these exercises

2.

Each of the following sentences contains one or more prepositional phrases. Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice. Circle the prepositional phrases that

come

Q

!_

1.

2.

3.

2:

before the verb.

The

indicate

if

the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect

(in the last possible

moment) before (

takeoff) took his seat in the airplane.

At the neighborhood flower shop, flowers

The

in quantities of a

dozen or a half dozen can

free.

progressive reading

methods

at this school are given credit for the

improved

scores.

5.

(I).

interviews (by radio broadcasters ) were carried live by the station.

be delivered for 4.

Then

For the

last

three years at various hospitals in the county has been practicing

medicine. 6.

In the past a career in politics was not considered acceptable in

7.

Shopping

in the

downtown area of the

city

it

some

circles.

has improved a lot in recent years.

test

.

STRUCTURE QUESTIONS

8.

At the building

site


the carpenters with the most experience were given the most

intricate work.

9.

10.

Skill 3:

For the fever and headache took two aspirin

tablets.

The report with complete documentation was

delivered at the conference.

BE CAREFUL OF APPOSITIVES

Appositives can cause confusion in structure questions

on the TOEFL

can be mistaken for the subject of a sentence. An appositive comes before or after another noun and has the same meaning. appositive

the best student in the

Sally,

In this

example

Sally is

class,

got an

test is

because an a noun that

A on the exam.

the subject of the sentence and the

noun

best

student in the class can easily

student and because of the

commas. The sentence says that Sally and the best student in the class are the same person. Note that if you leave out the appositive phrase, the sentence still makes sense (Sally got an A on be recognized as an appositive phrase because of the

the

exam)

The following example shows how an appositive can be confused with the subject of a sentence in structure questions on the TOEFL test.

Example ,

1

from the Paper and Computer TOEFL® Tests

George,

is

attending the lecture.

now

(A)

Right

(B)

(C)

Happily Because of the time

(D)

My friend

example you should recognize from the commas that George is not the subject of the sentence. Georgeis an appositive. Because this sentence still needs a subject, the best answer is (D), my friend. Answers (A), (B), and (C) are incorrect because they are not subjects. The next example shows that an appositive does not always come after the subject; an appositive can also come at the beginning of the sentence. In this

Example 2 from the Paper and Computer TOEFL® Tests ,

Sarah rarely misses her basketball shots.

(B)

An An

(C)

Sarah

(D)

Her

(A)

excellent basketball player excellent basketball player is

is

an excellent basketball player

excellent basketball play

.

STRUCTURE

In this example you can

tell

that Sarah

is

the subject and misses

is

no comma separating them. In the space you should put an

the verb because there

appositive for Sarah,

is

and

Sarah is an excellent basketball player, so answer (A) is the best answer. Answers (B) and (C) are not correct because they each contain the verb is, and an appositive does not need a verb. Answer (D) contains a noun, play, that could possibly be an appositive, but play is not the same as Sarah, so this answer is not correct. The following chart outlines the key information that you should remember about appositives:

APPOSITIVES

An

noun that comes before or after another noun and is generally set off from the noun with commas. If a word is an appositive, it is not the subject The following appositive appositive

is

a

structures are both possible

in English:

V

APR

S,

Tom,

a

really

good mechanic,

APR

A

EXERCISE jects

3:

really

fixing

twice. Circle the appositive phrases.

the can

the can

appositive.

Then

(The son of the previous owneiy the new owner

indicate

is

undertaking some

if

the sentences

fairly

broad

policy.

2.

Last semester, ( a friend j) graduated cum laude from the university.

3.

Valentine's Day, February 14,

4.

At long

5.

Tonight's supper, leftovers from

last,

Underline the sub-

(I)

changes in management !

is

Each of the following sentences contains an

once and the verbs

1.

Tom

fixing

V

S

good mechanic,

are correct (C) or incorrect

C

is

is

a special holiday for sweethearts.

the chief executive officer, has decided to step down. last night,

did not taste any better tonight than

last

night. 6.

The only entrance

7.

In the cold of winter, a wall heating unit, would not turn on.

8.

The new

tile

to the closet, the

pattern, yellow flowers

door was kept locked

at all times.

on a white background,

really brightens

up the

room. 9.

The high-powered computer

the most powerful machine of its type, was finally

readied for use. 10.

A longtime friend and confidant, the psychologist was often invited over for Sunday dinner.

.

STRUCTURE QUESTIONS

Skill 4:


BE CAREFUL OF PRESENT PARTICIPLES

A present participle is the -ing form of the verb talking, playing) In structure questions on the TOEFL test, a present participle can cause confusion because it can be either a part of .

(

the verb or

an

adjective. It

is

part of the verb

The man

is

when

it is

preceded by some form of the verb

be.

talking to his friend.

VERB

In this sentence talking is part of the verb because

A verb

present participle

is

an adjective when

it is

accompanied by is. not accompanied by some form of the

it is

be.

The man

talking to his friend has a beard.

ADJECTIVE

In this sentence talking

nied by

is

an adjective and not part of the verb because

some form of be. The verb

in this sentence

is

it is

not accompa-

has.

The following example shows how a present participle can be confused with structure questions on the TOEFL test.

the verb in


The

child

(A)

now

(B)

is

(C)

he was

(D)

playing in the yard

you look

is

my son.

words of the sentence, it appears that child is the subject and playing is part of the verb. If you think that playing is part of the verb, you might choose answer (B), is, or answer (D), was, to complete the verb. However, these two answers are incorrect because playing is not part of the verb. You should recognize that playing is a participial adjective rather than a verb because there is another verb in the sentence is. In this sentence there is a complete subject child and a complete verb is, so this sentence does not need another subject or verb. The best answer here is (A) The following chart outlines what you should remember about present participles: In this example,

if

at only the first

PRESENT PARTICIPLES

A present participle is the -ing form

The present participle can be ( ) part of the verb or (2) an adjective. It is part of the verb when it is accompanied by some form of the verb be. It is an adjective when it is not accompanied by some form of the verb be. 1 .

2.

The boy

of the verb.

is

standing

The boy standing

in

I

in

the corner.

the corner was naughty.

.

STRUCTURE

Each of the following sentences contains one or more present participles. Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice. Circle the present participles and label them as adjectives or verbs. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).

EXERCISE

G

4:

The companies

1.

(

offering ) the lowest prices will have the most customers. adj.

Those

2.

!

travelers are (completing) their trip

on Delta should report

to

Gate Three.

VERB 3.

The

artisans

4.

The

fraternities are giving the wildest parties attract the

5.

The

first

6.

The speaker was

7.

The

8.

Any students

9.

The advertisements were announcing

The

10.

Skill 5:

were demonstrating various handicrafts

team winning four games

fruits

trying to

make

is

at

booths throughout the

fair.

most new pledges.

awarded the championship.

his point

was often interrupted vociferously.

were rotting because of the moisture in the crates carrying them to market. desiring official transcripts should complete the appropriate form.

spices flavoring the

the half-day sale received a lot of attention.

meal were quite

distinctive.

BE CAREFUL OF PAST PARTICIPLES on the TOEFL test because a or a part of a verb. The past participle is

Past participles can cause confusion in structure questions past participle can be either an adjective

the form of the verb that appears with have or

many

often ends in

but there are also irregular past participles in English. (See Appendix F for a list of irregular past be. It

-ed,

participles.)

The

family has purchased a television. VERB

The poem was written by Paul. VERB

sentence the past participle purchased is part of the verb because it is accompanied by has. In the second sentence the past participle written is part of the verb because it In the

is

first

accompanied by

was.

A past participle is an adjective when it is not accompanied by some form of be or have. The

television purchased yesterday

was expensive.

ADJECTIVE

The poem

written

by Paul appeared in the magazine.

ADJECTIVE

an adjective rather than a verb because it is not accompanied by a form of be or have (and there is a verb, was, later in the sentence). In the second sentence written is an adjective rather than a verb because it is not accompanied by a form of be or have (and there is a verb, appeared, later in the sentence)

In the

first

sentence purchased

is

.

STRUCTURE QUESTIONS

The following example shows how a structure questions on the TOEFL test.


past participle can be confused with the verb in


The packages (B)

have were

(C)

them

(D)

just

(A)

mailed at the post office

will arrive

Monday.

few words of the sentence, it appears that packages is the subject and mailed is either a complete verb or a past participle that needs a helping verb. But if you look further in the sentence, you will see that the verb is will arrive. You will then recognize that mailed is a participial adjective and is therefore not part of the verb. Answers (A) and (B) are incorrect because mailed is an adjective and does not need a helping verb such as have or were. Answer (C) is incorrect because there is no need for the object them. Answer (D) is the best answer to this question. The following chart outlines what you should remember about past participles: In this

example,

if you

look only at the

first

PAST PARTICIPLES

A past participle often

ends

but there are also many irregular past participles. For many verbs,

in -ed,

including -ed verbs, the simple past

and the past

The

)

-ed

form of the verb can be

( I

participle

the simple past

(2)

are the

the past

same and can be participle

easily confused.

of a verb, or (3) an

adjective.

EXERCISE

1.

She painted

2.

She has painted

3.

The picture painted by Karen

this picture. this picture. is

now

in

a museum.

Each of the following sentences contains one or more past participles. Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice. Circle the past participles and label them

as adjectives

!

1.

5:

or verbs.

Then

The money was

indicate

if


(offered) by the client was not (accepted)

VERB

Q

2.

The

(I)

VERB

car (listed ) in the advertisement

had already (stalled) VERB

ADJ. 3.

The chapters were taught by the

4.

The

loaves of bread were

5.

The

ports were reached by the sailors were under the control of a foreign nation.

6.

Those suspected

7.

The

pizza

is

baked

professor this in a brick

in the string of robberies

served in this restaurant

is

oven

morning will be on next week's exam. at a

low temperature for many hours.

were arrested by the police.

the tastiest in the county.

STRUCTURE

8.

The

9.

All the tenants

courses are listed

on the second page of the brochure have

were invited to the Independence Day barbecue

several prerequisites.

at the

apartment

complex. 10.

Any bills paid by the

first

of the

month will be

credited to your account by the next

day.

EXERCISE

(Skills 1-5):

lowing sentences. 1

.

Then

Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice in each of the indicate

For three weeks

at the

if


(I).

beginning of the semester students with fewer than the

maximum number of units can add

additional courses.

2.

On her lunch hour went to a nearby department store

3.

The fir

4.

In the grove the overripe oranges were falling on the ground.

5.

The papers being delivered

trees

fol-

to

purchase a wedding

gift.

were grown for the holiday season were harvested in November.

at 4:00 will contain the

announcement of the

president's

resignation. 6.

A specialty shop with various blends from around the world in the shopping mall.

7.

The

portraits exhibited in the

Houston Museum

last

month

are

now on

display in

Dallas.

8.

With a sudden jerk of his hand threw the

ball across the field to

one of the other

players.

9.

Construction of the housing development

it

will

be underway by the

first

of the

month. 10.

Those applicants returning

their

completed forms

at the earliest date

have the

highest priority.

TOEFL EXERCISE

(Skills 1-5):

Choose the

letter

of the word or group of words that best

completes the sentence. 1

.

The North Platte River Wyoming into Nebraska.

from

Biloxi received

2.

Sioux word meaning (A)

The

flows

(B)

Located in

(C)

flowing

(C)

It is

(D)

with flowing water

(D)

The

(A)

it

(B)

flowed

city

its

name from

"first

of

in

tour included

people."

a

STRUCTURE QUESTIONS

3.

A pride of lions

up

to forty lions,

7.

females,

and

Henry Adams, born famous

including one to three males, several cubs.

(A) (A)

can contain

(B)

(B)

it

contains

(C)

(C)

contain

(D)

containing

(D) 8.

tea plant are small

4.

5.

and

and

novelist.

became and became he was and he became

The major cause

the pull of the

the Earth.

(A)

The

(A)

the ocean tides are

(B)

On

(B)

of ocean tides

(C)

Having flowers the

(C)

of the tides in the ocean

(D)

The

(D)

the oceans' tides

The

the flowers of the antibiotics, are

tetracyclines,

9.

used to treat infections.

6.

in Boston,

as a historian

Moon on

white.


Still

are a family of

(A)

(B)

(B)

(C)

being a family a family of

(D)

their family

(D)

(C)

is

Any possible academic

assistance

marginal

taking stimulants

a novelty in the late nineteenth

century,

(A)

from

10.

is

limited to the rich.

was was photography it was photography photography was

A computerized map of the freeways using information gathered by sensors

at best.

embedded

in the

local cable

channel during rush hours.

(A)

it is

(B)

there

(C)

is

(A)

airs

(D)

as

(B)

airing

(C)

air

(D)

to air

pavement

on

a

is

SENTENCES WITH MULTIPLE CLAUSES have more than one clause. (A clause is a group of words containing a subject and a verb.) Whenever you find a sentence on the TOEFL test with more than one clause, you need to make sure that every subject has a verb and every verb has a subject. Next you need to check that the various clauses in the sentence are correcdy joined. There are various ways to join clauses in English. Certain patterns appear frequently in English and on the TOEFL test. You should be very familiar with these

Many sentences

in English

patterns.

Skill 6:

USE COORDINATE CONNECTORS CORRECTLY

When you have two clauses in an English sentence, you must connect the two clauses correctly. One way to connect two clauses is to use and, but, or, so, or yet between the clauses.

Tom

is

Tom

is tall,

singing, and Paul but Paul

is

is

dancing.

short.

(

STRUCTURE

Tom must write

the

letter, or Paul will

Tom

told a joke, so Paul laughed.

Tom

is

tired, yet

he

is

not going to

do

it.

sleep.

In each of these examples, there are two clauses that are correctly joined with a coordinate

conjunction and,

The

but,

or, so,

or

yet,

and a comma

following example shows

questions

on the TOEFL

how

this

(,).

sentence pattern could be tested in structure

test.


A power failure occurred, (A)

then

(B)

so

(C)

later

(D)

next

the lamps went out.

In this example you should notice quickly that there are two clauses, a powerfailure occurred

and and

the

lamps went

out.

This sentence needs a connector to join the two clauses. Then,

later,

not connectors, so answers (A), (C), and (D) are not correct. The best answer is answer (B) because so can connect two clauses. The following chart lists the coordinate connectors and the sentence pattern used with them: next are

COORDINATE CONNECTORS and S

V,

(

coordinate connector )

She laughed,

EXERCISE

so

or

but

S

yet

V

she wanted to cry.

but

Each of the following sentences contains more than one clause. Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice. Circle the connectors. Then indicate if the sentences 6:

are correct (C) or incorrect £l

(I).

1.

The

software should be used

2.

The

rain clouds can be seen in the distance, but ) no has fallen.

3.

They are

4.

So the quality of the print was not good,

5.

The

on a laptop computer, (and) this computer

trying to sell their house,

lifeguard will

it

is

a laptop.

has been on the market for two months.

warn you about the

I

changed the typewriter ribbon.

riptides, or

she

may require you

to get

out of

the water. 6.

You should have finished the work yesterday,

yet

is

not close to being finished today.

"

STRUCTURE QUESTIONS

7.

The phone rang again and


again, so the receptionist was not able to get

much work

done. 8.

The missing wallet was found, but

9.

Or you can

10.

Skill 7:

the cash and credit cards had been removed.

drive your car for another 2,000 miles,

The chemist was awarded

the

Nobel

Prize,

he flew

you can get to

Europe

it

fixed.

to accept

it.

USE ADVERB TIME AND CAUSE CONNECTORS CORRECTLY

Sentences with adverb clauses have two basic patterns in English. Study the clauses

and

connectors in the following sentences: I

will sign the

check

you

I

Before

leave,

before

you

will sign the

leave.

check.

two clauses: you leave and / will sign the check, and the clause you leave is an adverb time clause because it is introduced with the connector before. In the first example the connector before comes in the middle of the sentence, and no comma (,) is used. In the second example the connector before comes at the beginning of the sentence. In this pattern, when the connector comes at the beginning of the sentence, a comma (,) is required in the middle of the sentence. The following example shows how this sentence pattern could be tested in structure In each of these examples, there are

questions

on the

TOEFL test.

Example from the Paper and Computer TOEFL® Tests was

late, T

(A)

I

(B)

Because

(C)

The

(D)

Since he

missed the appointment.

train

example you should recognize easily that there is a verb, was, that needs a subject. There is also another clause, / missed the appointment. If you choose answer (A) or answer (C), you will have a subject for the verb was, but you will not have a connector to join the two clauses. Because you need a connector to join two clauses, answers (A) and (C) are incorrect. Answer (B) is incorrect because there is no subject for the verb was. Answer (D) is the best answer because there is a subject, he, for the verb was, and there is a connector, In this

since,

to join the

two clauses.

212

STRUCTURE

The

following chart

adverb time and cause connectors and the sentence patterns

lists

used with them:

ADVERB TIME AND CAUSE CONNECTORS CAUSE

TIME

after

as soon as

once

when

as

now

as

before

since

whenever

because

since

as long as

by the time

until

while

inasmuch as

V

adverb connector

S

V

Teresa went inside

because

it

was

S

EXERCISE the subjects

adverb connector

S

Because

it

1.

(

was

raining,

raining.

V

Teresa went Inside.

Each of the following sentences contains more than one clause. Underline once and the verbs twice. Circle the connectors. Then indicate if the sentences

7:


Q

S

V,

that

(I).

Since ) the bank closes in

less

than an hour, the deposits need to be

tallied

immediately.

!

2.

Their backgrounds are thoroughly investigated ( before) are admitted to the organization.

3.

The

citizens are

becoming more and more incensed about

traffic

accidents whenever

the accidents occur at that intersection. 4.

The ground had been prepared,

5.

We

6.

The

7.

Once

8.

Because the recent change in work

can

start the

conference

the seedlings were carefully planted.

now that all

building quite vulnerable to

the participants have arrived.

damage

the address label for the package

is

shifts

until the

storm windows are

installed.

typed, can be sent to the mail room.

was not posted, several workers missed their

shifts.

9.

10.

The mother Inasmuch

is

going

to

be quite upset with her son

as all the votes

cannot be announced.

as

long as he misbehaves so much.

have not yet been counted the outcome of the election

3

STRUCTURE QUESTIONS

Skill 8:


USE OTHER ADVERB CONNECTORS CORRECTLY

Adverb clauses can express the ideas of time and cause, as you saw in Skill 7; adverb clauses can also express a number of other ideas, such as contrast, condition, manner, and place. Because these clauses are adverb clauses, they have the same structure as the time and cause clauses in Skill 7. Study the following examples: I

will leave at 7:00 if I

Although

I

was

late, I

am

ready.

managed

to catch the train.

In each of these examples, there are two clauses that are correctly joined with adverb con-

adverb condition connector if comes in the middle of the sentence. In the second sentence, the adverb contrast connector although comes at the beginning of the sentence, and a comma (,) is used in the middle of the sentence. The following example shows a way that this sentence pattern can be tested in the nectors. In the first sentence, the

Structure section of the

TOEFL test.

Example from the Paper and Computer TOEFL® Tests Vnn

will

get a gnnrl grarle nn the

(A)

studying

(B)

study

(C)

to study

(D)

you study

evam

provider!

example you should quickly notice the adverb condition connector provided. This connector comes in the middle of the sentence; because it is a connector, it must be followed by a subject and a verb. The best answer to this question is answer (D) which contains the subject and verb you study.

In this

,

2

1

STRUCTURE

The

adverb contrast, condition, manner, and place connectors and the sentence patterns used with them: following chart

lists

OTHER ADVERB CONNECTORS

if in

MANNER

CONTRAST

CONDITION

case

although

as

even though

in

provided

though

providing

while

unless

whereas

PLACE

where wherever

that

whether

V

S

(adverb connector)

S

even though

he

Bob went to school

NOTE:

(adverb connector)

S

Even though

Bob

A comma is often used

in

S

V,

felt sick,

V felt sick.

V

he went to school.

the middle of the sentence with a contrast connector.

The Smith family arrived at 2:00, while the Jones family arrived an hour


Each of the following sentences contains more than one clause. Underline once and the verbs twice. Circle the connectors. Then indicate if the sentences

8:


Q !

later.

(I).

impossible to enter that program (if)you lack experience as a teacher.

1.

It is

2.

The commandant left

strict

orders about the passes, several soldiers

left

the post

anyway. 3.

No one

4.

While most students turned the assignment

5.

I

will take

you wherever need

6.

I

will wait

here in the airport with you whether the plane leaves on time or not.

7.

Providing the envelope

8.

As the nurse already explained

9.

This

is

admitted to the academy unless he or she the education requirements.

exam will be more

is

to

go

to

on

time, a few asked for an extension.

complete the registration procedures.

postmarked by all visitors

difficult

in

this Friday,

your application

still

acceptable.

must leave the hospital room now.

than usual in that

it

covers two chapters instead

of one. 10.

Though snow had been the wedding.

falling all

day long, everyone got to the church on time for

.

STRUCTURE QUESTIONS

EXERCISE

(Skills 6-8):

Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice in each of the

lowing sentences. Circle the connectors. incorrect 1.


Then

indicate

if

fol-

the sentences are correct (C) or

(I)

Until the registrar

makes a decision about your

status,

you must

stay in

an unclassified

category. 2.

Or

3.

The parents

the

bills

can be paid by mail by the left

a

first

phone number with the

of the month. baby-sitter in case a

problem with the

children. 4.

The furniture will be

5.

Whenever you want

6.

The government was overthrown

delivered as soon

it is

paid

hold the meeting, we

to

for.

schedule

will

it.

in a revolution, the king has not returned to his

homeland. 7.

Whereas most of the documents are complete,

8.

Trash

9.

It is

10.

will

this

form

still

needs to be notarized.

be collected in the morning, so you should put the trash cans out tonight.

impossible for the airplane to take off while

is

snowing so hard.

We did not go out to dinner tonight even though I would have preferred not to cook.

TOEFL EXERCISE

(Skills 6-8):

Choose the

letter


completes the sentence.

The president of the United

Like

Thomas

Berger's fictional character

Big Man, Lauderdale

appoints the cabinet members, appointments are subject to Senate

find himself where

approval.

events took place.

Little

(A)

their

(A)

(B)

with their

(B)

(C)

because their but their

(C)

(D) 2.

States

The

prisoners were prevented from

speaking to reporters because (A) (B)

(C)

(D)

not wanting the story in the papers the story in the papers the superintendent did not want the public to hear the story the superintendent did not want the story in the papers

(D)

managed

to

of important

was an extraordinary number there was an extraordinary number an extraordinary number an extraordinary number existed it

sucked groundwater from below, some parts of the city have begun to sink as

much as ten

(A) (B)

(C)

(D)

inches annually.

Pumps have As pumps have So pumps have With pumps

216

STRUCTURE

5f

Case studies are the target of much skepticism in the scientific community, used extensively by numerous

or refinanced, the lender

8.

will

up an escrow account to ensure the payment of property taxes and homeowner's

generally require setting

researchers.

insurance. (A)

they are

(B)

are

(A)

(C)

yet they

(B)

(D)

yet they are

(C)

(D) 6.

According the

field

target

(B)

target

(C)

target

(D)

target

monarchs since monarchs since monarchs are

show the relations among neurons, they do not preclude the possibility that

important.

(B)

(C)

(D)

10.

(A)

it

(B)

it is

(C)

so

(D)

then

it is it

Among human chromosomes,

the

Y

chromosome is unusual most of the chromosome does not participate in

other aspects are

Neural theories A neural theory

If ultraviolet radiation enters the Earth's

atmosphere, generally blocked by the ozone concentrated in the atmosphere.

fields.

(A)

(A)

9.

migrate by following

of the

7.

When a home When a home is bought

to the hypothesis in the study,

monarchs pick up the magnetic

magnetic

A home is A home is bought

meiotic recombination. (A)

in

Although neural theories

(B)

so

However neural

(C)

and

(D)

in that

theories


(Skills 1-8):

Choose the

letter

of the word or group of words

that best completes the sentence. 1.

The

three basic chords in

the

dominant, and the subdominant. tonic, the

(A)

functional

(B)

functional

(C)

functional

(D)

functional

harmony harmony is harmony are harmony they are

Hale Telescope, at the Palomar Observatory in southern California, scientists can photograph objects several

Without the proper card the computer,

impossible to run a

graphics program. (A)

is

(B)

because of

(C)

it is

(D)

is

definitely

The charter for the Louisiana lottery was coming up for renewal, spared no expense in the fight

billion light years away.

to

win renewal.

(A)

the lottery committee

committee and so the lottery committee the lottery committee made

(A)

The

(B)

(B)

(C)

(C)

With the They use the

(D)

It is

the

installed inside

(D)

so the lottery

STRUCTURE QUESTIONS

5.

While

Alpha Centauri is a triple the naked eye to be a single

in reality to

star,

8.

As its name suggests, the Prairie Wetlands Resource Center the protection of wetlands on the prairies of

star.

6.


the Dakotas, Montana, Minnesota, and

appears

(A)

it

(B)

(C)

but it appears appears

(D)

despite

Nebraska.

it

The Sun's gravity severely distorted path of the comet

entered

wildly erratic orbit

the

focuses

(A)

it

(B)

focuses on

(C)

focusing

(D)

to focus

on

its

around Jupiter.

9.

One

of the largest and most powerful

birds of prey in the world, (A)

it

(B)

when

(C)

after the

(D) 7.

foot wingspan

comet came into once the comet

roughly the

enters

(B)

it

(C)

entering

(D)

enter

size

legs

and

six-

talons

of a man's arms and

it

legs.

Each object Jupiter's magnetic field is deluged with electrical charges. (A)

and

a

(A)

so the harpy has

(B)

the harpy having

(C)

with the harpy having

(D)

the harpy has

enters

creation of such a

10.

community was

a desirable step, the requisite political

upheaval had to be accepted. (A)

Since the

(B)

The

(C)

Later, the

(D)

It

was the

MORE SENTENCES WITH MULTIPLE CLAUSES As we saw in Skills 6 through 8, many sentences in English have more than one clause. In Skills 9 through 12, we will see more patterns for connecting the clauses in sentences with multiple clauses. Because these patterns appear frequently in English and on the TOEFL test, you should be very familiar with them.

Skill 9:

USE

A noun clause

is

NOUN CLAUSE CONNECTORS CORRECTLY a clause that functions as a noun; because the

noun

clause

is

a noun,

it is

used in a sentence as either an object of a verb, an object of a preposition, or the subject of the sentence. I

know when he

will arrive.

NOUN CLAUSE AS OBJECT OF VERB I

am

concerned about when he

will arrive.

NOUN CLAUSE AS OBJECT OF PREPOSITION

When he

will arrive

is

NOUN CLAUSE AS SUBJECT

not important.

217

STRUCTURE

example there are two clauses, / know and he will arrive. These two clauses are joined with the connector when. When changes the clause he will arrive into a noun clause In the

first

that functions as the object of the verb know.

In the second example the two clauses I am concerned and he the connector when. When changes the clause he

will arrive into

will arrive are also joined by

a

noun

clause that functions

as the object of the preposition about.

The

more difficult. In this example there are two clauses, but they are a little harder to recognize. He will arrive is one of the clauses, and the connector when changes it into a noun clause that functions as the subject of the sentence. The other clause has the noun clause when he will arrive as its subject and is as its verb. The following example shows how these sentence patterns could be tested in structure questions on the TOEFL test. third

example

is

Example from the Paper and Computer TOEFL® Tests was

late

(A)

That he

(B)

The

(C)

There

(D)

Because

caused

many problems.

driver

and each of these verbs needs a subject. Answer (B) is wrong because the driver is one subject, and two subjects are needed. Answers (C) and (D) are incorrect because there and because are not subjects. The best answer is answer (A) If you choose answer (A) the completed sentence would be: That he was late caused many problems. In this sentence he is the subject of the verb was, and the noun In this example there are two verbs, was

and

,

.

clause that he was

The

late is

caused,

the subject of the verb caused.

following chart

lists

the

noun

clause connectors

and the sentence patterns used

with them:

NOUN CLAUSE CONNECTORS •

what, when, where, why,

how

•

whatever, whenever

NOUN

*

CLAUSE AS OBJECT

S

V

(noun connector)

S

/

know

what

you

NOUN

whether, if

V did.

CLAUSE AS SUBJECT

(noun connector)

What

S

V

you did

V was wrong.

*

that

STRUCTURE QUESTIONS

EXERCISE the subjects clauses.

Each of the following sentences contains more than one clause. Underline once and the verbs twice. Circle the connectors. Put boxes around the noun

9:

Then

indicate

if


(I).

C_

1.

(When) the season

starts

J

2.

The manual (how)

the device should be built.

3.

The schedule indicated

4.

He

5.

Talked about where we should go for lunch.

6.

Why the condition of the patient deteriorated so rapidly it was not explained.

7.

Whether or not the new

8.

That the professor has not yet decided when the paper

9.

The

He

10.

Skill 10: In Skill 9

or


is

if

determined by the weather.

the teams would be playing in the final game.

refused to enter a plea could not be determined by the lawyer.

office

contract will be awarded

always talked with

USE

we saw

would be

is

built

was to be determined is

at the

meeting.

due.

the question to be answered at the meeting.

whomever he pleased and did whatever he wanted.

NOUN CLAUSE CONNECTOR/SUBJECTS CORRECTLY

that

noun

noun object clauses. In

not just a connector; a

noun subject clauses a noun clause connector is

clause connectors were used to introduce

Skill

noun

10

we will

see that in

some

cases

clause connector can also be the subject of the clause at the

same time. I

do not know what is

in the box.

NOUN CLAUSE AS OBJECT OF VERB

We

are concerned about who will

do the work.

NOUN CLAUSE AS OBJECT OF PREPOSITION Whoever is coming to the party must bring a

NOUN CLAUSE AS

gift

SUBJECT

example there are two clauses: / do not know and what is in the box. These two clauses are joined by the connector what. It is important to understand that in this sentence the word what serves two functions. It is both the subject of the verb is and the con-

In the first

nector that joins the two clauses.

example there are two clauses. In the first clause we is the subject of are. In the second clause who is the subject of will do. Who also serves as the connector that joins the two clauses. The noun clause who will do the work functions as the object of the preposiIn the second

tion about.

In the last ing,

example there are

also two clauses: whoever

and the noun clause whoever is coming to

the party is

whoever serves two functions in the sentence: It the connector that joins the

two clauses.

is

is

the subject of the verb

the subject of must bring.


is

is

com-

The word

coming,

and

it is

STRUCTURE

The


questions

on the TOEFL

how


this

test.

Example from the Paper and Computer TOEFL® Tests was on television made (A)

It

(B)

(C)

The story What

(D)

When

me angry.

In this example you should notice immediately that there are two verbs, was

and

made, and

each of those verbs needs a subject. Answers (A) and (B) are incorrect because it and the story cannot be the subject for both was and madevX the same time. Answer (D) is incorrect because when is not a subject. In answer (C) what serves as both the subject of the verb was and the connector that joins the two clauses together; the noun clause what was on television is

the subject of the verb made. Answer (C)

The following chart lists

the

noun

is

therefore the best answer.

clause connector/ subjects

and the sentence

patterns

used with them:

NOUN CLAUSE CONNECTOR/SUBJECTS who

what

which

whoever

whatever

whichever

NOUN S

V

(noun connector/subject)

/

know

what NOUN

EXERCISE

CLAUSE AS OBJECT

V happened.

CLAUSE AS SUBJECT

(noun connector/subject)

V

What

happened

was great.

Each of the following sentences contains more than one clause. Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice. Circle the connectors. Put boxes around the noun clauses.

10:

Then

indicate

if


£l

1.

The game show contestant was

J

2.

You should find out (which) the best physics department.

3.

The employee was unhappy about what was added

4.

Whoever wants

5.

The

(I).

able to respond to (whatever) was asked.

to take the desert tour

motorist was unable to discover

to his job description.

during spring break signing up at the

who he had

struck his car.

office.

STRUCTURE QUESTIONS

6.

The voters should

7.

It

8.

You should buy whatever the cheapest and most durable.

9.

What was written

An

1

difficult to distinguish

between what was on

seems best

sale

angered him beyond

in the letter

You can spend your time with whoever important

10.

Skill

was

elect whichever of the candidates


to them.

and what was merely on

display.

belief.

to you.

USE ADJECTIVE CLAUSE CONNECTORS CORRECTLY

1 :

adjective clause

is

a clause that describes a noun. Because the clause

positioned directly after the

noun

The woman

that

it

an

adjective,

it is

describes.

.f is

is

filling the glass

that

she put on the table ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

.V glass that she

The

put on the table contains milk.

ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

In the is

first

example there are two

clauses:

the subject of the verb put. That

clauses,

and the

woman is the

subject of the verb

and

she

adjective clause that she put on the table describes the is

noun

The

the subject of the verb con-

the subject of the verb put. In this sentence also, that is the adjective clause

is

noun

the table

glass.


questions

she

glass.

connector that joins these two clauses, and the adjective clause that she put on describes the

and

the adjective clause connector that joins these two

is

In the second example there are also two clauses: glass tains,

is filling,

on the TOEFL

how

these sentence patterns could be tested in structure

test.


The

selected for the bride was rather expensive.

gift

(A)

because

(B)

was

(C)

since

(D)

which we

example you should notice quickly that there are two clauses: gift is the subject of the verb was, and the verb selected needs a subject. Because there are two clauses, a connector is also needed. Answers (A) and (C) have connectors, but there are no subjects, so these answers are not correct. Answer (B) changes selected into a passive verb; in this case the sentence would have one subject and two verbs, so answer (B) is not correct. The best In this

answer (D) The correct sentence should say: The gift which we selected for the bride was rather expensive. In this sentence gift is the subject of the verb was, we is the subject of the verb selected, and the connector which joins these two clauses.

answer to

this

question

is

.

.

STRUCTURE

The

following chart

lists

and the sentence

the adjective clause connectors

patterns

used with them:

ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

CONNECTORS

whom

which

(for people)

(for things)

V

S

/

that (for

(adjective connector)

book

liked the

people or things)

V

S

you recommended.

which

(adj ective connector

The book NOTE: The

adjective connectors can

written English.

EXERCISE

It is

you recommended

which

not as

common

be omitted. This omission in

formal English or

in

is

very

was

common

structure questions

in

interesting.

spoken English or

on the TOEFL

in casual

test.

the subjects

Each of the following sentences contains more than one clause. Underline once and the verbs twice. Circle the connectors. Put boxes around the adjec-

tive clauses.

Then

11:

indicate

if


Q

1.

It is

important to

fill

J

2.

The

car (which)

have been driving for

3.

I just

4.

The plane

5.

The movie which we watched on

6.

I

7.

The enthusiasm with which he greeted me made me

8.

The

9.

The men with whom were having

10.

Skill

1

2:

In Skill 11

I

out the form in the way (that) you have been instructed.

finished reading the novel that

you told

me

five years for sale at a really

good

price.

whom the professor suggested for my book report.

he was scheduled

made an appointment with

story that

(I)

to take to Hawaii

was delayed.

cable last night

was really frightening.

the doctor

it

whom you recommended. feel

welcome.

about Bob. the discussion did not

seem very friendly.

I'm not really sure about taking part in the plans that we made

last night.

USE ADJECTIVE CLAUSE CONNECTOR/SUBJECTS CORRECTLY we saw

that adjective clause connectors were used to introduce clauses that

describe nouns. In Skill 12

we

will see that in

some

cases an adjective clause connector

is

not just a connector; an adjective clause connector can also be the subject of the clause at the same time.

STRUCTURE QUESTIONS

The woman

is

filling the glass

that is

on the


table.

ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

The

glass

on the

that is

table contains milk.

ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

example there are two clauses: woman is the subject of the verb is filling, and that is the subject of the verb is. These two clauses are joined with the connector that. Notice that in this example the word that serves two functions at the same time: it is the subject of the verb is, and it is the connector that joins the two clauses. The adjective clause that is on In the first

the table

noun

describes the

glass.

In the second example, there are also two clauses: glass tains, is

and

that

is

is,

and

it is

it

the connector that joins the two clauses. Because that

is

is.

on the table is an adjective clause describing the

The


questions

on the TOEFL

the subject of the verb con-

In this example that also serves two functions:



is

how

noun

glass, it directly

follows glass.

these sentence patterns could be tested in structure

test.

Example from the Paper and Computer TOEFL® Tests is

on the

table has four sections.

(B)

The notebook The notebook which

(C)

Because the notebook

(D)

In the notebook

(A)

example you should notice immediately that the sentence has two verbs, is and has, and each of them needs a subject. You know that table is not a subject because it follows the In this

preposition on; table

is

the object of the preposition.

The only answer that has two The correct sentence should

subjects

say: The answer (B), so answer (B) is the correct answer. notebook which is on the table has four sections. In this sentence notebook is the subject of the verb has, and which is the subject of the verb is. Which is also the connector that joins the is

two clauses.

The following chart terns

lists

the adjective clause connector/ subjects

and the sentence

used with them:

ADJECTIVE CLAUSE CONNECTOR/SUBJECTS who

which

(for people)

(for things)

S

V

that

(adjective connector/subject)

V

who

types

She needs a secretary

(adjective connector/subject)

A secretary

(for

who

people or things)

fast.

V types fast

is

invaluable.

pat-

224

STRUCTURE


Each of the following sentences contains more than one clause. Underline once and the verbs twice. Circle the connectors. Put boxes around the adjec-

tive clauses.

Then

_C

12:

indicate

if


1.

The

ice

2.

The

cars are trying to enter the freeway system are lined

3.

I

4.

It is

5.

The door

6.

The neighbors reported

7.

These plants can only survive

8.

The

boss meets with any production workers

9.

The

salesclerk ran after the

cream

(that)

is

served in the restaurant has a smooth, creamy texture.

have great respect for everyone

going to be very

difficult to

that leads to the vault

the

The shoes which matched

10.

EXERCISE

(Skills 9-12):

the clauses.

Then

(I).

who on

the Dean's

for blocks.

List.

work with the man which just began working here. it

was

tightly locked.

man who was in

up

trying to break into the car to the police.

an environment

is

who

extremely humid.

they have surpassed their quotas.

woman who had

left

her credit card in the

the dress that was

on

sale.

store.

Each of the following sentences contains more than one clause. Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice. Circle the connectors. Put boxes around indicate

if


(I).

me whether was coming or not.

1.

No one explained

2.

The

part of the structure that has already been built needs to be torn down.

3.

The

girl

4.

I

5.

We have been

6.

The racquet with whom I was

7.

I

8.

He was still sick was obvious

9.

What is most important in

10.

who

to

she just joined the softball team

have no idea about when the meeting

will

told that

we can

leave

is

is

a great shortstop.

supposed

to start.

whenever want.

playing was too big and too heavy for me.

never understand that he did.

The newspapers residents

to the entire

this situation

that were piled

had not been home

in

medical

it is

staff.

to finish

on time.

up on the front porch were an indication

some

time.

that the

STRUCTURE QUESTIONS

TOEFL EXERCISE

(Skills 9-12):

Choose the

letter



completes the sentence. Dolphins form extremely complicated allegiances

and

6.

extends upward from the altitude at the freezing point.

continually

change. (A)

enmities that

(A)

(B)

that are enmities

(B)

(C)

enmities that are

(C)

(D)

that enmities

(D)

Scientists are

now beginning

experiments on sorts of health risks.

conduct

(B)

that noise pollution

(C)

how noise how noise

(B)

(C)

(D)

program, Sampson developed a plan

feasible.

(A)

it is

pollution can

(B)

is

(C)

has

(D)

it

11 astronauts

of the

on the 8.

be carried in the next space shuttle payload has not yet been will

announced millions

It

were some

(B)

What

whom some were

(C)

When

(D)

That

At the end of the nineteenth century, Alfred Binet developed a test for measuring intelligence served as

(A)

has

(B)

it

9.

modern IQ tests.

has

and (D) which has have at least four hours of hazardous materials response training mandated by federal law.

10. is

During free

(A)

it is

(B)

(C)

which being

(D)

is

All police officers

(B)

All police officers

(C)

That all police officers For all police officers

(D)

must

fall,

all

(A)

is

(B)

of

(C)

that

(D)

what

to a full

fall at

a constant

the most important

about to begin has the networks to shore up their

ratings period

caused

up

is

The fact

schedules. (A)

to the public.

minute, a skydiver will speed of 120 m.p.h.

(C)

5.

has

(A)

the basis of

to

environmental protection laws whenever

famous first moonwalk on July 20, 1969, were Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin.

whom whom

In a 1988 advanced officers' training

pollution

Earth's inhabitants witnessed

(A)

7.

temperatures hit hit temperatures which temperatures hit which hit temperatures

incorporate police in enforcing

noise pollution can

The Apollo

to

trigger different

(A)

(D) 3.

A cloud's reservoir of negative charge

that

is

STRUCTURE


(Skills 1-12):

Choose the

of the word or group of

letter

words that best completes the sentence.

loom high above the northern and

1.

expanding

into an integrated strategy for

city

of Tucson.

(A)

The Santa

(B)

Because the Santa Catalina mountains The Santa Catalina mountains are That the Santa Catalina mountains

preventing

Catalina mountains

Radioactive

way

provides a powerful

in the first draft of the

7.

not necessarily be in the

(A)

it

(A)

Although

(B)

dates

(B)

It

(C)

dating

(C)

What appears

(D)

can

(D)

Despite

contained in the chromosomes, and they are thought of as the units of

8.

(B)

(B)

(C)

When genes

(C)

that

(D)

Because of genes

(D)

when

the study

is

that

it

9.

its

appearance

it

it

A need for space law to include commercial concerns has been recognized inasmuch been expanding drastically in recent years.

provides necessary information to

anyone who needs

appears

food label indicates that a food is mostly carbohydrate, it does not mean is a good food to eat.

and and

benefit

final draft.

If a

(A)

The

it

budget will

appears

Genes which are Genes are

(A)

it.

(A)

of

(B)

which

(A)

the commercial launch industry

(C)

that

(B)

the commercial launch industry

(D)

because

has (C)

5.

stress.

and Wolf (B) that Wolf (C) what Wolf (D) so Wolf

measure geologic time.

to

describes

(A)

heredity.

4.

across the country have

molded the concepts

(D)

3.

Many companies

northeastern boundaries of the

(C)

2.

6.

The same symptoms

that occur

commercial launch

industry

occur with cocaine.

amphetamines can (B) with amphetamines can (C) so amphetamines (D) with amphetamines they

as has the

(D)

as the

commercial launch industry

has

(A)

10.

The

report on the nuclear power plant

indicated that

on

line

(A) (B)

(C)

(D)

when

the plant

unsafe.

and it had been it had been had been that it had been

had gone

STRUCTURE QUESTIONS


SENTENCES WITH REDUCED CLAUSES possible in English for a clause to appear in a complete

It is

My friend should be on Although

The

the train wtych

wbtS not really difficult,

the

^

form or

in a

reduced form.

arriving at the station now.

exam took

a lot of time.

sentence shows an adjective clause in its complete form, which is arriving at the station now, and in its reduced form, arriving at the station now. The second sentence shows an adverb clause in its complete form, although it was not really difficult, and its reduced form, first

although not really

difficult.

The two

types of clauses that can reduce in English are: (1) adjective clauses and (2) adverb clauses. It is important to become familiar with these reduced clauses because

they appear frequently

Skill

1

3:

on the

TOEFL test.

USE REDUCED ADJECTIVE CLAUSES CORRECTLY

Adjective clauses can appear in a reduced form. In the reduced form, the adjective clause

connector and the be-verb that directly follow

The woman wô

it

are omitted.

waving to us is the tour guide.

The

letter wfych w\,s written last week arrived today.

The

pitcher ihpt

)>s

on the

table is full

of iced

tea.

Each of these sentences may be used in the complete form or in the reduced form. In the reduced form the connector who, which, or that is omitted along with the fo-verb is or was. If there is no be-verb in the adjective clause, it is still possible to have a reduced form. When there is no be-verb in the adjective clause, the connector is omitted and the verb is changed into the -ing form. appearing I

don't understand the article

In this

example there

so the

connector which

is

is

no

wftych apfyars in today's paper.

be-verb in the adjective clause which appears in today's paper,

omitted and the main verb appears

is

changed

to the -ing

form

appearing.

should be noted that not all adjective clauses can appear in a reduced form. An adjective clause can appear in a reduced form only if the adjective clause connector is followed directly by a verb. In other words, an adjective clause can only be reduced if the connector is also a subject. It

The woman that Ijust met is the tour guide. The letter which you sent me arrived yesterday.

(does not reduce) (does not reduce)

examples the adjective clauses cannot be reduced because the adjective clause connectors that and which are not directly followed by verbs; that is directly followed by the In these two

subject

7,

and which is

directly followed by the subject you.

227

STRUCTURE

A final point to

note

is

that

some

adjective clauses are set off

from the

rest of the sen-

tence with commas, and these adjective clauses can also be reduced. In addition, adjective clause

is

commas, the reduced

set off with

adjective clause can

appear

when an

at the front

of the sentence.

The White House, The White House,

which

is

located in Washington, is the

located in Washington,

Located in Washington, the White

House

is is

the the

home of the

president.

home of the president. home of the president.

The president, who is now preparing to give a speech, is meeting with his advisors. The president, now preparing to give a speech, is meeting with his advisors. Now preparing to give a speech, the president is meeting with his advisors. In these two examples, the adjective clauses are set off from the rest of the sentence with

commas, so each sentence can be structured

in three different ways: (1) with the

complete

reduced clause following the noun that it describes, and (3) with the reduced clause at the beginning of the sentence. The following example shows how reduced adjective clauses could be tested in strucclause, (2) with the

ture questions

on the TOEFL

test.

Example from the Paper and Computer TOEFL® Tests on

several different television programs, the witness gave

conflicting accounts of what

(A)

He appeared

(B)

Who appeared

(C)

Appearing Appears

(D)

In this example, answer (A)

is

and there

is

had happened.

incorrect because there are two clauses,

no connector

He

appeared...

and

them. Answer (B) is incorrect because an adjective clause such as who appeared... cannot appear at the beginning of a sentence (unless it is in a reduced form). Answer (C) is the correct answer because it is the reduced form of the clause who appeared, and this reduced form can appear at the front of the sentence. Answer (D) is not the reduced form of a verb; it is merely a verb in the present tense; a verb such as appears needs a subject and a connector to be correct. the witness gave. ..,

to join

.

STRUCTURE QUESTIONS

The following chart lists the structure and when reduced forms can be used:


for reduced adjective clauses

and

rules for

how

REDUCED ADJECTIVE CLAUSES with a be-verb

in

the

adjective clause

with no be-verb

in

(AD|ECTW^

the

~~

(VERB

+

ING)

adjective clause

• • • •

To reduce an adjective clause, omit the adjective clause connector/subject and the be-verb. If there is no be-verb, omit the connector/subject and change the main verb to the -ing form. Only reduce an adjective clause if the connector/subject is directly followed by the verb. If an adjective clause is set off with commas, the reduced clause can be moved to the front of the sentence.

EXERCISE

Each of the following sentences contains an

13:

or reduced form. Underline the adjective clauses.

or incorrect

rect (C)

Q !

1

.

Then

adjective clause, in a complete

indicate

if

the sentences are cor-

(I)

We will have to return

the merchandise purchased yesterday at the Broadway.

2.

The

3.

Serving a term of four years, the mayor of the town

4.

The brand new Cadillac, purchasing

children sat in the fancy restaurant found

less

it

difficult to

behave.

will face reelection

next year.

than two weeks ago, was destroyed in the

accident. 5.

The fans who supporting

6.

The

7.

The food

8.

Impressed with everything she had heard about the course, Marie signed her children

up 9.

team always come out

to the

games

in large

numbers.

suspect can be seen in the photographs were just released by the police.

for

placing

on the

picnic table attracted a large

number of flies.

it.

The passengers flight,

10.

their

in the airport waiting

room, heard the announcement of the canceled

groaned audibly.

Dissatisfied with the service at the restaurant, the

meal

really

was not enjoyable.

STRUCTURE

Skill

1

USE REDUCED ADVERB CLAUSES CORRECTLY

4:

Adverb clauses can

also

appear in a reduced form. In the reduced form, the adverb con-

nector remains, but the subject and be-verb are omitted. Although

When y)yu

z\

rather unwell, the

a\e ready,

speaker

will take

part in the seminar.

you can begin your speech.

These two examples may be used in either the complete or reduced form. In the reduced form, the adverb connectors although and when remain; the subjects he and you as well as the fo-verbs is and are are omitted. If there is no fo-verb in the adverb clause, it is still possible to have a reduced form. When there is no fo-verb in the adverb clause, the subject is omitted and the main verb is changed into the -mgform. (

feeling

Although he fetys rather sick, the speaker will take part in the seminar. giving

When ytyu gtye your speech, you should speak loudly and

distinctly.

example the adverb clause although he feels rather sick does not include a fo-verb; to reduce this clause, the subject he is omitted and the main verb feels is changed to feeling. In the second example the adverb clause when you give your speech also does not include a beverb; to reduce this clause, the subject you is omitted and the main verb give is changed to In the

first

giving.

The


questions

on the TOEFL

how

this


test.


When

,

you are free

to leave.

(A)

the finished report

(B)

finished with the report

(C)

the report

(D)

is

the report finished

In this example you should notice the adverb connector when, and you should

know

that

time word could be followed by either a complete clause or a reduced clause. Answers (A) and (C) contain the subjects the finished report and the report and no verb, so these answers are incorrect. In answer (D) the subject and verb are inverted, and this is not a question, so answer (D) is incorrect. The correct answer is answer (B) this answer is the this

;

reduced form of the clause when you are finished with the report. It should be noted that not all adverb clauses can appear in a reduced form, and a number of adverb clauses can only be reduced if the verb is in the passive form. Once you submit your (active

thesis,

you

— does not reduce)

will

graduate.

Once

^ submitted, your

(passive

thesis will

— does reduce)

be reviewed,

.

STRUCTURE QUESTIONS


example, the adverb clause once you submit your thesis does not reduce because clauses introduced by once only reduce if the verb is passive, and the verb submit is active. In the second example, the adverb clause once it is submitted does reduce to once submitted because the clause is introduced by once and the verb is submitted is passive. The following chart lists the structures for reduced adverb clauses and which adverb clause connectors can be used in a reduced form: In the

first

REDUCED ADVERB CLAUSES with a be-verb

(adverb connector)

in

the adverb clause with no be-verb

(adverb connector)

in

(VERB

+

ING)

the adverb clause

L_ Time

reduces

in

active

Condition

Contrast

Place

Manner

although

after

before

though

unless

;

whether

since

while

reduces

once

in passive

until

unless

when

whether

although

where

though

wherever

as

whenever • •

To reduce an adverb clause, omit the subject and the be-verb from the adverb clause. If there is no be-verb, then omit the subject and change the verb to the -ing form.

EXERCISE

Each of the following sentences contains a reduced adverb clause. Circle the adverb connectors. Underline the reduced clauses. Then indicate if the sentences are 14:

correct (C) or incorrect Q.

I

1.

(if) not

(I)

completely

had

satisfied,

you can return the product

how to cook and

clean (since) left home.

2.

Steve has

3.

The ointment can be applied where needed.

4.

Tom began

5.

Although not selecting for the team, he attends

6.

When purchased at this store,

7.

The medicine

8.

You should negotiate a

9.

Once purchased,

10.

Though

to learn

to look for a job after

is

to the manufacturer.

completing his master's degree in engineering. all

of the games as a fan.

the buyer gets a guarantee

on

all

items.

not effective unless taken as directed. lot

before buy a

new car.

the swimsuits cannot be returned.

located near the coast, the town does not get

much

of an ocean breeze.

.

STRUCTURE

EXERCISE

(Skills 13-14):

reduced

line the

clauses.

Each of the following sentences contains a reduced

Then

indicate

if

clause.


1.

Though was

2.

Wearing only a

3.

The

4.

The company president, needed

5.

When applying for the job, you should bring your letters of reference.

6.

She looked up into the dreary sky was

filled

7.

Feeling weak after a long

wanted

8.

Before decided to have surgery, you should get a second opinion.

9.

The

Under-

(I)

surprised at the results, she was pleased with what she had done. light sweater, she

family stopped to

visit

stepped out into the pouring rain.

many relatives while

driving across the country.

a vacation, boarded a plane for the Bahamas.

illness, Sally

with dark thunderclouds. to try to get

back to work.

construction material, a rather grainy type of wood, gave the

room

a rustic

feeling.

The

10.

application will at least be reviewed

TOEFL EXERCISE

(Skills

13-14):

Choose the

if

submitted by the fifteenth of the month.

letter

of the word or group of words that

best completes the sentence. 1.

When

nests during spring nesting

4.

season, Canadian geese are fiercely territorial.

2.

behind government secrecy for nearly half a century, the Hanford plant in central Washington produced plutonium for the nuclear weapons of the Cold War.

(A)

building

(B)

are building

(C)

built

(A)

It is

(D)

are built

(B)

(C)

Hidden Which is hidden

(D)

The

In 1870, Calvin, along with Adirondack

hunter Alvah Dunning, made the first known ascent of Seward Mountain, far

from roads or

trails.

(A)

a remote peak

(B)

remote peak a remote peak is which a remote peak

(C)

(D)

it is

a

5.

they spawn

(B)

after

(C)

(D)

spawning spawn spawned the salmon

is

hiding

incorrect, astronomers

assumed that the were uniform.

had

insides of white dwarfs

(A)

they

(B)

proof the astronomers recently proven recently proven

(C)

Kokanee salmon begin to deteriorate and die soon at the age of four. (A)

plant

Until

(D) 3.

hidden

their

from the early Chinese numerous archeologists have

artifacts

dynasties,

explored the southern Silk Road. (A)

They were searching for

(B)

It

(C)

(D)

was a search for Searched for Searching for

STRUCTURE QUESTIONS

7.

8.


women's rights activist Abigail Scott Duniway of Portland, Oregon, who could

North American waterways a little over a decade ago, zebra mussels have already earned a nasty reputation

usually be persuaded to speak

for their expensive habit of clogging

town

visiting

water pipes in the Great Lakes area.

(A)

she was in

(A)

The

(B)

while in

(B)

(C)

while she was

(C)

Although first sighted Zebra mussels were first sighted

(D)

was in

(D)

First sighting

In Hailey, the best-known' lecturer was

9.

her son.

The National Restaurant

10.

in

desires of their patrons.

Small companies

(B)

Association

(C)

Association which

(D)

Association, based in

is

in is

in


may take

their

goods

document calls (B) a document called (C) calls a document (D) called a document (A)

Association in

sighting

abroad for trade shows without paying foreign value-added taxes by acquiring an ATA carnet.

Washington, says that federal efforts to regulate workplace smoking would limit restaurants' ability to respond to the

(A)

first

(Skills 1-14):

a

Choose the

letter


words that best completes the sentence. 1.


4.

maintained that infants cannot formulate long-term memories until the age of eight or nine months.

approximately four million miles of roads, streets,

Psychologists have traditionally

and highways.

(A)

there

(B)

is

(A)

they

(C)

they

(B)

they reach

(D)

there are

(C)

to reach

(D)

reach

twelve million immigrants entered

2.

the United States via Ellis Island.

a small conglomerate consisting of a

(A)

More than

(B)

There were more than

(C)

Of more than The report of

(D)

a cheese shop has since grown into

5.

catering business

The

television,

of our culture,

been a part has an enormous

influence. (A)

has

(B)

it

(C)

which which has

(D)

has

so long

In the beginning of

(B)

began as Its beginning which was What began as

(D) 6.

retail stores.

(A)

(C) 3.

and two

It

Primarily a government contractor, preferential treatment

from

government agencies as both a minoritygroup member and a woman.

Weber

(A)

receives

(B)

Weber

(C)

the reception of Weber

(D)

according to Weber's reception

receives

STRUCTURE

7. r

Because the project depends on at the federal level, the city and county may have to wait until the budget cutting

9.

One

growing quickly (A)

ends. (B)

(A) (B)

(C)

(D)

of the areas of multimedia that

happens which happening what happens that it happens

(C)

it

(D) 10.

definitive study of a western hard-

,

is

easily

early approaches for coping with

only after

rock mining community cemetery appears to have been done is in Silver City, Nevada.

sound.

overlooked is easily overlooked it is easily overlooked that is easily overlooked

yet

workplace 8.

is

is

stress dealt its

with the problem

symptoms had appeared.

Although well-intending (B) Although it is a good intention (C) Although a good intention (D) Although well-intended (A)

Most (B) The most (C) Where most (D) Where the most (A)

SENTENCES WITH INVERTED SUBJECTS AND VERBS and verbs are inverted in a variety of situations in English. Inverted subjects and verbs occur most often in the formation of a question. To form a question with a helping verb (be, have, can, could, will, would, etc.), the subject and helping verb are inverted. Subjects

He

can go to the movies.

Can he go

to the movies?

You would

tell

Would you

me the truth. tell me the truth?

She was

sick yesterday.

Was she

sick yesterday?

To form a question when there

is

no helping verb

in the sentence, the helping verb do

is

used.

He

goes

to the movies.

Does he go

You

told

Did you

There are many other

me tell

to the movies?

the truth.

me

the truth?

when

and verbs are inverted, but if you just remember this method of inverting subjects and verbs, you will be able to handle the other situations. The most common problems with inverted subjects and verbs on the

TOEFL

test

situations in English

occur in the following situations:

and how; (2) some conditionals; and where, why,

1

)

with question words such as what, when,

some place expressions; after some comparisons.

after (5)

(

subjects

(3) after negative expressions; (4) in

STRUCTURE QUESTIONS


INVERTTHE SUBJECT AND VERB WITH QUESTION WORDS

Skill 15:

some confusion about when to invert the subject and verb after question words such as what, when, where, why, and how. These words can have two very different functions in a sentence. First, they can introduce a question, and in this case the subject and verb

There

is

that follow are inverted.

What

is

the

When can

I

homework? leave?

Where are you going?

words can join together two follow are not inverted.

Also, these

I

clauses,

and

in this case the subject

do not know what the homework

When I can

leave,

Do you know

I

will take

the

and verb

that

is.

first train.

where you are going?

In each of these examples there are two clauses joined by a question word. Notice that the subjects

and verbs

that follow the question words what, when,

and where are not inverted

in

this case.

The


questions

on the TOEFL

how

this


test.


The

lawyer asked the client

(A)

did he do

(B)

did he

(C)

he did

(D)

did

why

it.

example the question word why is used to connect the two clauses, so a subject and verb are needed after this connector; this is not a question, so the subject and verb should not be inverted. The best answer is therefore answer (C). In this

)

STRUCTURE

The

following chart

lists

the question words and their sentence patterns:

INVERTED SUBJECTSANDVERBSWITH QUESTION WORDS who

When

when

what

the question

word introduces

V

word)

What the question

EXERCISE tion

word connects two S

V

/

know

Q

S

?

are they?

clauses, the subject

( question word

and verb that follow ore not inverted. S

what

V.

they are.

Each of the following sentences contains a question word. Circle the queswords. Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice. Then indicate if the sentences 15:

are correct (C) or incorrect !

how

a question, the subject and verb are inverted.

(question

When

why

where

1

.

(I).

The phone company is not certain ( when ) will

the

new directories be

many students

2.

The

3.

How new students can get information about parking?

4.

Where

5.

Only the

6.

What type

7.

Not even the bank president knows when the vault will be opened.

8.

How long it has been

9.

The jury doubts what the witness

10.

professor does not understand (why) so

is it

pilot can tell

you how

can the plane go on one tank of fuel.

far

of security does he prefer for his investments?

since

you arrived said

to take

United States?

in the

under cross-examination.

an extended leave of absence?

INVERTTHE SUBJECT AND VERB WITH PLACE EXPRESSIONS

After ideas expressing place, the subject

happen with

did poorly on the exam.

cheapest to get typeset copies printed?

Do you know why he wants

Skill 16:

ready.

single

and the verb sometimes

words expressing place, such Here

is

the

book

that

Nowhere have

I

as here, there, or nowhere.

you lent me.

There are the keys that

I

invert in English. This can

thought

I lost.

seen such beautiful weather.

.

STRUCTURE QUESTIONS


example the place word here causes the subject book to come after the verb is. In the second example the place word there causes the subject keys to come after the verb are. In the last example the place word nowhere causes the subject I to come after the verb have. The subject and verb can also be inverted after prepositional phrases expressing place. In the

first

In the

closet

Around Beyond

are the clothes that you want.

the corner \s

the

Sam's house.

mountains

lies

the town where you will

live.

example the prepositional phrase of place in the closet causes the subject clothes to come after the verb are. In the second example the prepositional phrase of place around the corner causes the subject house to come after the verb is. In the last example the

In the

first

prepositional phrase of place beyond the mountains causes the subject town to

the verb It is

after

lies.

important (and a

bit difficult) to

understand that the subject and verb

will invert

beginning of a sentence only when the place expression to complete the sentence. Study the following examples:

after place expressions at the necessary

come

In the forest are In the forest

I

many exotic

is

birds.

walked for many hours.

example the subject birds and verb are are inverted because the place expression In the second example in the forest is needed to complete the idea many exotic birds are the subject /and the verb walked are not inverted because the idea / walked for many hours is complete without the place expression in the forest; the place expression is therefore not needed to complete the sentence. The following example shows how this sentence pattern could be tested in structure

In the

first

questions

on the TOEFL

test.


On (A) (B)

(C)

(D)

the second level of the parking lot

empty are empty some empty stalls are are some empty stalls is

This example begins with the place expression on the second sists

of two prepositional phrases, on

level

of the parking lot,

which con-

and

of the parking lot. This sentence the two answers that contain both a subject,

the second level

needs a subject and a verb to be complete, and stalls, and verb, are, are answers (C) and (D). The subject and verb should be inverted The because the place expression is necessary to complete the idea some empty stalls are best answer is therefore answer (D)

.

STRUCTURE

The

following chart

lists

the sentence patterns used with place expressions:

INVERTED SUBJECTS AND VERBS WITH PLACE EXPRESSIONS

When

a place expression at the front of the sentence

is

necessary to complete the sentence, the

subject and verb that follow are inverted.

V

Q place (necessary)) In

When

S

were some old desks.

the classroom

a place expression at the front of the sentence contains extra information that

is

not

needed

to complete the sentence, the subject and verb that follow are not inverted.

(place (extra)) In

EXERCISE

16:

the classroom,

V

S I

studied very hard.

Each of the following sentences contains an expression of place

at the

beginning of the sentence. Circle the expressions of place. Look at the clauses that immediately follow the place expressions and underline the subjects once and the verbs twice.

Then C

indicate 1.

2.

1

(

if


In front of the house) were

(There) a big house

is

some

on the

(I)

giant trees.

corner.

3.

In the cave was a vast treasure of gems

4.

To the north the stream

5.

Around

6.

At the

7.

Nowhere

8.

In the backyard the two trees are that need to be pruned.

9.

Around this

10.

is

and jewels.

that the settlers will have to cross.

the corner are the offices that you are trying to find.

Italian restaurant

in the

was the food too spicy for

my taste.

world farmers can grow such delicious food.

the recreation hall and

down

the path are the tents where

we will be

week.

In the apartment next to

mine a man and a woman were having a heated

Skill 17:

INVERT THE SUBJECT AND VERB WITH NEGATIVES

The

and verb can

discussion.

be inverted after certain negatives and related expressions. negative expressions, such as no, not, or never, come at the beginning of a sentence,

subject

When

staying

also

the subject and verb are inverted.

STRUCTURE QUESTIONS

Not once did

I


miss a question.

Never has Mr. Jones taken a vacation.

At no time can the

woman

on the telephone.

talk

example the negative expression not once causes the subject / to come after the helping verb did. In the second example the negative word never causes the subject Mr. Jones to come after the helping verb has. In the last example the negative expression at no In the first

time causes

the subject

woman to come

after the helping verb can.

Certain words in English, such as hardly, If

one of these words comes

at the

barely,

scarcely,

and

only,

did like negatives.

beginning of a sentence, the subject and verb are also

inverted.

Hardly ever does he take time (This

means

that

Only once did the (This

In the first

come

after

only once

means

he almost never takes time

manager

that the

off.)

issue overtime paychecks.

manager

almost never issued overtime paychecks.)

example the "almost negative" expression hardly ever causes the subject he to the helping verb does. In the second example the "almost negative" expression

causes the subject manager to

When

off.

come

after the helping verb did.

a negative expression appears in front of a subject and verb in the middle of a

sentence, the subject

and verb are

also inverted. This

happens often with the negative

neither and nor.

words

I

do not want

The

secretary

to go, is

and

neither

does Tom.

not attending the meeting, nor is her boss.

example the negative neither causes the subject Tom to come In the second example the negative nor causes the subject boss

In the first

after the helping

verb

does.

to

verb

is.

The following example shows how questions on the TOEFL test.

this

come

after the


Example from the Paper and Computer TOEFL® Tests Only

in extremely

(A)

will

dangerous situations

(B)

be the printing presses the printing presses will be

(C)

that the printing presses will be

(D)

will

stopped.

the printing presses be

example you should notice that the sentence begins with the negative only, so an inverted subject and verb are needed. Answer (D) contains a correctly inverted subject and verb, with the helping verb will, the subject printing presses, and the main verb be, so answer In this

(D)

is

the best answer.

240

STRUCTURE

The

following chart

lists

the negative expressions

and the sentence pattern used

with

them:

INVERTED SUBJECTS AND VERBS WITH NEGATIVES

When in

no

not

never

neither

nor

barely

hardly

only

rarely

scarcely

a negative expression appears

in front

seldom

of a subject and verb (at the beginning of a sentence or

the middle of a sentence) the subject and verb are inverted.

V

( negative expression )

were they so happy.

Rarely

EXERCISE

S

Each of the following sentences contains a negative or "almost negative" expression. Circle the negative expressions. Look at the clauses that follow and underline the subjects once and the verbs twice. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or

incorrect !

Q

1

.

2.

17:

(I).

(

Never) the boy wrote

On no occasion) did

(

to his sisters.

they say that to me.

Steve did not win the prize, nor did he expect to

4.

Only once

5.

Did he go out of the house

at

6.

Seldom

made such

7.

No

8.

Sheila did not arrive late for work, nor she left early.

9.

Barely had he finished the

10.

Skill 18:

in

my life gone I

their secretary has

have to

no

time.

mistakes.

sooner had she hung up the phone than

The

exam when

it

rang again.

the graduate assistant collected the papers.

police did not arrive in time to save the

girl,

and neither did the paramedics.

INVERTTHE SUBJECT AND VERB WITH CONDITIONALS and verb may also be

the helping verb in the conditional clause

connector

so.

New York City.

In certain conditional structures, the subject

when

do

3.

if is

is

inverted. This can occur

had, should, or were,

and the conditional

omitted. If he

had taken more

Had he

time, the results

would have been

better.

taken more time, the results would have been better.

,

STRUCTURE QUESTIONS

I

would help you

I

would help you were

If you

if I

were in a position I


to help.

in a position to help.

me a call. me a call.

should arrive before 6:00, just give

Should you

arrive before 6:00, just give

examples you can see that when if is included, the subject and verb are in the regular order (if he had taken, if I were, ifyou should arrive). It is also possible to omit if; in In each of these

the subject and verb are inverted (had he taken, were I, should you arrive). following example shows how this sentence pattern could be tested in structure

this case,

The

questions

on the TOEFL

test.


The

report would have been accepted

in checking

its

accuracy.

more care more care had been taken had taken more care had more care been taken

(A)

if

(B)

(C)

(D)

example a connector if and a subject and verb are needed, but if could be omitted and the subject and verb inverted. Answer (A) is incorrect because it contains the connector ^/and the subject care but no verb. Answer (B) is incorrect because it contains the subject care and the verb had been taken but does not have a connector. In answers (C) and (D) if has been omitted. Because it is correct to invert the subject more care and the helping In this

verb had, answer (D)

The

is

correct.

following chart

lists

the conditional verbs that

may

invert

and the sentence

pat-

terns used with them:

INVERTED SUBJECTS AND VERBSWITH CONDITIONALS had

When

the verb

in

were

should

the conditional clause

is

had, should, or were,

possible to omit if and invert the

it is

subject and verb.

(omitted

It is

also possible to

if)

keep

if

V

S

Were

fie

here, fie

Then the subject and verb if

If

S

would

help.

are not inverted.

V

he were

here, he

would

help.

242

STRUCTURE

EXERCISE

Each of the following sentences contains a conditional with a stated or an implied if. Circle the conditionals, or put an asterisk (*) where if has been omitted. Look at the clauses that follow and underline the subjects once and the verbs twice. Then indicate

C

if

18:

the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect 1.

*Were our neighbors a

bit

more

(I).

know

friendly,

it

would be somewhat

in the closet

if

should you get cold during the night.

easier to get to

them. !

2.

There are plenty of blankets

3.

Has he enough vacation days

4.

Had we been informed

5.

I

6.

He would

would

like to

left this year,

he

will take

two

full

weeks off in December.

of the decision, we might have had something to say about

know could you help me pack

it.

these boxes.

have been in big trouble had not he remembered the assignment at the

last

minute. 7.

If your friends

come

8.

He might be

little

a

to visit, will they stay in a hotel or at

more

successful today were he a

your house?

little

more

willing to

do some

hard work. 9.

10.

Skill 19:

An

Should you ever visit

Do you

this

town again,

I

would be delighted

to

show you around.

think that she would give the speech were she asked to do so?

INVERTTHE SUBJECT AND VERB WITH COMPARISONS and verb may

occur after a comparison. The inversion of a subject and verb after a comparison is optional, rather than required, and it is a rather formal structure. There have been a number of inverted comparisons on recent TOEFL tests, so you should be familiar with this structure. inverted subject

My sister spends My sister spends My sister spends

also

more hours in the office than John. more hours in the office than]ohn does. more hours in the office than does John.

examples contain the comparison more. than, and all three are correct in English. It is possible to have the noun John alone, as in the first example; it is possible that the comparison is followed by the subject and verb John does, as in the second example; it is also possible that the comparison is followed by the inverted subject and verb doeijohn, as in the third example. The following example shows how this sentence pattern could be tested in structure

All three of these

questions

on the TOEFL

.

test.

.

.

STRUCTURE QUESTIONS



The

experiment appear to be more the results of any previous tests.

results of the current

consistent than

In this

(A)

them

(B)

were

(C)

they were

(D)

were they

example you should notice the comparison more

consistent than,

and you should

also

understand that the results of the current experiment is being compared with the results of any previous tests. Because the results of any previous tests is the subject, only a verb is needed; the best answer to this question is therefore answer (B) We know that it is possible for a subject and a verb to be inverted after a comparison, and in this case the subject the results of any previous tests comes after the verb were. The following chart lists the sentence patterns used with comparisons: .

INVERTED SUBJECTS AND VERBS WITH COMPARISONS The subject and verb may

NOTE:

invert after a comparison.

The following

S

V

We

were

( comparison) more prepared than

S

V

(comparison)

V

We

were

more prepared than

were

A subject-verb

structures are both possible.

V

S

the other performers

were. S

the other performers.

inversion after a comparison sounds rather formal.

EXERCISE 19: Each of the following sentences contains a comparison. Circle the comparisons. Look at the clauses that follow and underline the subjects once and the verbs twice. Then C

indicate 1.

if


(I)

This candidate has received (more votes than) has any other candidate in previous years.

I

2.

Obviously we were

much (more impressed with

the performance than) did the other

members of the audience. 3.

The

4.

The vegetables

film that

we saw last night at the at the

market

this

festival

was far better than any of the other

morning were

far fresher

films.

than were those at the

market yesterday. 5.

I

am afraid that is the

condition of these

tires as

bad

as the condition of the others.

STRUCTURE

244

We firmly believed

6.

that our

team could achieve a much

faster time

than any of the

others.

not as good as the

one that you made.

7.

This apple pie

8.

On the fishing trip, Bobby caught twice as many fish as anyone

9.

The

final

is

EXERCISE

else did.

speaker gave us more details than had any of the previous speakers.

Do you know why does he need

10.

last

to sleep so

many more hours than do

the others?

Each of these sentences contains a structure that could require an inverted subject and verb. Circle the structures that may require inverted subjects and verbs. Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice. Then indicate if the sentences are (Skills 15-19):

correct (C) or incorrect

(I).

not sure why have the land developers changed their plans.

1.

The town

2.

Never

3.

The day might have been

4.

Only once did the judge take the defense

5.

Down

6.

Did the

7.

Hardly ever

8.

Elijah scored

council

in the

is

world

I

believed that this would happen. a

little

more enjoyable had

the sun been out a

little

more.

lawyer's suggestion.

the hall to the left the offices are that need to be painted. scientist explain

it

snows in

more

what he put

this section

in the beaker?

of the country.

points in yesterday's basketball final than had any other player in

history.

In the state of California, earthquakes occur regularly.

9.

He

10.

should ever

TOEFL EXERCISE

call again,

(Skills 15-19):

please

tell

him

Choose the

that

I

letter

am not at home.


best completes the sentence. 1

.

Rarely

located near city lights or at

lower elevations.

There are geographic, economic, and cultural reasons why around the world.

(A)

observatories are

(B)

are

(A)

diets differ

(C)

in the observatories

(B)

do

(D)

are observatories

(C)

are diets different

(D)

to differ a diet

diets differ

STRUCTURE QUESTIONS

3.

Were

millions of dollars each year

7.

replenishing eroding beaches, the coastline

The economic background of labor

would be changing even more

the U.S.

Army Corps

course,

of Engineers

not spending the U.S.

(B)

Army Corps

not be mentioned in be treated.

legislation will

rapidly.

(A)


(A)

trade unionism will not

(B)

nor trade unionism will nor will trade unionism neither trade unionism will

(C)

of Engineers

(D)

this

not spend

4.

Army Corps of Engineers

(C)

the U.S.

(D)

does not spend not spending the U.S. of Engineers

Army Corps

plant, according to federal law, the

entire truckload

Should milk

(B)

If

(C) (A)

that retail trade figures

(B)

retail trade figures are

(C)

are retail trade figures

(D)

retail trade figures

(D) 9.

6.

as

(B)

is

(C)

as

is

(D)

as

is

(B)

second smallest

(C)

(D) 10.

the the

Potassium has a valence of positive one because it usually loses one electron with other elements. when

(C)

combine it combines in combining

(D)

combination

(A) (B)

does

Located behind

(A)

country, Monaco. (A)

milk If milk is Milk should the two lacrimal

glands.

New York City's Central Park is nearly twice as large

must be discarded.

(A) in the

auto industry.

5.

when

tanker trucks arrive at a milk processing

more skewed than

Nowhere

test positive for antibiotics

8.

each eyelid is each eyelid each eyelid are each eyelid which

is

Only for a short period of time run at top speed. (A)

cheetahs

(B)

do cheetahs

(C)

that a cheetah can

(D)

can

it


(Skills 1-19):

Choose the

letter


words that best completes the sentence. variety of flowers in the show,

1.

from

simple carnations to the most exquisite roses.

2.

The wedges from one ...

to twenty points each.

.

(A)

they are on a

(A)

A wide

(B)

are

(B)

There was a wide

(C)

are they

(C)

Was there Many

(D)

on a

(D)

dart board are worth

on a on a

producing many new movies for release after the (A) (B)

(C)

(D)

new season

7.

Some fishing fleets might not have been so inefficient in limiting their catch to

begins.

target species

His company is His companies

The company Why the company is

(A) (B)

that Emily Dickinson wrote, 24

were given titles and 7 were published during her lifetime.

Of the

strict in

enforcing penalties.

(C)

(D) 8.

had been if the government had had the government been if the government the government

The Dewey Decimal

System, currently

throughout the world, all written works into ten classes according to subject. used in

poems (B) There were 1,800 poems (C) Because the 1,800 poems (D) The 1,800 poems (A)

more

1,800

Since an immediate change was needed by the on an emergency basis,

libraries

(A)

dividing

(B)

divides

(C)

it

(D)

was divided

would divide

governor to curtail railway expenditure. (A) (B)

(C)

(D)

9.

was proposed was proposed because of the proposal it was proposed so

In the

it

Morgan Library in New York

may shed light on why some people are more prone to emotional activity

stress disorders

City

of medieval and Renaissance manuscripts. (A)

a collection

(B)

in a collection

(C)

is

(D)

which

Individual differences in brain-wave

(A)

that others are

(B)

and others are

(C)

others are

(D)

than are others

is

squeezed, the orange juice in a

10.

a collection is

a collection

one-cup serving provides twice the minimum daily requirement for vitamin C. freshly

(A)

It is

(B)

If freshly

(C)

You freshly

(D)

If it freshly

WRITTEN EXPRESSION QUESTIONS


THE WRITTEN EXPRESSION QUESTIONS (PAPER TOEFL® TEST AND

COMPUTER TOEFL® TEST)

your knowledge of the correct way to express yourself in English writing appear on both the paper TOEFL test and the computer TOEFL test. Each question consists of one sentence in which four words or groups of words have been underlined. You must choose the underlined word or group of words that is not correct. Look at an example of a written expression question from the paper TOEFL test.

Written expression questions that

test


A nerve is actually many nerve fiber bound together. A

~C~

B

D

In this example, you should notice that the plural quantifier many singular

noun

fiber.

accompanied by the Many should be accompanied by the plural noun fibers. You should is

choose answer (C) because answer (C) is not correct. Now, look at an example of a written expression question from the computer TOEFL

test.

Example from the Computer TOEFL® Test Venus emits very intense radio waves of thermally

origin.

used to describe the noun origin. The adjective thermal should be used to describe the noun. You should click on the word thermally to answer this question because thermally is not correct. In this example, you should notice that the adverb thermally

is

PROCEDURES FOR THE WRITTEN EXPRESSION QUESTIONS (Paper TOEFL®Test and

1 .

2.

if

you can

you have been unable to find the error by looking only at the four underlined expressions, then read the complete sentence. Often an underlined expression is If

Next, you should

move on

in

to the

another part of the sentence.

language

skills.

The

following language

skills will

help

implement the appropriate strategies and procedures in written expression queson both the paper TOEFL test and the computer TOEFL test.

to

tions

H JM

look at the underlined words or groups of words. You want to see spot which of the four answer choices is not correct. First,

incorrect because of something

you

Computer TOEFL®Test)

STRUCTURE

PROBLEMS WITH SUBJECT/VERB AGREEMENT Subject/ verb agreement

the subject of a sentence

then the verb must be singular; if the subject of the sentence is plural, then the verb must be plural. An s on a verb usually indicates that a verb is singular, while an 5 on a noun usually indicates that the noun is plural. (Do not forget irregular plurals of nouns, such as women, children, and is

simple:

if

is

singular,

people.)

In the

first

The boy walks

to school.

The boys walk

to school.

example the singular subject

boy requires a singular verb, walks. In the

second

example the plural subject boys requires a plural verb, walk. Although this might seem quite simple, there are a few situations on the TOEFL test when subject/ verb agreement can be a little tricky. You should be careful of subject/verb agreement in the following situations: (1) after prepositional phrases, (2) after expressions of quantity, (3) after inverted verbs, and (4) after certain words, such as anybody, everything, no one, something, each, and every.

Skill 20:

MAKE VERBS AGREE AFTER PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES

Sometimes prepositional phrases can come between the subject and the verb. If the object of the preposition is singular and the subject is plural, or if the object of the preposition is plural and the subject is singular, there can be confusion in making the subject and verb agree.

The key

PLURAL

SINGULAR

The

keys (to the door) is* in the drawer.

PLURAL (* indicates

In the

first

are* in the drawer.

(to the doors)

SINGULAR

an error)

example you might think that

doors

is

the subject because

it

comes

directly in

However, doors is not the subject because it is the object of the preposition to. The subject of the sentence is key, so the verb should be is. In the second example you might think that door is the subject because it comes directly in front of the verb is. You should recognize in this example that door is not the subject because it is the object of the preposition to. Because the subject of the sentence is keys, the verb should be are. The following chart outlines the key information that you should understand about front of the verb

are.

subject/verb agreement with prepositional phrases:

SUBJECT/VERB AGREEMENTWITH PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES 1 1

S

When

a prepositional phrase

with the subject

V

(prepositional phrase)

comes between the

subject

and the

verb,

be sure that the verb agrees

.


EXERCISE


Each of the following sentences has one or more prepositional phrases between the subject and verb. Circle the prepositional phrases. Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I) Q !

20:

1.

The climbers on

2.

The

interrogation, conducted ( by three police officers,) have lasted for several hours.

3.

The

tenants in the apartment next to

4.

The

president, surrounded by secret service agents,

(

the sheer face ) ( of the mountain) need to be rescued.

mine

is

giving a party this evening. is

trying to

make

his

way

to the

podium. 5.

The

6.

Because of the seriousness of the company's financial problems, the board of

buildings destroyed during the fire are being rebuilt at the taxpayers' expense.

emergency meeting.

directors have called an

Manufacture of the items that you requested have been discontinued because of lack

7.

of profit on those items.

Further development of any new ideas for future products has to be approved in

8.

advance.

The scheduled departure time of the

9.

trains,

posted on panels throughout the

terminal buildings, are going to be updated.

Any houses built in

10.

development before 1970 have

that

to

be upgraded

to

meet

current standards.

Skill 2

MAKE VERBS AGREE AFTER EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY

1 :

A particular agreement problem occurs when the subject is an expression of quantity, such as

all,

most,

some) can

or some, followed by the preposition

be singular or

plural,

of.

In this situation, the subject

depending on what follows the preposition

All (of the book)

(all,

most,

or

of.

was interesting.

SINGULAR All (of the books)

were

interesting.

PLURAL All (of the information)

was interesting.

UNCOUNTABLE In the

first

example the subject

all refers to

the singular

noun

book, so

therefore the singular verb was. In the second example the subject

noun

books, so

refers to the

verb was.

the correct verb

is

the correct verb

all refers to

the plural

the plural verb were. In the third example the subject

uncountable noun information, so the correct verb

is

is

all

therefore the singular

STRUCTURE

The

following chart outlines the key information that you should understand about

subject/ verb agreement after expressions of quantity:

SUBJECT/VERB AGREEMENT AFTER EXPRESSIONS

OF QUANTITY

\

loll

1

most

1

V

OF THE (OBJECT)

some half {

When an

expression of quantity

EXERCISE

is

the subject, the verb agrees with the object.

Each of the following sentences has a quantity expression as the subject. Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice. Circle the objects that the verbs agree

with.

C 1

Then 1

.

21:

indicate

if


The witnesses saw that most of the

(fire) in

the

hills

(I).

was extinguished.

2.

Some

3.

All of the students in the class taught by Professor Roberts

of the (animals) from the zoo was released into the animal preserve. is

required to turn in their

term papers next Monday. 4.

Half of the food that we are serving to the guests are

still

5.

We believe

going to be devoted to quality

that

some of the time of the employees

is

in the refrigerator.

control. 6.

All of the witnesses in the jury trial,

which lasted more than two weeks, have indicated

that they believed that the defendant was guilty.

room was from.

7.

She did not know where most of the people

8.

In spite of what was decided at the meeting, half of the procedures was not changed.

9.

I

10.

was sure that

all

of the questions on the

Most of the trouble

in the

test

were correct.

that the employees discussed at the series of meetings was resolved

within a few weeks.

Skill 22:

We

MAKE INVERTED VERBS AGREE

have seen that sometimes in English the subject comes after the verb. This can occur after question words (Skill 15), after place expressions (Skill 16), after negative expressions (Skill 17), after omitted conditionals (Skill 18), and after some comparisons (Skill 19). When the subject and verb are inverted, it can be difficult to locate them, and it can therefore be a problem to make them agree.


(Behind the house) was* the bicycles

I

(Behind the houses) were* the bicycle In the

example

first

it is

easy to think that house


wanted. I

wanted.

the subject, because

is

it

comes

directly in

not the subject, however, because it is the object of the preposition behind. The subject of the sentence is bicycles, and the subject bicycles comes after the verb because of the place expression behind the house. Because the subject bicycles is plural, the verb should be changed to the plural were. In the second example the subject bicycle comes after the verb were because of the place expression behind the houses. Because the subject bicycle is singular, the verb should be changed to the singular was. The following chart outlines the key information that you should understand about

front of the verb was. House

is

subject/verb agreement after inverted verbs:

SUBJECT/VERB AGREEMENT AFTER INVERTED VERBS question

\

negative

\

—

place

\

1

V

S

condition (no if)\

I comparison

J

After question words, negative expressions, place expressions, conditions without

comparisons, the verb agrees with the

EXERCISE

subject,

which may be

if,

and

after the verb.

Each of the following sentences contains an inverted subject and verb. Circle the word or group of words that causes the subject and verb to invert. Find the subject and verb that follow these words. Underline the subject once and the verb twice. Then

indicate

C I

1.

2.

22:


if

(

Only once )

Around

(

this

morning were the

the corner

and

(I).

letters delivered

to the right)

is

the

rooms

by the campus mail service.

that have

been assigned

to that

program. 3.

What in

4.

John would be studying the chapters were he

5.

This chapter has

6.

The computer programmer was unaware

the world

is

the children trying to do?

many more

exercises than

able to get hold of the book.

do the next one.

that there was so

many mistakes

in the

program he had written. 7.

Seldom

8.

How many huge mistakes have

9.

The new phone that

10.

in the history of television has two

system

is

new comedies been

so successful in

one season.

the teacher actually found in the research paper?

able to hold far

more messages than was

the

phone system

had previously been used.

In the parking lot south of the stadium was the cars that were about to be towed.

STRUCTURE

MAKE VERBS AGREE AFTER CERTAIN WORDS

Skill 23:

Certain words in English are always grammatically singular, even though they might have plural meanings.

Everybody are going*

to the theater.

Even though we understand from this example that a lot of people are going to the theater, everybody is singular and requires a singular verb. The plural verb are going should be changed to the singular verb is going. The following chart lists the grammatically singular words that have plural meanings: SUBJECT/VERB AGREEMENT AFTER CERTAIN WORDS These words or expressions are grammatically

singular,

so they take singular verbs:

anybody

everybody

nobody

somebody

each (+ noun)

anyone

everyone

no one

someone

every (+ noun)

anything

everything

nothing

something

EXERCISE

Each of the following sentences contains one of the words that are grammatically singular but have plural meanings. Underline these words once and underline 23:

the verbs twice.

Then

indicate


if

somebody actually admire

(I).

man.

__!

1.

It is

Q

2.

Each of the doctors

3.

The president felt

4.

Everybody participating

5.

Because of the low number of orders, nothing has to be done now.

6.

Every time someone take unnecessary breaks, precious moments of production time are

impossible to believe that

needs to have a separate reception area.

in the building

that

that

no one were

better suited for the position of chief staff advisor.

in the fund-raiser are to turn in the tickets

by 8:00.

lost.

7.

Anybody who goes

8.

Every man, woman, and child in

to the top of the

Empire

State Building

this line are

is

impressed with the view.

required to sign the forms in order to

complete the registration process. 9.

10.

It is

nice to believe that anything

The company reiterated incident.

is

possible

to reporters that

if

a person tries hard enough.

nobody have been dismissed because of the

.


EXERCISE

(Skills

20-23): Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice in each of the

following sentences. 1.

The


Then

indicate

if

contracts signed by the


company has been voided because some

(I)

stipulations

were

not met. 2.

Ten miles beyond the

river

was the farmlands that they had purchased with their

life

savings.

3.

Each package that

4.

She would not have

not properly wrapped have to be returned to the sender.

is

to enter the

where they were supposed 5.

house through the bedroom window were the keys

to be.

The proposal brought so much new work enough hours

complete

to

6.

The box of disks for

7.

It is

all

to the partnership that there

was not

of it.

the computer have been misplaced.

disconcerting to believe that every possible candidate has been rejected for one

reason or another. 8.

Only once have there been more excitement

9.

Bobby has a bigger

10.

If

about a sporting event.

bicycle than does the other children in the neighborhood.

nobody have bought

another

in this city

that car

from the

dealer, then

you should return and make

offer.

TOEFL EXERCISE

(Skills

20-23): Choose the letter of the


best completes the sentence. 1

.

Among bees

heated by solar energy have

a highly elaborate

form of communication. (A) (B)

(C)

(D)

special collectors

(A)

A home is

(B)

Homes are A home Homes

(C)

(D)

3.

letter

of the underlined word or group of words that

Each number

"

„.

Scientists at the

is

not correct.

binary system are formed from only two symbols.

A 4.

roofs to trap

sunlight.

occur occurs it occurs they occur

Choose the

on the

medical center

is

trying to determine

A between saccharine and cancer.

D

D

C

~B

B

if

there

is

C

a relationship

that

STRUCTURE

5.

On

the rim of the Kilauea volcano in the Hawaiian Islands are a hotel called the

B

A

~~D~

C~

Volcano Hotel.

6.

The

great digital advances of the electronic age, such as integrated circuitry and a

A

B

microcomputer, has been planted in D ~C~ 7.

tiny chips.

There are many frequently mentioned reasons why one out of four arrests involve a B A D C juvenile.

8.

Kepler's Laws, principles outlining planetary

observations

9.

made without a D

movement, was formulated based on B ~A CT~

telescope.

Only with a two-thirds vote by both houses are the U.S. Congress able

IT

A

to override a

C

presidential veto.

10.

Of all

the evidence that has piled

up

since Webster's paper was published, there

A new ~C~

is

no

B

ideas to contradict his original theory.

D


(Skills 1-23):

Choose the

letter


words that best completes the sentence. 1

several unsuccessful attempts,

.

2.

Robert Peary reached the North Pole on

predicting turning points in cycles, they

April

6,

would have been used more

(A)

After

(A)

Psychological theories

(B)

(B)

Psychological theories have

(C)

He made When

(C)

Had psychological

(D)

His

(D)

Psychologists have theories

1909.

The musical instrument

is

six feet

5.

is

(B)

it is

(C)

called the bass

(D)

calls

called the bass

the bass

One problem with they are

full

(A)

when

(B)

so

(C)

is

(D)

in case

that

now find

artificial

languages

of irregularities.

that the decision

hands.

(B)

once that once

(C)

have

(D)

once had

(A)

all

spent weeks

kidney

candidate would receive the treatments

called the bass

(A)

consistently.

theories

Hospital committees

agonizing over which

long.

3.

of economic cycles been helpful in

4.

is

out of their


Choose the 6.

letter


More than

is


not correct.

half of the children in the 1,356-member district qualifies for

A

C

B

reduced-price or free lunches.

D 7.

Five miles

beyond the

hills

were a

A 8.

Kettledrums, what were

with

fire

B~~ first

its

flames reaching up to the

sky.

D

~C

played on horseback, were incorporated into the

~A~

~C~

B

D

orchestra in the eighteenth century.

9.

When

is

a flag

hung upside down,

A

B

an internationally recognized symbol of

it is

D

~~C~

distress.

10.

The Museum of the Confederation documenting the B

origins

in

Richmond

hosts an exhibition which A~~

~

and history of the banner

that

most Americans think of as ~TT~ C

~

the Confederate flag.

PROBLEMS WITH PARALLEL STRUCTURE In

good English an attempt should be made

possible. This balance

is

is

not

make

the language as even

and balanced

as

You can achieve parallel structure by The following is an example of a sentence

called "parallel structure."

making the forms of words that

to

as similar as possible.

parallel: I

like to sing

and dancing.*

The problem in this sentence is not the expression to sing, and the problem is not the word dancing. The expression to sing is correct by itself, and the word dancing is correct by itself. Both of the following sentences are correct:

The problem

in the incorrect

I

like to sing.

I

like

dancing.

example

is

that

to

sing and dancing are joined together in

sentence with and. They are different forms where therefore the example

make the

first

is

not

expression like

it is

one

possible to have similar forms;

can be corrected in two different ways: we can the second, or we can make the second expression like the parallel. It

first.

and to dance. singing and dancing.

I

like to sing

I

like

STRUCTURE

There are

ture. Parallel structures are

junctions, such as and, neither.

.

.

nor,

Skill 24:

which you should be particularly careful of

several situations in

not only.

.

.

required in the following situations:

but, or; (2)

but also;

and

(1)

parallel struc-

with coordinate con-

with paired conjunctions, such as both... and, (3)

either. ..or,

with comparisons.

USE PARALLEL STRUCTURE WITH COORDINATE

CONJUNCTIONS The job of the coordinate conjunctions (and, but, or) is to join together equal expressions. In other words, what is on one side of these words must be parallel to what is on the other These conjunctions can join nouns, or verbs, or adjectives, or phrases, or subordinate clauses, or main clauses; theyjust must join together two of the same thing. Here are examples of two nouns joined by a coordinate conjunction: side.

need to talk to the manager or the assistant manager. She is not a teacher but a lawyer. You can choose from activities such as hiking and kayaking. I

Here are examples of two verbs joined by a coordinate conjunction:

He She

only eats and sleeps invites us to

You can

stay

Here are examples of two

her

home

when he

home

takes a vacation.

but never talks with us.

or go to the

movies with

us.

adjectives joined by a coordinate conjunction:

My boss is

sincere and nice.

The exam

that

he gave was short

but difficult.

Class can be interesting or boring.

Here are examples of two phrases joined by a coordinate conjunction: There are students in the classroom and in front of the building. The papers are on my desk or in the drawer.

The checks will be ready not at noon

Here are examples of two

clauses joined by a coordinate conjunction:

They are not interested I

am here because I

Mr.

Brown

but at 1:00.

likes to

in

what you

say or what

have to be and because

go home

I

you do.

want

to be.

early, but his wife prefers to stay late.


The following chart


outlines the use of parallel structures with coordinate conjunctions:

PARALLEL STRUCTURE WITH COORDINATE CONJUNCTIONS and (same structure)

(same structure)

but or

and (same structure),

(same structure),

(same structure)

but or

EXERCISE

Each of the following sentences contains words or groups of words that should be parallel. Circle the word that indicates that the sentence should have parallel parts.

24:

Underline the parts that should be

parallel.

Then

indicate

if


rect (C) or incorrect (I).

I

C

housekeeper, (and) in a restaurant.

1.

She held jobs

2.

The report you

3.

She works very hard but usually gets below-average grades.

4.

The speaker introduced

as a typist, a

are looking for could be in the file(or) on the desk.

himself, told several interesting anecdotes,

and

finishing with

an emotional plea. 5.

You should know when the program

6.

The term paper he wrote was

7.

She suggested taking the plane

8.

The dean or

starts

and how many

units

you must complete.

rather short but very impressive.

evening or that we go by train tomorrow.

this

the assistant dean will inform you of when and where you should apply

for your diploma. 9.

10.

Skill 25:

There are papers

to

file,

The manager needed

reports to type,

and those

letters

should be answered.

a quick but thorough response.

USE PARALLEL STRUCTURE WITH PAIRED CONJUNCTIONS

The paired conjunctions

both.

.

.

and,

either.

.

.

or,

neither.

.

.

nor,

and

not only.

.

parallel structures. I

know

both where

you went and what you

did.

Either L_ rk or Sue has the book.

The

He

tici its

is

are neither in

not only

my pocket

nor in

an excellent student but

also

my purse. an outstanding

athlete.

.

but also require

STRUCTURE

The

following

is

not parallel and must be corrected:

He wants It is

either to

not correct because

to

go by

go by train

train or by plane*. is

not parallel to

by plane. It

can be corrected in several

ways.

He wants He wants He wants

When you together.

either to

to

go

to

go by

go by

train or to

either by train or by either train or

go by plane. plane.

plane.

are using these paired conjunctions, be sure that the correct parts are used

The

following are incorrect: I

want

book

both this

Either Sam nor*

Sue

or* that

is

one.

taking the course.

These sentences are incorrect because the wrong parts of the paired conjunctions are used together. In the first example, and should be used with both. In the second example, or should be used with either.

The

following chart outlines the use of parallel structure with paired conjunctions:

PARALLEL STRUCTURE WITH PAIRED CONJUNCTIONS and

both either

EXERCISE

or

(same structure)

(same structure)

neither

nor

not only

but also

Each of the following sentences contains words or groups of words that should be parallel. Circle the word or words that indicate that the sentence should have parallel parts. Underline the parts that should be parallel. Then indicate if the sentences 25:

are correct (C) or incorrect !

k

1.

According

2.

It

(I).

to the syllabus,

you can ( either) write a paper (or) you can take an exam.

would be ( boTh) noticed and) appreciated (

if you

could finish the work before you

leave.

3.

She would

4.

Either the manager or her assistant can help you with your refund.

5.

She wants not only

6.

He

7.

Both the

8.

He

like neither to see a

movie or

to take a trip to

to

go bowling.

Europe but she

also

would

like to travel to Asia.

could correct neither what you said nor you wrote. tailor

or the laundress could

not only called the polu

fix

the

damage

department but

to the dress.

also called the fire department.

.


9.

You can graduate

either at the

end of the

fall


semester or you can graduate at the end

of the spring semester. 10.

The movie was

neither amusing nor was

it

interesting.

USE PARALLEL STRUCTURE WITH COMPARISONS

Skill 26:

When you make

a comparison, you point out the similarities or differences between two

must be in parallel form. You can recognize a comparison showing how two things are different from the -er. than or the more. than. things,

and those

similarities or differences

.

.

.

.

My school is farther thanyour school. To be

rich

is

better than to

What is written

be poor.

more easily understood than what

is

is

spoken.

A comparison

showing how two things are the same might contain the same as or similar to.

such as

Their car

is

.

.

as or expressions

as big as a small house.

Renting those apartments costs about

The work

as.

that

The following chart outlines

I

did

is

similar to the

the

work

same as leasing them.

that you did.

the use of parallel structures with comparisons:

PARALLEL STRUCTURE WITH COMPARISONS more

. .

.

than

-er ... than less

(same structure)

.

.

.

than

(same structure)

as ...as the

same

...as

similar ...to

EXERCISE

Each of the following sentences contains words or groups of words that should be parallel. Circle the word or words that indicate that the sentence should have parallel parts. Underline the parts that should be parallel. Then indicate if each sentence is

26:


C 1

1

.

(I)

His research for the thesis was (more useful than) hers.

more fun than) to

2.

Dining in a restaurant

3

I

4.

What you do today should be

5.

This lesson

6.

You have

is

(

want a new secretary who

is

less

more

is

difficult

eat at

as efficient as the previous one.

the

same

as did yesterday.

than we had before.

homework than

home.

they do.

.

STRUCTURE

7.

What you do has more

8.

Music

9.

The

in

your country

is

quite similar to

say.

my country.

(Skills

24-26): Circle the

buying a new

as difficult as

word or words

more

extensive than the

car.

that indicate that the sentence should

have parallel parts. Underline the parts that should be tences are correct (C) or incorrect (I) 1.

is

library.

How to buy a used car can be

EXERCISE

what you

collection of foreign journals in the university library

high school 10.

effect than

parallel.

Then

indicate

After retirement he plans

on

traveling to exotic locations, dine in the finest

and playing a

lot

of golf.

restaurants, 2.

She was both surprised by and pleased with the seminar.

3.

What came

4.

He would find

5.

Depending on the perspective of the viewer, the

after the

if

the sen-

break was even more boring than had come before.

the missing keys neither under the bed or behind the sofa. film was considered laudable,

mediocrity, or horrendous. 6.

He

7.

Working four days per week

8.

Sam

9.

Either you have to finish the project, or the contract will be canceled.

10.

exercised not only in the morning, but he also exercised every afternoon.

The

is

is

much more

always good-natured, generous,

relaxing than working five days per week.

and helps you.

courses that you are required to take are

more important than

the courses that

you choose.

TOEFL EXERCISE

(Skills




Truman

Capote's In Cold Blood is neither

journalistically accurate

2.

Vitamin C is necessary for the prevention and of scurvy.

(A)

a piece of fiction

(A)

it

(B)

nor a fictitious work

(B)

cures

(C)

or written in a fictitious way

(C)

(D)

nor completely

(D)

cure for curing

fictitious

cures

that


3.

A baby's development is influenced by

4.

both heredity and (A) (B)

(C)

(D)

5.

letter

(C)

men do in men as men

(D)

similar to

(A) (B)

the effects of

more apparent in

men

not correct.

is

The

B

U.S. Congress consists of both the Senate as well as the

The

D

C~

prison population in this

House of Representatives.

D state,

now

at

an

all

A 8.

,

Fire extinguishers can contain liquefied gas, dry chemicals, or watery.

B 7.

occurs earlier in

women.


A 6.

loss

osteoporosis are

by environmental factors environmentally the influence of the environment environment

Choose the

Because bone women than


time high,

is

higher than any

D

C

B

state.

A well-composed baroque opera achieves a delicate balance by focusing alternately A on the

C

B

aural, visual, emotional,

and philosophy elements.

D 9.

Manufacturers may use food additives for preserving, to color, to

A

flavor,

or to fortify

C

B

foods.

D 10.

A bankruptcy may be

either voluntary nor involuntary.

D

B


(Skills 1-26):

Choose the

letter



The growth of hair

cyclical

process, with phases of activity

3.

and

In

Roman

numerals,

symbols for

numeric values.

inactivity.

are letters of the alphabet

of the alphabet are which uses letters of the alphabet in which letters of the alphabet are

(A)

it is

(B)

(B)

is

a

(C)

(C)

which

(D)

a regular

(D)

is

4. 2.

(A)

The

to have started in the

fire

furnace under the house. believed

The be

letters

legal systems of most countries

classified

law.

(A)

as either

(B)

either as

they believe

(C)

either to

that they believe

(D)

to either

(A)

is

(B)

that

(C)

(D)

is

believed

common

law or

can

civil

STRUCTURE

5..

One difference between mathematics and language

is

that mathematics

Your criticism of the three short stories should not be less than 2,000 words, nor

6.

is

more than

precise (A) (B)

(C)

(D)

language is not while language is not but language not while is language

Choose the 7.

letter

(B)

should it be it should be

(C)

it is

(D)

should be

(A)


In 1870, the attorney general was

made head

3,000.

is

it

not correct.

of the Department of Justice, given an

A enlarged

staff,

B 8.

and endow with C

The General Sherman Tree,

clear-cut law-enforcement functions.

D

the largest of all the giant sequoias, are reputed to be

A

~B

C

the world's largest living thing.

D 9.

The

skeleton of a shark

is

made

~A~ 10.

of cartilage rather than having bone.

C

B

D

one sample of each of the brands contains measurable amounts of aflatoxin, B A and there _ is three which _exceed the maximum.

At

least

PROBLEMS WITH COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES Sentences with incorrect comparatives and superlatives can appear on the TOEFL test. It is therefore important for you to know how to do the following: (1) form the comparative and superlative correctly; (2) use the comparative and superlative correctly; and (3) use the irregular -er, -er structure that has been appearing frequently on the TOEFL test.

Skill 27:

FORM COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES CORRECTLY

The problem with some of the comparative and that the comparative or superlative

is

formed

superlative sentences

incorrectly.

on the TOEFL

test

You should therefore understand

how to form the comparative and superlative to answer such questions correctly. The comparative is formed with either -er or more and than. In the comparative, used with short adjectives such

as

tall,

and more

beautiful.

Bob Sally

is taller is

than Ron.

more beautiful than Sharon.

is

is

-er is

used with longer adjectives such

as


The

superlative

is

formed with

In the superlative, adjectives

such as

-est is

either

the,

-est

or most, and sometimes

used with short adjectives such

as

tall,


in, of,

or a â^-clause.

and most is used with longer

beautiful.

Bob Sally

The

man

the K&Mest

is

is

in the

room.

the most beautiful of all

spider over there

is

the

the largest

The fastest runner wins the race,

The following chart oudines

women one

(no

at the party.

that

I

in, of,

have ever seen. or that)

and

the possible forms of comparatives

superlatives:

THE FORM OF COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES more COMPARATIVE

(long adjective)

most SUPERLATIVE

EXERCISE cle

the

27:

than

(short adjective) + er

(long adjective)

maybe

(short adjective) + est

in, of,

that

Each of the following sentences contains a comparative or

Then

the comparative or superlative.

indicate

if

superlative. Cir-

the sentences are correct (C) or incor-

rect (I).

Oxygen C

(abundanter than) nitrogen.

is

The

directions to the exercise say to choose ( the

3.

The

lesson you are studying

4.

Fashions this year are shorter and more colorful than they were

5.

The

now is

most appropriate) response.

the most importantest lesson that you will have.

professor indicated that Anthony's research paper was

last year.

more long than the other

students' papers.

the coldest than

6.

Alaska

7.

The workers on

8.

She was more happier

9.

The quarterback on

is

last year's

10.

all

the states in the United States.

the day shift are this

more

rested than the workers

on the night shift.

morning than she had been yesterday.

this year's football

team

is

more

versatile

than the quarterback on

team.

She always

tries to

do the

best

and most

efficient job that she

can do.

STRUCTURE

USE COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES CORRECTLY

Skill 28:

Another problem with the comparative and superlative on the TOEFL test is that they can be used incorrectly. The comparative and superlative have different uses, and you should understand these different uses to answer such questions used to compare two equal things.

The history class is larger than the math Mary is more intelligent than Sue.

correctly.

is

class.

example the history class is being compared with example Mary is being compared with Sue.

In the

The comparative

the

first

math

class.

In the second

used when there are more than two items to compare and you want to show the one that is the best, the biggest, or in some way the most outstanding.

The

superlative

is

The history class is the largest in the school. Mary is the most intelligent of all the students In the

example

first

the history class

compared with

the history class is

compared with

the other classes in the school, and

larger than each of the other classes. In the second example,

is

the other students in the

all

all

in the class.

class,

and Mary is more

intelligent than

Mary

is

each of

the other students.

The

following chart outlines the uses of comparatives

and

superlatives:

THE USES OF COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES The comparative

The

superlative

EXERCISE

28:

used to compare two equal

is

is

used to show which one of many

1

.

is in

some way the most

Harvard

is

Then

indicate

if

probably (the most prestigious) university in the United

Rhonda

3.

The engineers hired

4.

The graduate

5.

He bought the more powerful

6.

The afternoon seminar was much more

7.

The food

8.

The

is

(

more hard working) of the this

assistant

year have

plants that have

been

is

10.

The

first

exam

is

last year.

the most difficult of the two.

stereo speakers that he could find. interesting than the

the best of the restaurant

sitting in the

morning

we visited

sunny window are

last

lecture.

week.

far healthier than the other

are the darkest that they have ever been.

first journal article is

States.

more experience than those hired

plants.

The photocopies

(I).

class.

informed us that the

in this restaurant

superlative. Circle


2.

9.

outstanding.

Each of the following sentences contains a comparative or

the comparative or superlative. _C

things.

the longest of the second article.


USE THE IRREGULAR -ER, -ER STRUCTURE CORRECTLY

Skill 29:

An


irregular comparative structure that has

been appearing frequently on the

two parallel comparatives introduced by

consists of

The harder he The

tried, the further

he

TOEFL test

the.

behind.

fell

older the children are, the more their

parents expect from them.

The first example contains the two parallel comparatives, the harder and the further. The second example contains the two parallel comparatives, the older and the more. In this type of sentence, the and the comparison can be followed by a number of different structures. The more children you have, The harder you work,

the

the bigger the

house you need.

more you accomplish.

The greater the: experience,

the higher the salary.

noun

and the subject and verb you have, while the bigger is followed by the noun the house and the subject and verb you need. In the second example, the harder is followed by the subject and verb you work, while the more is followed by the subject and verb you accomplish. In the third example, the greater is followed only by the noun the experience, while the higher is followed only by the noun the salary. You should note that this last example does not even contain a verb, yet it is a correct structure In the

first

example,

more

the

is

followed by the

children

in English.

The

following chart outlines this irregular

-er,

-^structure:

THE -ER, -ER STRUCTURE -er

THE

more

This type of sentence

EXERCISE

-er

(same structure),

may or may

the

(same structure)

more

not include a verb.

Each of the following sentences contains the irregular the two comparisons with the. Underline the parts that should be

cle

29:

cate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect

!

1.

(The hotter) the food

is,

(harder)

it is

The more you

4.

The more time

5.

The

6.

If you

7.

The more you use

8.

The harder you

say,

run

at the

comes through

is less.

the earlier you'll arrive.

the phone, the higher the

serve, the easier

it is

Then

outdoor concert.

they have to play, the happier the children are.

faster,

parallel.

to eat.

the worst the situation will be.

thicker the walls, the noise that

-^structure. Cir-

(I).

warmer) the weather, (the greater) the attendance 3.

-er,

to

bill will

be.

win the point.

indi-

STRUCTURE

9.

10.

The

earliest

you send

The more people

in

your tax forms, the sooner you

there are at the party, you'll have a

will receive

good

time.

EXERCISE (Skills 27-29): Circle the comparatives and superlatives in tences. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I). 1.

The

coffee

2.

The

tree that was struck

is

more stronger today than

it

your refund.

the following sen-

was yesterday.

by lightning had been the

tallest

of the two trees we had in

the yard. 3.

He will buy the most fuel-efficient car that he

4.

The

closest

5.

The

business department

6.

I

really

summer, the longer the days

gets to

it

can afford.

do not want to

is

are.

bigger of the departments in the university.

live in

the Southeast because

it is

one of the most hot areas

in

the United States. preferable to use the most efficient

7.

It is

8.

Tonight's dinner was

9.

The sooner the exam

is

The house

cleanest that

10.

TOEFL EXERCISE

is

now the

(Skills

more

filling

than

scheduled, the it

and most

effective

method

that you can.

last night's.

less

time you have to prepare.

has ever been.



that

best completes the sentence.

1.

The speed of light is

the speed of

in Stevenson's landscapes, the

3.

more vitality and character the seem to possess.

sound. (A)

faster

(B)

much faster than

(A)

(C)

the fastest

(B)

(D)

as fast

(C)

(D) 2.

The use of detail

is

method of

developing a controlling idea, and almost all students employ this method. (A)

more common

(B)

common most common the most common

(C)

(D)

paintings

The brushwork is loose The looser brushwork The loose brushwork is The looser the brushwork is


Choose the

letter


Certain types of snakes have been

4.

A The

5.

known

to survive fasts

not correct.

more

which can grow up

to eight feet

A

tall,

as a year long.

D

C

B

grizzly bear,

is


has been called a more

D

C

B

dangerous animal of North America. Climate, soil type, and availability of water are the most critical factors than selecting

6.

IT

A

~C~

the best type of grass for a lawn.

D Peter Abelard, a logician and theologian, was the controversialest teacher of his age.

7.

A

D

C

~B

Protein molecules are the most complex than the molecules of carbohydrates.

8.

The

9.

member A

leek, a

The widely used

10.

of the

lily

family, has a mildest taste

natural fiber of all

is

than the onion.

~C~

D

cotton.

D

C


D B

B~

A

~C~

B

~A

(Skills 1-29):

Choose the

letter



,

a liberal arts college specifically

for deaf people,

is

3.

located in

Washington, D.C.

While the discovery that many migratory songbirds can thrive in deforested wintering spots the fact remains that these birds are dying at unusual ,

(B)

Gallaudet College Gallaudet College

(C)

About Gallaudet College

(A)

(D)

Because of Gallaudet College

(B)

(A)

rates. is

(C)

dogs

varieties of

2.

at the show,

including spaniels, poodles, and (A)

The

(B)

Those

(C)

Several

(D)

There were

Choose the 4.

5.

collies.

several

letter

several


The coyote

is

The weather

somewhat smaller B A reports

A 6.

(D)

heartening hearten heartening is heartening it is

all

is

not correct.

in size than a timber wolf.

~C

D~~

showed that there were a tremendous storm front moving D B C

Seldom cactus plants are found outside of North America. B D" A C

in.

STRUCTURE

7.

In a basketball

game

a player what

is

fouled receives one or two free throws.

~A 8.

Until recently, California was largest producer of oranges in the United States.

A 9.

D

C

B

An

D

C

B

understanding of engineering theories and problems are impossible until basic

IT

A arithmetic

is

fully

mastered.

D

C 10.

The

earliest the

A

CVS

(chorionic villus sampling)

procedure

in the pregnancy, the

C

B~

greater the risk to the baby.

D

PROBLEMSWITHTHE FORM OFTHEVERB It is

common in written

incorrectly. Therefore,

expression questions on the

TOEFL test for the verbs to be formed

you should check the form of the verb

carefully.

You should be

familiar with the following verb forms: the base form, the present tense, the present participle,

the past, and the past participle.

forms as they are used

The

following are examples of each of these verb

in this text:

PAST

PRESENT

BASE

FORM

PRESENT

PARTICIPLE

W:y.

past

PARTICIPLE

walk

walk(s)

walking

walked

walked

hear

hear(s)

hearing

heard

heard

cook

cook(s)

cooking

cooked

cooked

sing

sing(s)

singing

sang

sung

come

come(s)

coming

came

come

begin

begin(s)

beginning

began

begun

You should be

particularly aware of the following three problematic situations with verbs

because they are the most common and the easiest to correct: (1) check what comes after have; (2) check what comes after be; and (3) check what comes after will, would, and other modals.

NOTE:

A more complete

list

included at the back of the text

before you continue with

skills

of verb forms and an exercise to practice their use are in

Appendix

F.

30 through 32.

You may want to complete

this exercise

.



AFTER HAVE, USE THE PAST PARTICIPLE

Skill 30:

Whenever you see the helping verb have in any of its forms that the verb that follows

They had

We He

have

it is

(should be had walked) (should be have seen)

the show.

has took* the

be sure

in the past participle form.

walk* to school.

see*

(have, has, having, had),

(should be has taken)

test.

Having ate*, he went

(should be Having eaten)

to school.

(should be should have done)

She should have did* the work.

you should be sure that if you have a subject and a past participle, you also have the verb have. This problem is particularly common with those verbs (such as sing, sang, sung) that change from present to past to past participle by changing only the vowel. In addition,

The

My friend sung* in the choir. He become* angry at his friend.

(should be sang or has sung)

The boat

(should be sank or has sunk)

(should be became or has become)

sunk* in the ocean.

following chart outlines the use of verb forms after have:

VERB FORMS AFTER HAVE HAVE

EXERCISE ticiple.

30:

+

past participle

Each of the following sentences contains a verb

Underline the verbs or past participles

twice.

Then

in the past or a past par-

indicate

if


rect (C) or incorrect (I)

1

C

1.

The young girl drunk

2.

Before she

3.

Having finished the term paper, he began studying for the exam.

4.

The

secretary has broke her typewriter.

5.

The

installer

6.

He has often become angry during meetings.

7.

She has rarely rode her horse in the park.

8.

Having saw the

9.

Tom has thought about taking that job.

10.

left,

a glass of milk.

she had asked her mother for permission.

should have completes the task more quickly.

film,

he was quite disappointed.

You might have respond more

effectively.

269

STRUCTURE

AFTER BE, USE THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE ORTHE

Skill 31:

PAST PARTICIPLE The verb

any of its forms (am, is, are, was, were, be, been, being) can be followed by another verb. This verb should be in the present participle or the past participle form. be in

We

are do*

our homework.

The homework was do*

Tom

The book was

The

(should be was done)

early.

(should be

book.

take* the

is

(should be are doing)

take*

by Tom.

taking)

is

(should be was taken)

following chart oudines the use of verb forms after

be:

VERB FORMS AFTER BE +

g£

EXERCISE 31: Each the verbs twice. !

£l

(')

present participle

(2)

past participle

of the following sentences contains a verb formed with

Then

indicate

if


1.

At 12:00 Sam

2.

We

3.

The message was took by the

4.

Being heard was extremely important to him.

5.

The Smiths

6.

It

7.

The report should have been submit by noon.

8.

Are the two companies merge into one?

9.

He could be

10.

Skill 32:

is

are meeting

Underline

(I).

eat his lunch.

them

later today.

receptionist.

are build their house

had been noticed

The

be.

that

some

on some property that they own

staff members

were

in the desert.

late.

taking four courses this semester.

score information has been duplicates

on the back-up

disk.

AFTER WILL, WOULD, OR OTHER MODALS, USE THE BASE

FORM OFTHEVERB Whenever you

see a modal, such as

will,

would, shall, should, can, could, may, might, or must,

you should be sure that the verb that follows

it is

The boat will leaving* at 3:00. The doctor may arrives* soon. The students must taken* the exam,

in

its

base form.

(should be

will leave)

(should be may arrive) (should be must

take)

.


The following chart outlines the use of verb forms


after modals:

VERBS FORMS AFTER MODALS +

modal

EXERCISE

32:

Each of the following sentences contains a verb formed with a modal.

Underline the verbs twice. C I

base form of the verb

Then

indicate

if


1.

The

salesclerk

might lower the

2.

The

television

movie

3.

Should everyone

4.

The method for organizing files can be improved.

5.

The machine may clicks

6.

Every morning the plants must be watered.

7.

The houses with ocean views could sell for considerably more.

8.

Would anyone

9.

I

10.

price.

a few minutes.

will finishes in

arrive by 8:00?

off if it

is

overused.

liked to see that movie?

do not know when

it

will depart.

She will work on the project only if she can has a full-time

EXERCISE

(Skills

30-32):

.

I

have gave you

all

the

money that I

The

3.

All the tickets for the concert

4.

He was so

5.

The

6.

He objects to being held without bail.

7.

Having completed the

8.

If Steve

9.

He

10.

(I)

have.

2.

articles

secretary.

Underline the verbs twice in the following sentences. Then

indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect 1

(I).

were put in the newspaper before he was able to stop production.

thirsty that

might already be

he drunk

sold.

several large glasses of water.

deposit will has to be paid before the apartment can be rented.

had

really

first

wanted

chapter of the manuscript, she decided to take a break.

to pass his

exam, he would has studied much more.

thought that he should have be invited to attend the conference.

Before the speaker finished, door.

many guests had rose from

their seats

and

started for the

STRUCTURE

TOEFL EXERCISE words that 1.

is

(Skills

30-32): Choose the letter of the underlined

Alice in Wonderland, first

BCD

published in 1865, has since being translated into thirty

languages.

The Peace Corps was

A 3.

of

not correct.

A

2.

word or group

The

establish

on March

1,

President John 1961, by then D~~

C

B

F.

Kennedy.

~~

advisor told himself, while listening to the speech, that a dozen other reporters

~A~

B

would has already asked that question. D C 4.

At the

start

of the American Revolution, lanterns were hung in the Old North Church

~A~ as a signal that the British

5.

6.

were came.

Linus Pauling has wins two Nobel Prizes: the 1954 Nobel Prize in Chemistry and the "A B C D 1962 Nobel Peace Prize.

On the

huge

Ferris wheel constructed for a world exhibition in Chicago in 1893,

A each of the

B thirty-six

cabs could held sixty people.

C 7.

C~

~~B

~~D~

To overcome

rejection of a skin graft, a system for

A tissues

matching donor and recipient B C

has be developed. D~

8.

commonly make of steel but also can contain ~A~ B ~C D

Nails are

substances such as

aluminum

or brass.

9.

A patient suffering from amnesia may had A

10.

The

~~B

partial or total loss of

CT

~D~

idea of using pure nicotine to help smokers stop was

A

memory.

~C~

B

first tries in

the mid-1 980's

~D~

with nicotine-laced chewing gum.


(Skills 1-32):

Choose the

letter


words that best completes the sentence. separates Manhattan's

1.

Side from the

Upper

Upper West Side.

East

2.

Bioluminescent animals or on land.

(A)

Central Park

(A)

live

(B)

(B)

are living either

(C)

Where Where

(C)

they are found in

(D)

Central Park which

(D)

can be found in

Central Park is

Central Park

the water


3.

The purpose of a labor union

is

to

(A)

reduction,

,

be secure (C) job security the job's security

4.

When

on July

4,

Office of Management

(B)

The The

(C)

In the Office of Management

(D)

Were the Office of Management

(A)

to

(D)

would probably not be

it

successful.

jobs are secure

(B)

inclined to push for such a

5.

improve the working conditions, and pay of its members.


Office of Management was

1789, the federal

intended by the Founding Fathers to be the government's primary source of revenue, was remarkably evenhanded. tariff,

(C)

enacted first enacted was enacted first

(D)

it first

(A) (B)

was

Choose the 6.

7.

first

letter


Helium has the most low boiling point of all "A" B C There

is

twenty-six

bones

in the

human

A 8.

not correct.

substances.

D

foot, fourteen of

B

them C

in the toes.

D

Extension of the countdown hold to fourteen hours was order to give crews

more time C 9.

is

The

to

~AT" repair wiring and clear away equipment.

B

D

study demonstrates that neither experience or awareness will improve chances of

A

B~

C~

D

success.

10.

Some

of the eye movements used in reading

~A~

B

is

C

actually unnecessary.

D

PROBLEMSWITHTHE USE OFTHEVERB Many

problems in using the correct verb tense are possible in English. However, four specific problems occur frequently on the TOEFL test, so you need to pay careful attention to these four: (1) knowing when to use the past with the present, (2) using had and have correctly, (3) using the correct tense with time expressions, and (4) using the cordifferent

rect tense with will

and

would.

.

STRUCTURE

KNOWWHENTO USETHE PASTWITHTHE PRESENT

S(gi_L 33:

One verb

tense problem that

is

common

both in student writing and on the

the switch from the past tense to the present tense for

no

particular reason. Often

sentence has both a past tense and a present tense, the sentence

He

took the

money when he

wants?

TOEFL test is

is

when

a

incorrect.

it.

This sentence says that he took the money (in the past) when he wants it (in the present) This meaning does not make any sense; it is impossible to do something in the past as a result of .

something you want in the present. This sentence can be corrected in several depending on the desired meaning.

He He

The

ways,

money when he wanted it. takes the money when he wants it. took the

example means that he took the money (in the past) when he wanted it (in the past). This meaning is logical, and the sentence is correct. The second example means that he takes the money (habitually) when he wants it (habitually) This meaning is also logical, and the second example is also correct. first

.

necessary to point out, however, that

It is

to

it is

possible for a logical sentence in English

have both the past and the present tense. I

know that he

The meaning of this sentence

took the

money yesterday.

know (right now, in the present) that he took the money (yesterday, in the past) You can see from this example that it is possible for an English sentence to have both the past and the present tense. The error you need to avoid is the switch from the past to the present for no particular reason. Therefore, when you see a sentence on the TOEFL test with both the past tense and the present tense, you must check the meaning of the sentence carefully to see if it is logical in English. is

logical: /

.

The

following chart outlines the use of the past tense with the present tense in English:

USING THE PASTWITHTHE PRESENT 1 .

If

you see a sentence with one verb

in

the past and one verb

in

the present, the sentence

is

probably incorrect. 2.

However,

3.

If

verb in

Each of the following sentences has at least one verb in the past and one the present. Underline the verbs twice and decide if the meanings are logical. Then

indicate

Q

possible for a correct sentence to have both past and present together.

you see the past and present together, you must check the meaning to determine whether or not the sentence is correct.

EXERCISE

I

it is

if

33:


him the

truth

when he asked me

1.

I tell

2.

I

3.

When he was a child, he always goes to

(I)

the question.

understand that you were angry. the circus.


4.

Last semester he reads seven books

5.

Steve wakes

6.

Mark studied

7.

He

is

8.

He

put some

9.

Tom keeps studying hard because

10.

She

Skill 34:

Two

up

early every

at the

money in

where she

is

five papers.

morning because he went

American University when he

telling the teacher

is

and wrote

is

why he did not have time

his


to

in

work

early.

Washington, D.C.

to finish his

homework.

account when he goes to the bank.

he intended

to

go

today because she worked hard

to dental school.

when she was a

student.

USE HAVE AND HAD CORRECTLY and the uses, and

tenses that are often confused are the present perfect (have+ past participle)

past perfect (had + past participle). These two tenses have completely different

you should understand how

The present

to differentiate

them.

perfect (have + past participle) refers to the period of time from the past

until the present.

Sue has

lived in

Los Angeles for ten

years.

This sentence means that Sue has lived in Los Angeles for the ten years up to now. According to this sentence, Sue is still living in Los Angeles. Because the present perfect refers to a period of time from the past until the present, it is not correct in a sentence that indicates past only. At the start of the nineteenth

century,

Every time Jim worked on his

car,

Thomas Jefferson he has improved?

has become* president of the United States.

it.

example, the phrase at the start of the nineteenth century indicates that the action of the verb was in the past only, but the verb indicates the period of time from the past until the present. Since this is not logical, the sentence is not correct. The verb in the first example should be the simple past became. The second example indicates that Jim worked on his car in the past, but he improved it in the period from the past until the present. This idea also is not logical. The verb in the second example should be the simple past improved. The past perfect (had + past participle) refers to a period of time that started in the past and ended in the past, before something else happened in the past. In the

first

Sue had

lived in

Los Angeles for ten years when she moved to San Diego.

This sentence means that Sue lived in Los Angeles for ten years in the past before she

moved

San Diego in the past. She no longer lives in Los Angeles. Because the past perfect begins in the past and ends in the past, rect in the same sentence with the present tense. to

Tom

had finished the exam when the teacher

collects*

the papers.

it is

generally not cor-

STRUCTURE

This sentence indicates that Tom finished the exam (in the past) and that action ended when the teacher collects the papers (in the present) This is not logical, so the sentence is not correct. Tom finished the exam (in the past), and the action of finishing the exam ended .

when

the teacher collected the papers. Therefore, the second verb in this example should

be in the past tense,

The

collected.

following chart outlines the uses of the present perfect and the past perfect:

USING (HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE) AND (HAD + PAST PARTICIPLE) MEANING

FORM

TENSE

USE

now

present perfect

have + past participle

past up to

past perfect

had + past

before past up to past

**Except

when

EXERCISE twice

I

the time expression since

is

part of the sentence (see

not with a present tense

Skill 35).

Each of the following sentences contains had or have. Underline the verbs and decide if the meanings are logical. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) 34:

or incorrect G

participle

not with a past tense**

(I).

have always liked the designs that are on the cover.

1.

I

2.

Because her proposal had been rejected, she

3.

The

4.

When she had purchased the car,

5.

He

6.

She has enjoyed herself every time that she has gone

7.

He

8.

After the votes were counted,

9.

Last night

10.

Skill 35:

is

depressed.

students have registered for classes before the semester started.

said that

she contacted the insurance agent.

he had finished the typing when you

finish the reports.

to the zoo.

drove to the post office after he had finished preparing the package.

all

the waiters

it

had been determined

that Steve was the winner.

and waitresses have worked overtime.

He had fastened his seat belt before

the airplane took

off.

USETHE CORRECTTENSE WITH TIME EXPRESSIONS

Often in written expression questions on the TOEFL test there clearly indicates what verb tense is needed in the sentence.

We moved to New York in 1980. We had left there by 1990. We have lived in San Francisco since 1999.

is

a time expression that

.



example, the time expression in 1980 indicates that the verb should be in the simple past (moved). In the second example, the time expression by 1 990 indicates that the verb should be in the past perfect (had left). In the third example, the time expression since 1 999 indicates that the verb should be in the present perfect (have lived). Some additional time expressions that clearly indicate the correct tense are ago, last, In the

and

first

lately.

She got a job two years She started working

ago.

last week.

She has worked very hard

lately.

example, the time expression two years ago indicates that the verb should be in the simple past (got) In the second example, the time expression last week indicates that the verb should be in the simple past (started). In the third example, the time expression lately indicates that the verb should be in the present perfect (has worked). The following chart lists time expressions that indicate the correct verb tense:

In the

first

.

USING CORRECT TENSES WITH TIME EXPRESSIONS PAST PERFECT

PRESENT PERFECT

SIMPLE PAST

by (1920)

(twi3 years)

ago

since (1920)

last (year)

lately

in( 1920)

EXERCISE 35: Each

of the following sentences contains a time expression. Circle the time expressions and underline the verbs twice. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect _C

I

(I)

1.

The phone rang

2.

They have finished contacting everyone (by 4:00 yesterday)

3.

The

4.

Since the

5.

The

6.

All the votes have

7.

The

8.

The Senate votes on

9.

By the time the main course was served,

10.

I

incessantly last night.) (

Pilgrims have arrived in the

new law was

cashier put the

passed,

it

money into

been counted

students are writing

New World in

1620.

has been difficult to estimate taxes. the account two hours ago. last

week.

many compositions lately.

the law to ban cigarette smoking in public in 1990.

had not done much more work since

I

all

the guests had arrived and been seated.

talked to you

on Wednesday.

STRUCTURE

USE THE CORRECT TENSE WITH WILL AND WOULD

Skill 36:

common

Certain combinations of verbs are very

simple present and

in English.

One

is

the combination of the

will.

know that they

I

It is

Another combination that

certain that

is

quite

will arrive

he

soon.

will graduate.

common

the combination of the simple past and

is

would.

knew that he would

I

arrive.

was certain that he would graduate.

It

combination discussed here, the present should be used with will and the past should be used with would; they generally should not be mixed. The common errors that must generally be avoided are the combination of the past with will and the combination of the present with would. It is

important to

stress that in the

know that he would? It was certain that he I

In the

first

example, the present, know,

is

arrive soon. will? graduate.

illogical

with would.

It

can be corrected in two

dif-

ferent ways. I

knew that he would

I

know that he

arrive soon.

will arrive

In the second example, the past, was,

is

soon.

with

illogical

will. It

can also be corrected in two

different ways. It

was certain that he would graduate.

It is

The

certain that

he

will graduate.

following chart outlines the use of tenses with will and would:

USING CORRECT TENSES WITH WILL AND WOULD MEANING

VERB

NOTE: There

USE

will

after the present

do not use with past

would

after the past

do not use with present

is

a different modal would that

is

used to make polite requests. This type of would

is

often used

with the present tense. /

EXERCISE 36: Each twice

and decide

or incorrect !

Q

if

would

like

to

know

if you

have a

pencil that

of the following sentences contains

the meanings are logical.

Then

He knew

2.

I

3.

Paul did not say

that

think that

I

he

will

be able to pass the exam.

will leave

tomorrow.

when he will

could borrow.

will

indicate

(I).

1.

/

finish the project.

if

or would. Underline the verbs the sentences are correct (C)


4.


Jake doubts that he would have time to finish the project.

know

that

5.

I

6.

The

7.

Students

I

will

go

if I

can afford

it.

police officer indicated that he will

would write a

ticket if he has the time.

often study in the library before they go to classes or before they go

home. 8.

He

9.

The

Then

(Skills

indicate 1.

its

Students

EXERCISE

that

he thought he

will

get the job in spite of his lack of education.

executive vice president emphasizes at the conferences that the board would not

change 10.

me

told

if

position.

will register for classes

according to

who

has the highest

number of units.

33-36): Underline the verbs twice in each of the following sentences.


(I).

When he receives the money from the insurance company two days ago, he had already rebuilt the house.

2.

The

position

3.

The

dentist

4.

When

5.

The space

6.

The

7.

It is

8.

After forty-five students

9.

The parking will

10.

1.

fills

city

shuttle

the

at the

it

the electorate votes.

was necessary.

class.

if

the weather

is

good.

package has arrived by noon yesterday.

probable that the students

to

left

would be launched next month

special delivery

want

when

the cavities every time the x-rays show that

who were

had signed up

tested yesterday

were quite

successful.

for the class, the class was closed.

arena was inadequate for the tremendous number of drivers

who

park there.

They have not returned

is

council will be filled next week

the bell rang, the students have

TOEFL EXERCISE words that

on the

(Skills

to

Rhode

Island since they left in 1970.


word or group of

not correct.

In several of his paintings,

Edward Hicks depicted the Quaker farm

in Pennsylvania

A where he spends his youth. B C D~ 2.

Florida has

become

A

the twenty-seventh state in the United States

B

C

D

on March

3,

1845.

STRUCTURE

3.

After last week's meeting, the advertising department quickly realized that the

A product

will

B

need a new slogan.

~C 4.

John

F.

D~~

Kennedy's grandfather, John

F.

Fitzgerald, serves two terms as the

A

mayor of

C

B

Boston in the beginning of the twentieth century.

D 5.

Fort Ticonderoga, a strategically important fortification during the Revolution, had since

been reconstructed and turned into a museum.

~B 6.

D

C

In making their calculations, Institute researchers assume that the least costly form of

A

B

energy would be used.

C 7.

~D~

A twenty-one-year-old man became

the second casualty yesterday

A

when he loses "IT" ~C~

control of his truck.

D 8.

Most people had written with quill pens until pens with metal points become popular C D B "A in the middle of the nineteenth century.

9.

In a determined drive to pare

its

A

debt,

Time Warner

is

launching a stock offering

C

B

plan that would potentially raise $2.8

billion.

D 10.

The formula used

in the study calls for either peroxide or metaldehyde, but

~K~

B

metaldehyde was not always ~D~


~C~

available.

(Skills 1-36):

Choose the

letter



United States declined from twenty million in 1910 to nine million in in the

the 1970s.

2.

Because of his reservations about the refused to vote for

issue, ...

(A)

who

(A)

For a number of horses

(B)

and

(B)

The number of horses When the number of horses That the number of horses

(C)

which the senator

(D)

the senator

(C)

(D)

it.


3.

running into objects by high-frequency sounds and listening for Bats avoid

4.

It

the emission

(B)

emitted emitting they emit

(C)

(D)

Choose the 5.

above the starvation food supply.

•

To determine an

object's force, the

The most common time

we intend

to

the

level,

so


letter

if

we will have to double (B) and it must double (C) which it must be doubled (D) we must double (A)

A 6.

has been estimated that

stay

echoes. (A)


is

not correct.

mass and speed of the object must be measure. B D ~C~

for tornados to occur are in the afternoon or evening

on

a

B hot,

7.

humid D

spring day.

Automakers Nissan and Ford and

several aerospace research facilities in Great Britain

A are working lately to apply active noise cancellation to entire cars

8.

When

planes.

D

C

B

and

a country in an early stage of development, investments in fixed capital

B are

vital.

D 9.

John Chapman became famous

in

American folklore

as

'Johnny Appleseed" after he

A plants apple trees throughout the northeastern part of the United States.

B 10.

_

Inasmuch he kept mostly B A

known

D to himself, the

as "the mysterious B.

C Treuen.

author of The Treasure of the Sierra Madrewas ~D~

STRUCTURE

PROBLEMS WITH PASSIVE VERBS. Sentences in which the error is an incorrect passive are common in written expression questions on the TOEFL test. You therefore need to be able to recognize the correct form of the passive and to be able to determine when a passive verb rather than an active verb is needed in a sentence. The difference between an active and a passive verb is that the subject in an active sentence does the action of the verb, and the subject in a passive sentence receives the action of the verb. To convert a sentence from active to passive, two changes must be made. (1) The subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence, while the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence. (2) The verb in the passive sentence is formed by putting the helping verb be in the same form as the verb in the active sentence and then adding the past participle of this verb. Margaret

xvrote

was

letter

the letter

written

by Margaret

SUBJECT

The

OBJECT

example is an active sentence. To convert this active sentence to a passive sentence, you must first make the subject of the active sentence, Margaret, the object of the passive sentence with by. The object of the active sentence, letter, becomes the subject of the passive sentence. Next, the passive verb can be formed. Because wrote is in the past tense in first

the active sentence, the past tense of be (was) wrote in the active sentence

is

changed

is

used in the passive sentence. Then the verb

to the past participle written in the passive sentence.

should be noted that in a passive sentence, by + object does not need to be included to have a complete sentence. The following are both examples of correct sentences. It

The The

letter

was written yesterday

letter

was written yesterday

by Margaret.

Notice that these passive sentences are correct if by Margaret is included example) or if by Margaret is omitted (as in the second example). NOTE:

Exercises to practice active and passive forms can be found

in

Appendix

back of the text. You may want to complete these exercises before you begin

Skill 37:

Skill

(as in

the

first

G at the 37.

USE THE CORRECT FORM OF THE PASSIVE

One way that the passive can be of the passive.

The

tested

on the TOEFL

test

is

simply with an incorrect form

following are examples of passive errors that might appear

TOEFL test: The The

portrait was painting* by a

famous

project will finished? by Tim.

artist.

on the


In the first example, the passive

is

formed


incorrectly because the past participle painted

should be used rather than the present participle painting. In the second example, the verb be has not been included, and some form of be is necessary for a passive verb. The verb in the second sentence should be will be finished.

The

following chart outlines the way to form the passive correctly:

THE FORM OF THE +

BE

EXERCISE 37: Each

C

past participle (BY + object)

of the following sentences has a passive meaning. Underline twice the

verbs that should be passive. I

PASSIVE

Then

indicate


if

1.

The boy had never be stung by a bee.

2.

The

3.

Money is lending by the

4.

The record had been chose by dancers near

5.

The

6.

That song has been playing over and over again by

7.

Their

8.

The

patients

9.

The

offices

10.

The

car that was struck in the intersection yesterday

suits

were hung in the closet when they were returned from the cleaners. credit

union

to those

who want to buy homes.

the jukebox.

topic for your research paper should have

been approved by your

have been increased again and again.

utility bills

who

are too sick to

sit

were thoroughly clean

up are being last

assisted by the orderlies.

evening by the night crew. is

being repaired today.

RECOGNIZE ACTIVE AND PASSIVE MEANINGS

When

is

no object

(with or without by) after a verb,

the sentence to determine rect passive verb

and no

by

difficult passive errors to

We

first

you must look

at the

meaning of

if

the verb should be active or passive. Sentences with an incor-

+

object to tell

you that the verb should be passive are the most

recognize on the mailed

The The The

The

advisor.

Steve.

Skill 38: there

(I).

TOEFL test.

the package at

Study the examples:

the post office.

today before noon.

letter

was mailed

letter

was mailed today before noon.

letter

mailed* today before noon.

by us

three examples above are correct.

The

first

example has the

active verb mailed

used with the object package; the second example has the passive verb was mailed used with by us; the third sentence has the passive verb was mailed used without an object.

.

284

STRUCTURE

The fourth example

is

the type of passive error that appears most often

on the TOEFL

This type of sentence has the following characteristics: (1) an incorrect passive verb that looks like a correct active verb, and (2) no by + object to tell you that a passive is needed. To correct the fourth example, the active verb needs to be changed to the passive was test.

mailed.

To determine that such a sentence is incorrect, you must study the meaning of the subject and the verb. You must ask yourself if the subject does the action of the verb (so an active verb

is

needed) or

if

the subject

receives

the action of the verb (so a passive verb

is

needed) In the incorrect example, you should study the meaning of the subject and verb, the letter mailed. You should ask yourself if a letter mails itself (the letter does the action) or if someone mails a letter (the letter receives the action of being mailed) Since a letter does not .

.

mail

required in this sentence. following chart outlines the difference in meaning between active and passive

itself,

The

the passive

is

verbs:

ACTIVE AND PASSIVE MEANINGS ACTIVE

The

subject does the action of the verb.

PASSIVE

The

subject receives the action of the verb.

EXERCISE

Each of the following sentences contains

38:

some of the verbs should be

passive.

tences are correct (C) or incorrect 1

C

at least

Underline the verbs

The

car parked in a no-parking zone.

2.

The

physics

3.

Everything to organize the picnic has already done.

4.

The

5.

The package containing

6.

The vacation

7.

The

coffee turned bitter

8.

The

soccer

9.

The

clothes

10.

exam began just a few minutes

When

to

made

if

the sen-

actions.

when

it

carefully before the scheduled departure date. left

on the

stove for so long.

in the closing minutes.

icy,

indicate

the necessary samples has just sent.

to rival the latest fashions

the roads are

Then

ago.

him because of his unusual

Europe will plan

game won

active verb; however,

(I)

1.

police investigated

twice.

one

the buses

of the season.

do not drive.


EXERCISE

(Skills


Underline the verbs twice in the following sentences. Then

37-38):

indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).

After the old radiator

1.

had be replaced, the

travelers

continued their cross-country

trip.

head by a

2.

During the lightning storm, he struck

3.

While

4.

A book being written now by a team of writers will be published in

5.

I

6.

The house

7.

The foundation should have been

I

am on vacation,

found out that the

We must leave

8.

the pets should be feeds every

real estate agent

that

falling tree.

morning and evening. the

fall.

had already been leased the condominium.

that Mrs. Martin has always

the construction

left

in the

wanted

to

buy has just placed on the market.

finishing by the construction workers before they

site.

money in

the checking account because the

bills

pay on the

first

of

the month.

The horses

9.

can't be taken out

now because

they have been rode for the past few

hours. 10.

It is

being announced by a presidential aide that a lawyer from Virginia has been

named

attorney general.

TOEFL EXERCISE

(Skills



best completes the sentence.

discussed by the board of directors

1.

when

it

was proposed again by the

supervisors. (A) (B)

(C)

(D)

2.

The The The The

problem had already problem is already problem had already been problem has already

Much

of the carnage of elephants, uncaring giraffes, and big cats hunters. (A) (B)

(C)

(D)

must commit by must be committed must have committed must have been committed by

3.

The

up to the time that he was dismissed from the x-ray treatments

hospital.

(A)

gave daily

(B)

were given daily basically have given daily had been given

(C)

(D)

that

STRUCTURE

Chqose the

letter


is

not correct.

Particular issues that concern teenagers were covering in the half-hour program.

4.

A

B

Electrical impulses

5.

may

A

also picked

up by the

specific job

A

optic nerve.

D

C

B~~

Workers training for a

6.

D

~~C

have a strong possibility of being replace by a ~TT~ ~~C D

machine.

On June 30,

7.

1992, international timekeepers in Paris were added an extra second to

C

B

"A" the day.

D The report could not be turned

8.

A

in

on time because

all

needed work

the

D

B

In English these questions have be formed by changing the

9.

A statement, whereas in

lost.

word order of a

C

B

some languages the word order remains the same.

D

He

10.

was not able to define the process by which the body had protected by the

A

D

C

B

immunologic system.


(Skills 1-38):

Choose the

letter


words that best completes the sentence. Big Dipper, a seven-star constellation in the shape of a cup,

is

part of Ursa Major. (A)

The

(B)

It is

the

With the (D) That the

The

Academy at West Point on the west bank of the Hudson north of New York

(A)

located

(B)

is

(C)

which is located whose location is

(D)

located

on

City.

book was

Stuart's scientific

was the most

(A)

It

(B)

The most

(C)

Most Most of the

(D)

Military

River,

the chapter theories.

(C)

2.

impressive chapter in the

3.


Choose the 4.

letter


The first fish have appeared on

A 5.

Only

~A~ 6.

D

sound waves are of a B

single frequency

encountered in practice.

D

C

Cameos can be carved not only from onyx and sardonyx or from

A 7.

not correct.

the earth approximately 500 million years ago.

C

~~B rarely

is


B

~~C~

agate.

TF

Although most of the wild horses on the western range have already been rounded A B up, the most remote the area, the greater the possibility that wild horses can still be

~C~

D

found.

8.

During

this period,

$206 was spend annually on food by families in the lower third ~A B~ C D

income bracket. 9.

The dangers of noise

are, unfortunately,

not as clear-cut than are those from

~B

~A~

c

most other health hazards.

D 10.

In a recent survey of Americans,

more than 75 percent expressed

A government

the view that the

B it

should take a more active role in health care.

D

C

PROBLEMS WITH NOUNS The same

problems with nouns appear often in written expression questions on the TOEFL test. You should be familiar with these problems so that you will recognize them easily. You should be able to do the following: (1) use the correct singular or plural noun, (2) distinguish countable and uncountable nouns, (3) recognize irregular singular and plural nouns, and (4) distinguish the person from the thing.

Skill 39:

types of

USE THE CORRECT SINGULAR OR PLURAL

NOUN

A problem that is common in written expression questions on the TOEFL test is a singular noun used where a

plural

noun

is

needed, or a plural noun used where a singular noun

is

needed.

On The

many

first

dish*.

lab assistant finished every

example, many indicates that the plural indicates that the singular test is needed.

In the every

the table there were

tests*.

dishes is

needed. In the second example,

^

STRUCTURE

on the TOEFL test, you should watch very carefully for key words, such as each, every, a, one, and single, that indicate that a noun should be singular. You should also watch carefully for such key words as many, several, both, various, and two (or any other number except one) that indicate that a noun should be plural. The following chart lists the key words that indicate to you whether a noun should be In written expression questions

singular or plural:

KEYWORDS FOR SINGULAR AND PLURAL NOUNS For Singular Nouns

each

every

single

one

a

For Plural Nouns

both

two

many

several

various

EXERCISE

Each of the following sentences contains at least one key word to tell you if a noun should be singular or plural. Circle the key words. Draw arrows to the nouns they describe.

!

39:

Then

indicate

if


The automotive shop stocked (many ) part for

—

1.

(I).

the various) types of Hondas. (

r~ Q

2.

(

Every) receipt must be

3.

The

4.

The woman found

salesclerk

removed from the

cashier's

drawer and

tallied.

demonstrated various additional way that the machine could be used. it

difficult to believe that

both of the piece ofjewelry had

disappeared. 5.

The unhappy man became more and more discouraged with each

6.

An extended cruise would be

7.

The manager was

8.

The housekeeper cleaned

a nice way to spend a vacation

one

days.

surprised that not a single worker was available the

passing days.

on Tuesday.

room and took two of the occupant's

dress to the

laundry. 9.

When

the

first bill

was defeated, the Senate immediately began work on a different

bills.

10.

Skill 40:

There were

several boxes in the cupboard,

and each box contained a dozen

DISTINGUISH COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE

glasses.

NOUNS

In English, nouns are classified as countable or uncountable. For certain questions

TOEFL test, it is necessary to distinguish

on the

countable and uncountable nouns in order to use

the correct modifiers with them.

As the name implies, countable nouns are nouns that can be counted. Countable nouns can come in quantities of one, or two, or a hundred, etc. The noun book is countable because you can have one book or several books.



Uncountable nouns, on the other hand, are nouns that cannot be counted because

some indeterminate quantity or mass. A noun such as milk or happiness cannot be counted; you cannot have one milk or two milks, and you cannot find one happiness or two happinesses. Uncountable nouns are often liquid items, such as water, oil, or shampoo. Uncountable nouns can also refer to abstract ideas, such as security, excitement, or they

come

in

hope.

important for you to recognize the difference between countable and uncountable nouns when you come across such key words as much and many. It is

He has seen much* foreign films. He didn't have many* fun at the movies. example, much is incorrect because films is countable. This sentence should say many foreign films. In the second example, many is incorrect because fun is uncountable. This sentence should say much fun. The following chart lists the key words that indicate to you whether a noun should be countable or uncountable: In the

first

KEYWORDS FOR COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS For Countable

Nouns

For Uncountable

Nouns

EXERCISE 40: Each of the a

many

number

few

fewer

much

amount

little

less

noun should be countable or uncountable.

nouns they describe. Then indicate C

1

.

He

2.

if

The

police

Circle


received ( little ) notice that the

r~ I

word to tell you if the key words. Draw arrows to the

following sentences contains at least one key

bill

would have

to

be paid in

(I).

full.

~^

had (few) opportunities

to catch the thief who

had committed a

large

"

t (amount ) of crimes. I

3.

You will have fewer problems with your income

4.

After the strike, the

5.

Because the bottom corner of the pocket was torn,

6.

Since he bought the

7.

There are much new items

taxes

if you

get professional help.

company dismissed many employees.

new adapter, he has had less

much

coins

fell out.

trouble with the machine.

to purchase before leaving,

and there

is

such a short

amount of time. 8.

The

9.

A few soldiers who had been in heavy combat were brought back for a little rest.

10.

It is

less

time you take on the assignment, the

less

pages you

will

complete.

better to go shopping in the late evening because there are less people in the

market, and you can accomplish a

number of tasks

in a short period of time.

.

290

STRUCTURE

Skill 4 1

RECOGNIZE IRREGULAR PLURALS OF NOUNS

:

Many nouns

in English have irregular plurals,

and these

irregular forms can cause confu-

on the TOEFL test. The irregular forms forms that do not end in 5.

sion in written expression questions

most problematic are plural Different

criteria

noun

that are the

was* used to evaluate the performers.

does not end in s; you might incorrecdy assume that it is singular because there is no final s. However, criteria is a plural noun, so the singular verb was used is incorrect. The verb should be the plural form In this example the plural

criteria

looks singular because

it

were used.

The

following chart

lists

the irregular plurals that you should

become

familiar with:

IRREGULAR PLURALS man 1 men woman 1 women

Vowel change

Add

-en

Same

as singular

ox

deer

1

deer

salmon

1

sheep

sheep

1 fish

in -A

1

1

analyses

—

NOTE: Appendix

1

bacterium

bacteria

datum

curricula

phenomenon

1

1

alumni

fungus

/

bacillus 1 bacilli

nucleus

cactus

radius

1

cacti

/

thesis

at the back of the text.

you begin Exercise 4

data 1

nuclei

syntheses

theses

1

stimuli

1 radii

in

You may want to complete these exercises before

1

nouns with irregular

rect (C) or incorrect

(I).

2.

1

syllabus 1 syllabi

lar plural. Circle the

Q

1

stimulus

of the following sentences contains at least one

1.

trout

phenomena

fungi /

1

criterion 1 criteria

EXERCISE 41: Each

!

mice

parentheses

Additional exercises to practice these irregular plurals of nouns appear

H

1

synthesis

hypotheses

/

parenthesis

/

trout

diagnoses

crisis 1 crises

alumnus

-/

1

salmon

hypothesis

1

geese

oxen

diagnosis

axes

curriculum

-us

1

1

mouse

teeth

1

children

axis

Ends

tooth

goose

feet

1

analysis

-ES

/

child

psh

-IS

foot

plurals.

Then

indicate

if

noun with an

irregu-


(Parentheses) is needed around that expression.

He wants

to

go on a fishing

trip this

weekend because he has heard

running. 3.

The

syllabi for the

4.

The

diagnosis that he'heard today were not very positive.

courses

is

included in the packet of materials.

that the (fish) are

.


5.

The

6.

All of the

7.

A flock of geese were seen heading south for the winter.

8.

The

teeth in the back of his

9.

The

fungi has spread throughout the garden.

crisis is

not going to be resolved until some of the pressure

alumni are attending the reception

The sheepdog

10.

is

mouth needs

to

is


relieved.

at the president's house.

be capped.

chasing after the sheep which are heading over the

hill.

DISTINGUISH THE PERSON FROM THE THING

Skill 42:

Nouns in English can refer to persons or things. Sometimes in written expression questions on the TOEFL test the person is used in place of the thing, or the thing is used in place of the person.

Ralph Nader

is

an

authorization* in the field of consumer affairs.

There are many job opportunities In the first example, authorization

Nader

The person

is

in accountant?

incorrect because authorization

is

a thing and Ralph

should be used in this sentence. In the second example, accountant is incorrect because accountant is a person and the field in which an accountant works is accounting. The thing accounting should be used in this sentence. The following chart outlines what you should remember about the person or thing: is

a person.

authority

PERSON OR THING It is

common

EXERCISE things.

42:

Some of

in

written expression questions on the TOEFL test.

the following sentences contain incorrectly used persons or

Circle the incorrectly used words.

or incorrect

J

to confuse a person with a thing

Then

indicate

if

the sentences are correct (C)

(I).

1.

In the evening he relaxes in front of the fire and writes long (poets^)

2.

Service in the restaurant was slow because

3.

The

4.

She has received several awards for her research

5.

The economist's

6.

You must have remarkable looks

7.

He had

one cook had

sculpture worked from sunrise until sunset

radical views

several critics to offer

on

his

new project.

in engineer.

were printed in a column to

work

as a

about the new

called in sick.

model play.

in the

for Vogue.

Sunday newspaper.

292

STRUCTURE

l_

8.

The gardener worked

feverishly after the frost to save as

9.

The company hired

statistic to

10.

The famous

EXERCISE

(Skills

a

The

more than

fifty

Broadway plays.

39-42): Study the nouns in the following sentences.

professor does not give

as possible.

prepare marketing studies for the new product.

acting has appeared in

sentences are correct (C) or incorrect 1.

many plants

Then

indicate

if

the

(I).

many exam

in chemistry class,

but the ones she gives are

difficult.

2.

His thesis includes an analyses of the hypotheses.

3.

It

4.

For the reception, the caterers prepared a large amount of food to serve a large

was his dream to be a musical in the

New York Philharmonic.

number of people. 5.

Many job

opportunities exist in the field of nurse

if you will

accept a low-paying

position. 6.

For each business

7.

The

8.

She wants

trip

you make, you can choose from many different

stimulus for his career change to

undergo a

is

his

acknowledgment that he

series of treatments,

but she thinks

it

is

airlines.

in a

dead-end job.

costs a little too

much

money. 9.

The

television

producer that was shown

last

night on the

CBS network from

9:00 to

11:00 was one of the best shows of the season. 10.

Various sight-seeing excursion were available from the tourist agency.


is

(Skills

39-42): Choose the letter of the underlined word or group of

not correct.

As a compilation of useful

details, a

A

weekly magazine

commends

itself in several

~C~

B

respect.

D 2.

Through aquaculture, or fish farming, more than 500

A are

3.

produced each C

The

B

years.

legal system has

impartial jury.

million tons of fish

D much A

safeguards to protect the right of a defendant to an

B

C


ABC

The mystery bookstore was

4.

largely a

The Song of Hiawatha, by Longfellow,

5.

phenomena tells

of the

last


decade

D

the story of the Indian heroism

who

B married Minehaha

D is

the seventh planets from the Sun.

A

"IT

Uranus

6.

The sycamore has broad

7.

D

C

leaves with a large

amount of pointed

D

B

The

8.

first

teeth.

of two such investigation requires the students to read continuously over a

A

B

period of four hours.

D

C

A quantitative analysis,

9.

using both the computer and quantitative techniques,

B are used to optimize financial decisions.

D To enter the FBI National Academy, an application must be between the ages of B D A C twenty-three and thirty-four.

10.


(Skills 1-42):

Choose the

letter



held every four years

Presidential

on the

Tuesday after the Monday in November. first

4.

The population of the at a

first

tremendous

rate

earth

and

(A)

they have

(B)

elections are

(B)

are soon going to be

(C)

is

(C)

soon

(D)

elected

elected

and

(D)

Studies of carcinogenesis in animals can

human

5.

be why it will be will

Starting in

181 1

,

traders

(A)

differences are

(B)

that differences are

(C)

differences have

(A)

steamboats

(D)

differences

(B)

which

(C)

that

(D)

that steamboats

Those who favor the new law say

that the

present law does not set spending limits lobbyists' gifts to politicians,

statewide funds. (A)

it

(B)

limits

(C)

does does

(D)

limits it

it it

limit

and

manufacturers were more easily able to send goods upriver in provided the necessary power to counteract the flow of the waters.

susceptibility.

on

out of

become

electing

in

increasing

control.

(A)

provide data on

is

nor

STRUCTURE

Choose the 6.

letter


is

not correct.

Temperature indicates on a bimetallic thermometer by the amount that the A B TT C bimetallic strip bends.

7.

Many

of the food consumed by penguins consists of fish obtained from the ocean.

A 8.

B

D

C

Before the newspaper became widespread, a town crier has walked throughout a A B C~ village or town singing out the news.

D 9.

10.

NASA's manned spacecraft project are headquartered D A B C Johnson Space Center in Houston. All of

at the

Lyndon

B.

Fungi cause more serious plant diseased than do other parasites.

A

Ti

C

D

PROBLEMS WITH PRONOUNS Pronouns are words, such as he, she, or it, that take the place of nouns. When you see a pronoun in written expression questions on the TOEFL test, you need to check that it serves the correct function in the sentence (as a subject or object, for example) and that it agrees with the noun it is replacing. The following pronoun problems are the most common on the TOEFL test: (1) distinguishing subject and object pronouns, (2) distinguishing possessive pronouns and possessive adjectives, and (3) checking pronoun reference for agreement.

Skill 43:

DISTINGUISH SUBJECT AND OBJECT

Subject and object pronouns can be confused on the

PRONOUNS

TOEFL test,

so you should be able to

recognize these two types of pronouns:

SUBJECT

OBJECT

/

me

you

you

he

him

she

her

it

it

we

us

they

them

.


A subject pronoun

is

used as the subject of a verb.

object of a verb or the object of a preposition. Sally

gave

if

She gave

In the

it is

replacing the

noun

as the

the following two sentences.

to him.

book,

Him* and the gift

Compare

pronoun can be used

/ j/

it

she

is

noun

replacing the

Sally.

The

object of

and the object of the preposition him is replacing the

noun John. The following are examples of the might see on the TOEFL test.

The

object

the book to John.

second sentence the subject pronoun

the verb

An


types of subject or object

girl

pronoun

errors that you

are going shopping.

was intended for you and

7*.

pronoun him is incorrect because this pronoun serves as the subject of the sentence. The object pronoun him should be changed to the subject pronoun he. It can be difficult to recognize that him is the subject because the verb are has a double subject, him and girl. In the second example, the subject pronoun / is incorrect because this pronoun serves as the object of the preposition Jor. The subject pronoun / should be changed to the object pronoun me. It can be difficult to recognize that / is the In the first example, the object

object of the preposition Jor because the preposition Jor has two objects: the correct object

you and the incorrect object

/.

EXERCISE 43: Each

of the following sentences contains at least one subject or object pronoun. Circle the pronouns. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I) _C

I

1

The worst problem with (It) is

.

2.

(

that (he) cannot afford (Tt)

They) saw Steve and(T)at the movies

3.

Perhaps you would

4.

The mother took her son

5.

I

6.

She did not buy the sweater because

7.

The man leading

did not

know

that

like to

go

to the

last

night after

class.

seminar with they and their friends.

to the doctor's office because

he was feeling

you and her were working together on the

the seminar gave

it

me

had a small hole all

in

the information

sick.

project.

it.

I

needed

to

make

a

decision. 8.

The cords connecting

the computer to

its

printer

need

to

be replaced before them

wear down. 9.

10.

He

is

going to the party with you and

You and her ought overdue.

to return the

me if you do not mind.

books

to the library

because they are already

STRUCTURE

DISTINGUISH POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES AND

Skill 44:

PRONOUNS

and pronouns both show who or what "owns" a noun. However, possessive adjectives and possessive pronouns do not have the same function, and these two kinds of possessives can be confused on the TOEFL test. A possessive adjective describes a noun: it must be accompanied by a noun. A possessive pronoun takes the place of a noun: it cannot be accompanied by a noun. Possessive adjectives

They lent me

their

book.

ADJECTIVE

They lent me

theirs.

PRONOUN

example the possessive adjective their is accompanied by the noun book. In the second example the possessive pronoun theirs is not accompanied by a noun. These examples show the types of errors that are possible with possessive adjectives and possessive pronouns on the TOEFL test. Notice that in the

first

Each morning they read theirs* newspapers. Could you give me your*}

example, the possessive pronoun

accompanied by the noun newspapers, and a possessive pronoun cannot be accompanied by a noun. The possessive adjective their is needed in the first example. In the second example, the possessive adjective your is incorrect because it is not accompanied by a noun, and a possessive adjective must be accompanied by a noun. The possessive pronoun yours is needed in the second example. The following chart outlines the possessives and their uses:

In the

first

theirs is

incorrect because

it is

POSSESSIVE

POSSESSIVE

ADJECTIVES

PRONOUNS

my

mine

your

yours

his

his

her

hers

its

our

ours

their

theirs

must be accompanied by a noun

cannot be accompanied by a noun

EXERCISE

44:


or adjective. Circle the possessives in these sentences. correct (C) or incorrect I

C

at least

Then

one

indicate

possessive if

(I).

she borrows (jour) coat, then you should be able to borrow ( her!)

1.

If

2.

Each pot and pan

3.

Mary and Mark

in

(

her) kitchen has

(Its)

own

place

invited theirs parents to see their

on the

shelf.

new apartment.

pronoun

the sentences are


4.

When my roommate paid her half of the

5.

All students

6.

All her secretaries are

7.

The horse

8.

Before the report

need

to bring theirs

trotting

working

own

pencils

I

paid mine.

and answer sheets

late tonight to finish

around the track won

is

rent,

finalized, the

its


to the

exam.

her report.

race a few minutes ago.

information in their notes and our must be

proofed.

She worked

9.

all

The weather in

10.

day cooking food and making decorations for her son's birthday the mountains this

weekend will be extremely cold,

party.

so please take

yours heavyjackets.

CHECK PRONOUN REFERENCE FOR AGREEMENT

Skill 45:

you have checked that the subject and object pronouns and the possessives are used correctly, you should also check each of these pronouns and possessives for agreement. The following are examples of errors of this type that you might find on the TOEFL test:

After

The boys will cause Everyone must give

trouble their*

if you let

him*.

name.

example, the singular pronoun him is incorrect because it refers to the plural noun boys. This pronoun should be replaced with the plural pronoun them. In the second example, the plural possessive adjective their is incorrect because it refers to the singular everyone. This adjective should be replaced with the singular his or his or her. The following chart outlines what you should remember about checking pronoun In the

first

reference:

PRONOUN AGREEMENT Be sure that every pronoun and possessive agrees with the noun

1 .

You generally check back

2.

EXERCISE sive.

in

it

refers to.

the sentence for agreement.

Each of the following sentences contains at least one pronoun or possesCircle the pronouns and possessives. Draw arrows to the nouns they refer to. Then

indicate

J

C_

1

if

.

2.

45:

the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect If a

If

(I).

person really wants to succeed, (they) must always work hard.

If

you see the students from the math

class,

could you return (their) exam papers to

(them?) 3.

Some them.

friends

and I went

to see a movie,

and afterwards we wrote a

critique about

STRUCTURE

4.

If you

have a problem, you are welcome to discuss

it

with

me before you try to resolve

them.

know you had a

terrible time last week,

5.

I

6.

At the

7.

In spite of its small

8.

Whatever the

start

but you must try to forget about

it.

of the program, each student needs to see his advisor about his schedule. these video recorders produce excellent tapes.

size,

you should

situation,

reflect

profoundly about them before coming to a

decision. 9.

10.

The people I admire most are If

anyone stops by while

I

those

who manage

to solve their

am at the meeting, please

take a message

EXERCISE (Skills 43-45): Circle the pronouns and possessives in Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I). 1

.

Helicopters are being used ability to

2.

more and more

in

own problems. from them.

the following sentences.

emergency situations because of its

reach out-of-the-way places.

The worker was fired by

company because

the chemical

his refused to

work with

certain dangerous chemicals. 3.

If you

have car trouble while driving on the freeway, you should pull your car over to

the side of the freeway 4.

The

5.

Some

and wait for

help.

administration will not install the

new

security system because they cost so

much.

parents prefer to send their children to private schools because they believe the

children will be better educated. 6.

The

air traffic controller

was not blamed for the accident because he had

strictly

followed the correct procedures. 7.

The new student has been

8.

Many different kinds

assigned to work on the project with you and

of aspirin are on the market, but theirs effectiveness seems to be

equal. 9.

10.

You must bring a

tent

I.

and a sleeping bag

Each of the team members had

their

for your trip to the Sierras.

new uniform.



1.

is

(Skills


not correct.

Superman made

their

Commercial

comic debut in 1938 in Action

B~

A 2.


letters

C

Comics.

TT

of credit are often used to finance export trade, but them can C~~

A

B

~~

have other uses.

D 3.

When children

experience too

A 4.

On March 30,

much

frustration,

B

1981, President

Although the destruction that

Reagan was shot it

behavior ceases to be integrated.

D

C"

A 5.

its

causes

is

as his

was leaving a Washington hotel.

D

B"~C~

often terrible, cyclones benefit a

A

6.

much wider

belt than they devastate.

C

~D~

B

him preferred ~B C

the advice of his

Life with Father was rewritten as a play, they

ran for six years

President Andrew Jackson had an official cabinet, but

A

TT

informal advisors, the Kitchen Cabinet.

7.

After Clarence Day's

book

A

B

D

~~C~

on Broadway. 8.

9.

10.

Almost half of the Pilgrims did not survive B A

theirs first winter in the

~C

New World.

D~

There was no indication from the Senate that he would agree with the decision made A B ~C~ D in the House.

A baby learns the meanings of words as they are spoken by others and later uses him B

~A~~

C~

~~

"IT

in sentences.


(Skills 1-45):

Choose the

letter


words that best completes the sentence. worst phase of the Depression,

1.

more than thirteen had no jobs.

million Americans

2.

When reading a book, you must keep your point of view separate from the point of view in you are studying. (A)

that

(B)

the material and

(C)

was in the During the While the

(C)

the materials that

(D)

The

(D)

the materials that are

(A) (B)

It

STRUCTURE

3.

Speech

consists not merely of sounds but

that follow various structural patterns.

(B)

of organized sound patterns organized sound patterns

(C)

that

(D)

in

(A)

Choose the 4.

sound patterns are organized organizing sound patterns


letter

The

is

not correct.

medical report indicated that the patient's temperature was near normal

latest

A and 5.

6.

B

their lungs

were

partially cleared.

When Paine expressed

his belief in

8.

Genes have

A star that has used up Each

its

energy and has

TT

~A~ and

B

a hydrogen

bomb explode.

D which are produced by mutations.

B~

lines of poetry written in

stressed

made when does

several alternative form, or alleles,

~A~ 10.

is

D

"

C

B

A 9.

C

A vast quantity of radioactive material A

ten.

independence, he praised by the public.

B

~A 7.

CD

Most oxygen atoms have eight neutrons, but a small amount have nine or A B

D

C lost

its

heat became a black dwarf. ~~C

blank verse has ten ~C~

D

syllables,

which are alternately

D

unstressed.

PROBLEMS WITH ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS Many

different problems with adjectives

questions on the

TOEFL

test.

To

and adverbs are

identify these problems,

possible in written expression

you must

first

be able

to recog-

and adverbs. Often adverbs are formed by adding -ly to adjectives, and these -ly adverbs are very easy to recognize. The following examples show adverbs that are formed by adding -ly to nize adjectives

adjectives:

ADJECTIVE

ADVERB

recent

recently

public

publicly

evident

evidently

.

.

1



However, there are many adverbs in English that do not end in -ly. These adverbs can be recognized from their meanings. They can describe when something happens (often, soon, later), how something happens {fast, hard, well), or where something happens (here, there, nowhere)

There are three expression questions

skills

on

and adverbs knowing when

involving adjectives

the

TOEFL

test: (1)

using adjectives rather than adverbs after linking verbs,

(2)

you on written to use adjectives and adverbs, and (3) positioning adjectives that will help

and adverbs

correctly.

Skill 46:

USE BASIC ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS CORRECTLY

Sometimes

on the TOEFL

used in place of adverbs, or adverbs are used in place of adjectives. Adjectives and adverbs have very different uses. Adjectives have only one job: they describe nouns or pronouns. in written expression questions

is

a beautiful woman.

NOUN

ADJ.

f She

adjectives are

¥

I

She

test,

1

is beautiful.

PRO.

ADJ.

In the first example, the adjective beautiful describes the

noun woman.

pronoun she. They describe verbs,

In the second exam-

ple, the adjective beautiful describes the

Adverbs do three different things. f She sings

i

beautifully.

VERB

ADV.

is

a beautifully dressed ADV.

She

is

t

¥1

I

She

a

adjectives, or other adverbs.

NOUN

ADJ.

truly beautifully

ADV.

woman.

dressed

ADV.

ADJ.

woman. NOUN

second example, the adverb beautifully describes the adjective dressed (which describes the noun woman) In the third example, the adverb truly describes the adverb beautifully, which describes the adjective dressed (which describes the noun woman) The following are examples of incorrect sentences as they might appear on the TOEFL In the first example, the adverb beautifully describes the verb sings. In the

.

test. I

They were seated

ADV.

The

f

^

at a largely* table.

NOUN

I

child talked quick* to her mother.

VERB

We read an

ADJ.

extreme* long story. adj.

ADJ.

30

STRUCTURE

example, the adverb largely is incorrect because the adjective large is needed to describe the noun table. In the second example, the adjective quick is incorrect because the adverb quickly is needed to describe the verb talked. In the last example, the adjective extreme is incorrect because the adverb extremely is needed to describe the adjective long. The following chart outlines the important information that you should remember about the basic use of adjectives and adverbs: In the

first

BASIC USE

OF ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS

ADJECTIVES

Adjectives describe nouns or pronouns.

ADVERBS

Adverbs describe

verbs, adjectives,

or other adverbs.

EXERCISE 46: Each

of the following sentences has at least one adjective or adverb. Circle the adjectives and adverbs, and label them. Draw arrows to the words they describe. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).

f

The mother was (pleasant)

I

NOUN

The

2.

(

surprised) when her daughter

ADJ.

came

to

visit.

ADJ.

salespeople frequently visit the East Coast for trade shows. ( VERB

ADV. 3.

He was

4.

There

5.

She was chosen for the leading part because she sings so

6.

The

7.

It

8.

Points will be subtracted for each incorrect answered question.

9.

The production manager

driving an expensively sports car.

is

a special

program on

television this evening. well.

car was not complete ready at 3:00.

was

difficult to believe that

what we read

in the

newspaper was a

truly story.

quietly requested a completely report of the terribly

incident.

The

10.

Skill 47:

children finished their

homework quickly so

USE ADJECTIVES AFTER LINKING VERBS

Generally an adverb rather than an adjective

adverb

is

that they could watch television.

will

come

directly after a verb

because the

describing the verb. r.

She spoke VERB

In this example, the verb spoke

verb

spoke.

is

nicely.

ADV.

followed by the adverb

nicely.

This adverb describes the

y

.


However, you must be very careful by an adjective rather than an adverb.

the verb

if

f She looks

i

ADJ.

In this example, the linking verb looks

is

followed by the adjective

nice.

This adjective

she.

You should be sure careful,

A linking verb is followed

nice.

SUB.

describes the subject

a linking verb.

is


an adjective rather than an adverb after a linking verb. Be however, because the adjective that goes with the linking verb does not always to use

directly follow the linking verb.

He seems

unusually

nice.

ADV.

ADJ.

SUB.

which describes the subject he, is itself described by the adverb unusually. From this example, you should notice that it is possible to have an adverb directly after a linking verb, but only if the adverb describes an adjective that follows. The following chart lists commonly used linking verbs and outlines the different uses In this example, the adjective

nice,

of adjectives and adverbs after regular verbs and linking verbs:

ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS AFTER VERBS

~J,.

:

i +

(subject)

A

regular verb

is

linking

verb

is

l

+

(regular verb)

(adverb)

followed by an adverb. The adverb describes the verb.

+

(subject)

A

~

followed by an adjective.

+

(linking verb)

The

(adjective)

adjective describes the subject ;

';";>i;^#ii#j.;ir.

i +

(subject) It is

possible that a linking verb

adjective,

EXERCISE Then

J

is

+

"Tl

|:

+

(adverb)

followed by an adverb and an adjective.

(adjective)

The adverb describes the

and the adjective describes the subject.

linking verbs:

Circle

(linking verb)

:

.

appear

feel

seem

be

look

smell

become

prove

taste

Each of the following sentences contains at least one adjective or adverb. the adjectives and adverbs, and label them. Draw arrows to the words they describe. 47:

indicate

1.

if


The parents seem

(

(I)

angrily) about the child's report card. ADV.

~

y _C

2.

The speaker

i

—

talked ( knowingly) about (prehistoric ) fossils. ADV.

3.

i

ADJ.

After she drank the lemonade, the cake tasted too sweetly to her.

STRUCTURE

4.

Throughout dinner we were bored because he spoke

5.

Sam

6.

The neighbor appeared calm

7.

He

8.

Maria jumped up quick when she heard the gunshot.

9.

Even though we were not

depressed after the accident.

looked quite unhappily

The

10.

felt terribly

incessantly.

history course that

I

in spite of the fact that his

thought of leaving

at the

really hungry, the

took

last

house was on

fire.

his job.

food smelled delicious.

semester proved

more

difficultly

than

I

had

expected.

Skill 48:

POSITION ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS CORRECTLY

and adverbs can appear in incorrect positions in written expression questions on the TOEFL test. There are two common errors of this type that you should beware of: (1) the position of adjectives with the nouns they describe, and (2) the position of adverbs

Adjectives

with objects. In English

On it

the

it is

correct to place a one-word adjective in front of the

TOEFL test, however, an incorrect sentence

noun

might have an adjective

it

describes.

after the

noun

describes.

The information

important*

NOUN

is

on the

first

page.

ADJ.

In this example, the adjective important should

come before

the

noun

information because

important describes information.

A

second problem you should be aware of is the position of adverbs with objects of verbs. When a verb has an object, an adverb describing the verb should not come between the verb

and

its

object.

He

has taken

recently*

an English course.

ADV.

This example its

is

incorrect because the adverb

object an English course. There are

OBJECT recently

many possible

comes between the verb has

taken

and

corrections for this sentence.

he has taken an English course. He has recently taken an English course. He has taken an English course recently. Recently

You can see from these examples that there are many possible correct positions for the adverb. What is important for you to remember is that an adverb that describes a verb cannot come between the verb and its object.


The following chart outlines the key points tion of adjectives and adverbs:

that


you should remember about the

posi-

THE POSITION OF ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS

A one-word

ADJECTIVES

adjective

comes before the noun

it

describes.

It

does not come

directly

after.

An

ADVERBS

adverb can appear

in

many

positions.

It

cannot be used between a verb and

its

object.

EXERCISE Circle

Each of the following sentences contains at least one adjective or adverb. the adjectives and adverbs, and label them. Draw arrows to the words they describe. 48:

Then indicate

if


(I).

1

J

1

.

The

store

opened with a

sale fantastic? (

)

ADJ.

_C

2.

The pharmacist has

(

always ) filled our order (quickly

)

ADV.

ADV. 3.

The

political candidates

4.

The

lawyer has selected carefully a

5.

Frequently the coffee has tasted

6.

The wedding reception was held

7.

The

8.

Following the failure of the

expressed their opposing views.

new

case.

bitter.

at a restaurant expensive.

salesclerk has often traveled to first set

New York. of plans, the manager has altered subsequently

them.

many hours

9.

The

students had to study

10.

The

naval officer was asked to transfer to a foreign country.

EXERCISE

(Skills

Draw arrows incorrect 1.

to the

46-48):

daily

Circle the adjectives

during the program intensive.

and adverbs

words they describe. Then indicate

if

in the following sentences.


(I).

They were unable lights

to see

where

their friends

were

sitting in the theater

because of the

dim.

2.

After the comprehensive exam, she looked exhaustedly by the experience.

3.

The

4.

Mark

project was remarkable close to being finished. always does his

homework careful.

STRUCTURE

5.

The program proved far more

6.

The student had attended

7.

The

8.

The grandparents speak proudly about all

9.

The manager seemed

10.

patient

1.

regularly

became healthy

all

is

(Skills

I

had imagined

it

would

be.

the lectures in the series.

after the operation.

their offspring.

would be finished under budget.

certainly that the project

The firefighters worked feverishly, and


interesting than

they put out immediately the


fire.

word or group

not correct.

Modern

art

is

on

A

display at the

Guggenheim Museum,

a building with an unusually

D

C

"~Ti

design.

2.

By the beginning of the 1980s

fifteen states

A

had adopted already B

no-fault insurance

D

C

laws.

3.

Heart attacks are

fatally in

A 4.

75 percent of occurrences.

D

C

B

amount of electronic B C

In spite of a tremendous

A

gadgetry, air traffic control

still

depends heavy on people.

D 5.

Only recently have Gooden's

industrially designers

A

and engineers been able

to

B

optimize Watertred's unusual tread patterns for mass production.

D

C 6.

A baboon's arms appear as lengthily as its A

7.

C

B

A serious problem

is

TJ

how to communicate

A

legs.

reliable with a

B

8.

Americans are destroying rapidly wetlands, — -

9.

The

D

C faster than

-

an acre every - two minutes.

central banking system of the United States consists of twelve banks district.

A 10.

submerged submarine.

D

C

B

Telegraph service across the Atlantic was successful established in 1866.

A

B

C

D

of



(Skills 1-48):

Choose the



letter

words that best completes the sentence. Patty Berg, the top in

women's

tournament winner

with about fifteen times

weight in air does gasoline allow the carburetor to run smoothly.

2.

eighty-three golf

golf,

tournaments from 1935 through 1964.

won

(A)

she

(B)

winning

(C)

won who won

(D)

Choose the 3.

letter

mixed (B) To mix it (C) When mixed (D) Only when mixed (A)

The Colorado

River reaches their

B~

6.

7.

The Viking ~A~

from animal sources.

D

spacecraft has landed

IT

on Mars

in July of 1976.

~C~

D"

Admiral Byrd commanded airplane expeditions over both the Arctic or the Antarctic. B C~ D" A

The

advertising

campaign

be based on the recent completed

will

Coronary occlusion

results

from a disease

in

Her money gave back

A Other

sites

as

soon B

which B

study.

D

C

B

amount of cholesterol is deposited D C

10.

D

acids than proteins

A

9.

not correct.

height during April and May.

C

amino

is

~C~

A 8.

maximum

B~

Plant proteins tend to have few

A 5.

It is


A 4.

its

fatty substances with a large

in the arteries.

as she threatened to take the matter to court.

C

D

of fossil discoveries throughout Wyoming, ranging from the fiery

A

B

Tyrannosaurus rex to the milder

C

Triceratops,

have proven equally excite.

D

STRUCTURE

MORE PROBLEMS WITH ADJECTIVES The previous

section dealt with various problems related to both adjectives

This section deals with a few problems that are related only to adjectives: (1) (2) predicate adjectives, and (3) -edand -ing adjectives.

-ly

adverbs.

adjectives,

RECOGNIZE -LY ADJECTIVES

Skill 49: Generally

and

when

words ending in

a

word ends

-ly

in

-ly

in English,

and these

that are adjectives,

ten expression questions

it is

on the TOEFL

-ly

an adverb. However, there are a few adjectives can cause confusion in writ-

test.

The manager turned

in his weekly report. ADJ.

NOUN

appears to be incorrect; it appears that there is an -ly adverb in front of the noun report. However, weekly is an adjective that describes the noun report. The following chart lists common -ly adjectives that can appear in English:

This example

is

correct, but

it

-LY ADJECTIVES

costly

likely

daily

quarterly

northerly

early

lively

hourly

weekly

easterly

friendly

lonely

monthly

yearly

southerly

kindly

manly

nightly

lovely

westerly

EXERCISE 49: Each

of the following sentences contains at least one adjective or adverb ending in -ly. Circle the -ly words, and label them as either adjectives or adverbs. Draw arrows to the words they describe. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect

(I).

y

i

Q

1

.

Federal taxes are (yearly) taxes which must be paid every April. ADJ.

"

^ At the fashion show, the new (seasonally) fashions will be shown. I

!

2.

ADV. 3.

Do you want to go

4.

She offered

5.

The

6.

He

7.

The his

8.

to the early

movie or the

lately

movie?

me some friendly advice about how to deal with the

quarterly reports

need

to

be turned

terribly

problem.

in at the next weekly meeting.

did not have a manly reaction to the negatively comments. likely

outcome of the purchase of the

costly car

is

that he will not be able to pay

monthly bills.

The

days she spent at the beach house were lonely and

solitarily.


9.

10.

Skill 50:

She takes her

The

daily medication


on a regularly schedule.

kindly neighbor paid hourly visits to her unhealthily friend.

USE PREDICATE ADJECTIVES CORRECTLY

Certain adjectives appear only in the predicate of the sentence; that linking verb such as

and they cannot appear

be,

is,

they appear after a

directly in front of the

nouns that they

describe.

The snake on the rock was alive. The alive* snake was lying on the

rock.

In the first example, the predicate adjective alive is used correctly after the linking verb was

second example, the predicate adjective alive is used incorrecdy in front of the noun snake. In this position, the adjective live should be used. The following chart lists some common predicate adjectives and the corresponding forms that can be used in front of the noun: to describe the subject snake. In the

PREDICATE ADJECTIVES FORMS USED

PREDICATE ADJECTIVES

it

FRONT OF A NOUN similar

alike

like,

alive

live, living

alone

lone

afraid

frightened

asleep

sleeping

A predicate adjective appears after a linking verb the noun that

IN

such as be.

It

cannot appear directly

in

front of

describes.

EXERCISE 50: Each

of the following sentences contains a predicate adjective or its related form. Circle the predicate adjectives or related forms. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect

(I).

The two brothers do not look

at all (alike)

My friend brought the (alive) lobster to my house and expected me Are you going

The

be lone in the house tonight?

afraid child cried for his mother.

Everyone

We

to

else

was asleep by the time

completed our two projects

All of the crash victims

She

tried to

were

I

arrived

in a like

alive

when

home.

manner. they were found.

walk quietly by the asleep dogs without waking them.

to

cook

it.

.

310

.

.

.

STRUCTURE

Were you feeling

9.

when you heard

the noise?

According to the report, the president was shot by an alone gunman.

10.

Skill 5

afraid

USE -ED AND -ING ADJECTIVES CORRECTLY

1 :

Verb forms ending in tives cleaned

and

-ed

and

-ing can

cleaning come

be used

from the verb

The woman

as adjectives.

For example, the verbal adjec-

to clean.

cleans the car.

VERB

¥

I

The

cleaning woman

worked on the

car.

ADJECTIVE

The woman put

the cleaned car back in the garage. ADJECTIVE

In the

first

example,

cleans

is

the verb of the sentence. In the second example, cleaning is a

verbal adjective describing woman. In the third example, cleaned

describing

is

a verbal adjective

car.

Verbal adjectives ending in -edand -ing can be confused in written expression questions

on the TOEFL

test.

The The

The

cleaned?

.

woman

.

.

difference between an -edand an -ing adjective

active

and the

noun

the

cleaning* car.

it

passive (see Skills 37

describes

is

and

An

38).

doing the action.

is

similar to the difference

between the

-ing adjective (like the active)

The above example about

means

the cleaning car

that

is

not

do the action of cleaning: you cannot say that a car cleans itself. An -ed adjective (like the passive) means that the noun it describes is receiving the action from the verb. The above example about the cleaned woman is not correct because in this example a woman does not receive the action of the verb clean: this sentence does not correct because a car cannot

mean that someone cleaned the woman. The following chart outlines the key information and

you should remember about

that

-ing adjectives:

-ED AND -ING ADJECTIVES TYPE -ING

'

MEANING active

:

:

It

-

;

USE::

: : .

;;-||

EXAMPLE

j|}||J|J|||||||;

does the action of the verb.

.

.

.

the happily playing children

(The children -ED

passive

It

receives the action of the verb.

. . .

.

play.)

the frequently played record

(Someone

.

plays the record.)

.

.

-ed


EXERCISE adjective.

Each of the following sentences contains either an Circle the verbal adjectives. Draw arrows to the words they 51:


-ed

or an -ing verbal

describe.

Then

indi-

cate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).

J

1.

The teacher gave

a quiz

r~~

£l

on the just ( completing ) lesson.

y a ( fascinating ) movie at the theater tonight.

2.

There

3.

They thought

4.

The empty bottles

5.

For lunch

6.

The

7.

The shoppers were impressed by

8.

He can't afford to

9.

I

10.

is

that

it

had been a very

are to the

left,

at the restaurant she

students thought that

it

satisfied dinner.

and the

ordered a mixed

was an interesting assignment. the reducing prices.

take long vacations to exotic places because he

recently received several annoying

(Skills

phone

.

calls

Her

worked man.

bills.

Then

indicate

if

Draw

the sentences are correct

(I).

made me

kindly words of thanks

feel appreciating.

After the earthquake, assistance was sent to the damaging areas.

3.

Your view has some

4.

It is likely

5.

I

6.

The

thesis of your essay

7.

The

asleep children were

8.

During the nightly news show there was a

9.

His car was struck by an uninsured motorist.

prefer a

The

a

from the insurance agent.

2.

10.

is

49-51): Circle the adjectives in each of the following sentences.

arrows to the nouns or pronouns they describe. (C) or incorrect

the right.

salad.

Today the bookkeeper will work on the unpaying

EXERCISE

1

filling bottles are to

girl

validity;

however,

we do not have

that the early seminar will not be the live

was

theater

all

show

most

alike opinions

on the

matter.

interested.

to a movie.

was not very well developed.

wakened by the loud sound of the crashing thunder. lively

and fascinating debate.

alone and feeling lonely in the darkened, frightened house.

311

STRUCTURE


is


(Skills

not correct.

As the only major American

river that flowed in a west direction, the

A

C

B

preferred route for

Ohio was the

settlers.

D 2.

During the annually salmon migration from the sea

to fresh water, Alaska's

B~~

A River

becomes

~~

a gathering place for

brown bears waiting eagerly

Edelman

stresses the

mounting evidence showing

A microscopic scale

4.

is

to catch their

fill.

D

C 3.

McNeil

that greatly variation

on

a

C

B

likely.

Perhaps the most welcoming and friendly of the park's wild places is the live oak A B ~C~ forest that surrounds the district's alone visitors' center in Gulf Breeze.

D 5.

Halley's comet, viewing through a telescope, was quite impressive.

A 6.

The

7.

Among

state

A

B

of deep asleep _ __

is

D

~~C

_

characterized by rapid eye movement, or

_

REM,

sleep.

the disputing sections of the Monteverdi opera are the sinfonia, the B ~D~ C

prologue, and the role of Ottone.

8.

Most probably because of the

likable rapport

A the local

between anchors, the night newscast on

~C~

B

ABC affiliate

has recently

moved

well

beyond

its

competitors in the ratings

D battle.

9.

Signing at the outset of a business deal, a contract offers the participants a certain

A

C

B

degree of legal protection from costly mistakes.

D 10.

The

story presented by Fischer

is

a headlong tale told so effectively that

A its

momentum C

carries the reader right

through the

live

~D~

B endnotes.



(Skills 1-51):

Choose the

letter




During the early nineteenth century, the

3.

born into the generation of Omaha

Spanish missions in Alta, California to be an integral part of the

economy and productive

forced to abandon tribal traditions,

on the

capacity of the

(B)

(C)

(D) 2.

Still

proved they proved they proved proved it

it

other hurdles remain before

4.

(A)

fuel cells

(B)

become

(C)

fuel cells

(D)

that fuel

5.

letter

(A)

they matured

(B)

and

to

adapt to

(C)

mature maturing

(D)

to maturity

to

Among the most revealing aspects of mining towns public open space.

suitable for private cars.

Choose the

reservation,

the white man's ways.

region. (A)

The daughters of Joseph LaFlesche were

(C)

was were it was

(D)

so

(A)

become cells become

(B)


Factor analysis

is

A

used to discover how many

not correct.

abilities are involve in intelligence test

D

C

B

is

their paucity of

performance.

6.

One

of the early orders of marine mammals, manatees have evolved A~~

more than

fifty

B

~~

million years ago from land animals.

C 7.

~~D~

Dolphins and chimps are

like in that they

~A~~B 8.

have been shown to have language

D

C

end of the chapter are the ~A~ ~B~

In the appendix at the

skills.

instructions to be used for the

C

completion correct of the form.

D 9.

Used sound

that var

s

~1T

-

ot only in time but in space, whales at close range

may

C

communicate with sonarlike

"pictures."

D 10.

The 1898 Trans-Mississippi

International Exposition has the distinction of being the

~A7 last

major

fair

which held during the Victorian period.

C

D

B

313

.

314

.

.

STRUCTURE

PROBLEMS WITH ARTICLES many

Articles are very difficult to learn because there are

many special

cases. It

is

rules,

many

exceptions, and

possible, however, to learn a few rules that will help

you

to use arti-

much

of the time. Nouns in English can be either countable or uncountable. If a noun is countable, it must be either singular or plural. In addition to these general types of nouns, there are two types of articles: definite (specific) and indefinite (general) cles correctly

COUNTABLE

UNCOUNTABLE

COUNTABLE

SINGULAR NOUNS

ARTICLES

PLURAL

NOUNS

NOUNS

INDEFINITE

a dollar

Hnllars

money

(General)

an apple

app|p<:

jnirp

DEFINITE

the dollar

the dollars

the

(Specific)

the apple

the apples

the juice

Skill 52:

USE ARTICLES WITH SINGULAR NOUNS

You can

from the chart that

see

if

a

noun

is

either countable plural or uncountable,

possible to have either the definite article the or

singular nouns, however,

you must have an

money

no

article (indefinite)

article (unless

.

With

all

it is

countable

you have another determiner

such as my or each)

The following cles with singular

— no

I

have money.

(uncountable

I

have

(countable plural

I

have a

books.

book.

— no

(countable singular

(A

plural

must have an

The

52:

!

Q

if

article (a, an, the)

needed)

remember about arti-

NOUNS

or some other determiner such as my or each.

may or may not have an

Mark where

articles (or

article.)

determiners) have been omitted.


1.

She

2.

In

3.

The manager

4.

There

5.

The

is

article

needed)

following sentences contain different types of nouns. Circle only the

countable singular nouns. indicate

article

nouns:

noun or an uncountable noun

EXERCISE

—

needed)

chart outlines the key information that you should

ARTICLES WITH SINGULAR

A singular noun

article

(I)

takin^(trig) with friends.

my (yard) there

is

sent

are flowers, trees,

and

grass.

memo to his employees.

car in front of the building.

child

and

his friends are having milk

and

cookies.

Then

5

.


6.

She

7.

My neighbor was arrested for throwing rocks through windows.

8.

We have

9.

Teacher has many students during a semester.

10.

3

studying to be an actress in films.

machinery that prints ten pages each minute.

Can you heat water for

tea?

DISTINGUISH A AND AN

Skill 53:

The

is


basic difference

between a and an

used in front of vowels

(a,

is

that a

used in front of consonants and an

is

u):

e, i, o,

an orange

a book a

is

man

an

illness

an automobile

a page

There are two exceptions to this rule: u and h. When u is pronounced like the consonant y (as in usual), it is preceded by the article a rather than an. When h is not pronounced (as in honor), it is preceded by the article an rather than a. Pronounce the following examples:

The

man

a university

an unhappy

a unit

an understanding

a hospital

an honor

a heart

an herb

following chart outlines the key information about the use of a and an:

A AND AN

Be

A

A

AN

An

used

is

in

used

front of a singular

in

nouns beginning with H or

careful of

EXERCISE

is

noun with a consonant sound.

front of a singular noun with a vowel sound.

u.

They may have a vowel or a consonant sound.

Each of the following sentences contains a or an. Circle each a or an. Underline the beginning of the word that directly follows. Pronounce the word. Then indi-

cate

if

53:


(I)

__!

1.

The dishwasher quit his job because he was making only four

Q

2.

It

was (an) unexpected disappointment to receive

(a)

dollars

rejection letter

university.

raining, so

you should bring a umbrella.

3.

It is

4.

He bought a half gallon

5.

An

of milk and a box of a hundred envelopes.

objection was raised because

it

was such a unacceptable idea.

(a)

hour.

from the

1

STRUCTURE

6.

The workers

7.

The

8.

If you

9.

She was upset when a honest mistake was made.

10.

do not belong

to a union.

police officer was not wearing an uniform

do not give

when

she arrested the suspect.

me a hand, finishing the project on

She opened a account

at a local

department

time

will

be an

impossibility.

store.

MAKE ARTICLES AGREE WITH NOUNS

Skill 54:

The

at the plant

used for both singular and plural nouns, so agreement is not a problem with the definite article. However, because the use of the indefinite article is different for singular and plural nouns, you must be careful of agreement between the indefinite article and the noun. One very common agreement error is to use the singular indefinite article (a or an) with a plural noun. definite article (the)

He

is

saw a* new movies.

They

traveled to a* nearby mountains.

Do you have

another* books?

In these examples, you should not have a or an because the

nouns are

plural.

The

follow-

ing sentences are possible corrections of the sentences above.

He He

saw a new movie.

(singular)

saw new movies.

(plural)

They traveled They traveled

Do you have Do you have

The

to a to

nearby mountain.

nearby mountains.

(plural)

another book?

(singular)

other books?

(plural)

following chart states the key point for you to

articles with

(singular)

remember about

the agreement of

nouns:

AGREEMENT OF ARTICLES WITH NOUNS You should never use a or an with a

EXERCISE

54:

Draw an arrow incorrect

r k

1.

noun.

Each of the following sentences contains a or to the

noun

it

describes.

Then

indicate

if

(I).

She went

^

to school in (a) local

r !

plural

* community.

y

2.

The doctor used

3.

It is

4.

He must contact a members of the

(an) other pills.

necessary to have a farm or land of your own. club.

an. Circle

each a or

an.



5.

You will need a pen or a

6.

He

7.

You must write a report on a

8.

They crossed through

9.

There

He

10.

Skill 55:

is

pencil.

responsible for bringing a

will


number of items.

subjects of your choice.

several forests

and a stream.

be another important lessons tomorrow.

could not give

me a good reasons for what he did.

DISTINGUISH SPECIFIC AND GENERAL IDEAS

With countable singular nouns it is possible to use either the definite or the indefinite article, but they have different meanings. The definite article is used to refer to one specific noun.

Tom will bring (There

is

He will

arrive

(There

is

He The

book tomorrow. one specific book that Tom

sailed

the

will

bring tomorrow.)

on the first Tuesday in July. only one first Tuesday in July.) on

the Pacific

Ocean.

(There

is

only one Pacific Ocean.)

indefinite article

is

used when the noun could be one of several different nouns.

Tom will bring a book tomorrow. (Tom

will

He will (He

He

bring any one book.)

on a Tuesday in July. arrive on one of four Tuesdays

arrive

will

in July.)

on an ocean. (He sailed on any one of the world's oceans.)

The specific

sailed

following chart outlines the key information that you should understand about

and general

ideas:

SPECIFIC AND ARTICLE

A

or AN

THE

MEANING

GENERAL IDEAS USES

general idea

Use when there are many, and you do not know which one it is. Use when there are many, and you do not core which one it is.

specific idea

Use when it is the only one. Use when there are many, and you know which one

it is.

^

.

STRUCTURE

EXERCISE articles.

Each of the following sentences contains one or more articles. Circle the Draw arrows to the nouns they describe. Then indicate if the sentences are correct 55:

(C) or incorrect

(I).

r

r~y

J r

_k

Q

—

1.

He

took

2.

I'll

meet you

3.

The

4.

He had a best grade in

5.

The people who

6.

She was a most beautiful

7.

The

8.

I

9.

A basketball player threw the ball

10.

on (a) Snake

ball hit a child

trip that I

on a head. on the exam.

here yesterday were here again today.

carrie

took

the class

last

the room.

girl in

that

I

can finish the report that

.

He

I

am working on.

trip to visit a

Lincoln Memorial.

52-55): Circle the articles in the following sentences.

took a

money from

all year.

to a center of the court.

on a field

the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect 1

Bahamas was the only vacation I had

year to the

sixth-grade class went

(Skills

River.

at (the) library later.

need a piece of paper so

The

EXERCISE

trip

Then

indicate

if

(I)

his wallet to

pay for sweater.

2.

The notebook

3.

Because of previous disagreements, they are trying

4.

The appearance of room could be improved by adding a green

5.

The Senate passed law banning smoking in

6.

Each chemistry student should bring laboratory manual

7.

She admitted that she made mistake but

8.

His absence from the board meeting was a strong indications of his desire to leave the

that

he

left

had an important assignment in

it.

to arrive at

an understanding. plants.

public workplaces.

said that she

to a

next

class.

had made a honest effort.

company. 9.

10.

The

car

Anyone month.

needed gas, so the

driver stopped at a service station.

taking group tour to the Hawaiian Islands must pay fee before a

first

of the



1.

(Skills



word or group of

not correct.

is

On

a trip

down

to the

A

bottom of the Grand Canyon, the equipment will B C

in all

probability be carried by a burros.

D 2.

Ford designed the

first large-scale

assembly line at plant in Highland Park, Michigan.

A 3.

In the

human

B

body, blood flows from a heart through the arteries, and

A

The

it

returns

C

B

through the

4.

D

C

veins.

scholarship that Wilson received to study history at Cambridge presented an

A

C

B

~D~

unique opportunity.

5.

Observations from Earth indicate that at the solar surface, the outward magnetic field ~A~ B is a strongest at the polar regions.

D

C 6.

A radar images of Venus add details about a planet dominated by volcanoes and lava. A

7.

D

C

B

In 1863 and 1864, the U.S. Congress passed the National

Bank Acts, which

set

up a

A system of privately

8.

9.

owned banks chartered by C

a federal government.

D

An human

ear responds to a wide range of frequencies.

"A"

IT

Bacteria that sulfur,

D

C

live in soil

and water play a vital B A

role in recycling carbon, nitrogen,

and another chemical elements used by

living things.

D

C 10.

During the U.S.

B

Civil

War, an American balloonist organized a balloon corps in Army.

A


B

(Skills 1-55):

D~

C

Choose the

letter

~~



In economics, "diminishing returns" describes

resource inputs and

production.

2.

When lava reaches the surface, temperature can be ten times boiling water. (A)

the temperature

(B)

that of

(C)

among when it is among them

(C)

it is

(D)

the relationship between

(D)

more

(A) (B)

its

STRUCTURE

3.

fl

remove the entire root of a dandelion because of its length and Rarely

sturdiness.

(A) (B)

(C)

(D)

can the casual gardener the casual gardener the casual gardener will does the casual gardener's

Choose the 4.

letter


Operas can be broadly

classified as either

A 5.

B

is

not correct.

comedies or they are tragedies. TT D

Tungsten has the highest melting point of all metals, and for

this

reason

it is

often

A use in equipment that must withstand high temperatures. D C ~B~ 6.

Whereas there are

same amount of ant ~B~ C

forty-three ant species in Great Britain, the

A species can be

found

in a single tree in Peru.

D 7.

People voice theirs opinions

first in

small groups or

A

among

friends

and

C

B

acquaintances.

D 8.

Inside the Lincoln Memorial

is

a large statue of Lincoln

A 9.

B

make from white marble. D ~C~

Detailed photometric data of the area just north of Triton's equatorial region

A indicate the existence of a thin, transparent layers of frost.

C

B 10.

D~~

U.S. census figures indicate that people with only an elementary education can earn

A just half as

C

much

TT

as college graduations.

D



PROBLEMS WITH PREPOSITIONS Prepositions can be used in two ways: in a literal use, the preposition

means

exactly

in

an idiomatic way. In the

literal

what you expect.

The boy ran up the She went

way and

hill.

in the house.

In the first example, the preposition

up means that the boy went

than down. In the second example, the preposition in

means

in the direction

that she

went

up rather

into rather

than

out oj the house.

what appears most often on the TOEFL test, the preposition appears in an idiomatic expression; that is, its meaning in this expression has nothing to do with the literal meaning. In the idiomatic use, which

I call

is

up my friend.

He succeeded

in passing the course.

example, the word up has nothing to do with the direction up. To call up someone means to telephone someone. In the second example, the word in has nothing to do with the meaning of into or inside; it is simply idiomatic that the word in is used after the verb succeed. In the

It

first

is

impossible to

because there are so

list

many

all

potential idiomatic expressions with their prepositions

expressions that could appear on the

TOEFL

test.

However, in

chapter you can practice recognizing problems with prepositions in TOEFL-type questions. Then, when you are working in written expression questions on the TOEFL test, you this

should be aware that idiomatic errors with prepositions are are two

common

types of problems with prepositions that

common

you should expect:

prepositions

and

Skill 56:

RECOGNIZE INCORRECT PREPOSITIONS

(2)

in that section.

There

(1) incorrect

omitted prepositions.

Sometimes an incorrect preposition on the TOEFL test.

is

given in a sentence in written expression questions

The game was called I knew I could count

on* because of rain. in*

you

to

do a good job.

example should say that the game was called off because of rain. The expression called off means canceled, and that is the meaning that makes sense in this sentence. To call on someone is to visit someone, and this meaning does not make sense in this example. In the second example, it is not correct in English to count in someone. The correct expression is to

The

first

count on someone.

.

STRUCTURE

EXERCISE


56:

the prepositions.

Q !

Then

After) school

1.

(

know I can

indicate

if

at least


many students rely (in) you to

3.

If you

4.

Parents always try to bring at their children to be thoughtful.

5.

I'll

6.

Walt has

7.

I just

8.

Smoking

9.

Failure to pass the test will result to the loss of your license.

light to read, turn

on the lamp next

to you.

my attorney before making a decision.

have to consult to

It is

lost his keys, so

he must look for them.

don't approve at your cheating on the exam. is

forbidden, so you should put out your cigarette.

unlawful for parolees to associate with

known

felons.

RECOGNIZE WHEN PREPOSITIONS HAVE BEEN OMITTED

Skill 57:

Sometimes a necessary preposition has been omitted from a sentence sion questions on the TOEFL test. Can you waif me 1"

I

The is

first

example

is

incorrect because

EXERCISE

!

Q

in written expres-

game?

plan* attending the meeting.

incorrect because it is

after the

it is

necessary to say wait for me.

The second example

necessary to say plan on attending.

57: Prepositions have

been omitted

in

some of the following

where prepositions have been omitted. Then indicate incorrect

(I)

be here (on) time.

I

10.

Circle

participate (In) sports.

2.

need more

one preposition.

if

sentences.


(I).

1.

If you take this job,

2.

Each child took one cookie from the

3.

In the discussion,

4.

The board turned

5.

He

6.

While Mrs. Sampson went shopping, a

7.

I

8.

Children should beware strangers.

it

will

Rob

be necessary

sided the

to dealôther departments.

plate.

rest.

his suggestion for the project

because

it

was too

costly.

can always depend his friends.

know Steve

believes

baby-sitter

what you told him.

Mark

looked the children.


9.

It

was

make

difficult to

EXERCISE

(Skills

Then

1.

The

2.

It will

3.

Elizabeth excels

4.

She

5.

Bob reminds me

6.

If you

7.

Mr. Sanders

8.

I

9.

Alan waited Marie

10.

students must

be

insisted

is

hand

math and

on going

is

homework.

science.

to his father

her cold.

in spite of

because he looks just

on your

not here now, but he to interfere

(I).

you of breaking your promise.

work

to

Mark where


if

in their

are cold, you should put

like

him.

sweater.

will call

you when he returns.

your plans.

after school.

me whenever he looks me.

laughs


indicate

difficult to forgive

do not want

Bill

the car.

56-57): Circle the prepositions in the following sentences.

they have been omitted.

1.

a decision about buying a house.

Tom blamed his brother the dent in

10.


(Skills


not correct.

Amelia Earhart, the

first

woman

to fly solo across the Atlantic,

A

disappeared on June

IT

B

1937 while attempting to

fly

around the world.

D 2.

The occurrence edema

A

indicates the presence of a serious illness.

B

D

"C

3.

Atomic nuclei are believed to be composed by protons and neutrons in equal "A TJ B ~C numbers for the lighter elements.

4.

According legend, Betsy Ross designed and sewed the first American B A ~C~

5.

The middle

ear

is

~TT~

attached for the back of the throat by the eustachian tube.

TT

A 6.

flag.

TJ

"C

Plants that sprout, grow, bloom, produce seeds,

A

and die within one year are B C

for annuals.

7.

A marionette is controlled by means strings A

B

connected

to

C

TJ

wooden

bars.

classified

STRUCTURE

In July of 1861, Pat Garrett killed Billy the Kid in a house close Fort Sumner.

8.

X

Many comfort heating

9.

D

~C~

B"

systems using steam as a working fluid operate at the

C

B~

D

convection principle.

Mars's two small

10.

moons are

irregularly

A

shaped and covered for


(1-57):

~W

C

B

Choose the

craters.

letter



In any matter, heat tends to flow

to

3.

the cooler parts. ,

A

.

D.C.,

Army camps near Washington, in 1861, Julia Ward Howe wrote

"The Battle

.

Hymn of the Republic." r 1

(A)

hotter parts

(B)

there are hotter parts

(A)

She

(C)

from the hotter parts

(B)

After visiting

(D)

toward the hotter parts

(C)

When visited When was she visiting

(D)

visited

Certain authorities claim that the

costumes that people wear to parties into their personalities. (A)

give subtle insights

(B)

they give subtle insights

(C)

which give subtle insights

(D)

subtle insights

Choose the 4.

letter


6.

not correct.

ABC

The body depends

A 5.

is

in

food as

its

primary source of energy.

C" "D

B"

Regular programming was interrupted to broadcast a special news bulletins.

Sulfa drugs

had been used

D

to treat bacterial infection until penicillin

A~~

B

~~

becomes widely C D

available.

7.

8.

Plans for both the International Monetary A B~ the Bretton Woods Conference.

Seldom Antarctic icebergs will move

A shipping lanes.

D

far

Fund or

the World

Bank were drawn up

D

C~

enough north B

to disturb

C

South

Pacific

at


9.


In 1958, a largest recorded wave, with a height of 500 meters, occurred in Lituya Bay, A B ~~C~ D Alaska.

.10.

Exercise in

swimming pools

is

particularly helpful because of the

A

B

buoyant

~C

effect water.

D

PROBLEMS WITH USAGE In English certain groups of words have similar uses,

on the TOEFL

and these words are sometimes con-

Although various usage problems are possible on the TOEFL test, the following problems are the most common: (1) when to use make and do; (2) when to use like, unlike, and alike; and (3) when to use other, another, and others. fused in written expression questions

Skill 58:

DISTINGUISH MAKE AND

test.

DO

Make and do can be confused in English because difference between make and do is tested on the

meanings are so similar. Since the TOEFL test, you should learn to distintheir

guish them.

Make often has the idea of creating or

constructing.

The following expressions show some

of the possible uses of make:

She

likes to

Would you If you

make her own clothes. like to

make a mistake, you should correct

He was unable Do often has the idea of

make a cake for dessert?

to

make a response to the

completing or performing.

The

it.

threat.

following expressions show

some of

the possible uses of do: This morning she did

all

the dishes.

The students are doing the assignments. The janitors did the work they were assigned. You can do your laundry

These are only some of the uses of make and therefore difficult to

classify.

at the

do.

laundromat.

Many uses of make and

do are idiomatic

and

.

STRUCTURE

EXERCISE

58:

Draw arrows

to

Each of the following sentences contains make or do. Circle make or do. the nouns that complete the expressions. Then indicate if the sentences


r

_^

(I)

1.

The biology student (did)

2.

I

3.

No matter what job she

4.

The runner did

5.

It is

6.

His grade was not very good because he had not done his homework.

7.

In this job you will

8.

He was unable

9.

It is

10.

hope

that

you will be able

/-K me

to (do)

a favor this afternoon.

has, she always

makes her

best.

a strong effort to increase her speed in the mile race.

comforting to think that your work can make a difference.

to

a pleasure to

If you

make

a

make more money than

in your previous job.

do dinner because no one had done the lunch work with someone who always makes the

good impression

DISTINGUISH

Skill 59:

several mistakes in the lab report.

at

your job interview, you

LIKE, ALIKE,

dishes.

right thing.

will

get the job.

AND UNLIKE

confused because they look so similar and they have many different uses. There are several structures with like, alike, and unlike that you should be Like, alike,

and

unlike are easily

familiar with.

The

first

you should already be familiar with are the adjectives Study the use of alike and like in the following examples.

structures

(see Skill 50).

John and Tom are alike. John and Tom worked in a In both these examples, alike and alike is

like

like

alike

and

like

manner.

are adjectives that

mean

a predicate adjective describing John and Tom. Because

similar.

alike is

In the

first

example,

a predicate adjective,

can only be used after a linking verb such as are. In the second example, like is the adjective form that is used immediately before the noun manner. The next structures you should be familiar with are the prepositions like and unlike, which have opposite meanings. Because they are prepositions, they must be followed by it

objects.

John John

is (like is

Tom).

(unlikeTom).

example, the preposition like is followed by the object Tom. It means that Tom and John are similar. In the second example, the preposition unlike is followed by the object Tom. It means that Tom and John are not similar. The prepositions like and unlike can also be used at the beginning of a sentence. In the

first

(Like Tom), John

is tall.

(Unlike Tom), John

is tall.

.

.



example, the preposition like is followed by the object Tom. It means that Tom is tall. In the second example, the preposition unlike is followed by the object Tom. It means that Tom is not tall. The following chart outlines the structures and meanings of sentences with like, alike, In the

and

first

unlike:

AND

LIKE, ALIKE,

GRAMMAR

UNLIKE

MEANING

USE

like

adjective

similar

alike

adjective

similar

As an As an

like

preposition

similar

Both prepositions are followed by objects. They

unlike

preposition

different

can both be used

adjective, like

is

adjective, alike

in

used before a noun.

is

used after a linking verb.

many

positions, including at

the beginning of the sentence.

EXERCISE 59: Each words. Then indicate !

Q

1

.

The two

of the following sentences contains like, alike, or if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I)

unlike. Circle

the

like

routes you have chosen for the trip are like) (

2.

The

3.

Alike the restaurant where

we

4.

Unlike the traditional red

fire

5.

The two

6.

The new piece

7.

Like the Washington Zoo, the San Diego Zoo had several panda bears.

8.

The insurance package

science books this semester are like) the books used last semester. (

girls

new restaurant has

usually eat, this

engines, the

new fire engines

were embarrassed because they were wearing that the pianist

is

preparing

offered by that

is

early-bird specials.

are yellow.

alike dresses.

unlike any she has ever played before.

company

is

exactly alike the package our

company offers. 9.

10.

Skill 60:

Any further work done It is

in a like fashion will

unfortunate that the covers for

be rejected.

this year's

and

last year's

albums are so

alike.

DISTINGUISH OTHER, ANOTHER, AND OTHERS

and others are very easy to confuse. To decide how to use each of them correctly, you must consider three things: (1) if it is singular or plural, (2) if it is definite (the) or indefinite (a, an), and (3) if it is an adjective (it appears with a noun) or if it is a pronoun (it appears by itself) Other, another,

.

.

STRUCTURE

SINGULAR INDEFINITE

DEFINITE

PLURAL 1

have other books, (adj)

1

have others, (pro)

1

have another book, (adj)

1

have another, (pro)

1

have the other book, (adj)

1

1

have the

1

other, (pro)

have the other books,

(adj)

have the others, (pro)

Notice that you use another only to refer to an indefinite, singular idea. Others is used only as a plural pronoun (not accompanied by a noun). In all other cases, other is correct.

EXERCISE 60: Each another,

Q !

or 1

.

others.

of the following sentences contains

Then

indicate

if

first

The waitress will bring you ( the another ) bowl of soup

3.

You should pack another

4.

It is difficult

5.

Since the lamp you wanted

6.

The other desk

7.

If your identification

8.

Because they were not pleased with the hotel accommodations decided to

9.

10.

EXERCISE

confused on the 1.

is

who

When

(I)

if you

want.

is

work such long hours.

lost

that message in your mailbox.

or stolen, you cannot get another. last year,

they have

try a other hotel this year.

58-60):

Circle the

words

it

area, others took their places in line.

has another cartridges.

in the following sentences that are

commonly

sentences are correct (C) or incorrect

the car's odometer reached 100,000, she decided that

it

was time

to

buy

car.

Every time someone does an error in the program, several extra hours of work are created.

3.

Like the fashions shown in this magazine, the fashions in the other magazine are quite expensive.

4.

other,

out of stock, you must choose another.

must have put card

are willing to

TOEFL test. Then indicate if the

another 2.

to find others workers

printer will not function unless

(Skills

Circle

pair of shoes in case that pair gets soaked.

As some students moved into the registration

The

others.

program before working on the ( others )

2.

clerk

or


complete the

It is essential to

other, another,

Because the main highway

is

crowded

another routes to the stadium.

at this hour, the driver

should try to find

(I)


5.

Although the two signatures are supposed

to


be exactly the same, they are not

at

all like.

made

6.

The decorators

7.

Before the administrator reads the stack of papers on his desk, he should sign the others that are

did the shopping for the material and

on the

file

curtains for the windows.

cabinet.

8.

The committee

9.

When he made several other big mistakes,

doing the arrangements for the Saturday evening banquet.

is

he did

his apologies to the others in

the office. 10.

Perhaps the designer could select others

TOEFL EXERCISE words that 1

.

is

styles if

these are inappropriate.


(Skills

word or group of

not correct.

The

buffalo

and the bison are "A

like

except for the

C

B

size

and shape of the head and

~TT

shoulders.

2.

3.

Other interesting aspect of tachistopic training B ~A newfound use by professional teams.

Only about 3 percent of oil

A 4.

Dislike

sumac with red

Pittsburgh has reduced

Alike

~A 7.

berries,

Up

all

B~

to

do a

cities

its

X

been the

C

profit.

TT

sumac with white

berries

~RT

and others C 6.

C

B

A 5.

wells actually

in recent years has

is

poisonous.

C

D

smog by requiring more- complete oxidation of fuel

"IT

can do the same thing. ~D~

other mammals, dolphins have lungs.

C

~D~~

World War

II

almost

all

important research in physics had been

A universities, with only university

made

in

B funds for support.

D

C 8.

in cars,

Because the plan that was made yesterday

A

is

no longer B

feasible, the

manager had to C

choose another alternatives.

D 9.

Particles with unlike charges attract

A

each other, while particles with alike charges C~~

B

"~

repel each other.

D 10.

One another A

surprising

B

method of forest conservation C

is

controlled cutting of trees.

D

STRUCTURE


Choose the

(Skills 1-60):

letter


words that best completes the sentence. 1

.

Wild

Bill

Hickok

Army during the Confederate

for the Civil

Union

War by posing

2.

as a

officer.

was unusable as farmland and difficult to traverse, the Badlands is an area in South Dakota.

(A)

spied

(A)

(B)

spying

(B)

So named because Because of

(C)

a spy

(C)

It

(D)

was spied

(D)

Naming

Choose the 3.

letter

Titania,


photographed by Voyager 2 in 1986, has

A

it

it

is

not correct.

significantly fewer craters

C~

~B~

than

~~

another moons of Uranus.

D 4.

5.

The author A The

Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald

is

know as C D

better

B

result of the failure to plan for the future

is

Scott Fitzgerald.

F.

that a child

A be took

to the

country to see nature.

~C~ 6.

from an urban area must B

D

This machine can print on a single pieces of paper, but only

A

if

the lever

is

facing the

~C~

B

D

front of the machine.

7.

The development of permanent teeth,

alike that of deciduous teeth, begins before

~A

B~

C

birth.

D 8.

A crowd of several A

9.

hundred fan watched the ceremony from behind a ~B C D

Unlike other architects of the early modern movement, Alvar Aalto stressed A B~~ informality, personal expression, romantic, and regionality in his work.

D

C 10.

fence.

Color blindness may exist at birth or may occur A "IT" injury.

later in life as a result for disease or

C

TT

2o2o2°2<>2o2°2o2 STRUCTURE POST-TEST

(Paper)

SECTION 2


—25 minutes

(including the reading of the directions) Now set your clock for 25 minutes. designed to measure your ability to recognize language that is appropriate for standard written English. There are two types of questions in this section, with special directions for each type.

This section

is

Structure Directions: Questions 1-15 are incomplete sentences. Beneath each sentence you will see four words or phrases, marked (A), (B), (C), and (D). Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the

on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and fill in the space that the letter of the answer you have chosen. Fill in the space so that the letter inside the

sentence. Then,

corresponds to oval cannot be seen.

Look

at the following

Example

examples.

Sample Answer

I

The president (A)

(B) (C)

(D)

.

won he won

®

yesterday fortunately


o


won the

election

by a

landslide." Therefore,

you should

(A).

Example

Sample Answer

II

When

.

the conference?

(A)

the doctor attended

(B)

did the doctor attend the doctor will attend the doctors attendance

(C)

(D)

® o © ®


Now, begin work on the questions.

GO ON TO TH E N EXtYaG

POST-TEST

(Paper)

331

2 1

°2°2°2°2o2o2o2 range in color from pale yellow to

.

7.

The Caldecott Medal, children's picture book,

bright orange.

for the best is

awarded each

January. (A)

(B) (C)

(D) 2.

Canaries Canaries which That canaries Canaries that are

Carnivorous plants

(B) (C)

which prize which is a prize

(D)

is

8.

a prize

Sports medicine is a medical specialty that deals with the identification and treatment of injuries to persons

(A)

are generally trapped

(B)

trap generally

(C)

are trapped generally

(A)

sports are involved

(D)

generally trap

(B)

involved in sports they are involved in sports sports involve them

(C)

A federal type

of government results in

(A)

a vertical distribution of power

(B)

power

(C)

vertically distributed

(D)

the distribution of

is

(D) 9.

distributed vertically

power

is

The Wilmington Oil California, is one of

Field, in

Long Beach,

oil fields in the

continental United States. (A)

vertical

(B) 4.

which

is

insects to obtain

nitrogen.

3.

a prize

(A)

February normally has twenty-eight days, but every fourth year, has twenty-

(C)

(D)

productive the most productive most are productive productivity

nine. 10.

(A)

there

(B)

its

(C)

a leap year a leap year, it

(D) 5.

Thunder occurs as

through air, causing the heated air to expand and collide with layers of cooler air.

is

Evidence suggests that one-quarter of operations bypass surgery may be

(A)

an

(B)

passes an electrical charge the passing of an electrical charge an electrical charge passes

(C)

(D)

electrical

charge

unnecessary. 1 1

6.

(A)

they involve

(B)

involve

(C)

involving

(D)

which they involve

a tornado spins in a counterclockwise direction in the northern hemisphere, it spins in the opposite direction in the southern hemisphere. (A)

.

The population of Houston was ravaged by yellow fever in 1839

in 1867.

happened again (B) and again (C) was ravaged again (D) again once more (A)

it

However

Because of (C) Although (D) That (B)

GO ON TO TH E N EXTÂGE^

332

STRUCTURE

2o2o2<>2o2o2o2°2 12.

Researchers have long debated Saturn's moon Titan contains hydrocarbon oceans and lakes. (A)

over

14.

had been

issued. (A)

it

whether the (C) whether over (D) whether According to Bernoulli's principle, the the higher the speed of a fluid gas,

at the air base,

flight instructor,

said that orders not to fight

(B)

(B)

13.

The

(C)

(D) 15.

when interviewed when he interviewed when to interview when interviewing

In the northern and central parts of the state of

Idaho

and churning

rivers.

pressure. (B)

majestic mountains are found are majestic mountains found

(C)

are found majestic mountains

(D)

finding majestic mountains

(A) (A)

(B) (C)

(D)

be lower lower than the the lower lower it is it

will

GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE}

POST-TEST

(Paper)

333

2°2°2°2°2°2°2°2 Written Expression Directions; In questions 16-40, each sentence has four underlined words or phrases. The four underlined parts of the sentence are marked (A), (B), (C), and (D). Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and fill in the space that corresponds to the letter of the answer you have chosen.

Look

at the following examples.

Example

Sample Answer

I

The four ~A~

string

B

® o © ®

on a violin are tuned D~~ ~C

in fifths.




in fifths." Therefore,

you should

(B).

Example

Sample Answer

II

The research

A

for the

B

® ® o ®

book Roots taking C


D The sentence should read, "The research you should choose (C).

for the


years." Therefore,

Now, begin work on the questions.

G_°1°M 334

STRUCTURE

^

°2°2°2°2°2°2<>2 16.

Light can travels from the Sun to the Earth in eight minutes and twenty seconds. A~~ D ~~ B C

17.

Every

human

typically have twenty- three pairs of

A 18.

chromosomes

cells.

foil,

the epee, and

D

~C~

B~~

most

D

C

B~~

In the sport of fencing, three type of swords are used: the

A

in

the sabre.

19.

The Internal Revenue Service uses computers

to

check tax return computations, to

~A~

B

determine the reasonableness of deductions, and for verifying the accuracy of

C reported income. _

20.

There was four groups of twenty rats each involved in the

B

~A~ 21

.

C

test.

~D~

The type of jazz known as "swing" was introduced by Duke Ellington when he wrote

B

A and records

"It

Don't

Mean

a Thing

If It Ain't

C~

Got That Swing."

D 22.

The bones of mammals, not

alike those of other vertebrates,

~

~C~

B

A

show high degree D~~ a

of differentiation.

23.

The United

States receives a large

amount

of revenue from taxation of a tobacco

B

A

D

C

products.

24.

Much

A~ ~~~

fats are

composed

of one molecule of glycerin

combined with three molecules

B

C

of fatty acids.

D 25.

The

capital of the Confederacy

was

originally in Mobile, but they

B

A to

26.

were moved

C

D

Richmond.

__

A pearl develops when

a tiny grain of sand or

some another _

irritant accidentally

_

enters into the shell of a pearl oyster.

D GO ON TO TH E N EXT P AG

i

f POST-TEST

(Paper)

335

2°2°2o2o2o2°2<>2 27.

The English horn

is

an

alto

oboe with a pitch one

A

fifth

lower as that of the

B

~D~

~C

soprano oboe.

28.

In the Milky

Way galaxy,

the most recent observed supernova appeared in 1604.

B

A 29.

D

C

Although the name suggests otherwise, the ship known as Old Ironsides was built of

A

B

oak and cedar rather than

was

it

C

built of iron.

D 30.

Never

in the history of

humanity there have been more people

A

B

living

C

on

this

D~~

relatively small planet.

31

.

Because of the mobile of Americans today,

A

it is

difficult for

~B~

them ~~C~

to put

down

real roots.

D 32.

For

War, Robert E. Lee served to president of Washington

five years after the Civil

A College,

which

B later

was

~C~ 33.

called

Washington and Lee.

D

Doctors successfully used hypnosis during World

A 34.

The

lobster, like

"A regenerate a

War II

to treat fatigue battle.

B

many

D

C

crustaceans, can cast off a damaging appendage and

C

B~~

new appendage

to nearly

normal

size.

D 35.

The main cause of the oceans'

A 36.

tides is the gravitation pull of the

B

The curricula of American public schools are ~B ~A~

Moon.

D

C

set in individual states; they

C~

do not determine by the federal government.

D 37.

The

fact that the sophisticated technology has

become

part of revolution in travel

A delivery systems has not

C

made

B

travel schedules less hectic.

D

G OJD N TOJH EN EXTPAG r 336

STRUCTURE

°2o2o2<>2°2°2o2 38.

Balanchine's plotless ballets, such Jewels and The Four Temperaments, present dance

A

C

purely as a celebration of the

movement

of the

human body.

D 39.

In a solar battery, a photosensitive semiconducting substance such as silicon crystal

A is

the source of electrician.

D

C 40.

B

In early days hydrochloric acid

A with iron

was done by heating a mixture of sodium chloride ~B~ C

sulfate.

the end of Section 2. you finish before 25 minutes has ended, check your work on Section 2 only.

This

If

[stop]

[stop]

is

[stop]

^TO^

[stop]

[stop[

[stop]

POST-TEST

(Paper)

STRUCTURE POST-TEST

(Computer)

& Longman Complete Course for the TOEFL* Te st 'Structure Post-Test

D When finished

reading

Structure

diioctlons click on the

20 questions

icon below


ability to



is

appropriate for

in this

section.

type of question, there are incomplete sentences. Beneath each sentence, there are four words or phrases. You will choose the one word or In

the

first

phrase that best completes the sentence.

The second type of question has four underlined words or phrases. You choose the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed for the sentence to be correct. After you click on Next and Confirm Answer, the next question

presented. Click on Dismiss Directions to continue

Exit

II

Tcme

STRUCTURE

will

be

will

Directions

1

.

Alaska has

more

active glaciers as the rest

of the inhabited world

2.

combined

symbol of the United

3.

10.

became the

,

.

Flintlock muskets

sharp bayonets were standard weapons during the

American Revolution.

States.

CD CD CD CD

underground for

Indiana's Lost River

CD CD CD CD

with

tip

tipped with the tips of

were tipped with

travels

traveling to travel it

1 1

.

travels

first

Ferris 12.

at the

Not

until

Harvard College was founded in

1636 was there any colleges in America.

Passengers have ridden the

wheel

Columbian Exposition

In general, the cells of large animals and

in

plants are only slightly larger,

Chicago in 1893.

5.

magnet the earth has two

magnetic poles

.

a distance of 22 miles.

4.

Alike a bar

Benjamin Franklin believed that the turkey rather than the eagle should

-

9.

if

at all

,

than

smaller plants and animals.

The Cro-Magnons entered the area that

is

13.

today Europe and quickly eliminated or

absorbed theirs Neanderthal predecessors

from an electrical lamp includes many different wave lengths, in a laser is concentrated on only one wave

The

light

.

length.

6.

Fossil fuels like coal,

carbon dioxide when

CD

oil,

CD CD CD CD

and gas produce burned.

are

O CD

they

CD

are they

all

the energy

it is all

the energy

while

all

the energy

while

all

the energy

is

they are 14.

A supersonic airplane can fly faster than

a

speed of sound.

7.

The best-known members of the cabbage vegetable group includes head cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, kale, collard,

1

5

.

The

first

gummed postage stamps issued in

New York City in

and

1842.

brussel sprouts. 16. 8.

An hiccup

air.

take place vary

widely for different materials. is

a spasmodic contraction of the

diaphragm, which leads to a massive intake of

The temperatures

CD CD CD CD

which melting and freezing at which melting and freezing which they melt and freeze at which they melt and freeze


339

17.

The common octopus just big

18.

enough

for

lives

its

lone in a den ,

CD CD CD CD

until Nellie Tayloe

woman served a woman serving to serve a woman did a woman serve a

STRUCTURE

Only about 25 percent of diamonds prove suitably for gemstones

body.

Ross was elected governor of Wyoming in 1924 as governor of a U. S. state.

Not

19.

20.

An

.

ice crystal is the nuclei

hailstone

is built.

on which a

SECTION THREE

READING

3a3a3 a3a3a3a3a3 READING DIAGNOSTIC P RE-TEST

(Paper)

SECTION 3 READING COMPREHENSION Time

—55 minutes

(including the reading of the directions) Now set your clock for 55 minutes. designed to measure your ability to read and understand short passages similar in topic and style to those that students are likely to encounter in North American universities and This section

is

colleges.

Directions: In this section you will read several passages. Each one is followed by a number of questions about it. You are to choose the one best answer, (A), (B), (C), or (D), to each question. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and fill in the space that corresponds to the letter of the answer you have chosen. questions about the information in a passage on the basis of what that passage.

Answer

all

is

stated or implied in

Read the following passage: John Quincy Adams, who served

as the sixth president of the United States

to 1829, is today recognized for his masterful statesmanship life

to public service, both in the presidency

and

from 1825

and diplomacy. He dedicated

in the various other political offices that

his

he

Line held. Throughout his political career he demonstrated his unswerving belief in freedom of speech, the antislavery cause, and the right of Americans to be free from European and Asian (5)

domination.

Example

Sample Answer

I

To what did John Quincy Adams devote his (A)

Improving his personal

(B) (C)

Serving the public Increasing his fortune

(D)

Working on

life

his private business

According to the passage, John Quincy Adams "dedicated his should choose (B).

Example

life

to public service." Therefore,

you

Sample Answer

II

In line

4,

the

word "unswerving"

(A)

moveable

(B)

insignificant

(C)

unchanging

(D)

diplomatic

is

closest in

®®^®

meaning to

John Quincy Adams demonstrated

unswerving belief "throughout his This implies that the belief did not change. Therefore, you should choose (C).

The passage career."

®^®®

life?

states that

his


^

go1dnTo*the'next>age% ..p.,

h,i«

J

,m ,i

mm,,.

DIAGNOSTIC PRE-TEST

(Paper)

343

3a3a3a3a3a3a3a3 Questions 1-9 Carbon tetrachloride is a colorless and inflammable liquid that can be produced by combining carbon disulfide and chlorine. This compound is widely used in industry today because of its use in the production of propellants. Despite its widespread use in industry, carbon tetrachloride has been banned for home use. In the past, carbon tetrachloride was a common ingredient in cleaning compounds that were used throughout the home, but it was found to be dangerous: when heated, it changes into a poisonous gas that can cause severe illness and even death if it is inhaled. Because of this dangerous characteristic, the United States revoked permission for the home use of carbon tetrachloride in 1970. The United States has taken similar action with various other chemical compounds. effectiveness as a solvent as well as

Line (5)

1.

its

The main point of this passage (A)

(B) (C)

that

6.

carbon tetrachloride can be very dangerous when it is heated the government banned carbon tetrachloride in 1970 although carbon tetrachloride can legally be used in industry, it is not allowed in

(D)

is

home products

7.

carbon tetrachloride used to be a regular part of cleaning

The word "inhaled" meaning to (A)

warmed

(B) (C)

breathed in carelessly used

(D)

blown

The word "revoked" in easily be replaced by

(A)

grandly

(B)

extensively

(C)

largely

(D)

hugely

The word "banned" meaning to

(C)

forbidden allowed suggested

(D)

instituted

(A)

(B)

line 2 could

most

8.

in line 4

is

is

closest in

line 8 could

most

compounds (B)

gave granted

(C)

instituted

(D)

took away

(A)

The word "widely" in easily be replaced by

in line 7

closest in

can be inferred from the passage that one role of the U.S. government is to It

(A)

regulate product safety

(B)

prohibit any use of carbon tetrachloride

9.

on cleaning

(C)

instruct industry

(D)

methodologies ban the use of any chemicals

The paragraph following the passage most likely discusses

4.

According to the passage, before 1970 carbon tetrachloride was

(A)

additional uses for carbon tetrachloride

(A)

(B) (C)

(D) It is

used by

a cleanser banned in industrial use often used as a component of cleaning products not allowed in home cleaning products itself as

stated in the passage that

tetrachloride

is

heated,

(A)

harmful

(B)

colorless

(C)

a cleaning

(D)

inflammable

it

(B) (C)

(D)

the banning of various chemical compounds by the U.S. government further dangerous effects of carbon tetrachloride the major characteristics of carbon tetrachloride

when carbon

becomes

compound GO ON TO THE NEXT PAG

344

READING

E^

3a3a3a3a3a3a3a3 Questions 10-19

Line (5)

(10)

The next artist in this survey of American artists is James Whistler; he is included in this survey of American artists because he was born in the United States, although the majority of his artwork was completed in Europe. Whistler was born in Massachusetts in 1834, but nine years later his father moved the family to St. Petersburg, Russia, to work on the construction of a railroad. The family returned to the United States in 1849. Two years later Whistler entered the U.S. military academy at West Point, but he was unable to graduate. At the age of twenty-one, Whistler went to Europe to study art despite familial objections, and he remained in Europe until his death. Whistler worked in various art forms, including etchings and lithographs. However, he is most famous for his paintings, particularly Arrangement in Gray and Black No. 1: Portrait of the Artist's Mother or Whistlers Mother, as it is more commonly known. This painting shows a side view of Whistler's mother, dressed in black and posing against a gray wall. The asymmetrical nature of the portrait, with his mother seated off-center, is highly characteristic of Whistler's work. 10.

1 1

.

The paragraph preceding most likely discusses

this

passage

15.

(A)

a survey of eighteenth-century art

(A)

protests

(B)

(B)

goals

(C)

a different American artist Whistler's other famous paintings

(C)

agreements

(D)

European

(D)

battles

Which

artists

of the following best describes the

16.

information in the passage?

In line (A)

(A)

Several artists are presented.

(B)

(B)

One

(C)

artist's life

and works are

(D)

described. (C)

(D) 12.

The word "objections" meaning to

Various paintings are contrasted. Whistler's family life is outlined.

Whistler

is

considered an American

17.

artist

because (A)

(B) (C)

(D)

he was born in America he spent most of his life in America he served in the U.S. military he created most of his famous art in America

18.

14.

The word "majority" meaning to

in line 2

is

proportionate

(B)

uneven

(C)

balanced

(D)

lyrical

Which

of the following

is

in line

1 1 is

NOT true

according to the passage?

closest in

(B)

seniority

(B)

maturity

(C)

(C)

large pieces

(D)

(D)

high percentage

Whistler worked with a variety of art forms. Whistler's Mother is not the official name of his painting. Whistler is best known for his etchings. Whistler's Mother is painted in somber tones.

implied in the passage that Whistler's family was

It is

unable to find any work at Russia

closest in

a type of painting the same as a lithograph an art form introduced by Whistler an art form involving engraving

(A)

(A)

(A)

is

the "etchings" are

The word "asymmetrical" closest in meaning to

(A) 13.

8,

in line 7

all

in

19.

Where

in the passage does the author

mention the types of artwork that Whistler was involved in? (A)

(B)

highly supportive of his desire to

(B) (C)

(C)

pursue art working class

(D)

military

(D)

Lines Lines Lines Lines

1--3

4--5 6--7 8--10

DIAGNOSTIC PRE-TEST

(Paper)

345


Line (5)

The locations of stars in the sky relative to one another do not appear to the naked eye to change, and as a result stars are often considered to be fixed in position. Many unaware stargazers falsely assume that each star has its own permanent home in the nighttime sky. In reality, though, stars are always moving, but because of the tremendous distances between stars themselves and from stars to Earth, the changes are barely perceptible here. An example of a rather fast-moving star demonstrates

why this misconception prevails;

it

takes approximately 200

years for a relatively rapid star like Bernard's star to move a distance in the skies equal to the diameter of the earth's moon. When the apparently negligible movement of the stars is contrasted with the movement of the planets, the stars are seemingly unmoving. 20.

Which this

the best

title

for

26.

(B)

Bernard's Star Planetary Movement The Evermoving Stars

the Eye

The passage implies

that

from Earth

it

appears that the planets

passage?

What

(D) .

is

(A)

(C)

21

of the following

Can See

The expression "naked eye"

in the

Sky

in line

1

(A)

are fixed in the sky

(B) (C)

move more slowly than the stars show approximately the same amount of movement as the stars

(D)

travel

through the sky considerably more rapidly than the stars

most

probably refers to (A)

(B) (C)

(D) 22.

23.

a telescope a scientific method for observing stars unassisted vision a camera with a powerful lens

27.

easily

According to the passage, the distances between the stars and Earth are 28.

negative

(B)

insignificant

(C)

rapid

(D)

distant

Which

of the following

is

huge


(C)

fixed

(A)

(D)

moderate

(B)

(C)

(D)

(C)

Noticeable Persuasive Conceivable Astonishing

In line

6,

meaning

NOT true

do not appear to the eye to move. The large distances between stars and the earth tend to magnify Stars

movement

to the eye.

Bernard's star moves quickly in

comparison with other stars. (D) Although stars move, they seem be fixed. 29.

a "misconception"

is

closest in

to a(n)

The paragraph following the passage most

movement of the

planets

(A)

the

(A)

idea

(B)

Bernard's star

(B)

(C)

the distance from Earth to the

(C)

proven fact erroneous belief

(D)

why stars

(D)

theory

The passage

states

Bernard's star can

that in 200 years

move

(A)

Astrology

Geophysics

around Earth's moon

(B)

(B)

next to Earth's moon a distance equal to the distance from

(C)

(D)

Earth to the Moon a distance seemingly equal to the diameter of the Moon

READING

are always

Moon

moving

This passage would most probably be assigned reading in which course?

(A)

(C)

to

probably discusses

30.

346

(A)

(B)

The word "perceptible" in line 5 is closest in meaning to which of the following?

most

be replaced by

barely perceptible

(B)

25.

"negligible" in line 8 could

(A)

(A)

24.

The word

Astronomy (D) Geography

GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE^

3a3a3a3a3a3a3a3 Questions 31-40 has been noted that, traditionally, courts have granted divorces on fault grounds: one spouse is deemed to be at fault in causing the divorce. More and more today, however, divorces are being granted on a no-fault basis. Proponents of no-fault divorce argue that when a marriage fails, it is rarely the case that one marriage partner is completely to blame and the other blameless. A failed marriage is much more often the result of mistakes by both partners. Another argument in favor of no-fault divorce is that proving fault in court, in a public arena, is a destructive process that only serves to lengthen the divorce process and that dramatically increases the negative feelings present in a divorce. If a couple can reach a decision to divorce without first deciding which partner is to blame, the divorce settlement can be negotiated more easily and equitably and the postdivorce healing process can begin more rapidly. It

Line (5)

(10)

31.

What does

36.

The passage

states that a public trial to

(A)

Traditional grounds for divorce

prove the fault of one spouse can

(B)

Who is at fault in a divorce Why np-fault divorces are becoming more common

(A)

be satisfying to the wronged spouse

(B)

lead to a shorter divorce process

(C)

The various reasons

(D)

reduce negative feelings be a harmful process

(C)

(D) 32.

the passage mainly discuss?

The word "spouse" meaning to a

in line

for divorces 1

is

closest in

37.

Which

of the following

is

NOT listed in this

passage as an argument in favor of no-fault

(A)

judge

divorce?

(B)

problem

(A)

Rarely

(C)

divorce decree

(D)

marriage partner

(B)

A

only one marriage partner to blame for a divorce. no-fault divorce generally costs less is

in legal fees. 33.

According to the passage, no-fault divorces

(C)

negative feelings.

on the increase (B) are the traditional form of divorce (A)

are

(C)

are less popular than they used to be

(D)

were granted more in the past

(D)

It is

(A)

implied in the passage that there recently has been a decrease in no-fault divorces

(B)

not

all

divorces today are no-fault

divorces (C)

(D)

35.

a no-fault divorce is not as equitable as a fault divorce people recover more slowly from a no-fault divorce

A no-fault divorce

settlement

is

generally easier to negotiate. 38.

34.

Finding fault in a divorce increases

39.

The word "Proponents" in line 4 is closest in meaning to which of the following?

The word "present" in easily be replaced by (A)

existing

(B)

giving

(C)

introducing

(D)

resulting

The word "settlement" in meaning to (A)

development

(B)

serenity

(C)

discussion

(D)

agreement

(A)

Advocates

(B)

Recipients

(C)

Authorities

(A)

emotional

(D)

Enemies

(B)

enthusiastic

(C)

expository

(D)

reactionary

40.

line 9

could most

in line 10

The tone of this passage

is

closest

is

GOJD N JOJH EN EXT PAG

DIAGNOSTIC PRE-TEST

(Paper)

347


Line (5)

(10)

(15)

Whereas literature in the first half of the eighteenth century in America had been largely religious and moral in tone, by the latter half of the century the revolutionary fervor that was coming to life in the colonies began to be reflected in the literature of the time, which in turn served to further influence the population. Although not all writers of this period supported the Revolution, the two best-known and most influential writers, Ben Franklin and Thomas Paine, were both strongly supportive of that cause. Ben Franklin first attained popular success through his writings in his brother's newspaper, the New England Current. In these articles he used a simple style of language and common sense argumentation to defend the point of view of the farmer and the Leather Apron man. He continued with the same common sense practicality and appeal to the common man with his work on Poor Richard's Almanac from 1733 until 1758. Firmly established in his popular acceptance by the people, Franklin wrote a variety of extremely effective articles and pamphlets about the colonists' revolutionary cause against England. Thomas Paine was an Englishman working as a magazine editor in Philadelphia at the time of the Revolution. His pamphlet Common Sense, which appeared in 1776, was a force in encouraging the colonists to declare their independence from England. Then throughout the long and desperate war years he published a series of Crisis papers (from 1776 until 1783) to encourage the colonists to continue on with the struggle. The effectiveness of his writing was probably due to his emotional yet oversimplified depiction of the cause of the colonists against England as a classic struggle of good

(20)

and

evil.

The paragraph preceding most likely discusses

passage

this

44.

It is

(A) (A)

how literature influences

the

population

and moral

(B)

(B)

religious

(C)

literature supporting the cause of the

literature

American Revolution (D) what made Thomas Paine's

(C) literature

(D) in line 2

is

closest in

(A)

war

(B)

anxiety

(C)

spirit

(A)

(D)

action

(B)

The word "time"

some

American colonies supported England during the writers in the

Revolution Franklin and Paine were the only writers to influence the Revolution because Thomas Paine was an Englishman, he supported England against the colonies

successful

The word "fervor" meaning to

implied in the passage that

45.

in line 3 could best

be

authors who supported England did not remain in the colonies during the Revolution

The pronoun "he"

in line 8 refers to

(C)

Thomas Paine Ben Franklin Ben Franklin's brother

(D)

Poor Richard

replaced by 46.

The expression "point of view" could best be replaced by

(A)

hour

(B)

period

(C)

appointment

(A)

perspective

(D)

duration

(B)

sight

(C)

circumstance

(D)

trait

in line 9

GOÔNJOJHE^NEXTÂG^

348

READING

3a3a3a3a3a3a3a3 47.

According to the passage, the tone of Poor Richard's

48.

Almanac

49.

Where

describe

is

(A)

pragmatic

(A)

(B)

erudite

(B)

(C)

theoretical

(C)

(D)

scholarly

(D)

The word "desperate"


50.

(A)

unending

(B)

hopeless

(C)

strategic

(D)

combative

Thomas Paine s


style of writing?

4-6 8-9 14-15 18-20

The purpose of the passage

be replaced by (A)


is

to

discuss American literature in the first

half of the eighteenth century

on two

(B)

give biographical data

(C)

American writers explain which authors supported the Revolution

(D)

This

Circle the of.

1.

2. 3.

4. 5. 6. 7.

8.

9.

10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

15. 16. 17.

is

the end of the Reading Diagnostic Pre-Test.


Then you will SKILL 1 SKILL 11 SKILL 10 SKILL 3 SKILL 3 SKILL 9 SKILL 10 SKILL 6 SKILL 7 SKILL 7 SKILL 2 SKILL 3 SKILL 9 SKILL 6 SKILL 10 SKILL 8 SKILL 9

describe the literary influence during revolutionary America

see which

skills


you should be sure 18. 19.

20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31.

32. 33. 34.

SKILL 4 SKILL 12 SKILL 1 SKILL 11 SKILL 3 SKILL 9 SKILL 9 SKILL 3 SKILL 6 SKILL 11 SKILL 4 SKILL 7 SKILL 13 SKILL 1 SKILL 10 SKILL 3 SKILL 6

to review.

35. 36. 37. 38.

39. 40. 41.

42. 43.

44. 45. 46.

47. 48. 49.

50.

SKILL 9 SKILL 3 SKILL 4 SKILL 11 SKILL 10 SKILL 13 SKILL 7 SKILL 10 SKILL 11 SKILL 6 SKILL 5 SKILL 11 SKILL 3 SKILL 10 SKILL 12 SKILL 13

DIAGNOSTIC PRE-TEST

(Paper)

349

READING DIAGNOSTIC PRE-TEST ash

I

l=*l

(Computer)

A Longman Complete Course for the TOEFL* Test '

RwdinQ

Dlagnoitic Pre-Te»f

When finished

reading

Reading

directions click on Ihe

AA questions

icon below


ability to

read and understand short passages.

Directions

It

contains reading passages and questions about the passages. There are several different types of questions in this section.

When

you have finished reading a passage, you will use the mouse to click on Proceed. Then the questions about the passage will be presented. You are to choose the one best answer to each question. Answer all questions on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage.

You

will

see the next question

after

you

click

on Next.

Click on Dismiss Directions to continue

Exit

II

Time

Help

Piev

4>

350

READING

|

iNo*

PASSAGE ONE

(Questions 1-11)

1812 was the Battle of New Orleans. This battle gave a clear demonstration of the need for effective communication during wartime; it also showed the disastrous results that can come to pass when communication is inadequate. The War of 1 8 1 2 was fought between Great Britain and the very young country of the United States only a relatively few years after the United States had won its independence from Britain. The United States had declared war against Britain in June of 1812, mostly because of interference with U.S. shipping by the British and because of the shanghaiing of U.S. sailors for enforced service on British vessels. The war lasted for a little more than two years, when a peace treaty was signed at Ghent, in Belgium, on the 24th of December, 1814. Unfortunately, the news that the Treaty of Ghent had been signed and that the war was officially over was not communicated in a timely manner over the wide distance to where the war was being contested Negotiations for the treaty and the actual signing of the treaty took place in Europe, and news of the treaty had to be carried across the Atlantic to the war front by ship. A totally unnecessary loss of life was incurred as a result of the amount of time that it took to inform the combatants of the

The

final battle of the

War of

.

treaty.

DZ3 Early in January of 1815, some two weeks after the peace treaty had been signed, British troops in the southern part of the United States were unaware that the war had officially ended. [Q3 Over 5,000 British troops attacked U.S. troops. QQ During the ensuing battle, known as the Battle of New Orleans, the British suffered a huge number of casualties, around 2,000, and the Americans lost 7 1 all in a battle fought only because news of the peace treaty that had already been signed in Ghent had not yet reached the battlefield. QSQ ,

1

.

.

The main idea of this passage

CD

the

is

that

5.

were

War of Independence was

CD CD CD CD

unnecessary

CD CD CD

the

War of

1812 was unnecessary

was unnecessary Orleans was

the Treaty of Ghent the Battle of New

According to the passage, some U.S. sailors taken forcibly to Shanghai

made

to

go to Ghent

forced to

work on

British ships

responsible for causing the

War of

1812

unnecessary

Look at the word it in paragraph 1 on the word or phrase that it refers .

on the sentence

Click

Click

to.

indicates

when

the

in paragraph 2 that

War of

1812

officially

ended.

Look

at the expression

come

to pass in

paragraph 1 This expression could best be replaced by .

CD CD CD CD 4.

7.

It is

was

CD CD CD CD

happen overthrow self-destruct

circumvent

NOT stated in the passage that Ghent where negotiations took place the site of the final battle

where the treaty was signed far from the battlefield

According to the passage, when did the United States win its independence from Britain?

O O O O

Shortly before the

War of

1812

During the War of 1812 Just after the War of 1812 Long after the War of 1812

DIAGNOSTIC PRE-TEST

(Computer)

.

8.

word contested in paragraph 3. Click on the word or phrase in paragraph 4 that is closest in meaning to contested Look

It

at the

can be determined from the passage

of the following dates, the Battle of

10.

paragraph

on on
READING

December 10, 1814 December 24,1814

to

4.

These U.S. troops were in fortified entrenchments outside the city.

Where would it best fit into the paragraph? Click on the square () to add the sentence

that,

New

to the paragraph.

Orleans was most probably fought

O O

The following sentence could be added

11.

Click

on the paragraph that describes the

January

1

,

1815

battle that took place after the signing of

January

8,

1815

the treaty.

.

PASSAGE TWO

(Questions 12-21)

Although only a small percentage of the electromagnetic radiation that is emitted by the Sun is ultraviolet (UV) radiation, the amount that is emitted would be enough to cause severe damage to most forms of life on Earth were it all to reach the surface of the earth. Fortunately, all of the Sun's ultraviolet radiation does not reach the earth because of a layer of oxygen, called the ozone layer, encircling the earth in the stratosphere at an altitude of about 15 miles above the earth. The ozone layer absorbs much of the Sun's ultraviolet radiation and prevents it from reaching the earth. Ozone is a form of oxygen in which each molecule consists of three atoms (0 3 ) instead of the two atoms (0 2 ) usually found in an oxygen molecule. Ozone forms in the stratosphere in a process that is initiated by ultraviolet radiation from the Sun. UV radiation from the Sun splits oxygen molecules with two atoms into free oxygen atoms, and each of these unattached oxygen atoms then joins up with an oxygen molecule to form ozone. UV radiation is also capable of splitting up ozone molecules; thus, ozone is constantly forming, splitting, and reforming in the stratosphere. When UV radiation is absorbed during the process of ozone formation and reformation, it is unable to reach Earth and cause damage there. Recently, however, the ozone layer over parts of the earth has been diminishing. Chief among the culprits in the case of the disappearing ozone, those that are really responsible, are the

CFCs meander up from Earth into the stratosphere, where they break down and release chlorine. The released chlorine reacts with ozone in the stratosphere to form chlorine monoxide (CIO) and oxygen (0 2 ). The chlorine then becomes free to go through the cycle over and over again. One chlorine atom can, in fact, destroy hundreds of thousands of ozone chloroflurocarbons (CFCs).

molecules in this repetitious cycle.

12.

According to the passage, ultraviolet radiation from the

CZ}

is

15.

Sun

Click

on the drawing of the ozone

molecule.

causing severe damage to the earths

B

ozone layer CZ} is only a fraction of the Sun s electromagnetic radiation

CZ} creates electromagnetic radiation CZ} always reaches the earth

13.

Look at the word encircling in paragraph 1 This word is closest in meaning to .

CZ^ rotating CZ) attacking CZ^ raising CZ^ surrounding

14.

It is

16.

Look at the word free in paragraph 2. Click on another word or phrase in paragraph 2 that could best be replaced by free

stated in the passage that the ozone

layer

CZ^ enables

ultraviolet radiation to reach

the earth

CZ^ CZ^

m

Ultraviolet radiation causes

oxygen

molecules to

reflects ultraviolet radiation

shields the earth

from a

lot of

ultraviolet radiation

CZ^ reaches down

\j

to the earth

CZ^ rise to the stratosphere CZ^ burn up ozone molecules CZ^ split up and reform as ozone CZ^ reduce the number of chloroflurocarbons


Look at the word it in paragraph 2. Click on the word or phrase in paragraph 2 that it

20.

on the drawing that shows what happens after a chlorine molecule reacts with an ozone molecule.

21

on the sentence in paragraph 3 that explains how much damage chlorine can

refers to.

Click

Look at the word culprits in paragraph 3. This word is closest in meaning to which of the following?

CZ) CZ) CZ) CZ)

Guilty parties Detectives

Group members Leaders

.

Click

do.

READING

.

PASSAGE THREE

(Questions 22-34)

Esperanto is what is called a planned, or artificial, language. It was created more than a century ago by Polish eye doctor Ludwik Lazar Zamenhof Zamenhof believed that a common language would help to alleviate some of the misunderstandings among cultures. In Zamenhofs first attempt at a universal language, he tried to create a language that was as uncomplicated as possible. This first language included words such as ab, ac, ba, eb, be, and ce. This did not result in a workable language in that these monosyllabic words, though short, were not easy to understand or to retain. .

a different way of constructing a simplified language. He made the words in his language sound like words that people already knew, but he simplified the grammar tremendously One example of how he simplified the language can be seen in the suffixes: all nouns in Next,

Zamenhof tried

noun amiko, which means

and

end in -a, as in the adjective beta, which means "pretty" Another example of the simplified language can be seen in the prefix mal-, which makes a word opposite in meaning; the word malamiko therefore means "enemy," and the word malbela therefore means "ugly" in Zamenhofs language. In 1887, Zamenhof wrote a description of this language and published it. He used a penname, this

language end in

o,

as in the

"friend,"

all

adjectives

Esperanto, when signing the book. He selected the name Esperanto because this word means "a person who hopes" in his language. Esperanto clubs began popping up throughout Europe, and by 1905 Esperanto had spread from Europe to America and Asia. In 1905, the First World Congress of Esperanto took place in France, with approximately 700 attendees from 20 different countries. Congresses were held annually for nine years, and 4,000 attendees were registered for the Tenth World Esperanto Congress scheduled for 1914, when World War I erupted and forced its cancellation. Dr.

estimated that perhaps a quarter of a million people are fluent in it. QQ Current advocates would like to see its use grow considerably and are taking steps to try to make this happen. QE it

was introduced,

22.

The

CD

it is

topic of this passage

25.

is

a language developed in the

last

few

CD CD CD CD

years

CD

one man's

efforts to create a universal

language

CD CD

can be inferred from the passage that the Esperanto word malespera means

It

how language can be improved

hopelessness

hope hopeless

hopeful

using language to communicate internationally 26.

23.

CD CD CD CD

to resolve cultural differences

to provide a to build a to create

more complex language

name

for himself

word simplified in paragraph 3. Click on the word or phrase in paragraph 2 that is closest in meaning to simplified Look

at the

leaping

shouting hiding

opening

one world culture 27.

24.

in

paragraph 4. This expression could best be replaced by

According to the passage, Zamenhof wanted to create a universal language

CD CD CD CD

Look at the expression popping up

on the sentence in paragraph 4 that explains why Zamenhof chose the name Click

that he did for his language.


28.

can be inferred from the passage that the Third World Congress of Esperanto took It

32.

Click

on the paragraph that describes the

predecessor to Esperanto.

place in 1905

O O O 29.

in

It

had 4,000 attendees. was scheduled for 1915. had attendees from 20 countries.

It

never took place.

It

CZ)

Look

at the expression

paragraph

meaning

6.

ups and downs; in

This expression

is

closest in

to

.

The following sentence could be added paragraph

to

may seem like

Where would it best fit into the paragraph? Click on the square () to add the sentence

356

READING

grammar

world government applied linguistics


CZ) how current supporters of Esperanto are encouraging its growth CZ) another of Zamenhofs accomplishments CZ) the disadvantages of using an artificial to reconvene the

World

Congress of Esperanto in the 1920s

6.

to the paragraph.

English

CZ) attempts

a large number, but it is really quite small when compared with the billion English speakers and billion Mandarin Chinese speakers in today's world. This

34.

European history

language

CZ) tops and bottoms CZ) floors and ceilings CZ) take offs and landings highs and lows

31

CZ) CZ) CZ) CZ)

According to the passage, what happened to the Tenth World Esperanto Congress? It

This passage would most likely be assigned reading in a course on

1909

in 1913

O 30.

33.

in 1907

.

PASSAGE FOUR

(Questions 35-44)

perhaps America's best-known folk hero. A fictional logger of incredible strength, he was most likely based on an actual nineteenth century logger from the northern United States or Canada. As a folk hero, he struck a chord with Americans on some level, perhaps because he was incredibly strong but also because he was hard-working and capable, ingenious in solving Paul Bunyan

is

problems, and fun-loving. Though there is evidence that Paul Bunyan tales were part of oral tradition in the nineteenth century, Paul Bunyan stories did not appear in written form until the early twentieth century. Journalist James McGillivray included descriptions of Bunyan in a series of essays entitled "The Round River Drive," which appeared in a number of Midwestern newspapers between 1906 and 1910. However, it was through an extensive advertising campaign that Paul Bunyan moved solidly into print.

Recognizing the appeal of Paul Bunyan as a figure for his company's advertising, William Laughead, an advertising executive for the Red River Lumber Company, initiated a campaign that consisted of a series of publications featuring Paul Bunyan. For several decades, the company distributed these publications free of charge and made no attempt to obtain a copyright on them In fact, the company vigorously encouraged other writers to make use of Paul Bunyan because it felt that the use of this character enhanced the name recognition of the Red River Lumber Company inasmuch as the name of the folk hero and the name of the company had become interwoven QQ The Bunyan stories published by Red River and further circulated by others were tall tales of gigantic proportions. QQ In these tales, Bunyan is depicted as a man of superhuman proportions, who is strong, hard-working, entrepreneurial, and innovative, QQ In one story, for example, Paul is credited with digging the Great Lakes in order to create a watering hole for his giant ox, Babe. QQ In another of these tales, Paul caused an entire winter of blue snow to fall by swearing a blue streak after he injured himself by smashing his thumb with a large hammer. QQ Fascination with Paul Bunyan has continued to grow, and today he is a standard of American folklore. The prevalence of Bunyan as a figure of folklore today is evidenced by references to him in countless stories, cartoons, poems, and songs as well as the numerous community festivals and logging competitions featuring Paul Bunyan that can be found throughout the sections of the country where logging has a strong tradition. .

35.

This purpose of this passage

CD

is

to

present the actual feats of a

38.

discuss a "larger than

life"

of the following

inferred about the

real-life

folk hero

CD CD

describe logging in North America

provide an overview of American

It

endured for quite a time. ownership of the

CD

The campaign did company's

It is

NOT stated in the passage that Paul

Bunyan

CD CD CD CD 37.

is

known

Red River Lumber

The company did not protect

folktales

36.

CANNOT be

Company's advertising campaign featuring Paul Bunyan?

logger

CD CD CD

Which

CD

for his

stories. little

to

enhance the

profitability.

The company wanted the name Paul Bunyan to be known as widely as possible.

unusual strength dedication to

its

work

ingenuity in difficult situations 39.

serious nature

Look Click

The passage

states that Paul

first

appeared

CD CD CD CD

in oral stories

Bunyan

word them in paragraph 3. on the word that them refers to. at the

tales

in a series of essays in

newspapers

in advertising


.

40.

Look at the word interwoven in paragraph 3. This word could best be replaced by CZ) CZ) CZ) CZ)

41.

42.

unfashionable

on the sentence in paragraph 4 that discusses a weather phenomenon that Paul Bunyan supposedly caused. Click

mixed together not compatible too separate


Look

at the

44

Click

on the paragraph that describes the of some of the tales of Paul Bunyan.

word countless in paragraph 5. Click on another word in paragraph 5 that is close in meaning to countless

to

4.

A third story in the

^

series describes

plots

Paul's role in establishing the

Mississippi River.

Where would it best fit into the paragraph? Click on the square (D) to add the sentence to the paragraph.

number of each of the Then you will see which

Circle the

questions

unsure

skills

1.

2. 3.

4. 5. 6. 7.

8.

9.

10.

11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

of.

SKILL 1 SKILL 5 SKILL 10 SKILL 3 SKILL 3 SKILL 12 SKILL 4 SKILL 10 SKILL 6 SKILL 14 SKILL 2 SKILL 3 SKILL 9 SKILL 3 SKILL 3

READING

16. 17. 18. 19.

20.

21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28.

29. 30.

on the

test that

you should be sure

SKILL SKILL SKILL SKILL SKILL SKILL SKILL SKILL SKILL SKILL SKILL SKILL SKILL SKILL SKILL

you answered

to focus on.

11

31.

3

32.

5

33.

8

34.

3

35.

12

36.

1

37.

3

38.

10

39.

6

40.

11

41.

12

42.

6

43.

3

44.

11

incorrectly

SKILL 14 SKILL 2 SKILL 13 SKILL 7 SKILL 13 SKILL 4 SKILL 3 SKILL 4 SKILL 5 SKILL 9 SKILL 14 SKILL 12 SKILL 9 SKILL 2

or were

READING Reading

TOEFL

is

tested in the third section

test.


This section consists of reading passages followed by a

The paper and the computer reading sections are similar •

the types ofpassages

•

the

•

the ordering of the questions

language

the types of questions

•

number of questions the amount of time the strategies and procedures

ON THE PAPER TOEFL® TEST

the paper

consists


the

READING On

number of questions.

skills tested

•

•

and the computer


The paper and the computer reading sections are different

•

test

TOEFL test,

Reading Comprehension. This section questions (although some tests may be longer) You have

the third section

of five passages and

fifty

is

called

.

minutes to complete the fifty questions in this section. There is only one type of question in the Reading Comprehension section of the paper

fifty-five

TOEFL test: Multiple-Choice questions ask you to select the best answer to questions about the

information given in the reading passages. A multiple-choice question on the paper test may ask about the main ideas, directly answered details, indirectly answered details, vocabulary, or overall review ideas.

The questions on the paper test are presented in linear order. The passages progress from easy to difficult, and the questions are presented in the order in which they appear in the passage.

GENERAL STRATEGIES FOR READING (Paper TOEFL® Test)

1

.

Be so

familiar with the directions. The directions on every paper TOEFL test are the same, it is

not necessary to spend time reading the directions carefully when you take the

You should be completely 2.

H

Do

not spend too

each passage

in


much time

depth, and

reading the passages

test.

in

it is

reading the passages. You do not have time to read quite possible to answer the questions correctly without first

depth.

OVERVIEW


359

360

READING

3.

Do

not worry

if

a reading passage

on a topic you are unfamiliar with.

is

information that you need to answer the questions

is

included

in

All of

the

the passages. You do not

need any background knowledge to answer the questions. 4.

Do

not spend too


are unsure

of.

If

you do not know

the answer to a question, simply guess and go on. You can return to this question later section 5.

if

the

you have time.

Guess to complete the section before time it

in

up. There

no penalty for guessing, so can only increase your score to guess the answers to questions that you do not have time is

is

to complete.

Now

look at a reading passage from the paper

TOEFL

test,

followed by a

number of

multiple-choice questions.

Example from the Paper TOEFL Test Obsidian as a result

is

a distinctive type of igneous rock that forms

of the melting of deep crustal granite rocks into

which the magma cools, crystallization does not occur, and a solid, shiny, volcanic, glass-like rock results. Most commonly a solid, shiny black in color, obsidian can also take on a golden or silvery sheen or be striped in a rainbow of hues. Obsidian is generally found in small outcrops, though large masses of it can be found in a few notable locations. Two such sites are the giant Valles Caldera in New Mexico, where the obsidian flows are hundreds of feet thick, and the Glass Buttes in Oregon, which are composed entirely of obsidian. Because of its properties, obsidian was prized in many ancient cultures. Obsidian is easily worked into shapes with razor-sharp edges even sharper than the edges formed from flint and was thus used in the production of simple hunting weapons. It can also be polished to an extremely high luster and was thus held in a high regard in a number of cultures as

magma. Because of the speed

Line (5)

(10)

at

a semiprecious stone in jewelry

Now

look at the

direct detail

first

question, which

is

and other embellishments.

a multiple-choice question that asks about a

from the passage.

1

.

What is

stated in the passage about obsidian?

from rapidly cooling magma.

(A)

It results

(B)

It is crystalline.

(C)

It is

(D)

It

a sedimentary rock.

has a dull finish.

.

INTRODUCTION


you should find the part of the passage that states that because of the speed at which the magma cools, crystallization does not occur, and a solid, shiny, volcanic, glass-like rock results. From this, it can be determined that obsidian results from rapidly cooling magma, and that it is not crystalline, that it is a volcanic rather than sedimentary rock, and that it has a shiny finish rather than a dull finish. Answer (A) is therefore the best answer to this

To answer

this question,

question.

Now look at the

second question, which vocabulary word from the passage.

2.

The word

"sites" in line

(A)

pieces

(B)

layers

(C)

places

(D)

distances

10

is

is

a multiple-choice question that asks about a

closest in

meaning

to

you should find the word sites in line 10 in the passage and read the context around it. The passage mentions a few notable locations and two such sites. From this context, you can determine that sites is close in meaning to locations, or places. Answer

To answer

(C)

is


Now infer

this question,

look at the third question, which

is

a multiple-choice question that asks you to

an indirect detail from the passage.

can be inferred from the passage that obsidian would likely have been used to make

3. It

The passage

(A)

a spear

(B)

an arrowhead

(C)

a ring

(D)

a belt

states that obsidian was.

.

least

used in the production of simple hunting weapons

and

that

was held in high regard in a number of cultures as a semiprecious stone in jewelry. From this, it can be inferred that obsidian would likely have been used to make a spear or an arrowhead, which are types of weapons, or a ring, which is a type of jewelry, and that obsidian, which is a rock, would have been least likely to have been used to make a belt, which is an article of clothing. Answer (D) is therefore the best answer to this question. Now look at the fourth question, which is a multiple-choice question that asks where in the passage a piece of information can be found. it

4.

Where in

in the passage does the author discuss the variety of colors

which obsidian

(A)

Lines 1-3

(B)

Lines 5-7

(C)

Lines 8-9

(D)

Lines 18-20

is

found?

READING

To,, answer this

numbers in the answer choices Lines 5-7 mention that obsidian is black in and that is can be striped in a rainbow of hues.

question, you should skim each of the line

for information about the colors of obsidian.

can take on a golden or silvery sheen, This sentence clearly discusses the colors of obsidian, so answer (B) that

color,

it

the best answer to this

is

question.

PROCEDURES FORA READING PASSAGE (Paper TOEFL® Test)

1

.

H

Skim the reading passage to determine the main idea and the

overall

organization of ideas in the passage. You do not need to understand every detail in each passage to answer the questions correctly. It is therefore a waste of time to read the passage with the intent of understanding every single detail before you try to answer the questions. 2.

Look ahead at the questions to determine what language in

the questions. Questions

related to different language

skills

are being tested are answered in different skills

ways. 3.

Find the section of the passage that deals with each question. The language tells you exactly where to look in the passage to find correct answers. •

For main idea questions, look at the

•

For

directly

and

indirectly

answered

first line

of each paragraph.

detail questions,

and skim for that key word (or a related idea) •

For pronoun questions, the question

will tell

skill

in

choose a key word

order

in

in

the question,

the passage.

you where the pronoun

is

located

in

the

passage.

look at the beginning or the end of the passage.

•

For

•

For vocabulary questions, the question

transition questions,

will tell

you where the word

is

located

in

the

passage. •

For v/here-in-the-passage questions, the answer choices give you the four possible locations of the correct answer.

•

4.

For

tone, purpose,

first line

Read the part of the passage that contains the answer probably be

5.

and course questions, look at the

in

a very predictable place

in

of each paragraph.

carefully.

The answer

will

the passage.

Choose the best answer to each question from the four choices

listed in

your test

book. You can choose the best answer according to what is given in the appropriate section of the passage, eliminate definitely wrong answers, and mark your best guess on the answer sheet.

INTRODUCTION

READING On

consists

H

ON THE COMPUTERTOEFL®TEST

computer

the

TOEFL

test,

the third section

is


Reading

called the

section. This section

of four to five passages and forty-four to sixty questions. You have seventy to ninety

minutes to complete the questions in this section.

TOEFL test:

There are three types of questions in the Reading section of the computer 1

.

Multiple-Choice questions ask you to select the best answer to questions about the

information given in the reading passages. puter test

answered 2.

may

main

ask about the

details, vocabulary,

A multiple-choice question on

ideas, directly

answered

the com-

details, indirectly

or overall review ideas.

Click-on questions ask you to find a word, phrase, sentence, or paragraph in a pas-

on that word, phrase, sentence, or paragraph. They may also ask you to click on one of four pictures following a passage. In a click-on question, you may be asked to click on a vocabulary word with a spesage that answers a question

and

to click

meaning, a reference for a particular pronoun, a sentence or picture that answers a detail question, or a paragraph that develops a main idea. Insertion questions ask you to find the most logical place in a passage to insert a specific piece of information. In an insertion question, you may be asked to insert a sentence that expresses a main idea, a supporting detail or an example, a transition, or a concluding idea into the appropriate place in a passage. cific

3.

The questions in the Reading section of the computer test are presented in The passages progress from easy to difficult, and the questions are presented in

linear order.

in the order

which they appear in the passage.

GENERAL STRATEGIES FOR READING (Computer TOEFL® Test) Jfll

Be


same, so test.

it is



when you

take the


Dismiss the directions as soon as they come up. The time starts when the directions come up. You should already be familiar with the directions, so you can click on :Dismiss!Directions as soon as it appears and save all your time for the questions.

Understand that

this section of the test

is

linear rather than

This means that the ordering of the passages and questions

how you

have answered previous questions, as

section of the

computer

questions are presented

Do

not spend too

Do

not worry

test). in

The

it is

in

computer adaptive.

specified (and

is

in

not based on

the Structure section and the Listening

reading passages progress from easy to

the order

is

which they appear

in

difficult,

and the

the passage.

much time

reading the passages. You do not have time to read each passage in depth, and it is possible to answer the questions correctly without first reading the passages in depth. You must scroll through each passage completely and then click on [0feX3S3DI before you will be allowed to continue with the questions. if

a reading passage

is

on a topic you are unfamiliar with.

information that you need to answer the questions

is

included

need any background knowledge to answer the questions.

in

All of

the

the passage. You do not

READING

Do


are unsure of. If you do not know the answer to a question, simply guess, click on |, and go on. You can click on ttltieyioiis I to return to this question later while you are still working on the same passage.

not spend too

bar of the computer screen. The title bar the section, the total number of questions in the section, and

Monitor the time carefully on the indicates the time remaining in

title

the current number. 8.

Guess to complete the section before time than adaptive,

is

up. Because this section

is

linear rather

can only increase your score to guess the answers to questions that you do

it

not have time to complete.

look at an example of a passage from the computer TOEFL test, followed by the various types of questions that appear in the reading section of the computer test. The first question is a multiple-choice question about a stated detail from the passage.

Now

Reading

Amelia Bloomer (1818-1894) was an important writer and crusader for women's rights

newspaper

century. Married to a

own

journal,

Lily,

in

1

in

I

the nineteenth

editor, she started

849 to espouse her ideas on

her

.

It is

stated

in

the passage that Amelia

Bloomer lived in

the eighteenth century

rights

women. While she was effective in her work in a number of areas of women's rights, she is best known

kept a private journal

for

did not believe in

women's

suffrage

today for her attempts to improve the style of women's tried to effect a

clothing.

Women's

fashions

in

women's

the middle of the nineteenth

change

in

fashions

century were impractical, uncomfortable, and occasionally unhealthy. tiny waist flaring

The preferred

out into a wide, wide

silhouette skirt.

was

a

This

minuscule waist was achieved through corsets; a

woman

was wrapped in a heavily-boned corset, and the laces of the corset were tightly laced, pulled, and secured to the point where her breathing was inhibited and damage to her ribs was possible. The flared-out skirts were created with hoop skirts and petticoats. Amelia introduced a

style of clothing for

women

that

was considerably more practical but also proved quite scandalous. Her outfit consisted of a knee-length tunic with a flared skirt over a very wide-legged pant that was cinched at the ankle. Even though the tunic came down to the knee and the legs were completely hidden beneath the voluminous folds of the pants, society was shocked by an outfit that acknowledged women's legs. «BZ3

To answer

this question,

you should look

at the part of the passage at the

j

end of paragraph

mentions Amelia's attempts to improve the style of women's clothing. From this, it can be determined that Amelia tried to effect a change in women 's fashions, so the last answer is the best answer. You should click on the last answer to this question. 1

that

.

INTRODUCTION

The second cific

at

question

is

a click-on-a-sentence question that asks you to find where a spe-

piece of information can be found in paragraph

paragraph


1.

For

2.

Click on the sentence

this question,

you should look

1

Reading

Amelia Bloomer

(

8 8- 894) was an important

1

1

writer and crusader for

§

1

women s

rights in the nineteenth

that indicates

d

husband

century. Married to a newspaper editor, she started her

own

journal, Uly, in 1849 to

espouse her ideas on

in

paragraph

1

what job Amelia's

held.

rights

women. While she was effective in her work in a number of areas of women's rights, she is best known

for

today for her attempts to improve the

style of

women's

clothing.

Ais wii

To answer

you should look

second sentence of paragraph 1, which states that Amelia was married to a newspaper editor. From this, it can be determined that Amelia's husband held the position of newspaper editor. You should click on the second sentence of paragraph 1 to answer this question. The third question is a click-on-a-word question that asks you to find a vocabulary word in paragraph 2 with a similar meaning. this question,

at the

Beading

Women's

fashions

in

the middle of the nineteenth

3.

century were impractical, uncomfortable, and occasionally unhealthy. tiny waist flaring

The preferred

2.

silhouette

out into a wide, wide

skirt.

Look

was

a

This


in

at the

word

tiny in paragraph

Click on another

paragraph 2 that

meaning to

word or phrase

is

close

in

tiny.

woman

was wrapped in a heavily-boned corset, and the laces of the corset were tightly laced, pulled, and secured to the point where her breathing was inhibited and damage to her ribs was possible. The flared-out skirts were created with hoop skirts and petticoats.

To answer

you should see the phrase a tiny waist in paragraph 2, and you should notice the context around it. You should notice the phrase in the following sentence that mentions this minuscule waist. From this context, you can determine that minuscule is close in meaning to tiny, so you should click on the word minuscule to answer this

question.

this question,

READING

The

fourth question

is

an

insertion

question in which you must add a piece of informa-

tion to paragraph 2. Reading

Women's

The

fashions in the middle of the nineteenth

added to paragraph

century were impractical, uncomfortable, and occasionally unhealthy. E3 The preferred silhouette tiny waist flaring

out into a

was wide, wide skirt. GSThis


following sentence could be

a

2:

These petticoats were sometimes stiffened with

woman

horsehair to their shape.

was wrapped in a heavily-boned corset, and the laces of the corset were tightly laced, pulled, and secured tp the point where her breathing was inhibited and damage to her ribs was possible. IS The flared-out skirts were created with hoop skirts and petticoats. 03

Where would

make them it

best

fit

hold

into the

paragraph? Click on the square

()

to add the sentence to the paragraph.

you should study the sentence to be inserted and should look at the context around each of the insertion boxes in paragraph 2. Because the last sentence of the paragraph ends with petticoats and the sentence to be inserted begins with These petticoats, the sentence should be inserted after the last sentence of the paragraph. You should

To answer

click

this question,

on 03 to answer

this question.

The fifth question

a click-on-a-drawing question that asks about a direct detail from the

is

passage. _

Amelia introduced a

style of clothing for

Reading

women

that

was considerably more practical but also proved quite scandalous. Her outfit consisted of a knee-length tunic with a flared skirt over a very wide-legged pant that was cinched at the ankle. Even though the tunic came down to the knee and the legs were completely hidden beneath the voluminous folds of the pants, society was shocked by an outfit that acknowledged women's legs.

To answer

5.

Click

on the drawing that most

closely resembles the outfit that

Amelia Bloomer introduced.

B

you should skim through the passage to find the part of the passage that discusses Amelia's outfit. In paragraph 3, the passage states that her outfit consisted this question,

of a knee-length tunic with a flared skirt over a very wide-legged pant that was cinched at the ankle. Drawing D most closely resembles this description, so you should click on drawing (D) to

answer

this question.

INTRODUCTION

The

sixth question

is


a click-on-a^paragraph question that asks you to indicate which para-

graph discusses a certain topic. Reading I

Amelia Bloomer (1818-1894) was an important writer and crusader for

women's

6.

Click on the paragraph that

describes the style of clothing that

rights in the nineteenth

women commonly wore

century.

during

Amelia's lifetime.

Women's fashions in the middle of the nineteenth century were impractical, uncomfortable, and occasionally unhealthy.

Amelia introduced a style of clothing for

was considerably more

practical but also

women

that

proved quite

scandalous

you should look at the question, which asks about the paragraph that describes the style of clothing that women commonly wore, and you should look at the first line of each paragraph to see which paragraph discusses this idea. The first sentence of paragraph 2 indicates that paragraph 2 discusses women fashions in the middle of the nineteenth century. From this, you can determine that paragraph 2 is the best answer, so you should click on paragraph 2 to answer this question. To answer

this question,

's

PROCEDURES FORA READING PASSAGE (Computer TOEFL® Test)

1.

fl|

through the reading passage to determine the main idea and the overall organization of ideas in the passage. You do not need to understand every detail in Scroll

each passage to answer the questions correctly.

It is

therefore a waste of time to read the

passage with the intent of understanding every single detail before you try to answer the questions.

When

to begin the 2.

first

you have

finished scrolling quickly through the passage, click

on

MM^^Mj

question.

As a question comes up on the tested. The language

skill tells

screen, look at the language

you exactly where to look

in

skill

that

is

being

the passage to find correct

answers. of each paragraph.

•

For main idea questions, look at the

•

For click-on-a-paragraph questions, look at the

•

For

directly

and

indirectly

answered

first line

first line

detail questions,

and skim for that key word (or a related idea)

in

of each paragraph.

choose a key word

order

in

in

the question,

the passage.

•

For pronoun questions, the pronoun

•

For

•

For vocabulary questions, the vocabulary

•

For click-on-a-sentence questions, the paragraph where the answer can be found in

transition questions,

will

be highlighted

in

the passage.

look at the beginning or the end of the passage. will

be highlighted

in

the passage.

the question.

•

For

tone, purpose,

•

For

insertion questions,

and course questions, look at the

first line

of each paragraph.

look at the context before and after each insertion box.

is

given

READING

3.

Read the part of the passage that contains the answer probably be

4.

in

a very predictable place

is

given

in

select

can choose the best answer according

your best guess.

Click on the answer on the still


change your mind at

this point

and

click

on a

different answer.

same reading passage (although back through too many questions).

return later to a question within the

consuming to

click

will

the appropriate section of the passage, or you can eliminate definitely

wrong answers and

You may

The answer

the passage.

Choose the best answer to each question. You to what

5.

in

carefully.

move on

it

You may also

can be time-

language skills. The following language skills will help you to implement these strategies and procedures in the reading section of both the paper Next, you should

to the

TOEFL test and the computer TOEFL test.

QUESTIONS ABOUTTHE IDEAS OF THE PASSAGE It is

very

common

for reading passages in the reading section of both the paper

TOEFL

and the computer TOEFL test to have questions about the overall ideas in the passage. The most common type of question asks about the main idea, topic, title, or subject. There test

be questions about how the information in the passage which type of information is included in a particular paragraph.

may

also

Skill

I:

ANSWER MAIN

is

organized or about

IDEA QUESTIONS CORRECTLY

Almost every reading passage on the paper TOEFL test or computer TOEFL test will have a multiple-choice question about the main idea of a passage. Such a question may be worded in a variety of ways; you may, for example, be asked to identify the topic, subject, title, primary idea, or main idea. These questions are all really asking what primary point the author

is

trying to get across in the passage. Since

a traditionally organized manner,

it is

TOEFL passages are generally written

relatively easy to find the

in

main ideas by studying the

which are most probably found at the beginning of each paragraph. If a passage consists of only one paragraph, you should study the beginning of that paragraph to determine the main idea. Look at a multiple-choice example from the paper TOEFL test that asks about the topic of a passage with one paragraph. topic sentences,

READING QUESTIONS



The

passage: In the philosophy of John Dewey, a sharp distinction

made between

is

and reasoning. According to Dewey, intelligence is the only absolute way to achieve a balance between realism and idealism, between practicality and wisdom of life. Intelligence involves "interacting with other things and knowing them," while reasoning is merely the act of an observer, "... a mind that beholds or grasps objects " With reasoning, a level of outside the world of things

Line (5)

intelligence

—

mental certainty can be achieved, but it is through intelligence that control is taken of events that shape one's life.

(10)

The

question:

What is

the topic of this passage?

The

(C)

Dewey Distinctions made by John Dewey Dewey's ideas on the ability to reason

(D)

How intelligence

(A) (B)

intelligence of John

differs

from reasoning

in Dewey's works

This question asks about the topic of the passage. Because this passage has only one paragraph, you should look at the

first

sentence of the passage to answer this question.

sentence of this passage discusses a distinction between the ideas of ing

m the philosophy ofJohn Dewey, so this

is

probably the topic.

intelligence

The

and

first

reason-

A quick check of the rest

between intelligence and reasoning. Now you should check each of the answers to determine which one comes closest to the topic that you have determined. Answer (A) mentions only intelligence, so it is not the topic. Answer (B) mentions distinctions that John Dewey made, but it does not say specifically what type of distinctions. Answer (C) mentions only reasoning, so answer (C) is incomplete. The best answer is therefore (D); the idea of how intelligence differs from reasoning comes from the first sentence of the passage, which mentions a sharp distinction. between intelligence and reasoning. If a passage consists of more than one paragraph, you should study the beginning of each paragraph to determine the main idea. Look at a multiple-choice example from the computer TOEFL test that asks about the title of a passage with more than one paragraph. of the sentences in the passage confirms that the topic

.

.

is

in fact the difference

READING

^

Example from the Computer TOEFL Test

Reading I

Nitrogen fixation

is

a process by which nitrogen

continuously fed into biological circulation.

Which

is

best title for this passage?

In this

process, certain algae and bacteria convert nitrogen into

ammonia (NH 3 ).This newly-created ammonia is then the most part absorbed by plants. The opposite process of denitrification returns nitrogen to the bacteria cause

air.

During the process of

some

CD CD CD CD

for

denitrification,

of the nitrates from the

soil

of the following would be the

The Process of Nitrogen

Two Nitrogen The Return The

Fixation

Processes

of Nitrogen to the Air

Effect of

Nitrogen on Plant

Life

to

convert into gaseous nitrogen or nitrous oxide (N 2 0). In this

gaseous form, the nitrogen returns to the

atmosphere.

This question asks you about the best title for the passage. In a passage with more than one paragraph, you should be sure to read the first sentence of each paragraph to determine the subject, topic,

title,

or main idea. In this example, the

first

sentence of the

first

para-

paragraph is about the process of nitrogen fixation. If you look only at the first paragraph, you might choose the incorrect first answer, which would be a good title for the first paragraph only. The first sentence of the second paragraph indicates that the process of denitrification is discussed in the second paragraph. The third answer is incorrect because the return of nitrogen to the air is the process of denitrification, and this is discussed in the second paragraph only. The last answer is incorrect because the effect of nitrogen on plant life is not discussed in this passage. The best answer to this question is the second answer; the two nitrogen processes are nitrogen fixation, which is discussed in the first paragraph, and denitrification, which is discussed in the second paragraph. The following chart outlines the key information that you should remember about

graph indicates that the

main idea

first

questions:

H Jfl

MAIN IDEA QUESTIONS

HOWTO IDENTIFY THE QUESTION

What is What is What is What is

on both paper and computer tests

H HI

the topic of the passage? the subject of the passage? the the

With what

main idea of the passage? author's main point in the passage?

is

Which of the

WHERETO FIND THE ANSWER

HOWTO ANSWER THE QUESTION

The answer to looking at the

1 .

Read the

this

first

the author primarily following

concerned?

would be the best title?

type of question can generally be determined by

sentence of each paragraph.

first line

of each paragraph.

2.

Look for a common theme or

3.

Pass your eyes quickly over the rest of the passage to check that you

idea

in

the

first lines.

have really found the topic sentence(s). 4.

Eliminate any definitely

wrong answers and choose the best answer

from the remaining choices.

1

READING QUESTIONS

TOEFL EXERCISE


Study each of the passages and choose the best answers to the questions that follow. In this exercise, each passage is followed by several main idea, topic, or tide questions so that the students can practice this type of question. On the TOEFL test, one passage would probably not have two such questions because they are so similar.

PASSAGE ONE

1:

(Questions 1-2)

even more renowned for the Fort Knox Bullion Depository, the massive vault that contains the bulk of the U.S. government's gold deposits. Completed in 1936, the vault is housed in a two-story building constructed of granite, steel, and concrete; the vault itself is made of steel and concrete and has a door that weighs more than twenty tons. Naturally, the most up-to-date security devices available are in place at Fort Knox, Fort Knox, Kentucky,

Line (5)

is

the

site

of a U.S. army post, but

it is

and the army post nearby provides further protection. 1.

Which of the following

best describes the

2.

topic of the passage?

(C)

The The The

(D)

Gold bullion

(A) (B)

city

title

of Fort Knox, Kentucky

(A)

federal gold depository U.S.

Which of the

army post

at Fort

(B)

Knox

(C)

One

Line (5)

for this passage?

The Massive Concrete Vault Fort Knox Security Where the United States Keeps Its Gold

(D)

PASSAGE

following would be the best

A Visit to Kentucky

TWO (Questions 3-4)

which can be determined by scratching one mineral with another. In this type of test, a harder mineral can scratch a softer one, but a softer mineral is unable to scratch the harder one. The Mohs' hardness scale is used to rank minerals according to hardness. Ten minerals are listed in this scale, ranging from talc with a hardness of 1 to diamond with a hardness of 10. On this scale, quartz (number 7) is harder than feldspar (number 6) and is therefore able to scratch it; however, feldspar is unable to make a mark on quartz. 3.

identifying characteristic of minerals


best states the

is

their relative hardness,

4.

The main

subject of this passage? f^V))

(A) (EJ)

The hardness of diamonds Identifying minerals by means of a scratch test

(C)

Feldspar on the Mohs' scale

(D)

Recognizing minerals in their natural state

(B)

idea of this passage

is

that

the hardness of a mineral can be

determined by its ability to make a mark on other minerals diamonds, with a hardness of 10 on the Mohs' scale, can scratch all other minerals

(C)

a softer mineral cannot be

scratched by a harder mineral (D)

talc is

the

Mohs'

first

scale

mineral listed on the

37

READING

372

PASSAGE THREE (Questions 5-6)

Line (5)

Hurricanes generally occur in the North Atlantic from May through November, with the peak of the hurricane season in September; only rarely will they occur from December through April in that part of the ocean. The main reason for the occurrence of hurricanes during this period is that the temperature on the water's surface is at its warmest and the humidity of the air is

at

its

highest.

Of the

North Atlantic, only about five, on the average, are powerful enough to be called hurricanes. To be classified as a hurricane, a tropical storm must have winds reaching speeds of at least 117 kilometers per hour, but the winds are often much stronger than that; the winds of intense hurricanes can easily surpass 240 kilometers (10)

tropical storms that occur each year in the

per hour. 5.

The passage mainly discusses (A)

how many hurricanes occur each year

(B)

the strength of hurricanes

(C)

the weather in the North Atlantic

(D)

hurricanes in one part of the world

PASSAGEFOUR (Questions

Line (5)

(10)

(15)

6.

The

best

title

for this passage

would be

(A)

The North Atlantic Ocean

(B)

Storms of the Northern Atlantic

(C)

Hurricanes:

The Damage and

Destruction (D)

What Happens from May through November

7-9)

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (1807-1882) was perhaps the best-known American poet of the nineteenth century. His clear writing style and emphasis on the prevalent values of the period made him popular with the general public if not always with the critics. He was particularly recognized for his longer narrative poems Evangeline, The Song of Hiawatha, and The Courtship of Miles Standish, in from American history in terms of the values of the time. Evangeline was set during the French and Indian War (1754-1763), when the British forced French settlers from Nova Scotia; two lovers, Gabriel and Evangeline, were separated by the British, and Evangeline devoted her lifetime to the search for Gabriel. With its emphasis on sentimental, undying love, Evangeline was immensely popular with the public. In The Song of Hiawatha, Longfellow depicted the noble life of the American Indian through the story of the brave Lf iawatha and his beloved wife Minehaha. The tear-inspiring poem follows Hiawatha through the tragedies and triumphs of life, ending with the death of Minehaha and

which he told

stories

Hiawatha's departure into the sunset in his canoe. The Courtship of Miles Standish takes place during the early period of the settlement of New England, a period which was viewed as a time of honor and romance. In this poem centered

around a love triangle, Miles Standish asks his friend John Alden to propose to Priscilla Mullins for him; John Alden ends up marrying Priscilla Mullins himself, and it takes time for his friendship with Miles Standish to recover. As with Longfellow's other narrative poems, the emphasis on high ideals and romance made the poem extremely popular.

READING QUESTIONS

7.

Which of the following best describes the

8.

main idea of the passage? (A)

American history

is

often depicted

in poetry. (B)

(C)

Longfellow described American history even though people really did not enjoy it. The popularity of Longfellow's

poems

results

from

his stress

on

the values of the people. (D)

9.

The

title

of the passage

is

(A)

Longfellow's Popular Appeal

(B)

Historical Narrative

(C)

The Lyric, Poems of Longfellow

(D)

Longfellow and the

The (A)

Longfellow wrote long narrative poems that were not always popular with the critics.

best


Poems Dramatic, and Narrative Critics

subject of the fourth paragraph nobility

and honor

in the

is

poems of

Longfellow (B)

the love triangle involving Miles

Standish (C)

the popular appeal of The Courtship of Miles Standish

(D)

the period of the early settlement

of New England

Skill 2:

RECOGNIZE THE ORGANIZATION OF IDEAS

Reading section of both the paper TOEFL test and the computer TOEFL test, there may be questions about the organization of ideas in a passage. On the paper and the computer tests, you may be asked to determine how the ideas in one paragraph (or paragraphs) relate to the ideas in another paragraph (or paragraphs). On the computer TOEFL test, you may also see a question that asks you to click on the paragraph in a passage that contains certain ideas. Look at an example from the paper TOEFL test that asks you to determine how the information in the passage is organized. In the


The passage: If

Line (5)

(10)

(15)

asked

who

invented the

game of baseball, most

Americans would probably reply that it was their belief that Abner Doubleday did. They believe this because the story about Doubleday is part of the tradition of baseball. Doubleday was given credit for this invention early in the twentieth century when sporting-goods manufacturer Spaulding inaugurated a commission to research the question of who invented baseball. In 1908, a report was published by the commission in which Abner Doubleday, a U.S. Army officer from Cooperstown, New York, was given credit for the invention of the game. The National Baseball Hall of Fame was established in Cooperstown in honor of Doubleday. Today, most sports historians are in agreement that Doubleday really did not have much to do with the development of baseball. Instead, baseball seems to be a close relative of the English game of rounders and probably has English rather than American roots.

READING

The question: In this passage

(C)

an idea is presented and then refuted a concept is followed by examples a cause is followed by an effect

(D)

a belief is supported with reasons

(A) (B)

about how the information is organized in the passage. To answer this question, it is necessary to look at the main ideas of each of the three paragraphs. The main idea of the first paragraph is found in the first sentence of the first paragraph: that if asked who invented the game of baseball, most Americans would probably reply that it was their belief that Abner Doubleday did. The main idea of the second paragraph is found in the first line of the second paragraph: that Doubleday was given credit for this invention. The main idea of the third paragraph is found in the first line of the third paragraph: that most sports historians

This question

is

are in agreement that Doubleday really did not have

you study the information

in the first

much

do with the development of baseball. If lines of the paragraphs, you can determine that the to

third paragraph contradicts or refutes the information that

graphs. Answer (A)

is

is

presented in the first

two para-


Now look at an example of a click-on question from the computer TOEFL test that asks you

to select the

paragraph that discusses a certain idea.

Example from the Computer TOEFL Test Reading

who

game of baseball, most Americans would probably reply that it was their belief that Abner Doubleday did.They believe this because the If

asked

invented the

story about Doubleday

is

part of the tradition of

baseball.

Doubleday was given credit for the twentieth century

this invention early in

when sporting-goods

manufacturer Spaulding inaugurated a commission to research the question of

who

invented baseball.

In

1908,

was published by the commission in which Abner Doubleday, a U.S. Army officer from Cooperstown, New York, was given credit for the invention of the game.The National Baseball Hall of Fame was established in Cooperstown in honor of Doubleday. Today, most sports historians are in agreement that Doubleday really did not have much to do with the development of baseball. Instead, baseball seems to be a close relation to the English game of rounders and probably has English rather than American roots. a report

Click on the paragraph that gives the historical belief.

background of a particular

READING QUESTIONS

This question asks you to particular

graphs.

belief.

The

click

To answer

first

on

paragraph that discusses the

the


historical

background of a

question you must also look at the main ideas of the parasentence of the first paragraph mentions a belief, and the first sentence of this

the second paragraph states that Doubleday was given credit for this invention early in the twenti-

From

can be determined that the second paragraph gives the historical background of the belief that is discussed in the first paragraph, so you should click on the second paragraph to answer this question. The following chart outlines the key information that you should remember about questions on the organization of ideas: eth century.

this, it

ORGANIZATION OF IDEAS

HOW TO IDENTIFY THE QUESTION

How is the How is the


(H

:

Si

-

on computer test only

WHERETO FIND THE ANSWER THE QUESTION

1 .

2. 3.

TOEFL EXERCISE 2:

information

in

organized?

the second paragraph related

on the paragraph

paragraph?

that...

HI

looking at the

'

information in the passage

to the information in the prst

Click

The answer to

HOW TO ANSWER

BH

Read the

this

first

type of question can generally be determined by

sentence of the appropriate paragraphs.

first line

of each paragraph.

Look for words that show relationships among the paragraphs. Choose the answer that best expresses the relationship.

Study each of the passages and choose the best answers to the ques-

tions that follow.

PASSAGE ONE

(Questions 1-2)

Conflict within an organization

Line (5)

not always viewed as undesirable. In fact, various managers have widely divergent ideas on the value that conflict can have. According to the traditional view of conflict, conflict is harmful to an organization. Managers with this traditional view of conflict see it as their role in an organization to rid the organization of any possible sources of conflict. The interactionist view of conflict, on the other hand, holds that conflict can serve an important function in an organization by reducing complacency among workers and causing positive changes to occur. Managers who hold an interactionist view of conflict may actually take is

steps to stimulate conflict within the organization.

375

READING

376

1

How is

c

the information in the passage

2.

The

on the paragraph

that supports the

view that organizational conflict can be

organized? (A)

Click

origin of ideas about conflict

beneficial. is

presented. ,

Contrasting views of conflict are

(B)

presented.

Two

(C)

theorists discuss the strengths

and weaknesses of their views on conflict.

Examples of conflict within

(D)

organizations are presented.

TWO (Questions 3-4)

PASSAGE

IQ

defined as the ratio of a person's mental age to chronological age, with the ratio multiplied by 100 to remove the decimal. Chronological age is easily determined; mental age is generally measured by some kind of standard test and is not so simple Line

or intelligence quotient,

to define.

In theory, a standardized

(5)

intellectual operations such as

(10)

is

IQ test is

up to measure an individual's ability to perform reasoning and problem solving. These intellectual operations set

are

considered to represent intelligence. In practice, it has been impossible to arrive at consensus as to which types of intellectual operations demonstrate intelligence. Furthermore, it has been impossible to devise a test without cultural bias, which is to say that any IQ tests so far proposed have been shown to reflect the culture of the test makers. Test takers from that culture would, it follows, score higher on such a test than test takers from a different culture with equal intelligence. 3.

What the

type of information

first

is

included in

4.

paragraph?

(A)

An argument

(B)

A definition

(C)

An

(D)

A

on the paragraph that describes the application of IQin the real world.

Click

opinion theory

PASSAGE THREE (Questions 5-6) The

largest lake in the western

United States

is

the Great Salt Lake, an inland saltwater lake

Lake City. Rivers and streams feed into has a major influence on both the salt content

in northwestern Utah, just outside the state capital of Salt

the Great Salt Lake, but

Line (5)

and the size of the lake. Although the Great

Salt

Lake

is

this

fed by freshwater streams,

it is

actually saltier than the

oceans of the world. The salt comes from the more than two million tons of minerals that flow into the lake each year from the rivers and creeks that feed it. Sodium and chloride the components of salt comprise the large majority of the lake's mineral content. The Great Salt Lake can vary tremendously from its normal size of 1,700 square miles, depending on long-term weather conditions. During periods of heavy rains, the size of the lake can swell tremendously from the huge amounts of water flowing into the lake from its feeder rivers and streams; in 1980 the lake even reached a size of 2,400 square miles. During periods of dry weather, the size of the lake decreases, sometimes drastically, due to evaporation.

—

(10)

none drain out of it;

—

READING QUESTIONS

5.

How is the

information in the passage

6.

organized? (A)

Two unusual

(B)

Great Salt Lake are discussed. Contrasting theories about the Great Salt Lake's salt levels are


on the paragraph that explains where the Great Salt Lake gets its salt. Click

characteristics of the

presented. (C)

The process by which the Great Salt Lake gets

(D)

its salt is

The reasons

outlined.

for the variations in

the Great Salt Lake's size are given.

TOEFL EXERCISE

(Skills 1-2):

Study each of the passages and choose the best answers to

the questions that follow.

PASSAGE ONE

(Questions 1-2)

Common

types of calendars can be based

based on the solar year. Since the solar year

Line (5)

on the Sun or on the Moon. The

solar calendar

is

365.2422 days long, solar calendars consist of regular years of 365 days and have an extra day every fourth year, or leap year, to make up for the additional fractional amount. In a solar calendar, the waxing and waning of the Moon can take place at various stages of each month. is

The lunar calendar is synchronized to the lunar month rather than the solar year. Since the lunar month is twenty-nine and a half days long, most lunar calendars have alternating months of twenty-nine and thirty days. A twelve-month lunar year thus has 354 days, 1 1 days shorter than a solar year.

1.

What is

the main idea of the passage?

(A)

All calendars are the same.

(B)

The

solar calendar

is

based on the

2.

How is the information organized? (A)

Characteristics of the solar

(B)

calendar are outlined. Two types of calendars are

Sun. (C)

Different calendars have dissimilar

described.

bases.

(D)

The lunar month and

in the passage

is

twenty-nine

(C)

The

strengths

and weakness of the

lunar calendar are described.

a half days long.

(D)

The length calendar

of each existing

is

contrasted.

377

378

READING

PASSAGE

TWO (Questions 3-6)

Vaccines are prepared from harmful viruses or bacteria and administered to patients to provide immunity to specific diseases. The various types of vaccines are classified according to the Line (5)

(10)

(15)

method by which they are derived. The most basic class of vaccines

microorganisms that have been killed with a solution containing formaldehyde. In this type of vaccine, the microorganisms are dead and therefore cannot cause disease; however, the antigens found in and on the microorganisms can still stimulate the formation of antibodies. Examples of this type of vaccine are the ones that fight influenza, typhoid fever, and cholera. A second type of vaccine contains the toxins produced by the microorganisms rather than the microorganisms themselves. This type of vaccine is prepared when the microorganism itself does little damage but the toxin within the microorganism is extremely harmful. For example, the bacteria that cause diphtheria can thrive in the throat without much harm, but when toxins are released from the bacteria, muscles can become paralyzed and death can ensue. A final type of vaccine contains living microorganisms that have been rendered harmless. With this type of vaccine, a large number of antigen molecules are produced and the immunity that results is generally longer lasting than the immunity from other types of vaccines. The Sabin oral antipolio vaccine and the BCG vaccine against tuberculosis are examples of this type of actually contains disease-causing

vaccine.

3.

Which of the following expresses main idea of the passage? (A)

the

4.

How many types of vaccines are presented in the passage?

Vaccines provide immunity to

(A)

Two

(B)

(B)

Vaccines contain disease-causing

(C)

Three Four

(D)

Five

(C)

microorganisms. Vaccines are derived in different

specific diseases.

ways.

(D)

New approaches in

5.

on the paragraph that discusses vaccines made from dead organisms.

6.

on the paragraph that discusses vaccines that do not contain the disease-

administering

Click

vaccines are being developed. Click

causing microorganism.

PASSAGE THREE (Questions

7-10)

A hoax, unlike an honest error, is a deliberately-concocted plan to present an untruth as the can take the form of a fraud, a fake, a swindle, or a forgery, and can be accomplished in almost any field: successful hoaxes have been foisted on the public in fields as varied as politics, truth. It

Line (5)

(10)

and literature. A famous scientific hoax occurred in 1912 when Charles Dawson claimed to have uncovered a human skull and jawbone on the Piltdown Common in southern England. These human remains were said to be more than 500,000 years old and were unlike any other remains from that period; as such, they represented an important discovery in the study of human evolution. These remains, popularly known as the Piltdown Man and scientifically named Eoanthropus dawsoni after their discoverer, confounded scientists for several decades. It took more than forty years for the hoax to be uncovered. In 1953, a chemical analysis was used to date the bones, and it was found that the bones were modern bones that had been skillfully aged. A further twist to the hoax was that the skull belonged to a human and the jaws to religion, science, art,

an orangutan.

READING QUESTIONS

7.

The

topic of this passage could best be

9.

Man

(A)

the Piltdown

(B)

Charles Dawson's discovery

(C)

Eoanthropus dawsoni

(D)

a definition

that defines a

10.

on the paragraph that explains how one particular hoax was resolved. Click

and example of a hoax

The author's main point is (A)

on the paragraph

hoax.

described as

8.

Click


that

various types of hoaxes have been

perpetrated (B)

Charles Dawson discovered a

human

(C)

and jawbone Charles Dawson was not an honest

(D)

man the human

skull

skull

and jawbone were

extremely old

DIRECTLY ANSWERED QUESTIONS Many

TOEFL

and the computer TOEFL test will require answers that are directly stated in the passage. This means that you should be able to find the answer to this type of question without having to draw a conclusion.

questions in the Reading section of both the paper

The

directly

answered questions that are commonly asked are

tions, (2) "unstated" detail questions,

Skill 3:

and

(3)

pronoun reference

test

(1) stated detail ques-

questions.

ANSWER STATED DETAIL QUESTIONS CORRECTLY

A stated detail question asks about one piece of information in the passage rather than the passage as a whole.

The answers

order in the pasgiven in the passage. This

to these questions are generally given in

and the correct answer is often a restatement of what is means that the correct answer often expresses the same idea as what is written in the passage, but the words are not exactly the same. The questions that test stated details are generally multiple-choice questions. On the computer test, there may also be a type of stated detail question that asks you to click on an appropriate drawing. Look at a multiple-choice example from the paper TOEFL test that asks about a stated detail from the passage. sage,

READING


The passage: Williamsburg

is

a historic

city in Virginia that

was settled

by English colonists in 1633, twenty-six years after the first permanent English colony in America was settled at Jamestown. In the beginning, the colony at Williamsburg was named Middle Plantation because of its location in the middle of a peninsula between two rivers, the York and the James. The site for Williamsburg had been selected by the colonists because the soil drainage was better there than at the Jamestown location, and there were fewer mosquitoes.

Line (5)

The question: The passage (A) (B)

(C)

(D)

was was was was

indicates that Jamestown

setded in 1633 setded twenty-six years after Williamsburg the

first

permanent English colony

originally

named Middle

in

America

Plantation

This question asks what the passage indicates about Jamestown, so you know that the answer to this question will be directly stated in the passage. You should skim through the passage

of the passage that discusses Jamestown. The answer to this question is found in the statement that Williamsburg was settled by English colonists in 1633, twenty-six years after the first permanent English colony in America was settled at Jamestown. Answer (A) is incorrect because it was Williamsburg that was settled in 1633. Answer (B) is incorrect because Jamestown was setded before rather than after Williamsburg. Answer (D) is incorrect because the name Middle Plantation referred to Williamsburg. The best answer to this question is answer (C) because the passage directly states that Jamestown was the first permanent to find the part

English colony in America.

Now look at a TOEFL test.

multiple-choice example of a stated detail question from the computer


Williamsburg

is

a historic city in Virginia that

settled by English colonists in

the at

first

permanent

Jamestown.

In

1

was

According to the passage, the

633, twenty-six years after

English colony in

America was

settled

rivers,

had

CZ)

Williamsburg was named Middle Plantation because of the York and the James.

The

between two

site for Williamsburg

been selected by the colonists because the

was better there than at the Jamestown there were fewer mosquitoes.

soil

its

drainage

location,

CZ)

O O

the beginning, the colony at

location in the middle of a peninsula

colonists chose Williamsburg because

and

it

was

in

England

there were no nearby rivers there were lots of mosquitoes the

soil

drained well

READING QUESTIONS

This question asks what burg, so

is

true according

you know that the answer

will

to the passage

be


about why the colonists

directly stated in the passage.

chose Williams-

You should skim

through the passage to find the part of the passage that discusses this topic. The answer to this question is found in the statement that the site for Williamsburg had been selected by the colonists because the soil drainage was better there. The first answer is not correct because Williamsburg was in America rather than England, the second answer is not correct because Williamsburg was located close to two rivers, and the third answer is not correct because there were fewer mosquitoes. It is stated in the passage that the soil drained well, so the last answer is the best answer. You should click on the last answer to this question. Next, look at a click-on question from the computer TOEFL test that asks you to select

one of four drawings that answers a stated

detail question.


Williamsburg

is

a historic city

settled by English colonists in

the at

first

permanent

Jamestown.

In

1

in

Virginia that

was

633, twenty-six years after

English colony in

America was

in

The

site for Williamsburg

was better there than at the Jamestown there were fewer mosquitoes.

This question asks you to that the answer

its

shows the

its

the middle of a peninsula between two rivers

been selected by the colonists because the

and

that

the beginning, the colony at

the York and the James.

know

on the drawing

location of Williamsburg.

settled

Williamsburg was named Middle Plantation because of location

Click

is

soil

,

had

drainage

location,

and

drawing that shows the location of Williamsburg, so you directly stated in the passage. The passage mentions Williamsburg click

on

the

location in the middle of a peninsula between two rivers.

Drawing (A)

is

incorrect because

Drawing (B) is incorrect because Williamsburg is not in the middle of the peninsula. Drawing (C) is incorrect because there is only one river. Drawing (D) is the one that has Williamsburg on a peninsula between two rivers and is therefore the best answer to the question. You should click on drawing (D) to answer this question. it

shows only one

river.

382

READING

The


remember about

stated detail questions:

HM

STATED DETAIL QUESTIONS

HOW TO IDENTIFY

on both paper and computer

THE QUESTION

tests

|H

According It is

MB

stated

to the passage,... in

The passage indicates

Which of the

on computer test only


the passage...

Click

following

1

THE QUESTION

.

true...?

is

on the drawing

that...

JHI

The answers to these questions are found

HOW TO ANSWER

that...

Choose

a key

word

in

in

order

in

the passage.

the question.

2.

Skim

3.

Read the sentence that contains the key word or idea

4.

Eliminate the definitely

in

the appropriate part of the passage for the key

word or

idea.

carefully.



TOEFL EXERCISE 3:


tions that follow.

PASSAGE ONE (Questions

1-4)

Line

when

covered extensive areas of the Earth, are known to have occurred at least six times. Past ice ages can be recognized from rock strata that show evidence of foreign materials deposited by moving walls of ice or melting glaciers. Ice ages can also be recognized from land formations that have been produced from moving walls of ice, such as Ushaped valleys, sculptured landscapes, and polished rock faces. Ice ages, those periods

1.

ice

According to the passage, what happens during an ice age? (A)

Rock

strata are

recognized by

geologists.

(B)

(C)

Evidence of foreign materials is found. Ice covers a large portion of the Earth's surface.

(D)

Ice melts six times.

The passage

covers

how many different

methods of recognizing past (A) (B)

(C)

(D)

One Two Three Four

ice ages?

READING QUESTIONS

3.

According to the passage, what in the rock strata ice age?

is

a clue to geologists of a past

(A)

Ice

(B)

Melting glaciers

(C)

U-shaped valleys Substances from other areas

(D)

4.


on the drawing that shows the type of valley mentioned in the passage that results from melting glaciers. Click

PASSAGE TWO (Questions 5-7)

Line (5)

The human heart is divided into four chambers, each of which serves its own function in the cycle of pumping blood. The atria are the thin-walled upper chambers that gather blood as it flows from the veins between heartbeats. The ventricles are the thick-walled lower chambers that receive blood from the atria and push it into the arteries with each contraction of the heart. The left atrium and ventricle work separately from those on the right. The role of the chambers on blood from the body tissues and send on to the lungs; the chambers on the left side of the heart then receive the oxygen-enriched blood from the lungs and send it back out to the body tissues. the right side of the heart

5.

The (A) (B)

(C)

(D) 6.

is

to receive oxygen-depleted

passage indicates that the ventricles

have relatively thin walls send blood to the atria are above the atria force blood into the arteries

According to the passage, when is blood pushed into the arteries from the ventricles?

(A) (B)

(C)

As the heart beats Between heartbeats Before each contraction of the heart

(D)

Before

it is

received by the atria

7.

Click

on the drawing

it

that highlights the

part of the heart that gets blood from

the body tissues and passes lungs.

it

on

to the

383

384

READING


8-11)

The Golden Age of Railroads refers to the period from the end of the Civil War to the beginning of World War I when railroads flourished and, in fact, maintained a near monopoly in Line (5)

mass transportation in the United States. One of the significant developments during the period was the notable increase in uniformity, particularly through the standardization of track gauge

and

time.

At the end of the Civil War, only about half of the nation 's railroad track was laid at what is now the standard gauge of 1.4 meters; much of the rest, particularly in the southern states, had a 1.5-meter gauge. During the postwar years, tracks were converted to the 1.4-meter gauge, and by June 1, 1886, the standardization of tracks was completed, resulting in increased efficiency and (10)

economy

in the rail system.

A further boon to railroad efficiency was the implementation of standard time in

1883. With

the adoption of standard time, four time zones were established across the country, thus simplifying railroad scheduling

8.

and improving the

on the drawing that shows the period of the Golden Age of Railroads. Click

efficiency of railroad service.

10.

The passage mentions

that which of the

following occurred as a result of

uniformity of track gauge?

B (A) CIVIL

WAR

WORLD WAR I

CIVIL

WAR

WORLD WAR

(B)

I

War Improved economy in

The

Civil

the

transportation system

c WORLD

CIVIL

WAR

WARI

WAR

According

11.

WORLD WAR

(C)

(D)

(D)

Railroad schedules

to the passage, the

Golden

was a result of World War I was a period when most of U.S. mass transportation was controlled by the railroads resulted in a decrease in uniformity of track gauge resulted in standardization of train stations

The passage

indicates that standard time

was implemented

1

Age of Railroads

(B)

Standardization of time zones

D

CIVIL

(A)

(C)

War

(A)

before the Civil

(B)

(C)

on June 1, 1886 after World War I

(D)

before standardized track gauge

was established throughout the United States

READING QUESTIONS

Skill 4:


FIND "UNSTATED" DETAILS

You will sometimes be asked in the reading section of both the paper TOEFL test and the computer TOEFL test to find an answer that is not stated or not mentioned or not true in the passage. This type of question really means that three of the answers are stated, mentioned, or true in the passage, while one answer is not. You should note that there are two kinds of answers to this type of question: (1) there are three true answers and one that is not true according to the passage, or (2) there are three true answers

and one

example from the paper

that

TOEFL

not mentioned in the passage. Look at a multiple-choice test that asks you to find the one answer that is not true.

is


The passage:

many different kinds of expressions that people use to give a name to anything whose name is unknown or momentarily forgotten. The word gadget is one In English, there are

Line (5)

such word. It was first used by British sailors in the 1850s and probably came from the French word gachette, which was a small hook. In everyday use, the word has a more general

meaning. Other words are also used to give a name to something unnamed or unknown, and these words tend to be somewhat imaginative. Some of the more commonly used (10)

expressions are a

what-d'ye-call-it,

a whatsis, a thingamabob, a

thingamajig, a doodad, or a doohickey.

The question: Which of the (A) (B)

(C)

(D)

following

is

NOT true about the word gadget?

used to name something when the name is not known. It was used at the beginning of the nineteenth century. It most likely came from a word in the French language. Its first known use was by British sailors.

It is

This question asks for the one answer that

answers are true and one answer

and find information that

is

is not.

is

not true about the word "gadget,

You should look

word

untrue. Answers (A), (C), and (D) are

the passage, so these answers are not correct. the passage states that the word "gadget". in the

for the

.

.

Answer

was first used

(B)

is

"

so three of the

gadget in the passage all

true according to

the one answer that

is

by British sailors in the 1850s,

middle of the nineteenth century, so answer (B)

is

not true:

which

is

the best answer to this question.

READING

Now, look at a multiple-choice example from the computer TOEFL find the one answer that is not mentioned.


test that asks

you

to

|§ff|

a

Reading

In English,

AvnroQCionc C^LM GojIUI Id

there are

many

Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the Dassa?e as an

different kinds of

icp Tt*\ noon p UdC crivo d 3 narvÂ Idl IC IU anx/fninti IYU L.W X"**IK unknown or momentarily forgotten. The

fn^t" LI l
i

1

whose name is word gadget is one such word. British sailors in

It

was

1

first

the 1850s and probably

t"/"%

more

expression for something that

is

not

known?

used by

came from the

French word gachette, which was a small hook. everyday use, the word has a

III

Ctl

In

general meaning.

Other words are also used to give a name to something unnamed or unknown, and these words tend to be somewhat imaginative. Some of the more commonly

CZ)

Awhat-is-it

CD

A gadget

CZ) A

thingamabob

CD

doohickey

A

used expressions are a what-d'ye
This question asks for the one answer that listed in the

passage and one

is

not mentioned, so three of the answers are not. You should look for the three answers that are men-

tioned. Since gadget, thingamabob,

and fourth answers are

incorrect.

the best answer to this question.

and

is

doohickey are listed in the passage, the second, third

A what-is-it is not listed in the passage, so the first answer is

You should click on the

answer to answer this question. The following chart outlines the key information that you should remember about first

"unstated" detail questions:

"UNSTATED" DETAIL QUESTIONS

HOW TO IDENTIFY THE QUESTION

HOW TO ANSWER THE QUESTION

£ffl


Which of the Which of the

following

is

following

is

tests

Which of the

following

is

H Jig

All


H

of the following are true except....

The answers to these questions are found

1 .

2.

Choose

a key

word

not stated... ? not mentioned...? not discussed...?

in

in

order

in

the passage.

the question.

Scan the appropriate place

in

the passage for the key

word

(or

related idea). 3.

4.

Read the sentence that contains the key word or idea carefully. Look for answers that are definitely true according to the passage. Eliminate those answers.

5.

Choose the answer that

is

not true or not discussed

in

the passage.

READING QUESTIONS

TOEFL EXERCISE 4:



tions that follow.

PASSAGE ONE

Line (5)

(Questions 1-2)

Blood plasma is a clear, almost colorless liquid. It consists of blood from which the red and white blood cells have been removed. It is often used in transfusions because a patient generally needs the plasma portion of the blood more than the other components. Plasma differs in several important ways from whole blood. First of all, plasma can be mixed for all donors and does not have to be from the right blood group, as whole blood does. In addition, plasma can be dried and stored, while whole blood cannot. 1.

All of the following are true

plasma

about blood

2.

EXCEPT that

it is

(B)

blood

have been taken out of

cells

it

(C)

patients are often transfused with

(D)

it is

generally

following

is

NOT stated

about whole blood?

a deeply colored liquid

(A)

Which of the

more important

(A)

It is

(B)

It

from plasma.

(C)

cannot be dried. It is impossible to keep for a long time.

(D)

It is

it

to

different

it

in storage

a clear, colorless liquid.

the patient than other parts of

whole blood

PASSAGE

TWO (Questions 3-4)

Seaman was an American journalist at the turn of the century who wrote for the newspaper New York World under the pen name Nellie Bly, a name which was taken from the Stephen Foster song Nelly Bly. She achieved fame for her exposes and in particular for Elizabeth Cochrane

Line

and adventuresome way that she obtained her stories. She felt that the best way to get the real story was from the

the bold

(5)

observer who could be treated to a prettified version of reality.

inside rather than as an outside

On one

occasion she pretended to

be a thief so that she would get arrested and see for herself how female prisoners were really treated. On another occasion she faked mental illness in order to be admitted to a mental hospital to get the real picture on the treatment of mental patients. 3.

Which of the

following

is

NOT true

4.

mentioned

about Nellie Bly? (A)

Nellie Bly's real

name was

Elizabeth

Cochrane Seaman. Nellie Bly was mentally

(C)

The name

Nellie Bly

(B)

ill.

came from

a

The name

(C)

(D)

song. Nellie Bly was used

articles that

Seaman wrote.

on

as

is

NOT

something that Nellie Bly

did to get a good story? (A)

(B)

(D)


She She She She

acted like a

thief.

got arrested by the police.

pretended

be ill. worked as a doctor in a mental

hospital.

to

387

388

READING

PASSAGE THREE

Line (5)

(10)

(Questions 5-6)

Dekanawida's role as a supreme lawgiver in the Iroquois tribe has given him the status of demigod within the Indian nation. Born into the Huron tribe, Dekanawida caused great fear in his parents, who tried to drown him in his youth after a prophecy was made indicating that he would bring great sorrow to the Huron nation. Dekanawida was to survive this attempted drowning but later left his parents' home and tribe to live among the Iroquois. One of his achievements with the Iroquois was the institution of a law among the Iroquois that virtually ended blood feuds among the nation's families. Wampum, strings of beads made of polished shells, was a valued commodity in the Iroquois culture; according to policies established by Dekanawida, wampum had to be paid to the family of a murder victim by the family of the killer. Since the killer was also put to death, the family of the killer had to pay the victim's family in wampum for two deaths, the death of the murder victim and the death of the killer. These strict policies implemented by Dekanawida helped to establish him as a wise lawgiver and leader of the Iroquois nation. 5.

According was NOT

to the passage,

Dekanawida

6.

Which of the following mentioned

is

in the passage

NOT about

wampum?

(A)

a lawmaker

(B)

a

(C)

a near deity

(D)

drowned when he was young

Huron by birth

was used extensively by the

(A)

It

(B)

Huron. It had a high value to the Iroquois. It was given to a murder victim's

(C)

family.

(D)

Skill 5:

FIND

It

was made of polished

shells.

PRONOUN REFERENTS TOEFL

and the computer TOEFL test, you will sometimes be asked to determine to which noun a pronoun refers. Pronoun reference questions are worded a bit differently on the paper TOEFL test and the computer TOEFL test; on the paper test, pronoun reference questions are multiple-choice questions, while on the computer test, pronoun reference questions are click-on questions. Either type of pronoun reference question tests the same language skill. In a pronoun In the reading section of both the paper

reference question,

it is

test

important to understand that a noun

is

generally used

first in

a

and the pronoun that refers to it comes after. Whenever you are asked which noun a pronoun refers to, you should look before the pronoun to find the noun. Look at a multiple-choice example of a pronoun reference question from the paper passage,

TOEFL test.

.

READING QUESTIONS



1

The passage: Carnivorous plants, such as the sundew and the Venusflytrap, are generally

found

in

humid

areas

where there

an

inadequate supply of nitrogen in the soil. In order to survive, these plants have developed mechanisms to trap insects within their foliage. They have digestive fluids to obtain the necessary nitrogen from the insects. These plants trap the

Line (5)

insects in a variety of ways. leaves;

when an

The

(10)

The sundew has

insect lands

in the sticky hairs,

and the

on these

sticky hairs

leaves,

it

on

gets caught

its

up

leaf wraps itself around the insect.

leaves of the Venus-flytrap function

more

like a trap,

snapping suddenly and forcefully shut around an

The

is

insect.

question:

The pronoun They in (A)

humid

(B)

these plants

(C)

insects

(D)

digestive fluids

line 5 refers to

areas

pronoun they. To answer this question, you plural nouns that the pronoun could refer to.

This question asks about the referent for the

should look before the

pronoun

they for

and these plants come before the pronoun, so they are possible answers; digestive fluids comes after the pronoun, so it is probably not the correct answer. Then you should try the three possible answers in the sentence in place of the pronoun. You should understand from the context that these plants have digestive fluids to obtain the necessary nitrogen from the insects, so the best answer to this question is answer (B) Humid areas,

insects,

390

READING

Now look TOEFL test.

at a click-on

example of a pronoun reference question from the computer

Example from the Computer TOEFL Test Jjjf§ Reading

Carnivorous

plants,

Venus-flytrap, are generally found in

there

is

*,

such as the sundew and the

humid areas where

an inadequate supply of nitrogen

in

the

soil.

Click

order to survive, these plants have developed have digestive

Ll

aU IMSeClS

fluids

word it in the passage. on the word or phrase that it at the

refers to.

In >

\-

IMCCIIaniSITIa CO

Look

<••-'"

WILIIIII lllcii lOlldge.

llcy

1

to obtain the necessary nitrogen

These plants trap the insects in a variety of ways. The sundew has sticky hairs on its leaves; when an insect lands on these leaves, it gets from the

insects.

caught up

in

around the function

the sticky hairs, and the leaf wraps

insect.

more

like

The

itself

leaves of the Venus-flytrap

a trap, snapping suddenly and :

forcefully shut

around an

!

:

insect.

This question asks you to find the referent for the pronoun it. To answer this question, you should look before the pronoun it for singular nouns that the pronoun could refer to. A variety, the sundew, and an insect come before the pronoun, so they are possible answers. Next you should try the three possible answer in the sentence in place of the pronoun. An or sundew does not, so insect is the best answer to this question. You should click on insect to answer this question. The following chart oudines the key information that you should remember about proinsect gets

noun

caught up in the

sticky hairs,

while a

variety

referents:

PRONOUN

HOWTO IDENTIFY

on paper

THE QUESTION

only


REFERENTS Hi

test

11

The pronoun

M

"..."in line

X refers to which of the

following?

on computer

Look at the word X. Click on the word or phrase that

test only

J||

refers

on paper

test

The

only (il

X

to.

where the pronoun is located is given in the question. The noun that the pronoun refers to is line

generally found before the pronoun.

on computer

The pronoun

test only

that the pronoun refers to

JHI

is

highlighted in the passage. is

The noun

generally found before

the pronoun.


1 .

Locate the pronoun

the passage.

in

2.

Look

3.

Try each of the nouns

4.


before the

pronoun for nouns that agree with the pronoun. in

the context

in

place of the pronoun.



1

READING QUESTIONS

TOEFL EXERCISE 5:



tions that follow.

PASSAGE ONE

(Questions 1-2)

moon that occurs nearest the equinox of the Sun has become known as the harvest moon. It is a bright moon which allows farmers to work late into the night for several nights; they can work when the moon is at its brightest to bring in the fall harvest. The harvest moon, of The

Line (5)

full

northern and southern hemispheres. In the northern hemisphere, the harvest moon occurs in September at the time of the autumnal equinox. In the southern hemisphere, the harvest moon occurs in March at the time of the course, occurs at different times of the year in the

vernal equinox.

1.

The pronoun

"It" in line

(A)

the equinox

(B)

the

(C)

the harvest

(D)

the night

PASSAGE

Look

word they in the passage. Click on the word or phrase that they

2 refers to

at the

refers to.

Sun

moon

TWO (Questions 3-4)

Mardi Gras, which means "Fat Tuesday" colonists in the early eighteenth century.

in French,

From

that time

was introduced to America by French it

has grown in popularity, particularly

New Orleans, and today it is actually a legal holiday in several southern states. The Mardi Gras celebration in New Orleans begins well before the actual Mardi Gras Day. Parades, parties, balls, in

Line (5)

and numerous

festivities

take place throughout the

week before Mardi Gras Day;

tourists^from

throughout the world flock to New Orleans for the celebratiorvwfrere they take a week of nonstop activities before returning home for some much-needed rest.

various countries part in

3.

*

The pronoun

(B)

(C)

that time

(D)

New Orleans

PASSAGE THREE

word they in the passage. Click on the word or phrase that they at the

refers to.

(Questions 5-6)

financial firm

companies, and an overall average of all the sixty-five stocks used to compute the first three averages. Probably the average that is the most commonly used is the industrial average; it is often used by an investor interested in checking the state of the stock market before making an investment in an industrial stock. fifteen utility

(10)

Look

Dow Jones and Company computes business statistics every hour on the hour of each of the business days of the year, and these statistics are known as the Dow Jones averages. They are based on a select group of stocks and bonds that are traded on the New York Stock Exchange. The Dow Jones averages are composed of four different types of averages: the average price of the common stock of thirty industrial firms, the average price of the common stock prices of twenty transportation companies, the average price of the common stock prices of The

(5)

in line 2 refers to

Mardi Gras French

(A)

Line

"it"

39

392

READING

5^

The pronoun "They"

in line 3 refers to

(A)

the business days

(B)

these

(C)

stocks

(D)

four different types

6.

Look at the word it in the passage. Click on the word or phrase that it refers to.

statistics

and bonds

TOEFL EXERCISE

(Skills 3-5):

Study each of the passages and choose the best answers

to



1-5)

The United States does not have a national university, but the idea has been around for quite some time. George Washington first recommended the idea to Congress; he even selected an actual site in Washington, D.C., and then left an endowment for the proposed national Line (5)

During the century following the Revolution, the idea of a national university continued to receive the support of various U.S. presidents, and philanthropist Andrew Carnegie pursued the cause at the beginning of the present century. Although the original idea has not yet been acted upon, it continues to be proposed in bills before Congress.

university in his will.

1.

According to the passage, the national university of the United States

4.

Which of the mentioned

NOT

in the passage

about Andrew

Carnegie?

has been around for a while

(B)

does not exist

(C)

is

a very recent idea

doing charity work and good deeds for the

(D)

is

an idea that developed during

public.

(A)

(B)

(C)

Look

word he in the passage. Click on the word or phrase that he at the

George do which of the

indicates that

Washington did

NOT

following?

He

(D)

He

chose a location for the

national university. (C)

He

left

money in

his will for a

national university.

(D)

He

5.

He was a member of Congress. He was interested in the idea of a He was active

The pronoun

in the early twentieth

succeeded in establishing a


"it"

in line 7 refers to

(A)

the cause

(B)

the beginning of the present

suggested the concept for a

national university to Congress. (B)

in

century.

The passage

(A)

He was interested


refers to.

3.

is

(A)

the present century 2.

following

century '

(C)

the original idea

(D)

Congress

READING QUESTIONS

PASSAGE TWO

(Questions 6-11)

The La Brea

Line (5)


Hancock Park

Los Angeles area, have proven to be an extremely fertile source of Ice Age fossils. Apparently, during the period of the Ice Age, the tarpits were covered by shallow pools of water; when animals came there to drink, they got caught in the sticky tar and perished. The tar not only trapped the animals, leading to their death, but it also served as a remarkably effective preservant, allowing near-perfect skeletons to remain hidden until

tarpits,

located in

in the

the present era. In 1906, the remains of a huge prehistoric bear discovered in the tarpits alerted

archeologists to the potential treasure lying within the

well-preserved skeletons have (10)

tigers, sloths,

6.

and dinosaurs.

They contain

fossils that

are quite

9.

10.

old.

(B)

(C)

Look at the word it in paragraph 1 on the word or phrase that it refers .

When

"they" in line 3 refers to

(A)

the La Brea tarpits

(B)

Ice

(C)

shallow pools of water

(D)

animals

11

Age

fossils

(B)

(C)

Early in the twentieth century

(D)

Within the past decade

.


on the drawing that shows how the Ice Age animals mentioned in the passage died at the La Brea tarpits. Click

is

NOT

mentioned as an example of a skeleton found in the tarpits? (A)

8.

become aware of

During the Ice Age Thousands and thousands of years ago

(A)

They are located under a swimming

The pronoun

to.

tarpits?

pool.

7.

did archeologists

Click

the possible value of the contents of the

They are found in Hancock Park. They have existed since the Ice Age.

(D)

Since then thousands and thousands of

been uncovered, including the skeletons of camels, horses, wolves,

Which of the following is NOT true about the La Brea tarpits? (A)

tar.

(B)

(C)

(D)

A bear A sloth A horse A snake

393

.

394

READING

PASSAGE THREE (Questions 12-1 7)

When

the president of the United States wants to get away from the hectic pace in

Washington, D.C., Camp David is the place to go. Camp David, in a wooded mountain area about 70 miles from Washington, D.C., is where the president goes to find solitude. It consists of living Line (5)

space for the president, the recreational

and the presidential

first family,

staff as well as sporting

and

facilities.

Camp David was established

by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt in 1942. He found the site particularly appealing in that its mountain air provided relief from the summer heat of Washington and its remote location offered a more relaxing environment than could be achieved in the capital

When

( 10)

city.

Roosevelt

first

established the retreat, he called

it

Shangri-La, which evoked the

mountain kingdom in James Hilton's novel Lost Horizon. Later, President Dwight David Eisenhower renamed the location Camp David after his grandson David Eisenhower. Camp David has been used for a number of significant meetings. In 1943 during World War 11, President Roosevelt met there with Great Britain's Prime Minister Winston Churchill. In 1959 at the height of the Cold War, President Eisenhower met there with Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev; in 1978 President Jimmy Carter sponsored peace talks between Israel's Prime Minister Menachem Begin and Egypt's President Anwar el-Sadat at the retreat at Camp David. blissful

(15)

12.

Which of the following about

13.

is

NOT discussed

15.

Camp David?

The pronoun (A)

Camp

Roosevelt

(A)

Its

location

(B)

(B)

Its

cost

(C)

(C)

Its facilities

(D)

Its

Look

at the

Eisenhower

uses

word It in paragraph 1 Click on the word or phrase that It

According

to the passage,

16.


is

NOT true

about President Eisenhower?

(B)

who founded

He had a grandson named David. He attended a conference with Nikita Khrushchev.

Camp David? (C) (A)

George Washington

(B)

The

(C)

Franklin Delano Roosevelt

(D)

Dwight David Eisenhower

first

David

James Hilton (D) President Dwight David

refers to.

14.

"he" in line 10 refers to

He named

the presidential retreat

Shangri-La.

family

(D) 17.

He visited Camp

Khrushchev was (A) (B)

(C)

(D)

1942 1943 1959 1978

at

David.

Camp David

in

READING QUESTIONS


(Skills 1-5):


Study each of the passages and choose the best

answers to the questions that follow.

PASSAGE ONE Lincoln's

(Questions 1-5)

now famous

Gettysburg Address was not, on the occasion of its delivery,

recognized as the masterpiece that

it is

today. Lincoln

ceremonies, held at the height of the Civil Line (5)

(10)

War

was not even the primary speaker

at the

in 1863, to dedicate the battlefield at Gettysburg.

The main speaker was orator Edward Everett, whose two-hour speech was followed by Lincoln's shorter remarks. Lincoln began his small portion of the program with the words that today are immediately recognized by most Americans: "Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal." At the time of the speech, little notice was given to what Lincoln had said, and Lincoln considered his appearance at the ceremonies rather unsuccessful. After his speech appeared in print, appreciation for his words began to grow, and today it is recognized as one of the all-time greatest speeches.

1.

The main idea of this passage (A)

that

3.

the Gettysburg Address has always

been regarded (B)

is

at the

as a masterpiece

(A)

time of its delivery the

Gettysburg Address was truly appreciated as a masterpiece (C)

(D)

2.

was not until after 1863 that Lincoln's speech at Gettysburg took its place in history Lincoln is better recognized today than he was at the time of his presidency

(B)

is

(C)

(D)

4.

about the ceremonies at Gettysburg during the Civil War?

(B)

Everett gave a two-hour speech.

(C)

Lincoln was the closing speaker of the ceremonies. Lincoln's speech was longer than Everett's.

When

did Lincoln's Gettysburg Address

had been published

(A)

After

(B)

Immediately after the speech Not until the present day After Lincoln received growing

(C)

(D)

main speaker.

Everett was the

he was enthusiastically cheered he was extremely proud of his performance

begin to receive public acclaim?

NOT true

(A)

words were immediately recognized by most Americans he spoke for only a short period of his

time

it


(D)

According to the passage, when Lincoln spoke at the Gettysburg ceremonies,

it

recognition 5.

Look at the word it in the passage. Click on the word or phrase that it refers to.

395

396

READING

PASSAGE

TWO (Questions 6-12)

Hay fever

Line (5)

The term "hay fever," however,

a less than

is

adequate description since such an attack can be brought on by sources other than hayproducing grasses and since an attack of this allergy does not incur fever. The causes of hay fever can be quite varied. Hay fever is generally caused by air-borne pollens, particularly ragweed pollen. The amount of pollen in the air is largely dependent on geographical location, weather, and season. In the eastern section of the United States, for example, there are generally three periods when pollen from various sources can cause intense hay fever suffering: in the springtime months of March and April, when pollen from trees is prevalent, in the

(10)

a seasonal allergy to pollens.

is

summer months of June and July, when

grass pollen

when ragweed pollen is at its most concentrated What results from an attack of hay fever is not a fever.

of August, suffer

symptoms such

as red

and itching

eyes, a swollen

fills

the

air,

and

at the

end

levels.

Instead, a person with hay fever will

and runny nose, and repeated bouts of

sneezing.

6.

Which of the title

(A)

Which of the

following would be the best

(C)

(A)

Misconceptions and Facts about Hay Fever Hay Fever in the Eastern United

7.

(B)

(A)

is

equally

Pollen from trees causes hay fever suffering in the spring.

(C)

How Ragweed Causes Hay Fever

According to the passage, which of the following helps to explain why the term "hay fever" is somewhat of a misnomer?

Suffering from hay fever severe year-round.

States

(D)

NOT true

States?

Relationship between Season

and Allergies (B)

is

about hay fever in the eastern United

for the passage?

The

following

Grass pollen

fills

the air earlier in

the year than ragweed pollen.

10.

(D)

Ragweed pollen is most prevalent at the end of the summer.

Click

on the drawing

that represents a

potential cause of hay fever.

A strong fever occurs after an attack.

(B)

The amount of pollen

in the air

depends on geographical location.

(C)

Hay fever

is

often caused by

ragweed pollen. (D)

Grass pollen

is

prevalent in June

and July. 8.

Which of the

following

in the passage as a

the

Place

(B)

(C)

Climate Time of year

(D)

Altitude

NOT discussed

determining factor of

amount of pollen

(A)

is

in the air?

11.

Which of the following symptom of hay fever?

(B)

A high fever A runny nose

(C)

Red

(D)

Persistent sneezing

(A)

12.

is

NOT a

eyes

on the paragraph that outlines how, when, and where hay fever Click

develops.

READING QUESTIONS

PASSAGE THREE


(Questions 13-19)

Theories about the movement of the continents have evolved over time as the ability to conduct scientific study of the continents has improved. Thus, today's theory of plate tectonics, rather than contradicting its predecessor, had its roots in the older theory of continental drift. Line (5)

theory of continental drift, the continents are not fixed in position but instead move slowly across the surface of the earth, constantly changing in position relative to one another. This theory was first proposed in the eighteenth century when mapmakers noticed how closely the continents of the earth fit together when they were matched up. It was suggested then that the present-day continents had once been one large continent that had broken up into

According

to the

which drifted apart. Today the modern theory of plate tectonics has developed from the theory of continental

pieces (10)

The theory of plate and many small, tectonic drift.

tectonics suggests that the crust of the earth plates that drift

on the

is

divided into six large,

composes the inner core of the earth. quite probably began breaking up and

lava that

These plates consist of ocean floor and continents that moving relative to one another more than 200 million years ago. 13.

The


17.

is

According

to the passage,

what

constitutes a tectonic plate? (A)

continental drift

(B)

the theory of plate tectonics

(A)

Lava

(C)

the development of ideas about the

(B)

Only the continents

(C)

The inner core of the earth The surface of the land and

movement of the (D)

earth's surface

eighteenth-century mapmakers

(D)

the

floor of the oceans 14.

The passage

states that the

theory of

continental drift developed as a result of (A)

18.

the

(C)

the rapid

(D)

the

Look Click

(A)

work of mapmakers

(B)

fit

(B)

of the earth's plates

word they in paragraph on a word or phrase that they

Two

unrelated theories are

presented.

movement of continents

at the

following best describes the

organization of the passage?

the fixed positions of the

continents

15.

Which of the

Two

contrasting opinions are

stated.

2.

(C)

A theory is followed by an example.

(D)

One

hypothesis

is

developed from

another.

refers to. 19. 16.


is

NOT true

about the theory of plate tectonics? (A)

It is

not as old as the theory of

continental (B)

It

evolved from the theory of

continental (C)

It

It

drift.

postulates that the earth's

surface

(D)

drift.

is

separated into plates.

was proposed by mapmakers.

Click

on the paragraph

the earlier theory.

that describes

397

READING

INDIRECTLY ANSWERED QUESTIONS Some

TOEFL

and the computer TOEFL test will require answers that are not directly stated in the passage. To answer these multiple-choice questions correctly, you will have to draw conclusions from information that

is

questions in the Reading section of both the paper

given in the passage.

Two common

test

types of indirectly answered questions are (1)

implied detail questions, and (2) transition questions.

Skill 6:

You

ANSWER IMPLIED DETAIL QUESTIONS CORRECTLY

sometimes be asked to answer a multiple-choice question about a reading passage by drawing a conclusion from a specific detail or details in the passage. Questions of this type contain the words implied, inferred, likely, or probably to let you know that the answer to the question is not directly stated. In this type of question, it is important to understand that you do not have to "pull the answer out of thin air." Instead, some information will be given in the passage, and you will draw a conclusion from that information. Look at a multiple-choice example of an implied detail question from the paper TOEFL test. will


The

passage:

The Hawaiian language

is

a melodious language in

words are derived from an alphabet of only twelve letters, the five vowels a, e, i, o, u and the seven consonants h, k, m, n, p, w. Each syllable in the language ends in a vowel, and two consonants never appear together, so vowels have a much higher frequency in the Hawaiian language than they

which Line

all

I,

(5)

do

in English.

This musical-sounding language can be heard regularly

by visitors to the quite

common

islands.

Most Hawaiians speak English, but it

to hear English that

liberally spiced with

(10)

is

( 15)

words and expressions from the traditional language of the culture. A visitor may be greeted with the expression aloha and may be referred to as a malihini because he is a newcomer to the island. The visitor may attend an outside luau where everyone eats too much and be invited afterwards to dance

is

the hula.

The

question:

Which of the

following

(A)

mahalo

(B)

mahimahi

(C)

meklea

(D)

moana

is

probably

NOT a Hawaiian word?

READING QUESTIONS

word

This question asks which

is

probably

NOT a Hawaiian word.


To answer

this question,

you should refer to the part of the passage where it states that in the Hawaiian language two consonants never appear together. From this, you can draw the conclusion that answer (C) meklea, is probably not a Hawaiian word because the consonants k and / appear together, so answer (C) is the best answer to this question. ,

Now look at a puter TOEFL test.

multiple-choice example of an implied detail question from the com-


The Hawaiian language is a melodious language in which all words are derived from an alphabet of only twelve letters, the

consonants

h, k,

I,

five

m,

vowels

a, e,

Each

n, p, w.

o,

/,

It is

syllable in

the language

two consonants never appear together, so vowels have a much higher frequency in the Hawaiian language than they do in English. ends

in a

vowel, and

This musical-sounding language can be heard regularly

by visitors to the islands. Most Hawaiians speak English, but

it is

O O O

u and the seven

quite

common

to hear English that

is

liberally

words and expressions from the traditional language of the culture. A visitor may be greeted with the expression aloha and may be referred to as a malihini because he is a newcomer to the island. The visitor may attend an outside luau where everyone eats too much spiced with

——

and be invited afterwards to dance the

mwmm

hula.

implied a

in

the passage that a luau

is

dance

a feast

a concert a language

—

about a luau. To answer this question, you should refer to the part of the passage where it mentions a luau where everyone eats too much. From this, you can draw the conclusion that a luau is a feast, which is a very large meal. The second answer is therefore the best answer to this question. The following chart outlines the key information that you should remember about

This question asks what

is

implied in the passage

implied detail questions:

IMPLIED DETAIL



11

HI

QUESTIONS implied

It is It

in

H J33 the passage that...

can be inferred from the passage

most likely

It is

that...

that...

What probably happened...?



The answers to these

questions are generally found

in

order

in

the

passage.

1.

Choose a key word

in

the question.

2.

Scan the passage for the key word (or a related

3.

Carefully read the sentence that contains the key word.

4.

Look for an answer

idea).

that could be true, according to that sentence.

400

READING

TOEFL EXERCISE 6:


tions that follow.


Line (5)

(10)

1-2)

Eskimos need efficient and adequate means to travel across water in that the areas where they live are surrounded by oceans, bays, and inlets and dotted with lakes and seas. Two different types of boats have been developed by the Eskimos, each constructed to meet specific needs. The kayak is something like a canoe that has been covered by a deck. A kayak is generally constructed with one opening in the deck for one rider; however, some kayaks are made for two. Because the deck of a kayak is covered over except for the hole (or holes) for its rider (or riders), a kayak can tip over in the water and roll back up without filling with water and sinking. One of the primary uses of the kayak is for hunting. The umiak is not closed over, as is the kayak. Instead, it is an open boat that is built to hold ten to twelve passengers. Eskimos have numerous uses for the umiak which reflect the size of the boat; e.g. the umiak is used to haul belongings from campsite to campsite, and it is used for hunting larger animals that are too big to be hunted in a kayak. 1.

implied in the passage that has two holes, then It is

accommodates two

(A)

it

(B)

it is

less stable

if

a kayak

can be inferred from the passage that an example of the animals mentioned might be It

2.

riders

than a kayak with

one hole it is

(D)

it

PASSAGE

Two

Line (5)

as large as

\.

a kangaroo

(B)

a snake

(C)

a whale

(D)

a salmon

TWO (Questions 3-5)

from the same family of trees share honors in certain respects as the most impressive of trees. Both evergreen conifers, the California redwood {Sequoia sempervirens) and the giant sequoia (Sequoiandendron giganteum) are found growing natively only in the state of California. The California redwood is found along the northern coast of the state, while the giant sequoia is found inland and at higher elevations, along the western slopes of the Sierra Nevadas. The California redwood is the tallest living tree and is in fact the tallest living thing on the face of the earth; the height of the tallest redwood on record is 385 feet (120 meters). Though not quite as

(10)

an umiak cannot be used on the ocean

(C)

(A)

types of trees

tall as

the California redwood, with a height of 320 feet (100 meters), the giant sequoia

is

nonetheless the largest and most massive of living things; giant sequoias have been measured at more than 100 feet (30 meters) around the base, with weights of more than 6,000 tons. 3.

It is

(A)

implied in the passage that the leaves of only the California

redwood turn brown autumn (B)

in the

the leaves of only the giant sequoia

turn brown in the winter (C)

the leaves of both types of trees in

the passage turn brown in the

winter (D)

the leaves of neither type of tree in the passage turn

winter

brown

in the

4.

can be inferred from the passage that the Sierra Nevadas are

It

redwood community

(A)

a type of giant

(B)

a coastal

(C)

a group of lakes

(D)

a mountain range

READING QUESTIONS

5.


is


implied in the

passage? (A)

The

giant sequoia

is

taller

than the

California redwood. (B)

The big

California

around

redwood

is

not as

as the giant sequoia.

(C)

The California redwood weighs more than the giant sequoia.

(D)

Other

living things are larger

than

the giant sequoia.

PASSAGE THREE

(Questions 6-8)

Probably the most recognized board

game around

the world

is

the

game of Monopoly.

In

game, players vie for wealth by buying, selling, and renting properties; the key to success in the game, in addition to a bit of luck, is for a player to acquire monopolies on clusters of properties in order to force opponents to pay exorbitant rents and fees. Although the game is now published in countless languages and versions, with foreign locations and place names appropriate to the target language adorning its board, the beginnings of the game were considerably more humble. The game was invented in 1933 by Charles Darrow, during the height of the Great Depression. Darrow, who lived in Germantown, Pennsylvania, was himself unemployed during those difficult financial times. He set the original game not as might be expected in his hometown of Germantown, but in Atlantic City, New Jersey, the site of numerous pre-Depression vacations, where he walked along the Boardwalk and visited Park Place. Darrow made the first games by hand and sold them locally until Parker Brothers purchased the rights to Monopoly in 1935 and took the first steps toward the mass production of today. this

Line (5)

(10)

6.

The French version of Monopoly might

8.

Parker Brothers

possibly include a piece of property

7.

New Jersey

Atlantic City,

(B)

Germantown, Pennsylvania

(C)

Boardwalk

(D)

the Eiffel

It is

Tower

implied that Darrow selected

Atlantic City as the setting for

Monopoly

because (A) (B)

(C)

brought back good memories his family came from Atlantic City the people of Germantown might have been angered if he had used it

Germantown (D)

Atlantic City was larger than

Germantown

probably

company

(A)

a real estate

(B)

a

(C)

a group of Charles Darrow's friends

(D)

a toy design

entitled

(A)

is

game manufacturing company company

401

402

READING

Skill 7:

ANSWER TRANSITION QUESTIONS CORRECTLY

sometimes be asked on both the paper TOEFL test and the computer TOEFL test to answer a multiple-choice question about what probably came before the reading passage (in the preceding paragraph) or what probably comes after the reading passage (in the following paragraph). Of course, the topic of the preceding or following paragraph is not directly stated, and you must draw a conclusion to determine what is probably in these

You

will

paragraphs.

you to demonstrate that you understand that good writing contains transitions from one paragraph to the next. A paragraph may start out with the idea of the previous paragraph as a way of linking the ideas in the two paragraphs. A paragraph may also end with an idea that will be further developed in the following paragraph. Look at a multiple-choice example of a transition question from the paper TOEFL test that asks you to identify what was probably in the preceding paraThis type of question

is

a transition question.

It

asks

graph.


The passage: Another myth of the oceans concerns Davy Jones, who folklore

is

The name

in

a mean-spirited sovereign of the ocean's depths.

thought by some etymologists to have been derived from the name 'Jonah," the Hebrew prophet

Line

who

(5)

'Jones"

is

spent three days in a whale's

belly.

any object that goes overboard and sinks to the bottom of the ocean is said to have gone to Davy Jones's locker, the ocean-sized, mythical receptacle for anything that falls into the water. Needless to say, any sailor on the seas is not so eager to take a tour of Davy Jones's locker, although it might be a rather interesting trip considering all

According

(10)

to tradition,

the treasures located there.

The

question:

The paragraph preceding this passage most probably discusses (A)

the youth of Davy Jones

(B)

Davy Jones's career

(C)

a different traditional story from the sea

(D)

preparing to travel on the ocean

as a sailor

This question asks about the topic of the preceding paragraph, so you must look at the begin-

ning of the passage and draw a conclusion about what probably came before. Since the passage begins with the expression another myth of the oceans, you should understand that the new passage is going to present a second myth of the oceans and the previous passage probably presented the first myth of the oceans. A myth is a traditional story, so the best answer to this question is answer (C) which discusses a different traditional story from the sea. ,

READING QUESTIONS

Now look at a multiple-choice example from the computer TOEFL identify

what

is


test that asks

you

to

probably in the following paragraph.


J^JJ Readin.

The

Another myth of the oceans concerns Davy Jones,

who

in

folklore

ocean's depths.

is

etymologists to have been derived "Jonah," the

the passage most

a mean-spirited sovereign of the

The name "Jones"

is

thought by some

CZ)

from the name

Hebrew prophet who spent

in

a

According to tradition, any object that goes

to have

gone to Davy Jones's

Needless to

say,

take a tour of

overboard

into the water.

falls

any sailor on the seas

Davy Jones's

said

locker, the ocean-sized,

mythical receptacle for anything that

is

not so eager to

locker, although

rather interesting trip considering

all

valuable items located at the

CZ) where Davy Jones is found today CZ) Jonah and the whale CZ) preventing objects from falling

whale's belly.

is

likely is

bottom of the ocean

three days

overboard and sinks to the bottom of the ocean

topic of the paragraph following

it

might be a

the treasures

located there.

about the topic of the follozving paragraph, so you must look at the end of the passage and draw a conclusion about what probably comes after. The passage ends with the mention of all the treasures located there, and there is in Davy Jones's locker, or at the bottom of the ocean; this is probably going to be the topic of the next paragraph. The first answer, which discusses valuable items located at the bottom of the ocean is therefore the best answer, so you should click on the first answer to this question. The following chart outlines the key information that you should remember about This question asks

transition questions:

TRANSITION QUESTIONS




What is most

tests

passage?

The paragraph preceding the passage probably...

mm

The answer can

H JH likely in

generally be found

in

the paragraph following the

the

first line

of the passage for a

preceding question.The answer can generally be found

in

the last line for a

following question.


.

Read the

prst line for a preceding question.

2.

Read the

last line

3.

Draw a

4.


1

passage.

for a following question.

conclusion about what is

comes

before

reflected in the

or

first

offer.

or

last line

of the

404

READING

TOEFL EXERCISE 7:


tions that follow.


1-2)

Another program instrumental in the popularization of science was Cosmos. This series, broadcast on public television, dealt with topics and issues from varied fields of science. The principal writer and narrator of the program was Carl Sagan, a noted astronomer and Pulitzer Prize-winning author.

1.

The paragraph preceding

this

The paragraph

passage

most

most probably discusses

following this passage

likely contains

information on

what? (A)

a different scientific television

(B)

Carl Sagan's scientific

(D)

Topics and issues from various

(B)

achievements (C)

(C)

The popularity of science The program Cosmos The astronomer Carl Sagan

(A)

series

the Pulitzer Prize

won by Carl

Sagan (D)

PASSAGE

fields

public television

TWO (Questions 3-4)

When a strong earthquake occurs on

Line (5)

of science

on

tremendous force is exerted on the seawater and one or more large, destructive waves called tsunamis can be formed. Tsunamis are commonly called tidal waves in the United States, but this is really an inappropriate name in that the cause of the tsunami is an underground earthquake rather than the ocean floor rather than

land, a

the ocean's tides.

Far from land, a tsunami can move through the wide open vastness of the ocean at a speed of 600 miles (900 kilometers) per hour and often can travel tremendous distances without losing height and strength. When a tsunami reaches shallow coastal water, it can reach a height of 100 feet (30 meters) or

3.

more and can cause tremendous flooding and damage


the passage

most probably discusses (A)

tsunamis in various parts of the

world

4.


the negative effects of tsunamis

(C)

land-based earthquakes

(D)

the effect of tides

on tsunamis

is

most

likely the

topic of the paragraph following the

passage? (A)

(B)

to coastal areas.

(B)

The The

causes of tsunamis destructive effects of tsunamis

on the (C)

The

differences between tsunamis

and

(D)

coast

waves The distances covered by tsunamis tidal

READING QUESTIONS

PASSAGE THREE

Line (5)

(10)


(Questions 5-6)

While draft laws are federal laws, marriage laws are state laws rather than federal; marriage regulations are therefore not uniform throughout the country. The legal marriage age serves as an example of this lack of conformity. In most states, both the man and the woman must be at least eighteen years old to marry without parental consent; however, the states of Nebraska and Wyoming require the couple to be at least nineteen, while the minimum age in Mississippi is twenty-one. If parental permission is given, then a couple can marry at sixteen in some states, and a few states even allow marriage before the age of sixteen, though a judge's permission, in addition to the permission of the parents, is sometimes required in this situation. Some states which allow couples to marry at such a young age are now considering doing away with such early marriages because of the numerous negative effects of these young marriages. 5.

The paragraph preceding the passage most probably discusses (A) (B)

marriage laws the lack of uniformity in marriage laws

federal draft laws

(D)

the

minimum

The


passage

state

(C)

6.

is

marriage age

likely to

be

(A)

disadvantages of youthful

(B)

marriages reasons why young people decide to

legal

most

(C)

marry

the age

when

marriage (D)

is

parental consent for

required

a discussion of why

some

states

allow marriages before the age of sixteen

TOEFL EXERCISE

(Skills 6-7):

Study each of the passages and choose the best answers to


PASSAGE ONE

(Questions 1-4)

The most conservative sect of the Mennonite Church is the Old Order Amish, with 33,000 members living mainly today in the states of Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Indiana. Their lifestyle reflects their belief in the doctrines of separation from the world and simplicity of life. The Amish Line (5)

have steadfastly rejected the societal changes that have occurred in the previous three hundred

remain securely rooted in a seventeenth-century lifestyle. They live on farms without radios, televisions, telephones, electric lights, and cars; they dress in plainly styled and colored old-fashioned clothes; and they farm their lands with horses and tools rather than modern farm equipment. They have a highly communal form of living, with barn raisings and

years, preferring instead to

quilting bees as

1.

commonplace


activities.

this

passage


more

of

(A)

other,

(B)

Mennonites where Mennonites

(C)

the

(D)

the most conservative Mennonites

liberal sects

Which of the following would probably NOT be found on an Amish farm? (A) (B)

live

communal Amish

lifestyle

(C)

(D)

A hammer A cart A long dress A refrigerator

405

406

READING

3^

can be inferred from the passage that a quilting bee

It

involves a

(B)

is

(C)

always follows a barn raising

(D)

provides needed solitude

Which of the

following

is

most

likely the


passage?

group of people

(A)

PASSAGE

4.

necessary when raising bees

(A)

The

effects of the

communal

on the Old Order Amish (B) How the Old Order Amish differ from the Mennonites (C) The effect of modern technology on the Old Order Amish (D) The doctrines of the Old Order Amish lifestyle

TWO (Questions 5-8)

Various other Native American tribes also lived on the Great Plains. The Sioux, a group of seven Native American tribes, are best known for the fiercely combative posture against

encroaching White

Line (5)

Although they are popularly referred to as Sioux, these Native American tribes did not call themselves Sioux; the name was given to them by an enemy tribe. The seven Sioux tribes called themselves by some variation of the word Dakota, which means "allies" in their language. Four tribes of the eastern Sioux community living in Minnesota were known by the name Dakota. The Nakota included two tribes that left the eastern woodlands and moved out onto the plains. The Teton Sioux, or Lakota, moved even farther west to the plains of the present-day states of North Dakota, South Dakota, and Wyoming. civilization in the 1800s.

The paragraph preceding this

implied in the passage that the seven Sioux tribes called each other by some form of the word Dakota because they

passage

It is


how the Sioux battled man

the white

were

one of the tribes of the plains (C) where the Sioux lived (D) Native American tribes on the East (B)

Coast

Which of the

(A)

following represents a

8.

of the Sioux in the 1800s

encroaching white

The Sioux would probably help

the

all living

(C)

fiercely

It

North Dakota

combative enemies

the present-day states of North and

(A)

are east of Minnesota

(B)

are

(C)

received their

The Sioux would probably invite

smoke a peace pipe. (D) The Sioux would probably join the whites to

together in hunting parties with the white settlers.

in

can be inferred from the passage that

The Sioux would probably attack the white settlers.

(C)

(B)

South Dakota

civilization?

whites to settle in the West. (B)

united in a cause

(D)

likely reaction

to the

(A)

home to the four by the name Dakota

tribes

known

names from the

tribes living there

(D)

are part of the eastern woodlands

READING QUESTIONS

PASSAGE THREE

(Questions 9-12)

extinction of many species of birds has undoubtedly been hastened by

The since


1600

it

has been estimated that approximately 100 bird species

modern man; have become extinct over

North America, the first species known to be annihilated was the great auk, a bird that served as an easy source of food and bait for Atlantic fishermen through the

the world. In Line (5)

flightless

beginning of the nineteenth century. Shortly after the great auk's extinction, two other North American species, the Carolina

and the passenger pigeon, began dwindling noticeably in numbers. The last Carolina parakeet and the last passenger pigeon in captivity both died in September 1914. In addition to these extinct species, several others such as the bald eagle, the peregrine falcon, and the California condor are today recognized as endangered; steps are being taken to prevent their parakeet

(10)

extinction.

9.

The number of bird species that have become extinct in the United States since

1

600 most probably

11.

is

(A)

(A)

more than 100

(B)

(B)

exactly 100

(C)

(C)

less

(D)

exactly three

than 100

(D) 12.

10.

can be inferred from the passage that the great auk was killed because

It

The passage implies

that the great auk

The paragraph (A)

before 1600

(B)

in the 1600s

(C)

in the 1800s

(D)

in the last fifty years

following this passage


disappeared (A)

was eating the fishermen's catch fishermen wanted to eat it it flew over fishing areas it baited fishermen it

(B)

(C)

what is being done to save endangered birds what the bald eagle symbolizes to Americans

how several

bird species

became

endangered (D)


(Skills 1-7):

other extinct species



PASSAGE ONE

(Questions 1-8)

The Mason-Dixon Line

Line (5)

is

often considered by Americans to be the demarcation between the

North and the South. It is in reality the boundary that separates the state of Pennsylvania from Maryland and parts of West Virginia. Prior to the Civil War, this southern boundary of Pennsylvania separated the nonslave states to the north from the slave states to the south. The Mason-Dixon Line was established well before the Civil War, as a result of a boundary dispute between Pennsylvania and Maryland. Two English astronomers, Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon, were called in to survey the area and officially mark the boundary between the two states. The survey was completed in 1 767, and the boundary was marked with stones, many of which remain to this day.

407

.

408

READING

1.

The

best

title

for this passage

would be

(A)

Dividing the North and the South

(B)

The Meaning of the Mason-Dixon

5.

The passage states all of the following about Mason and Dixon EXCEPT that came from England they worked as astronomers they caused the boundary dispute between Pennsylvania and they

(A)

Line

(B)

(C)

Two

(D)

The History of the Mason-Dixon

English Astronomers

(C)

Maryland

Line

they surveyed the area of the

(D) 2.

word It in paragraph 1 Click on the word or phrase that It

Look

boundary between Pennsylvania and Maryland

at the

refers to. 6.

3.

on the drawing that shows the location of the Mason-Dixon Line.

The

passage indicates that the Mason-

Dixon Line was

Click

identified with

(A)

pieces of rock

(B)

fences

(C)

a stone wall

(D)

a border crossing

on the paragraph that explains why the Mason-Dixon Line was established.

7.

Click

8.

The paragraph

following the passage


where the Mason-Dixon Line

is

located

4.

It

(B)

the Mason-Dixon Line today

(C)

the effect of the Civil


before the Civil (A)

War

Pennsylvania was south of the

War on

slavery

(D)

what happened to Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon

Mason-Dixon Line (B)

Pennsylvania was a nonslave state

(C)

the states south of the Mason-

(D)

PASSAGE

Line (5)

Dixon Line had the same opinion about slavery as Pennsylvania the slave states were not divided from the nonslave states


Manic depression is another psychiatric illness that mainly affects the mood. A patient suffering from this disease will alternate between periods of manic excitement and extreme depression, with or without relatively normal periods in between. The changes in mood suffered by a manic-depressive patient go far beyond the day-to-day mood changes experienced by the general population. In the period of manic excitement, the mood elevation can become so intense that it can result in extended insomnia, extreme irritability, and heightened aggressiveness. In the period of depression, which may last for several weeks or months, a patient experiences feelings of general fatigue, uselessness, and hopelessness, and, in serious cases, may contemplate suicide.

READING QUESTIONS

9.


this

passage

12.

The passage

most probably discusses (A) (A)

when manic depression develops

(B)

a different type of mental disease

(C)

how moods are determined how manic depression can result in

(D)

(B)


indicates that

most people

never undergo mood changes experience occasional shifts in

mood from highs

(C)

switch wildly

(D)

become highly depressed

to lows

suicide 13. 10.

The


is

(A)

various psychiatric illnesses

(B)

how depression

(C)

the intense period of manic

(D)

excitement the mood changes of manic depression

affects the

mood

14.

Look at the word it in on the word or phrase

The (A)

the passage. Click it

refers to.

passage implies that

changes from excitement to depression occur frequently and often

(B)

only manic-depressive patients

experience aggression 11.

Click

on the drawing of the person who

(C)

most likely a manic-depressive patient in a manic phase. is

(D)

the depressive phase of this disease

can be more harmful than the manic phase suicide is inevitable in cases of manic depression

PASSAGE THREE (Questions 15-23) Unlike earlier campaigns, the 1960 presidential campaign featured a politically innovative and highly influential series of televised debates in the contest between the Republicans and the Line (5)

(10)

(15)

Democrats. Debates that could be viewed by such a wide audience had never before been part of the presidential campaigns, and through these debates, the far-reaching medium of television

showed how

could be in influencing the outcome of an election. The two parties to face off in the election selected very different candidates. John Kennedy, a young senator from Massachusetts without much experience and recognition in national politics, established an early lead among democratic hopefuls, and was nominated on the first ballot at the Los Angeles convention to be the representative of the Democratic party in the presidential elections. The older and more experienced Richard Nixon, then serving as vice president of the United States under Eisenhower, received the nomination of the Republican party. Both Nixon and Kennedy campaigned vigorously throughout the country and then took the unprecedented step of appearing in face-to-face debates on television. Experts in the politics of presidential elections contend that the debates were a pivotal force in the elections. In front of a viewership of more than 100 million citizens, Kennedy masterfully overcame Nixon's advantage as the better-known and more experienced candidate and reversed the public perception of him as too inexperienced and immature for the presidency. In an election that was extremely close, it was perhaps these debates that brought victory to Kennedy. effective

it

409

410

READING

15. f>


the passage

most

likely discussed

(A)

presidential elections prior to 1960

(B)

planning for the 1960 election

(C)

the history of television prior to

19.

in 1960

did not influence the selection of

(A)

the president

were the final televised debates were fairly usual in the history of presidential campaigns were the first presidential campaign debates to be televised

(B)

the outcome of the 1960

(C)

presidential election

(D) 16.

Which of the following best expresses the main idea of the passage? 20.

(A)

Kennedy defeated Nixon

(B)

1960 presidential election. Television debates were

in the

Which of the

(B)

NOT

candidate for president.

been a

He campaigned

(C)

part of campaigning. (D)

is

He was serving as vice president. He was the Republican party's

(A)

the 1960 presidential election. Television debates have long

following

mentioned about Richard Nixon?

instrumental in the outcome of (C)

states that the television

debates between presidential candidates

1960 (D)

The passage

strongly

all

over

the country.

Kennedy was the leading

He was nominated on

(D)

Democratic candidate in the 1960

the

first

ballot.

presidential election. 21. 17.

18.

Look at the word it in paragraph 1. on the word or phrase that it refers

The passage

implies that

The passage

Kennedy demonstrated the American people that he was

to.

(C)

enough to be president more experienced than Nixon better known than Nixon

(D)

too inexperienced to serve as

(B)

(C)

(D)

to

old

(A)

Kennedy

was a long shot to receive the Democratic presidential nomination won the Democratic presidential nomination fairly easily was not a front runner in the race for the Democratic presidential nomination came from behind to win the Democratic presidential nomination

debates

with Nixon,

Click

(B)

(A)

states that in the

president 22.

The pronoun "him" in (B)

John Kennedy Richard Nixon

(C)

Eisenhower

(D)

the better-known

(A)

line 17 refers to

and more

experienced candidate 23.

Click

on the paragraph

that describes

the two candidates in the election.

READING QUESTIONS


VOCABULARY QUESTIONS both the paper TOEFL test and the computer TOEFL test, there will be a number of vocabulary questions. On the paper test, the vocabulary questions will always be multiple-choice questions. On the computer test, vocabulary questions may be multiple-choice questions, or they may be click-on questions: you may be asked to look at one word in a passage and click on another word with a similar or opposite meaning, or you may be asked to click on a word with a given meaning. To answer a vocabulary question, it is, of course, helpful if you know the meaning of the word that is being tested. However, it is not always necessary for you to know the meaning of the word; often there are skills that you can use to help you find the correct answer to the question: (1) finding definitions from structural clues, (2) determining meanings from word parts, and (3) using context clues to determine meanings. In the reading section of

Skill 8:

FIND DEFINITIONS FROM STRUCTURAL CLUES

When you

meaning of a word in the reading section of either the paper TOEFL test or the computer TOEFL test, it is possible (1) that the passage provides information about the meaning of the word, and (2) that there are structural clues to tell you that the definition of a word is included in the passage. Look at a multiple-choice example from the paper TOEFL test where a structural clue to the meaning of the tested word

is

are asked to determine the

included in the passage.


The

passage:

One

of the leading schools of psychological thought in

the twentieth century

of the psychologist Line (5)

is

is

behaviorism

—the belief that the role

to study behavior,

which

is

observable,

rather than conscious or unconscious thought, which

is

Probably the best-known proponent of behaviorism

B.F.

Skinner,

who

is

famous for

his research

on how

negative reinforcement influence behavior.

is

positive

He came

not.

and

to

believe that positive reinforcement such as praise, food, or

money were more

promoting good behavior than negative reinforcement, or punishment.

(10)

The

effective in

question:

In "behaviorism" in line

2,

a psychologist

(A)

conscious thought patterns

(B)

unconscious thought patterns

(C)

observable actions

(D)

unobservable actions

is

concerned with

READING

412

This question asks about the meaning of the word behaviorism. To answer this question, you should look at the part of the passage following the word behaviorism. The dash punctuation ( ) indicates that a definition or further information about behaviorism is going to

—

information following the dash, you should see that the behaviorist is ested in behavior, which is observable, so the best answer to this question is answer (C). Now look at a multiple-choice example from the computer TOEFL test where a tural clue to the meaning of the tested word is included in the passage.

follow. In the

inter-

struc-

Example from the Computer TOEFL Test JQJ| Reading

One

of the leading schools of psychological thought


is

role of the psychologist

—the

behaviorism is

Look at the expression

in

reinforcement

belief that the

to study behavior, which

>

is

not. Probably the

proponent of behaviorism for his research

on how

is

the form of

positive

O CD

best-known

B.R Skinner,

who

is

famous

and negative

reinforcement influence behavior.

He came

CD CD

to believe

that positive reinforcement such as praise, food, or

money were more

effective in

the passage.

Positive reinforcement might take

is

observable, rather than conscious or unconscious

thought, which

in

positive

a gift a

reward

a bribe a penalty

promoting good behavior

than negative reinforcement, or punishment. is

fffl^BBMBfc "flMflHHHHHBIHIHiillllllllHHt

This question asks about the meaning of the expression positive reinforcement. To answer this question, you should look at the part of the passage following the expression positive reinforcement. The expression such as indicates that examples of positive reinforcement are going to follow. Your job is to look at the examples of positive reinforcement and draw a conclusion about what positive reinforcement might be. Since praise, food, or money might be given in return for a job well done, then positive reinforcement must be a reward. You should click on the second answer to this question. to

Next look at a click-on example from the computer TOEFL the meaning of the tested word is included in the passage.


test

where a

structural clue

~]

Reading

One

of the leading schools of psychological thought


is

role of the psychologist

—the

behaviorism is

Look

in

reinforcement

belief that the

to study behavior, which

t

is

not. Probably the

proponent of behaviorism for his research

on how

is B.F.

positive

best-known

Skinner,

who

is

in

the passage. Click on

another word or phrase in the passage that is close in meaning to this

is

observable, rather than conscious or unconscious

thought, which

at the expression negative

-

expression.

famous

and negative

reinforcement influence behavior.

He came

to believe

that positive reinforcement such as praise, food, or

money were more

effective in

promoting good behavior

than negative reinforcement, or punishment. i

.

READING QUESTIONS


about a similar meaning to the expression negative reinforcement. To answer this question, you should look at the part of the passage around the expression negative reinforcement. The word or following negative reinforcement tells you that the idea is going to be restated in different words. You can see in the passage that another word for negative reinforcement is punishment, so you should click on punishment to answer this question. The following chart outlines the key information that you should remember about structural clues to help you to understand unknown vocabulary words: This question asks

HM

STRUCTURAL CLUES

HOWTO IDENTIFY ti_ic r\i

ICCTIOM

What is

tests

The word "X" in

K JH

test only

the

The word "X"in

on computer

JH

word that

on the word

replaced

OF CLUES


X

in

in

meaning

to

X.

paragraph Y that could best be

by...

comma, parentheses, dashes

restatement

or,

examples

such

is,

.

paragraph Y. Click on another

punctuation

that

Y?

Y is closest in meaning to... line Y could best be replaced by.

close in

is

line

line

Look at the word

Click

TYPES

meaning of "X"in


other words,

in

example,

as, for

i.e.

e.g.

Information to help you determine what something means

be found after the punctuation

clue, the

will

generally

restatement clue, or the example

clue.

HOW TO ANSWER

1.

THE QUESTION

Find the

word

in

the passage.

2.

Locate any structural clues.

3.

Read the part of the passage

4.


after the structural clue carefully.



TOEFL EXERCISE

8:

Study each of the passages and choose the best answers to the

questions that follow.

PASSAGE ONE

(Questions 1-4)

The teddy bear is

(5)

toy,

a nice soft stuffed animal suitable for cuddling.

It is,

however,

an interesting history behind it. Theodore Roosevelt, or Teddy as he was commonly called, was president of the United States from 1901 to 1909. He was an unusually active man with varied pastimes, one of which was hunting. One day the president was invited to take part in a bear hunt; and inasmuch as Teddy was president, his hosts wanted to ensure that he caught a bear. A bear was captured, clanked over the head to knock it out, and tied to a tree; however, Teddy, who really wanted to hunt a bear, refused to shoot the bear and, in fact, demanded that the bear be extricated from the ropes; that is, he demanded that the bear be set free. a toy with

Line

a child's

413

.

414

READING

The

(10)

Clifford

incident attracted a lot of attention

among journalists.

First a

cartoon

—drawn by

K Berryman to make fun of this situation — appeared in the Washington Post, and the

cartoon was widely distributed and reprinted throughout the country. Then toy manufacturers began producing a toy bear which they called a "teddy bear." The teddy bear became the most widely recognized symbol of Roosevelt's presidency. 1.

According is

2.

3.

a "teddy bear"?

A ferocious animal

(B)

The president of the United

(C)

(D)

A famous hunter A plaything

Look

at the

meaning 4.

is

close in

to extricated

In line 10, a "cartoon" could best be

described as

past occurrences

previous jobs

hunting

word extricated in paragraph 2. Click on another word or at the

States

word pastimes in paragraph This word could best be replaced by

CD CD CD CD

Look

phrase in paragraph 2 that

(A)

2.

what

to line 1 of the passage,

(A)

a newspaper

(B)

a type of teddy bear

(C)

a drawing with a message

(D)

a newspaper article

trips

leisure activities

PASSAGE TWO

(Questions 5-8)

A supernova occurs when all of the hydrogen in the core of a huge star is transformed to

Line (5)

(10)

and explodes.

been exhausted. Stars with little mass die gradually, but those with relatively large mass die in a sudden explosion, a supernova. The sudden flash of light can then be followed by several weeks of extremely bright light, perhaps as iron

much

All stars die after their nuclear fuel has

light as twenty million stars.

Supernovae are not very common; they occur about once every hundred years in any galaxy, and in 1987 a supernova that could be seen by the naked eye occurred in the Magellan Cloud, a galaxy close to the Milky Way. Scientists periodically detect supernovae in other galaxies; however, no supernovae have occurred in the Milky Way (the galaxy that includes Earth) since 1604. One very impressive supernova occurred in the Milky Way on July 4, 1054. There was a great explosion followed by three months of lighted skies, and historical chronicles of the time were full of accounts and unusual explanations for the misunderstood phenomenon many people believed that it meant that the world was coming to an end.

—

5.

A "supernova" in line

1 is

which of the

following? (A) (B)

(C)

(D)

The iron component of a star The core of a star The hydrogen in a star The explosion of a star

6.

According to the passage, which of the following best describes the "Magellan Cloud" in line 7? (A) (B)

(C)

(D)

A galaxy inside the Milky Way A cloud composed of hydrogen A galaxy near Earth's galaxy A cloud in the sky above the Earth

READING QUESTIONS

7.

Look at the expression Milky Way paragraph 2. The Milky Way is

CD CD CD CD

Skill 9:

in

8.


on the word in paragraph closest in meaning to "unusual Click

2 that

is

occurrence."

part of Earth

a galaxy close to Earth the galaxy that

is

home

to Earth

a creamy-colored cloud in the sky

DETERMINE MEANINGS FROM WORD PARTS

When you

meaning of a long word that you do not know in the reading section of either the paper TOEFL test or the computer TOEFL test, it is sometimes possible to determine the meaning of the word by studying the word parts. Look at a multiple-choice example from the paper TOEFL test where the answer can be determined from a word part. are asked to determine the


The passage: Ring Lardner was born into a wealthy, educated, and cultured family. For the bulk of his career, he worked as a reporter for newspapers in South Bend, Boston, St. Louis, and Chicago. However, it is for his short stories of lower middleclass Americans that Ring Lardner is perhaps best known. In these stories, Lardner wwidly creates the language and the ambiance of this lower class, often using the misspelled words, grammatical errors, and incorrect diction that typified the language of the lower middle class.

Line (5)

The

question:

The word

'Sdvidly" in line

6

is

closest in

in a cultured

(B)

in

(C)

in

(D)

in

meaning of the word vividly. To answer this question, you the word vividly contains the word part viv-, which means life. Answer

This question asks about the (C)

is

to

way a correct way a lifelike way a brief way

(A)

should notice that

meaning


416

READING

Now

look at a multiple-choice example from the computer answer can be determined from a word part.

TOEFL

test

where the

Example from the Computer TOEFL Test ÊLm Reading

Look

Ring Lardner himself was born into a wealthy, educated, and cultured family. For the bulk of his career,

passage.

he worked as a reporter for newspapers

to

Boston,

St.

Louis,

and Chicago. However,

in

South Bend,

it is

for his

short stories of lower middle-class Americans that Ring

Lardner

is

perhaps best known.

vividly creates

lower

class,

In

these stories, Lardner

the language and the ambiance of this

often using the misspelled words,

CD CD CD CD

word misspelled This word is closest

at the

highly

in

the

in

meaning

improper

incorrectly written quite vulgar

extremely long

grammatical errors, and incorrect diction that typified the language of the lower middle class.

This question asks about the meaning of the word misspelled. To answer this question, you should notice that the word misspelled contains that word part mis-, which means error or incorrect.

The second answer

on the second answer

is


You should

click

to this question.

Next, look at a click-on example from the computer

be determined from a word

TOEFL test where

the answer can

part.


Click on the

Ring Lardner himself was born into a wealthy,

educated, and cultured family. For the bulk of his career,

he worked as a reporter for newspapers Boston,

St.

Louis,

and Chicago. However,

in

closest

in

word

in

the passage that

is

meaning to "speech."

South Bend,

it is

for his

short stories of lower middle-class Americans that Ring

Lardner

is

perhaps best known.

vividly creates

lower

class,

In

these stories, Lardner

the language and the ambiance of this

often using the misspelled words,

grammatical errors, and incorrect d/ction that typified the language of the lower middle class.

This question asks you to find a word that

meaning to speech. To answer this question, you should find the word diction, which contains the word part die-, in the passage. The word part die- means speak, so diction is the best answer to this question. You should click on diction to answer this question. The following chart contains a few word parts that you will need to know to complete the exercises in this part of the text. A more complete list of word parts and exercises to practice them can be found in Appendix I at the back of the text. is

close in

READING QUESTIONS

A SHORT LIST OF WORD


PARTS

PACT

MCAMINir rltAINirNlj

CYAMPI C cAArlrLt

contrast

DIC

(say)

dictate

(bad)

mo/content

DOMIN

(master)

domin ant

MIS

(error)

mistake

JUD

(judge)

judgment

SUB

(under)

subway

MOR

(death)

mortal

DEC

(ten)

decade

SPEC

(see)

spectator

MULTI

(many)

multiple

TERR

(earth)

territory

SOL

(one)

solo

VER

(turn)

divert

TRI

(three)

triple

VIV

(live)

revive

DART rAKI

rlt/MNIINVJ

CYAMPI

CONTRA

(against)

MAI-

TOEFL EXERCISE

9:

C


tions that follow.

PASSAGE ONE

Line (5)

(10)

(15)

(Questions 1-5)

Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo was a Portuguese-born explorer who is credited with the exploration of the coast of what is today the state of California. Sketchy military records from the period show that early in his career he served with the Spanish army from 1520 to 1524 in Spain's quest for subjugation of the people in what are today Cuba, Mexico, and Guatemala. Little is known of his activities over the next decades but apparently he succeeded in rising up through the ranks of the military; in 1541, he was ordered by Antonio de Mendoza, the Spanish ruler of Mexico, to explore the western coast of North America. Cabrillo set out in June of 1542 in command of two ships, the San Salvador and the Victoria; he reached San Diego Bay on September 28, 1542, and claimed the terrain for Spain. The peninsula where he landed is today named Cabrillo Point in his honor; the area has been established as a national monument and park, and local residents each year hold a celebration and reenactment of Cabrillo's landing. From San Diego, Cabrillo continued northward for further exploration of the spectacular California coastline. By November 1542, he had reached as far north as San Francisco Bay, although he missed the entrance of the bay due to a huge storm. Soon after, with the approach of winter, he veered south and turned back to Mexico. He made it as far south as the Channel Islands off the coast of what is today Santa Barbara. Cabrillo, who died on San Miguel Island in the Channel Islands, never made it back to Mexico. ,

1.

2.

The word "subjugation" closest in meaning to

in line 4

3.

is

In line

9,

meaning

the

word

to

(A)

religion

(A)

land

(B)

flag

(B)

(C)

control

(C)

population minerals

(D)

agreement

(D)

prosperity

Look at the word decades; in paragaph This word is closest in meaning to CZ) CZ) CZ) CZ)

months centuries

long epoch ten-year periods

1.

"terrain"

is

closest in

417

.

418

READING

4.

Look at

word spectacular in paragraph 2. This word is closest in meaning to which of the following?

CD CD CD CD

(5)

(10)

5.

Look

word veered in paragraph Click on another word in paragraph 2 that is close in meaning to veered at the

2.

Ruggedly handsome Visually exciting

Completely uneven Unendingly boring

PASSAGE

Line

the


Checks and balances are an important concept in the formation of the U.S. system of government as presented in the Constitution of the United States. Under this conception of government, each branch of government has built-in checks and limitations placed on it by one or more different branches of government in order to ensure that any one branch is not able to usurp total dominance over the government. Under the Constitution, the United States has a tripartite government, with power divided equally among the branches: the presidency, the legislature, and the judiciary. Each branch is given some authority over the other two branches to balance the power among the three branches. An example of these checks and balances is seen in the steps needed to pass a law. Congress can pass a law with a simple majority, but the president can veto such a law. Congress can then counteract the veto with a two-thirds majority. However, even if Congress passes a law with a simple majority or overrides a presidential veto, the Supreme Court can still declare the law unconstitutional if it finds that the law is contradictory to the guidelines presented in the Constitution.

6.

The expression "dominance 5

7.

is

closest in

(A)

understanding of

(B)

dispute over

(C)

authority over

(D)

rejection of

Look

The

Look

word counteract in the This word is closest in meaning

at the

passage.

to

to

CD CD CD CD

word tripartite in the This word suggests that

something

CD CD CD CD

9.

vote for

debate surpass

work against

at the

passage.

8.

meaning

over" in line

10.

"Contradictory to" in line 12

meaning

is

to

expressions?

democratic powerfully constructed

(A)

In agreement with

(B)

evenly matched

(C)

Opposite to Supported by

(D)

Similar to

"judiciary" in line 7

(A)

the electorate

(B)

the authority

(C)

the legal system

(D)

the government

is

closest in

which of the following

divided into three totally

is

I READING QUESTIONS


USE CONTEXTTO DETERMINE MEANINGS OF DIFFICULT

Skill 10:

WORDS both the paper TOEFL test and the computer TOEFL test, you may be asked to determine the meaning of a difficult word in a reading passage, a word that you are not expected to know. In this case, the passage will probably give you a clear indication of what the word means. Look at a multiple-choice example from the paper TOEFL test where the context helps you to understand the meaning of an unknown word.

On


B

The passage: In a government election, the incumbent generally has a

strong advantage over a newcomer. office

and thus has a

A person who is already in

certain degree of prominence has a

someone who is unknown to the electorate. History has shown a strong proclivity in elections at all levels of government to return the incumbent to office. better chance of being elected than does

Line (5)

The question:

An

"incumbent" in line

1 is

most likely

(A)

a special type of election

(B)

a political party

(C)

a beneficial

(D)

a current office-holder

comment

meaning of the word incumbent. In this question, you are not know the meaning of the word incumbent. Instead, you should understand

This question asks about the

expected to

from the context a person who is already in office that an incumbent is a current office-holder. Answer (D) is therefore the best answer to this question. Now look at a multiple-choice example from the computer TOEFL test where the context helps you to understand the meaning of an unknown word.

Example from the Computer TOEFL Test Reeding In

a

government

election, the

incumbent generally has

a strong advantage over a newcomer. already

in office

A person who

is

and thus has a certain degree of

History has

who

shown

is

unknown to the

a strong proclivity

electorate.

in

elections at

word prominence in the This word is closest in meaning

at the

passage.

to which of the following?

prominence has a better chance of being elected than does someone

Look

Fame Timeliness

all

Youthfulness levels

of government to return the incumbent to office.

Novelty

420

READING

This question asks about the meaning of the word prominence. In this question, you are not

expected to know the meaning of the word prominence. Instead, you should look at the context, which contrasts a person who... has a certain degree of prominence with someone who is unknown. From this context, you can determine that prominence is closest in meaning to fame. You should click on the first answer to this question. Next, look at a click-on example from the computer TOEFL test where the context helps you to understand the meaning of an unknown word.


!

In a

government

election, the

incumbent generally has

a strong advantage over a newcomer.

A person who

Click

on the word

closest

is

in

in

the passage that

is

meaning to "tendency."

already in office and thus has a certain degree of

prominence has a better chance of being elected than does someone History has levels of

who

shown

is

unknown to the

a strong proclivity

electorate. in

elections at

government to return the incumbent to

all

office.

^^^^^^^^^^^^^

word

meaning

You should try the word tendency in place of each of the words in the passage until you find a place where it fits. Since it is meaningful to state that history has shown a strong tendency. you can determine that proclivity must be close in meaning to tendency even if you do not understand the meaning of proclivity. You should click on proclivity to answer this question. The following chart outlines the key information that you should remember about In this question, you must find a

that

is

close in

to tendency.

.

.

,

vocabulary questions containing difficult words:

VOCABULARY QUESTIONS CONTAINING


IE

M

the meaning of"X"in lineY? w w The word /n line Y is closest in meaning to...

What is


DIFFICULT WORDS

X

(H fig

on computer test only JUS

Look at the word j| in paragraph Y. Click on another word that is dose in meaning to X. Click

on the word

in

paragraph Y that

is

closest in

meaning to X.



unknown word the context surrounding the unknown word.

Information to help you understand the meaning of an

can often be found

1 .

2. 3.

4.

Find the

word

in

in

the passage.

Read the sentence that contains the word carefully. Look for context clues to help you understand the meaning. Choose the answer that the context indicates.

READING QUESTIONS

TOEFL EXERCISE

10:


421



PASSAGE ONE

(Questions 1-4)

The black widow

is

the most dangerous spider living in the United States.

It is

most

common

southern parts of the country, but it can be found throughout the country. The black widow got its name because the female has been known to kill the male after mating and, as a in the

Line (5)

(10)

becomes a widow. The black widow is rather distinctive in appearance; it has a shiny globular body, the size and shape of a pea, and is marked on its underbelly with a red or yellow spot. The female is considerably more ample than the male, roughly four times larger on the average. If a human is bitten by a black widow, the spider's poison can cause severe illness and pain. Black widow bites have occasionally proved deadly, but it is certainly not the norm for black widow bites to be mortal. result,

1.

2.

In line 3, the

(5)

3.

The word "ample" the spider

in line 7 indicates that

is

(A)

a type of poison

(B)

the dead male spider

(A)

feminine

(C)

the

human victim

(B)

large

(D)

a female whose mate has died

(C)

dotted with colors

(D)

normal

of the spider

on the word in paragraph 2 that closest in meaning to "spherical." Click

PASSAGE

Line

word "widow" means

is

4.

Look at the word deadly in paragraph Click on another word in paragraph 3 that is close in meaning to deadly.

TWO (Questions 5-8)

Tornadoes occur throughout the world, but for reasons that scientists are not fully able to discern, the great majority occur in the United States. Approximately 700 tornadoes a year occur within the United States, and this comprises three-quarters of the worldwide total. Most of the U.S. tornadoes take place in the Midwest and in the southern states that border the Gulf of Mexico. In general, a tornado cuts a path of a few

hundred yards and

lasts less

than an hour; an

hour and therefore cover a distance of 20 or so miles. Tornadoes, however, can be much worse than average. The most devastating tornado on record occurred on March 18, 1925, in the states of Missouri, Illinois, and Indiana. The path of this tornado was more than 200 miles long and a mile wide. Traveling at an average speed of 60 miles per hour, the winds at the center of the storm swirled around at considerably more than 200 miles per hour. A total of 689 people died, and countless more were injured, at the hands of this killer storm. average tornado might propel itself at a speed of 15 or 20 miles per

(10)

3.

5.

on the word in paragraph 1 that is closest in meaning to "understand." Click

6.

The word

"propel" in line 7 could best

be replaced by (A)

move

(B)

develop

(C)

destroy

(D)

inhibit

422

READING

7.

Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word "devastating" in

8.

line 9?

CD CD

(A)

Described

(B)

Delicate

(C)

Destructive

(D)

Determined

Skill

1

1:

Look at the word swirled in paragraph This word is closest in meaning to

O CD

2.

decreased rose settled

circled

USE CONTEXTTO DETERMINE MEANINGS OF SIMPLE

WORDS On both

the paper

TOEFL test and

the computer

mine the meaning of a simple word

TOEFL test, you may be word

asked to deter-

you see often in everyday English. In this type of question, you should not give the normal, everyday meaning of the word; instead, a secondary meaning of the word is being tested, so you must determine the meaning of the word in this situation. Look at a multiple-choice example from the paper TOEFL test where a secondary meaning is the best answer to the question. in a reading passage, a

that


The passage: Faced with serious threats to its future, the company is taking steps to improve its outlook. The company has brought in a new crop of trainees to staff some of its empty positions. In addition, the company has created a new committee to research various proposals and has appointed a key member of its management team to chair the committee.

Line (5)

The

question:

The word

"steps" in line

(A)

stairs

(B)

walks

(C)

actions

(D)

footprints

1

could best be replaced by

In this question, you are asked to choose a word that could replace

word

steps.

You should under-

not being used in its normal, everyday way. Because the primary meaning of steps is stairs, this answer is not the correct answer. To answer this type of question, you must see which answer best fits into the context in the passage. You cannot say that a company is taking stairs, or walks, or footprints, but you can say that a company is taking actions. Answer (C) is therefore the best answer to this question. stand that

steps is

a normal, everyday

that

is

READING QUESTIONS

Now

look at a multiple-choice example from the computer

ondary meaning

is


TOEFL

test

where a

sec-

the best answer to the question.


a

|§fl

Reading

company is taking steps to improve its outlook. The company has brought in a new crop of trainees to staff some of its empty positions. In addition, the company has created a new committee to research various proposals and has appointed a key member of its management team to Faced with serious threats to

its

future, the

chair the committee.

Look at the word crop in the passage. This word could best be replaced by

CZ) produce

O

CZ) CZ)

group situation

plantation

choose which word could replace crop. You should again understand that the word crop is not being used in its primary meaning. The primary meaning of crop might be produce, so this answer is not correct. To answer this type of question, you must see which answer best fits into the context in the passage. A company would not have a new produce of trainees, a new situation of trainees, or a new plantation of trainees, but a company might have a new group of trainees. Group is the word that best fits into the context and is therefore the best answer to this question, so you should click on the second answer to answer this question. Next, look at a click-on example from the computer TOEFL test where a secondary meaning is the best answer to the question. In this question,

you are asked

to

Example from the Computer TOEFL Test JBj|| Reading

company is taking steps to improve its outlook. The company has brought in a new crop of trainees to staff some of its empty positions. In addition, the company has created a Faced with serious threats to

its

future, the

new committee

to research various proposals and has

appointed a key

member

of

its

Click

on the word

in

the passage that

could best be replaced by "lead."

management team to

chair the committee.

you are asked

word

be replaced by lead. You should try the word lead in place of each of the words in the passage until you find a place where it fits. Since it is possible to lead a committee, you can determine that chair could best be replaced by lead in this context. You should click on chair to answer this question. In this question,

to find a

that could best

424

READING

?

The

remember about


vocabulary questions containing simple words:

VOCABULARY QUESTIONS CONTAINING SIMPLEWORDS HI US

HOWTO IDENTIFY ICCTI/^K Mb CÛbo KJIN

TI_IC 1

What


1

1

tests

11

is

the

The word "X"in

Y could best be replaced

X

on computer

Look at the word

test only

word that could best be replaced

JUS

on the word

replaced

by...

in

in

paragraph Y. Click on another by...

paragraph Y that could best be

by...

Information to help you understand the secondary meaning of a simple

word can

HOWTO ANSWER

1 .

THE QUESTION

2. 3.

4.

TOEFL EXERCISE

line

lineY?

jS

Click


meaning of"X"in

11:

often be found

Find the

word

in

in

the context surrounding the word.

the passage.

Read the sentence that contains the word carefully. Look for context clues to help you understand the meaning. Choose the answer that the context indicates.



PASSAGE ONE The

(Questions 1-3)

"piece of eight" was the

nickname of the Spanish "peso," which was the rough

equivalent of the American dollar in early America; the peso was accepted coin in Line (5)

of the

Americas, particularly during the period when the stores of Spanish ships were regularly stripped by pirates on the waters off the Americas and "redistributed" throughout coastal towns. The nickname "piece of eight" derived from the fact that the peso was equal to eight "reals" and therefore had the numeral 8 stamped

and one popular

on

it.

The

"piece of eight" was sometimes actually cut into

was one-quarter of a "piece of eight," or two bits. As a consequence, the U.S. quarter of a dollar is sometimes referred to today as two-bits, particularly in the western part of the country. A visitor to that area, if told "It'll be two-bits," should take it that the price of an item is being given. pieces, or bits,

(10)

much

1.

The word "rough" meaning

2.

mean

(C)

approximate heavy at the

Look

at the expression take

replaced by

(B)

word

stores in the passage.

Stores are probably

CD CD CD CD

closest in

it

in the

passage. This expression could best be

unsmooth

Look

1 is

to

(A)

(D)

in line

size

departments markets shops supplies

O CD CD CD

hold understand possess

grab

READING QUESTIONS

PASSAGE

Line (5)

(10)

TWO (Questions 4-7)

Although Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith appeared in 1776, it includes many of the ideas that economists still consider the foundation of private enterprise. The ideas put forth by Smith compose the basis of the philosophies of the school of thought called classical economics. According to Smith's ideas, free competition and free trade are vital in fostering the growth of an economy. The role of government in the economy is to ensure the ability of companies to compete freely. Smith, who was himself a Scot, lived during the period of the revolutions in America and in France. During this epoch, the predominant political thought was a strong belief in freedom and independence in government. Smith embraced economic ideas of free trade and competition which are right in line with these political ideas. 4.

A "school" in

line 3

common

a

(B)

a college

(C)

a university

(D)

an educational institution

belief

Look

word embraced in paragraph 3. This word could best be at the

replaced by

O CD CD CD 7.

(A)

Cheap

(B)

No cost

(C)

Uncontrolled Democratic

TOEFL EXERCISE

(Skills

hugged believed in encircled

handed over on the word

paragraph 3 that could best be replaced by "agreement." Click

in

8-1 1 ): Study each of the passages and choose the best answers


PASSAGE ONE

(Questions 1-5)

Cardamom

(5)

6.

(A)

(D)

to

is

Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word "free" in line 4?

5.

Line


not as widely used as a spice in the United States as it is in other parts of the world. This fruit of the ginger plant provides an oil that basically has been used solely as a stimulant in American and English medicines. Other cultures have recognized the multipurpose benefits of this aromatic fruit. In Asia it is used to season sauces such as curry; in Middle Eastern countries it is steeped to prepare a flavorful, golden-colored tea; in parts of Northern Europe it is used as a spice in various types of pastry. is

425

.

.

READING

426

1

.

Click

on the word

in the passage that

4.

The word "multipurpose" in closest in

meaning

(A)

health

(B)

singular

(C)

recognized

(D)

varied

at the

Curry

could best be replaced by "only." 2.

Look

line 3

CZ) CZ) CZ)

is

to

word curry

in the passage.

is

the fruit of the ginger plant a spicy type of sauce a culture in the area of the Middle East

5.

(O

a type of golden-colored tea

Click

on the word

in the passage that

could best be replaced by "steamed." 3.

Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word "season" in line (A)

Divide

(B)

Forecast

(C)

Spice

(D)

Put a time limit

PASSAGE

(5)

(10)


span of an elephant that dies from natural causes is about sixty-five years. Of course, an elephant can perish from a number of "unnatural causes"; e.g., it can be killed by hunters, most probably for the valuable ivory in its tusks; it can die from diseases that spread throughout an elephant herd; or it can die from drought or from the lack of food that almost certainly accompanies the inadequate supply of water. If, however, an elephant survives these disasters, it falls prey to old age in its mid-sixties. Around this age, the cause of death is attributed to the loss of the final set of molars. When this last set of teeth is gone, the elephant dies from malnutrition because it is unable to obtain adequate nourishment. In old age, elephants tend to search out a final home where there is shade for comfort from the sun and soft vegetation for cushioning; the bones of many old elephants have been found in such places.

The

Line

4?

6.

7.

Look

word perish in paragraph Click on another word in paragraph 1 that is close in meaning to perish at the

The word "unnatural" in in

8.

life

meaning

line 2

is

9.

wild

(B)

violent

(C)

domesticated

(D)

abnormal

Look at the word drought 1 A drought means

in

Rises to

(B)

Succumbs

(C)

(D)

Denies Lives through

10.

Look

at the

11.

In line

closest

paragraph

.

Which of the following could be used replace the word "survives" in line 6? (A)

to

(A)

(O (O (O (O

1.

to

to

word molars in paragraph 2. Click on the word in paragraph 2 that is close in meaning to molars 8,

"malnutrition"

is

used to

describe a condition related to

a drowning

(A)

good health

a lack of food

(B)

illness

an inadequate supply of water an overabundance of animals

(C)

poor eating dental problems

(D)

.

READING QUESTIONS

12.

Look at the expression a final home paragraph

meaning

2.

(5)

is

13.

closest in

The word "shade" meaning to

to

(A)

color

in line 10

CD

a place to die

(B)

heat

CZ) CZ) CZ)

a comfortable house

(C)

a place for sale

(D)

diminished light a front porch

the only remaining place to

PASSAGE THREE

Line

This expression

in


is

closest in

live

(Questions 14-21)

The American flag is the end product of a long evolution. Each of its component parts has its own history. The very first American flag was hoisted in the skies over Boston on January 1, 1776, by the American forces there. This first flag consisted of thirteen red and white stripes representing the number of American colonies. It also included the British Cross of St. George and Cross of St. Andrew. It could be considered rather ironic that these symbols of British rule were included on the

American

flag in that the

American

colonists

were fighting for independence from the

British.

The

(10)

(15)

on the current flag

obscure that is, the stars could possibly have been taken from the flag of Rhode Island, or they could have been taken from the coat of arms of the Washington family. According to legend, this first flag with stars was sewn by Betsy Ross, a Philadelphia seamstress who was famous for her clever needlework. This version of the flag contained thirteen stars and thirteen stripes, one for each of the thirteen colonies battling for independence. The original idea was to add one star and one stripe for each state that joined the new, young country. However, by 1818, the number of states had grown to twenty, and it did not work well to keep adding stripes to the flag. As a result, Congress made the decision to revert to the original thirteen stripes representing the thirteen original colonies and adding a star each time a new state was admitted. This has been the policy ever since. 14.

The word "product" meaning to

in line

1 is

closest in

is

;

16.

The word easily

"ironic" in line 6 could

(A)

steellike

(B)

(C)

(C)

normal unexpected

(D)

result

(D)

nationalistic

(B)

Look at the word hoisted in paragraph 2. Something that is hoisted is

O

created

CZ)

found

CZ)

raised

CD made

most

be replaced by

goods merchandise banner

(A)

15.

origin of the stars

17.

Look at

18.

In line 12, the

word obscure in paragraph 3. Click on another word in paragraph 3 that is opposite in meaning to obscure

to

the

word "seamstress" describe someone who

home

(A)

works

(B)

sews

(C)

is

(D)

practices medicine

at

a part of high society

is

used

427

428

READING

Ity.

20.

on the word

in

on the word

in

paragraph 4 that could best be replaced by "function." Click

21.

paragraph 4 that could best be replaced by "continue." Click


(Skills

The expression means

"revert to" in line 17

(A)

return to

(B)

add

(C)

rejoice over

(D)

forget about

to

1-1 1 ): Study each of the passages and choose the best


PASSAGE ONE (Questions Bigfoot

Line (5)

(10)

is

1-9)

a humanlike creature reportedly living in the Pacific Northwest. Bigfoot sightings

have been noted most often in the mountainous areas of Northern California, Oregon, and Washington in the United States. The creature has also been spotted numerous times in British Columbia in Canada, where it is known as Sasquatch. The creature described by witnesses is tall by human standards, measuring 7 to 10 feet (2 to 3 meters) in height. It resembles an ape with its thick, powerful, fur-covered arms and short, strong neck; however, its manner of walking erect is more like that of Homo sapiens. Although there have been hundreds of reported sightings of Bigfoot, most experts have not seen enough evidence to be convinced of its existence. The fact that some purported evidence has been proven fake may have served to discredit other more credible information. 1.

Which of the

following best states the

4.

Which of the

NOT true

(B)

A description of Bigfoot

(B)

arms and neck look like those of an ape. Its arms are covered with fur.

(C)

Where

(C)

It is

(D)

It

(A)

Differences between Bigfoot and

(A)

Sasquatch Bigfoot, or Sasquatch, can

be found (D)

The

creature Bigfoot and

The word "noted" in line 2 is closest in meaning to which of the following? (A)

Reported

(B)

Written in a letter

(C)

Refuted Discussed

(D)

implied in the passage that Bigfoot would probably NOT like to live It is

Oregon

(A)

in

(B)

in the Pacific

(C)

on

(D)

in

Northwest

coastal plains

mountainous areas

Its

short-necked.

walks like an ape.

its

questionable existence

3.

is

about the appearance of Bigfoot?


2.

following

5.

on the drawing that shows how Bigfoot compares in height to an average man. Click

READING QUESTIONS

6.

word that in paragraph 2. Click on the word or phrase that that Look

at the

8.

to the passage,

how do

experts feel about the evidence

concerning Bigfoot's existence?

refers to.

7.

According


The expression "Homo sapiens" is closest in meaning to (A)

apes

(B)

creatures

(C)

humans

(D)

furry animals

They feel certain as to its existence. (B) They are not yet certain. (C) They are sure that it does not exist. (D) They feel that all the evidence is (A)

in line 8

fake.

9.

Click

on the paragraph

that explains

how knowledgeable people feel about the existence of Bigfoot.

PASSAGE TWO

(Questions 10-18)

The next hormone

is

epinephrine, or adrenaline. This

hormone

is

a natural secretion of

which are located just above the kidneys in the human body. Its primary the human body is to help the body to %»|>e with sudden surges of stress. When a

the adrenal glands,

function in Line (5)

person unexpectedly finds himself in a stressful situation filled with fear or anger, a large amount of epinephrine is released into the blood and the body responds with an increased heartbeat, higher blood pressure,

and conversion of glycogen

into glucose for energy to enable the

body to

deal with the stress. It is

possible to extract epinephrine

chemically in order to put (10)

from the adrenal glands of animals or

to further use. It

it

is

to synthesize

used in the treatment of severe asthma, where

muscles of the bronchi;, the large air passages leading into the lungs. used in cases of severe allergic reaction or cardiac arrest. relaxes the large

10.

The paragraph preceding the passage

12.


11.

(A)

further uses of epinephrine

(B)

the treatment of cardiac arrest

(C)

a different

(D)

the secretions of the adrenal glands

it

It is also

on the drawing that shows where epinephrine is produced in the human Click

body.

hormone

T

What is another name for epinephrine? (A)

Adrenal glands

(B)

Stressful situation

(C)

Bronchi Adrenaline

(D)

it

2

1 13.

Look

':

<

I

word cope in paragraph 1. Click on another word or phrase in paragraph 1 that is close in meaning to at the

cope.

429

430

READING

Which of the

14.

mentioned

following

is

NOT

17.

as a result of the release of

2.

epinephrine in the blood? (A)

Severe asthma

(B)

An

(C)

Higher heartbeat

(D)

Increased energy

increase in blood pressure

implied in the passage that increased heartbeat

air

(B)

causes the release of epinephrine

(B)

part of the lungs part of the heart

the body

(D)

and further applications

useful in treating asthma

The passage is

Causes of sudden stress Epinephrine's natural functions

(C)

stressful

situation

16.

indicates that epinephrine

used in the treatment of all of the

following

EXCEPT

(B)

asthma high blood pressure

(C)

serious allergic reactions

(D)

heart problems

(A)


19-25)

A massive banking crisis occurred in the United States in

(5)

(10)

1933. In the two preceding years, a

had prompted many depositors to remove their funds from banks. Problems became so serious in the state of Michigan that Governor William A. Comstock was forced to declare a moratorium on all banking activities in the state on February 14, 1933. The panic in Michigan quickly spread to other states, and on March 6, President Franklin D. Roosevelt declared a banking moratorium throughout the United States that left the entire country without banking services. Congress immediately met in a special session to solve the banking crisis, and on March 9 it passed the Emergency Banking Act of 1933 to assist financially healthy banks to reopen. By March 15, banks controlling 90 percent of the country's financial reserves were again open for business. large

Line

following best expresses

Epinephrine and adrenaline Various effects of epinephrine on

into the

is

passages

the passage? (A)

(D)

paragraph

large muscles

Which of the

harms the body

is

in

Bronchi are

(A)

(C)

word bronchi

the organization of the information in

It is

body helpful in combating the

at the

CD CD CD CD 18.

15.

Look

19.

number of banks had

The passage

(B)

,

and

fear of lost savings

states that all the following

occurred prior to 1933 (A)

failed

EXCEPT that

many banks went under many bank patrons were

afraid of

a lot of money was withdrawn from

accounts (D)

Look at the word failed in paragraph This word could best be replaced by which expression?

losing their deposits (C)

20.

Governor Comstock canceled all banking activities in Michigan

CD CD CD CD

Not passed a

test

Forgotten something important Gone out of business Paid little interest

1.

READING QUESTIONS

21.

The word "moratorium" in line 4 is closest in meaning to which of the

24.

Which of the

(A) (A)

Death

(B)

(B)

(C)

Temporary cessation Murder

(D)

Slow decline

(C)

The passage

indicates that the

moratorium declared by Roosevelt

(D)

affected (A)

the banks in Michigan

(B)

the banks in most of the U.S.

(C)

only the financially unhealthy

(D)

banks all the banks in the U.S.

following can be inferred

from the passage?

following?

22.


25.

Congress did not give any special priority to the banking situation. The Emergency Banking Act helped all banks to reopen. Ten percent of the country's money was in financially unhealthy banks. Ninety percent of the banks reopened by the middle of March.

Which of the


organization of the passage? (A) (B)

A theme followed by an example A problem and a solution

Opposing viewpoints of an (D) A problem and its causes (C)

23.

Look at the word |i in paragraph 2. on the word or phrase that it refers

Click

issue

to.

OVERALL REVIEW QUESTIONS Often in the reading section of both the paper

TOEFL test and the computer TOEFL test,

the last question or two for a particular reading passage are overall questions that ask about

whole rather than one small detail. The most common type of overall review questions are questions that ask where in the passage something is found, questions about the tone of the passage, questions about the author's purpose in writing the passage, questions about which course the passage might be a part of, or questions about where a particular piece of information might be inserted into the passage. the passage as a

Skill 12:

DETERMINE WHERE SPECIFIC INFORMATION

IS

FOUND

Sometimes the final question accompanying a reading passage (or one paragraph of a passage) will ask you to determine where in the passage a piece of information is found. This type of question is worded differently on the paper TOEFL test and on the computer TOEFL test. On the paper test, there will be a multiple-choice question that asks where certain information is found. The answer choices will list possible locations for that information. On the computer test, the question asks you to click on the sentence that contains certain information. Look at a multiple-choice example from the paper TOEFL that asks you to identify where certain information is found.

READING


The passage: Meteor

Crater, a great crater approximately forty miles

east of Flagstaff, Arizona,

is

generally thought by scientists to

have formed as a result of the impact of a 60,000-ton meteor about 50,000 years ago. The meteor, made of nickel and iron, disintegrated on impact and spread half a billion tons of rock over the surface of the land. The massiveness of the meteor can only be imagined from the mammoth size of the crater, which measures a mile in diameter and three miles around the top. The rim of the crater rises more than 150 feet above

Line (5)

the plain where the meteor impacted and

(10)

is

visible for

more

than ten miles on a clear day.

The

question:

Wherein the passage does the author discuss the composition of the meteor? (A)

Lines 1-3

(B)

Lines 4-5

(C)

Lines 6-8 Lines 9-11

(D)

This question asks you to find where in the passage there is information about the composition of the crater. You should skim through the lines of the passage listed in the answers to the question looking for the word composition or something that means composition. In line 4,

you should find the expression made of, and you should recognize that composition is what something is made of. Answer (B) is therefore the best answer to this question. Now look at a click-on example from the computer TOEFL test that asks you to indicate where certain information is found.


Meteor Crater, a great crater approximately miles east of Flagstaff, Arizona,

is

forty

generally thought by

formed as a result of the impact of a 60,000-ton meteor about 50,000 years ago. The meteor, made of nickel and iron, disintegrated on impact and scientists to have

spread half a

billion

tons of rock over the surface of the

land.The massiveness of the meteor can only be

imagined from the

mammoth

measures a mile

diameter and three miles around the

in

size of the crater,

which

topThe rim of the crater rises more than 50 feet above the plain where the meteor impacted and is visible for more than ten miles on a clear day. 1

Click on the sentence

in

the passage

that mentions the distance from which

the crater can be seen.

READING QUESTIONS

This question asks you to

click

on

the sentence in


the passage that discusses the distance from

which the crater can be seen. You should skim through the passage looking for the key words or ideas distance and seen. In the last sentence, you should recognize that visible means seen and that ten miles is a distance. The last sentence in the passage is the best answer, so you should click on the last sentence to answer the question. The following chart outlines the key information that you should remember when you are trying to determine where in the passage something is found:

QUESTIONS ABOUT WHERE

HOWTO IDENTIFY

IN THE PASSAGE

on paper test

Where

on computer

Click

in

MM

the passage ...?

THE QUESTION on the sentence

that indicates ....

test:d'rity:?JM^pi


The answer can be

on paper test :

only

WW

-'r^SSk

The answer paragraph

\ .

THE QUESTION

2.

Choose

TOEFL EXERCISE

12:

lines listed in

the

word or

idea

will

be one of the sentences

listed in

in

in

the

the question.

the question.

Skim the appropriate part(s) of the passage looking for the key word or

3.

a key

any of the

answers to the question.

on computer

HOW TO ANSWER

in

idea.


contains the key

word or

idea.



PASSAGE ONE

(Questions 1-4)

Beavers generally

Line (5)

live in

family clusters consisting of six to ten members.

One

cluster

would

probably consist of two adults, one male and one female, and four to eight young beavers, or kits. A female beaver gives birth each spring to two to four babies at a time. These baby beavers live with their parents until they are two years old. In the springtime of their second year they are forced out of the family group to

proceed 1.

to start

Where

2.

does the author of a baby beaver?

name

(D) Click

on the sentence

(C)

new babies. These

two-year-old beavers then

new family clusters of their own.

Line 1 Line 2 Line 3 Lines 4-5

(B)

for the

in the passage

give the

(A)

make room

3.

Click

on the sentence

age at which beavers must go out on their own. states the

4

Where

in the passage

indicate

why

the

mentions the time of year when new baby beavers are born.

(A) (B)

(C)

(D)

Line 1 Line 2 Line 3 Lines 4-5

does the author

young beavers must

leave their parents' in the passage that

in the passage that

home?

433

434

READING

TWO (Questions 5-7)

PASSAGE

Chamber music

Line (5)

(10)

name because

was originally intended to be performed in small rooms in private homes rather than huge concert halls or theaters. Today it has evolved into small ensemble music in which each performer in the ensemble plays an individual part. The compositions written for this type of performance can easily be classified into three distinct periods, each with its style of music and instrumentation. In the earliest period (1450-1650), the viol and other instrumental families developed considerably, and instrumental music took its first steps toward equal footing with vocal music. In the second period (1650-1750), trio sonatas dominated. These ensemble compositions were often written for two violins and a cello; the harpsichord was also featured in various compositions of this period. In the modern period (after 1750), the preponderance of chamber music was written for the string quartet, an ensemble composed of two violins, a viola, and a cello. 5.

Where

received

its

it


discuss the

modern

Click

definition of

(D)

PASSAGE THREE (Questions It is

Line (5)

music.

common practice

on the sentence

paragraph 2 that discusses which instruments were used in ensembles for three instruments. Click


(C)

paragraph 2

periods of compositions for chamber

Lines 2-3 Lines 4-5

(B)

in

that describes the first of the three

chamber music? (A)

on the sentence

in

8-10) to coat metals

such as iron and

steel with a protective layer

of zinc or

an alloy made from zinc mixed with aluminum, cadmium, or tin in a process known as "galvanization." The purpose of galvanization is to prevent the corrosion of the iron or steel. The most common method to galvanize metal is the hot-dip galvanizing process. In this process, the iron or steel is dipped into a hot bath of a zinc alloy to form a protective coating approximately .003 inches thick. Another method of galvanizing that is not as common is the process known as electrogalvanizing; in this process the metal is placed in a solution composed of zinc sulphate and water and is then charged electrically. This causes a thin layer of zinc to coat the metal.

(10)

such as iron or steel in that zinc reacts more easily with oxygen than iron does. If iron is unprotected, it reacts with the oxygen in the air to form iron oxide, or rust, which leads to the corrosion of the iron. If, however, the iron is coated with zinc, as it is in the galvanization process, then it is the zinc rather than the iron which interacts with the oxygen to form zinc oxide, and the iron is not subject to corrosion. Zinc

8.

is

Where

effective in galvanizing metals


Where

list

the components of a zinc alloy?


present the

less routinely

used process of

galvanization?

(A)

Lines 1-2

(B)

Lines 4-6

(A)

Lines 1-2

(C)

Lines 9-10

(B)

(D)

Lines 11-12

(C)

(D)

Line 4 Lines 6-8 Lines 10-11

Click

on the sentence

10.

that explains

process

is

how the

carried out.

in

paragraph 2

hot-dip galvanizing

READING QUESTIONS


DETERMINETHETONE, PURPOSE, OR COURSE

Skill 13:

Other types of review questions occur occasionally in the reading section of both the paper TOEFL test and the computer TOEFL test. Possible questions of this type are multiplechoice questions that ask about (1) the tone of the passage, (2) the author's purpose in writing the passage,

and

(3)

the course in which the passage might be used.

A question

about the tone is asking if the author is showing any emotion in his or her writing. The majority of the passages on the TOEFL test are factual passages presented without any emotion; the tone of this type of passage could be simply informational, explanatory, or factual. Sometimes the author shows some emotion, and you must be able to recognize that emotion to answer a question about tone correctly. If the author is being funny, then the tone might be humorous; if the author is making fun of something, the tone might be sarcastic; if the author feels strongly that something is right or wrong, the tone might be impassioned. Look at a multiple-choice example from the paper TOEFL test that asks about the tone of a passage.


The passage: been considered symbolic of royalty, and thus when the United States was a young nation just finished with revolution and eager to distance itself from anything tasting of monarchy, there was strong sentiment against military decoration. For a century, from the end of the Revolutionary War until the Civil War, the United States awarded no military honors. The institution of the Medal of Honor in 1861 was a source of great discussion and concern. From the Civil War until World War I, the Medal of Honor was the only military award given by the United States government, and today it is awarded only in the most extreme cases of heroism. Although the United States is still somewhat wary of granting military awards, several awards have been instituted since World War I. Military awards have long

Line (5)

(10)

The

question:

The

tone of this passage

(A)

angered

(B)

humorous

(C)

outraged

(D)

informational

is

This question asks about the tone of the passage.

To determine the tone of a

passage, you

should look for any indications of emotion on the part of the author. In this passage, the author uses historical facts, using time expressions such as for a century, in 1861, and since World

War I,

to

make

a point about America's sentiment against military awards; the author

does not make any kind of emotional plea. The best answer to this question is therefore answer (D), an informational tone. There is nothing in the passage to indicate anger (A), or humor (B) or outrage (C) on the part of the author. ,

435

READING

A question

about purpose is asking what the author is trying to do in the passage. You can draw a conclusion about the author's purpose by referring to the main idea and the organization of details in the passage. For example, if the main idea is that George Washington's early

greatly influenced his later career

life

and

if

the details give a history of his

show how George Washington 's early life influenced his later career. However, the answer to a purpose question is often considerably more general than the main idea. A more general author's purpose for the main idea about George early

the author's purpose could be

life,

to

Washington would be to demonstrate the influence of early experiences on later life (without any mention of George Washington). Now look at a multiple-choice example from the computer TOEFL test that asks about the author's purpose in writing a passage.


Military

awards have long been considered symbolic

of royalty and thus ,

when

the United States was a young

nation just finished with revolution and eager to distance itself

from anything

tasting of

monarchy, there was strong

sentiment against military decoration

.

For a century,

from the end of the Revolutionary War

War, the United States awarded no institution of the

Medal of Honor

until

the Civil

military honors.

in

1

86

1

The

was a source

From the Civil War the Medal of Honor was the only

of great discussion and concern. until

World War

I,

The

author's

purpose

in this

passage

is

to

CD

describe the history of military

awards prior to the

Civil

War

CD

demonstrate an effect of America's attitude toward royalty

CD CD

give an opinion of military

awards

outline various historical symbols

of royalty

award given by the United States government, and today it is awarded only in the most extreme cases military

of heroism. Although the United States

wary of granting been

military awards, several

instituted since World

War

is still

somewhat

awards have

I.

<

E3 1^5 B3

This question asks about the author's purpose in writing the passage. To answer this question correctly, you should refer to the main idea of this passage as outlined in the first sentence.

The main

idea

is

that there was strong sentiment against military awards in the United

because military awards have been considered symbolic of royalty. The author gives historical facts about military awards as details to support the main idea. Since the purpose is determined from the main idea and overall organization of details, the author's purpose is to describe, explain, or demonstrate that America's sentiment against military awards is because of its negative sentiment against royalty. The second answer is therefore the best answer to this question, so you should click on the second answer. You should notice that the correct answer is considerably more general than the main idea: according to the second answer, the purpose is to demonstrate an effect (America's dislike of military awards) of States

America 's attitude toward

royalty.

A question about the

which university course might have this passage as assigned reading. \bu should draw a conclusion about the course by referring to the topic of the passage and organization of details. For example, if the passage is about George Washington and the details give historical background on his early life, then this would probably be assigned reading in an American history class. However, if the passage is about George Washington and the details show the various influences that he had course is asking

you

to decide

READING QUESTIONS


on the formation of the American government, then the passage might be assigned reading in a government or political science class. Now look at a multiple-choice example from the computer TOEFL test that asks about the course.

Example from the Computer TOEFL Test JB111 Reading

Military

This passage would probably be assigned

awards have long been considered symbolic

of royalty, and thus

when the United

States

was

a

reading

young

nation just Tinisnea witn revolution ana eager to distance itself

from anything

tasting of monarchy, there

was strong

sentiment against military decoration. For a century,

from the end of the Revolutionary War

until

the

Honor in 1861 was a source of great discussion and concern. From the Civil War until World War l.the Medal of Honor was the only military

CZ}

military science

CD

psychology

CD

history

interior decoration

the Medal of

t

award given by the United States government,

awarded only in the most extreme cases of heroism. Although the United States is still somewhat

and today

it is

wary of granting been

a course on

CZ} American

Civil

War, the United States awarded no military honors. The institution of

in

military awards, several

instituted since

World War

7

awards have

1.

This question asks about the course in which you might be assigned this reading passage.

To

draw a conclusion about the course, you should refer to the topic of the passage and the overall organization of details. Since this passage is about American military awards in the United States, and the details discuss the history of American military awards using such time expressions as for a century, in 1861, and since World War I, you can determine that this passage might be assigned in a course on American history. You should click on the third answer to this question.

437

438

READING

The


remember

about

questions on the tone, purpose, or course:

TONE, PURPOSE, OR COURSE 1!




What is What is

tests

In

|y|Dj

JHiB

tone

M

tone of the passage? the author's purpose in this passage? which course would this reading be assigned?

Look

the

for clues throughout the passage that

the author

is

show

if

showing some emotion rather than

just presenting facts.

purpose

Draw

a conclusion about the purpose from the main

idea and supporting ideas.

course

Draw

a conclusion about the course from the topic

of the passage and the supporting ideas.

HOW TO ANSWER

tone

1

THE QUESTION

Skim the Dassa?e lookin? for clues that the author

purpose

is

showing some emotion.

2.

Choose the answer

that identifies the emotion.

1 .

Study the main idea

in

the topic sentence and

the details used to support the main idea. 2.

course

1 .

Draw

a conclusion about the purpose.

Study the main idea

in

the topic sentence and

the details used to support the main idea. 2.

TOEFL EXERCISE

13:

Draw a

conclusion about the course.


to the



1-3)

Truman

Capote's In Cold Blood (1966) is a well-known example of the "nonfiction novel," a popular type of writing based upon factual events in which the author attempts to describe the underlying forces, thoughts, and emotions that lead to actual events. In Capote's book, the Line (5)

author describes the sadistic murder of a family on a Kansas farm, often showing the point of view of the killers. To research the book, Capote interviewed the murderers, and he maintains that his

book presents a faithful reconstruction of the

incident.

READING QUESTIONS

1.

The purpose of this passage discuss an

(A)

literary

to

is

3.

example of a particular

tell

(C)

explain

Truman Capote's reasons

for writing In Cold Blood

describe

(D)

This passage would probably be assigned reading in which of the following courses?

genre

the story of In Cold Blood

(B)


how Truman Capote

Law

(A)

Criminal

(B)

(C)

American History Modern American Novels

(D)

Literary Research

researched his nonfiction novel 2.

Which of the following best describes the tone of the passage? (A)

Cold

(B)

Sadistic

(C)

Emotional

(D)

Descriptive

PASSAGE

Up

Line (5)

(10)

TWO (Questions 4-6)

have been obtained from defendants in a hypnotic state have not been admitted into evidence by courts in the United States. Experts in the field of hypnosis have found that such confessions are not completely reliable. Subjects in a hypnotic state may confess to crimes they did not commit for one of two reasons. Either they fantasize that they committed the crimes, or they believe that others want them to confess. A landmark case concerning a confession obtained under hypnosis went all the way to the U.S. Supreme Court. In the case of Layra v. Denno, a suspect was hypnotized by a psychiatrist for the district attorney; in a posthypnotic state the suspect signed three separate confessions to a murder. The Supreme Court ruled that the confessions were invalid because the confessions had been the only evidence against him. 4.

to now, confessions that

Which of the following best describes the

5.

author's purpose in this passage? (A)

To explain the

details

passage could best be

described as

of a specific

court case (B)

The tone of this

To demonstrate why confessions made under hypnosis are not

(A)

outraged

(B)

judicial

(C)

hypnotic

(D)

informative

reliable

(C)

To

clarify the role

of the Supreme

Court in invalidating confessions from hypnotized subjects (D)

To explain the

legal status of

hypnotically induced confessions

6.

This passage would probably be assigned

reading in a course on (A)

American law

(B)

psychiatric healing

(C)

parapsychology philosophy

(D)

439

440

READING

PASSAGE THREE The

Line (5)

which the deforestation of the world is proceeding is alarming. In 1950 approximately 25 percent of the earth's land surface had been covered with forests, and less than twenty-five years later the amount of forest land was reduced to 20 percent. This decrease from 25 percent to 20 percent from 1950 to 1973 represents an astounding 20 million square kilometers of forests. Predictions are that an additional 20 million square kilometers of forest land will be lost

rate at

by 2020.

The

(10)

(Questions 7-9)

occurring in tropical forests in developing countries, fueled by the developing countries' need for increased agricultural land and the desire on the part of developed countries to import wood and wood products. More than 90 percent of the plywood used in the United States, for example, is imported from developing countries with tropical rain forests. By the mid-1980s, solutions to this expanding problem were being sought, in the form of attempts to establish an international regulatory organization to oversee the use of tropical majority of deforestation

is

forests.

7.

The

author's

passage (A)

is

main purpose

in this

9.

to

cite statistics

courses?

about an

improvement on the

earth's land

surface (B)

(C)

(D)

explain where deforestation

is

occurring make the reader aware of a worsening world problem blame developing countries for deforestation

8.

Which of the


tone of the passage? (A)

Concerned

(B)

Disinterested

(C)

Placid

(D)

Exaggerated

This passage would probably be assigned reading in which of the following

(B)

Geology Geography

(C)

Geometry

(D)

Marine Biology

(A)

.

READING QUESTIONS


DETERMINE WHERE TO INSERT A PIECE OF INFORMATION

Skill 14:

computer TOEFL test, there may be a question following a particular paragraph or at the end of the reading passage that asks where a particular piece of information should be inserted. In this type of question, you must click on one of a number of squares in a passage to indicate that the piece of information should be inserted in that position. Look at an example from the computer TOEFL test that asks where to insert a piece of

On

the

information.

Example from the Computer TOEFL Test J2fl Reading ii

The

origins of chess are not of the game o o

certainty, I

and traditional stories

in

a

known with

number of cultures

claim credit for developing the game.

US One

legend

?.

terminology that today

is

The following sentence could be added to paragraph 1

f;

\ |;j

was invented during the Trojan Wars. IHJ According to another legend, chess was developed to depict the battle between two royal brothers for the crown of Persia. [Q In a third legend, chess was the creation of the mythical Arab philosopher Sassa. HJJ Whatever its origins, chess was known to exist in India as early as 500 B.C., and it eventually spread from India to Persia, where it took on much of the claims that chess

1.

l-

?ii

:!

i j <

When one

brother was killed, the remaining brother had the game invented to explain the tragic events to his mother.

Where would

it

passage? Click

best

fit in

the

on the square

() to

add the sentence to the passage.

j;

part of the game. Foot soldiers

the Persian army were called piyadah, which became

in

the pawns of today's game, and the Persian chariot was a rukh,

which became the rook. The Persian king was the

shah,

which evolved into the name

\i

means "the king

is

chess. Shahmat,

dead" became the expression

which

U

U

checkmate.

This question asks you to decide where a sentence could be added to

one of the paragraphs. To answer this question, you should study the sentence to be inserted and then look at the context before and after each insertion box. The sentence mentions one brother and the remaining brother, and the context before insertion box IB mentions two royal brothers. From this, it can be determined that the sentence should be added at insertion box IS. You should click on IS to answer this question.

i

441

READING

Now look at another example from

the computer

TOEFL test that asks where to insert

a pfiece of information.


The

origins of the

certainty,

game

of chess are not

and traditional stories

a

in

number of

claim credit for developing the game.

One

The following sentence could be added to paragraph 2.

known with cultures

legend claims

This expression is used during the game to indicate that one player's king is on the verge of

was invented during the Trojan Wars. According to another legend, chess was developed to depict the battle between two royal brothers for the crown of Persia. In a third legend, chess was the creation of the mythical Arab philosopher Sassa, Whatever its origins, chess was known to exist in India as early as 500 B.C., and it eventually spread from India to Persia, where it took on much of the that chess

terminology that today soldiers in the Persian

is

losing.

Where would

it

passage? Click

best

fit in

the

on the square

() to

add the sentence to the passage.

part of the game. JJJ Foot

army were

called piyadah,

which

became the pawns of today's game, and the Persian chariot was a mkh, which became the rook. EE The Persian king was the shah, which evolved into the name chess. E3 Shahmat, which means "the king is dead" became the expression checkmate. EE

This question asks you to decide where a sentence could be added to one of the paragraphs. To answer this question, you should study the sentence to be inserted and then look at the context before and after each insertion box. The sentence mentions this expression about the king, and the context before insertion box EE mentions the king and the expression checkmate. From this, it can be determined that the sentence should be added at insertion box EE. You should click on EE to answer this question. The following chart outlines the key information that you should remember when you are trying to determine where to insert a particular sentence:

QUESTIONS ABOUT INSERTING INFORMATION

HOWTO IDENTIFY

on computer

The

THE QUESTION

test only

Click


The

HOWTO ANSWER

JB1

places

following sentence could

on the square to

where the sentence may be

M be added!..

add the sentence

inserted are

to the passage.

marked

in

the

passage.

1 .

THE QUESTION

Look

at the sentence to

be inserted for any key words or ideas at the

beginning or the end of the sentence. 2.

Read the context before and

after the insertion squares for any ideas

that relate to the sentence to be inserted. 3.

Choose the be inserted.

insertion square that

is

most

related to the sentence to

.

READING QUESTIONS

TOEFL EXERCISE

14:




PASSAGE ONE

Line (5)

(Questions 1-3)

ID Something unusual about lions is that they hunt in groups. ID Group hunting is beneficial to lions because it means that much larger prey can be captured by the lions and that individual lions expend much less energy during a hunt. |Q There is a standard pattern to the process of hunting in groups. ED The process is initiated by a single female, who stations herself at a raised elevation to serve as a lookout to spot potential prey. ED When prey is spotted, a group of young lionesses advances on the herd and pushes the It is up to this herd in the direction of a different lioness who has hidden herself downwind. concealed female to choose the weakest member of the herd for the kill. ED ED As can be seen from this description of the process, it is the females rather than the male or males in the pride that take part in the kill. ED While the young and strong females are on the attack, the males stay behind to protect the rest of the pride from attack from predators such as

Q

(10)

hyenas.

1.

ED

The to

following sentence could be added

paragraph

it

best

The to

paragraph

3.

fit

into the

an offensive

role.

Where would

it

best

fit

into the

paragraph? Click on the square () to add the sentence to the paragraph.


paragraph

This


The males have a defensive rather than

paragraph? Click on the square () to add the sentence to the paragraph. 2.

The to

1

Other cats do not.

Where would

3.

is

2.

usually accomplished by knocking

the prey to the ground

and breaking its

neck.

Where would

it

best

fit

into the


PASSAGE

TWO (Questions 4-5)

A number of products that we commonly use today were developed quite by accident. Two of many possible examples of this concept are the leotard and the popsicle, each of which Line (5)

(10)

came

about when an insightful person recognized a potential benefit in a negative situation. The first of these accidental inventions is the leotard, a close-fitting, one-piece garment worn today by dancers, gymnasts, and acrobats, among others. ED In 1828, a circus performer named Nelson Hower was faced with the prospect of missing his performance because his costume was at the cleaners. EQ Instead of canceling his part of the show, he decided to perform in his long underwear. ES Soon, other circus performers began performing the same way. ED When popular acrobat Jules Leotard adopted the style, it became known as the leotard. Another product invented by chance was the popsicle. ED In 1905, eleven-year-old Frank Epperson stirred up a drink of fruit-flavored powder and soda water and then mistakenly left the drink, with the spoon in it, out on the back porch overnight. EQ As the temperature dropped that night, the soda water froze around the spoon, creating a tasty treat. Q3 Years later, remembering how enjoyable the treat had been, Epperson went into business producing popsicles. El

Q

443

444

READING

4.

The to


paragraph

5.

to

2.

It

underwear rather than costumes.

Where would

it

best

fit

Line (5)

(10)

3.

taste sensation that stayed

Where would

into the

it

best

fit

on his

into the

paragraph? Click on the square () add the sentence to the paragraph.



paragraph

was a mind.

They enjoyed the comfort of performing in


to

6-7)

Uranium, a radioactive metal named after the planet Uranus, is a primary source of energy in nuclear power plants and certain nuclear weapons. It occurs naturally in three different isotopes, which differ in their facility in undergoing nuclear fission. EQ The three naturally occurring isotopes of uranium are U-234, U-235, and U-238. Q3 Each of these isotopes has the same atomic number of 92, which is the number of protons in the nucleus. Q3 However, each has a different number of neutrons and thus has a different atomic mass, which is the sum of the number of protons and neutrons. Q3 Of these three naturally occurring isotopes of uranium, U-238 is by far the most common, while U-235 is the most capable of undergoing nuclear fission. Q] More than 99% of all naturally occurring uranium is U-238, while U-234 and U-235 each make up less than 1%. ED Nuclear fission can occur when a U-235 nucleus is struck by a neutron, and the nucleus splits, releasing energy and releasing two or more neutrons. E3 However, nuclear fission rarely involves a U-238 nucleus or a U-234 nucleus because it is unusual for either of these nuclei to break apart when struck by a neutron. Q3 6.

The to


paragraph

The following sentence could be added to

2.

U-234 has 92 protons and 142 neutrons for an atomic mass of 234, U-235 has 92 protons and 143 neutrons for a total of 235, and U-238 has 92 protons and 146 neutrons for a total of 238.

Where would it best fit into

7.

the


paragraph

3.

These neutrons can create a chain reaction by causing other U-235 nuclei to break up.

Where would

it

best

fit

into the


to

READING QUESTIONS

TOEFL EXERCISE

(Skills 12-14):



to the questions that follow.


1-7)

ED The causes of schizophrenia are not clear, but schizophrenia has long been attributed to faulty parenting. ED In cases where schizophrenia developed, the parents were often considered responsible. ED However, recent studies are now pointing to heredity and prenatal environmental Line (5)

(10)

factors as the chief culprits in this disease.

ED Recent studies of identical twins have been used to demonstrate that heredity plays a role in the development of schizophrenia. These studies have shown that in cases where one identical twin is afflicted with schizophrenia, the other twin has a 50 percent probability of also suffering from it. ED However, heredity is not believed to be the only culprit. ED Studies of the fingerprints of identical twins have lent credence to the theory that prenatal environmental factors are likely contributors to the development of schizophrenia. B3 In studies of pairs of identical twins in which one is afflicted with schizophrenia and one is not, abnormalities were found in the ED Since fingers develop in the second trimester of pregnancy, the hypothesis has been proposed that the abnormalities in the fingerprints were due to a second-trimester trauma that affected only one of the twins and that this same trauma was a factor in the onset of schizophrenia. El fingerprints of one-third of the twins, always in the afflicted twin.

(15)

1.

The

author's purpose in this passage

is

4.

(B)

(D)

prove that faulty parenting is the main cause of schizophrenia refute a common misconception

Where

3.

(C)

Lines 3-4 Lines 6-8

(D)

Lines 9-11

The following sentence can be added

to

3.

Where would

it

best

fit

is

into the


The following sentence can be added paragraph

Line 9 Lines 11-13 Lines 13-16

Further research into this hypothesis ongoing.

the cause of schizophrenia?

(B)

(B)

paragraph

does the author discuss the traditionally held view about

Lines 1-2

Lines 3-4

(D)

in the passage

(A)

(A)

(C)

5. 2.

may inherit

the tendency for schizophrenia?

enumerate examples cause the development of schizophrenia

(C)


present the idea that people

to

(A)

Where

6.

Click

on the sentence

in paragraph 3

to

that gives the fraction of twins

under

1.

study with irregular fingerprints.

They were faulted for having been uncaring, or manipulative, or

emotionally abusive.

7.

This passage would probably be assigned reading in which of the following courses?

Where would

it

best

fit

into the


(A)

Criminology

(B)

Public Administration

(C)

Statistics

(D)

Psychology

445

.

446

READING

PASSAGE


HQ To Americans,

the Pony Express was a fixture of the Old West; most Americans are

rather surprised to find out that in reality the

Line (5)

(15)

in existence for only a short

period of time, about a year and a half. DEB A short-lived forefather of "express" mail service, the Pony Express operated between St. Joseph, Missouri, and Sacramento, California, a distance of just under 2,000 miles. HQ Letters and small packages could be delivered in under 10 days instead of the 3 to 4 weeks that it had taken prior to the institution of the Pony Express. QjQ In 1860, St. Joseph was the westernmost terminal of the country's railroad system; mail destined for the West Coast could

( 10)

Pony Express was

come

to St. Joe

by

train,

but the only way to get

it

farther west

was on horseback. The Pony Express service was established on April 3, 1860, to fill this need: a letter carried on horseback with only minimal downtime for changes in horses and riders could cover 200 miles in one twenty-four hour period. The Pony Express system consisted of approximately 80 riders, 400 horses, and 190 stations every 10 to 15 miles along the route. One rider took a mail pouch and carried it for 75 miles, changing his tired horse for a fresh one at every station; he then passed the pouch to another rider. Riders traveled day and night, and the mail never stopped. QQ On October 24, 1861, only a year and a half after the start of the Pony Express, the first transcontinental telegraph opened for business, ending the need for the Pony Express. IEB The Pony Express officially closed for business on October 26, 1861. EE Obviously, its owners were quick to recognize that the need for their services no longer existed. |Q3 8.

In which course would this passage most likely

(A)

11.

Veterinary Medicine

Speech Communication (C) Audiology (D) American History

10.

Where

(B)


(C)

Lines 12-13

(D)

Lines 16-17

(A)

author mention the amount of time it took to deliver a letter before the Pony Express?

author

in the passage does the

(A)

Lines 1-3

(B)

(C)


(D)

Lines 12-13

12.

paragraph

Where would

This brief existence started in 1860 and was over before the end of 1861. best

4.

fit

What is this

(A)

into the


to

it

best

fit

into the


1

it

paragraph

Only two days later, the Pony Express went out of business.

13.

Where would



in the passage does the

mention the technological device that put the Pony Express out of business?

be assigned reading?

(B)

9.

Where

(B)

to

the author's purpose in writing

passage?

To warn of the dire effects of ending the Pony Express To describe a little-known reality about a historical subject

(C)

To

incite readers to action

on

behalf of the Pony Express (D)

To describe the development of express mail service

.

READING QUESTIONS

PASSAGE THREE

(Questions 14-18)

The grand jury is an important part of the American

Line (5)


legal system. Ufa

The grand jury is

composed of private citizens who are appointed to serve for a designated period of time. DEQ Grand juries, which hold meetings in private, serve one of two functions: charging or investigatory. B2 A grand jury that is serving a charging function listens to evidence presented by the prosecutor and decides whether or not the prosecution has adequate evidence to charge a suspect with a crime; if the grand jury feels that there is adequate evidence, then it issues an indictment, and the suspect must then proceed with a trial. [Q3 A grand jury that is serving an investigatory function investigates cases of suspected dishonesty, often by public officials. [El

The primary reason

(10)

(15)

(20)

supposed to ensure that citizens are not subject to unfair prosecution; under the grand jury system, prosectors must first convince an unbiased group of citizens that there is justification for the charges that they want to bring. However, the grand jury system has come under attack from numerous directions. Grand juries are routinely criticized for being too slow and too costly; the grand jury system really means that there are two trials, the grand jury hearing to decide whether or not there should be a trial and then the actual trial itself. Another criticism of the grand jury results from the fact that the meetings are held in private; the grand jury is not open to public scrutiny and is therefore not publicly responsible for its actions, and this has cast doubt on some of its findings. A final common criticism of the grand jury is that the evidence it hears is one-sided, from the perspective of the prosecution, so that the grand jury serves as the right arm of the prosecution rather than as a defender of the rights of a suspect. 14.

for the existence of the grand jury

In which course might this passage be

17.

Sociology of Criminal Behavior

(B)

Introduction to

(C)

(D)

that

The to

in the passage

(A)

Lines 4-6

American History

(B)

Lines 7-8

Research Methodologies

(C)

Lines 10-12

(D)

Lines 15-17

on the sentence

mentions who

Law

does the author

paragraph 1 serves on a grand in

18.

How does the author seem to feel about the grand jury system?

jury.

16.

Where

it is

discuss the

(A)

Click

that

problem associated with holding grand jury meetings in private?

assigned reading?

15.

is


paragraph

(A) (B)

Quite assured as to its usefulness Somewhat doubtful about its

1

effectiveness

The

investigatory function of the grand

jury is different from the charging function.

Where would it best fit into

(C)

(D)

Highly supportive of its use Extremely negative about all aspects

the


447

448

READING


(Skills 1-14):



PASSAGE ONE

Line (5)

(Questions 1-11)

Another noteworthy trend in twentieth-century music in the United States was the use of folk and popular music as a base for more serious compositions. The motivation for these borrowings from traditional music might be a desire on the part of a composer to return to simpler forms, to enhance patriotic feelings, or to establish an immediate rapport with an audience. DD For whatever reason, composers such as Aaron Copland and Charles Ives offered compositions featuring novel musical forms flavored with refrains from traditional Americana. Copland drew upon folk music, particularly as sources for the music he wrote for the ballets Billy the Kid, Rodeo, and Appalachian Spring. QjQ Ives employed the whole gamut of patriotic songs, hymns, jazz, and popular songs in his compositions.

1.


this

passage

4.


nineteenth-century music

(B)

one development

(C)

century the works of Aaron Copland the history of folk and popular

in

music in the

last

(D)

music 2.

5.

Which of the following best describes the main idea of the passage? Traditional music flavored

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

literary

new cultural

bookish

Look at the word he in the passage. Click on the word or phrase that he refers to.

6.

(A)

Look at the word novel in the passage. This word could best be replaced by

some

Which of the

following

is

NOT listed in

the passage as a source for Ives's

American musical compositions

compositions?

in the twentieth century.

(B)

(C)

and Copland have used folk and popular music in their

(A)

National music

(B)

Religious music

compositions.

(C)

Jazz

(D)

American novels

Click

on the word

Ives

A variety of explanations exist as to why a composer might use traditional sources of music.

(D)

is

8.

music.

Click gives

3.

can be inferred from the author is not sure

It

(A)

when

this

and Copland actually borrowed from traditional music (C) why certain composers borrowed from folk and popular music (D) if Copland really featured new (B)

that Ives

musical forms

on the sentence in the passage reasons composers might use

that

traditional melodies in their

passage that

Ives wrote his compositions

in the passage that

could best be replaced by "range."

composed of of folk and popular

Traditional music

various types

7.

compositions. 9.

Click lists

on the sentence

in the passage that

examples of titles of Copland's

works.

READING QUESTIONS

10.


11.


The passage would most probably be assigned reading in which of the

to the passage.

following courses?

drew inspiration from an even wider array of music than did Copland. Ives

Where would

it

best

paragraph? Click

fit

Line (5)

(10)

American History

(B)

(C)

The History ofJazz Modern American Music

(D)

Composition

into the

on the square

()

to

add the sentence to the paragraph.

PASSAGE

(A)


The ratdesnake has a reputation as a dangerous and deadly snake with a fierce hatred for humanity. Although the ratdesnake is indeed a venomous snake capable of killing a human, its nature has perhaps been somewhat exaggerated in myth and folklore. The ratdesnake is not inherently aggressive and generally strikes only when it has been put on the defensive. In its defensive posture the rattlesnake raises the front part of its body off the ground and assumes an S-shaped form in preparation for a lunge forward. At the end of a forward thrust, the rattlesnake pushes its fangs into the victim, thereby injecting its venom. Wl There are more than 30 species of rattlesnakes, varying in length from 20 inches to 6 feet. [ED In the United States there are only a few deaths annually from ratdesnakes, with a mortality rate of less

12.

than 2 percent of those attacked. IE3

Which of the following would be the best title

16.

on the drawing

rattlesnake that

for this passage?

(A)

Click

is

that shows a

ready to defend

itself.

The Exaggerated Reputation of the Rattlesnake

(B)

The Dangerous and Deadly Rattlesnake

13.

Killer of Humans

(C)

The Venomous

(D)

Myth and Folklore about Killers

According to the passage, which of the following is true about ratdesnakes? (A) (B)

They are always ready to attack. They are always dangerous and deadly.

(C)

(D)

14.

Their fierce nature has been underplayed in myth and folklore. Their poison can kill people.

on the word in paragraph 1 closest in meaning to "partially." Click

that

17.

It


(A)

all

rattlesnake bites are fatal

(B)

all

rattlesnake bites are not equally

(C)

harmful the few deaths from rattlesnake

is

from six-foot snakes deaths from ratdesnake bites have been steadily increasing bites are

15.

The word "posture" in line 5 is closest in meaning to which of the following? (A)

Mood

(B)

Fight

(C)

Position

(D)

Strike

(D)

.

450

READING

18.

Look 3.

word mortality in paragraph This word is closest in meaning to

CD CD

O CD 19.

The to

at the

20.

The

author's purpose in this passage

to

percentage

(A)

warn readers about the extreme danger from rattlesnakes

(B)

explain a misconception about

illness

death

rattlesnakes

survival


paragraph

(C)

describe a rattlesnake attack

(D)

clarify

Click

on the paragraph

how rattlesnakes

kill

humans

3.

They also vary in

Where would

is

it

toxicity of venom.

best

fit

21.

that explains

what people believe about

rattlesnakes.

into the

paragraph? Click on the square (O) to add the sentence to the paragraph.

PASSAGE THREE

Line (5)

(10)

(15)

(Questions 22-30)

For a century before the Erie Canal was built, there was much discussion among the general population of the Northeast as to the need for connecting the waterways of the Great Lakes with the Atlantic Ocean. A project of such monumental proportions was not going to be undertaken and completed without a supreme amount of effort. The man who was instrumental in accomplishing the feat that was the Erie Canal was DeWitt Clinton. As early as 1812, he was in the nation's capital petitioning the federal government for financial assistance on the project, emphasizing what a boon to the economy of the country the canal would be; his efforts with the federal government, however, were not successful. In 1816, Clinton asked the New York State Legislature for the funding for the canal, and this time he did succeed. A canal commission was instituted, and Clinton himself was made head of it. One year later, Clinton was elected governor of the state, and soon after, construction of the canal was started. The canal took eight years to complete, and Clinton was on the first barge to travel the length of the canal, the Seneca Chief, which departed from Buffalo on October 26, 1825, and arrived in New York City on November 4. Because of the success of the Erie Canal, numerous other canals were built in other parts of the country. 22.

The information

in the passage

(A)

gives a cause followed by

(B)

is

(C)

lists

24.

an effect

in chronological order

opposing viewpoints of a

problem (D) 23.

is

organized spatially

When did Clinton ask the U.S. government for funds (A)

for the canal?

One hundred years before canal was built

(B)

In 1812

(C)

In 1816

(D)

In 1825

25.

The word "boon" in line meaning to which of the (A)

Detriment

(B)

Disadvantage

(C)

Benefit

(D)

Cost

Look

at the expression

is

closest in

following?

financial assistance in paragraph 2.

Click

the

7

on the word or phrase

paragraph 3 that

is

financial assistance

closest in

in

meaning

to

1

READING QUESTIONS

26.

Look at the word it in paragraph 3. Click on the word or phrase that it refers to.

29.


on the paragraph committee that worked Click

that mentions a to develop the

canal. 27.

In what year did the actual building of the canal get underway?

28.

(A)

In 1812

(B)

In 1816

(C)

In 1817

(D)

In 1825

Click

on the drawing

resembles the Seneca

30.

The paragraph following the passage most probably discusses (A)

the century before the building of the Erie Canal

that

most

Chief.

(B)

canals in different U.S. locations

(C)

the effect of the Erie Canal

closely

on the

Buffalo area

(D)

Clinton's career as governor of

New York

45

3a3a3 a3a3a3a3a3 READING POST-TEST

(Paper)

SECTION 3 READING COMPREHENSION Time

—55 minutes


is

colleges.

Directions; In this section you will read several passages. Each one is followed by a number of questions about it. You are to choose the one best answer, (A), (B), (C), or (D), to each question. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and fill in the space that corresponds to the letter of the answer you have chosen.

Answer

all

questions about the information in a passage on the basis of what

is


that passage.

Read the following passage: John Quincy Adams, who served as the

sixth president of the United States

from 1825

and diplomacy He dedicated his life to public service, both in the presidency and in the various other political offices that he Line held. Throughout his political career he demonstrated his unswerving belief in freedom of (5) speech, the antislavery cause, and the right of Americans to be free from European and Asian to 1829, is today recognized for his masterful statesmanship

domination.

Example

Sample Answer

I

To what did John Quincy Adams devote his (A)


(B) (C)


(D)

Working on

life



Example

career."

life


you

Sample Answer

II

In line

4,

the

word "unswerving"

(A)

moveable

(B)

insignificant

(C)

unchanging

(D)

diplomatic

The passage

® o © ®

life?

is

closest in

meaning


to

® ® o ®

unswerving belief "throughout his This implies that the belief did not change. Therefore, you should choose (C). states that

his

Now begin work on the questions. GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE^

452

READING

3a3a3a3a3a3a3a3 Questions 1-10 occurs when the Moon moves in front of the Sun and hides at least some part of the Sun from the earth. In a partial eclipse, the Moon covers part of the Sun; in an annular eclipse, the Moon covers the center of the Sun, leaving a bright ring of light around the Moon; in a total eclipse, the Sun is completely covered by the Moon. It seems rather improbable that a celestial body the size of the Moon could completely block out the tremendously immense Sun, as happens during a total eclipse, but this is exactly what happens. Although the Moon is considerably smaller in size than the Sun, the Moon is able to cover the Sun because of their relative distances from Earth. A total eclipse can last up to 7 minutes, during which time the Moon's shadow moves across Earth at a rate of about .6 kilometers per second.

A solar eclipse

Line (5)

1.

This passage mainly (A)

(B) (C)

(D)

5.

What is

the

meaning of "block out"

in

line 5?

how long an eclipse will last gives facts about the Moon explains how the Sun is able to obscure the Moon describes

(A)

(B) (C)

informs the reader about solar

(D)

Square Cover Evaporate Shrink

eclipses 6. 2.

In

which type of eclipse

obscured in

its

is

the

Sun

According to the passage, how can the Moon hide the Sun during a total eclipse?

entirety? (A)

(A)

A partial eclipse

(B)

An annular eclipse A total eclipse A celestial eclipse

(C)

(D)

3.

The word "ring" replaced by

(B)

in line 3 could best be

(C)

The

fact that the

Earth than the Sun makes up for the Moon's smaller size. The Moon can only obscure the Sun because of the Moon's great distance from the earth. Because the Sun is relatively close to Earth, the the

4.

(A)

piece of gold

(B)

circle

(C)

jewel

(D)

bell

(D)

A "celestial body"

in line 5

probably one that

is

is

eclipsed by

Moon.

The Moon hides the Sun because of the Moon's considerable size.

found

(C)

(D)

inside Earth's atmosphere

(B)

Sun can be

most

within the Moon's shadow somewhere in the sky on the surface of the Sun

(A)

Moon is closer to

GOJONJOJHENEXTJPAGE^

POST-TEST

(Paper)

453

3a3a3a3a3a3a3a3 7.

The word

"relative" in line 8

could best be

9.

replaced by

8.

The word "rate" meaning to

(A)

familial

(A)

form

(B)

infinite

(B)

speed

(C)

comparative

(C)

distance

(D)

paternal

(D)

rotation

The passage states that which of the following happens during an eclipse? The Moon hides from the Sun. (B) The Moon is obscured by the Sun. (C) The Moon begins moving at a speed (A)

kilometers per second. The Moon's shadow crosses Earth. of

(D)

.6

10.

Where

in line 9

(B) (C)

(D)

closest in


mention the rate of a (A)

is


total eclipse?

1-2

2-4 5-6 8-9

GO ON JOJH E N EXJP AG 454

READING


Line (5)

(10)

While the bald eagle is one national symbol of the United States, it is not the only one. Uncle Sam, a bearded gentleman costumed in the red, white, and blue stars and stripes of the nation's flag, is another well-known national symbol. According to legend, this character is based on Samuel Wilson, the owner of a meat-packing business in Troy, New York. During the War of 1812, Sam Wilson's company was granted a government contract to supply meat to the nation's soldiers; this meat was supplied to the army in barrels stamped with the initials U.S., which stood for United States. However, the country was at that time relatively young, and the initials U.S. were not commonly used. Many people questioned what the initials represented, and the standard reply became "Uncle Sam," for the owner of the barrels. It is now generally accepted that the figure of Uncle Sam is based on Samuel Wilson, and the U.S. Congress has made it official by adopting a resolution naming Samuel Wilson as the inspiration for Uncle Sam. 1 1

.

The paragraph preceding most probably discusses

War of

this

passage

16.

The word "granted" (A)

refused

(B)

(A)

the

(B)

the bald eagle, which symbolizes the

(C)

underbid for told about

(D)

given

(C)

United States Sam Wilson's meat-packing company the costume worn by Uncle Sam

(D)

1812

17.

According to the passage, what was in the barrels

12.

Which

of the following

appropriate

title

is

the most

for this passage?

The Bald Eagle (B) The Symbols of the United States (C) Samuel Wilson (D) Uncle Sam Symbol of the Nation (A)

—

13.


is

18.

NOT mentioned

about Uncle Sam's appearance?

14.

(A)

He wears

(B)

There

(C)

He

(D)

His clothes have stripes in them.

is

is

facial hair.

some blue

19.

(B)

dressed nationalized

(C)

hidden

(D)

seen

(A)

stamped U.S.?

(A)

Sam Wilson

(B) (C)

Food for the army Weapons to be used

(D)

Company contracts

The word

"initials" in line 6

(A)

nicknames

(B)

family

(C)

first letters

(D)

company names

Sam Wilson was

in line 2 could

most

20.

of words

The word "official" meaning to (A)

authorized

(B)

professional

(C)

dutiful

(D)

accidental

in line 10

(C)

(D)

is

closest in

In 1812, people most probably answered that the letters "U.S." written on the

(A)

(B) (B)

means

Sam" because

the proprietor of what

type of business? (A)

war

names

barrels stood for "Uncle 15.

in the

in his clothing.

bald.

The word "costumed" easily be replaced by

means

in line 5

A costume company A meat-packing company A military clothier A barrel-making company

(C)

(D)

Congress required it Samuel Wilson was their favorite uncle Sam Wilson preferred it they were not exactly sure what the letters

meant


POST-TEST

(Paper)

455

3a3a3a3a3a3a3a3 Questions 21-31 Most people think of deserts

(5)

(10)

little

vegetation and

little

or no

rainfall,

but

Many deserts have varied geographical

formations ranging from soft, rolling hills to stark, jagged cliffs, and most deserts have a permanent source of water. Although deserts do not receive a high amount of rainfall to be classified as a desert, an area must get less than twenty-five centimeters of rainfall per year there are many plants that thrive on only small amounts of water, and deserts are often full of such plant life. Desert plants have a variety of mechanisms for obtaining the water needed for survival. Some plants, such as cactus, are able to store large amounts of water in their leaves or stems; after a rainfall these plants absorb a large supply of water to last until the next rainfall. Other plants, such as the mesquite, have extraordinarily deep root systems that allow them to obtain water from far below the this is hardly true.

Line

as dry, flat areas with

— —

desert's arid surface.

21

.

What (A)

main

the

is


Deserts are dry,

flat

27.

areas with few

(A)

machines

(B)

pumps

of vegetation can survive

(C)

sources

water.

(D)

methods

plants.

(B)

There

(C)

Many kinds

is little

with (D)

little

rainfall in the desert.

Deserts are not really little

The word "mechanisms" in most easily be replaced by

plant

flat

line 7 could

areas with 28.

life.

Which

of the following

is

mentioned

in the

passage about cacti? 22.

The passage implies (A)

that

(A)

the typical conception of a desert

(B)

is

They have deep root systems. They retain water from one rainfall

incorrect

the next.

They survive in the desert because they do not need water. (D) They get water from deep below the

deserts are dry, flat areas

(B)

all

(C)

most people are well informed about

(C)

deserts

(D)

to

the lack of rainfall in deserts causes

surface of the desert.

the lack of vegetation 29. 23.

"Mesquite" in line 10

The passage describes the geography of

(A)

deserts as

(B)

(A)

flat

(C)

(B)

sandy

(D)

(C)

varied

(D)

void of vegetation

30.

25.

"arid" in line

supply

(C)

(B)

storage space

(D)

superficial

(C)

need

(D)

lack

in line 3

means

The word

Where

(A)

geographical formations amount of precipitation source of water

(C)

"thrive" in line 5

(B)

grow well

(C)

minimally survive decay

1 1

means


describe desert vegetation that keeps water in its leaves?

(B)

suffer

READING

.

type of plants

(A)

(D)

(B)

31

According to the passage, what causes an area to be classified as a desert?

The (B) The (C) The (D) The

456

type of cactus geographical formation in the desert

(A)

(A)

26.

desert animal

deep dry sandy

The word "source"

probably

type of tree

The word (A)

24.

a a a a

is

(D)

Lines 1--2 Lines 3--6 Lines 7--9 Lines 9--11

means

GOONJOJ^

3a3a3a3a3a3a3a3 Questions 32-41 American jazz

Line (5)

(10)

a conglomeration of sounds borrowed from such varied sources as American and African folk music, European classical music, and Christian gospel songs. One of the recognizable characteristics of jazz is its use of improvisation: certain parts of the music are written out and played the same way by various performers, and other improvised parts are created spontaneously during a performance and vary widely from performer to performer. The earliest form of jazz was ragtime, lively songs or rags performed on the piano, and the bestknown of the ragtime performers and composers was Scott Joplin. Born in 1 868 to former slaves, Scott Joplin earned his living from a very early age playing the piano in bars along the Mississippi. One of his regular jobs was in the Maple Leaf Club in Sedalia, Missouri. It was there that he began writing the more than 500 compositions that he was to produce, the most famous of which was "The Maple Leaf Rag." 32.

This passage (A)

is

is

about

jazz in general

36.

and one

33.

34.

the

(D)

the major characteristics of jazz

of Scott Joplin

The word "conglomeration" in best be replaced by

(B)

mixture

(C)

purity

(D)

treasure

In line 3, the

line

1

was a

slave

when he

Scott Joplin's parents had been slaves

(C)

before Scott was born. Scott Joplin had formerly been a slave, but he no longer was after 1868.

(D)

Scott Joplin's parents were slaves

when 37.

The word

Scott

word "improvisation"

which of the following?

(B)

Performing similarly to other musicians Making up music while playing Playing a varied selection of musical compositions

was born.

"living" in line 8

easily be replaced

Playing the written parts of the music

(D)

Scott Joplin

(B)

could

(A)

(C)

true

was born.

(C)

involves

35.

(A)

the various sources of jazz

disharmony

is


(B)

(A)

of the following statements

specific type

of jazz life

Which

(A)

money

(B)

life-style

(C)

enjoyment

(D)

health

could most

by

According to the passage, ragtime was (A)

generally performed

on a variety of

instruments type of jazz

(B)

the

(C)

extremely soothing and sedate performed only at the Maple Leaf Club in Sedalia

(D)

first


POST-TEST

(Paper)

457

3 38.

a3a3a3a3a3a3a3 The word "regular" replaced by (A)

popular

(B)

steady

(C)

unusual boring

(D) 39.

The word "which"


40.

The name of Scott Joplin s most famous composition probably came from (A)

(B) (C)

(D)

in line 10 refers to

(A)

regular jobs

(B)

the Maple Leaf Club

(C)

Sedalia, Missouri

(D)

500 compositions

41

.

the

name

of a saloon where

he performed the maple tree near his Sedalia home the name of the town where he was born the school where he learned to play the piano

The paragraph following the passage probably discusses (A)

Sedalia, Missouri

(B)

the Maple Leaf Club

(C)

the

numerous compositions of Scott

Joplin (D)

the

life

of Scott Joplin

GOÔNJOJHENEXT^PAGE^

458

READING


Line (5)

(10)

The idea of determinism, that no event occurs in nature without natural causes, has been postulated as a natural law yet is under attack on both scientific and philosophical grounds. Scientific laws assume that a specific set of conditions will unerringly lead to a predetermined outcome. However, studies in the field of physics have demonstrated that the location and speed of minuscule particles such as electrons are the result of random behaviors rather than predictable results determined by pre-existing conditions. As a result of these studies, the principle of indeterminacy was formulated in 1925 by Werner Heisenberg. According to this principle, only the probable behavior of an electron can be predicted. The inability to absolutely predict the behavior of electrons casts doubt on the universal applicability of a natural law of determinism. Philosophically, the principal opposition to determinism emanates from those who see humans as creatures in possession of free will. Human decisions may be influenced by previous events, but the ultimate freedom of humanity may possibly lead to unforeseen choices, those not preordained by preceding events. 42.

It is

implied in the passage that a natural

45.

law (A)

something that applies to science

(A)

charged

only

(B)

fast-moving

(C)

circular

(D)

tiny

(C)

can be incontrovertibly found in the idea of determinism is philosophically unacceptable

(D)

is

(B)

43.

is

The word "minuscule" meaning to

a principle to which there exception

The word "unerringly" in most easily replaced by

is

no

line 3 could

46.

in line 4

is

closest in

According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true about the principle of indeterminacy?

be (A)

It

was formulated based on

studies in

physics. (A)

fortunately

(B)

It is

(B)

effortlessly

(C)

It

without mistake (D) with guidance

(D)

It

(C)

44.

The idea of determinism passage based on

is

proof

scientific

(B)

data from the science and philosophy of determinism principles or assumptions from different fields of study philosophical doubt about free will

(D)

has been in existence for more than a decade. is concerned with the random behavior of electrons.

refuted in this

(A)

(C)

philosophically unacceptable.

POST-TEST

(Paper)

459

3a3a3a3a3a3a3a3 47.

48.

The expression "emanates from" could most easily be replaced by (A)

derives from

(B)

differs

(C)

is

(D)

is

It is

(A)

(B) (C)

(D)

in line 10

49.

The word "unforeseen" in meaning to (A)

forewarned

(B)

blind

in contrast to

(C)

subordinate to

(D)

unappreciated unpredictable

from

implied in the passage that free will

50.

is

accepted by all philosophers a direct outcome of Werner s principle of indeterminacy the antithesis of determinism a natural law

Where in the passage does

STOP

STOP

is

(A)

(B) (C)


the end of Section

STOP

STOP

the author

mention who developed the contrary principle to determinism?

(D)

This

in line 12 is closest

STOP

1-2

6-7 8-9 9-13

3.

STOP

STOP

GOÔN TO THE NEXT PAGE^|

460

READING

READING POST-TEST (Computer)

M

USE

E Longman Complete Course for the TOEFL* Teat Reading Poet-Test

Ik

Jfe

<

When finished

reading

Reading


44 questions

icon below

Dismiss measures the ability to read and understand short passages. contains reading passages and questions about the passages. There are

This section

several different types of questions

in this

Directions

It

section.

When


You

will

Click


on Dismiss Directions

after

you

click on

Next

to continue.

Help ||

Prw


.

PASSAGE ONE

(Questions 1-10)

These stories of killer bees in the news in recent years have attracted a lot of attention as the bees have made their way from South America to North America. Killer bees are reputed to be extremely aggressive in nature, although experts say that their aggression may have been somewhat inflated

a hybrid of the very mild European strain of honeybee and the considerably more aggressive African bee, which was created when the African strain was imported into Brazil in 1955. The African bees were brought into Brazil because their aggression was considered an advantage: they were far more productive than their European counterparts in that they spent a higher percentage of their time working and continued working longer in inclement weather than did the European bees. These killer bees have been known to attack humans and animals, and some fatalities have occurred. Experts point out, however, that the mixed breed known as the killer bee is actually not at all as aggressive as the pure African bee. They also point out that the attacks have a chemical cause. A killer bee stings only when it has been disturbed; it is not aggressive by nature. However, after a disturbed bee stings and flies away, it leaves its stinger embedded in the victim. In the vicera attached to the embedded stinger is the chemical isoamyl acetate, which has an odor that attracts other bees. As other bees approach the victim of the original sting, the victim tends to panic, thus disturbing other bees and causing them to sting. The new stings create more of the chemical isoamyl acetate, which attracts more bees and increases the panic level of the victim. Killer bees tend to travel in large clusters or swarms and thus respond in large numbers to the production of isoamyl acetate.

The

1

.

killer

bee

is

The subject of the preceding paragraph was most likely

can be inferred from the passage that the killer bee

4.

It

CZD ways of producing honey (2D stories in the media about killer bees
CZ) traveled from Brazil to Africa in 1955 CZD was a predecessor of the African bee CZD was carried from Africa to Brazil in 1955

attacks

CZD the creation of the

killer

^

bee

exist early in the twentieth

century 2.


is

that killer

bees

5.

CZD have been in the news a lot recently
their

reputation suggests

vCZD

3.

are a hybrid rather than a pure breed

Look at the word inflated in paragraph This word could best be replaced by

KZD

exaggerated

CZD blown
READING

1.

Why were African bees considered beneficial?

CZD They spent their time traveling. CZD They were very aggressive. CZD They hid from inclement weather.

Look

word hybrid

paragraph 2. Click on the expression in paragraph 3 that is closest in meaning to hybrid at the

in

.

It is

7.

v

8.

O O O O

stated in the passage that killer bees

are

9.

What is NOT mentioned in

the passage as a

contributing factor in an attack by killer

more deadly than African bees

bees?

are less aggressive than African bees

CD

never attack animals

Panic by the victim

CZ) An odorous chemical CZ) Disturbance of the bees CZ) Inclement weather

always attack African bees

Look at the word They in paragraph 3. Click on the word or phrase that They refers to.

10.

Click

on the sentence

in paragraph 3 that

describes the size of the groups in which killer

bees move.


463

PASSAGE TWO

(Questions 11-21)

Clara Barton is well known for her endeavors as a nurse on the battlefield during the Civil War and for her role in founding the American Red Cross. She is perhaps not as well known, however, for her role in establishing a bureau for tracing missing soldiers following the Civil War. At the close of the Civil War, the United States did not have in place any agency responsible for accounting for what had happened to the innumerable men who had served in the military during the war, and many families had no idea as to the fate of their loved ones. Families were forced to agonize

where their loved ones were, what kind of shape they were in, whether or not they would return, and what had happened to them. U2J Clara Barton developed a system for using print media to publish the names of soldiers known to have been wounded or killed during various battles of the Civil War. |Q3 She made However, it numerous unsuccessful attempts to interest various government officials in her plan. was not until Henry Wilson, a senator from the state of Massachusetts, took up her cause and presented her plan to President Lincoln that her plan was implemented. Q23 With Lincoln's assistance, Clara Barton was set up in a small government office with funding for a few clerks and the authority to examine military records. She and her clerks gathered and compiled information from military records and battlefield witnesses and published it in newspapers~and magazines. Clara Barton operated this missing persons bureau for four years, from the end of the war in 1865 until 1869. During this period, she and her staff put out more than 100,000 printed lists, answered more than 60,000 letters, and accounted for more than 20,000 missing soldiers. endlessly over

,

1 1

.

The purpose of this passage CZ>

to praise Clara Barton s battlefield

13.

is

work as a

O O O

to malign the role of the U.S.

government

r

2.

CZ> near

nurse

CZ> to outline Clara Barton's role in establishing the American Red Cross

CZ)

Look at the word close in paragraph This word could best be replaced by

'

at the

end of the

battle

end shut

Civil

War CZ)

one of Clara Barton's known accomplishments

to present

lesser-

14.

What

is

stated in the passage about the

issue of missing persons following the Civil

War? CZ> The U.S. government was not

12.

Which

of the following

is

NOT mentioned

prepared to deal with the

as one of Clara Bartons accomplishments?

CZ> That she treated wounded

Civil

War

responsible for the issue.

integral to the

CZ> U.S.

establishment of the American Red

citizens

were unaware of the

issue.

Cross

CZ> That she served as an elected government official CZ) That she continued to work for the good of soldiers and their families after the Civil

issue.

CZ> President Lincoln did not recognize that there was an issue. CZ) One U.S. government agency was

soldiers

CZ> That she was

officially

War

15.


to

3.

She was prepared to publish names that she herself had gathered on the battlefield as well as information

gathered from others.

Where would Click

it

best

on the square

to the paragraph.

READING

fit

into the paragraph?

() to add the sentence

16.

Look

at the expression print

media

in

19.

paragraph 3. Click on the expression in paragraph 4 that is closest in meaning to print

17.

media

following did Clara Barton

and her

accomplish, according to the

staff

passage?

CZ) They searched military records. They responded to 100,000 letters. They printed a list with 100,000

.

O O

can be inferred from the passage that the budget for Barton s missing persons agency It

names.

CD

was

CD CD CD CD

Which of the

They talked with 20,000 missing soldiers.

quite lavish

open-ended limited in scope

20.

from private sources

Click

on the sentence

in

paragraph 4 that

indicates the duration of the existence of

Clara Barton s missing persons agency. 18.

Look at the word it in paragraph 4. Click on the word or phrase in paragraph 4 that it

refers to.

21

.

Click

on the paragraph that describes Clara

Barton s efforts to establish a missing persons bureau.


465

PASSAGE THREE

(Questions 22-34)

Federal Express is a company that specializes in rapid overnight delivery of high-priority packages. The first company of its type, Federal Express was founded by the youthful Fred Smith in 1971, when he was only 28 years old. Smith had actually developed; the idea for the rapid delivery service in a term paper for an economics class when he was a student at Yale University. The term paper reputedly received a less-than-stellar grade because of the infeasibility of the project that Smith had outlined. The model that Smith proposed had never been tried; it was a model that was efficient to operate but at the same time was very difficult to institute. Smith achieved efficiency in his model by designing a system that was separate from the passenger system and could, therefore, focus on how to deliver packages most efficiently. His strategy was to own his own planes so that he could create his own schedules and to ship all packages through the centralized hub city of Memphis, a set-up which resembles the spokes on the wheel of a bicycle. With this combination of his own planes and hub set-up, he could get packages anywhere in the United States overnight. What made Smith's idea difficult to institute was the fact that the entire system had to be created before the company could begin operations. He needed a fleet of aircraft to collect packages from airports every night and deliver them to Memphis, where |tHe£ were immediately sorted and flown out to their new destinations; he needed a fleet of trucks to deliver packages to and from the various airports; he needed facilities and trained staff all in place to handle the operation. Smith had a $4 million inheritance from his father, and he managed to raise an additional $91 million dollars from venture capitalists to get the company operating. BQ When Federal Express began service in 1973 in 25 cities, the company was not an immediate success, but success did come within a relatively short period of time. QQ The company lost $29 million in the first 26 months of operations. E£Q By late 1976, Federal Express was carrying an average of 19,000 packages per night and had made a profit of $3.6 million. E2D

22.

The most appropriate

title

for this passage

24.

What is

CD

CD

The Problems and Frustrations of a

Smith submitted

CD CD CD

CD CD CD

The Importance of Business Studies The Capitalization of Federal Express The Implementation of a Successful

word |[evôj|^| in paragraph This word could best be replaced by

.

CD CD CD CD

at the

come up with come about come across come into

through a delivery

was written by a student of Smiths. Its grade was mediocre. The professor thought it had great It

potential.

Business

Look

it

service.

Business Student

1

Smiths

term paper?

is

23.

stated in the passage about

25.

What was a key idea of Smith's?

CD

That he should focus on passenger service

CD CD

That package delivery should be separate from passenger service That packages could be delivered on other companies' planes

CD

That passenger service had to be efficient

READING

26.

Click

on the drawing that most

closely

30.

resembles a hub.

on the sentence in paragraph 3 that explains how Smith raised the capital he Click

needed.

31.

How long did it take Federal Express to become

CD CD CD CD

C

32.

profitable?

Two months One year Three years Six years


to

4.

However, the tide was to turn relatively 27.

quickly.

can be inferred from the passage that Smith selected Memphis as his hub city because it It

CD CD

Where would it best fit into the paragraph? Click on the square () to add the sentence to the paragraph.

was near the middle of the country had a large number of passenger aircraft

CD

already had a large package delivery

33.

on the paragraph that explains what made Smiths model effective.

34.

The tone of the passage in describing Smith s accomplishments is

Click

service

CD 28.

was a

favorite passenger airport

Look at the word they in paragraph 3. Click on the word or phrase that they, refers to.

29.

It is

CD CD CD CD

unflattering

sincere

unconvincing snobbish

NOT mentioned in the passage that, in

order to set up his company, Smith needed

CD CD CD CD

airplanes

trucks

personnel faculty


PASSAGE FOUR

(Questions 35-44)

Perhaps better known than the Cullinan Diamond is the Hope Diamond, a valuable and rare blue gem with a background of more than 300 years as a world traveler. The 1 12-carat blue stone that later became the Hope Diamond was mined in India sometime before the middle of the seventeenth century and was first known to be owned by Shah Jahan, who built the Taj Mahal in memory of his beloved wife. From India, the celebrated blue stone has changed hands often, moving from location to location in distant corners of the world.

In the middle of the seventeenth century, a trader from France named Jean Baptiste Tavernier acquired the large blue diamond, which was rumored to have been illegally removed from a temple. Tavernier returned to France with the big blue gem, where the stone was purchased by the Sun King, Louis XIV. Louis XIV had it cut down from 1 12 to 67 carats to make its shape symmetrical and to

huge by any standards, was passed down through the royal family of France, until it arrived in the hands of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette. During the French Revolution, Louis XVI and his wife met their fate on the guillotine in 1793, and the big blue diamond disappeared from public sight. The diamond somehow managed to get from France to England, where banker Henry Hope purchased it from a gem dealer early in the nineteenth century. The huge blue stone was cut into a 45.5 carat oval, and at this point it took on the name by which it is known today. The diamond stayed in the Hope family for around a century, when deep indebtedness brought on by a serious gambling habit on the part of one of Henry Hope's heirs forced the sale of the diamond. From England, the Hope Diamond may have made its way into the hands of the Sultan of Turkey; whatever route it took to get there, it eventually went on to the United States when American Evelyn Walsh McLean purchased it in 1911. Mrs. McLean certainly enjoyed showing the diamond off; guests in her home were sometimes astounded to notice the huge stone embellishing the neck of Mrs. McLean s Great Dane as the huge pet trotted around the grounds of her Washington, D.C. home. The Hope Diamond later became the property of jeweler Harry Winston, who presented the stunning 45.5carat piece to the Smithsonian in 1958. The Hope Diamond is now taking a well-earned rest following its rigorous travel itinerary and is on display at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C, where it has been since 1958.

maximize

35.

its

sparkle.

The newly cut diamond,

still

The paragraph preceding the passage most

39.

likely discussed

CZ) who bought the Hope Diamond England

CZ) why gems are considered valuable CZ) how the Hope Diamond was mined CZ) a diamond other than the Hope

36.

for

mining diamonds


is

in

CZ) who sold the Hope Diamond in England CZ) how the Hope Diamond went from France to England CZ^ how big the Hope Diamond was in the

Diamond CZ) methods

can be inferred from the passage that the author is not certain It

that the

nineteenth century

Hope Diamond CZ) CZ) CZ) CZ)

468

came from India has moved around a

lot

has been cut several times

now resides

in the Smithsonian

37.

Look at the word it in paragraph 2. Click on the word or phrase that it refers to.

38.

on the sentence in paragraph 2 that describes what happened to the royal French owners of the diamond. Click

READING

40.

Look at the word dealer dealer is most likely a CZ) CZ^ CZ) CZ)

card player

miner cutter

businessman

in

paragraph

3.

A

41

.

It

can be determined from the passage that

had how many cut off the Hope Diamond?

Henry Hope most carats

O O O O 42.

43.

O C3

21.5

45.5

C3 C3

66.5

67

CZ) donated the Hope Diamond to the Smithsonian CZ) let her dog wear the Hope Diamond CZ) purchased the Hope Diamond from the French CZ) had the Hope Diamond cut to its

is

NOT mentioned in the

passage as a place where the Hope Diamond spent some time?

likely

According to the passage, Mrs. McLean

Which country

44.

Click

India

France

England

Denmark

on the paragraph that discusses the

period when the Hope its current name.

Diamond received

present size of 45.5 carats


469

SECTION FOUR

WRITING

WRITING on the paper TOEFL

and always appears on the computer TOEFL test. On both forms of the test, writing consists of an essay question which must be answered by the test-taker in thirty minutes. The paper and the computer writing sections

Writing sometimes appears

test

are similar in the following ways: •

the type of question

•

the

•

the

amount of time way the uniting is

scored

The paper and the computer writing

sections are different in the following ways:

which writing is

•

the frequency with

•

the place where writing appears

•

the

•

the computation of the writing score in the overall score

on

tested

the test

method for writing an answer

WRITING ON THE PAPER TOEFL TEST On

the paper

The

TWE

is

TOEFL

test,

the writing section

given at the beginning of the

is

called the Test of Written English

TOEFL

test,

(TWE).

before the Listening Comprehen-

and Written Expression, and Reading Comprehension. On the TWE, you are given a specific topic, and you are asked to write an answer to the question. You have thirty minutes to write your answer on a lined sheet of paper. The TWE only appears on some of the paper TOEFL tests. The dates when the TWE will be given are published in the Bulletin of Information for TOEFL, TWE, and TSE. You should check the bulletin when you apply for the paper TOEFL test to determine whether or not the TWE will be given on the date when you will take the test. sion, Structure

WRITING ON THE COMPUTERTOEFLTEST On

the computer

TOEFL

test,

the fourth section

section appears every time that the

computer

is

called the Writing section.

TOEFL

test is given.

The Writing

In this section, you are

and you are asked to write an answer to the question. You have thirty minutes either to type your answer on the computer or to write your answer on a lined sheet of paper. You should type your answer on the computer only if you are comfortable working on a computer; if you decide to write your answer by hand, then be sure to write given a specific topic,

neatly.

473

WRITING

STRATEGIES FOR WRITING Because you must write a complete essay in such a short period of time on either the paper test or the computer test, it is best for you to aim to write a basic, clear, concise, and wellorganized essay. The following strategies will help you in the writing section of both the paper TOEFL test and the computer TOEFL test.

GENERAL STRATEGIES FOR WRITING (Paper TOEFL Test and

1 .

H

JflP

Read the question carefully, and answer the question exactly as it is asked. Take some time at the beginning of the test to be sure that you understand exactly what the question

2.

Computer TOEFL Test)

is

asking.

Organize your response very

You should think of having an introduction, body paragraphs that develop the introduction, and a conclusion to end your essay. Use transitions clearly.

to help the reader understand the organization of ideas. 3.

Whenever you make any general statement, be sure to support that statement. You can use examples, reasons, facts, or

similar details to

support any general statement

4.

Stick to vocabulary and sentence structures that you know. This try out new words or structures.

5.

Finish writing

is

not the time to

your essay a few minutes early so that you have time to proof what

you wrote. You should spend the

last

three to

five

minutes checking your essay for errors.

THE WRITING SCORE The writing score on both the paper TOEFL test and the computer TOEFL test is determined in the same way: the writing is given a score from 1 to 6, where 1 is the lowest score and 6 is the highest score. The following table outlines what each of these scores means:

THE WRITING SCORE


WRITING SCORES 6.

The writer has very strong grammatical

5.

The writer

organizational, structural, and

skills.

has

good

organizational, structural, and grammatical

However, the essay contains some errors.

skills.

4.

The writer has adequate organizational, structural, and grammatical skills. The essay contains a number of errors.

3.

The writer shows evidence of organizational, structural, and grammatical

2.

skills

The writer shows

that

still

need to be improved.

a minimal ability to convey ideas

in

written

English. 1.

There

The writer

is

not capable of conveying ideas

in

written English.

a major difference between the paper and the computer

is

tests in

how

this writing

On the paper TOEFL test, the writing score is completely separate from the overall TOEFL score; you will receive a score of 1 to 6 on the TWE, and this will not count as part of the overall score. On the computer TOEFL test, score of

1

to 6 relates to the overall score.

however, the writing score counts as one-half of the score in the Structure section.

SAMPLE ESSAYS one demonstrating each of the six possible scores. These essays can give you some idea of the type of essay you need to write to achieve a good score. They can also demonstrate some of the major errors you should avoid when you work on This section contains six essays,

the writing section.

The

strengths

and weaknesses of each

been outlined at the end of each. It understand what is good and what is not

essay have

would be helpful to study each answer in order so good in each of these essays. This is the topic that was used:

to

Sample Essay Topic

Time Do

— 30 minutes

you agree or disagree with the following statement?

Some people to

place a high value on loyalty to the employer. To others,

change jobs every few years

to build

specific reasons

and

details to

perfectly acceptable

a career. Discuss these two positions.Then indicate

which position you agree with and why.

Use

it is

support your answer.

WRITING

The

following essay received a score of 6:

Different cultures place varying values on loyalty to the employer.

countries,

However,

employer

most notably

in

in

Asia, there

is

a high degree of loyalty to one company.

most European countries and the United States,

is

not highly valued; Instead

some

In

it is

loyalty to one's

considered more ratlonel and

reasonable for an employee to change jobs whenever

it is

waranted to achieve the

optimal overall career. Doth of these positions have advantages and

disadvantages. In

cultures that value loyalty to the employer, a kind of family relationship

seems to develop between employer and employee. which the employer full

is

It is

a reciprocal arrangement

concerned with asisting the employee to develop to his/her

potential and the employee

is

concerned about optimizing the welfare of the

company. The negative aepect to absolute loyalty to one company employee

may stay

in

one job that he/she has outgrow and

opportunities to develop

employee

may

in

new

directions.

is

that an

may miss out on

From the employers point of view, the

be burdened with employees whose

skills

no longer match the neede

of the company. In

cultures

employees can

company as

in

which

build

long

as

it is

quite acceptable to change jobs every few years,

the career they chooee for themself. They can stay with one it is

mutually beneficial to company and employee.

good relationship exists and the employee's career pace, the employee can rmaln with a company. free to into a

find a

work situation that

is

Is

as

advancing at an acceptable

move to another company, perhaps to achieve a higher

new area, or to

long

Put at any time the employee

personality. The disadvantage of this situation

a

is

As

position, to

is

move

more suitable to his/her

employees tend to move around

lot.

Although both these systems have advantages and disadvantages, better for employees have the opportunity to move from job to job

necessary to have a better career.

if it

it is

is

much

THE WRITING SCORE


THE "6" ESSAY Strengths of This Essay 1 .

It

discusses

all

aspects of the topic.

2.

It is

clearly organized.

3.

The

ideas are well developed.

4.

It

has good, correct sentence structure.

5.

It

has only a few spelling and

grammar

errors.

Weaknesses of This Essay The concluding paragraph

I .

The


Some is

rather weak.

is

people place high value on loyalty to employer. They believe the

responsible for the employee'e career. The

employee about his job. The company or keep him

in

the old position.

In

will

this

to

build

believe

it is

will

make decisions about

to other company. Employee

make decisions

for the

decide to ralee employee to new position

in

will

have overall plan for

the company.

perfectly acceptable to change jobs every few years

a career. They believe employee

employee

will

way the company

the good of the company and everyone

Other people

company

company

will

is

responsible for his own career. The

his career.

choose what

Employee is

will

decide when to move

good for employee rather than the

company.

The best system

is

one when employer takes responsibility for the careere of

employees. Employer should take responsibility.

employer job.

He

is

will

It is

his duty.

watching out for his career. Then employee

be

loyal

will

Employee knows that

work hard and do good

to the company. This system works out best for everyone.

best for both the company and employees.

It is

477

WRITING

THE "5" ESSAY Strengths of This Essay It

1 .

discusses the topic

2.

It is

3.

It

fully.

clearly organized.

has correct sentence structure.

Weaknesses of This Essay 1 .

2.

The

The sentence

structure

is

very simple.

There are some grammatical errors,

particularly with articles.


Every one employers. believe

is

not

Some

in

agreement about how

that they should work hard for their employer and so their employer

years to

In

they

people should be to their

people place a high value on loyalty to the employer. These people

take care of them. To others

career

loyal

build

will

perfectly acceptable to change jobs every few

a career. They believe that having only one employer and one job

in

a

not be the best for them.

my culture will

it is

will

people stay with one employer for their whole

work their hardest at that job because

it is

life.

They have a job

the only job they

will

have.

They do not look for another job they already have one because that would be unloyal. This

way

is

better because when you old the company

and your family.


2.

It

answers the question

It is

fairly well.

clearly organized.


It

copies too directly from the question.

2.

The

3.

There are

ideas are not very well developed. several examples of incorrect sentence structure.

will

take care you

THE WRITING SCORE

The following

Some


essay received a score of 3:

people stay with one employeer for their entire career, but anothere build

a career by changing jobs every few years. There are three reaeene people should staying with on employer for their entire career. First,

workers.

the people should staying with one employer because If

workers stay with one employer they

can learning

will

abou the company and advence

all

in

will

the company.

Finally,

all

will

best for the having a big

be very success.

will

people should staying with one employer because

people stay with one

If

it is

knowing how to do their jobs and they

producton and the compeny

best for the

not having to move and they

Second, people should staying with one employer because compeny. The people

it is

compeny then

all

the compenlee

the compenle are very success then soceity

will

will

it is

best for soceity.

being very success.

If

be success.


2.

It is

It

clearly organized.

has good, correct sentence structure.


2.

The following

First, if

It

does not discuss the topic completely.

There are errors

in spelling

essay received a score of

there

your employer

is

2:

a disadvantage to place a high value on loyalty to the employer

is

no a good employer and your job

should no be loyal to a bad employer.

you are loyal to a bad employer

good to you.

and grammar.

it is

is

Many employer

no a good job then you

are no good employers and

a waste because a bad employer he

will

if

no be

479

480

WRITING

Next, there

is

a advantage to change jobe every few years to build a carere

if

you get boring with your job and you want to move from one job to other eo yo can get a better job instead of stay Finally,

your old boring

in

job.

people should decide for themself where they want to work,

if

they

decide one pice when they very young, how can they be sure whe they are older

that they

will still

want to work there?


The

overall organization

2.

The

writer's

main point

is

clear. clear.

is

Weaknesses of This Essay The sentence

1 .

The

I

structure

poor.

is

2.

There are numerous errors

3.

The

in spelling

and grammar.

ideas are not very well developed.

following essay received a score of

1:

think people should etaylng only one job for his hole careere. because

importent business.

loyal

If

to your jop.

If

you not

loyal.

Th company didn't be able has good

the employees keep change. Hew employees alway neede be

so on.

THE "I" ESSAY Weaknesses of This Essay 1 .

It

does not discuss the topic completely.

2.

The

3.

There are many errors

in spelling

4.

There are many errors

in

5.

It is

ideas are disorganized and difficult to follow.

too short.

it is

and grammar.

sentence structure.

train,

and

1

BEFORE WRITING


BEFORE WRITING Skill

The

I:

first

the topic

DECODE THE TOPIC and most important step when writing an essay on the TOEFL test is to decode to determine what the intended oudine is. Writing topics generally give very clear

how your answer should be constructed. It is important to follow the clear clues that are given in the topic when you are planning your answer. You probably will not be given much credit for a response that does not cover the topic in the way that is clues about

intended. Study the following essay topic:

Essay Topic

Some people

prefer large weddings with lots of people, while

others prefer small weddings with only very close friends and family.

Discuss the advantages of each type of wedding. Then

indicate

which you prefer and why.

As you read this topic, you should think about the organization of the intended response that will be expected by test graders. Your essay should start with an introduction, and that introduction should mention large weddings, small weddings, and their advantages. This introduction should be followed by supporting paragraphs describing the advantages of large weddings and the advantages of small weddings. In the final paragraph, you should discuss whether you prefer large weddings or small weddings and why. This final paragraph serves as your conclusion because it brings together the ideas in the previous paragraphs about large and small weddings. The following is an appropriate outline for an essay on the topic above:

Paragraph

1:

INTRODUCTORY PARAGRAPH (mentioning the advantages of large and small weddings)

Paragraph

2:

FIRST SUPPORTING PARAGRAPH (listing

Paragraph

3:

4:

discussing the advantages of large weddings)

SECOND SUPPORTING PARAGRAPH (listing

Paragraph

and

and discussing the advantages of small weddings)

CONCLUDING PARAGRAPH (whether you prefer large or small weddings

The

and why)


decoding writing

remember about

topics:

THE WRITING TOPIC Each writing topic shows you exactly what you should discuss and how you should organize your response. You must decode the topic carefully to

determine the intended way of organizing your response.

48

WRITING

EXERCISE that

you

will

For each of the following writing topics, indicate the type of information include in each paragraph of your response.

1:

What type

of novel

do you enjoy reading most? Use reasons and

examples to support your response.

INTRODUCTION: SUPPORTING PARAGRAPH SUPPORTING PARAGRAPH SUPPORTING PARAGRAPH CONCLUSION:

2.

Some

the type of novel I enjoy reading most

an example) the second reason I enjoy this type of novel (xvith an example) the third reason I enjoy this type of novel (with an example) summary of the reasons I enjoy this type of novel the first reason I enjoy this type of novel (with

I

2 3

students prefer to study alone, while other students prefer

to study with others. Discuss the advantages of each type of studying.

Do

Use

4.

Then

indicate


you agree or disagree with the following statement? the

most important

a boss.

Patience

is

specific

reasons and examples to support your response.

characteristic in

Some people work better during the day, while other people work better at night. Which kind of person are you, and why? Use reasons and examples to support your response.

BEFORE WRITING

Do


you agree or disagree with the following statement? Time should never be wasted.

Use

6.

specific reasons

What type

of

hometown or

7.

and examples to support your response.

company would you most city.

like

to see built

in

your

Give reasons to support your response.

Some people live for today, while other people live for the future. Which type of person are you? Use reasons and examples to support your response.

8.

Do


A knowledge of history Use

specific reasons

is

absolutely essential.


483

484

WRITING

Skill 2:

DEVELOP SUPPORTING IDEAS

After you have decoded a writing topic to determine the overall organization of your

develop your ideas. You need to provide as much support as possible for the ideas in your essay, using reasons and examples and making your answer as personal as possible. To have an effective essay, you need strong support response, you need to plan

how

to

Essay Topic

Why is

it

important to you to learn English? Support your

response with reasons and examples.

As you read this topic, you should quickly determine that the overall organization of your response should be an introduction, supporting paragraphs about your reasons for learning English, and a conclusion. You should take a few minutes before you begin writing to develop your ideas.

INTRODUCTION SUPPORTING PARAGRAPH

1

(examples)

my reaeone

for learning Englieh

for educational opportunitiee •

going to univereity abroad, going to graduate

echool abroad (reason)

•

(personal story)

•

SUPPORTING PARAGRAPH

2

(examples)

neceeeary to learn Englieh in order to etudy abroad the opportunity that have to get a graduate degree abroad with a echolarehip from my company I

for profeeeional opportunitiee •

getting an entry-level job

a multinational company advancing to a higher poeition in the in

company (reason)

•

neceeeary to learn Englieh multinational

(personal story)

•

order to eucceed

in

a

company

the low, entry-level job in a multinational company that got after wae interviewed in Englieh I

CONCLUSION

in

I

the educational and profeeeional opportunitiee that reeult from learning Englieh

main reasons for learning English: for educational opportunities and for professional opportunities. Each of these ideas is supported by examples, a reason, and personal information. The following chart outlines the key information that you should remember about the development of supporting ideas. In this example, there are two

SUPPORTING IDEAS Support your essay with reasons and examples, and personalize your essay as

much

as possible.

The more support you

have, the stronger

your essay

will be.

BEFORE WRITING

EXERCISE

2:

For each of the following

topics,


develop ideas to support

it,

examples, and personal information.

What

have you done that has most surprised the people around

you? Use reasons and examples to support your response.

Some people

like

prefer to remain

to in

visit

new and

different places, while others

places they know.

Which type

of person are

you? Support your response with reasons and examples.

Do


A Use

teacher should always stick to the subject matter of the course.

specific reasons

What


advice would you give to

someone who

is

just beginning the

study of the English language? Give reasons and examples to

support your response.

using reasons,

486

WRITING

5.

Some people

prefer to marry

when

they are young, while others

prefer to wait until they are older to marry. Discuss the

advantages of each position. Then indicate which you think

is

better and why.

6.

Do

you agree or disagree with the following statement? It is

Use

better to save your

specific

money

for the future

than to enjoy

it

now.


7.

At the end of your life, how would you most like to be remembered? Support your response with reasons and examples.

8.

Some people dream of reaching unlikely goals, while other people set more reasonable and reachable goals. Which kind of person do you tend to be? Use examples to support your response.

WHILE WRITING


WHILE WRITING WRITE THE INTRODUCTORY PARAGRAPH

Skill 3:

The purpose of

your topic and then to explain clearly to the reader what you are going to discuss. When finished with your introduction, the reader should be eager to continue on with your essay, and the reader should have an exact idea of your topic and how you are going to organize the discussion of your topic. You do not need to give the outcome of your discussion in the introduction; you can the introduction

is first

to interest the reader in

save that for the conclusion.

Essay Topic

Do

you agree or disagree with the following statement? To succeed, you should focus

more on cooperation than on

competition.

Support your response with

The

specific examples.

following paragraph shows one possible introduction to an essay on this topic in

which the author agrees with the statement.

INTRODUCTION In

1

my work in a

marketing company,

it ie

very c\ear that employeee

in

the

company compete with each other in order to be eelected to work on the beet projecte and in order to advance in the company. However, in epite of this intenee competition among employeee, the moet important key to the eucceee of the company, and therefore to the eucceee of the employeee working within the company, ie for employeee to cooperate in order to produce the moet effective marketing campaigne. Two examplee

in

which

I

have taken part, a

marketing campaign for an office eupply company and a marketing campaign for

a dance theater, demonetrate the value of cooperation among employeee.

The

first

part of this introduction gives background information about the writer to

The

two sentences tell the reader that the writer works in a marketing company and recognizes that, while both competition and cooperation exist among the employees of the marketing company, cooperation is the most important. interest the reader in the essay.

From

first

can be determined that the writer will discuss two examples from the marketing company that demonstrate the value of cooperation. The next paragraph shows another way that the essay on the above topic could be introduced. In this essay, the author disagrees with the statement. the last sentence of the introduction,

it

488

WRITING

INTRODUCTION 2 Ae a etudent in the beneficial to

univereity,

I

many occaeione it ie moet important for me aiwaye

find that, while on

cooperate with other etudente,

it ie

to compete with other etudente for the top gradee following

my univereity etudiee my poeition.

two eituatione from

competition to a etudent

in

in

the coureee

I

take. The

indicate the importance of

The first part of this introduction informs the reader that the writer is a university student who regularly competes for top grades; it also shows that the writer believes that competition is more important than cooperation. From the last sentence of the introduction, it can be determined that the writer will continue the essay by discussing two situations from the university that demonstrate the importance of competition. The following chart outlines the key information that you should remember about writing introductory paragraphs.

THE INTRODUCTORY PARAGRAPH 1

Begin the introduction with background information about

.

relates to

in

order to get the reader

interested in

your

the topic

essay.

End the introduction with a statement or statements that show the

2.

reader

EXERCISE

you

how

how the

rest of the essay will be organized.

Write introductory paragraphs for essays on the following topics. In each introductory paragraph, circle the background information that shows how the topic relates to you. Underline the information that shows how the rest of the essay will be organized. 3:

I

.

Do you It is

Use

agree or disagree with the following statement? better to stick with

specific

What

what you know than

to try out

new

things.


course that you have taken have you enjoyed the most, and

why? Use reasons and examples to support your response.

WHILE WRITING

3.

some


exams throughout the course, while in other courses there is only one final exam. Discuss the advantages of each type of course. Then indicate In

courses, there are numerous


v

J

4.

Do

you agree or disagree with the following statement? Parents always

Use

specific

What

is

know what

is

best for their children.


the strongest advantage that technology can bring us?

Support your response with reasons and examples.

6.

Some people

are very casual about handling their money, while

other people budget their money

carefully.

Which type

of person

are you? Support your response with reasons and examples.

Do


Use

8.

the responsibility of government to support the arts.

specific

What most


person, other than a family member, has influenced you the in

your

examples.

life?

Support your response with reasons and

489

WRITING

SkilL 4:

WRITE UNIFIED SUPPORTING PARAGRAPHS

A good way to write a clear and effective supporting paragraph is to begin with a sentence main idea of the passage, support the main idea with strong details, and connect the ideas together in a unified paragraph. The following outline shows a paragraph topic and its supporting ideas. to introduce the

to be a good employee, have a good underetanding of your job • underetand your reeponeibilitiee • underetand the rulee you muet follow • underetand the decieione you can make

Various methods can be used to connect ideas together in a unified paragraph: repeat-

word with a pronoun or possessive, and adding transition expressions or sentences. The paragraph based on the outline above contains examples of each of these methods of unifying the ideas in a paragraph. ing a key word, rephrasing the key word, referring to the key

you want to be a good employee, one charactehetlc that you muet

If

have

ie

a clear underetanding of the job you (l)job

know what your

have. Firet of all, (4) transition

reeponeibilitiee are in the poeition (1)

you

in

expression

hold. For example,

rephrasing ofjob

you muet know exactly what taeke you muet do

you muet

(4) transition

expression

your job. You muet aleo (l)job

(2) tasks

know exactly how theee taeke ehould be done and when they ehould be done. (2) tasks

(2)

pronoun

for tasks

After thie you muet underetand the organizational rulee that you muet ,

(4) transition

follow in

expression

(3) rules

your poeition Every organization hae rulee to .

(1)

rephrasing ofjob

(3) rules

to take breake or what to do when you are

underetand theee (3)

rulee

pronoun

clearly. In

eick,

and

it ie

(4) transition

important for you to

addition to underetanding your dutiee

in

and the

your job, you muet aleo have a clear

(5) transition

sentence

underetanding of which decieione you can and cannot make

my be youre

your eupervieor.

expression

for rules

you muet obeerve

decieione

euch ae when

follow,

In

.

Some

to make, while other kinde of decieione

eummary, for you to be a good employee,

(4) transitions

may be up to

it ie

expression

important for you to underetand

all

typee of

of theee aepecte of your job. (l)job

WHILE WRITING


numerous examples of devices that make the paragraph more unified. (1) The key word job is repeated numerous times and rephrased as position. (2) The key word tasks is repeated and is replaced with the pronoun they. (3) The key word rules is repeated and then is replaced with the pronoun these. (4) There are numerous transition expressions: first of all, for example, after this, such as, and in summary. (5) There is a transition sentence relating the first two supporting ideas about duties and rules to the This paragraph contains

about decisions. The following chart outlines the key information that you should remember when you are writing supporting paragraphs. third supporting idea

UNIFIED SUPPORTING PARAGRAPHS Introduce each supporting paragraph with a topic sentence and support that

paragraph with lots of unified

details.

Make sure

that the ideas

• •

adding transition words, phrases, or sentences

•

the paragraph are

by using a mixture of the following methods:

word rephrasing a key word replacing a key word with

•

in

repeating a key

NOTE: See 7B on page 50

a pronoun or possessive

1

for examples of transition expressions.

WRITING

E5£ERCISE 1.

word

employee in the passage.

How is the word

(A) Find the (B)

3.

Read the paragraph. Then answer these

(A) Find the (B)

2.

4:

word

Which pronoun

(A) Find the

How many times does it appear?

employee restated in the

priorities in

the passage.

noun

refers to the

word manner in the

questions.

second sentence?

How many times does it appear?

priorities'?

passage.

Manner \s a rephrasing of which word

in the previous

sentence? (B) 4.

What pronoun

refers to

manner?

(A) Find the transition expression that indicates the

first

way you must understand your

way

to the

organization. (B)

5.

Find the transition sentence that relates the understand your organization.

first

second way you must

(A) Find the transition expression that precedes examples of priorities. (B)

Find the transition expression that precedes examples of manner.

(C) Find the transition expression that precedes examples of inflexible

Another characteristic that you must have

good employee

ie

if

style.

you are going to be a

a dear understanding of your organization. Firet of all, for

you to be a good worker, you muet understand where the organization places Line (5)

ite priorities.

You must, for example, know

product

quality,

savings.

If

if

the organization most values

on-time production, customer satisfaction, or cost

you understand the organization's

to do your job

in

priorities,

accordance with them. However,

understanding an organization's priorities

if

in

then you

will

be able

addition to

you want to be a good

must also understand the style for getting work done within the organization. The manner of getting work done could, for instance, be

employee, you (W)

casual or formal, with perhaps very formal or informal ways of dressing or

communicating.

It

could also be either

flexible

or

of organization, you follow the rules to the letter precisely on time, taking breaks exactly (15)

clock strikes the hour);

in

a less

inflexible. In (i.e.,

arriving

as prescribed, and

rigid organization,

a very

rigid

type

at your desk

leaving

as the

the rules are not followed

so precisely.

Now write a paragraph beginning with

The recent news event that has

affected

me most

Then

follow these directions:

1.

appears in the paragraph. Draw a line from the key word to any repetitions, rephrases, or pronoun references to that key word. Circle each key

word the

first

time that

2.

Underline any transition phrases once.

3.

Underline any transition sentences

it

twice.

WHILE WRITING


WRITE THE CONCLUDING PARAGRAPH

Skill 5:

your essay by summarizing the main points of your discussion. When finished with your conclusion, the reader should clearly understand your exact ideas on the topic and the reasons you feel the way that you do about the topic. The ideas in your conclusion should be closely related to the ideas that you began in the introduction. While in the introduction you should indicate what you intend to discuss in the essay, in the conclusion you should indicate the outcome or results of the discussion. Refer to the essay topic and sample introductions in Skill 3 on page 487.

The purpose of the conclusion

to close

is

Essay Topic

Do

you agree or disagree with the following statement? To succeed, you should focus

more on cooperation than on

competition.

Support your response with

The

TION

following paragraph

on page

1 (in Skill 3)

CONCLUSION

is

specific

examples.

a conclusion to the essay that began with

INTRODUC-

487.

1

among employees to advance in the company, the key ingredient for the eucceee of the company is cooperation among employeee to complete the company e varioue projecte. The truth of this Even though there

is

intenee competition

statement should be clear from the examples of the marketing campaigns

for

the office supply company and the dance theater, where strong teamwork

caused one campaign to succeed and lack of teamwork caused the other campaign to be less successful.

In this conclusion, the writer clearly indicates the belief that cooperation tant than competition.

The

writer also refers to the two examples

is

more impor-

from the essay that sup-

port this position. (in

The next paragraph Skill 3) on page 488.

CONCLUSION if

i

a conclusion to the essay that began with

had not competed so strongly

university

in

INTRODUCTION

2

very different from

for

is

what

it is

my country, and

my studies

there. It is

was able to succeed

in

today. I

I

in

these two situations,

my life

would be

would never have been admitted to the top

would certainly never have earned a scholarship

because

this way.

I

believe

so strongly

in

competition that

I

2

494

WRITING

In^ this

conclusion, the writer clearly indicates the strong belief that competition

important.

The

writer also summarizes the two examples

is

very

from the essay that support

this

position.

The


remember about

writing concluding paragraphs.

THE CONCLUDING PARAGRAPH 1 .

2.

EXERCISE 5:

Summarize the key points

Be sure that your

in

your discussion.

overall idea

and the reasons for the idea are very

clear.

Write concluding paragraphs for the essays that you introduced in

each concluding paragraph,

circle

your overall idea. Underline the key points of your

cussion.

I .

Do


Use

2.

better to stick with

specific reasons

What

what you know than

to try out

new

things.


course that you have taken have you enjoyed the most, and

why? Use reasons and examples to support your response.

some

exams throughout the course, while in other courses there is only one final exam. Discuss the advantages of each type of course. Then indicate which you prefer and why. In

Skill 3. In

courses, there are numerous

dis-

WHILE WRITING

4.

Do

you agree or disagree with the following statement? Parents always

Use

5.


is

is

best for their children.


specific

What

know what

the strongest advantage that technology can bring us?


6.

Some people

are very casual about handling their money, while

other people budget their

money

carefully.

Which type

of person

are you? Support your response with reasons and examples.

Do


Use

8.

the responsibility of government to support the arts.

specific

What most


person, other than a family member, has influenced you the in

your

examples.

life?

Support your response with reasons and

495

WRITING

496

Skill 6:

CONNECTTHE SUPPORTING PARAGRAPHS

To make your essay

as clear as possible,

you should show

IN THE

as clearly as

ESSAY

you can how the

ideas

paragraphs in your essay are related. This can be accomplished (1) with transition expressions such as the first, the most important, or a final way, or (2) with transition sentences that include the idea of the previous paragraph and the idea of the current paragraph. It is best to use a combination of these two types of transitions. The following example shows how transitions can be used to show the relationships among the supporting paragraphs in an essay. in the supporting

ESSAY OUTLINE good

(introduction)

characteristics of a

(supporting paragraph 1)

•


• interesting lectures


• clear

an organized

and

class

teacher

reasonable assignments

TRANSITIONS (to

introduce SP1)

One important

(to

introduce SP2)

In addition also

(to

introduce SP3)

good

having a teacher who

is

class is

an organized

teacher.

organized, a good class

have a teacher who gives interesting

must

lectures.

A final characteristic of a good class is that the assignments are clear and

The

to

characteristic of a

reasonable.

supporting paragraph is introduced with the transition One important characteristic to show that this is the first of the characteristics of a good class that you are going to discuss in your essay. The second supporting paragraph is introduced with a transition sentence that shows how this paragraph is related to the previous paragraph; it includes a reference to the first supporting paragraph a teacher who is organized and a reference to the first

second supporting paragraph a teacher who gives interesting lectures. The third supporting paragraph is introduced with the transition expression A final characteristic to show that this is

the

last

The

of the three characteristics of a good

class.

following chart outlines the important information to

remember about connect-

ing the supporting paragraphs of your essay:

WELL-CONNECTED SUPPORTING PARAGRAPHS 1

.

The supporting paragraphs

of an essay can be connected with transition

expressions or with transition sentences. 2.

It is

best to use a combination of these

two types of transitions.

WHILE WRITING

EXERCISE


For each outline of an essay, write sentences to introduce each of the supporting paragraphs. You should use a combination of transition expressions and transi6:

tions sentences.

1.

INTRO SP1

courses I've enjoyed the most

sociology

pmiosopny

SP1

One couree have enjoyed I

Even more than eocioloqy, SP3

2.

INTRO

\e eociolo0y.

i

have really enjoyed philoeophy

Of all the coureee, the one that have enjoyed the moet I

places in the United States that I

would

like to see

Grand Canyon

SP1

•

the

SP2 SP3

•

Niagara

•

the Petrified Forest

Falls

SP1 SP2:

SP3

3.

INTRO SP1

SP2 SP3

best type

one one one

ofpart-time job while in school

that pays a lot

that

is

related to

my future

career

that has flexible hours

SP1

SP2 SP3

4.

INTRO

the world 's most important priorities

SP1

feeding the hungry

SP2 SP3 SP4

taking care of the environment

SP1

SP2 SP3: SP4:

finding cures for diseases

ending war and violence

\e

peychology.

497

"

WRITING

498

INTRO:

assignments I most dislike

SP1:

writing long research papers

SP2:

working on group assignments

SP3:

giving speeches

SP1: SP2:

SP3:

INTRO: SP 1

:

SP2: SP3:

advantages of learning saving money

to cook

preparing exactly what you want being able to cook for family and friends

SP1: SP2: SP3:

7.

INTRO:

what my parents taught me

be honest with myself make the most of what

SP1:

to

SP2:

to

SP3:

to strive for

more than

I

I

think

SP1: SP2: SP3:

8.

INTRO:

overused excuses for tardiness

SP1:

"I

SP2:

"My alarm clock broke. "My car wouldn't start." "The bus was late."

SP3: SP4:

SP1:

SP2: SP3: SP4:

overslept."

have I

can do

AFTER WRITING


AFTER WRITING Skill 7:

EDIT SENTENCE STRUCTURE

7A. Simple Sentence Structure

A simple sentence

is

a sentence that has only one clause 1

errors are possible in sentence with only

and

one

.

Two

types of sentence structure

clause: (1) the clause

can be missing a subject

can be introduced by a subordinate clause connector. The first type of incorrect simple sentence is a sentence that is missing a subject or a verb. (Note that an asterisk is used to indicate that the sentence contains an error.) or a verb,

(2) the clause

Every day

is

necessary to sign in and sign out.*

VERB

His recommendation about the project.* SUBJECT

The first sentence sentence

A

is

is

incorrect because

incorrect because

it

it

has the verb

is

but

is

missing a subject.

has the subject recommendation but

sentence structure with both a subject and a verb

is

The second

missing a verb.

not always correct. If the one clause in the sentence includes both a subject and a verb but is introduced by a subordinate clause connector, then the sentence is also incomplete.

When

the storm with thunder

and lightning

will leave the area.*

SUBJECT

VERB

How the driver of the car managed SUBJECT

is

to avoid

an accident.*

VERB

sentence includes both the subject storm and the verb will leave, but this sentence is not correct because it is introduced by the subordinate clause connector When. The second sentence includes both the subject driver and the verb managed, but this sentence is not correct because it is introduced by the subordinate clause connector How. The following chart outlines what you should remember about editing simple sen-

The

first

tences:

SIMPLE SENTENCES 1 .

2. 3.

A simple sentence is a sentence with one clause. A simple sentence must have both a subject and a verb. A simple sentence may not be introduced by a subordinate clause connector.

1

A clause is a group of words that has both a subject and a verb.

covered in great detail in

Skills

Simple sentences with only one main clause are 1-5 of the Structure section on pages 200-209.

WRITING

EXERCISE 7A: Underline

and the verbs

Put boxes around the subordinate clause connectors. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).

!

the subjects once

twice.

1.

The vague meaning of the underlined

expression.

2.

When you finally found out the whole

truth.

3.

His reaction to the film was priceless.

4.

Usually leaves quite early in the morning.

5.

An

6.

Surprisingly,

7.

Why the committee met for so

8.

Absolutely cannot submit the forms today.

9.

The

refusal of the judge to accept the petition.

10.

The

idea shocked me.

11.

Since each of the participants was fully trained.

12.

In a

13.

A discussion by all

14.

A situation needing a considerable amount of attention.

15.

Only that the books were overdue

16.

The dean

17.

To put off the announcement for one more

18.

If

19.

Actually, the results have not yet

20.

What

indication to everyone of the importance of the project.

no one has collected the

moment of anguish

the

prize.

long.

forgot about his promise.

interested parties has

been scheduled.

at the library.

finally decided.

outcome had been

day.

better.

been posted.

the other students were able to do.

AFTER WRITING

7B.

Compound Sentence


Structure

compound sentence is a sentence that has more than one main clause 2 The main clauses in a compound sentence can be connected correctly with either a coordinate conjunction (and, but, so, or, yet) and a comma or with a semi-colon (;).

A

.

Tom Tom Tom

drove too

fast.

He

drove too

fast,

so

drove too

fast;

he got a

In the first example, the two

main

got a ticket for speeding.

he got a

ticket for speeding.


clauses

Tom

drove too fast and

He got a ticketfor speeding are

compound sentence. In the second example, the two main clauses are combined into a compound sentence with the coordinate conjunction so and a comma. In the third example, the same two clauses are combined into a compound sen-

not connected into a

tence with a semi-colon.

compound

important to note that adverb transitions are not conjunctions, so either a semi-colon or a coordinate conjunction with a comma is needed. It is

possible to use adverb transitions in

Tom drove Tom drove Tom drove

he got a

too

fast.

As a

too

fast,

and he got a

too

fast;

as a result,

result,

It is


ticket for

he got a

sentences.

speeding as a

result.


example, the two main clauses Tom drove too fast and he got a ticket for speeding are not combined into a compound sentence even though the adverb transition As a result is used. In the second example, the two main clauses are combined into a compound sentence with the coordinate conjunction and and a comma; the adverb transition as a result is included at the end of the compound sentence. In the third example, the same two main clauses are combined into a compound sentence with a semi-colon, and the adverb transition is set off from the second main clause with a comma. The following chart lists some commonly used adverb transitions: In the

first

ADVERB TRANSITIONS TIME

CAUSE

CONTRAST

afterwards

as a result

however

next

consequently

in contrast

then

therefore

CONDITION otherwise

finally

A main clause

2

an independent clause that has both a subject and a verb. It is not introduced by a subordinate connector. Compound sentences are covered in Skill 6 of the Structure section on pages 209-211. is

.

WRITING

EXERCISE

7B: Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice in the main clauses. Put

boxes around the punctuation, transitions, and connectors that join the main

Then

I

indicate

if


1.

The researcher completed

2.

The meeting

3.

I

4.

The department's

(I)

the study, the results were quite surprising.

did not take place today, so

it

will

have to be rescheduled.

expected the exam to be on Tuesday, however sales

clauses.

were very high;

it

was on Monday instead.

as a result, the

manager has been given

a

bonus.

5.

We finished the last details and

6.

The employees

7.

The team won

often

its last

come

then we submitted the final report.

late to

work, but this does not seem to be a problem.

three games. Next,

it

will

compete

in the

championship

tournament.

8.

The

9.

The manager

light

bulb in the lamp has burned out

is

hiring

The textbook chapter was

11

You must turn

12.

The

in the

need

to replace the bulb.

some more employees, then we will not have

10.

.

I

quite long, yet

paper by

I

finished

Friday, otherwise

decision has not yet been made. Therefore,

it

to

work so much.

by 10:00.

your grade

will

we must wait

be lowered.

to learn the final

outcome.

moved more

13.

Afterwards construction on the highway was completed,

14.

This course requires a lot of work; in contrast, the other course required very

15.

Our flight is scheduled

16.

The building has

17.

We

18.

I

19.

The bookstore

20.

It

to

board soon, we must head over

a tower; the tower

is

on the north

have to see the professor now, or we

have worked hard for several months;

is

open

traffic

for another

will

to the gate now.

side of the building.

have to wait until next week.

finally, I will

be able

to rest.

hour we should go there right now.

has been raining steadily for days, consequently, the streets are flooded.

smoothly.

little.

.

.

AFTER WRITING

Complex Sentence Structure

7C.

A


complex sentence

clause

3 .

Noun,

a sentence that has at least one main clause and one subordinate

is

and adverb clauses are all types of subordinate clauses. Each of a complex sentence because it contains a subordinate clause:

adjective,

these sentences

is

They do not understand (what I said) NOUN CLAUSE

The

professor (who wrote the book)

is

giving the lectures.

ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

Final grades will be available (after the semester ends)

ADVERB CLAUSE

The first complex sentence contains the subordinate noun clause what I said. The second complex sentence contains the subordinate adjective clause who wrote the book. The final complex sentence contains the subordinate adverb clause after the semester ends. A variety of errors with complex sentence structures can occur in student writing, but the following two errors occur with great frequency: (1) repeated subjects after adjective clauses, and (2) repeated subjects after noun clauses as subjects.

The movie

(that

we saw

last

night) it* was really funny.

ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

S

(What she

told

me yesterday)

NOUN CLAUSE - S

The

first

movie

sentence

is

it* S

incorrect because

comes before the

S

it

V

was quite confusing. V

contains an extra subject.

adjective clause that we saw last night,

To correct

The

correct subject

and an extra subject

it

comes

you should omit the extra subject it. The second sentence is also incorrect because it contains an extra subject. The noun clause What she told me yesterday is a subject, and this noun clause subject is followed by an extra subject it. To correct this sentence, you should omit the extra subject it. The following chart outlines what you should remember about editing complex senafter

the adjective clause.

this sentence,

tences:

COMPLEX SENTENCES 1

.

When

a subject

comes before an

adjective clause,

do not add an extra

subject after the adjective clause. 2.

When after

noun clause is used the noun clause. a

A subordinate clause is a dependent clause.

3

do not add an extra subject

has both a subject and a verb and

Complex sentences with subordinate noun, adverb, and 7-12 of the Structure section on pages 211-226.

connector. in Skills

It

as a subject,

is

introduced by a subordinate

adjective clauses are covered in great detail

504

WRITING

EXERCISE

7C: Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice in the main clauses. Put

parentheses around the subordinate tences are correct (C) or incorrect

I

noun and

adjective clauses.

The

2.

How I will

3.

The excuse

4.

What

5.

The

6.

The person whose

7.

Who is responsible for the accident it is unknown.

8.

That the story

9.

The

I

ordered) they

be able to get

the lecturer said

place where

is

unclear.

was really quite amusing.

it

we agreed

meet

to

friendship

I

it

was quite secluded.

cherish most

is

a friend from

the house he did a very careful job.

Why she was the one who got the job is a mystery to me.

11.

What happened just before our arrival

12.

The

13.

The room

14.

What will happen

15.

The

16.

What

17.

The classmate who presented

18.

How such

19.

The

20.

Why he

we purchased

receptionist

the

her next

who

at the sale

unknown.

were quite a good bargain.

it is

a thing could

is

rather

what concerns

regularly answers the

manager wrote

in the report

it

me

phone

is

tiny.

the most.

out of the

office.

was highly complimentary.

the report he did a great job.

happen

is

not clear to me.

which

I

found myself was one

has done what

I

told

situation in

certain.

it is

which the seminar will be held to

my childhood.

indisputable.

it is

10.

in

the sen-

me was not very credible.

who painted

clothes that

if

be delivered tomorrow.

on the front page of the paper

is

contractor

will

work done

all this

you gave

that

indicate

(I).

1.

tickets (that

Then

him not

to

in

which

all

of the facts are not known.

do with the money

that

I

gave him

it is

not

AFTER WRITING


EXERCISE 7 (A-C): Find and correct the sentence structure errors in the following essay. (The number in parentheses at the end of each paragraph indicates the number of errors in that paragraph.) The essay discusses the following topic. Some people

prefer to take vacations

in quiet,

others prefer to spend their vacation time

natural places, while

in big cities.

Discuss the

advantages of each type of vacation. Then indicate which you prefer

and why.

J

V What you need to do

1.

before going on a vacation

it ie

to decide where you

will

go

may decide to go to a quiet place with a quiet and natural Inetead you may decide to go to a big city with a faet-paced life. Each of

on your vacation. You eettlng,

theee typee of vacation eomethlng to 2.

offer. (3 errors)

can be a good Idea to go to a quiet and natural location for a vacation they are numeroue. Firet o f all, a vacation In a natural eettlng allowing The reaeone that

It

you to relax and elow down the pace of your

life

for a while. Inetead of hurrying from

place to place ae you are ueed to doing. You can epend your time doing nothing

more than enjoying the beauty of the what you can do All

ofthie

It Ie

to take part

In

location. Then, after are thoroughly relaxed,

outdoor actlvltlee euch ae

leave you completely relaxed

will

and

hiking or

free of etreee by the

ewimming.

end of your

vacation. (5 errors) It

3.

can be nice to go to a quiet and natural epot for a vacation, however

It

can

aleo be quite an adventure to go to a big and faet-paced city for a vacation. The

main reaeon that part

in

It

can be a good Idea to take a vacation

eo many actlvltlee that are unavailable

In

In

a

big city It le

your hometown. On a

to take

big city

numeroue cultural evente that might not be available In your hometown, euch ae theatrical performancee, concerte, and art and mueeum exhlblte, they are available. On a big city vacation, will aleo have acceee to eome of the world'e fineet reetaurante and ehopping. After your big city vacation hae ended. You will have a whole range of new experiencee that are not part of your daily life. (5 errors) vacation,

For me, the type of vacation that

4.

the vacation.

and

I

I

decide to take

work ae a legal aeeletant

In

it

depende on my

a law office, thle job

le

life

prior to

often repetltloue

eometlmee quite frantic juet prior to a major caee. After a elow and boring period of work. All want Ie to head to a faet-paced vacation in a big city. However, if my job been frantic and buey prior to my vacation, then want to head to a quiet and beautiful place where can relax. Thue, enjoy different typee of vacatlone, the type of vacation depende on the pace of my life before the vacation. dull

but

ie

I

I

(6 errors)

l

WRITING

Skill 8:

EDIT WRITTEN EXPRESSION

8A. Inversions and Agreement Errors in inversions and agreement are covered in the Structure section of this book. You

may want

to review these skills.

Sentences with Inverted Subjects and Verbs 20-23: Problems with Subject/Verb Agreement

Skills 15-19: Skills

EXERCISE

8A: Find and correct the errors in the following essay. (The

end of each paragraph

theses at the

The

indicates the

number of

number

in paren-

errors in that paragraph.)

essay discusses the following topic.

Some people prefer to work for a company, while others prefer to work for themselves. Discuss the advantages of each position. Then indicate

1

.


J

Something very important for etudente to decide ae they near the end of their etudiee are whether ehould they work for another company or go into bueineee for themeelvee. Ae a univereity etudent, thie decieion about my future are one that face eoon myeelf. To me, each oftheee poeitione have dear advantagee, in particular depending on the etage of your career. (4 errors) I

2.

numeroue advantagee to working for another company, particularly early In your career. One of the advantagee are that working In eomeone elee'e company provide a eituation with the eecurity of a regular paycheck and leee reeponeibillty than you would have you were to be the owner of the company. Aleo, not until you etartyour own bueineee you need to come up with the financee to back the company. Thue, all of thie indicate that it ie better to work for other people early in your career while you are gaining the knowledge and experience you need to etartyour own company. (6 errors) There

ie

Then, later

3.

in

your career,

it

may be advantageoue

for you to go into bueineee

for youreelf. The main reaeon for going into bueineee for you reel f are that

in

your

own company you are able to decide on what direction do you want your company to go. However, only when you have gained enough knowledge and experience are it a good idea to go into bueineee for youreelf Thie ie when will you be ready to deal with the reeponeibiiity, preeeure, and financial neede of owning a company. (4 errors) Nothing are more important to

4.

what eeeme very clear to me now ie elee'e

and

company are

leee preeeure, but

othere. Then,

and

beet.

build

up

where can

I

I

I

In

my own company one day. However, that beginning my career working in eomeone

me than

having

thie eituation, not only

can aleo

build

I

can work with more eecurity

my financial reeourcee and

up

learn from

ehould manage to gain enough experience, knowledge, and confidence

my financial

reeourcee,

I

hope eventually to open

determine exactly how would

I

like

my own company,

the company to operate.

(6 errors)

AFTER WRITING

Comparative, and Superlative Structures

8B. Parallel,

and

Errors in parallel, comparative, tion


of this book. You

may want

superlative structures are covered in the Structure sec-

to review these

skills.

24-26: Problems with Parallel Structure Skills 27-29: Problems with Comparatives and Superlatives Skills

EXERCISE

8B: Find and correct the errors in the following


theses at the

The

indicates the

number

essay.

(The number in paren-

of errors in that paragraph.)


Do

you agree or disagree with the following statement? The primary reason

to get

an education

is

to succeed financially.


1.

/

am a

and am etudying

univereity etudent,

I

in

J

the university for a number of

reaeone. Of couree, one of my reaeone for going to echool, studying hard,

obtain a university degree

ie

to eucceed financially; the more money make, I

better for me. However, financial eucceee going to the univereity. Inetead,

reaeon than that: better 2.

life,

I

not juet

believe in

a

and

ie

am going

I

not

my moet importanteet reaeon

way

be

for

to the univereity for a much broad

that a univereity education

financial

it will

will

give

me a much

rich

and

(5 errors)

One way that a univereity education makee your life enjoyabler ie to give you the opportunity to have a career that you really deeire and appreciative. Having a career that you like ie much better than a job that juet paye the bille. for example, am etudying to be a marine biologiet. will have the better career for me; will be rewarded not only in terme of money and aleo in terme of enjoyment of my career. (5 errors) I,

I

3.

I

Another way that a univereity education can enrich your life ie to provide a broadeet knowledge, underetand, and appreciation of the world around you than you already have. It providee you with an underetanding of both the hietory of your own culture and to influence hietory on the preeent. It aleo providee you with an underetanding of other culturee and ehowe you that other culturee are neither exactly the eame ae nor they are completely different from your own culture. Finally, it providee you with an underetanding of the univeree around you and ehowing you how the univeree functione. (5 errors) Thue,

4.

in

getting a univereity education,

certainly one goal that

important ae ie

I

I

I

can eay that financial eucceee

have. However, the goal of financial

have another goal.

the goal of achieving a more

My primary goal in

full life,

eucceee

ie

ie

not ae

getting a univereity education

certainly one with financial eecurity but more

terme of profeeeional opportunitiee or terme of awareneee and underetanding of life around me. The cloeer get to importantly one that

ie

rewarding both

in

I

achieving thie goal,

I

will

be happier.

(4 errors)

in

WRITING

SC. Verbs Errors in verbs are covered in the Structure section of this book. You these

may want

to review

number

in paren-

skills.

30-32: Problems with the Form of the Verb Skills 33-36: Problems with the Use of the Verb Skills

Skills

37-38: Problems with Passive Verbs

EXERCISE 8C: Find and theses at the

The

correct the errors in the following essay. (The


indicates the

something unexpected happens, examples to support your response.

When something unexpected happene, waye.

wieh

i

how do you

Use

react?

different peopie reacted

in

a variety of

could reacted calmly to unexpected eituatione. However,

i

unfortunately,

I

ueually react with panic. The following example

reaction to eituatione when 2.



When

1.

number of

I

ehowe my ueual

have be completely unprepared for them.

(3 errors)

way that react to unexpected eituatione hae occurred hietory claee laet week. The profeeeor had told ue that we will be covering the Thie example of the

material claee,

I

in

I

Chaptere 10 through 12

have read

etudy. While

I

wae

all

in

relax in

3y the time arrived in and underetood moet of what had

claee on Thureday.

of the aeeigned material,

in

I

I

my chair at the beginning

I

of claee, the profeeeor

announcee that there would be a pop quiz on the material in the aeeigned chaptere. wae preparing on the material becauee have etudied all of it thoroughly before I

I

claee. (8 errors) 3.

and do not react well to unexpected eituatione. Inetead of feeling relaxed at the announcement of the unexpected quiz becauee wae eo prepared, wae completely fill with anxiety by the eituation. Ae the profeeeor wae write the queetione on the board, become more and more nervoue. wae unable to think clearly, and knew that would done a bad job on the quiz becauee this wae what alwaye happene to me when feel panic. Ae etared at the queetione on the board, had been unable to think of the correct anewere. It wae ae if had not prepare at all for claee. Then, the profeeeor collected the papere from the claee, including my baeically blank piece of paper. Juet after the papere had However,

I

wae face

with an unexpected eituation,

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

been collecting, the anewere to 4.

all

the queetione came to me.

You can eeen from thie example that

my ueual

(9 errors)

reaction to eomething

more calmly, but up to now had not learned to react thie way. On the baeie of my paet behavior, however, it eeeme that currently had a etronger tendency to react with panic than unexpected

ie

to panic.

In

I

I

with calm. (4 errors)

the future,

I

hoped that

I

will

learn to react

AFTER WRITING


Nouns and Pronouns

8D.

Errors in nouns

want

and pronouns are covered

book. You

may

to review these skills.

theses at the

Nouns

Skills

39-42: Problems with

Skills

43-45: Problems with Pronouns

EXERCISE 8D: Find and The

in the Structure section of this

correct the errors in the following essay. (The


indicates the

number of

number

in paren-



What

part of your high school experience

was the most

valuable?

Use


J

V 1.

wanted with all of mine heart to be on the football team. My deeire to be on the team had little to do with athletics and was perhaps not for the best of reasons; the strong stimuli for to make the team was that team members were well-known In the school and he /

was not a very good athleticism

In

high school, but

I

I

team

and the fact that through hard worker managed to accomplish something that wanted so much, even If Its was something petty, turned out to be the single most valuable

became very popular.

This desire to be on the football

In

high school,

I

I

experiences of my years 2.

In

high school. (8 errors)

had to work very hard to make the football team In high school, and for some time this seemed like an Impossible goals. A large amount of students In my school, more than a hundred and fifty of them, spent many of theirs afternoons trying out for a team with less than forty positions. After a lot of hard work on my part, and after had demonstrated to the coaches that he could count on me to keep going long after everyone was exhausted, managed to make the team as a secondary play. Even with so many effort, was never going to be a sports phenomena or even /

I

I

I

a member of the

first

team, but did accomplish /

my goal of making

the team.

(8 errors)

3.

The valuable lesson that

I

learned through this experience was not the joy of

competitor or the much benefits of teamwork, several lesson very commonly associated with participation

In

team

sports. Instead, the valuable lesson that

learned was that hard work and determination could be very Important

(8 errors)

It

helping

I

want to reach. Even If others have more talent, can does and still perhaps find successor where them do not.

accomplish each goals that work harder than

In

I

I

I

WRITING

510

8E. Adjectives and

Adverbs

Errors in adjectives and adverbs are covered in the Structure section of this book. You may

want

to review these

skills.

46-48: Problems with Adjectives and Adverbs Skills 49-51: More Problems with Adjectives Skills

Skills

EXERCISE

8E: Find and correct the errors in the following essay. (The

theses at the

The

52-55: Problems with Articles


indicates the

number of

in paren-



/

;

Some students prepare early, while other students procrastinate. Which type of student are you? Support your response with reasons and examples.

1.

number

/

understand that

J it

eeeme importantly for a etudente to prepare

early their

aeeignmente rather than procraetinate in getting aeeignmente done. However, although understand thie clear, alwaye eeem to wait until the finally minute to get aeeigning projecte done. There are two reaeone why regular procraetinate on I

I

I

my aeeignmente academic my work done. (9 errors) 2.

in

epite of the fact that thie

not a beet way to get

ie

One reaeon that tend to be a eternal procraetinator ie that work much more efficient under preeeure than do when am not under preeeure. For example, can accomplieh eo much more in a two-hour period when have a definitely deadline in two houre than can during an alike period without the preeeure of a deadline etrict. Without a deadline, the two-hour period eeeme to fly by with minimally accompliehment, but with an rapid approached deadline eeem quite capably of I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

making every minute of the two-hour period count. (10 3.

errors)

Another reaeon that tend to procraetinate ie that if start preparing early, it takee generally more of my time. If, for example, have paper due in eix weeke, can etart working on the paper now and work on it on a day baeie, and that paper will take up a lot of my time and energy during the followed eix weeke. However, if wait to begin work on the paper until week before it ie due, have to go off eome place where can be lone and epend all of my time and energy that week on the paper, but it will only take one week of my time valuable and not eix weeke. (7 errors) I

I

I

I

I

I

I

4.

eummary, it eeeme that alwaye wait until the laet minute to complete an aeeignmente becauee am afraid that will waete too much time by etarting early. It would be good idea, however, for me to make a effort to get work done efficient and early eo that do not alwaye have to feel teneely about getting work done at a In

I

I

/

laet minute. (6 errors)

I

1

AFTER WRITING


Prepositions and Usage

8F.

and usage are covered

Errors in prepositions

want to review these

EXERCISE The

You may

skills.

Skills

56-57: Problems with Prepositions

Skills

58-60: Problems with Usage

8F: Find

theses at the

in the Structure section of this book.

and correct the errors


(The number

in the following essay.

number of

indicates the

in paren-



Some people

avoid confrontations at

seem to seek them

all

costs, while other people

out. Discuss each type of person.

Then

indicate

which type of person you are and why.

Some people make their beet to avoid confrontations,

1.

eeem to get

often

of behavior, thus,

moderate

another people

Involved confrontations. There

can be problems with either type

always try to be

at either extreme and remain

dislike people

my approach at confrontation.

(5 errors)

some people, confrontation should be avoided for all

To

2.

In

I

while

make nothing even after something

terribly

costs. These people

will

wrong has happened to them. They, for

example, stay silent when they are pushed around or when they are blamed

something they did not do. Unfortunately,

It Is

quite probable that others

will

take

advantage from people alike this. Thus, people who avoid confrontations will find that they do not get as much out life as they deserve because other always take advantage of them. Alike people

3.

(7 errors)

who avoid confrontations, others

Individuals

go to the opposite

extreme; they take part for confrontations too easily When something small

happens accidentally, they become enraged and do a

big deal

of it as

if

they had

been terribly wronged. Ferhaps, for example, someone accidentally bumps mistakenly says something offensive; serious confrontation. While

it is

in

in

them or

this type of situation, they create a

true that other people

will

try hard not to provoke

do an effort to avoid spending much time In the company of such a person. Thus, people who get Involved in confrontations easily will find it hard to develop close friendships and relationships this type of person,

also true that other

it Is

will

with anothers. (8 errors) 4.

/

try to

make the

try to behave

offends me.

If

me

In

an

right thing by avoiding either extreme type of behavior.

with chance,

someone

manner, without overreacting or underreactlng.

alike I

try to brush

intentionally

it

and keep

in

going as

if

If

I

someone

nothing had happened

succeeds on bothering me, however, try to react without

anger but with a reaction that shows that behavior alike this

I

Is

unacceptable.

do not do the mistake of wasting time on unimportant situations, but prevent others instances of bad behavior toward me for recurring. (11 errors) way,

I

always

In I

this

5

1

COMPLETE TESTS

lnlnlnlnlnlnlnl COMPLETE TEST

(Paper)



(including the reading of the directions for each part) have an opportunity to demonstrate your ability to understand conversations and talks in English. There are three parts to this section. Answer all the questions on the basis of what is stated or implied by the speakers you hear. Do not take notes or write in your test book at any time. Do not turn the pages until you are told to do so. In this section of the test,

you

will

Part A Directions: In Part A you will hear short conversations between two people. After each conversation, you will hear a question about the conversation. The conversations and questions will not be repeated. After you hear a question, read the four possible answers in your test book and choose the

on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and the letter of the answer you have chosen.

best answer. Then,

corresponds to

fill

Sample Answer


®

On the recording, you hear: (man)

(woman) (narrator)

^

That exam was just awful Oh, it could have been worse. What does the woman mean?


in the space that

The exam was really awful. (B) It was the worst exam she had ever seen. (C) It couldn't have been more difficult. (A)

(D)

It

wasn't that hard.

You learn from the conversation that the man thought the exam was very difficult and that the woman disagreed with the man. The best answer to the question, "What does the woman mean?" (D), "It

wasn't that hard." Therefore, the correct choice

is

is (D).

Wait COMPLETE TEST

(Paper)

Inlnlnlnlnlnl (A)

(B) (C)

fD)

Carla does not live very far away. What Carla said was unjust. He does not fear what anyone says. Carla is fairly rude to others.

(B)

She thinks it's an improvement. The fir trees in it are better.

(C)

It

ID)

It is

(A)

resembles the

last one.

the best the

man has

9.

(A

(B (C

dad.

10.

ever done.

(D

She wants a new wallet

(A (B (C

He

(D (A)

{B)

He graduated last in his class. He is the last person in his family to

11.

(A

(B (C

graduate.

He

doesn't believe he can improve

He has

(D

finally finished his studies.

for herself.

prefers cold water.

His toes are too big. The pool felt quite refreshing. He didn't go for a swim.

She just left her sister's house. Her sister is not at home. She's not exactly sure where her sweater

gradually. [T>)

her birthday today. She's looking for a birthday gift. She wants to go shopping with her

It's

is.

She doesn't know where her

sister

lives.

(A)

He's surprised there were five dresses.

OB)

It

was an unexpectedly inexpensive

12.

(A

He would like fD)

to complete

additional reports.

dress.

dress

She doesn't have time

it

to

know what

color

(B

She cannot

(C

already working on. She is scared of having responsibility

was.

finish the reports that she

is

The dress was not cheap.

for the reports.

(B)

Leave the car somewhere else. Ignore the parking tickets.

(C)

Add more money to

fD)

Pay the parking attendant.

(A)

He does (B)

It is

(A (B

He's

the meter. 13.

not like to hold too

many

had enough

exercise.

He's going to give himself a reward for the hard work.

books at one time. There is no bookstore in his neighborhood. It's

not time for the accounting reports to be compiled.

(D

(C

He's going to stay

on

some

for quite

time.

(D

not possible to obtain the book

He would like exercise

to give the

machine

as a

woman an

gift.

yet.

He needs

to talk to

someone

at the

14.

bookstore. [A)

[B) 'C)

CD)

8.

was incomplete. It finished on time. It was about honor. It was too long.

(A (B (C

It

(A)

She needs

(B)

Yesterday's physics class

15.

to use the man's notes.

was

in

The waves are not coming in. He would like the woman to repeat what she said.

He

(A

The exam was postponed. The man should have studied

(B (C (D)

She took some very good notes

see the huge waves.

(D

quite

boring.

He cannot

agrees with the

woman.

harder.

Night is the best time to study for exams. She is completely prepared for the exam.

physics class. (D)

She would

like to

lend the

man her

notes.

GOÔN TO THENEXT

5 6 1

COMPLETE TEST

(Paper)

PAGE}

7

Inlnlnlnlnlnlnl 16.

(A

(B (C

Students who want to change schedules should form a line. It is only possible to make four changes in the schedule. It is necessary to submit the form

24.

(A (B

He needs to take a nap. He hopes the woman will

(C

calm down. The woman just woke him up.

(D

He

(A

She doesn't think the news report

is

help

him

to

extremely relaxed.

quickly.

(D

Problems occur when people don't

25.

wait their turn. 17.

(A (B (C (D

In a

false.

(B

She has never before reported on the

(C

news. She never watches the news on

mine

In a jewelry store

In a clothing store In a

is

television.

bank

(D

She shares the man's opinion about the report.

18.

(A

A visit to

(B

The telephone bill The cost of a new telephone How far away the woman's family

(C

(D

the woman's family 26.

(A

(B (C

(D

She hasn't met her new boss yet. She has a good opinion of her boss. Her boss has asked her about her impressions of the company. Her boss has been putting a lot of pressure on her.

Management will

offer

pay raises on

Friday.

lives

19.

(A

27.

(B (C (D

The policy has not yet been decided. The manager is full of hot air. The plane has not yet landed.

(A

He

doesn't believe that

it is

really

snowing. (B (C (D

The snow had been predicted. The exact amount of snow is unclear.

He expected the woman

to go out in

the snow. 20.

(A (B

The

He

recital starts in three hours.

intends to recite three different

28.

poems. (C

He

received a citation

on the

He

(A (B (C (D

(A (B

(D

Choose a new dentist Cure the pain himself Make an appointment with his dentist Ask his dentist about the right way to brush It is

almost

five o'clock.

The man doesn't

(C

It

(D

It

She thinks she did a good job on the exam. She has not yet taken the literature exam. She's unhappy with how she did.

thinks the performance begins at

29.

30. 22.

(B (C

three.

21.

She's going to take the test over again.

third of

the month.

(D

(A

really

need the

stamps. is a long way to the post office. would be better to go after five

(A (B (C (D

The door was unlocked. It was better to wait outside. He could not open the door.

(A (B (C (D

He He He He

He needed

to take a walk.

nailed the door shut. is

heading home. himself in the head. absolutely correct.

hit is

o'clock.

23.

(A

(B

The article was placed on reserve. The woman must ask the professor for a copy.

(C

The woman should look through a

(D

number of journals in the library. He has reservations about the information in the

article.

GOÔN TO THE NEXT

COMPLETE TEST

PAGE^ (Paper)

5

1

lnlnlnlnlnlnlDl Part B Directions; In this part of the test, you will hear longer conversations. After each conversation, you will hear several questions. The conversations and questions will not be repeated.


After

Remember, you are not allowed 31

.

(A)

The haircut

(B)

This

is

(C)

Bob

doesn't

unusually short.

is

Bob's

first

your


36.

haircut.

the

(C)

(D)

pressure That she wanted to

haircut.

(D)

After the haircut, Bob's hair

touches the 32.

(A)

It is

(B)

He He He

(C)

(D)

just

still

what he wanted.

dislikes

thinks

it

it

37. style.

immensely

will

become a weather

forecaster

floor.

enjoys having the latest

book.

That she was eighty- five years old That a storm was coming That she was under a great deal of

(A)

(B)

know who gave him

test

be cool in the

(A)

In her bones

(B) (C)

In her ears In her legs

(D)

In her head

(A)

Call his great-grandmother less often

(B)

Watch the weather

(C)

great-grandmother Help his great-grandmother relieve some of her pressures

(D)

Believe his great-grandmother's

summer. 38. 33.

34.

35.

(A)

A broken mirror

(B) (C)

The The

(D)

Piles of his hair

hairstylist

scissors used to cut his hair

(B)

"You should become a hairstylist." "Please put it back on."

(C)

"It'll

(D)

"It

(A)

Every Every Every Every

(A)

(B) (C)

(D)

forecasts with his

predictions about the weather

grow back." won't grow fast enough." evening

week Sunday month

GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE COMPLETE TEST

(Paper)

lDlnlnlnlDlnlnl Part you

C

hear several questions. The talks and questions will not be repeated. Directions: In this part of the

test,

will

talks. After

each

talk,

you

will

hear some

you hear a question, read the four possible answers in your test book and choose the best answer. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and fill in the space that corresponds to the letter of the answer you have chosen. After

Here

On

is

an example.


an instructor

about painting.

(narrator)

Listen to

(man)

Grant Wood was a guiding force in the school of painting known as American regionalist, a style reflecting the distinctive characteristics of art from rural areas of the United States. Wood began drawing animals on the family farm at the age of three, and when he was thirty-eight one of his paintings received a remarkable amount of public notice and acclaim. This painting, called "American Gothic, " is a starkly simple depiction of a serious couple staring directly out at the viewer. Artist

Now listen to (narrator)

talk to his class

Sample Answer

a sample question.



is

known

®


(A)

Art from America s inner cities

(B)

Art from the central region of the

^

United States (C)


United States (D)


The best answer to the question, "What style of painting is known as American regionalist?" "Art from rural sections of America." Therefore, the correct choice is (D).


What

is

the

(A)

(B) (C)

(D)

® ® o

"American Regionalist" "The Family Farm in Iowa" "American Gothic" "A Serious Couple"

The best answer to the question, "What is the name of Wood's most successful painting?" "American Gothic." Therefore, the correct choice is (C).



(D),

Sample Answer



is

your

test

is (C),

book.

COMPLETE TEST

(Paper)

.

Inlnlnlnlalnl

1

(A)

(B)

i

In a car On a hike

tO.

una tram (D) A f\ 41).

/ A \

(A) /"D\

it

(B)

It

(C)

it

(D)

It

/ A \

(A)

means means means means

tney they tney they

nave Dig tears. like to swim.

47

iook iiKe crocoanes. are pretending to be

They are

They are getting rid of salt. (D) They regret their actions. a

(A)

Taking photographs

(B)

Getting closer to the crocodiles Exploring the water's edge Getting off the tram

(D)

A nni7 on PtiHj^v

(C)

A rpQparrli n^npr for tnp pnn of the

44.

45.

(A) (B)

Water Sports

(C)

American History

(D)

Psychology

n

49.

(A)

VVI XLCl o

(ft)

A ptnrQ

(C)

Athletes

(D)

Musicians

Ua r»T qVip wr»iilH TTp or shp

would break a

(D

XJpfc

ollC JTIC or* \JX cVi^

\x7onlH n^vf* ^nalfv lcnpp^ olld-ivy JMIClo. WUU.1U. llavv

(n)

l-T^ or* clip

\A7onln Qtnn nTPJ^tnincr

(A)

By staring at the audience By breathing shallowly By thinking about possible negative

(C)

50.

By focusing on what needs

At two o'clock (B) At four o'clock (C) At six o'clock (D) At eight o'clock

(A)

fast

steer a boat

build a ship

To bring tea from China (B) To transport gold to California (C) To trade with the British (D) To sail the American river system (A)

the end of Section Stop work on Section 1

This

is

1

Turn off the recording.

Read the directions

Do NOT read

for Section 2

and begin work.

or work on any other section of the test during the next 25 minutes.

COMPLETE TEST

(Paper)

lee

1

outcomes

cut

move

cpp liiittprfUps

(ft)

(B)

Physics

To (B) To (C) To (D) To

(A)

aooigixixiL'ixi

Some written homework

(D) 43.

w cluing

(D)

48

sad.

(C)

(C)

fFO \D)

x

semester

iney are warming menisci vcs.

42.

r\.

In a lecture hall

sad. A 1 41.

(A)

to be

done

1

2°2°2<>2°2°2°2°2 SECTION 2


—25 minutes

(including the reading of the directions)

Now set your clock for 25 minutes. designed to measure your ability to recognize language that is appropriate for standard written English. There are two types of questions in this section, with special directions for each type. This section

is

Structure Directions: Questions 1-15 are incomplete sentences. Beneath each sentence you will see four words or phrases, marked (A), (B), (C), and (D). Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Then,

on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and fill in the space that the letter of the answer you have chosen. Fill in the space so that the letter inside the

corresponds to oval cannot be seen.

Look

at the following

Example

examples.

Sample Answer

I

The president

(B)

won he won

(C)

yesterday

(D)

fortunately

(A)


o ® ®


won the election by a

landslide." Therefore,

you should

(A).

Example

Sample Answer

II

When

the conference?

(A)

the doctor attended

(B)

did the doctor attend the doctor will attend the doctor's attendance

(C)

(D)

® o © ®



COMPLETE TEST

(Paper)

52

2o2o2o2©2o2o2°2 1

.

,

the outermost layer of skin,

as thick as a sheet of paper over

is

about

7.

most of

When

accumulates against the eardrum, a second more insidious type of fluid

the skin. the epidermis

(A)

It is

(B)

In the epidermis

The epidermis (D) The epidermis

(A)

(B)

(C)

2.

Sam Spade

(C)

(D)

is

The Maltese Falcon and Rick Blaine in Casablanca of Humphrey

more famous

Bogart's (A)

in

8.

they are two

two of them are (C) two of them (D) are two 9.

identify a limited

(B)

identification of a limited

(C)

identify a limited

(D)

identifying

and

(B)

but

(C)

and there are

(A)

(D)

but there are

(B)

During the Precambrian period, the Earth's in the seas. crust formed, and life

(D) 10.

(A)

(B) (C)

(D)

appeared first to appear is first appearing appearing first

(A)

(B)

The hard palate forms a and nasal passages. (A)

the

(D)

partition

1 1

mouth

between the mouth (C) is between the mouth (D) it is between the mouth (B)

.

Conditions required for seed germination include abundant water, an adequate supply of oxygen, and the temperatures

(B)

having appropriate temperatures appropriate temperatures appropriately temperate

(D)

water basins are dammed damming water basins to dam water basins dams in water basins Davis,

Union and the Confederacy during the Civil War, were both born in of the

Kentucky.

(B) (C)

(D)

they were opposing presidents were opposing presidents opposing presidents presidents opposed

must be appropriate

(A)

(C)

should the statue be the statue being it should be the statue the statue should be

Abraham Lincoln and Jefferson

(A) 6.

amount a limited number

Hydroelectric power can be produced by and using tidal flow to run turbines.

(C) 5.

amount

Before the Statue of Liberty arrived in the United States, newspapers invited the public to help determine where placed after its arrival.

(A)

also

number

(A)

(C) 4.

theories of motivation

motives develop.

roles.

The compound microscope has not one two lenses.

Some general

of central motives, from which other

(B)

3.

media may develop developing otitis media the development of otitis media to develop otitis media

otitis

GO ONTO TH—E-— N EXT PAG E%

.

522

COMPLETE TEST

(Paper)

——

,

...^

.

2 o 2 o 2 o 2 12.

A stock

at

an inflated price

is

called

2 o 2 o 2 o 2 14.

a watered stock.

13.

(A)

issued

(B)

is

(C)

it is

(D)

which issued

issued issued

generate energy, but it also produces fuel for other fission reactors. (A)

a nuclear breeder reactor

(B)

a nuclear breeder reactor does a nuclear breeder reactor is a nuclear breeder reactor

(C)

(D)

The leaves of the white mulberry provide food for silkworms, woven.

Not only

silk fabrics are

whose cocoons (B) from cocoons (C) whose cocoons are from (D) from whose cocoons

15.

it is

D.W. Griffith pioneered many of the stylistic features and filmmaking techniques standard.

as the Hollywood

(A)

(A)

that established

(B)

that

(C)

(D)

became established what established what became established

GOlDN

TOTHENEXTyAGE^

COMPLETE TEST

(Paper)

523

2<>2°2o2o2°2o2°2 Written Expression Directions: In questions 16-40, each sentence has four underlined words or phrases. The four underlined parts of the sentence are marked (A), (B), (C), and (D). Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and fill in the space that corresponds to the letter of the answer you

have chosen.

Look

at the following examples.

Example

Sample Answer

I

The four

string

B

~A~

® o © ®

on a violin are tuned D~~ ~C

in fifths.



on a

violin are

tuned in

fifths."

Therefore, you should

(B).

Example

Sample Answer

II

The research

A

for the

book Roots taking

B~~

~C~

(A)

(B

O


D

The sentence should read, "The research you should choose (C).

for the


years." Therefore,


GO ON TO THE N EXTPAGE^

524

COMPLETE TEST

(Paper)

°2<>2°2°2°2°2o 16.

Mosquitoes

will accepts the malaria parasite at only

A complex

B

one stage of the

parasite's

C

life cycle.

D 17.

The counterpart of a negative electrons

A 18.

B

is

the positive proton.

D

C

The ankle joint occur where the lower ends of the

A

tibia

and

fibula slot neatly

B

around

D

C

the talus.

19.

In the United States and Canada, motor vehicle laws affect the operate of

A

C

~~ET~

motorcycles as well as automobiles.

D 20.

The neocortex

is,

in evolutionary terms,

A 21

.

most recent layer of the

~D~

C~

~~B

brain.

There are more than eighty-four million specimens in the National

Museum of

B

~A~

Natural History's collection of biological, geological, archeological, and

C anthropology treasures.

D 22.

After George Washington married

~A~ at

23.

widow Martha

Custis, the couple

came

to resides

C~~

B

D

~~

Mount Vernon.

At this stage in their development, rubberized asphalt can hardly be classified as ~~A~ B TJ C cutting edge.

24.

Rhesus monkeys exhibit patterns of shy similar to those A ~B" "C ~TT~

25.

In space, with no gravity for muscles to A~

26.

work

in

against, the

B

humans.

body becomes weakly.

C

D

Fort Jefferson, in the Dry Tortugas off the southern tip of Florida, can be reach

only by boat or plane.

D

GOON TOJHE NEXT PAGE^ f

COMPLETE TEST

(Paper)

2°2o2o2o2°2o2<>2 27.

A zoom A

lens produces

an inverted

B

real image, either

on the

film in a

C

camera and on ~D~

the light-sensitive tube of a television camera.

28.

Supersonic

flight is flight that is faster the

A 29.

D

~~C~

~B~

The Betataken House Ruins

speed of sound.

at

Navajo National Monument

is

among

the largest

A most elaborate

cliff

It is

D

common A

a

B

dwellings in the country.

C 30.

and

observation that liquids will soak through

some

materials but not

B

C

through other. D~~

~

31

.

The number of wild horses on Assateague are increasing

A

lately,

resulting in

C

"B"

overgrazed marsh and dune grasses.

D 32.

The newsreels of Hearst Metronome News, which formed part of every moviegoer's A experience in the era before television, offer an unique record of the events of the

B

D

C~

1930s.

33.

Unlikely gas sport balloons, hot air balloons do not have nets.

A 34.

Born

~C~~D~

~TT~ in Massachusetts in 1852, Albert

Farbanks has begun making banjos

A~~

B

~~

in

Boston

C

in the late 1870s.

D 35.

Dwight David Eisenhower, military

officer

and

thirty-fourth president of the United

A States, lived in the

White House and of least thirty-seven other residences.

36.

Methane

in wetlands

comes from

A 37.

Alois Alzheimer

~TT~

C

"IT"

made

the

soil bacteria that

consumes organic plant matter.

C

B~~ first

observers of the

A

telltale signs

D of the disease that today

B

bears his name. ~~C D


526

COMPLETE TEST

(Paper)

°2°2°2o2°2<>2° 38.

Edward MacDowell remembers

as the

composer of such perennial

B

A Wild Rose" and "To a Water

39.

Animism

is

the belief that objects and natural

live

and have

phenomena such

as rivers, rocks,

and

B feelings.

D

~C~ 40.

D

C

Lily."

A wind are

favorites as "To a

Newtonian physics accounts

A

TT

C

and the moons.

D~~

the end of Section 2. you finish before 25 minutes has ended, check your work on Section 2 oniy.

This

If

for the observing orbits of the planets

is

At the end of 25 minutes, go on to Section 3. Use exactly 55 minutes to work on Section 3.

COMPLETE TEST

(Paper)

3

a3a3 a3 a3a3a3a3 SECTION 3 READING COMPREHENSION Time

—55 minutes


is

colleges.

Directions; In this section you will read several passages. Each one is followed by a number of questions about it. You are to choose the one best answer, (A), (B), (C), or (D), to each question. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and fill in the space that corresponds to the letter of the answer you have chosen.

Answer

questions about the information in a passage on the basis of what that passage. all

is


Read the following passage: John Quincy Adams, who served as the

sixth president of the United States

from 1825

today recognized for his masterful statesmanship and diplomacy He dedicated his life to public service, both in the presidency and in the various other political offices that he Line held. Throughout his political career he demonstrated his unswerving belief in freedom of speech, the antislavery cause, and the right of Americans to be free from European and Asian (5) domination. to 1829,

is

Example

Sample Answer

I

To what did John Quincy Adams devote (A)


(B) (C)


(D)

Working on

life



Example

life


you

Sample Answer

II

In line

4,

the

word "unswerving"

(A)

moveable

(B)

insignificant

(C)

unchanging

(D)

diplomatic

The passage

® o © ®

his life?

is

closest in

meaning to


® ® o ®

unswerving belief "throughout his career." This implies that the belief did not change. Therefore, you should choose (C). states that

his


GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGeI

528

COMPLETE TEST

(Paper)

3a3 a3a3a3a3a3a3 Questions 1-10 The hippopotamus is the third largest land animal, smaller only than the elephant and the rhinoceros. Its name comes from two Greek words which mean "river horse." The long name of this animal Line (5)

(10)

is

often shortened to the easier to handle term "hippo."

The hippo has a natural affinity for the water. It does not float on top of the water; instead, it can easily walk along the bottom of a body of water. The hippo commonly remains underwater for three to five minutes and has been known to stay under for up to half an hour before coming up for air. In spite of its name, the hippo has relatively little in common with the horse and instead has a number of interesting similarities in common with the whale. When a hippo comes up after a stay at the bottom of a lake or river, it releases air through a blowhole, just like a whale. In addition, the hippo resembles the whale in that they both have thick layers of blubber for protection and they are almost completely hairless. 1

.

The topic of this passage

6.

is

(A)

the largest land animals

(B)

the derivations of animal

(C)

the characteristics of the hippo

(D)

the relation between the hippo

names

According to the passage, what is the maximum time that hippos have been known to stay underwater? (A)

and

(B)

the whale

(C)

(D) 2.

It

can be inferred from the passage that the

rhinoceros (A)

(B) (C)

(D)

7.

is

The possessive

"Its" in line 2 refers to

hippopotamus

(B)

elephant rhinoceros horse

(D)

(A)

(B) (C)

8.

hippo (A)

(B) (C)

can be inferred from the passage that the hippopotamus is commonly called a hippo because the word "hippo" is

one way in which a similar to a whale is that

is

they they they they

states that

both live on the bottoms of rivers both have blowholes are both named after horses both breathe underwater

It

(A)

(B) (C)

(D) 5.

could best be replaced

has few interactions is not normally found has minimal experience shares few similarities

The passage

(D) 4.

in line 7

relatively little in

by

(D)

(A)

(C)

The expression "has

common"

smaller than the hippo equal in size to the elephant a hybrid of the hippo and the elephant one of the two largest types of land

animals 3.

Three minutes Five minutes Thirty minutes Ninety minutes

9.

simpler to pronounce scientifically more accurate the original name easier for the animal to recognize

The word "float" meaning to

in line 4

is

closest in

10.

The word "blubber" meaning to (A)

fat

(B) (C)

metal water

(D)

skin

The passage (A)

(A)

sink

(B)

(B)

drift

(C)

(C)

eat

(D)

(D)

flap

in line 10

states that the

is

closest in

hippo does not

water resemble the whale have a protective coating have much hair like

GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE COMPLETE TEST

(Paper)

529


Line (5)

(10)

(15)

John James Audubon, nineteenth-century artist and naturalist, is known as one of the foremost authorities on North American birds. Born in Les Cayes, Haiti, in 1785, Audubon was raised in France and studied art under French artist Jacques-Louis David. After settling on his father's Pennsylvania estate at the age of eighteen, he first began to study and paint birds. In his young adulthood, Audubon undertook numerous enterprises, generally without a tremendous amount of success; at various times during his life he was involved in a mercantile business, a lumber and grist mill, a taxidermy business, and a school. His general mode of operating a business was to leave it either unattended or in the hands of a partner and take off on excursions through the wilds to paint the natural life that he saw. His business career came to end in 1819 when he was jailed for debt and forced to file for bankruptcy. It was at that time that Audubon began seriously to pursue the dream of publishing a collection of his paintings of birds. For the next six years he painted birds in their natural habitats while his wife worked as a teacher to support the family. His Birds of America, which included engravings of 435 of his colorful and lifelike water colors, was published in parts during the period from 1826 to 1838 in England. After the success of the English editions, American editions of his work were published in 1839, and his fame and fortune were ensured. 1 1

.

This passage (A)

(B)

is

mainly about

14.

North American birds Audubon's route to success as a painter of birds

(C)

(D)

the works that Audubon published Audubon's preference for travel in

The word "mode" replaced by (A)

method

(B)

vogue

(C)

average trend

(D)


natural habitats 15.

12.

The word "foremost" meaning to

in line

1 is

closest in

Audubon decided not to continue to pursue business when (A)

13.

he was injured in an accident

at a

(A)

prior

(B)

leading

(B)

(C)

first

(C)

he decided to study art in France he was put in prison because he owed

(D)

largest

(D)

money he made enough money from

grist mill

In the second paragraph, the author mainly discusses (A)

how Audubon developed his painting

his

paintings 16.

The word "pursue" meaning to

in line

1 1 is

closest in

style

(B)

Audubon's involvement in a mercantile business

(C)

where Audubon went on

(D)

excursions Audubon's unsuccessful business

his

(A)

imagine

(B) (C)

share follow

(D)

deny

practices

GOONTOJHENEXTPAGE^ 530

COMPLETE TEST (Paper)

1

3a3a3a3a3a3a3a3 17.

According to the passage, Audubon's paintings

were realistic portrayals (B) used only black, white, and gray (C) were done in oils (A)

(D) 18.

depicted birds in cages

The word "support" replaced by (A)

tolerate

(B) (C)

provide for side with

(D)

fight for

19.

can be inferred from the passage that after 1839 Audubon It

new

(A)

unsuccessfully tried to develop businesses

(B)

continued to be supported by his wife

(C)

traveled to

(D)

became wealthy

Europe



53


Line (5)

(10)

Schizophrenia is often confused with multiple personality disorder yet is quite distinct from it. Schizophrenia is one of the more common mental disorders, considerably more common than multiple personality disorder. The term "schizophrenia" is composed of roots which mean "a splitting of the mind," but it does not refer to a division into separate and distinct personalities, as occurs in multiple personality disorder. Instead, schizophrenic behavior is generally characterized by illogical thought patterns and withdrawal from reality. Schizophrenics often live in a fantasy world where they hear voices that others cannot hear, often voices of famous people. Schizophrenics tend to withdraw from families and friends and communicate mainly with the "voices" that they hear in their minds. It is common for the symptoms of schizophrenia to develop during the late teen years or early twenties, but the causes of schizophrenia are not well understood. It is believed that heredity may play a part in the onset of schizophrenia. In addition, abnormal brain chemistry also seems to have a role; certain brain chemicals, called neurotransmitters, have been found to be at abnormal levels in

some schizophrenics. 20.

The paragraph preceding the passage most

24.

21

.

(A)

the causes of schizophrenia

(B)

multiple personality disorder

(C)

the

(D)

possible cures for schizophrenia

Which

(A)

is

(B)

They are

(B)

One

(C)

characterized by separate and

It

often causes withdrawal from

relatively similar.

25.

a psychological disorder, while the other is not. Many people mistake one for the is

symptoms include

(C)

Its

(D)

thought patterns. Its victims tend to hear voices in minds.

true about

According to the passage,

illogical

their

how do

schizophrenics generally relate to their families? (A)

other.

(D)

It is

reality.

schizophrenia and multiple personality disorder? (A)

NOT true about schizophrenia,

distinct personalities.

common mental disorder

of the following

is


probably discusses

most

What

Multiple personality disorder occurs more often than schizophrenia.

They are quite

friendly with their

families.

(B)

They become remote from

their

families. 22.

"Disorder" in line 3 is closest in meaning to which of the following?

(B)

Disruption Untidiness

(C)

Misalignment

(D)

Disease

(A)

23.

It


"schism" (A)

(B) (C)

(D)

a a a a

is

division into factions

mental disease

(C)

They have an enhanced

(D)

understand their families. They communicate openly with their

ability to

families.

26.

can be inferred from the passage that it would be least common for schizophrenia It

to develop at the age of a.

(A)

fifteen

(B)

twenty

(C)

twenty-five

(D)

thirty

personality trait part of the brain

GO ON TOJH EN EXT PAG

532

COMPLETE TEST

(Paper)

3a3a3a3a3a3a3a3 27.

The word "onset" meaning to

in line

1 1 is

closest in

29.

Where

in the

passage does the author

explain the derivation of the term

"schizophrenia" ? (A)

start

(B)

medication

(A)

(C)

effect

(B)

(D)

age

(C)

(D) 28.

The word "abnormal" in meaning to (A)

(B) (C)

(D)

in line

1 1

is


3-5 5-6 9-10 11-13

closest

unstable unregulated

uncharted unusual

COMPLETE TEST

(Paper)

533

}


Line (5)

(10)

People are often surprised to learn just how long some varieties of trees can live. If asked to estimate the age of the oldest living trees on Earth, they often come up with guesses in the neighborhood of two or perhaps three hundred years. The real answer is considerably larger than that, more than five thousand years. The tree that wins the prize for its considerable maturity is the bristlecone pine of California. This venerable pine predates wonders of the ancient world such as the pyramids of Egypt, the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, and the Colossus of Rhodes. It is not nearly as tall as the giant redwood that is also found in California, and, in fact, it is actually not very tall compared with many other trees, often little more than five meters in height. This relatively short height may be one of the factors that aid the bristlecone pine in living to a ripe old age high winds and inclement weather cannot easily reach the shorter trees and cause damage. An additional factor that contributes to the long life of the bristlecone pine is that this type of tree has a high percentage of resin, which prevents rot from developing in the tree trunk and branches.

—

30.

The best

title

for this passage

would be

33.

It


most people

(A)

The Size of the Bristlecone Pine

(B)

Three-Hundred- Year-Old Forests

(A)

The Wonders of the Ancient World (D) An Amazingly Enduring Tree

of the ages of trees

(C)

31

.

The word "estimate" meaning to

in line 2

is

(B)

closest in

(C)

(D) (B)

measure approximate

(C)

evaluate

(D)

view

(A)

32.

lines

neighborhood 2- 3 could best be replaced by

(A)

of approximately

(B)

on the same block as

(C)

with the friendliness of

(D)

located close to

"in the

have two to three hundred trees in their neighborhoods do not really have any idea how old the oldest trees on Earth are can name some three-hundred-yearold trees

34.

The expression

are quite accurate in their estimates

of" in

35.

According to the passage, approximately how old are the oldest trees on Earth? (A)

Two hundred years

(B)

Three hundred years old

(C)

Five hundred years old

(D)

Five thousand years old

old

The word "venerable" in line 6 is closest in meaning to which of the following? (A)

Ancient

(B)

Incredible

(C)

Towering Unrecognizable

(D)

GO ON TO THE N EXT PAG E

534

COMPLETE TEST

(Paper)

3 a 3 a 3 a 3 36.

The author mentions the Egyptian pyramids as an example of something

3 a 3 a 3 a 3 38.

that

The word "inclement" be replaced by


is

(B)

sunny bad

believed to be strong

(C)

unusual

(C)

extremely

(D)

strong

(D)

known to be

(A) (A)

far

(B)

away tall

old 39.

37.

Which

of the following

is

as the great pyramids.

(A)

It is

as

(B)

It is

never more than five meters in

height. (C)

It is

states that resin

true about the

bristlecone pine? tall

The passage

short in comparison to

(A)

assists the tree trunks to develop

(B) (C)

found only in the bristlecone pine flows from the branches to the tree

(D)

trunk helps stop rot from starting

is

many

other trees. (D)

It

can be two to three hundred

feet

tall.

G

N

TOJH E_N EXT PAG

COMPLETE TEST

(Paper)

535

3a3a3a3 a3a3a3a3 Questions 40-50

Line (5)

(JO)

(15)

The organization that today is known as the Bank of America did start out in America, but under quite a different name. Italian American A. P. Giannini established this bank on October 17, 1904, in a renovated saloon in San Francisco's Italian community of North Beach under the name Bank of Italy, with immigrants and first-time bank customers comprising the majority of his first customers. During its development, Giannini's bank survived major crises in the form of a natural disaster and a major economic upheaval that not all other banks were able to overcome. One major test for Giannini's bank occurred on April 18, 1906, when a massive earthquake struck San Francisco, followed by a raging fire that destroyed much of the city. Giannini obtained two wagons and teams of horses, filled the wagons with the banks reserves, mostly in the form of gold, covered the reserves with crates of oranges, and escaped from the chaos of the city with his clients' funds protected. In the aftermath of the disaster, Giannini's bank was the first to resume operations. Unable to install the bank in a proper office setting, Giannini opened up shop on the Washington Street Wharf on a makeshift desk created from boards and barrels. In the period following the 1906 fire, the Bank of Italy continued to prosper and expand. By 1918 there were twenty-four branches of the Bank of Italy, and by 1928 Giannini had acquired numerous other banks, including a Bank of America located in New York City. In 1930 he consolidated all the branches of the Bank of Italy, the Bank of America in New York City, and another Bank of America that he had formed in California into the Bank of America National Trust and Savings Association.

(20)

A second major crisis

bank occurred during the Great Depression of the 1930s. Although Giannini had already retired prior to the darkest days of the Depression, he became incensed when his successor began selling off banks during the bad economic times. Giannini resumed leadership of the bank at the age of sixty-two. Under Giannini's leadership, the bank weathered the storm of the Depression and subsequently moved into a phase of overseas development. 40.

for the

According to the passage, Giannini

43.

opened the Bank of America in 1 904 (B) worked in a bank in Italy (C) set up the Bank of America prior to setting up the Bank of Italy (D) later changed the name of the Bank of

The word "raging" replaced by


be

(A)

(A)

angered

(B)

localized

(C)

intense

(D)

feeble

Italy

44.

41

.

Where did Giannini open (A)

(B) (C)

(D) 42.

his first

bank?

In New York City In what used to be a bar

On Washington Street Wharf On a makeshift desk

According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true about the San Francisco earthquake? (A)

It

happened

(B)

It

(C)

It

occurred in the aftermath of a fire. caused problems for Giannini's bank. was a tremendous earthquake.

(D)

It

can be inferred from the passage that Giannini used crates of oranges after the earthquake It

(A)

to hide the gold

(B)

to

fill

up the wagons

nourishment for his customers (D) to protect the gold from the fire (C)

45.

to provide

The word "chaos" meaning to

in line 10

is

closest in

in 1906. (A)

(B) (C)

(D)

system extreme heat overdevelopment total confusion legal

"goTon to j h en extpage}

536

COMPLETE TEST

(Paper)

3 a 3 a 3 a 3 46.

47.

The word "consolidated" closest in meaning to

in line 17

3 a 3 a 3 a 3 49.

is

Where

describe Giannini s

(A)

hardened

(A)

(B)

merged

(B)

(C)

moved

(C)

(D)

sold

(D)

The passage

states that after his

50.

retirement, Giannini


first

banking clients?

2-5 7-8 12-13 14-16


(B)

began selling off banks caused economic misfortune

(C)

supported the bank's

(D)

management returned to work

(A)


(A) to

bank

occur

new

failures during the Great

Depression (B)

a third major crisis of the

Bank of

America (C)

the international development of the

Bank of America 48.

The expression "weathered the storm line

(D)

how Giannini

spent his retirement

23 could best be replaced by

(B)

found a cure for rained on the parade of

(C)

survived the ordeal of

(D)

blew

(A)

of" in

its

stack at

This

is

the end of Section

3.

you finish in less than 55 minutes, check your work on Section 3 only. Do NOT read or work on any other section of the If

test.

COMPLETE TEST

(Paper)

537

TEST OF WRITTEN ENGLISH: TWE ESSAY TOPIC Time Do you agree

or disagree with the following statement?

People should never live at

Use

specific reasons

538

—30 minutes

and

home with

their parents after the age

details to support


your answer.

of twenty-five.

COMPLETE TEST

(Computer)

M

LISTENING

/}

Longman Comploto Course for tho TOEFL& Tost

When finished

reading

Listening


30 questions

icon below

Dismiss The Listening section of the test measures the ability to understand conversations and talks in English. While you are listening, pictures of the speakers or other information will be presented on your computer screen. There are two parts to the Listening section, with special directions for each

Directions

part.

Click on Dismiss Directions to continue.

Exit

II

Time

L

COMPLETE TEST

(Computer)

A Longman Complete Course for tho TOEFL© Tost

EEEJl

m When finished

Question Directions - Part

reading

A


icon below

Dismiss In

Part

A of the


some

will



two people.

In

Each question


Directions In

has four answer choices. You should click on the best answer to each question. Answer the questions on the basis of what is stated or implied by the speakers. After

you

in this part

click on

Next and Confirm Answer, the next question

will

be


una Answer

540

COMPLETE TEST

(Computer)

<3>

What does

CO CO CO CO

woman mean?

She could not comprehend the chemistry lecture. She has not had time to look at the assignment. It was possible for her to complete the problem. She could not understand the problem.

What does

CO CO CO CO

the

the

woman mean?

She will lend it to the man. She never lent the book to Jim. Jim wants to borrow the book. Jim has the book.

Who is Dr. Barton most likely to be?

CO CO CO CO

A physician An astronomer

A philosopher An engineer

What does

CO CO CO CO

the

Starting

woman suggest?

on

exam preparation exam

their

Leaving for the

Going home to study Going to her job

What does the woman say about the performance?

CO CO CO CO

met It was It was It was It

her expectations.

what she had hoped

to see.

rather mediocre.

the last performance.

COMPLETE TEST

(Computer)

What does

CD

the

man mean?

He's already talked to the professor about the

assignment.

CD CD CD

no assignment for tomorrow. He's not sure what the professor will talk about. The professor discussed the assignment only There

is

briefly.

7.

CD CD CD CD

8.

(Computer)

The

exhibit

not very far away.

is

He's sure the exhibit

is free.

He thinks

the lecture

He's not sure

if

was

really interesting.

the ideas are workable.

He understood nothing about the lecture. He's not sure

the

what the

woman would like to know.

woman say to the man?

He missed an opportunity. He was late for his trip. He should take the next boat. He should send in his application.

What had the woman expected?

CD CD CD CD

COMPLETE TEST

He's uncertain about the fee.

What does

CD CD CD CD

10.

the

What does the man mean?

CD CD CD CD

9.

man mean? He doesn't know how far away the exhibit is.

What does

That John would pick them up for the concert That the concert would start earlier That John would not be going to the concert That they would be late to the concert

1 1

What does

.

CD CD CD CD

the

man mean?

He enjoyed the trip immensely. The boat trip was

He

really rough.

couldn't have enjoyed the trip more.

The water was not very rough.

3

A Longman Com plete Cours e for tho TOEFL^Tost

^ si*niii^Coi^Ri^^^SHHIH[HHIHHI When finished

reading


directions

dick on the icon below In

Part

and

B


Each conversation

talks.

you

or talk


will

is


followed by several questions.

will

The

not be repeated

Dismiss Directions

The conversations and talks are about a variety of topics. You do not need special knowledge of the topics to answer the questions. Rather, you should answer each question on the basis of what is stated or implied by the speakers

in

the conversations or talks.

For most of the questions, you

answers. will

Some

appear

in

questions

a box on the

will

will

need

to click on the best of four possible

have special directions. The special directions

computer screen.



will

be


Exit

II

Time

COMPLETE TEST

(Computer)

Questions 12-14 Listening

12.

What does

CD CD CD CD 13.

14.

Cook dinner Visit his friend

Surprise the

Go

the

woman not like about Clark's

The quality of the food The location of the restaurant The type of service The size of the portions

What do

CD CD CD CD

woman

out to eat

What does

CD CD CD CD

man want to do?

the

they finally decide to do?

Share a meal

Complain to the manager Go somewhere else Stay

home for dinner

Questions 15-17 15.

Why does the woman need her transcript?

CD CD CD CD 16.

(Computer)

For a school club

the

woman need to do?

Phone the

registrar's office

Complete a form

Copy the Request

transcript herself

five different

forms

When can the woman get the transcript?

CD CD CD CD

COMPLETE TEST

For a scholarship

What does

CD CD CD CD 17.

For a job interview For a meeting with the registrar

Immediately

The next day In a few days In five weeks

Questions 18-21 Listen to a lecture in a government class.

The professor

is

talking about Washington, D.C.

COMPLETE TEST

(Computer)

18.

19.

Which name has

NOT been used for the

20.

Identify the part of the

map

that used to

city discussed in the lecture?

belong to Washington, D.C. but no longer

CZ> Columbia CZ) Washington CZ) District of Columbia CZ) Washington, D.C.

does.

The city of Washington, D.C. belongs which state? CZ) CZ) CZ) CZ)

Click

on the correct

letter.

to

Virginia

Maryland Washington none of the above

21

.

What

is

stated in the lecture about the

government of Washington, D.C? Click |~~1

on 2 answers.

In the beginning,

it

did not elect

it

did elect

its

own

government. In the beginning,

its

own

government.

Today

it

does not elect

its

own

government. |~~1

COMPLETE TEST (Computer)

Today it

elects its

own government.

Questions 22-25 Listen to a discussion about a geography lecture.

The discussion is on weather fronts.

COMPLETE TEST

(Computer)

22.

What

CD CD CD CD

is

a weather front?

24.

What is

An entire mass of air A kind of tropical storm The leading edge of an

A specific type

air

Click

mass

f~]

Where do

fronts originate?

f~]

on 2 answers.

f~]

Warm

f~]

Cold fronts originate near the equator.

f~]

Warm fronts originate near the

north in the

warm front, warm

[~1

air

moves

under cold air. There is slow and steady rain or snow at a

Click on 2 answers.

Cold fronts originate near the poles.

front?

northern hemisphere.

of cloudy weather

f~]

warm

A warm front moves

C] At a

23.

stated about a

warm

There

is

front.

violent weather at a

warm

front.

fronts originate near the poles. 25.

What

CD

equator.

is

stated about a cold front?

A cold front moves

north in the

northern hemisphere.

CD

At a cold front, cold

CD

There

warm

air

moves under

air.

is

slow and steady rain or snow

at a cold front.

CD

There

is

front.

COMPLETE TEST

(Computer)

violent weather at a cold

Questions 26-30 Listen to a lecture in a

gemology class. The professor

is

talking about the history of gem-cutting.

COMPLETE TEST

(Computer)

What

26.

are the characteristics of each of

28.

these gemstones?

The professor explains the order that each

gems appeared in history. of gems in their historical

of these styles of

Put the styles on a word. Then click on the empty box in the correct column. Use Click

order.

each word only once.

on a word. Then click on the space where it belongs. Use each word one time only. Click

brilliant

rose

Unfaceted

Faceted only on the top

cabochon Faceted on the top

Rose

and bottom

Table Brilliant

Cabochon 1

27.

Which

styles of stones

were polished and

2

not cut? 3 Click

1

I

I

I

on 2 answers.

The cabochon style The rose style The table style The brilliant style 29.

Which

style of

because

it

gem

is

no longer used

does not reflect light well?

CZ) Cabochon CZ) Table cut CZ) Rose cut

O 30.

What CZ) CZ) CZ) CZ)

COMPLETE TEST

(Computer)

Brilliant cut

is

To To To To

the assignment for the next class?

cut

some gems

some gems read about some gems polish some gems identify the style of

STRUCTURE

(Computer)

A Longman Complete Course for the TOEFL® Test Structure Complete Test

15:00

When finished

reading

Structure


20 questions

icon bofow


ability to



In

the

first

in

is

appropriate for

Directions

this section.

Beneath each choose the one word or

type of question, there are incomplete sentences.

sentence, there are four words or phrases.

You

will

phrase that best completes the sentence.

The second type of question has four underlined words or phrases. You choose the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed for the

will

sentence to be correct. After you click on Next and Confirm Answer, the next question

will

be


Exit

||

Time

COMPLETE TEST

(Computer)

1

.

Orchids

come

in a

shapes, and scents

wide variety of colorful

,

9.

William Henry Harrison,

pneumonia

of

shortly after being inaugurated,

.

served only 3 1 days as president of the United States.

2.

Before European

settlers arrived

O

and began

CZ) he dies CZ) who died

to exterminate grizzlies, 50,000 to 100,000

may have exist south

of the bears

died

G>

of

the death

Canada. 10. 3.

,

Women, began before she was 10 years old.

the author of Little

writing stories

Acidic lava flows ready and tends to cover

much larger areas,

while basic lava

is

more

viscous.

May Alcott For Louisa May Alcott When Louisa May Alcott Louisa May Alcott was the Louisa

CZ) CZ) CZ) CZ)

1 1

.

Sounds can glass,

4.

Rabies

is

5.

The

an infected animals.

caliber of a

gun

is

.inch.

The Mayflower was bound a hurricane

for Virginia, but

13.

off course.

O O

Seismic reflection profiling has the ocean floor is underlain by a thin layer of nearly transparent sediments.

All of

14.

.

amount

of water,

the kernel

which turned

is

to

steam

heated.

Following volcanic activity in Martinique in 1902, a huge

lance snake

number of six-foot

left

the mountains

fer-de-

15.

All fossil fuels,

artist

used a

stone of a kind that will soak up water.

COMPLETE TEST

(Computer)

,

liquid, or

covered by successive layers of sediment over the course of millions of years.

O To make a lithograph, an

whether

gas, are the result of organic material being

and

slithered into the city of Pierre.

552

an anteater s long tongue are covered

Each kernel of popcorn contains a small

when

8.

,

materials.

with a sticky salivary secretion

blew it CZ) to blow it it blew CZ) blowing it

7.

wood

CZ) reveal that CZ) revealed that CZ) the revelation of CZ) revealed about

the diameter of his

bore, usually expressed in hundredths of an

6.

and others

through water,

a serious disease carried in the 12.

saliva of

travel

oil

flat

and

solid

CZ) are solid CZ) they are solidly CZ) solids are

16.

Acoustical engineer

is

concerned with the

19.

In the 1450s,

German craftsman Johannes

Gutenberg introduced the printed press

technical control of sound.

into Europe. 17.

,

CZ) CZ) CZ) CZ)

18.

the faster

its

A liquid gets

molecules move.

hotter

20.

To get a liquid hotter For a liquid to get hotter The hotter a liquid gets

Navigational position

is

frequently

People

who were bora

altitudes often

who live CZ) CZ) CZ) CZ)

at very

high

have larger chests and lungs at sea level.

those do

than do

do those than do those

expressed on latitude and longitude.

COMPLETE TEST

(Computer)

553

READING

(Computer)

^

A Longman Complete Course for the TOEFf Test Jm- --^fc

Readim^CoTnplote Test

When finished

reading

Reading


44 questions

icon below


ability to

read and understand short passages.

It

Directions

contains reading passages and questions about the passages. There are several different types of questions in this section.

When


You

will


after

you

click

on Next.


Exit

II

Tim*

Help || Prey

M

Ne*t

<3>

554

COMPLETE TEST (Computer)

.

PASSAGE ONE

(Questions 1-11)

Narcolepsy is a disease characterized by malfunctioning sleep mechanics. It can consist of a sudden and uncontrollable bout of sleep during daylight hours and disturbed sleep during nighttime hours. It occurs more often in men than in women, and it commonly makes its appearance during adolescence or young adulthood. At least a half million Americans are believed to be affected by narcolepsy.

Narcolepsy can take a number of forms during daylight hours. One common symptom of the disease during daytime hours is a sudden attack of REM (rapid-eye movement) sleep during normal waking hours. EQ This occurs in some people hundreds of times in a single day, while others only have rare occurrences. ES During a sleep attack, narcoleptics may experience automatic behavior; even though asleep, they may continue automatically performing the activity they were involved in prior to falling asleep. Q3 Others experience cataplexy during daytime hours; cataplexy involves a sudden loss of muscle tone that may cause the head to droop or the knees to wobble in minor attacks or a total collapse in more serious attacks. Ql Cataplexy seems to occur most often in conjunction with intense emotion or excitement. During sleep hours, narcolepsy can also manifest itself in a variety of ways. During the transitional phase that precedes the onset of sleep, it is common for hallucinations to occur. These hallucinations, known as hypnagogic phenomena, consist of realistic perceptions of sights and sounds during the semi-conscious state between wakefulness and sleep. Narcoleptics may also suffer from night wakening during sleep, resulting in extremely fragmented and restless sleep. Then, upon waking, a narcoleptic may experience sleep paralysis, the inability to move, perhaps for several minutes, immediately after waking.

Which

of the following

appropriate

O CD

title

would be the most

5.

word bout in paragraph 1. Click on the word in paragraph 2 that is closest in meaning to bout

6.

Which

for the passage?

A Good Night s Sleep A Cure for Narcolepsy An Unusual Sleep Disturbance

CD CD

Hallucinations during Sleep

CD CD CD CD

at the

.

CD împroperly working CD regularly waking CD incorrectly classifying CD harshly interpreting

7.

4.

of the following would be most

occur during daily

activities?

Automatic behavior Hallucinations

Night wakening Sleep paralysis

Which

of the following involves a complete

collapse?

CD CD CD

At which of the following ages would a person be most likely to develop narcolepsy?

O O O O

at the

likely to

word malfunctioning in paragraph 1 This word is closest in meaning to Look

Look

Automatic behavior Cataplexy Hallucinations

O REM

sleep

10 8.

20 30

on the sentence in paragraph 2 describes what seems to precipitate Click

that

cataplexy.

40

on the sentence

paragraph 1 that indicates that approximate number of narcoleptics in the United States. Click

in

COMPLETE TEST

(Computer)


to

10.

When would hypnagogic phenomena most likely

2.

They may, for example, continue

CZ) CZ) CZ) CZ)

walking, or driving, or stirring a pot until the activity is interrupted by external forces.

occur?

Just after going to

bed

In the middle of the night

Soon

waking After getting up after

Where would it best fit in the paragraph? Click on the square () to add the sentence 1 1

to the paragraph.

.

Click

on the paragraph

a narcoleptic s sleep night.

COMPLETE TEST

(Computer)

is

that describes

how

disturbed during the

PASSAGE TWO What

(Questions 12-21)

commonly called pepper in reality comes from two very different families of plants. Black and white pepper both come from the fruit of the Piper nigrum, a vine with fruits called is

peppercorns. The peppercorns turn from green to red as they ripen and finally blacken as they dry out. The dried-out peppercorns are ground to obtain black pepper. White pepper, which has a more subtle flavor than black pepper, comes from the same peppercorns as black pepper; to obtain white pepper, the outer hull of the peppercorn, the pericarp, is removed before the peppercorn is ground. QJQ Red and green peppers, on the other hand, come from a completely different family from black and white pepper. QQ Red and green peppers are from the genus Capsicum. QQ Plants of this type generally have tiny white flowers and fruit which can be any one of a number of colors, shapes, and sizes. QZ3 These peppers range in flavor from very mild and sweet to the most incredibly burning taste imaginable, [d Christopher Columbus is responsible for the present-day confusion over what a pepper is. The Piper nigrum variety of pepper was highly valued for centuries, and high demand for pepper by Europeans was a major cause of the fifteenth-century push to locate ocean routes to the spicegrowing regions of Asia. When Columbus arrived in the New World in 1492, he was particularly interested in finding black pepper because of the high price that it would command in Europe. Columbus came across plants from the Capsicum family in use among the people of the New World, and he incorrectly identified them as relatives of black pepper. Columbus introduced the spicy Capsicum chili peppers to Europeans on his return from the 1492 voyage, and traders later spread them to Asia and Africa. These Capsicum peppers have continued to be called peppers in spite of the fact that they are not related to the black and white pepper of the Piper nigrum family.

12.

The purpose of this passage

CD

explain

why there

is

is

to

15.

CD CD CD CD

provide the scientific classification of various types of peppers

CD

demonstrate that

CD

classify the variety of sizes, shapes,

was Columbus who brought peppers to Europe it

16.

and colors of peppers

of the Piper nigrum

is

the

pericarp?

confusion today

over peppers

CD

What part The The The The

seed inside the fruit outer covering of the fruit

pulp inside the vine outer covering of the vine

What usually does NOT vary in a Capsicum plant?

13.

Look at the word turn in paragraph word could best be replaced by

CD CD CD CD

1.

CD CD CD CD

This

revert

The color of the flower The size of the fruit The shape of the fruit The color of the fruit

exchange veer 17.

change


to

2.

most mild, while habaneros are the most burning. Bell peppers are the

14.

According to the passage, both black and white peppers

CD CD CD CD

come from

different plants

change colors after they are ground are ground from dried out peppercorns have the same flavor

Where would Click

it

best

on the square

fit

into the paragraph?

() to add the sentence

to the paragraph.

COMPLETE TEST

(Computer)

18.

Look at the word push in paragraph This word could best be replaced by

CD CD CD

O 19.

strength drive hit

at the

COMPLETE TEST

can be inferred from the passage that chili peppers originally came from It

CD CD CD CD

shove

word them in paragraph 3. Click on the word or phrase in paragraph that them refers to. Look

20.

3.

(Computer)

21.

3

Europe Asia

America Africa

on the sentence

paragraph 3 that explains the mistake that Columbus made. Click

in

1

PASSAGE THREE

(Questions 22-32)

There is a common expression in the English language referring to a blue moon. When people say that something happens "only once in a blue moon," they mean that it happens only very rarely, once in a great while. This expression has been around for at least a century and a half; there are references to this expression that date from the second half of the nineteenth century. The expression "a blue moon" has come to refer to the second full moon occurring in any given calendar month. A second full moon is not called a blue moon because it is particularly blue or is any different in hue from the first full moon of the month. Instead, it is called a blue moon because it is so rare. The moon needs a little more than 29 days to complete the cycle from full moon to full moon. Because every month except February has more than 29 days, every month will have at least one full moon (except February, which will have a full moon unless there is a full moon at the very end of January and another full moon at the very beginning of March). It is on the occasion when a given calendar month has a second full moon that a blue moon occurs. This does not happen very often, only three or four times in a decade. The blue moons of today are called blue moons because of their rarity and not because of their color; however, the expression "blue moon" may have come into existence in reference to unusual circumstances in which the moon actually appeared blue. EEQ Certain natural phenomena of gigantic proportions can actually change the appearance of the moon from Earth. ES3 The eruption of the

dust particles in the atmosphere, which clouded the sun and gave the moon a bluish tint. E23 This particular occurrence of the blue moon may have given rise to the expression that we use today. ESD When Mount Pinatubo erupted in the Philippines in 1 99 1 the moon

Krakatao volcano in 1883

left

,

again took on a blue

22.

This passage

CD CD CD CD 23.

ESI

about

on the drawing of the moon that could be a "blue moon."

25.

Click

26.

Which

an idiomatic expression an unusual color a month on the calendar a phase of the moon

Look at the word rarely in paragraph This word is closest in meaning to

CD CD CD CD 24.

is

tint.

1.

hardly barely

seldom scarcely

How long has the expression "once in a blue

moon" been around?

CD CD CD CD

For around 50 years

of the following might be the date of

a "blue moon?"

CD CD

For less than 100 years For more than 100 years For 200 years

O CD 27.

January

1

February 28 April 15

December 3

How many blue moons would there most likely

O O O O

be in a century?

4 35

70 100

COMPLETE TEST

(Computer)

28.

29.

on the word in paragraph 2 that closest in meaning to "color." Click

Click

on the sentence

in

is

31

.

CD CD CD CD

paragraph 2 that

According to the passage, the actually looked blue

after large volcanic eruptions

when

it

created a need for elevated the level of

spurred the creation of brightened the color of

moon 32.

CD CD CD CD

at the expression given rise to in

paragraph 3. This expression could best be replaced by

describes the duration of a lunar cycle.

30.

Look

occurred late in the month

several times a year

during the month of February


to

3.

Another example occurred more than a century

later.

Where would it best fit into the paragraph? Click on the square () to add the sentence to the paragraph.

COMPLETE TEST

(Computer)

PASSAGE FOUR

(Questions 33-44)

Though Edmund Halley was most famous because of his achievements as an astronomer, he was a scientist of diverse interests and great skill. In addition to studying the skies, Halley was also deeply interested in exploring the unknown depths of the oceans. One of his lesser-known accomplishments that was quite remarkable was his design for a diving bell that facilitated exploration of the watery depths.

Halley designed had a major advantage over the diving bells that were in use prior to his. Earlier diving bells could only make use of the air contained within the bell itself, so divers had to surface when the air inside the bell ran low Halley's bell was an improvement in that its design allowed for an additional supply of fresh air that enabled a crew of divers to remain underwater for several hours. The diving contraption that Halley designed was in the shape of a bell that measured three feet across the top and five feet across the bottom and could hold several divers comfortably; it was open at the bottom so that divers could swim in and out at will The bell was built of wood, which was first heavily tarred to make it water repellent and was then covered with a half-ton sheet of lead to make the bell heavy enough to sink in water. The bell shape held air inside for the divers to breathe as the bell sank to the bottom. The air inside the bell was not the only source of air for the divers to breathe, and it was this improvement that made Halley's bell superior to its predecessors. In addition to the air already in the bell, air was also supplied to the divers from a lead barrel that was lowered to the ocean floor close to the bell itself. Air flowed through a leather pipe from the lead barrel on the ocean floor to the bell. The diver could breath the air from a position inside the bell, or he could move around outside the bell wearing a diving suit that consisted of a lead bell-shaped helmet with a glass viewing window and a leather body suit, with a leather pipe carrying fresh air from the diving bell to the helmet.

The diving

bell that

.

.

33.

The subject of the preceding passage was most likely Halley's

CD CD CD CD 34.

36.

in

paragraph

closest in

2.

This expression

is

meaning to

childhood

CD CD CD CD

work as an astronomer

many different

interests

invention of the diving bell

moved

slowly

had been replenished sank to the bottom was almost exhausted

Which

of the following best expresses the subject of this passage?

CD CD CD

Halley's

work

Halley's

many different

as

37.

CD

CD CD CD CD

interests

Halley's invention of a contraption for

Halley's experiences as a diver

Halley's bell

was

better than

predecessors because

CD CD CD CD

was bigger provided more weighed

it

its

How long could divers stay underwater in Halley's bell?

an astronomer

diving

35.

Look at the expression ran low!

38.

It is

NOT stated in the passage that Halley's was wider

at the top

than at the

bottom

air

could rise more quickly

Only a few minutes For hours at a time For days on end

bell

CD

less

Just a few seconds

CD CD CD

was made of tarred wood was completely enclosed could hold more than one

COMPLETE TEST

diver

(Computer)

39.

Look at the expression &t wilt 3.

in paragraph

This expression could best be replaced by

can be inferred from the passage that, were Halley s bell not covered with lead,

Click

on the drawing

that

shows what

Halley s underwater breathing apparatus

looked

562

like.

COMPLETE TEST

(Computer)

Click

44. it

how air traveled from the barrel

on the paragraph

that describes

This passage would most likely be assigned reading in a course on

CZ) CZ) CZ) CZ)

float

CZ) get wet CZ) trap the divers CZ) suffocate the divers

.

in paragraph 4 that

diving bells that preceded Halley s.

would

41

on the sentence

indicates

43.

It

O

Click

to the bell.

CZ) in the future CZ) as they wanted CZ) with great speed CZ) upside down

40.

42.

astronomy recreation

oceanography physiology

WRITING COMPLETE

ES'

(Computer) J3J3

4

Longman Complete Course

for the TOEFL* Teat

Writing Complete Test

Writing

essay

1

Dismiss In this

section, you

will

have an opportunity to demonstrate your

Directions

ability to

write in English.

An essay

topic

essay on

that topic.

to type your

will

be given to you.

You

Before the topic

is

essay on the computer or

will

have 30 minutes to write your

presented, you must choose whether

to handwrite your essay.

on Next and Confirm Answer to end the Writing Section at any time. At the end of 30 minutes the computer will automatically end the

You can

click

section.


Exit

II

Time

Pirn

Help

<3>

What change from on

life

the twentieth century will have the

in the twenty-first century? Give reasons

and

most

Answer

effect

details to

support your answer.

COMPLETE TEST

(Computer)

I

APPENDIX A

APPENDIX A: DIRECTIONS: In each exercise nunciation. Then listen to the

Similar Sounds

read the group of words aloud with the correct prostatements, each of which contains one of the words. choose the letter of the word you have heard.

Finally,

first

NOW BEGIN THE RECORDING AT EXERCISE A EXERCISE Al A.

pit

C.

pat

E.

B.

pet

D.

put

E

pout pot

E.

height

F.

hate

EXERCISE A2 A.

heat

C.

B.

hit

D.

hut hot

EXERCISE A3 A.

cat

C.

cot

E.

kite

B.

cut

D.

caught

F.

coat

EXERCISE A4 A.

bill

C.

bull

E.

bale

B.

bell

D.

ball

F

bowl

C.

cup keep

E.

cop cope

EXERCISE A5 A. B.

cap cape

D.

F

EXERCISE A6 D.

bed bad

F

A.

bead

C.

B.

bid

E.

bud bowed

EXERCISE A7 A.

neat

C.

net

E.

B.

night

D.

nut

F

knot note

EXERCISE A8 A.

seek

C.

sack

E.

sock

B.

sick

D.

soak

F

sake

EXERCISE A9 A.

seed

C.

sad

E.

side

B.

said

D.

sawed

F

sighed

howl whole

EXERCISE A10

A

heal

D.

hail

G.

B.

hill

E.

hole

H.

C.

haul

F

hall

I.

hull

EXERCISE All A.

beat

D.

bat

G.

bait

B.

bit

E.

but

H.

bite

C.

bet

F

bought

I.

boat

566

APPENDIX B

APPENDIX DIRECTIONS: Each of the

Two- and Three- Part Verbs

B:

following sentences contains a two- or three-part verb in

ital-

Read the sentence and try to understand the italicized expression. Then, find the meaning of the expression in the list that follows the exercise, and write the letter of the answer on the line. ics.

EXERCISE Bl

He

1.

He's been smoking too much.

2.

The company had

3.

He

kept teasing me, so finally

4.

He

is

5.

She

6.

Could you explain a little more you are trying to get at.

I

told

he

stole

him

really

such a nice person that she

When

7.

to cut off the electricity

working hard because he

is

needs to cut down.

really

is

to cut

bill

was unpaid.

it out.

wants to get ahead in his career.

easily able to get

clearly?

some money from

because the

I

really don't

her, she really

a/owgwith everyone.

understand what

wanted

to

do something

to get back at him. 8.

We

9.

She was

have enough money to get by for a few months; we won't have a extras, but we will survive. sick for several weeks,

There are too many clothes

10.

in

but

now she

manage advance

recover from

G. H.

throw away

D.

decrease

1.

stop the supply of

E.

be friendly

J.

imply

stop

B.

get revenge against

C.

it

it

of some of them.

Bl

R

A.

of

has started to get over it.

my closet. I need to get rid

DEFINITIONS— Exercise

lot

EXERCISE B2 1.

He

read the untrue stories about himself in the newspaper, but he tried

not to react. 2.

I

He just tried

to brush

haven't played Scrabble in quite

rules before

we

it

off

some

time.

I'll

have to brush up on the

play.

3.

While we were walking in the mountains, we were lucky enough a waterfall. It was quite a surprise to find such a beautiful thing.

4.

She

5.

While I'm on

6.

The

is

not feeling

well; she thinks she

my trip, do you into

it

further.

come across

about to come down with the

think you could look after my cats?

police detective was not sure

decided to look

is

to

how the crime was committed. She

flu.

APPENDIX B

my application. Could you

7.

Here

8.

The brother were

is

to pull

You have

9.

moments

take a few

always used to pick on his younger

her

tried

it

over?

His favorite tricks

or scare her.

hair, tease her,

on three

sister.

to look

dresses, but

you can't afford

all

of them. You'll

have to pick ouf just one.

Could you pick me up

10.

after school today?

I'll

wait for you out in front of

the school.

DEFINITIONS— Exercise B2 A.

take care of

F.

bother

B.

review; relearn

not

C.

choose

G. H,

D.

get sick with

1.

come and

E.

look at

J.

investigate

it

briefly

let

it

have an effect

unexpectedly find get

EXERCISE B3 1.

We have some new neighbors.

2.

The was

principal

had

The

4.

Why don't you

5.

I

to call off the class

call

I'll

on them later this afternoon.

on Tuesday because the teacher

politician should call for a decrease in taxes.

me

call

up about 9:00?

don't need this bicycle any more.

think

I'll just

give

Here's the book it

think

sick.

3.

6.

I

I

it

be waiting by the phone.

I'll

It's

not worth too

much money,

so

I

away.

borrowed from you, and now

I

think

I

should give

back.

done

can.

7.

I've

8.

The teacher has

all I

to

I just

can't

do anything more.

I

give up.

put off'the exam until next week because the students

are not prepared. 9.

10.

She has

to

put on her coat before she goes out into the cold winter weather.

He's such a

mean man

that

it's

difficult to

put up with him.


donate

F.

cancel

B.

visit

delay

C.

tolerate

G. H.

telephone

D.

request; suggest

1.

dress

E.

return

J.

surrender

in

567

APPENDIX B

EXERCISE B4 was scared

1.

I

2.

He and she

last

night because someone tried to break into

my house.

have been friends for more than two years, but

now

they've

decided to break off their relationship. never done

3.

I'm really excited to be selected as master of ceremonies. this before, but I'm really going to try to carry it off

4.

After her husband was killed in an accident, she tried hard to carry on

with her 5.

6.

I've

life.

I'm going to hold off taking my vacation. I was scheduled to take vacation this week, but I'll take it next month instead.

my

My boss told me that my work had been very good recently and wanted me to keep it up.

that she

7.

Many of the employees of the company are worried; they've heard a rumor that the company is going to lay off a number of employees.

8.

While I was in months.

9.

If I didn't

10.

at the market,

buy milk the morning.

I

was surprised to run

at the store,

into a friend

I

we would run out of'it at breakfast in

That boy has been playing baseball wear out soon.

all day. I

know he's going to

DEFINITIONS—Exercise B4 A.

hadn't seen

B.

postpone succeed

C.

fire

G. H.

D.

tire

I*

continue

E.

unlawfully enter

J.

continue

F.

completely use the supply of

end unexpectedly meet

APPENDIX B

EXERCISE B5 1.

The newspapers tend

to play

up sensational

stories if they

want

to

improve

their circulation. 2.

He knew hard

3.

that

to pull

She tends

it

would be

difficult to

win the tournament, but he worked

it off.

to

show off a.

lot.

She's very beautiful, and she wants everyone to

notice her. 4.

He was supposed

5.

Do you know when

to

come

at 9:00,

but he didn't show up until 10:00.

the wedding will take place? I heard that

it

would be

next June.

my roommate nor I like

6.

Neither

7.

I

8.

He applied for

don't

know how

to play golf,

to

but

the job, but the

do the

it's

dishes, so

a sport that

manager decided

I

we

take turns.

would

to turn

like to take up.

down his

application because he was not really qualified. 9.

The

students must turn in their papers

that the papers can't 10.

Because

I

on Thursday. The teacher has

said

be even one day late.

swim so many hours every

day,

I

sometimes

to turn into a fish.


try to attract attention

F.

refuse

B.

submit

succeed

C.

happen

G. H.

D.

increase the significance of

1.

become

E.

arrive

J.

alternate

begin (a hobby)

feel that

I'm going

569

1

APPENDIX C

APPENDIX DIRECTIONS: Each of the

following sentences contains an idiom in

tence and try to understand the idiom. that follows,

and

Idioms

C:

Then

write the letter of the answer

find the

on the

Read the

italics.

meaning of the idiom

in the

line.

EXERCISE CI He's holding

1.

down two jobs and attending school. He's

really burning the

candle at both ends.

She's buying a lot of new furniture before she even has a job. She's putting

2.

the cart before the horse. 3.

Every time he opens his mouth, he immediately regrets what he He's always putting his foot in his mouth.

4.

He's not telling

5.

She wanted last

said.

He's beating around the bush.

man's phone number, but she wasn't sure of his name or where he lived. It was like lookingfor a needle in a haystack. to get that

He's always too

6.

me exactly what happened.

fast

and out of control on

his motorcycle. He's playing

with fire.

was the one who was spreading rumors about her, wasn't. She's barking up the wrong tree.

She keeps asking

7.

but

I

if I

He

8.

took the best portions for himself and didn't leave enough for the others. He's just looking outfor number one.

9.

She's been working

on

that assignment for over two months,

think she's ever going to finish

She has

10.

to

go

to the bank,

it.

and

I

don't

She's takingforever and a day.

and while

she's out she'll stop

and visit her

friend. She's killing two birds with one stone.

He was admitted

11.

to 12.

I

send

know

in

and he would have gone there but he forgot the appropriate form in time. He has really missed the boat. to Harvard,

you thought that this part of the program was difficult, but you see the next part. You're jumping out of the frying pan and

that

wait until

into the fire.

DEFINITIONS— Exercise C A.

making a mistake

B.

accomplishing two things at once

G. H.

saying embarrassing things

C.

doing something dangerous

1.

speaking indirectly

D.

wrong order going from bad to worse doing too much

J.

doing something

K.

taking a really long time

L.

thinking only about himself

E. F.

doing things

in

the

missed an opportunity

difficult

senlist

APPENDIX C

EXERCISE C2 His only two choices are to give up his free time or to pay a lot of money, and he doesn't like either choice. He's between a rock and a hard place.

1.

2.

She got 100 percent on the exam and the other students were below 70 percent. She's head and shoulders above the rest.

3.

Every day he fixes meals, cleans the apartment, and goes to the market. It's all in a day's work.

4.

She's a well-known lawyer, a

good

skier, a

great cook, and a painter. She's

2ijack-of-all-trades.

Every time he puts the toys away, the children just take them out again. Keeping the house clean when the children are there is like trying to swim

5.

upstream. 6.

Anytime

I

need help

I

go

to

her because

I

know she'll help me any way

she can. She's one in a million.

He

7.

thought he was going to have to come into the office and work on both Saturday and Sunday, but now he doesn't have to. He's off the hook.

8.

She and her classmates all have to read five chapters, write a paper, and prepare for an exam this week. They're all in the same boat.

He and

9.

his brother have the

same

and the same expressions. They're 10.

When I saw him with father.

around 12.

I

like

same

eyes, the

same

smile,

two peas in a pod.

an older man, I just knew that the

man had

to

be his

He's a chip off the old block.

She's had so

11.

hair, the

all

much

day.

to

do

to get ready for the trip that she's

Now she's

on her

can't think of the answer, but

been running

last legs.

it

will

come

to

me in just a minute.

the tip of my tongue.

DEFINITIONS

—Exercise C2

A.

very tired

B.

the best

G. H.

C.

exactly alike

1.

accomplished at many things

D.

really

J.

an idea that

E.

really difficult

K.

not responsible any longer

F.

just like his father

L.

without any good options

wonderful

or frustrating

in

the same situation

nothing out of the ordinary

is

not

in

words

It's

on

571

APPENDIX C

EXERCISE C3 1

.

Do you

think you could help

me out with

the math

homework? Two heads

are better than one. 2.

What was

it

like

when

the

announcement of the

disaster

came over the

radio? You could have heard a pin drop. 3.

We could either go

out to dinner tonight or stay

home and

cook. Six of

one, half dozen of the other. 4.

I

know you

like the

food

at this restaurant,

but I just don't care for

it.

To

each his own.

got to the bank just one minute after closing time. Just my

5.

I

6.

My boss has asked me

to

respond immediately

to this fax.

luck.

No sooner said

than done. 7.

Don't worry about what the boss just said

to you.

His bark

is

worse than

his bite.

seems impossible for me to go to graduate school because I just can't afford it. But I'm going to try. Where there's a will, there's a way!

8.

It

9.

Everything seems to be going the way that

it

should. So far, so good!

10.

Just think that because you locked your keys in the car, you got to meet that nice, handsome, young locksmith. Every cloud has a silver lining!

11.

I've got to

school 12.

She

if I

loves

going to take more than seven years of want to become a doctor. After all, Rome wasn't built in a day. accept the fact that

my wardrobe,

but

I

it's

wish

I

had her

clothes.

The grass

is

always

greener on the other side of the fence.

DEFINITIONS—Exercise C3 A. B.

C.

was really quiet It's good to work together. It

D.

been going well up to now. I'm not so fortunate.

E.

It

doesn't matter.

F.

It

will

It's

be done immediately.

G. H.

K.

Bad things are accompanied by good. You always want what you don't have. Everyone has a different opinion. His words are worse than his actions. If you want something, you can do it.

L.

Everything takes time.

I.

J.

"

APPENDIX C

EXERCISE C4

He finally got a job; he

1.

had

to turn over

When he

a new

couldn't continue to

sit

around doing nothing. He

leaf.

mother that he didn't need to study for the exam because he knew he would get a good grade, his mother responded,

2.

told his

"Don't count your chickens before they're hatched.

When I asked my friend to do some of my work for me,

3.

would have

to stand on

You've been offered

4.

I

my oum two feet.

this job,

and the

for too long, so you'd better take this

need

she replied that

offer

may not remain on

the table

one while you have the chance. You

to strike while the iron is hot.

When you guessed that I would get the promotion, you hit the nail right on

5.

the head. 6. .

Before you accept the position, you should find out everything you can about the company. You should look before you leap.

7.

environmental protection committee, and she's really excited because this is something she's been interested in for some time. This is something she can sink her teeth into.

8.

If you

She was appointed

i's

9.

to the

want to be the one who gets noticed at work, you need and cross all the t's on every task that you do.

You need

Every time there's a lot of work to do, you just a chicken with its head cut off.

to learn to relax.

run around like really

prepared for that exam.

should be apiece of cake.

10.

I

11.

She thinks she should confess what she

It

did, but

interested in knowing. Instead, she decides to 12.

to dot all the

no one

let

really

sleeping dogs

seems lie.

He

never has to work for anything because his parents will give him anything he asks for. He seems to have been born with a silver spoon in his mouth.

DEFINITIONS— Exercise C4 be extremely easy

G. H.

were exactly right depend on something you don't have

C.

do

I.

be spoiled

D.

pay attention to every detail

J,

get really involved

E.

think before you act

K.

take advantage of a good opportunity

F.

leave something alone

L.

act overly nervous and excited

A.

start over again

B.

it

myself

in

573

APPENDIX D

APPENDIX

Prepositions

D:

of prepositions. Then underline the prepositions in each sentence. Circle the prepositional phrases (prepositions + modifiers + objects). The number in parentheses indicates how many prepositions you should find in each group of

DIRECTIONS: Study

the

list

sentences.

PREPOSITIONS about

behind

except

on

under

above

below

for

onto

underneath

across

beneath

from

outside

unlike

after

beside

in

over

until

against

between

inside

past

up

along

beyond

into

since

upon

among

by

like

through

versus

around

despite

near

throughout

with

as

down

of

at

during

EXERCISE Dl 1.

within

toward

without

(21 prepositions)

Advocacy of technology its

mm9B

as the

panacea for our environmental woes

is

not without

detractors.

2.

Highway 227 runs east of U.S. Highway Arroyo Grande in the south.

3.

All four

State

101,

components of the Milky Way appear

from San Luis Obispo

to be

embedded

in the

in a large,

north to

dark corona

of invisible material. 4.

Over the

last

three decades,

we have seen a consistent worldwide decline

in

member-

ship of private-sector international trade union federations. 5.

not complete agreement on the correlation of the various cultures and the glacial sequence, but many think that the Villafranchion, characterized by crudely worked pebble tools, roughly spherical in form, belongs in the early phase of the First

There

is

Glacial period.

APPENDIX D

EXERCISE D2 1.

(34 prepositions)

A combination of factors appear to have led to the decline of the beetle, all of them directly or indirectly

2.

At ground

3.

to

human

influence but

none conclusively proven.

produced by a photochemical interaction of the Sun with nitrogen oxides and unburnt hydrocarbons.

level,

gases such as

due

ozone

is

The Army of the Potomac under General George Meade and the Army of Northern Virginia under General Robert E. Lee had stumbled upon each other four days earlier at the

edge of this

little

Pennsylvania county seat of 2,400 inhabitants.

sudden and vast wealth, by the turn of the century, Trinity Church was an ecclesiastical empire with 8,500 communicants and nine chapels scattered around New York City besides the main church itself.

4.

With

5.

Through modern

this

film footage, this video production retraces the route followed by

Meriwether Lewis and William Clark during their epochal two-year (1804-1806), eightthousand-mile round-trip journey by keelboat, on horseback, on foot, and by canoe up the Missouri River, across the Continental Divide, and down the Snake and Columbia Rivers to the Pacific Ocean.

EXERCISE D3

(35 prepositions)

War

1.

During the era from the end of the boom within the United States.

2.

By coincidence, the Finnish results were released at the same time that an American study confirmed the cancer-fighting potential of a chemical in broccoli known as

Civil

to

about 1890, there was a land settlement

sulforaphane. 3.

At windswept Kitty Hawk, along North Carolina's Outer Banks, the Wright Brothers National Memorial pays tribute to the brothers and their historic first flight on

December 4.

17, 1903.

A wide central hall, running past the Garden Court, from one end of the building to the other, has four large cases of souvenirs from both palaces, including a program

printed for President Warren G. Harding's 5.

visit.

Like historians raiding an archive of ancient

two atmospheric scientists are sifting through old satellite data, looking for a means of extending ozone records back in time in order to prove or disprove a hypothesis; on the basis of ground measurements made in Antarctica since the 1950s, researchers believe that the annual Antarctic ozone hole first appeared in a mild form during the late 1970s and then grew worse in the 1980s. texts,

APPENDIX

E

APPENDIX

E:

Word

Endings

you how a word is used grammatically in English; therefore, it is very important for you to recognize some common word endings. If you recognize a word ending on a word that you do not know, you can tell how the word should be used grammatically, even if you do not understand the meaning of the word.

Word endings

in English often tell

EXERCISE El: Noun

(Thing) Endings

The following noun (thing) endings are very common study them and become familiar with them.

in English. It

is

important for you

to

NOUN (THING) ENDINGS -ism

socialism

-ment government

-nee

excellence

-ty

beauty

-ness

sadness

-age

marriage

-ion

information

ship

friendship

Using one of the endings above, change each of the following words into a noun 1.

member

2.

kind

10.

permanent

3.

real

11.

mile

4.

move

12.

confuse

5.

human

13.

leader

6.

elect

14.

sudden

7.

break

15.

improve

8.

intelligent

16.

equal

9.

alcohol

(thing):

APPENDIX

EXERCISE E2: Noun

The

(Person) Endings

following noun (person) endings are very

to study

E

them and become

common

in English. It

is

important for you

familiar with them.

NOUN (PERSON) ENDINGS -er

employer

-ist

tour/st

-or

actor

-dan

music/on

Using one of the endings above, change each of the following words into a noun 1.

teach

2.

type

10.

program

3.

beauty

11.

electricity

4.

ideal

12.

invest

5.

invent

13.

build

6.

clinic

14.

natural

7.

special

15.

advice

8.

ranch

16.

mathematics

(person).

perfection

9.

EXERCISE E3: Adjective Endings

The

following adjective endings are very

study

them and become

common

in English.

It is

important for you to

familiar with them.

ADJECTIVE ENDINGS -ent

excellent

-ive

expensive

-ant

important

-ous

dangerous

-ful

careful

-al

nature/

-ic

econom/c

-able

capable

-/ess

care/ess

-ible

possible

Using one of the endings above, change each of the following words into an courage

1.

heart

2.

nature

10.

use

3.

athlete

11.

enthusiasm

4.

mystery

12.

motion

5.

help

13.

tradition

6.

impress

14.

change

7.

intelligence

15.

permanence

8.

comfort

16.

attract

9.

adjective:

APPENDIX

E

EXERCISE E4:

Verb Endings

The following verb endings are very common them and become familiar with them.

in English. It

is

important for you to study

VERB ENDINGS -en

soften

-ize

memorize

-ate

populate

-ify

notify

Using one of the endings above, change each of the following words into a

.

dark

9.

2.

final

10.

identity

3.

just

11.

light

4.

separation

12.

glamour

5.

short

13.

person

6.

intense

14.

sweet

7.

investigation

15.

liberal

8.

industrial

16.

demonstration

1

verb:

different

EXERCISE E5: Adverb Ending

The following familiar with

adverb ending

is

very

common in English.

It is

important for you to become

it.

ADVERB ENDING -/y

real/y

Using the ending above, change each of the following words into an adverb: great

1.

final

2.

careful

10.

complete

3.

obvious

11.

eager

4.

recent

12.

absolute

5.

strong

13.

correct

6.

perfect

14.

sudden

7.

fearful

15.

doubtful

8.

quick

16.

regular

9.

APPENDIX

E

EXERCISE E6: All Endings Together Identify each of the following

words

as a noun-thing (NT), a noun-person (NP),

an

adjective

(ADJ), an adverb (ADV), or a verb (V). 1.

heighten

11.

desertification

21.

speechless

2.

forgetful

12.

submissive

22.

tremendously

3.

imperialism

13.

nocturnal

23.

liability

4.

effusively

14.

establishment

24.

counselor

5.

cashier

15.

impertinent

25.

civic

6.

columnist

16.

impertinently

26.

sensitize

7.

aggravate

17.

togetherness

27.

ambiance

8.

glamorous

18.

pharmacist

28.

justification

9.

vintage

19.

craftsmanship

29.

interpretive

statistician

20.

manageable

30.

personify

10.

EXERCISE E7: All Endings Circle the letter of the 1.

The (A)

2.

The (A)

3.

It is

(A) 4.

The (A)

5.

The (A)

6.

detective

theorized

that the

(C)

importantly

maid committed the robbery. theoretician

(B)

convenience

convenient

(B)

patient responded

(C)

theoretic

(C)

conveniently

weaken

to the medication.

weakness

(B)

on

psychologist explained his ideas (B)

social

mortal

society

mortally

(B)

minimal

excitedly

generator

weakly

interaction.

(C)

socialize

(C)

mortician

(C)

minimally

the problem.

minimize

(B)

traffic

violate

(C)

as a

,

he had

to

appear in court.

violator

(B)

(C)

violation

toward the entrance of the park. excited

(B)

The company was unable (A)

importance

(B)

that they live so close to the school.

The children ran (A)

10.

important

Because of a (A)

9.

that correctly completes each sentence.

of the news could not be stressed enough.

You should not (A)

8.

word

Not everyone wants a job (A)

7.

Together

(B)

to

enough generate

(C)

excitement

profit to stay in business.

(C)

generation

APPENDIX

11

E

She picked up a piece of

.

volcano

(A)

to the

explosion

Because your medical problem

13.

(A)

The coach was

14.

(B)

specialize

is

serious,

(A)

(B)

(B)

careless

(C)

explosive

you need

to see a

(C)

special

motivator

He was not concerned about the

15.

volcanic

specialist

the athletes to perform better.

able to

motivate

(A)

(C)

rude question.

(B)

explosively

(A)

vulcanize

(B)

He responded

12.

rock.

(C)

motivation

of his actions. (C)

carelessness

carelessly

This portion of the report should be completed

16.

independence

(A)

(B)

independent

of the other part.

(C)

independently

(C)

magnification

The view of the mountains was

17.

magnify

(A) 18.

It

(B)

clarify

The

her message. (C)

clarity

clarification

of the village was the soldiers' primary goal.

(A)

liberate

He gave an

20.

magnificent

was necessary for the speaker to

(A) 19.

(B)

(C)

liberation

liberal

incorrect answer to the question.

obvious

(A)

(B)

(B)

obviously

(C)

obviate

EXERCISE E8: All Endings Together

The

following sentences contain a

number of underlined words. Each of the underlined

words may or may not be correct. Circle the underlined words that are incorrect, and

make them 1

.

2.

correct.

The

The newspaper reporter did not exact her

3.

police inspect organized an intensively search for the robber.

appreciate the negation

comments about

article.

He became penniless and homeless when

a seriousness

ill

made him unable

to

work.

4.

On

the old college campus, the ivy-covered walls of the colonial buildings create

an aura of gentility and

tradition.

5.

Maya Angelou is a poem, composition, and author of two autobiographically works, / Know Why the Caged Bird Sings and My Name.

6.

The

process of Americanization encouragement immigrants to assimilation

American

attitudes, cultural,

and

citizenship.

APPENDIX

During the previously war, the national defense need of linguists.

The

establish

found

between the two nations has proven seriousness than analyze had previously expected. escalate of hostilities

Social

is

itself in

far

more

becoming increasingly dependence on complex computers

arrange of its

greatness

for the

affairs.

someone has an educator in the humanities, he or she is prepared to deal with abstractions or complex and to feel comfortably with subtleties of thought. If

It is

possibly to demonstrate that the mathematical odds for success of the

program increase dramatically with the additional of increased It

would be

fatally for the

protesters to have the

financial backing.

administration to underestimate the determine of the

new

law overturned.

E

APPENDIX

F

APPENDIX DIRECTIONS:

Fill in

F:

Irregular Verb

Forms

the boxes with the correct forms of the verb.

EXERCISE Fl

VERB

beat

1.

2.

PAST

become began

3.

VERB

PARTICIPLE

PAST fought

beaten

25.

become

26.

begun

27.

bet

28.

fly

fit

bet

5.

bite

bit

29.

forget

6.

blow

blew

30.

forgive

7.

break

broken

31.

8.

bring

brought

32.

get

built

33.

give

gave

34.

g°

went

built

10.

buy

11.

catch

bought

chose

12. 13.

come

14.

cost

36.

had

had

come

37.

hear

38.

hide

dug

40.

hold

held hurt

hit

18.

draw

drew

42.

keep

fall

24.

feel

drunk

drove eaten

felt

fed

hit

kept

43.

knew

known

44.

led

led

45.

leave

47.

48.

left

lent

46.

fell

fed

23.

hid

39.

hurt

22.

heard

cut

41.

eat

gotten

chosen

did

21.

frozen

grown

do

drive

forgave

grew

17.

20.

forgotten

35.

dig

drank

flew

froze

16.

19.

fit

caught

cost

cut

15.

fought

found

find

4.

9.

PARTICIPLE

let

lent let

lost

lost

APPENDIX

VERB 49.

make

PAST made meant

50.

VERB

PARTICIPLE

sang

68.

meant

met

PAST

69.

sink

70.

sit

PARTICIPLE sung

sunk

51.

meet

52.

pay

paid

71.

53.

prove

proven

72.

speak

put

73.

spend

quit

74.

stood

stood

read

75.

stole

stolen

put

54. 55.

quit

read

56.

ride

rode

76.

swim

58.

ring

rang

77.

take

78.

teach tear

rose

59.

risen

60.

run

ran

79.

61.

say

said

80.

sat

slept

57.

F

slept

spoke spent

swam taken taught torn told

told

thought

62.

saw

seen

81.

63.

sold

sold

82.

threw

thrown

sent

83.

understood

understood

shot

84.

shown

85.

shut

86.

64.

send shot

65. 66. 67.

show shut

think

worn

wear

won write

wrote

won

APPENDIX G

APPENDIX DIRECTIONS: Fill

Formation of the Passive

G:

shown in both active and passive. needed to complete the sentences.

In the following exercises, sentences are

in the blanks in the sentences with whatever

is

EXERCISE Gl

ACTIVE 1.

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

8.

9.

10. 11. 12.

He He He He He He He He He He He He

PASSIVE

many letters. wrote many letters. has written many letters. had written many letters. writes

would writemany

letters.

would have written is

many letters.

writing many letters.

was writing many

letters.

many letters. will have written many letters. is going to write many letters. should write many letters. will write

Many letters Many letters Many letters Many letters Many letters Many letters Many letters Many letters Many letters Many letters Many letters Many letters

...

by by by by by by by by by by by by

him. him. him. him. him. him. him. him. him. him. him. him.

EXERCISE G2

ACTIVE 1

Snnn the armies

2.

The company is going

PASSIVE the battle to

4.

Someone The referee had

battle will

be fought by the armies soon,

buy the

equipment. 3.

The

in the yard.

already blown the

by the company. A hole was being dug in the yard. The whistle haH

whistle. fv

6.

Parents

Children should be taught good values by

good values.

parents.

She keeps her valuable jewelry

in the

in the safe.

safe.

7 8.

Q 10.

The enemy's torpedoes What you said hurt me. Someone You should not have said strongly.

The

ship was sunk by the enemy's torpedoes.

hurt hy

T

now it

The

children are being fed now.

so

so strongly.

APPENDIX G

EXERCISE G3

ACTIVE

PASSIVE elertions

1

Elections will be held next

month by

the club. 2.

The team won

the

game

in the

in the final seconds.

final seconds. 3.

Someone

is

taking photographs of the

Phntngraphs

wedding.

4

Snmpnnp

5.

She reads the incoming mail

daily.

should not

fi

shut

the electricity. 7.

People had bet a L11CJ

8.

The passport had already been stolen. The inroming mail The electricity should not have been

lot

of money on

A

daily

off.

on

lot

t£
No one

in

The

car has not

been driven

in several weeks.

several weeks. 9.

10.

She would spend many hours on

on

the project.

the project.

They

The house could have been

at a large profit.

large profit.

sold at a

EXERCISE G4

ACTIVE

PASSIVE

1.

The guards were bringing

9

prisoner into court. The agent

3

She

the

The prisoner The

several timpc

tourists are

into ronrt

going to be met by the agent.

That dress had already been worn

several

times. 4.

Someone

tore his clothing during

during the

fight.

the fight. 5.

We are

doing everything we can think

Everything

of. 6. 7.

No one He would have

The money will not ever be found. told

me what

what happened.

I

happened. 8.

Someone

so

much.

The horse should not have been ridden

so

much. 9

10

A fisherman caught a shark close

A shark

to shore.

to shore.

No one

really did

What he

Hose really did

is

not known.

APPENDIX H

APPENDIX

H:

Irregular Plurals

DIRECTIONS: Study

the irregular plurals in the chart in Skill 41.

each of the following

is


Then

indicate whether

(I).

EXERCISE HI 1.

one men

2.

lots

3.

a surprising hypothesis

11

4.

one fast-growing fungi

12.

an in-depth analyses one hundred alumni lots of bright tooth

5.

various criterion

13.

various exotic cacti

6.

a few mice

14.

two required thesis

7.

each

15.

the earth's axis

8.

a

16.

lots

1.

both types of fungus

2.

a

3.

two large foot

4.

a

5.

one

6.

a big, fat salmon

8.

many kinds of stimuli one tiny mouse

1

both lengthy syllabus

9.

of data

10.

syllabi for

the class

young deer

several

naughty children

of woolly sheep

EXERCISE H2

7.

new curricula

new

bacteria

9.

X and Y axes

10.

the

11.

14.

two different theses each beautiful women a recent alumnus two delicious fish

15.

the only radius

16.

a scientific syntheses

12.

terrible crisis

a pair of strong ox

13.

EXERCISE H3

2.

some

3.

a fat goose

11.

an unexpected diagnoses an aching teeth each nuclei of the atom

4.

12.

several fresh trout

5.

some new hypotheses both young child

13.

a thorny cactus

6.

a green-colored bacilli

14.

7.

many

8.

each

each filthy feet surrounded by parenthesis some fast-moving deer

.

strict criteria

natural

9.

10.

phenomenon

15.

aquarium

16.

fish in the

APPENDIX

APPENDIX

I:

Word

I

Parts

Word parts in is

English can often give you a clue about the meaning of a word; therefore, it very important for you to recognize some common word parts. If you recognize one of

the the

word parts in a word meaning of a word.

that

you do not know, you can often get a pretty good idea about

EXERCISE II: What You Do

The following word parts describe things you appear in numerous words in English.

do.

Study these word parts because they

WHATYOU DO PART

MEANING

EXAMPLE

PART

MEANING

EXAMPLE

cecfe/ceecf

(go)

proceed

rupt

(break)

erupt

crecf

(believe)

credit

scriblscrip

(write)

describe

graph

(write)

autograph

(cut)

bisect

ject

(throw)

(come)

intervene

m

(send)

emit

(turn)

divert

mute

(change)

commute

(live)

surv/ve

port

(carry)

deport

it 1miss

Using the word parts above to help you, match the definitions on the right with the words

on the

left.

1.

emissary

A.

ideology or

2.

rupture

B.

cause to turn

3.

intersection

C.

the result of a change

4.

porter

D.

write hastily

5.

permutation

E.

break in

6.

convention

F.

study of handwriting

7.

vivacious

8.

avert

9.

exceed

G.

belief

and messily

accustomed friendly relations

meeting where many people come together

H. I.

10.

credo

11.

scribble

12.

graphology

13.

projectile

something that is thrown keenly alive and brisk

who

J-

person

K.

person who

L.

where one road

M.

is

sent to deliver a

carries

message

baggage

cuts

through another

go beyond expectations

APPENDIX

I

EXERCISE 12: Where and When

The

following

word

parts describe where or when things happen. Study these

word

parts

because they appear in numerous words in English.

WHEN

WHERE PART

MEANING

EXAMPLE

PART

MEANING

EXAMPLE

cir

(around)

c/rculate

ante

(before)

anterior

ex

(out)

exit

fore

(before)

foretell

in

(in)

include

fm

(end)

finish

re

(back)

return

pre

(before)

previous

sub

(under)

subway

post

(after)

postpone

tele

(far)

te/ephone

trans

(across)

transatlantic


on the

left.

1.

refund

A.

cut into something

2.

subordinate

B.

occurring

3.

forefather

C.

room

that serves as an entrance to a

larger

room

4.

transgress

5.

postern

6.

incision

before

money

the expected time

D.

give

E.

apparatus for sending a message over

back

a distance 7.

premature F.

8. 9.

10.

12.

program

expel

antechamber

boundary

G.

go across a limit or

H.

circular course around

telegraph I.

11.

conclusion of a

an area

occupying a lower class, rank, or

finale J-

relative

K.

force

L.

back

circuit

who came

someone

door

to a

to

status

before you

go out of a place

church

APPENDIX

EXERCISE 13:

I

Paris of the Universe and Parts of die Body

The following word parts describe parts of the universe or parts of word parts because they appear in numerous words in English.

the body. Study these

BODY

UNIVERSE PART

MEANING

EXAMPLE

PART

MEANING

EXAMPLE

geo

(earth)

geology

(body)

corporation

terr

(earth)

territory

corp card

(heart)

cardiology

hydr

(water)

hydroplane

derm

(skin)

dermatologist

aqua

(water)

aquatic

man

(hand)

manual

astr

(star)

astronaut

dent

(teeth)

dentist

pyr

(fire)

pyrotechnics

pedlpod cap

(feet)

pedestrian

(head)

captain


on the

left.

geocentric

A.

an underseas explorer

2.

dentures

B.

a series of raised levels of earth

3.

podiatry

C.

relating to the heart and blood vessels

4

capstone

D.

figure of a star (*) used as a reference

1

mark dermatitis E.

having the earth as the center

F.

handcuffs

corpulent

aquanaut «

G.

treatment of foot problems

H.

having a fleshy body

hydraulic

cardiovascular

10 11

I.

terrace

J-

manacles

13

asterisk

or final rock used to complete a

structure

pyrometer

12.

top

apparatus for measuring high temperatures

K.

inflammation of the skin

L.

operated by water under pressure or in

M.

motion

false teeth

APPENDIX

I

EXERCISE 14: Human States

The

word parts describe human numerous words in English.

following

appear in

Study these word parts because they

states.

HUMAN STATES PART

MEANING

EXAMPLE

PART

MEANING

EXAMPLE

am

(love)

amiable

path

(feeling)

sympathy

phil

(love)

Philadelphia

mania

(crazy)

maniac

bene eu mal

(good)

benefit

(fear)

claustrophob/'a

(good)

euphemism

phobia psycho

(mind)

psychology

(bad)

mo/content

bio

(life)

biology

dys

(bad)

dysfunction

mor

(death)

mortal

Using the word parts above

on the

to help you,

match the

definitions

on the

right with the words

left.

1.

euphoric

A.

fear of high places

2.

moribund

B.

part of the earth's crust where living

3.

pathetic

4

malign

beings exist C.

stealing as a result of an emotional disturbance

5.

enamored D.

any severe form of mental disorder

E.

reduced

F.

lover of

acrophobia benevolent 8.

9.

10.

12.

or lack of ability to read

books

biosphere

kleptomania

G.

in a dying state

H.

speak

negatively

and harmfully about

dyslexia I.

11.

ability

bibliophile

feeling especially happy

J.

evoking pity or compassion

K.

in love

L.

wanting to do good to others

psychosis

APPENDIX

EXERCISE 15:

I

People and Their Senses

The following word parts describe people or they appear in numerous words in English.

their senses. Study these

PEOPLE

word

parts because

SENSES

PART

MEANING

EXAMPLE

PART

MEANING

EXAMPLE

pater

(father)

patriarch

spec

(see)

spectator

mater

(mother)

maternity

vislvid

(see)

visit/video

frater

(brother)

fraternal

scope

(see)

telescope

domin

(master)

domfnation

(hear)

telephone

jud anthro

(judge)

judgment

phon aud

(hear)

audience

(people)

anthropology

die

(say)

d/ctate

demo

(people)

democracy

loclloq

(speak)

eloquent


on the

left.

1.

cacophony

A.

exerting authority or influence

your mind

2.

judiciary

B.

see in

*

fraternize

C.

being ruled or headed by a woman

4.

spectacle

D.

discordant sound

5.

audiology

E.

exceedingly

6.

patrimony

F.

system of courts in a country

periscope

G.

talkative

pertaining to a particular people or locality

8.

dominant

9.

anthropoid

10.

loquacious

11

visualize

H. I.

12.

matriarchal

14.

endemic

farewell speech at a graduation

ceremony J-

science of hearing

K.

estate inherited

valedictory

13.

instrument to view obstructed objects

from a father or

ancestors L.

associate in a friendly or brotherly way

M.

impressive sight or view

N.

resembling a human being

APPENDIX

I

EXERCISE 16:

Size

and Amount

f-

The

word parts describe sizes or amounts. Study these word numerous words in English.

following

appear in

parts because they

AMOUNT

SIZE PART

MEANING

EXAMPLE

PART

MEANING

EXAMPLE

min

(small)

m/nimum

ambi

(both)

omb/valent

micro

(small)

microphone

multi

(many)

multiple

macro

(large)

macroeconomics

poly

(many)

polygon

mega magn

(large)

megaphone

omni

(all)

omnipotent

(large)

magnify

auto

(self)

automatic


on the

left.

plant or animal

1

autonomous

A.

tiny

2.

magnum

B.

great

minuscule

C.

able to eat

microorganism

D.

universe as a whole

polyglot

E.

very small

ambidextrous

F.

self-governing

4

number of persons or things all

types of food

7

omnivorous

G.

able to speak or write many languages

a

macrocosm

H.

giant stone

9.

multitude

10.

megalith

I.

J-

large bottle, for

wine or champagne

able to use both hands

APPENDIX

I

EXERCISE 17: Number

The following word parts describe numerous words in English.

numbers. Study these

word

parts because they appear in

NUMBER PART

MEANING

EXAMPLE

PART

MEANING

EXAMPLE

sol

(one)

solo

quad

(four)

quadruplets

uni

(one)

unique

Oct

(eight)

octopus

mono

(one)

monologue

dec

(ten)

decade

bi

(two)

b/cycle

cent

(hundred)

century

du

(two)

duet

mil

(thousand)

m/71imeter

tri

(three)

triple

semi

(half)

sem/fmal

Using the word parts above

on the

to

V

help you, match the definitions on the right with the words

left.

1

bifocals

2.

quadrennial

3.

millennium

4.

solitaire

*

tripartite

6.

duplex

7.

decathlon

8.

unicorn

9.

octogenarian

A.

horn

centennial

11

monorail

12.

semiprivate

game played by

one person

B.

card

C.

eighty-year-old

D.

partly alone

E.

hundredth anniversary

F.

train

person

and partly shared

on one track

G.

eyeglass lenses with two parts

H.

occurring every /owyears

I.

10.

mythical horselike animal with one

athletic contest involving ten events

J-

period of a thousand years

K.

building divided into two houses

L.

divided into

three sections

APPENDIX

I

EXERCISE 18:

Opposites

The following word parts describe in numerous words in English.

opposites.

Study these word parts because they appear

OPPOSITES PART

MEANING

EXAMPLE

PART

MEANING

EXAMPLE

anti

(against)

ant/war

im

(not)

/mperfect

contra

(against)

contrast

//

(not)

//legal

mis un

(error)

m/sspell

in

(not)

incorrect

(not)

untrue

(not)

/rregular

dis

(not)

d/'s like

•

ir


on the

left.

illiterate

A.

immoral

2.

inedible

B.

separate from

3.

contradict

C.

medicine poison

4.

dissociate

D.

childish

5.

immature E.

unable to be cured or solved

6.

misdeed F.

unable to read or write

7.

irremediable

8.

unarmed

9.

antidote

1

.

act

to counteract the effects

G.

deny or say the opposite

H.

unable to be eaten

I.

without weapons

of

APPENDIX

I

EXERCISE 19: All Word Parts Together Study the word list at the top of each box. Then read each sentence and place the letter of an appropriate word in the sentence. You should use each word one time only, without changing the form.

WHO ARE THESE CHARACTERS?

A. A.

autobiographer

E.

introvert

B.

benefactor

F.

C.

corpse

G.

2. 3.

4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

9.

10. 11. 12.

2. 3.

4. 5. 6. 7.

manicurist

J.

psychopath

misanthrope

K.

spectator

L.

triathlete

Someone who lives outside of his or her own country is a(n) Someone who works beautifying the hands and nails of others is a(n) Someone who hates other people is a(n) Someone who works preparing dead people for burial is a(n) Someone who is a dead body is a(n) Someone who is writing the story of his or her own life is a(n) Someone who is married to more than one person is a(n) Someone who competes in three related sports is a(n) Someone who watches while others perform is a(n) Someone who does good deeds for others is a(n) Someone who, because of mental illness, acts without morals is a(n) Someone who turns all his or her feelings inward is a(n)

WHAT IS IT USED FOR?

B.

1.

polygamist

H. mortician

D. expatriate 1.

I.

A(n) A(n) A(n) A(n) A(n) A(n) A(n)

A.

aqueduct

E.

microdot

B.

hydrant

F.

missile

J-

telescope

C.

kaleidoscope

G.

monocle

K.

tripod

D.

megaphone

H. submarine

L.

unicycle

is

useful

when you want to

can be used is

a

if you

little difficult

want

I.

terrarium

travel underwater.

to see something

to ride because

it

from faraway

has only one wheel.

contains water that can be used to fight

fires.

used to send some explosives to the enemy. can be used when you want to grow plants indoors. is

is

a tiny spot that contains lots of information; spies have been

known

to use this. 8.

9.

10. 11. 12.

A(n) A(n) A(n) A(n) A(n)

helps you see well out of one eye.

want to make a big sound. was constructed in olden times to carry water from place to lets a child look and see a variety of shapes and colors. is a three-footed stand that can be used to support a camera. is

useful

if you

place.

.

596

APPENDIX

I

WHAT ARE THESE THINGS REALLY LIKE?

C.

minute

A.

antebellum

E.

illegible

I.

B.

audiovisual

F.

infinite

J.

C.

euphonious

G.

invisible

K. portable

D.

extraterrestrial

H.

irreversible

L.

nne that ran hp carried canno/ be smi without a special lamp. decision is one that canno/ be changed back to what

misfired

subterranean

televi si nn is

i

i

A(n)

9 z.

Ink that

9.

O.

A(n)

4

Handwriting that

K

A(n)

source of water

6.

A(n)

weapon

7.

A(n)

house

8.

Films or other

9.

Details that are

is

is difficult to

is

is

is

one that

it

was.

read. is

located underground.

one that was shot in the wrong way. one that was built before the war.

is

teaching materials can be both seen and heard. are really, really small and unimportant.

10.

Music that

is

11.

A(n)

supply of money

12.

A(n)

rock

is

is

really pleasant sounding.

one that is never-ending. one that came to earth from outer space.

D.

is

WHAT ON EARTH ARE YOU DOING?

A.

circumvent

E.

dissect

B.

decapitate

F.

exhale

J.

prevent

C.

dehydrate

G.

interject

K.

reverse

L.

transmit

I.

H. minimize

D. disinter 1.

If you

2.

If you

3.

If you

4.

If you

5.

If you

6.

If you

7.

If you

something, you take the water out of it. something, you move around it to avoid it. a murder, you think about it beforeyou do it. something, you turn it in the opposite direction. someone, you cut his or her head off. something, you try to make it seem smaller and when you are smoking, you breathe out.

8.

If you

a few ideas into a conversation, you throw

9.

If you

a body, you take

10.

If you

11.

If you

12.

If you

something, you cut it in two. something, you take action beforehand to stop a message, you send it from one place to another.

it

them

less

premeditate

important.

in quickly.

out of the ground.

it

from occurring.

APPENDIX

DO YOU KNOW PEOPLE LIKE THIS?

E.

1.

2. 3.

4. 5. 6. 7.

8. 9.

10. 11. 12.

maternal

A.

ambivalent

E.

incredulous

I.

B.

amorous

F.

indomitable

J.

omnipotent

C.

antiquated

G.

introspective

K.

subtle

D.

bilingual

H. magnanimous

L.

unselfish

Someone who is Someone who is Someone who is Someone who is Someone who is Someone who is Someone who is Someone who is Someone who is Someone who is Someone who is Someone who is

has power and control over everything. cannot is

believe what is

happening.

always looking inside for answers.

acts in a motherly fashion. is

always falling in

love.

cannot be subjugated.

an understated way. does what is best for others.

acts in

speaks two languages.

comes from an

earlier time.

does not take either side in a discussion. would generously give everything he or she has to others.

E HOW'S YOUR HEALTH?

1

.

2. 3.

If you are

A.

antibiotic

E.

epidemic

B.

biopsy

F.

epidermis

J-

postmortem

C.

cardiogram

G.

euthanasia

K.

psychosomatic

D.

dentifrice

H.

malignant

L.

semiconscious

5. 6.

is a(n) When all When someone is almost dead and is brought back to

life,

the doctor has been able to

her.

done when liv ing tissue is cut out of a body in order A(n) tumor is one that is found to be cancerous, or bad. You should use a on your teeth to keep them healthy. A(n)

is

8.

A doctor will use a A substance that is used

9.

A(n)

7.

revive

only half awake or aware, you are the people in an area get a disease, it

him or 4.

I.

illness

occurs

against

harmful

when someone

living organisms

thinks

he or she

is

is

an

sick

The outer layer of a patient's

11.

If a

12.

put him or her to death for his or her own good. is conducted. After someone has died, a(n) use

is

to

it.

to test the health of a patient's heart.

10.

person

to study

really suffering

skin

is

but really

is

not.

called the

from an incurable

disease,

sometimes a loved one might

I

597

APPENDIX

I

HOW DO YOU DO THIS?

G.

1

2. 3.

4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

9.

10. 11.

12.

A.

circumnavigate

\l.

intercede

B.

contravene

F.

postdate

C.

inscribe

D.

inspect

3.

4. 5. 6. 7.

8. 9.

10. 11. 12.

J.

remit

G. preview

K.

subvert

H.

L.

transplant

raête

,

WHO NEEDS FRIENDS LIKE THESE?

A.

abrupt

E.

immutable

B.

apathetic

F.

inaudible

J.

misinformed

C.

domineering

injudicious

K.

monotonous

H. judgmental

L.

morbid

D. immoral

2.

reject

a hook von look at it nhpad, of time To To a tree, you take it out of the ground and mow it fo another place. To a machine, you Z00& mfo it very carefully and check for problems. To a check, you write a date that is after today's date. To a payment, you send it in. someone, you undermine the support that he or she has. To in a problem, you go right mfo the middle of it. To To a fish that you catch, you throw it back. To a book, you write a message m it. To cause something to you make it go back. in a bad situation, you act against it or do the opposite of what is happening. To To an island, you sail all the way around it.

H.

1.

I.

A friend who is A friend who is A friend who is A friend who is A friend who is A friend who is A friend who is A friend who is A friend who is A friend who is A friend who is A friend who is

G.

.wants bad things to

happen

I.

malevolent

to others.

makes judgments (often negative) about .always insists on controlling every solution. cdirmot be heard when he or she speaks. .always

others.

.

does not feel strongly about anything. is only concerned with death. .can never be persuaded to change. does not make wise or well-thought-out decisions. does not do the correct or right thing. cuts off others when they try to speak or act. .

.

.

.

.

.

.

never has the correct facts.

always speaks in the same tone of voice.

APPENDIX

CAN YOU GUESS WHAT IT IS?

I.

A.

antecedent

E.

B.

autograph

F.

C.

benediction

G.

D.

biography

H. misnomer

something that rame

controversy

I.

foreword

J-

manuscript

mutation octave

K

postscript

L.

soliloquy

1.

If you refer to

2.

If you give a speech all by yourself in a play,

3.

6.

Words written at the end of a letter make up a(n) If you ask a famous person to write his name himself you get his At the beginning of the book, before the main part of the text, you may find If you write the story of someone's life, you write a(n)

7.

A musical interval

4. 5.

8. 9.

10. 11. 12.

that

I

is

eight

bpfnrp}

it is

it is

notes apart

is

a(n)

a(n)

a(n)

a(n)

something by hand, it is a(n) If two people argue against each other, they have a(n) If you say a few good words to close a ceremony, you give a(n) A sudden change in the offspring of a plant or animal is a(n) If you call something by an incorrect name, it is a(n) If you write

J-

YOU'RE IN BUSINESS?

autocratic

E.

export

B.

bankrupt

F.

magnate

C.

bilateral

G.

monopoly

K

subsidiary

D.

demographics

H.

multimedia

L.

visionary

1.

A branch company that comes

2.

When

3.

A(n)

one

patron

A.

company has

I.

J-

semiannual

under the control of the parent company

control of a particular field of business,

it

is

called a(n)

has a(n)

10.

agreement is an equal agreement for both sides. the characteristics of the people Before marketing a product, you must check the you want to sell to. them. To send goods out of the country is to If a company is completely broke and has no money or resources left, it is A(n) leader makes all the decisions alone. sale. If you have a sale every six months, it is a(n) advertising. Advertising that is in newspapers, on radio, and on television is If you believe that "the customer is always right," then you might call a customer a(n)

11.

The

4.

5. 6. 7.

8. 9.

,

type of leader

who can

see what is

coming

in the future

and be prepared

a(n)

12.

A person of great influence and importance in a field of business is a(n)

for

it is

APPENDIX

I

DO YOU SUFFER FROM THIS?

K.

1.

2.

3. 4. 5. 6.

A.

circumlocution

E.

dyspepsia

B.

contradiction

F.

egomania

J-

pyromania

C.

disrespect

G.

irrationality

K.

solitude

D.

duplicity

H. monomania

L.

zoophobia

I.

prejudice

Someone who does not think logically suffers from Someone who likes prefers to be alone. Someone who is afraid of animals suffers from makes up his or her mind before the facts are known. Someone who acts with Someone who is able to focus on only one thing suffers from Someone who suffers from has a mental problem and believes that he or she is

the

only important person in the world. 7.

8. 9.

10. 11

.

12.

Someone who has something wrong with his or her digestive system suffers from Someone who speaks indirectly about something uses Someone who is guilty of double-dealing and deception is guilty of does not act politely with them. Someone who deals with others with Someone who says one thing one day and the opposite the next day is guilty of a(n) Someone who likes to start fires and watch them burn and destroy suffers from

CAN YOU FIGURE THIS OUT?

L.

A.

amity

E.

credibility

B.

aquaculture

F.

geopolitics

J.

paternalism

C.

astrology

G.

hydrolysis

K.

telepathy

H.

macrobiotics

L.

vitality

D. astrophysics 1.

2.

I.

matricide

good friend to people, then you believe in If you divide a compound into other compounds by taking up the elements of water, If you are a

7.

you use If you kill your mother, you are guilty of If you grow things in water, then you make use of If you lead a business or a country as if you are a father, then you believe in If you are lively and active, then you have If you are interested in the physical properties of the stars, then you are interested

8.

If you are believable,

3. 4. 5. 6.

9.

10.

then you have If you want to lengthen your life by means of a vegetarian If you believe that

diet,

then you believe in

the stars and other heavenly bodies influence your

life,

you believe

in 11.

12.

If you

use mental

feeling

from /
,

you are able

If you are interested in the effect

to

understand what someone

is

thinking or

of the layout of the land on the power and sover-

eignty of a country, then you are interested in

in

SCORING INFORMATION

SCORING INFORMATION SCORING YOUR PAPER PRE-TESTS, POST-TESTS, AND COMPLETE PRACTICE TEST When your paper TOEFL test is scored, you will receive a score between 20 and 68 in each of the three sections (Listening Comprehension, Structure and Written Expression, and Reading Comprehension). You will also receive an overall score between 217 and 677. You can use the following chart to estimate the scores on your paper Pre-Tests, Post-Tests,

and Complete Practice

NUMBER CORRECT 50 A d 49 A O 48 A 47 A C 46 A C 45 A A 44 A O 43 AO 42

>-l

A 1 41

40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31

30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21

Test.

CONVERTED SCORE SECTION

1


68 67 66 65 63 62

SCORE SECTION 3 67 66 65 63 61

61

60 59 58 57 57 56 55 54 54 53 52 52 51 51 50 49 49 48 48 47 47 46 45

2

CONVERTED

68 67 65 63 61

60 58 57 56 55 54 53 52 51

50 49 48 47 46 45

60 59 58 57 56 55 54 54 53 52 52 51

50 49 48 48 47 46 46 45 44 43 43 42 41

SCORING INFORMATION

NUMBER

CONVERTED SCORE

CORRECT

SECTION

20 19 18 17 16 15 14


1

45 44 43 42

44 43 42

41

40 40 38 37 36 35 33

8 7

31

6

30

5

29 28 27 26 25 24

13 12 11

10 9

4 3 2 1

SECTION 3

2

40 39 38 37 36 35 34 32

41

41

37 38 37 35 33 32 32

CONVERTED SCORE

31

30 29 28 28 27 26 25 24 23 23 22

31

29 27 26 25 23 22 21

20 20

21

You should first use the chart to determine your converted score for each section. Suppose that you got 30 correct in the first section, 28 correct in the second section, and 43 correct in the third section. The 30 correct in the first section means a converted score of 51. The 28 correct in the second section means a converted score of 52. The 43 correct in the third section means a converted score of 58. (See the chart below.)

SECTION

SECTION

1

2

NUMBER CORRECT

30

28

43

CONVERTED SCORE

51

52

58

Next, you should determine your overall score in the following way:

The

SECTION

1.

Add

2.

Divide the

3.

Then

overall

the three converted scores together.

sum by 3.

multiply by 10.

51 + 52 + 58 = 161

161/3 = 53.7 53.7

X

10 = 537

TOEFL score in this example is 537.

3

SCORING INFORMATION

CHARTING YOUR PROGRESS Each time you take a Pre-Test,

Complete Practice Test, you should record the In this way, you will be able to keep track of the progress you

Post-Test, or

results in the chart that follows.

make.

PAPER TOEFL TESTS your score on each test section as you take it. Then after you have taken tions of a particular test, compute your overall score and add it to the chart.

Fill

in

LISTENING

COMPREHENSION

STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION

READING COMPREHENSION

PRE-

TEST POST-

TEST

COMPLETE PRACTICE TEST

COMPUTER TOEFL TESTS Keep

track of the

number correct on each LISTENING

PRE-

TEST POST-

TEST

COMPLETE PRACTICE TEST

test section as

STRUCTURE

you take

it.

READING

all

three sec-

OVERALL SCORE

RECORDING SCRIPT

RECORDING SCRIPT LISTENING DIAGNOSTIC PRE TEST

(man)

Part A, page 3 (woman) (man)

13.

(man)

Professor Martin, what do you think

of the composition that

(woman)

WHAT DOES THE MAN MEAN?

(woman)

Can you tell me how ophy class meets?

(man)

meets twice a week, for an hour and a half each time.

(narrator) 3.

(man)

(woman) (narrator)

often the philos-

It

14.

(woman) (man)

WHAT DOES THE MAN MEAN? I'm tired of just sitting here! Relax. I'm sure that the flight depart within a few minutes.

will

15.

(woman) (man)

suppose now.

I it

5.

science project I'll

(man)

I'd like to

deliver?

(woman) ( narrator)

6.

7.

(woman) (man)

Yes.

We can deliver anywhere

city

by

this

He

17.

afternoon.

The

(man)

working on that case. It's true that he prepared hard for the case, but his work was for nothing.

(narrator)


(woman)

Do you know when

(man) ( narrator)


Did you enjoy the biology lecture? The professor droned on and on about cell division.

What do I need

(woman)

I

18.

to cash a check?

(woman)

Are you happy with the work that contractor did on your house?

(man)

I'm rather dissatisfied with

(narrator)


(man)

I

(woman)

paper by tomorrow morning. Why not do it yourself?

(narrator)

WHAT DOES THE WOMAN SUG-

the

it.

have to see a driver's license and a 19.

(narrator)

WHAT DOES THE WOMAN MEAN?

(woman)

Have you been able

to find

an apart-

It's

can't find a typist to finish

my term

GEST?

difficult to find affordable

hous20.

New York.

(narrator)


(woman)

Why were you so

(man)

from work? My boss had end reports.

late in getting

21.

Oh,

(narrator)


(man)

(woman)


(woman)

The

it's

as easy as pie.

Bob doing

good job in the office? He never manages to turn in his budget reports on time. WHAT DOES THE WOMAN SAY Is

a

ABOUT BOB? 22.

(man)

Has the auto mechanic told you how much work the car needs?

(woman)

He

(narrator)


dents. (narrator)

can't get this television set con-

(woman)

WHAT DOES THE MAN MEAN? Ms. Jones did not look too happy as she left her classroom. She was angered by her rowdy stu-

I

nected to the cable.

home

me finish all the month-

(man)

(narrator)

(woman)

the papers for

due? They're due next week, aren't they?

(man)

(man)

lawyer spent hours and hours

TION PROBABLY TAKE PLACE?

ing in

10.

WHAT DOES THE WOMAN SAY ABOUT PAUL?

WHERE DOES THIS CONVERSA-


( narrator)

couldn't finish the assignment

(woman)

ment yet?

9.

work done?

Professor Jenkins' history class are

(narrator)

(man)

his

the

in the

credit card.

8.

next?

You must stand in this line so that agent can check your passport.

(woman)

Do you

order a dozen roses.

Where should I go

because the library was closed.

16.


WHAT DOES PROFESSOR MARTIN SAY ABOUT THE STUDENT?

Did Paul get

due next week. start working on

(narrator)

in

last week? Without question, you need to improve the quality of your writing.

(man)

is

have to

turned


WHAT DOES THE WOMAN MEAN? The

I

( narrator)

(narrator) 4.

many


(narrator) 2.

this for

( narrator)

Are you enjoying your coffee? It tastes extremely bitter this morning!

(narrator)

haven't see rain like

years!

(Paper)

1.

We

indicated that the repairs would

be quite extensive. 11.

prices at this store are really out-

rageous!

(man)

You can

(narrator)


(woman)

I

say that again!

23. (woman)

(man)

Did Betty listen to what her boss said? She followed the directions to the letter.

12.

don't like this weather very much.

(narrator)


RECORDING SCRIPT

24.

(woman)

How's Walter doing

in his

new busi-

(

man)

You mean, if I want to specialize in American literature, I still must take two semesters of World literature?

(

woman)

Yes,

(

man)

ness?

(man)

he hasn't exactly been unsuc-

Well,

cessful. ( narrator)

25.

(woman) (man) (narrator)

WHAT DOES THE MAN MEAN? Are you going this morning? I

wish

I

to organize that closet

because the two semesters are required for all literature majors. But I only want to study American literature!

didn't have

(woman)

to.


At

you can take

of your

five

elective courses in the area that

you

least

all

want. 26.

(man)

(woman)

Did Sally finish that difficult assignment? She gave up before she really got

(man) 31.

32.

WHAT DOES THE WOMAN SAY ABOUT SALLY?

33. 27.

(woman)

What did Peggy say about

the job

I

did?

34.

(man)

She couldn't have said nicer

(narrator)

WHAT DOES THE MAN SAY ABOUT

things.

PEGGY? 28. (man)

WHAT DOES THE MAN WANT TO LEARN FROM THE WOMAN? HOW MANYTOTAL COURSES MUST A STUDENT TAKE FOR A LITERATURE MAJOR? THE MAN WILL PROBABLY TAKE HIS ELECTIVE COURSES IN WHICH AREA?

Questions 35-38

Your new secretary seems Rarely do

to

be doing

(narrator)

29.

(woman) (man)

30.

new employees

take such

(woman)

WHAT DOES THE WOMAN MEAN? Did you enjoy taking care of the dren all afternoon? If you had gotten here any later, have been a wreck.

chil-


(man)

I

(woman) ( narrator)

Wasn't that a fascinating lecture on dolphins? I didn't know that dolphins traveled in such large groups, or were able to communicate with other members of their group with those whistlelike

I'd

( narrator)

just got back

Listen to a conversation between two friends.

initiative.

(narrator)

(man)

And

So you did do the shopping!

WHAT HAD THE WOMAN ASSUMED ABOUT THE MAN?

really couldn't understand that part of the lecture. You could? I

(man)

Yes, the

dolphins use clicks to identify objects in the water; they can even identify tiny objects more than 100 meters away using these clicks. Scientists

Questions 31-34 sity

(man)

(woman) (man)

univer-

campus.

You seem to know your way around campus. Have you been here long? I'm a senior literature major. I'll be graduating next June. Your major is literature? Mine is, too. But I'm just beginning my work in my major. sity

(woman)

on a

I

just transferred to this univer-

from a junior

college. Perhaps

First,

(woman) (man)

"Introduction to Literary Analysis."

may even

have a sonar-like image in its brain of a distant object so that it can identify the object long before the dolphin can actually see the object. So the dolphins use these clicks mostly to identify objects in the water? I think so, and they have considerably more ability to do this than humans It is

hard to believe

that, in addition

to these sonar clicks, dolphins are

actually learning

some human

lan-

guage. ( man)

believe that the lecturer said

Yes,

I

that

some dolphins had already

learned around

you

have to take "Survey of World Literature, Parts One and Two." This is really two courses, and it'll take two semesters, and it's required for all literature majors. The other course required for all literature majors is

believe that a dolphin

do.

(woman)

you

could tell me about the courses you've got to take for a literature major. Well, for a literature major you need to take eight courses, three required courses and five electives.

they also use clicks as a sort of

(woman)

from the market.

Listen to a conversation

sounds.

sonar.

Part B, page 7

(narrator)

do, then.

WHAT IS THE WOMAN'S STATUS AT THE UNI-

a great job.

(woman)

I'll

VERSITY?

started. (narrator)

That's what

fifty

human com-

mands, and that those dolphins were able to understand not only individual words but words clustered together in sentences!

(woman) (man)

Dolphins must certainly be amazing animals to do all of that. I'm sure they are, and we're only just beginning to find out how intelligent they are.

605

RECORDING SCRIPT

35.

36.

37.

38.

WHERE DID THE WOMAN LEARN ABOUT

eral student use, except

DOLPHINS? WHY DO DOLPHINS USE CLICKS? APPROXIMATELY HOW MANY HUMAN COMMANDS HAVE SOME DOLPHINS LEARNED?

swim team, the diving team, or the water polo team is practicing.

To the courts

WHAT DOES THE MAN SAY ABOUT DOLPHIN

It is

INTELLIGENCE?

when

the

left, you can see the tennis and outdoor volleyball courts.

possible to take instruction classes

you are welcome

in these sports, or

to

up for court time at the Athletic Department office if you just want to play with some of your friends.

sign

Part C, page 8 Questions 39-42 Listen to a

(narrator)

welcome address by a

These are just some of the sports facilities that are available to you here, but I think you can see that this university makes an effort to provide the best

member of a club. Welcome to this introductory meeting for new members of the Sierra Club. The Sierra Club is an organization whose goals are centered on the pro-

(woman)

tection of the environment.

It

part in sports.

was

San Francisco by who was intent on preserving the natural beauty and harmony of the Sierra Nevadas in

founded

opportunity for

in 1892 in

43.

members

the United States.

44.

Through

let's

continue on

WHO IS PROBABLY LISTENING TO THIS WHAT IS NEEDED TO GET INTO THE EXERROOM? WHERE SHOULD A STUDENT GO TO RESERVE A TENNIS COURT? WHAT WILL THE STUDENTS PROBABLY DO CISE

45.

in all fifty states of

Now,

TALK?

Today the Sierra Club boasts almost 200,000

students to take

to the Art Center.

naturalist John Muir,

eastern California.

its

46.

NEXT?

activities

such as conferences, lectures, exhibits,

and

films, the organization

Questions 47-50

works to continue the effort begun by John Muir. The Sierra Club also publishes a weekly newsletter, a bimonthly magazine, and various books. 39.

41.

42.

APPROXIMATELY HOW LONG HAS THE SIERRA CLUB BEEN IN EXISTENCE? WHAT AREA WAS JOHN MUIR ESPECIALLY INTERESTED IN SAVING? WHERE DOES THE SIERRA CLUB HAVE MEM-

Today's lecture

is

on the difference

literary styles of real-

idealism.

Although they do have several similarities, realism and naturalism should be clearly differentiated. The realist objectively reports

BERS?

on

events, with the

accuracy of the description as the

prime motive. The naturalist, on the other hand, has more of a philo-

Questions 43-46 Listen to a talk by a university

sophic bent; naturalist writings express the writer's philosophy that

employee. (man)

(woman)

ism and naturalism. These two styles have in common a faithfulness to actual experience and a mistrust of

WHAT IS THE MAIN OBJECTIVE OF THE

(narrator)

Listen to a talk given by a professor.

between the two

SIERRA CLUB? 40.

(narrator)

The next stop on our campus tour for new freshmen is the university sports

human

complex. This university has extensive sports facilities and is dedicated to

ronment.

providing these

maximum

On the

right

tains the

arena that

is

used for basket-

and gymnastics. The gymnasium

also includes

room

47.

48.

you can see the university stadium, which is used for football and soccer as well as track and field. The gymnasium straight ahead conball

ural laws such as heredity

student access to

facilities.

an up-to-date exercise

with a large variety of the latest

equipment; the exercise room is open to any student with valid student I.D., not just members of athletic teams. The pool complex is behind the gymnasium, and that is also open for gen-

actions are determined by nat-

49.

50.

and

envi-

THIS TALK WOULD PROBABLY BE GIVEN IN WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING COURSES? WHAT POINT IS THE SPEAKER TRYING TO MAKE ABOUT REALISM AND NATURALISM? WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING BEST DESCRIBES REALISM?

WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING DOES NOT INFLUENCE HUMAN ACTIONS, ACCORDING TO NATURALIST IDEAS?

4

RECORDING SCRIPT

LISTENING DIAGNOSTIC PRE-TEST

10.

The conference

(woman)

I heard that it was. been able to go.

(man) II

(man)

(woman)

How would you like

go skiing

Part B, page

was kind of scared the last time I tried it, but I'd like another chance to

Questions 11-12

it

again.


(woman)

You couldn't get

into your apartment?

The key

(man)

Did you see Carl?

(woman)

Yes,

(woman)

they gave

me wouldn't fit into

(narrator)


(man)

Is

(woman)

He

Professor Nash a

good

lecturer?

erwise he's great.

4.

(woman)

(man)

(woman)

doesn't speak very loudly, but oth-

WHAT DOES THE WOMAN SAY ABOUT PROFESSOR NASH? You got a

ticket?

How did that hap-

The

5.


HOW DID CARL BREAK HIS LEG?

(woman) presentation?

sure did.

Was she prepared for her

(narrator)


people to fill out the questionnaire and then write up a report analyzing the data.

(woman)

Can you believe that tuition has gone up for next year? I can believe it. The fee increase was-

(narrator)


(woman)

I

exacdy unexpected.

can't believe

how fast

It'll

(man)

50 people to answer the questionnaire does not seem like fun to me. data, but getting

spoke during the lecture on physiology-

8.

You can

(narrator)


(man)

(woman)

say that again!

13.

So you have a part-time job on the newspaper? Well, I do for now. But I've heard that some of the employees are getting laid off. I hope I still have a job after

(narrator)

9.

(woman)

WHAT DO THE STUDENTS HAVE TO PREPARE?

14.

HOW MANY PEOPLE MUST RESPOND TO THE QUESTIONNAIRE?

15.

WHAT DOES THE MAN NOT WANT TO DO?

Questions 16-20 (narrator)

that.

course.

ABOUT THE EMPLOYEES?

Banks.

I

borrow your notes from

yes-

(woman

1)

The

discussion

is

on the Outer

We certainly have a lot of questions to review for our history exam.

terday's lecture?

borrow

my notes if I

(man)

Sorry, I'd let you

(woman)

had them, but I don't. Then you weren't in class yesterday either.

(narrator)

Listen to a discussion about a history

WHAT DOES THE WOMAN SAY Could

to find

the questionnaire and analyzing the

the professor

(man)

be easy

50 people to fill out the questionnaire. We can do that in one afternoon at the Student Union. That actually sounds like fun to me. That's good. I don't mind preparing

(woman)

SALLY?

7.

from the class. Making up a survey questionnaire isn't so hard. But we have to find 50

(man)

much

(man)

n't

an interesting assignment we

related to theories

presenta-

time working on it. Trust me. She couldn't have been more prepared.

(man)

is

have for psychology class. Interesting? It's going to be a lot of work. What's so hard about it? We just have to make up a survey questionnaire

(man)

tion? I'm not sure she spent

6.

This

WHAT DOES THE MAN MEAN? I

and he

Questions 13-15

car was parked in a no-parking

Sally's

in a cast,

12.

(woman)

Did you see

was

WHAT HAPPENED TO CARL?

zone. (narrator)

did. His leg

11.

pen? (man)

I

was on crutches. Do you know what happened to him? I heard that he tripped and fell down the stadium steps at the football game last Saturday evening. That's how he broke his leg? He tripped and fell down in the stadium? That's just what happened.

the lock.

(narrator)

had

1

(man)

Why not?

3.

I

I

(narrator)

(man)

really wish

this

weekend?

try

2.

to

I


(narrator) 1.

weekend was

really great!

(Computer) Part A, page

last

WHAT DID THE WOMAN BELIEVE?

(man)

Yes,

we

do, but we're almost finished.

We only have (woman

2)

two questions to go.

Only two more questions? That's great. Let's get going on them, and we'll be finished preparing for this exam soon Now, what's the next question on the study list? .

.

.

607

RECORDING SCRIPT

(woman

1)

The next question on asks about

famous

the study

historical places

on

2)

(man)

The Outer Banks? Where

I

are the

at the

map

(woman

in the

Outer Banks are a

2)

series

1)

(man)

(woman

(woman

1)

2)

(man)

Now, the question asks about famous historical places on the Outer Banks. Can you come up with any? Let's see. There's the Lost Colony on Roanoke. Can you see Roanoke Island on the map? That was where the Lost Colony was located. Wait a minute. The Lost Colony? What was the Lost Colony? The Lost Colony was the group of settlers from England that landed on

Roanoke

Island in 1587.

When

16.

(woman

1)

17.

18. 19.

20.

(man)

(woman

2)

To this day, no one knows what happened to them. Okay, I think Roanoke Island is one good answer to a question about famous historical places on the Outer

OF THE LOST COLONY? HOW LONG WAS THE LONGEST FLIGHT THAT THE WRIGHT BROTHERS TOOK ON DECEMBER 3, 1903?


The

Yes.

Blackbeard had his hideout on Island, early in the eigh-

He

attack ships

and

goods.

Okay, so we've got historical places on

What about the Wright brothers? n't they make their flights on the

Did-

north as winter approaches, different types of animals deal with the approach of the cold weather in different ways. Some animals move south to warmer weather, some animals

and other animals hibernate during the cold weather. Today, we'll be discussing this third category of animals,

bears that go into a state of unconsciousness during the cold winter

months.

The

first animal we'll look at is the groundhog. The groundhog is one of the best-known hibernators. It goes into its burrow four or five feet underground sometime in the fall, and it

doesn't

come out until

spring.

A

groundhog stays in its underground burrow for the entire winter, without coming out. Because the groundhog the

it's

made their flights. On December 7, 1903,

whether or not winter is over and safe to come out of hibernation.

they

managed

Their

first flight

But the plane was

was only 12 seconds

They tried four flights on the same day, and by the end of the day, they got the plane to stay up for fiftynine seconds, almost a full minute. Okay. I think we have enough infor-

mation to answer that question. We've got historical places on Roanoke

that

is

responsible for determining it's

air,

long.

1)

begins getting cold in the

hibernates so completely,

flying.

(woman

it

groundhog that has achieved prominence in our folklore as the animal

for just a short time.

2)

When

Outer Banks? Yes, it was at Kill Devil Hill, outside of Kitty Hawk, that the Wright brothers

to get a power-driven plane in the

(woman

(professor)

the animals like groundhogs and

Roanoake Island and Ocracoke Island for answers to the question. Can you come up with any other historical places on the Outer Banks?

(man)

nation.

Blackbeard, the pirate?

steal their

2)

talking about hiber-

the animals that hibernate. These are

on Ocracoke and

(woman

is

hideout.

used to move up and down the coast from his hideout

(man)

professor

increase their activity to stay warm,

teenth century.

1)

Listen to a lecture in a zoology class.

Ocracoke Island famous for something? All I know about Ocracoke Island is that it's where Blackbeard had his

Ocracoke

(woman

list.

the colonists had disappeared.

Island? Isn't

2)

another question? That's great! There's only one more question on our study list. After we finish that question, we'll be done

ASSOCIATED? WHEN DID THESE PEOPLE LIVE? WHAT IS STATED ABOUT THE INHABITANTS

a sup-

Banks. Now, what about Ocracoke

(woman

leave the ques-

WHAT ARE THE STUDENTS DOING? WITH WHAT PLACE ARE THESE PEOPLE

ply ship returned there three years later,

Kitty

on the Outer Banks and move on

with the

Carolina.

(woman

and

to

book. The of islands stretching along the coast of North

Look

Why don't we

agree.

tion

Outer Banks? (man)

Island,

Hawk.

the Outer Banks.

(woman

Ocracoke

Island,

list

According to folklore, the groundhog will come out of the burrow where it's hibernating on

Groundhog Day in

February. If winter

is

over, the

groundhog will remain out of its burrow, but

if winter is

going to

last for

while longer, the groundhog its

shadow and scurry back

burrow.

a

will see

into

its

RECORDING SCRIPT

We've discussed the groundhog, which hibernates throughout the cold weather. Other animals that hibernate in a similar fashion are bats and squirrels. Now we'll look at the bear, which hibernates in a different manner.

be talking about an

at a nuclear

power

acci-

The

plant.

be discussing is the one that occurred at Three-Mile Island in 1979. By the end of the lecture, you should understand what factors conaccident

I'll

groundhogs, bats, or squirrels. In the southern half of the United States, bears do not hibernate at all because the weather doesn't get cold

You can see Three-Mile Island

for

them

to hibernate. In the

northern half of the United States, may not stay in hibernation for the entire winter. They may come out of their hibernation during the winter and wander about before returning to

bears

hibernation.

you

to

understand

is

different

significantly.

When an animal comes out of hiberand body temperature increase to the levels normal during waking hours. During the nation, the heart rate

period when a large animal such as a bear is coming out of hibernation, the animal's entire body does not

warm

at

in the

Number Two

The important

reactor at

thing to understand

about the accident was that there was a series of problems rather than a single problem.

The

series

of problems occurred in

the water-cooling system.

area around the heart warms up

As the heart warms up, it begins beating at its normal rate, and it is then able to pump blood around the rest of the body and heat up the rest first.

of the body.

These are the main points that we need to cover about hibernation. Now, we'll take a short break before moving on to the next subject. 21.

WHAT IS NOT MENTIONED BY THE PROFES-

22.

SOR AS A WAY THAT VARIOUS TYPES OF ANIMALS PREPARE FOR THE COLD WEATHER? WHAT IS NOT STATED IN THE LECTURE

23.

ABOUT GROUNDHOG DAY? WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS NOT A GOOD HIBERNATOR? WHAT HAPPENS TO BODY TEMPERATURE AND HEART RATE DURING HIBERNATION? WHAT PART OF THE BEAR WAKES UP FIRST FROM HIBERNATION?

initial

ran out. Unfortunately, the problem did not

end when the cooling valve stuck open because operators misinterpreted the instrument readings. They knew there was a problem. They thought the cooling system had too too

little

water. Because they thought that

there was too off the result,

much water,

they shut

emergency cooling water. As a there was no water to cool the

nuclear reactor.

There wasn't a complete nuclear meltdown when the emergency cooling water was turned partial nuclear

off, but there was a meltdown. A nuclear

meltdown would in the fuel core this situation,

exist if the

uranium

melted completely. In

heat built up in the fuel

core until the uranium began to melt,

but

it

didn't melt

down

completely.

hope you can understand the series of events that led to the problem at I

Three-Mile Island.

It all

started with

the stuck valve in the cooling system

and was exacerbated by the misinterpreted readings and the improper shutdown of the emergency cooling system.

Fortunately, the

Questions 26-30

The

problem was that a cooling system valve stuck open and cooling water

much water rather than

once.

The

Now we're going to discuss what hapThree-Mile Island.

that hibernation

from sleep, and these differences between sleep and hibernation are seen in body temperature and heart rate. The main characteristics of hibernation, which are very different from sleep, are that body temperature and heart rate decrease is

in this

photograph. The nuclear reactor at Three-Mile Island is in the middle of a river in the state of Pennsylvania. This nuclear reactor has two PWRs, which means that it has two pressurized water reactors. The problem that occurred in 1979 was in the Number Two pressurized water reactor.

pened

A very important point that I'd like

(narrator)

dent

I'll

tributed to the accident there.

enough

25.

Today,

Bears do not hibernate as completely as

24.

(professor)

meltdown

that did

Listen to a lecture in a science class.

occur was only partial and not com-

The

plete.

professor

Mile Island.

is

talking about Three-

609

RECORDING SCRIPT

26. 27.

WHAT DO THE INITIALS PWR STAND FOR? HOW MANY PWRS ARE THERE ON THREE-

10.

(man) ( narrator)


MILE ISLAND? 28.

29. 30.

WHAT DOES THE LECTURER SAY ABOUT THE PWRS DURING THE ACCIDENT? WHAT ERRORS DID THE OPERATORS MAKE? THE PROFESSOR EXPLAINS A SERIES OF EVENTS. PUT THE EVENTS IN THE ORDER IN WHICH THEY OCCURRED.

TOEFL EXERCISE 1.

2.

TOEFL EXERCISE 1.


2.

I,

page 30 3.

How soon will you be leaving? I'm on

my way now.


(woman) (narrator)

WHAT DOES THE WOMAN

4.

(man)

did you think of the final

exam

was too

(man)

It

(narrator)


easy!

How are you feeling today?

(woman) (man)

I'm

(narrator)

HOW IS THE MAN FEELING?

really feeling rather sick.

(man)

Has your family been quite some time?

(woman)

No, the family business was just estab-

(narrator)

in business for

WHAT DOES THE WOMAN SAY ABOUT THE FAMILY BUSINESS?

(woman)

Did you have

The dinner special is roast turkey with mashed potatoes and gravy, and apple

(man)

a long time? No, the plane landed right on sched-

pie for dessert.

(narrator)


(man)

Do you want to join me

4.

ASSUME STEVE DID? 3.

What

lished last year.

Was Steve able to get into the house? I left the door unlocked for him.

(man)

(woman)

page 32

2,

in algebra?

SHORT DIALOGUES (Paper and Computer)

Do we

have enough food for all the guests who are attending the reception this evening? The refrigerator's about to burst.

(woman)

(woman)

That doesn't sound good

( narrator)


(woman)

Could you help

homework

to

ule.

me. 5.

me with my physics

tonight? I'm really having 6.

trouble with

to wait at the airport for

in the pool?

run and put

my suit on.

(woman)

Oh,

(narrator)

WHAT DOES THE WOMAN IMPLY?

(man)

Last night's fire

I'll

just

burned the

entire

it.

hillside.

5.

(man)

Sorry, I'm busy tonight.

(narrator)

WHAT DOES THE MAN IMPLY?

(man)

What did you tin's

on the migratory

7.

(woman)

Have


(man)

Should

month's bills been paid, or is that something we need to take care of now? I paid the phone and electricity, but

(

8.


(man)

Will you be able to get back

woman)

(narrator)

WHAT DOES THE WOMAN SAY

(man)

10.

WHAT DOES THE WOMAN SAY ABOUT TIM? There's a car parked in

your college

was fortunate

I

(narrator)


(man)

How successful was the corporation

(woman)

It

my spot even

made

says that this space

quite a big profit.

WHAT DOES THE WOMAN SAY ABOUT THE CORPORATION? Chuck

is

on

his

way

to the

bank now,

he?

he

He

bank account

(man)

Yes,

(narrator)


is

1.

to get a scholarship.

year?

(man)

is.

thinks his

overdrawn.

TOEFL EXERCISE

3,

page 34

How long until you'll be ready to leave?

is

guess we'll have to park somewhere

else.

(narrator)

to pay

(man)

2.

need

(woman)

First, I

(narrator)


(man)

Do you

reserved. I

think there's enough.

I

isn't

Have you seen Tim? I really need to talk with him about the phone bill. Well, ... he was here just a minute ago.

though the sign (woman)

No,

How are you able

THAT SHE'LL DO?

9.

to

(woman)

(woman)

from run-

(woman)

(narrator)

and pepper


last

ning all your errands by four o'clock? I'll be back as quickly as I can.

(woman)

salt

fees?

9.

(narrator)

(man)

add more

(narrator)

(narrator)

8.

I

saved.

this

not the credit cards.

7.

(narrator)

least the

the soup?

of whales? I couldn't keep

(narrator)

(man)

At

habits

my eyes open. WHAT DOES THE WOMAN MEAN?

(woman)

6.

lecture

think of Professor Mar-

homes were

(woman)


to

think

I

water the grass.

should buy

this

sweater?

3.

doesn't really seem to

(woman)

But

(narrator)


(woman)

Is

it

Walter's job near here?

fit

right.

RECORDING SCRIPT

(man) (narrator)

been commuting to Boston on a regular basis. WHAT DOES THE MAN SAY ABOUT

(woman)

Walter's

WALTER? 6.

4.

(woman)

Did Bob memorize every

(man) (narrator)


(man)

It's

7.

so sad

what happened

Yes,

it is.

6.

Whenever

many animals

fire,

there's a forest

die.

(narrator)


(woman)

Do you want

8.

You

bet.

The shoes

are

on

sale for 9.

7.


(woman)

Why didn't Tom come with

Yes,

(narrator)

WHAT IS HAPPENING?

He was

attending a required biology

Have you heard about the new management training program?

(man)

It will start later this

(narrator)


(man)

Does anyone know where the

8.


(woman)

Why are you waiting

(man)

The

week.

fire

got

must have

( woman)

It

(narrator)


(woman)

Aren't you going to

(man)

what happened? I assumed that you already knew the

(narrator)


started in the attic.

tell

me exacdy

truth.

10.

(man)

lab.

(narrator)

train fare

(woman)

us this

afternoon? (man)

he is collecting the from the passengers.

(man)

twenty dollars a pair! (narrator)

the

started?

to take a look in this

store?

(man)

The conductor is coming down

to the ani-

mals.

(woman)

(woman)

master the lesson.

BOB? 5.

WHAT DOES THE WOMAN MEAN? aisle.

chapter? to

in line for

(narrator)

detail in the

He wasn't able

But we've been standing almost an hour!

(woman)

here by the front

Have you seen any of the sketches Dave did for his art professor? I've seen some of them, and they were fantastic!

door?

( narrator)

mail should arrive at noon, and

WHAT DOES THE WOMAN SAY ABOUT DAVE?

I'm expecting something important. ( narrator)

9.

10.

(woman) (man)

WHY IS THE MAN WAITING? Do you

think

it'll

rain today?

TOEFL EXERCISE 1.

heard on the news that a bad storm is heading in.


(woman)

Is

there any way

I

(man)

You can share mine. Today we're conducting the experiment on photosynthesis, and we can work together.

could help you with (narrator)

didn't bring

WHERE DOES THIS CONVERSATION PROBABLY TAKE PLACE?

Would you mind chopping vegetables for salad?

(narrator)

my laboratory manual

I

today.

dinner? (man)

page 38

(woman)

I

(narrator)

4,

2.

WHAT DOES THE MAN ASK THE WOMAN?

(man)

This

is

flight

707 requesting permis-

sion to land.

(woman)

Right 707, you are cleared for landing.

TOEFL EXERCISE 1.

2.

(woman) (man)

(Skills 1-3),

page 35

and get something Some coffee would be nice. Let's stop

to drink.

(narrator)


(man)

Let's

(woman)

No, not today.

go for a walk It's

3.

(narrator)

WHO IS THE MAN?

(woman)

Do you want to do

3.

(man)

(woman) (narrator)

4.

(woman)

(narrator)

too cloudy and 4.

WHAT WILL THE MAN PROBABLY

have trouble sleeping at night. You could try counting sheep.

(man)

How much

(woman)

Oh, a

of a

tip

should

dollar's plenty.

The

I

leave?

service was-

I

n't very (narrator)

WHAT DOES THE WOMAN SUGGEST TO THE MAN? Have you heard

that the

department

and

(man)

Yes,

(narrator)


I

just can't believe

5.


6.

up my shoes on Tuesday?

(woman)

Can

(man)

need them for a party that night. They should be fixed by then.

(narrator)

WHO IS THE MAN?

it!

think we're going to be here for a

while.

good.


changing the graduation requirements for our major?

(man)

put them off as long as pos-

DO?

is

5.

I'd rather sible.

in the park.


now or

later?

(man)

cold. (narrator)

the dishes

(woman) (man)

I

pick

I

Did you get pictures of the lions? Yes, and now let's go to the other side of the park. I want to see the exotic birds.

RECORDING SCRIPT

(narrator)

7.


(woman)

Their car was


(narrator)


(man)

Has the

(man)

Could you put the ing file now?

(woman)

Yes.

the pend-

letters in

9.

(woman)

Then I can answer them tomor-

8.

(man)

(narrator)

WHAT WILL THE WOMAN PROBABLY DO TOMORROW? The

lights are flashing,

one's going

(woman) ( narrator)

and

(woman)

10.

every-

( narrator)

10.

should take our seats the second act starts.

now

Have you responded

to Bob's

If you leave the prescription,

fill

dinner

1.

2.

( woman)

Yes,

(man)

(woman)

I can about ten minutes.

3.

5,

that

page 40

(man)

(woman)

4.

6.

like to go to the new on the corner? the one that serves vegetarian

4.

baby-sit-

semester.

fall

Mark

you were a

of help. Well, I took care of his plants while he was out of town. said that

Why is that man

(man)

(woman)

(woman)

Do you know what happened

(narrator) 6.

were destroyed.

Yes, several trees

( narrator)


(man)

Did you see

(woman)

Yes,

Sally?

Her


7.

I know. She told me that she broke her leg skiing in the mountains.

WHAT HAPPENED TO SALLY?

(woman)

The

(woman)

(narrator)

WHAT DOES THE MAN MEAN? it

it.

WHAT DOES THE WOMAN MEAN? I

cannot find the

The

floor

clerk.

manager sent him back

to

WHAT HAPPENED, ACCORDING TO THE MAN? Will the students be able to get hold


(man)

Were

librarian

books for two

8.

had them reserve the days.

elections held last night, as

scheduled? Yes,

man 9.

and the board elected Tony

chair-

for another year.

(narrator)


(woman)

At the

(man)

Yes, the judge called the

trial

the defendant was found

guilty.

had already been

defendant a

murderer.

ordered. ( narrator)


(man)

How are your friends going to get home from

Did the professor tell her students about the lecture this evening? Yes, she directed her students to

( narrator)

Why didn't you order coffee? thought

son.

WHAT DOES THE WOMAN SAY ABOUT THE FATHER AND SON?

The

(woman)

They were ridden too long and too

young

(man)

horses are not in very good shape

(man)

tossing the ball to his

is

of the books that they need?

leg's in a cast.

(narrator)

throwing the ball so

the supply room.

during

(man)

He

attend

lot


Not really, because she made them go to bed early.

(man)

he was admitted by the law school

trip?

new


(narrator)

hard.

8.

like the

(narrator)

(woman)

WHAT HAPPENED TO HARRY?

I

hear Jane

carefully?

now.

7.

to

night?

Did the children

Has Harry heard from the law school

( narrator)

(woman) (man)

last

(woman)

the lightning storm?

5.

Did you go to the concert Yes, it was great, and I got


(man)

WHAT DOES THE WOMAN WANT TO KNOW?

for the

3.


ter?

5.

(narrator)

taxi driver

( narrator)

Would you

Yes,

arrived in a taxi.

and then she had the

play the harp.

yet?

(woman)

page 42

The passenger

( narrator)

me?

WHO IS THE WOMAN?

Is

6,

(man)

food?

(man)


TOEFL EXERCISE

restaurant

2.

happened,

this

wait at the corner.

this prescription for

filled in

it

TOEFL EXERCISE

(narrator)

And when

was.

it

ance company.

before

WHAT WILL THE MAN PROBABLY DO NEXT?

(woman)

(woman)

Yes,

take care of it right away.

I'll

Can you

(man)

(man)


have

1.

WHAT DOES THE WOMAN MEAN? Wasn't the building damaged in the earthquake?

( narrator)

(man)

(narrator)

chosen a representative? The other students appointed Mac class

the inhabitants were paid by the insur-

We

invitation yet?

(man)

lot.

(woman)

in.

TION PROBABLY TAKE PLACE? 9.

the airport

class representative.

row. ( narrator)

left in

the airport after their

( narrator)

10.

(woman)

WHAT DOES THE MAN MEAN? Have the names of the new committee members been announced?

RECORDING SCRIPT

(man)

Congratulations! You've been

(narrator)


(narrator)

appointed to serve on the committee.

TOEFL EXERCISE 1.

(woman) (man)

(Skills 4-6),

3.

page 43

Can I help you? I need two stamps and

a

Would you

(narrator)

WHERE DOES THE MAN PROBA-

(man)

padded

4.

mail-

the students coming to the

5.

3.

hand

(woman)

They had

(narrator)


(man)

(woman)

(man)

What do you

(woman)

Well,

4.

5.

Did Mark stop at the service station? Yes, he had the attendant check the

6.


(woman)

Did Ellen help you a

7.

your

me

do my best.

She

(narrator)


(man)

Did you hear what happened

really

urged

to

to Rob's

heard that

was stolen.

(woman)

Yeah,

(narrator)


(woman)

We need to get some

I

it

milk for tomorabout this carton?

( narrator)

WHO IS THE MAN?

(man)

(woman)

Maybe we should make some more

(narrator)

WHAT DOES THE MAN SUGGEST?

(man)

What happened when

(woman)

people arrived in the office? Well, first they were greeted by the

stay,

row morning. What

Additional copies can be printed as

( narrator)


(man)

What

(woman)

He

(narrator)


(woman) (man)

Did Jim see a doctor this morning? Yes, and the doctor told him to return

required them to buy two books.

(narrator) 9.


(man)

Have you sent the

( woman)

Not yet, but

tissue

10.

it

samples to

done

WHAT WILL THE WOMAN PROBABLY DO NEXT? Has there been a change

(woman)

Yes,

1.

in senior

class president? 2.

Mary replaced Sue

in that posi-

tion.

(narrator)


(man)

Did you find that

3.

television

certainly did.

situation

Do you want to go up

was analyzed

effectively

to the station.

to

Carmel

for

(man)

That seems

(narrator)


like

a terrific idea to me!

7,

page 46

(man)

Are you going

(woman)

I

(narrator)


(woman) (man)

Are you worried about the interview? It's unimportant to me.

(narrator)


(woman)

Do you

to take out the trash?

have no time to do

have

all

it.

the notes for Psychol-

ogy 101?

The current political

(man)

I

(narrator)


(woman)

Do you know the

by 4.

the panel. (narrator)

(woman)

program

interesting? I


TOEFL EXERCISE

(man)

(woman)

(narrator)

next

in the

half hour. ( narrator)

(man)

Did you see that? The police officer was talking to the tourist. Yes, and then he made the tourist

(woman)

the weekend?

the laboratory?

get

the business-


come

him next week.

(narrator)

I'll

get the large one

receptionist.

did the professor ask the stu-

to the office to see

Maybe we should

instead of the small one.

dents to do?

10.

lot with

(man)

fries, please.

needed.

9.

eggs, or

To

I'd like a

8.

8.

suggest for breakfast?

you could have cereal or

(woman) (man)

(man)

7.

up?

car last night?

copies now, just in case.

6.

fill it


in their papers.

burger and or to go?

to

(narrator)

oil in his car. ( narrator)

me

training?

teacher's office? to

like

gas, please.

both.

WHERE DOES THIS CONVERSAWhy were

I'd like

BLY WORK?


some unleaded

(woman) (man)

ing envelope, please. ( narrator)



didn't miss a single lecture.

hours?

I

need

to

library's

go there

summer this

evening.

TOEFL REVIEW EXERCISE 1.

(man)

Why do you

(woman)

I

(narrator)

2.

(Skills 1-6),

page 44

(man)

It's

never open past

six o'clock in the

summer. think Peter said that? (narrator)


(woman)

How often

think he was really angry.

WHAT DOES THE WOMAN SAY ABOUT PETER?

(man)

Why is Hannah

(woman)

Her parents have allowed her up late.

(man)

should I water the plants while you're gone? No more than once a week.

(narrator)

WHAT SHOULD THE WOMAN DO?

so happy? to stay

RECORDING SCRIPT

6.

^man)

Did you enjoy your meal? That rant

is

restau-

7.

(woman)

The food was good, but I was

(narrator)


(woman) (man)

Do you think that Bob really wanted me to go home? He wasn't kidding when he told you

the

8.

(woman)

9.

9.

If we

(narrator)


(man)

(man)

What happened when Harry applied

(woman)

Milhouse University? It was unfortunate that he wasn't admitted to the university.

finish this project before clos-

(man)

work on nothing

Would you mind

(woman)

(narrator)

10.

(woman)

staying an

( narrator)

(man)

hour

WHAT DOES THE WOMAN SAY ABOUT STAYING? Would you recommend in

10.

(man)

New York?

hotel provided service that was unequaled!


Do you

( narrator)

2.

(woman) (man)

Well,

(man)

Has Roger been disturbed by

it's

He

(narrator)


1.

(woman)

Ron Rogers will be

(man)

(woman)

4.

(man)

2.

not completely impossible.

How was your tennis match didn't serve well,

and

I

3.

(man)

Were

4.

Was Gary prepared for the debate? It is no surprise that he was unpre-

(woman)

Only John was accepted.

(narrator)


(man)

Did Mark do well

I

can't believe

how long we've been

here.

5.

Dr. Roberts almost never keeps his

(narrator)


(man)

I

6.

think Paula understands what

(narrator)

7.

PAULA? finish the

term paper 8.

for history class?

Steve wasn't able to finish

it,

(man)

(woman)

done? isn't unaware of the trouble she's

Did your friends

is

not at work

this

Only

rarely does Betty take a vacation

in winter. (narrator)


can't believe Betty

week!

caused.

(woman) (man)

WHAT DOES THE WOMAN MEAN? Does Steve study very much? He hardly ever opens a book.

WHAT DOES THE WOMAN SAY ABOUT STEVE? Was I

the philosophy

scarcely

had time

exam very

to finish

long?

it.

(narrator)


(man)

I

(woman)

Seldom have

and Paul

was so bored

meeting! meetings lasted this

at the staff

staff

long.

wasn't either. (narrator)

exam

I

didn't go

Do you

(woman)

barely passed the history

(woman)

(woman)

was not feeling well, so

(woman)

(man)

Mark


(man)

she's

6.

in Professor

(narrator)

Did you go out dancing with everyone


( narrator)

three students accepted to

patients waiting long.

WHAT DOES THE WOMAN SAY ABOUT GARY?

She

all

that Professor Franks gave.

( narrator)

(man)

hardly ever rains in July.

Franks's class?

out.

5.

this


(woman)

didn't volley


I

expect a lot of rain

(narrator)

today?

else last night?

(woman)

Do you

page 50

It

pared. (narrator)

9,

the university?

HIS TENNIS GAME? 3.

hasn't been unaffected.

(man)

well either. (narrator)

of

(woman)

TOEFL EXERCISE

page 48 think

all

month?

WHAT DOES THE WOMAN IMPLY ABOUT RON? I

and the second wasn't much


elected?

(woman)

I

draft of the essay wasn't well

first

(narrator)

THE HOTEL?

1.

think of the essay that

the recent problems?

the hotel

The

8,

The

written,

I'd rather not.

TOEFL EXERCISE

What did you

better.

where you stayed (man)

WHAT DOES THE WOMAN SAY ABOUT HARRY? wrote?

else.

more? (woman)

bill.


( narrator)

ing time?

George walked

(narrator)

WHAT DOES THE MAN SAY ABOUT Can we

believe that

to

BOB? 8.

(woman)

out of the restaurant without paying for his share of the meal? It was irresponsible of him not to pay

dissatis-

to leave. (narrator)

Can you

very famous.

fied with the service.

7.

(man)

WHAT DOES THE WOMAN MEAN? 9.

(narrator)


(woman)

Are you enjoying the barbecue?

RECORDING SCRIPT

(man)

Only rarely have

tasted such deli-

I

(

woman)

cious meat.

10.

(narrator)


(woman)

Does your broken arm hurt very

3.

much? Only

( narrator)


if I try

TOEFL EXERCISE 1.

(man)

10,

to

Are you pleased with the exam results?

Was

5. I

(narrator)


2.

3.

(man)

Do you really want to move

( woman)

I

(narrator)


(man)

Did you turn


(man)

Was

(

woman)

(narrator)

4.


good

(woman)

6.

couldn't have been

7.


(man)

Did any of you get hurt

8.

We couldn't have been luckier. WHAT DOES THE WOMAN IMPLY?

(woman)

How do you think you did on the final

(man)

Are you ready

Can your

10.

They hardly ever work

( narrator)


(woman)

9.

we could turn

the

air-

The

air-conditioner never works

gets

when

warm.

I

(man)

Actually, I've never

(narrator)


(man)

I

heard that your exam not too bad.

results

were

done worse.

Did the committee come to a decision about the parking problem? The committee shouldn't have decided the issue when so many members weren't present.

(man)

How did you do in

(woman)

Only one person was

(narrator)


(woman)

Do you

(man)

semester was easy? Seldom has a math project been more

(narrator)

faster. 1.

You should drink plenty of fluids, take this medicine once every eight hours, and return here to my office next

(woman)

harder? It's impossible for

(narrator)


(man)

What are you

think you could try a

me

to

3.

(woman)

Did you find anything at the I just bought a great shirt!

(narrator)


(man)

Did you enjoy the hotel where you

(man)

store?

stayed in Hawaii?

(woman) so upset about?

WHERE DOES THIS CONVERSATION PROBABLY TAKE PLACE?

little

do more.

to get over this?

week.

2.

Do you

-10), page 54

(woman)

(narrator)

(man)

I

What should I do

WHAT DOES THE MAN MEAN? page 53

(Skills

(man)

think that the math project

(Skills 7-10),



the race?

complicated.

2.

think

(woman)

(woman)

more than

Do you


this

1.

in the after-

(narrator)

new posi-


TOEFL EXERCISE

friends go with us this afternoon, or do you think they will be too

it

10.

(narrator)

(narrator)

art,

(man)

do.

9.

modern

able?

tion?

that job

Museum of

HIS FRIENDS?

diffi-


Nobody wants

trip to the

(woman)

in biology?

(narrator)

(woman)

think that your friends


(man)

to accept the

Do you

(narrator)

in the acci-

Nothing could have been more cult than that exam!


conditioner on? I'm really uncomfort-

( narrator)

(man)

was

Sylvia doesn't care for

more unneces8.

exam

it

busy?

dent?

7.

in because

noon.

( narrator)

(woman)

it

(man)

need the

sary.

6.

couldn't turn

and neither does Tim.

What do you think of Betsy? I don't know a more intelligent woman. WHAT DOES THE MAN SAY ABOUT

It

your research paper

Modern Art?

WHAT DOES THE WOMAN SAY ABOUT THE SALE?

really

I

enjoyed their

surgery?

(man)

(woman)

sale?

Did the patient

in

incomplete. (narrator)

BETSY? 5.

woman)

Did you buy a lot? Prices couldn't have been any lower. a

to Florida?

couldn't want anything more!

for history class?

Paula lazy, as usual, this semester? She's never tried harder.

( narrator)

at the table.


Is

it

enough soup to go around? There was barely enough soup for there

( narrator)

(

(woman) (man)

woman)

couldn't be happier.

(woman)

left

(man)

everyone

4.

has the bus


move.

page 52

this trip

( narrator)

(

(man)

Not once on on time.

The view of the ocean been

better.

couldn't have

RECORDING SCRIPT

4.

(narrator)


(woman)

You look

like

you're not feeling too

6.

(narrator)


(man)

I'm not about to condone what she did!

well.

(man) (narrator)

5.

Actually, I'm just kind of tired. All need is a bit of rest.

I

WHAT WILL THE MAN PROBABLY DO NEXT?

(woman)

Do you think that Mary will me for what I did?

(man)

She

isn't exactly

(

7.

forgive

an unforgiving per8.


(woman)

Those people

(man)

such loud parties. Don't they!

( narrator)


(man)

This meal

(

WHAT DOES THE MAN SAY ABOUT 9.

6.

(man)

(woman)

Has Martha already gone on vacation? She can't take her vacation until next week.

(narrator)

7.

WHAT DOES THE WOMAN SAY ABOUT MARTHA?

(man)

I'm looking for some people

(woman)

came into the restaurant. The waitress seated them

woman)

( narrator)

MARY?

10.

I'm not either.

( narrator)

son. (narrator)

woman)

Isn't

is

upstairs always have

really delicious!

it!


(woman)

can't imagine what he was thinking about when he bought that car. Neither can I!

(narrator)


(man)

I

(woman)

This should be a two-semester course. One semester is just not enough time

(man)

You can

(narrator)


who just

to learn all the material.

at a table in

say that again!

the back.

8.

( narrator)


(man)

Let's

go

to the

market and get some

TOEFL EXERCISE 1.

(woman)

fresh fruit.

(woman) (narrator)

9.

(man)

was there

this

WHAT DOES THE WOMAN SAY ABOUT THE MARKET?

2.

I'm thinking about taking a few never too

It's

late to

go back


(man)

I

(woman)

can make it all the way to the top of the mountain. I dare you to try!

( narrator)


1.

2.

3.

4.

(man)

1


(man)

You're out of apple pie!

(woman)

Why not try the cherry pie? WHAT DOES THE WOMAN SUG-

(woman) (man)

can

tell,

are.

Sorry.

Do you know when

the movie starts?

at 8:00, doesn't

It starts

it?


I'd like to take a trip

4.

(woman)

We

5.

down

can't leave now.

We

have to do the

dishes.

(man)

Let's leave the dishes until later.

( narrator)


(man)

Do you As


think Matt has

enough

talent

for the role?

the coast

this

weekend.

(woman)

Me,

too.

( narrator)

( narrator)


far as

I

can

tell.

(man)

Did you hear that Mary's tal with a broken leg? Let's go visit her.

(narrator)


(man)

Where

I'm not sure if I should take beginning or intermediate French next

(woman)

They've gone to the park to play

semester.

( narrator)


(man)

I

(man)

would like to see Matt elected town council next month. So would I.

( narrator)


(man)

I

( narrator)

(woman)

(woman)

we

(narrator)

far as

I

page 56

1,

ten chap-

GEST?

( narrator)

TOEFL EXERCISE

all

to 3.

don't think

read

As

( narrator)

school.

10.

to

before the exam?

(man)

classes at the local adult school.

(woman)

page 59

Are we supposed ters

morning, and the market scarcely had any. I

2,

1

I

am

Neither

( narrator)


(man)

The food

I.

7.

I

is


(woman)

This party certainly has been fun!

(man)

I'll

say!

need some graph paper

for

my math

Why don't you

I'm

(narrator)


all

Tom

tasted.

(narrator)

ball,

(woman)

have ever

You can

are the children?

assignment.

not

(woman)

in the hospi-

haven't they?

8.

in the cafeteria

(woman)

to the

(woman)

exactly the best food

6.

out.

check with

next door?

GEST?

say that again! 9.

(woman)

Is

the

utilities bill

due on the

first

the fifteenth?

(man)

On

the fifteenth, as far as

I

know.

or

1

RECORDING SCRIPT

10.

(narrator)


(man)

We need

(woman)

morn-

I

(man)

Then

(narrator)

WHAT HADTHE MAN ASSUMED?

(man)

I

(woman)

Why not stay home

(narrator)


to

such a big decision. Let's sleep on before we decide.

saw

(woman)

Bill in

calculus class this

ing.

decide whether or not we are going to buy that house. It's it

(narrator)

2.

3.

WHAT DOES THE WOMAN SUGGEST?

he's not sick anymore.

know how I'm going paper done by Monday. don't

to get this

tonight instead of

going out?

TOEFL EXERCISE 1.

1

3, page 6

(woman)

Greg should be here any moment. Then, he is coming to the party!

(narrator)

WHAT HAD THE WOMAN

(man)

GEST? 4.

(woman)

My motorcycle how I

3.

is

got to school today.

So you can ride a motorcycle.

(narrator)

WHAT HAD THE MAN ASSUMED?

5.

(woman)

I'm having a few friends over for dinner tonight. Would you like to come? So you do know how to cook!

(narrator)

WHAT HAD THE WOMAN

5.

(woman) (man)

I'm so tired from

all

6.

Then, you did run three miles morning.

this


(man)

I

7.

6.

Bob, you were in the

working on

my

library.

8.

WHAT HAD THE WOMAN ASSUMED ABOUT BOB? I just

(woman)

of furniture. Then, you have

(woman)

Do you

(man)

without getting a ticket? As far as I know.

(narrator)


(woman)

I'm so glad to be finished with that

(man)

You can

(narrator)


(woman)

I

moved

into a

7.

(woman)

like to

share

new

So you do eat sweets.

(narrator)


(man)

I'm studying

(

woman)

9.

( narrator)

9.


10.

Neither could

(man)

the test this after-

(man)

Let's take

(narrator)

WHAT HAD THEMAN ASSUMED?

(man)

These muffins taste really great. They were freshly made this morning,

(narrator)

(Skills

The phone

1

1-13),

bill is

2.

3.

(man)

(woman)

I'll

(narrator)


say!

page 63

Here are all your phone messages. I need to respond to these right away.

WHAT WILL THE WOMAN PROBABLY DO NEXT? Can we meet next Tuesday at

(woman) (narrator)

my calendar. WHAT DOES THE WOMAN MEAN?

(woman)

Did you have enough

I'll

3:00?

have to check

to

pay for the

bicycle?

page 62

month!

(Skills 1-13),

(man)

cleared.

certainly high this



WHAT HADTHE MAN ASSUMED ABOUT THE WOMAN? The plumber just left. Then the pipes have been

bigger

(woman) (man)

now.

(woman) (man)

it's


(narrator) class

my car instead;

(narrator)

(woman)

register for that course!

WHAT HAD THE WOMAN I'm afraid there won't be enough space in my car.

ASSUMED? I'm heading off to physics

I just got back from the post office. Then, you did remember to mail the

weren't they?

1.

Then you did

I.

(woman)

WHAT HAD THE WOMAN

TOEFL EXERCISE 1.

will take

math prob-

than yours.

now for my driver's

test.

Then, you noon.

couldn't finish any of the

ASSUMED?

10.

(man)

license

say that again!


(narrator)

some of this

piece of chocolate cake?

8.

in that lot

package!

WHAT HAD THE WOMAN ASSUMED ABOUT THE MAN? Would you

we can park

(narrator)

apartment! (narrator)

think

(man)

(woman)

finished carrying the last piece

(man)


today.

research project. (narrator)

(narrator)

lems that Professor Allen assigned for

(narrator)

(woman)

So, the cafeteria doesn't serve break-

class!

that exercise.

just spent five hours

closed in the morn-

is

fast!

ASSUMED? 4.

cafeteria

(man)

over there. That's

(man)

(man)

The ings.

ASSUMED? 2.

(woman)

4.

(man)

Only

(narrator)


barely.

(woman)

Did the television get fixed? I had Bob look at it, and now

(narrator)


(man)

it

works.

RECORDING SCRIPT

5.

(man)

Did your new

assistant

do a good job

7.

(man)

(woman) ( narrator)

6.

(man)

(woman)

I

couldn't say that he was helpful.

(woman)

WHAT DOES THE WOMAN SAY ABOUT THE ASSISTANT? Walk-through registration took me three hours to complete. Why not try registering by mail next

8.

(woman)

I

9.

call

because

(narrator)


(man)

Did you have a problem when you

(woman)

There was nowhere

to store

Why are you

(man) ( narrator)

10.

my lug-


(woman)

I

(man)

ogy department. So you are going

just sent in

my forms to

to the psychol-

major

in psychol-

( narrator)


(man)

That exam couldn't have been more

(woman)

I'll

( narrator)


(woman) (man)

1

4,

Do you

I

1.

(woman) (man)

(narrator) 3.

(man)

(woman)

4.

think we'll be able to get

concert?

3.

wish there weren't so

I'm sorry I didn't parking ticket.

tell

4.

5.

(narrator) 6.

6.

(narrator)


stopped by the

drove more slowly, the police would not stop you so often. If you

Do you know

(woman)

Wouldn't

that

some

offices are

it

if

we

didn't have

work on Friday?


(woman)

I

(man)

mailed last week arrived. If you had put enough postage on the letter would have arrived.

( narrator)


(woman) (man)

don't think that the letter that

I

it,

Do you I

have a pet dog? would like to have one,

much

if it

didn't

attention.

( narrator)


(man)

Did the other students know we were

(woman)

having a psychology exam today? Had they known about the exam, they would 've prepared for it.

(narrator)

7.

be nice

( narrator)


(man)

to get

(man)

made

Did you hear how Harry did on the astronomy exam? I bet he wishes he had studied harder.

(woman)

seem

require so

in the

Are you going to the theater with us this weekend? I wish I had enough money to go. WHAT DOES THE MAN IMPLY.

always



(woman)

page 67

(narrator)

it.

Did you see the work schedule for next week? I wish I didn't have to work so many

5,

1

I'm glad I called and told you about the meeting. If you had not called me, I would not have known.

to

me about WHAT DOES THE MAN MEAN? wish you had told


closed next Friday?

you about the

requirements for graduation? I wish the department had not

(man)

have to work on

I

many people

Are you happy with the changes

(woman)

I

(man)

tick-

the changes.

5.

could, but


page 65

(man)

(narrator)

I

game

police.

hours then. (narrator)

wish

to the football

(narrator)


I

I


TOEFL EXERCISE

in line in front of us.

2.

in the

I

(man) (narrator)

2.

say!

ets for the

(narrator)

wish

Are you going this weekend?

(woman)

I

way

hadn't arrived so late. Then could have gotten a better seat. I

(woman)

difficult!

(woman)

sitting all the

my sociology paper.

(narrator)

(man)

to find

(woman)

ogy!

1.

But I wish I had been able something cheaper.

back of the auditorium?

wasn't able to give her a

TOEFL EXERCISE

in a really great

is


gage.

10.

to take this alge-

(narrator)

arrived at the train station?

9.

need

Your apartment

her number was unlisted.

8.

didn't

(woman)

Paula?

(man)

I


(man)

able to get in touch with

wish

(narrator)

WHAT DOES THE WOMAN SUGWere you

I

location!

GEST? 7.

a good schedule of

bra course. I'm not very good at math.

semester? (narrator)

Do you have

classes this semester?

today?

(woman)

WHAT DOES THE WOMAN SAY ABOUT THE OTHER STUDENTS? We're

all

going out to a great restauDo you want to come

rant tonight.

with us?

8.

much,

would.

(man)

If

(narrator)


(woman)

Do you

it

didn't cost so

I

think Joe saw the car coming

around the corner so

fast?

1

RECORDING SCRIPT

(man)

Had he

seen the car coming, he would've been able to get out of the

(man)

ing a lot better.

way. (narrator) 9.


10.

(man)

WHAT DOES THE MAN MEAN? want to be here now. If you didn't want to be here, then why are you here? really don't

I

(narrator)

2.

3.

(narrator)

WHAT DOES THE WOMAN SUGGEST?

(woman)

5.


WHAT DOES THE WOMAN MEAN? 3.

(Skills 14-15),

(woman)

page 68

Did you remember to close the windows before we left? If I had left the windows open, the rain would have gotten in.


(narrator)


4.

5.

to the 6.

(woman) (man)

Are you going on vacation next week? I would miss the conference if I took

(narrator)

my vacation next week. WHAT DOES THE MAN MEAN?

(woman)

You have chemistry lab Yes,

go

and

I

really wish

I

(man)

I'm not exacdy sad that

(narrator)


7.

(narrator)


(narrator)


(man)

How could they have run out of gas?

(woman)

Had

up the tank

9.

run out of gas.

7.

(woman)

You have such a heavy schedule

I

As

(narrator)


(man)

woman)

(man)

I

really wish

so

8.

10. I

(man)

Do you

take the bus to

WHAT HADTHE WOMAN

(woman)

ASSUMED ABOUT THE MAN? How was your vacation in the islands?

(man)

If I

If

I

didn't take the bus,

I

don't

know


(man)

Do you I

have any eggs that

I

wish

(woman)

Can you

I

tell

me which bus I should

(man)

The number 8

(narrator)

WHAT DOES THE MAN INDICATE?

bus,

I

think.

(man)

Did the laboratory done?

(woman)

He couldn't finish more

assistant get a lot

than one

(narrator)


(man)

I

(woman)

You can

(narrator)


semester would end

really wish the

say that again!

(man)

had bought some when

(woman) (narrator)

2. I

(woman)

was

(narrator)


(woman)

How is Teresa feeling?

1

6,

page 7

The new neighbors have just moved in.

could borneed them for a dish I'm

at the store.

10.

1.

I

preparing.

(woman)

a lot more.

it


get there.

(narrator)

row?

my passport, I would

lost

(narrator)

TOEFL EXERCISE

how I would 9.

had not

work every

day?

(woman)

have to be at the office at 8:00 every morning. Then, you did get a job! I

soon!

many courses.


usual.

(narrator)

had not registered for

(narrator)

lost again.

experiment.

this

semester.

hear the football team

(woman) (man)

service station, they wouldn't have


behind the house were knocked down.

take to get to Riverdale?

at the last

(narrator)

the storm do?

trees

have enjoyed

8.

ending.

The

afternoon,

didn't have to

How much damage did

it's

(woman) (man)

there.

they filled

Are you glad that the semester's about over?

violent.

this

dollars.


don't you?

6.

tickets to the six o'clock

(narrator)

(woman)

(man)

two

show, please.

(

4.

I'd like

prize was.

Are your parents able to come graduation ceremonies? I wish they were able to come.

(man)

(woman)

This tea is awfully hot. Why not wait a few minutes?

(man)

That will be ten


(narrator)

page 69

(man)

(narrator)

(man)

(Skills 1-15),

She would've worked harder on her art project if she had known what first

(woman)

(woman)

1.

2.

Did you enjoy the film? I wish it had not been so

(man)



Kathy couldn't have known that the first prize in the contest was a trip to

TOEFL EXERCISE 1.

(narrator)

WHAT DID THE MAN ASSUME?

Hawaii.

(woman)

she had taken the medicine that the doctor prescribed, she might be feelIf

Maybe we should

on them.

ACCORDING TO THE WOMAN, WHAT SHOULD THEY DO? You know, I'm class

(man)

call

really enjoying this

now.

am, too. At first it was kind of boring, but now it's turning into someI

thing fascinating.

RECORDING SCRIPT

( narrator)

3.

(man)

(woman)


6.


(man)

I'd like to stop

smoking, but

it's

really

hard for me.

woman)

6.

you should

Well, at least

try to cut


(man)

Why was the client unhappy?

(woman)

The

( narrator)


7.

(woman)


(man)

Would

I

down

lawyer turned

really like

Me,

too.

his case. 8.

(woman) (narrator)


(woman)

Did you hear that Abbie won the

8.

(woman)

She

is just

so friendly with

I

(woman)

weekend. We're all in the same boat.

(narrator)


9.

(woman)

Anne's project for the science

out.

I

(man) (narrator)

have to look after the


(woman) (man)

10.

(man)

(woman)


(narrator)

1.

heard that you're trying out for the football team. Won't that be difficult? Yes, but I'm really going to try to pull

2.

I

can't believe

out to apply for the scholarship. and you should be sure to dot all

fill

Yes,

i's

and

locked the keys in the car again. Oh, I don't know why I put up with

(narrator)

(man)

I

was

3.

page 73

fifteen

(man)

(woman)

minutes

2.

3.

woman)

Better late than never.

4.

(narrator)


(woman)

Do you want to work on

(man)

experiment together? Two heads are better than one.

(narrator)


(man)

I

really don't

want

to

(Skills

4.

There's no time like the present.


(man)

I just

sold the last copy of that

morning. You'll have to next week. this

(woman) (narrator)

book

7),

page 74

game

last

night?

Yes,

did.

You know, Hank's

I

at the

really a

WHAT DOES THE WOMAN SAY ABOUT HANK? Do you want to go

to the football

us tonight?

No, thanks.

I

think I'm coming

down

(woman)

I

can't believe

what Hal

said to the

Yeah, he really put his foot in his

mouth. (narrator)

WHAT DOES THE MAN SAY ABOUT HAL?

5.

(man)

woman)

(narrator) 6.

(man)

try again

my luck. WHAT DOES THE WOMAN MEAN?

1


(man)

report now. (narrator)

6-

(narrator)

(

(woman)

1

teacher!

the biology

work on the

t's.

with something.

late for class

today. (

the


game with 1.

all

chip off the old block.

you.

7,

cross

Did you meet Hank's father

I

1

how many forms I have

(man)

(man)


and shoulders above

(narrator)

I

TOEFL EXERCISE

was

Do you do the cooking every night? No, my roommate and I take turns. WHAT DOES THE WOMAN MEAN?

(man)

(woman)

(woman)

(narrator)

fair

rest.

TOEFL EXERCISE


woman)

chapters this


the

down today? Yes, and some of the workers will be

( narrator)

(

She's really head

to

it off.

10.

all six

ANNE?

Did you see in the paper this morning that one section of the factory is clos-

THE WORKERS? 9.

have to read

the

go

me down

incredible.

laid off. ( narrator)

You could have knocked

(man)

ing

(man)

art


children. ( narrator)

it

(narrator)

Marsha.

Are you going out or staying here can't

own.

with a feather.


I

his

be possible for you to drop these letters in the mailbox for me? No sooner said than done.

tonight?

(man)

I

(narrator)

MARSHA? 7.

but

To each

(man)

everyone. (narrator)

like this restaurant,

scholarship?

( narrator)

(woman) (man)

know you

(woman)

down.

5.

I

just don't like the food here.

heard you had a bad headache this morning. Yes, but I think I'm getting over it

(narrator)

(

(man)

I

now.

4.

5.

(woman)

I'm going to the market now. Could you hold off going for a few minutes? I'd like to go with you.

WHAT DOES THE WOMAN MEAN? got a parking ticket, but I don't think I want to pay it. You know, you're really playing with I

fire.

Just

(narrator)


RECORDING SCRIPT

man)

The

woman)

Yeah,

I

cut

out.

noise from those machines

really

narrator)

man)

woman)

it

is

bothering me. wish we could just ask them to

10.

you his theory about who took the money? Yes, and I really think he's barking up


man)

This course

woman)

drop it. Even though it's hard, you should keep at it as long as you can.

narrator)

WHAT DOES THE WOMAN TELL

(man)

Yeah,

(narrator)


could not believe the story in the news about the problem with the air-

saw it, too! The pilot was forced to land the plane in a field. I

is

too hard for me.

I


think

EXERCISE

just

1.

THE MAN? man)

I

tree.

narrator)

I'll

(woman)

tell

wrong

the


plane.

WHAT DOES THE WOMAN MEAN? Did Fred

(narrator)

20,

(narrator)

The

(man)

I'm looking for a part-time job on campus.

2.

swim upstream.

narrator)


trying to

part of Conversation

1?

(narrator)

The

part of Conversation 2

(woman)

Hi, Jack.

first

It's

good

Are you ready

TOEFL REVIEW EXERCISE (Skills 1.

(woman)

1-17),

page 74

Could you put some more wood I'll

to see

to get

is:

you again.

down

to business

again after spring break?

Not

(man) in

really,

but

I

guess

I

don't really

have too much choice, do I? And it's going to be particularly hard to get back to work since I just had the most

the fireplace?

man)

1 is:

SATION

ing? It's like

first

WHAT IS THE TOPIC OF CONVER-

(narrator)

How's the chemistry homework com-

woman)

page 82

have to bring some in from out-

side.

narrator)


man)

Alice,

I

thought you were working

fantastic vacation ever.

(woman) (man)

late

tonight.

woman) narrator)

woman) man)

to,

but

WHAT HAPPENED TO ALICE?

3.

Why are you getting out of the water? lifeguard

motioned

that

2?

(narrator)

The

part of Conversation 3

(man)

Did you read the

narrator)

man) woman) narrator)

woman)

is:

article that the pro-

(woman) (man)

was really interesting. No, not yet. What was it about? It was about pollution, specifically one kind of pollution called acid rain.

at the

(narrator)

WHAT IS THE TOPIC OF CONVERSATION

wish there had been a little more room on the dance floor.

3?

I


just sent off the letter that

EXERCISE

Conversation

1,

(narrator)

to use

man)

And you

narrator)


woman)

Is

man)

Yes,

man) woman)

Has everyone been informed? No one is unaware of the situation.

narrator)


never have woken up.

would

imagine the

situa-

(woman)

Then you've come to the right place. The campus employment office is here just to help students like you on campus. I'm glad to hear that, because I really need to start earning some money.

(man)

1.

WHO IS PROBABLY TALKING?

2.

WHERE DOES THE CONVERSATION TAKE PLACE?

Conversation 2 (narrator)

Listen to the beginning of Conversation 2,

I

try to

I'm looking for a part-time job on campus.

lish Lit.?

WHAT DOES THE MAN WANT?

and

find jobs

that your research paper for Eng-

narrator)

,

(man)

on the head.

and it's almost finished. Do you think you could look it over for me?

1

tion.

guessed that you would buy that new

Did you sleep well last night? If the alarm were not so loud,

Listen to the beginning of Conversation

WHAT HAD THE WOMAN ASSUMED ABOUT THE MAN?

hit the nail

page 83

1

you wrote.

Then, you did figure out how the fax machine.

I

2

car.

woman) man)

first

It

nightclub?

man)

River.

fessor assigned for tomorrow's class?

WHERE DOES THE CONVERSADid you enjoy the evening

went kayaking on the Klamath

SATION

we

TION PROBABLY TAKE PLACE? woman)

What did you do?

WHAT IS THE TOPIC OF CONVER-

my conference

should move in that direction. narrator)

I

(narrator)

was supposed was called off. I

The

Really?

tion.

and

try to

imagine the

situa-

RECORDING SCRIPT

(woman)

Hi, Jack.

It's

good

Are you ready

to see

to get

you can

you again.

down

to business

(man)


(man)

Not

really,

but

I

guess

I

don't really

have too much choice, do I? And it's going to be particularly hard to get back to work since I just had the most

1.

2.

Really? I

What did you do?

3.

4.


1.


2.

WHEN DOES THE CONVERSATION TAKE

River. 5.

WHAT IS THE SOURCE OF THE MAN'S INFOR-

HOW MANY HOURS OF WORK DOES THE MAN WANT PER WEEK? WHEN CAN THE MAN WORK? WHAT DOES THE WOMAN TELL THE MAN TO DO TOMORROW? (narrator)


(woman) Conversation 3

Hi, Jack.

and

try to

imagine the

(man)

situa-

Did you read the




2.

WHEN DOES THE CONVERSATION TAKE

(woman) (man) (woman) (man)

PLACE?

WHAT IS THE SOURCE OF THE INFORMA-

(woman)

TION?

TOEFL EXERCISE

22,

page 85

(man)


(woman)

(man)

(woman)

is

here just to help students like you find jobs on campus. I'm glad to hear that, because I really need to start earning some money.

(woman)

Let me ask you some questions to help determine what kind of job would be best. First of all, how many hours a week do you want to work?

(man)

need to work at least ten hours a week, and I don't think I can handle

(man)

all

(woman)

the

And when are you free to work? All of my classes are in the morning, can work every weekday from noon on. And of course I wouldn't mind working on the weekends. I'll try to match you up with one of our on-campus student jobs. Please out this form with some additional information about your skills, and

so

(woman)

(man)

form with

me today. Then


River.

Kayaking ?

you know what a kayak is, don't you? It's a long, narrow boat, the kind first used by the Eskimos. It's quite popular now on white-water rivers. Oh, I know what a kayak is. I was just surprised that you would take a trip like that. Weren't you scared? At first, I was. But after I learned some techniques for maneuvering the Yes,

wasn't so bad.

it

We didn't start

Did you spend the nights camping outside on the ground? That alone would make the trip unappealing to me. Oh, no. The accommodations were fantastic. Each person on the trip had a private cabin, and the facilities included a hot tub, a lodge where you could have a drink and relax, and a

Now, that part of the trip does sound good to me. But I don't think I'd like rough water in a small kayak. Oh, you should try it; I know you'd like

I

leave the

I

the part that involves riding through

courses I'm taking.

(woman) (man)

What did you do?

Really?

top-notch cafeteria with great food.

I

more than twenty hours with

to business

out on the river. We had three whole days of instruction in a shallow pool first. Then, when we finally got out on the river, I felt ready for it.

I'm looking for a part-time job on campus. Then you've come to the right place.

The campus employment office

down

again.

really, but I guess I don't really have too much choice, do I? And it's going to be particularly hard to get back to work since I just had the most

kayak,

Listen to the following conversation

about a part-time job. (man)

to get

you



1.

to see

Not

It

3.

good


Listen to the beginning of Conversa-

tion.

(woman) (man)

It's

Are you ready tion 3,

(man)

for you.

WHAT DOES THE MAN WANT TO DO? WHERE DOES THE CONVERSATION PROBA-

MATION?

(narrator)

maybe I'll have some news Thanks for your help.

Questions 6-10

PLACE? 3.

me back tomorrow, and

BLY TAKE PLACE?


(woman) (man)

call

fill

I'm going to do

it

again myself,

can afford to spend the time and the money. Well, better you than me. as

(woman)

it.

soon

as

I

6.

WHEN DOES THE CONVERSATION PROBABLY

7.

TAKE PLACE? WHAT ARE THE MAN AND WOMAN CUSSING?

DIS-

RECORDING SCRIPT

8.

9.

10.

HOW MUCH INSTRUCTION DID THE MAN

(man) (woman)

HAVE BEFORE GOING OUT ON THE RIVER? WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS NOT PART OF THE KAYAKING TRIP? HOW DOES THE WOMAN FEEL ABOUT TAKING A KAYAKING TRIP?

(man)

(woman)

How long will it take

to get there?

About twenty minutes. What's my other choice? If you don't mind waiting around for a while, you can take the shutde bus. The bus only takes about five minutes to get there.


(man)

(man) Listen to a conversation between two

(

classsmates.

(man)

Did you read the




1

.

2.

It

(woman) (man) (woman) (man)

Why is it called acid rain? It's

woman)

But

I

have to wait for the bus?

That's right. Well,

I

guess

I

might

as well walk.

WHERE DOES THE MAN WANT TO GO? HOW MANY DIFFERENT ROUTES TO THE MUSIC BUILDING DOES THE WOMAN SUGGEST?

3.

WHAT IS THE PROBLEM WITH TAKING THE

4.

SHUTTLE BUS? WHAT DOES THE MAN FINALLY DECIDE TO DO?

called acid rain because the rain

or some other kind of precipitation

Questions 5-9

has been polluted with acid.

(woman) (man)

Where does the acid come from? From cars or factories, anything that burns coal or oil. These are made up mosdy of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides,

(narrator)

(man)

(woman)

form sulfuric acid or nitric acid. You mean that when coal or oil is it

(man)

(woman)

earth.

(man)

(woman)

11.

Exacdy. That's why it's so dangerous. Acid rain has been falling over areas of northern America and northern Europe, and if this isn't checked, the effect on the water supply and plant and animal life could be disastrous. This is something important. I really need to read that article.

(man)

fantastic.

Where

Some of the most is

in

Wyoming? We drove by Devil's Tower National Monument, and we spent a few days in Laramie. But we spent most of our did you go in

You went

to Yellowstone?

could 've gone! stone

(woman)

It's

is just

I've

I

wish

I

heard that Yellow-

magnificent.

the oldest and largest national

park in the United

States.

And

it's

got

spectacular waterfalls, hot springs,

WHAT IS THE TOPIC OF THIS CONVERSA(man)

12.

WHAT ENERGY SOURCES CAUSE ACID RAIN?

(woman)

13.

HOW IS SULFURIC ACID FORMED?

15.

was

vacation in Yellowstone National Park.

TION?

14.

It

Wyoming.

back on

fall

How was your trip to Wyoming last

beautiful scenery in the country

And when

rains or snows, the acids

talk to a friend

summer?

which react with water vapor

burned, acid gets formed.

woman

about her vacation.

to

(woman)

Listen to a

and geysers. Did you see Old Faithful? Of course we saw Old Faithful. best

ACCORDING TO THE MAN, WHERE IS ACID RAIN A PROBLEM? WHAT ACTION DOES THE WOMAN THINK SHE SHOULD TAKE NEXT?

known of the

It's

geysers there.

the

We

couldn't visit Yellowstone without seeing Old Faithful.

(man)

Do you

think you'll be taking another

vacation in Yellowstone again? If you do, I'd like to go next time.


(Skills 18-22),

page 86 Questions 1—4 (narrator)

Listen to a

man

asking a

woman

Can you

tell

HOW DOES THE WOMAN DESCRIBE HER

6.

WYOMING VACATION? HOW DID THE WOMAN PROBABLY TRAVEL

ON VACATION?

for

directions.

(man)

5.

7.

me how to get to

Music Building from here?

I

WOMAN DO ON VACATION?

the

have a

8.

WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS A WELL-

9.

KNOWN SIGHT IN YELLOWSTONE? WHAT WOULD THE MAN LIKE TO DO?

lecture to attend there.


Oh, are you new Yes,

I

to

WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING DID THE

campus?

just got here last night.

Well, to get to the Music Building,

you

have two choices. If you want to go right now you can walk straight down this street until

ComThe Music

you're past the

mons, and then turn right. Building will be straight ahead.



(man)

How are you going to spend this year's Thanksgiving vacation?

RECORDING SCRIPT

I'm going to spend

(woman)

with

it

my family.

We celebrate very traditionally. We go to

my grandparents' house and

big Thanksgiving dinner.

It's

my

whole family gets together. In my family we just have a big feast, too. We don't really stop and think about how Thanksgiving Day developed, how new colonists in Massachusetts had a three-day feast to give

(man)

thanks for surviving the

first terrible

winter and for gathering their

canoes of Hawaii, which are quite of Fire. 2.

(narrator)

WHAT IS THE TOPIC OF TALK 2?

3.

(narrator)

The

(woman)

I

first

(narrator)

3.


Talk

26,

page 94

1

in

Listen to the beginning of Talk

and

been celebrated

holiday has

this

in

and

situation.

to Biology 101. I'm Profes-

and

your laboratory Peter Smith. This course this is

meets twice a week for lecture and once a week for laboratory assignments. 1.


2.

WHERE DOES THE TALK PROBABLYTAKE

3.

WHEN DOES THE TALK PROBABLYTAKE

PLACE? PLACE?

WHAT COURSE IS BEING DISCUSSED?

HOW WILL THE WOMAN SPEND THANKSGIVTalk 2

WHAT WERE THE MASSACHUSETTS

(narrator)

COLONISTS THANKFUL FOR? 13.

Welcome assistant,

4.

ING? 12.

imagine the

sor Martin,

WHAT IS THE SUBJECT OF THIS CONVERSATION?

.

(woman)

November ever

since.

11

try to

1,

I

thanksgiving,

10.

far

Washington, D.C. Today, we're going on a tour of the Smithsonian.

EXERCISE

thought Thanksgiving had always been in November. The first Thanksgiving was celebrated on July 30, 1623. After that, Thanksgiving was celebrated at many different times. It wasn't until 1863 that Abraham Lincoln declared the last Thursday in November as a day of

(woman)

is:

in

(narrator)

No,

part of Talk 3

hope you've enjoyed your visit so

July?

(man)

dif-

first

corn harvest the following year. Did you know that the original Thanksgiving Day was celebrated

(woman)

are going to discuss the vol-

ferent from the volcanoes in the Ring

have a

really

the only time in the year that

we

Today,

Listen to the beginning of Talk try to

ACCORDING TO THE SPEAKER, WHEN IS

(man)

THANKSGIVING CELEBRATED TODAY?

2,

and

imagine the situation.

In yesterday's

class,

we

discussed the

volcanoes located in the area

known

as

the Ring of Fire, an area which basically encircles the Pacific

LONG TALKS (Paper) EXERCISE 1.

25,

the United States's

The

(woman)

Welcome

first

part of Talk

mountain in the Western Hemisphere. Most of the world's approximately 500

1 is:

I'm Profesyour laboratory

to Biology 101.

sor Martin, assistant,

and

this is

(narrator)


2.

(narrator)

The

(man)

active volcanoes are located

violent in the world.

Today, part of Talk 2

In yesterday's

class,

we

is:

as the

known

Ring of Fire, an area which

cally encircles the Pacific

the United States's

basi-

as well as Japan's Mt. Fuji


2.

WHERE DOES THE TALK PROBABLYTAKE PLACE?

and 3.

WHEN DOES THE TALK PROBABLYTAKE

4.

WHAT COURSE IS BEING DISCUSSED?

Argentina's Aconcagua, the highest

mountain in the Western Hemisphere. Most of the world's approximately 500 active volcanoes are located along the Ring of Fire, and the eruptions that take place there are

among

world.

the most violent in the


1.

and includes

Mount St. Helens

we

canoes of Hawaii, which are quite different from the volcanoes in the Ring of Fire.

discussed the

volcanoes located in the area

along the

Ring of Fire, and the eruptions that take place there are among the most

Peter Smith.

1.

first

Mount St. Helens

as well as Japan's Mt. Fuji and Argentina's Aconcagua, the highest

page 93

(narrator)

and includes

PLACE?

Talk 3 (narrator)

Listen to the beginning of Talk try to

imagine the

situation.

3,

and

RECORDING SCRIPT

(woman)

I

hope you've enjoyed your visit

Today,

so far

2. 3.

of Fire. Hawaiian volcanoes are not located along the Ring of Fire and are

WHERE DOES THE TALK TAKE PLACE? WHEN DOES THE TALK TAKE PLACE? 27,

therefore not caused by the move-

ment of the

Questions 1-5 Listen to a talk given by a professor.

(woman)

Welcome

I'm Professor Martin, and this is your laboratory assistant, Peter Smith. This course meets twice a week for lecture and to Biology 101.

once a week for laboratory

assign-

ments.

The

text for this course

is

Introduction

by Abramson. You should get the text and read the first chapter before the next class. You will to

Biological Sciences,

the lava flows farther

need to get the laboratory manual that accompanies the text.

of Hawaii's most famous volcanoes, actually

I've

assignments and exam dates. Note that we will cover one chapter a week for each of the next fifteen weeks in the semester,

and there

will

6.

7. 8.

9.

4.

5.

WHAT IS CHARACTERISTIC OF HAWAII'S VOLCANOES?

10.

WHAT IS MAUNA LOA?


HOW OFTEN WILL PROFESSOR MARTIN GIVE

Listen to a talk about the Smithsonian.

(woman)

I

hope you've enjoyed your visit so

far

CLASS?

Washington, D.C. Today, we're going on a tour of the Smithsonian, The Smithsonian is actually several museums, each with a different focus,

WHAT INFORMATION IS GIVEN IN THE SYL-

situated together

LABUS?

museums

LECTURES? 3.

WHAT IS THE TOPIC OF TODAYS LECTURE? WHERE ARE MOST OF THE WORLD'S ACTIVE

WHEN DOES THIS TALK PROBABLY TAKE PLACE?

2.

WHAT WAS THE TOPIC OF YESTERDAYS LEC-

VOLCANOES LOCATED?

exams throughout the course.

1.

means "long mountain."

TURE?

be three

Grades in this course are based on your exam grades and your grades on the laboratory assignments. Are there any questions?

and builds

mounds gradually with long, low slopes. Mauna Loa, the name of one

also

passed out a copy of the course syllabus. This syllabus lists the reading

Earth's plates against

each other. Instead, Hawaii is located in the middle of the Ring of Fire, above a massive plate rather than where two plates meet. The result is that Hawaiian volcanoes are much gentler than those in the Ring of Fire: Hawaiian volcanoes have much less gas in them, which causes less explosive eruptions, and the lava in Hawaiian volcanoes is thinner, which results in mounds that are long and low rather than high and steep because

page 96

(narrator)

dif-

ferent from the volcanoes in the Ring


TOEFL EXERCISE


canoes of Hawaii, which are quite

in Washington, D.C. Today, we're going on a tour of the Smithsonian. 1.

we

WHAT IS THE ASSIGNMENT FOR THE NEXT

in

sixty million

MINE THE FINAL COURSE GRADES?

first

These

more than items on exhibit. The

Listen to a lecture given by a profes-

Smithsonian museum we'll visit is the Museum of Natural History, which has various types of stuffed animals, and exhibits showing the lifestyles of

sor.

early

Questions 6-10

(man)

mall.

in total have

WHAT WILL THE PROFESSOR USE TO DETER-

(narrator)

on a

In yesterday's

class,

we

discussed the

volcanoes located in the area known as the Ring of Fire, an area which basically encircles the Pacific and includes the United States's

Mount St. Helens

as well as Japan's Mt. Fuji

and

Argentina's Aconcagua, the highest

mountain in the Western Hemisphere. Most of the world's approximately 500 active volcanoes are located along the Ring of Fire, and the eruptions that take place there

are

among

world.

the most violent in the

American Indians and Eskimos.

From we'll

the

Museum

go on

of Natural History,

to the National Air

and

Space Museum, where we'll see disshow the development of flight. In this museum you can see the airplane that Orville Wright used to plays that

make

his first flight

that Charles

the Adantic. After

museums

and the airplane

Lindbergh used

we

visit

to cross

those two

have free time to visit some of the other Smithsonian museums: the Museum of American History, the Smithsonian as a group, you'll

and Industries Building, and the various art museums located on the

Arts

RECORDING SCRIPT

Smithsonian Mall. After our trip to the Smithsonian today, we'll go on to the White House and Capitol Building tomorrow. 11. 12.

13

14 15

WHO IS PROBABLY GIVING THIS TALK? HOW MANY ITEMS ARE ON EXHIBIT IN THE

3.

WHAT TWO AREAS WILL THE TOUR CONCENTRATE ON?

4.

WHAT ARE THE STUDENTS PROBABLY GOING TO DO NEXT?

Questions 5-8

SMITHSONIAN MUSEUMS?

(narrator)

Listen to a talk in a lecture series.

ACCORDING TO THE TALK, WHICH MUSEUM HAS EXHIBITS OF EARLY ESKIMOS? WHICH MUSEUM WILL THEY VISIT AS A GROUP? WHERE WILL THEY GO TOMORROW?

(man)

This is the fourth lecture in a series of Personal Health Care lectures presented by Student Health Services.


I'm Dr. Hall, a dermatologist, and tonight I will be speaking about the effects of stress on the skin.

23-27),

(Skills

The

relationship between skin problems and stress is rather complicated: skin problems often accompany stress, but it is not the stress itself that directly causes the skin problems. Instead, it is the side effects of stress, such as the use of alcohol, tobacco,

page 97 Questions 1-4 (narrator)

Listen to a talk by a librarian.

(woman)

Hello and welcome to the library. I'm Ms. Martin, the assistant librarian, and this is the library orientation tour for

new graduate

and

students in the business

Alcohol consumed in large quantities can cause problems with the skin by increasing the flow of blood to the

department. If you are not a newly admitted graduate student or your major is not business, then you are in the

wrong

place.

skin; this

and can

I'm sure you understand that, as graduate students, you will be required to do a tremendous amount of research. Here at the

we

make

try to

this

easy as possible for you.

open

process as

The

for extensive hours,

library

is

from 7:00

you

have access to library research facilities almost any time that you want. During final exam week, the library is open twenty-four hours a day,

will

and there are

library staff

mem-

bers available to help you whenever the library

During trating

The

on two area

warmer

really

series. 5.

WHO IS THE SPEAKER?

6.

WHAT IS THE TOPIC OF THE TALK?

7.

WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING CAN WORSEN

open.

this tour,

first

search

is

skin feel

Thank you very much for your attention, and I hope that you will return next week for the next lecture in the

a.m. until midnight seven days a week, so that

makes the

worsen the itching that accompanies conditions such as hives or rosacea. Nicotine and caffeine, on the other hand, cause problems by reducing the supply of blood to the skin; this in turn keeps the skin from being properly nourished.

Now let's get started.

library,

caffeine, that are often to blame.

ITCHING?

we will be concen-

8.

HOW DOES CAFFEINE IRRITATE THE SKIN?

areas of the library. is

facilities,

Questions 9-12

the computerized

which are located on

the second floor of the library.

On

the

computer systems located in this area, you can conduct computer searches for books as well as articles in magazines, newspapers, and journals. On the floor above the computer area are reference materials devoted specifically to business.

(narrator)

In this area, you can

Listen to a lecture given by a professor.

(woman)

In today's

class,

we

will

be discussing

the nineteenth century crash of the

gold market. When the U.S. gold market crashed on September 24, 1869, the day became known as Black Friday.

What set

the stage for the crash

and periodicals related to business and annual reports on major corporations.

was the excessive amount of paper currency issued by the government to finance the Civil War. At the end of the war, speculators in New York tried

Now that we

to capitalize

find references for books

have completed this little introduction, we are ready to start the tour. Please follow

me.

1.

WHO IS MS. MARTIN TALKING TO?

2.

WHAT ARE THE LIBRARYS HOURS DURING FINAL EXAM WEEK?

on the

inflated price of

gold in relationship to paper currency by cornering the gold market. Their effort to corner the market was based on what turned out to be false assurances from the president's brother-inlaw that the United States government

RECORDING SCRIPT

would not reserves.

sell

Questions 6-8

off any of its gold

When

the U.S. Treasury

(man)

announced $4 million in gold sales, the bottom fell out of the gold market and the price of gold crashed. 9.

(woman)

WHEN WAS THE DAY KNOWN AS BLACK FRIDAY?

10.

WHAT HAPPENED ON THE DAY KNOWN AS BLACK FRIDAY?

11.

WHO SUPPLIED THE GOLD SPECULATORS

12.

WITH FALSE INFORMATION? WHAT DID THE GOLD SPECULATORS WANT THE U.S. GOVERNMENT TO DO?

(man)

Can you

me

about parking on campus? I don't have a car yet, but I've decided to get one. Parking is kind of difficult on campus because there just aren't enough spaces for all the people who want to park. You do know that if you're going to park on campus, you'll need a parking sticker? A parking sticker? What kind of parktell

ing sticker?

(woman)

campus once

CASUAL CONVERSATIONS (Computer) TOEFL EXERCISE

28,

(man)

page 100 6.

(woman)

Where

(man)

seem to be in a bit of a hurry. I'm on my way to the Music Building.

are you heading

now? You

7.

WHAT IS TRUE ABOUT THE MAN? WHAT DOES THE WOMAN SAY ABOUT PARKING ON CAMPUS? WHAT DOES THE MAN SAY THAT HE NEEDS?

Questions 9-11

A rehearsal? For what? I

8.

have a rehearsal in about fifteen

minutes.

(woman) (man)

play in the university orchestra,

and

(man)

What a hard exam

(woman)

It

there are orchestra rehearsals three

false

What

(woman)

You play

(man)

instrument do you play? I actually play two instruments.

I

play

the violin in the orchestra, and

I

also

in the orchestra?

can't believe

ments. 1.

2.

3.

I

(man)

instru-

(woman)

(woman)

would be two papers. That's what he said in

(woman)

I

did see that on the understand why you're can

that's right.

think

I

am,

we had

I

too.

better ask the profes-

sor about this at the next class.

It's

important.

(man)

Yes,

it is.

We do need to know for sure

how many papers we have 4. 5.

kind of enjoyed them. But

to write.

WHAT IS THE WOMAN CONFUSED ABOUT? WHAT DO THEY DECIDE TO DO?

I

I

an exam with two

Well,

I I

did

mind

the true-false ques-

spent too I

much

didn't have I

time on them, enough time to

knew the answers

to

wrote the information so quickly that I'm not sure if my answers made any sense. I guess we'll just have to wait and see how we did when we get the exams back. After all, everyone in the class had the same time limit we did. I

1 1

FALSE QUESTIONS? HOW DID THE WOMAN

syllabus says that there are three

I

I

an hour.

WHAT WAS TRUE ABOUT THE EXAM? HOW DID THE MAN FEEL ABOUT THE TRUE-

but the

papers.

true-

10.

9.

class,

fifty

the true-false questions.

the essays, but

professor said in class that there

confused.

mind

write the essays.

going to have to write in this course? I'm a little confused about this.

syllabus.

fact,

tions.

Do you know how many papers we're

Oh,

didn't

and then

(man)

The

we had

I

essays to write.

can't even play one.

(man)

was long.

don't like writing essay answers, so

Questions 4-5

(man)

I

In

WHERE IS THE MAN GOING? HOW OFTEN DOES THE ORCHESTRA MEET FOR PRACTICE? HOW MANY MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS DOES THE WOMAN PLAY? (woman)

it

questions plus two essay answers

really didn't like

you can play two

—

to write, all in only

play the piano. I

wasn't just hard

that was!

couldn't believe that

times a week.

(woman)

you can get a daily sticker each day that you park. But if you're going to be parking on campus often, then you really should get a permanent sticker. Well, I guess I need a permanent in a while,

sticker then.

Questions 1-3

I

only going to park on

if you're

Well,

.

QUESTIONS?

DO ON THE ESSAY

RECORDING SCRIPT


(instructor)

(Computer) EXERCISE

29,

page

TOEFL EXERCISE

14

1

page

29,

1

15 (Clair)


greenstick fractures. Listen to a discussion by a group of

students taking a meteorology

The

discussion

is

(instructor)

class.

1)

on the formation of

I think we understand how snow and rain are formed. Now, we need to discuss the formation of hail.

fer

(woman

2)

from snow and

(Dave)

is

How does it dif-

rain?

1)

They get frozen when they are pushed up into higher elevations where it is

pound fracture, and

colder.

And how does

(man)

(woman

2)

sue around the broken bone.

How much

can actually be as

(Gail)

compound fracture? Gail? In a compound fracture, the broken

that

tall

as six miles.

The cumulonimbus

clouds are so 1)

tall

that they are

much

(instructor)

bottom than at the top. And sometimes air currents blow drops of water in a cloud up higher at the

it's

into ice

2)

1)

(man)

(woman

2)

fall to

the ( Clair)

one

trip up.

the drops are not heavy

Usu-

(woman 1.

2.

time a drop rises and falls, adds another layer of ice. So a hailstone actually has a number

2)

talk

about the number of breaks in we talk about a single, a dou-

or a multiple break.

ble,

means one break, a double fracture means two breaks, and a multiple fracture means more than two breaks.

it

(instructor)

Okay, that

I

hope

we

talk

this distinction

fractures to refer to the

freezes again.

fractures refer to

and

ers,

it

after

it

builds

up enough

fractures

when

it falls

to earth.

THE DISCUSSION, THE STUDENTS EXPLAIN THE INITIAL STAGES IN THE FORMATION OF A HAILSTONE FROM A DROP OF WATER. SUMMARIZE THE PROCESS BY PUTTING THE STEPS IN ORDER. IN THE DISCUSSION, THE STUDENTS EXPLAIN HOW A HAILSTONE HITS THE EARTH. SUMMARIZE THE PROCESS BY PUTTING THE STEPS IN ORDER.

me who (Dave)

tissue

discussion

is

on

types of

tell

generally suffers from green-

Greenstick fractures are usually found in children.

(instructor)

That's true.

And what is

a greenstick

fracture? Gail? (Gail)

A greenstick fracture means that the bone bends and maybe of the way, but

it

it

breaks part

doesn't break

all

the

way through. The name "greenstick" refers to a young green plant that might bend instead of breaking.

Listen to a discussion in a physiology fractures.

how much

stick fractures?

Questions 3-5

The

and simple and complex

greenstick fracture. Dave, can you

Exactly.

class.

clear,

damage there is around the break. Now, we have just one more type of fracture to discuss, and that's the

lay-

gets too heavy.

that's

is

about single and double number of

of layers of ice on it? One layer for each time that it is pushed up and Yes,

A single frac-

ture

IN

(narrator)

To

a bone,

enough

And each

And

(man)

bone comes through the skin. So, when we talk about the difference between a simple and a compound

of breaks in a bone? Clair?

the drops

times within the cloud.

(woman

there in a

Do

then to fall to the earth. So the drops rise and fall a number of

(man)

is

colder, so the drops freeze

Usually not just after ally

damage

number of breaks in a bone; instead, it refers to the amount of tissue damage. How do we refer to the number

earth then?

(woman

tissue

fracture, this doesn't refer to the

into the cloud.

Where

(man)

there's a lot

(instructor)

warmer

(woman

bone is broken of damage to the tis-

the

happen? Hailstones develop in cumulonimbus clouds that have grown very tall. They

That's right.

(man)

because of the number of fractures? Dave? No, the difference between a simple

than the number of breaks in the bone. In a simple fracture, the bone is broken, but there is litde damage to the tissue around the bone. In a com-

really frozen

frozen?

(woman

me how

tell

and a compound Are they different

and a compound fracture refers to how much damage there is to the tissue around the broken bone rather

drops of rain. how do the drops of rain get

Hail

And

(man)

hail exactly?

Now can you

fracture differ?

Okay,

What is

(man)

Yes, exactly.

a simple fracture

hail.

(woman

Now, we're going to review the information on various types of fractures, or broken bones. Yesterday, we talked about three types of fractures. Do you remember what they were? Clair? They were simple, compound, and

(instructor)

So,

is

a greenstick fracture a very seri-

ous fracture? Clair?

RECORDING SCRIPT

(Clair)

No, a greenstick fracture the

bone

through.

is

is

(man

usually the

Scopes was a high school biology teacher who was charged with breaking the law because he taught evolu-

1)

of fracture because

least serious type

not broken

the way

all

The compound

tion in school.

fracture,

where the broken bone comes through the skin, is the most serious

(woman)

type of fracture.

(man (man

And

HOW MANY BREAKS IN THE BONE ARE

1)

Yes,

2)

I

IS

Listen to a discussion by a group of

The

class.

7.

stu-

We need

know about Clarence Darrow and some of his more famous cases. Why don't we go over this now? Okay, I know that Clarence Darrow was a famous lawyer. What were some to

man 2)

He was famous for

EXERCISE

the Scopes

(woman) 1)

Okay,

let's

(man

2)

trial.

part in

(Bill)

go over each of these cases

1)

(woman)

the president of the railroad

Pullman strike? Yes, it was; it was named after the Pullman, which was a type of railroad car. The next situation was the Pennsylva-

(woman)

we need

(man

1)

(woman)

time for

all

we have

to do.

We've already decided on a scene. We're going to do one of the scenes from Thornton Wilder's play

part. Bill, you're

—

Manager

to play

going to be the

that's a big part in

you're going to play

and I'm going to play George. We're going to do a scene from the Emily,

a

trial; it

was an

George and Emily's wedding.

to

know about:

trial

What about you

the

(Bill)

and the Scopes (Tina) trial

was in 1924.

last

is

we need

the Scopes

be familbut I don't to

trial,

know much about that. The Scopes trial in 1925 also known as the Scopes Monkey trial was about evolution, about whether mankind evolved from monkeys. And who was Scopes?

I've already started

working on

my

And I'm

familiar with mine, too.

I

Why don't we

what we're going to do about costumes and props first, and then we can run through discuss

the scene together.

—

—

two?

scene together. ( Chuck)

trial?

case

my lines.

think we're ready to read through the

Exactly.

Now, the

I've

lines.

This was a very famous murder trial. And Clarence Darrow was the defense

with

much

already started learning

The Loeb-Leopold

iar

to get

this play. Tina,

That's true. Now, there are two other

attorney in this

(man 2) (woman)

class project

going on our class project for drama class. We have to present a scene from one of the plays we're studying in class, in costume

Stage

trial.

2)

are taking a

part of the play that takes place before

Loeb-Leopold

(man

who

We need

each

to arbitrate the coal

this wasn't actually

trials

some studrama class.

( Chuck)

arbitration.

(woman)

page 120

30,

Our Town. And we know who's going

strike.

So

19

Let's see.

row was asked by the president of the

1)

1

(Tina)

nia coal strike in 1902. Clarence Dar-

(man

arbitrate.

Listen to a discussion by

very

workers union, after the railroad workers went on strike. Wasn't the strike by the railroad work-

United States

the strike he

and with props. Our performance is in only three weeks, and that's not

ers called the

(man

know about

They are discussing their on the play Our Town.

and make sure we understand them. The first one was the Eugene Debs case in 1895. Darrow defended Debs,

who was

page

dents

the

resolving a coal strike.

(man

30,

(narrator)

He was also famous for his

know about Darrow.

Questions 1-5

Eugene Debs and the Loeb-Leopold case, and

case,

to

WITH WHAT EVENT WAS EACH OF THE DEFENDANTS ASSOCIATED? A HISTORICAL SERIES OF EVENTS IN THE LIFE OF CLARENCE DARROW IS PRESENTED IN THE DISCUSSION. PUT THE EVENTS IN THE CORRECT CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER.

TOEFL EXERCISE

of his most famous cases? (

also

helped to

dents are discussing Clarence Darrow.

(woman)

And we

(woman)

EACH OF THESE FRAC-

students taking a law

1)

we need

of the trials in which he served as defense attorney.

6.

(man

think we have covered the informa-

We know about three

Questions 6-7 ( narrator)

trial?

he was.

tion

THERE IN EACH OF THESE FRACTURES? HOW ARE EACH OF THESE FRACTURES DESCRIBED? HOW SERIOUS TURES?

Clarence Darrow was the defense

attorney in this

1.

2.

(Tina)

That sounds

(Bill)

I

like a

good

idea.

think so, too.

WHEN IS THE STUDENTS' PERFORMANCE? WHICH OF THESE IS NOT A CHARACTER IN THE SCENE?

RECORDING SCRIPT

3.

IT IS

MOST LIKELY THAT THE STUDENTS ARE

HOW FAMILIAR WITH THEIR LINES? 4.

5.

WHAT IS STATED ABOUT THE SCENE? WHAT ARE THE STUDENTS PROBABLY GOING TO DISCUSS NEXT?

9.

WHAT IS IRON PYRITE COMPOSED OF? HOW DOES IRON PYRITE REACT TO HEAT?

10.

HOW DOES GOLD MOST LIKELY REACT TO

8.

HEAT? 1 1

.

12.


Listen to a discussion about a geology

The

class.

students are discussing iron

1)

The next type of mineral we need talk

(woman (woman

about

is

(instructor)

It's

1)

2)

1)

(man)

called fool's gold because like gold,

who found iron had found gold.

it

can

crystals.

(Lynn)

and some

pyrite

thought

(instructor)

(Rick)

Iron pyrite crystals are

1)

2)

pyrite get

its

shiny

golden color if it's not made of gold? I know the answer to that. Iron pyrite gets its shiny golden color from the mix of elements in it. Iron pyrite is made from a mix of elements? Yes, iron pyrite is a compound of iron and sulfur, so it's very different from gold because it's made of this compound. And it's also quite different from gold

how it reacts

is

2)

is

heated,

it

(instructor)

it

from another

Pam?

He got the name

California

from a

of stories that were popular in

Spain at the time. And what kind of series contained a

(Lynn)

The

was a fantasy

was a best-seller at the time. It was about a knight and his son who traveled the world looking for new lands and new adventures. One of the places that came across in the story was an unusual place called California. And what was California like in the series

serial that

best-selling stories?

In the stories, California was an island that was populated by

Amazons.

reaction to heat?

(Pam)

The Amazons were

women.

1)

No,

(Lynn)

And

1)

Do you know where

And gold doesn't have it

that kind of

doesn't.

the

name pyrite

came from? I think I know that. It came from Greek word for fire, didn't it?

(man)

1)

Yes,

it

Some

it

(Rick)

the

(Lynn)

ancient cultures used to use

iron pyrite to start

fires.

They couldn't

use gold that way.

So iron pyrite did have some if it really

(instructor)

use,

even

wasn't gold.

WHAT WAY IS IRON PYRITE SIMILAR TO

GOLD? IMPLIED IN THE DISCUSSION THAT WHAT TYPE OF PEOPLE THOUGHT IRON IT IS

WAS GOLD?

tall

and powerful war-

And

the only metal

on the

island was

gold.

(Pam)

produces sparks.

they were

all

riors.

did. If you strike iron pyrite

with metal, then

PYRITE

name Did he just make the name the

(Rick)

(man)

7.

How did Cortes decide on

place called California? Lynn?

smokes

and develops a strong odor.

IN

was Spanish explorer Hernan Cortes who gave California its name. Cortes visited the lower part of California in the first half of the sixteenth century and named the area Califor-

series

(instructor)

iron pyrite

Spanish explorer gave Cal-

name? Rick?

It

source?

(Pam)

iron pyrite

heated?

When

its

up, or did he take

to heat. Iron pyrite

Why? What happens when

(man)

And which

California}

has a strong reaction to heat.

6.

name.

nia. (instructor)

How does iron

its

Spanish explorer. ifornia

So iron pyrite sort of looks like gold? What exacdy does it look like? It can be shiny golden in color, but its crystals have a different shape from

in

(man)

and where California got

2)

are not.

(woman

Today, we'll be talking about CaliforFirst of all, who was it who actually gave California its name? Lynn? California was given its name by a

it is.

cubical in shape, while crystals of gold

(woman (woman

California.

Why is iron pyrite called fool's gold?

gold

(woman

the history

Yes,

(man)

(woman

on

1)

they

(woman

is

nia

people

(woman

discussion

behind the name

iron pyrite.

look something

(woman

The

called fool's gold?

(man)

(woman

Listen to a discussion in a history class.

to

Iron pyrite? Isn't that what's also

(man)


pyrite.

(woman

WHERE DID THE WORD PYRITE COME FROM? WHAT CAN BE INFERRED FROM THE DISCUSSION ABOUT GOLD IN ANCIENT CULTURES?

So all the utensils and ornaments were made out of gold. And the female warriors wore armor made of gold and carried weapons

made of gold. So Cortes named

the place that

he

vis-

he thought it from the even though he didn't

ited California because

was

like the fictional place

fantasy series,

see any inhabitants resembling those

of the fictional California. He incorrectly assumed that it was an island, like

the fictional place, and

I

think he

RECORDING SCRIPT

hoped

that

it

was also

of gold,

full

counterclockwise direction, which

like

means

the fictional California. 13.

WHO GAVE THE AREA OF NORTH AMERICA

15.

(instructor)

WHICH OF THESE YEARS WAS THE AREA OF NORTH AMERICA KNOWN AS CALIFORNIA MOST LIKELY GIVEN ITS NAME? HOW WAS THE NAME CALIFORNIA FIRST IN

That's a

good description of Red-

said that Espy's theory on how the winds in a storm behave wasn't very accurate. What about Redfield's theory? Was his theory accurate or inac-

WHAT WAS THE FICTIONAL CALIFORNIA WHAT IS NOT STATED IN THE DISCUSSION ABOUT THE INHABITANTS OF THE FIC-

curate?

(Anne)

TIONAL CALIFORNIA? 18.

I

Anne?

think that Redfield's description was

WHAT CAN BE INFERRED ABOUT THE CALI-

quite close to what actually

FORNIA THAT CORTES VISITED?

in a storm. (instructor)

EXERCISE

3

1 ,

page 124 3 page

TOEFL EXERCISE

1 ,

1. 1

25 2.



students in a meteorology discussion

is

on

class.

The

theories about the

behavior of storms. (instructor)

We

have just one more topic to cover

we finish for today. I'd like to look at some early theories about how storms develop. The two men I'd like to discuss are William Redfield and James Espy. Redfield and Espy were before

two American meteorologists from the nineteenth century, and they had differing theories on how storms behave. Espy argues that centripetal force was at work in storms. Can any-

(Anne)

one explain what direction these winds would be moving if centripetal force were involved? Anne? Centripetal force would cause winds to be moving inward from all directions toward the center of the storm.

But

that's

not what

really

happens,

3.

(Lee)

(instructor)

Redfield disagreed with Espy. Redfield

Questions 4—6 ( narrator)

storm in a counterclockwise direction. Can you explain Redfield's ideas to

me? (Chris)

storm rotated around the center of the storm, so the winds would be moving in a circular path. And he believed that the winds move in a

The

discussion

is

on the opos-

sum.

(man

1)

The next animal we need to discuss is the opossum. The opossum is another

(woman)

kind of marsupial. A marsupial? What's a marsupial? A marsupial is an animal that carries its young in a pouch. Oh, like a kangaroo.

(man

Exacdy.

(woman)

(man

2)

2)

(woman)

(man

1)

(man

2)

And how long do young opossums stay in their mother's pouch? For about two months. Then, when the babies are about two months old, they come out of their mother's pouch, but they don't go very far. For the next few months, they go every-

where with their mother They just ride along on their mother's back.

(woman)

(man

1)

So young opossums spend the first two months in their mother's pouch and the next two months hanging on her back? That's right. Now, aren't opossums animals that play dead?

(man 2) (woman)

Yes, they are.

(man (man

2)

Exacdy.

(man

2)

Chris?

Redfield believed that the winds in a

group of students discussing information from a zoology Listen to a

class.

argued that the winds in a storm rotated around the center of the

Exacdy.

WINDS IN STORMS BEHAVE? HOW DID ESPY BELIEVE THAT THE WINDS IN STORMS BEHAVE? WHICH OF THESE DIAGRAMS MOST CLOSELY REPRESENTS WHAT WINDS ACTUALLY DO DURING A STORM?

is

No, Espy's theory was that centripetal force pushed the winds of a storm inward toward the center from all directions. Espy's theory has not proven to be very accurate. Now, who was involved in a debate with Espy in the nineteenth century? Lee? Redfield was the other meteorologist. Did he agree or disagree with Espy?

happens

HOW DID REDFIELD BELIEVE THAT THE

it?

(instructor)

that a

about how the winds in a storm behave. Now, for the most important question. We've already

LIKE? 17.

in the opposite

field's ideas

USED? 16.

move

from the direction

clock moves.

KNOWN AS CALIFORNIA ITS NAME? 14.

that they

direction

1)

And

that's why we talk about playing 'possum if we're talking about pretending that we're asleep or dead.

So when an opossum is frightened by an attacker, it doesn't run away? That's right. It just rolls over on its back, kind of curls up, and pretends that

it's

dead.

RECORDING SCRIPT

(woman)

I

guess

it's just

away and leave 4.

5.

6.

hoping that the it's dead and

think

attacker will

it

TOEFL REVIEW EXERCISE will

go

alone.

(narrator)

(instructor)

from an AmeriThe discussion is on

Listen to a discussion

What I want to discuss next is Chimney Rock. What can you tell me about Chimney Rock? Chimney Rock was one of the major

(Laura)

landmarks for pioneers traveling west

(instructor)

It

was on the Oregon

Trail.

And what does Chimney Rock look

(Doug)

(instructor)

like?

(woman

2)

1)

Chimney Rock is a giant spire of sandstone on top of a large mound. It kind of looks like a large candle on

A very large candle; it's 500 feet high.

(instructor)

And where

(woman

As we said

Chimney Rock located? before, it's on the Oregon

(man)

(instructor)

(woman

2)

(instructor)

(Laura)

it's just

south of the Platte River, actually. the Great Plains, so the it is flat.

That's one rea-

son why it is so noticeable. But it's not in the middle of the Great Plains. It's close to where the Great Plains run into the Rocky Mountains. And what did it mean to the pioneers when they saw Chimney Rock? When the pioneers saw Chimney Rock, it meant that they had almost finished the long trip across the

(instructor)

(Doug)

7.

1)

also

meant

9.

it?

No, it was called the Franklin coin because Franklin was given credit for the wording on the coin. Now, let's look at the front of the coin. Can you describe the front of it

me? Sarah? The front of the

coin has a sundial in

down

sundial.

both a sun and a sundial are And what else? Laura? There's a date along one side and the word fugio along the other side. And then there's some wording at the bottom. And what words are along the bottom? The wording along the bottom is Yes,

is

called is

given credit for this wording. (instructor)

Now let me

describe the back of the

coin for you because

we don't have a

photograph of the back of the coin. On the back of the coin, there's a

made up of thirteen

linked circles, and in the middle of the circle are the words

We are one.

(instructor)

So there are thirteen circles linked into one circle on the back? Yes, and do you understand the sym-

(Laura)

bolism of the thirteen circles linked on the back of the coin? I think so, particularly with the words

(Sarah)

WHICH OF THESE MOST CLOSELY RESEM-

WHERE IS CHIMNEY ROCK LOCATED IN RELATION TO THE PLATTE RIVER? WHERE IS CHIMNEY ROCK LOCATED IN RELATION TO THE GREAT PLAINS AND THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS?

Franklin

the Franklin coin because Franklin

that they

BLES CHIMNEY ROCK? 8.

Was Benjamin

large circle

were almost at the next stage of their trip, the Rocky Mountains. It

Why was it called the

Franklin coin?

Mind your business. The coin

prairie.

(woman

Franklin coin.

there.

And it's on

area around

it

coin was also called the

the middle with a sun shining

is

Trail close to the Platte River;

1)

coin issued by

first

"I fly."

this

on the

(man)

(woman

was the

for (Sarah)

top of a birthday cake.

2)

And

on

stop because of the water supply.

(woman

about

was issued in 1787. This coin was known by two names: it was known as both the Fugio coin and the Franklin coin. First of all, can you tell me why it was called the Fugio coin? Laura? It was called the Fugio coin because it had the word fugio on the front of the coin. Fugio is a Latin word which

means

Pioneers

on the Oregon Trail would stop at Chimney Rock because it was close to the Platte River. It was a good place to (instructor)

is

Today we're going to talk about a coin from early in the history of the United States. It

in the nineteenth century.

(man)

discussion

the United States government, and

can history class. Chimney Rock.

1)

The

an early American coin.

Questions 7-9

(woman

1),

Listen to a discussion in an American history class.

THREATENED?

(instructor)

29-3

Questions 1-5

WHERE WOULD A ONE-MONTH-OLD BABY OPOSSUM MOST LIKELY BE FOUND? WHERE WOULD A THREE-MONTH-OLD OPOSSUM MOST LIKELY BE WHILE ITS MOTHER IS WALKING AROUND? WHAT DOES AN OPOSSUM DO WHEN IT IS

(narrator)

(Skills

page 128

We are one. This design on the back of the coin symbolizes the thirteen original colonies linked into (Doug)

one country.

That's a very appropriate idea for the first

coin issued by the United States

after the

dence.

country won

its

indepen-

RECORDING SCRIPT

2.

BY WHAT TWO NAMES IS THIS COIN KNOWN? WHEN WAS THIS COIN FIRST ISSUED?

3.

FOR WHICH PART OF THE COIN WAS

1.

facecloths. It used

5.

WHAT DO THE CIRCLES ON THE BACK OF THE COIN LOOK LIKE? WHAT WORDS ARE ON THE BACK OF THE

facecloths.

(woman)

COIN? Questions 6-10 (narrator)

Listen to a group of students dis-

cussing a presentation for a business class.

The

discussion

is

on the market-

ing of Kleenex.

(man

1)

Our presentation

for marketing class

in a few days. Let's see

is

what

infor-

mation we have come up with. (woman)

Okay.

Our

history.

2)

There seem

to

ing the 1920s, and third,

6. 7.

its

use as a

the 1930s. For the presentation,

how

about the first phase, the use of Kleenex during World War

8.

its

(woman)

I'll

talk

about the second phase,

use as a substitute for facecloths. that leaves me with the third

And

phase, the use of Kleenex as a substi-

(man

2)

9.

if I talk

I.

And

10.

WHAT WAS THE SITUATION AT KIMBERLYCLARK AT THE END OF WORLD WAR I?

HOW DID KIMBERLY-CLARK LEARN THAT ITS PRODUCT HAD A USE AS A HANDKERCHIEF? MATCH THE USE OF THE PRODUCT TO THE MARKETING STRATEGY ASSOCIATED WITH THAT USE.


1)

tute for handkerchiefs.

students in an oceanography

The (instructor)

why don't we review

with an emphasis

on the marketing of

2)

Sounds like a good idea to me. So, I'll go first. The first phase of the product was its use during World War I.

pany developed Kleenex for use in bandages and gas masks. During this first phase, the company did not need to worry about marketing the product. Because it was during a war, there was very high demand for the prod-

(Beth)

1)

Now, for the second phase. After the war, the company had a huge surplus of Kleenex, and it had to market the product. During the 1920s, KimberlyClark decided to market Kleenex as a high-end and glamorous substitute for

class.

atolls.

In this course,

we have

number of the

ocean's unusual fea-

An

discussed a

Today, we're going to discuss

atoll is

and

a ring-shaped mass of coral

algae.

An atoll is made of coral and algae. And where are atolls

(instructor)

That's right.

(Jim)

found? Jim? Atolls are found in tropical and sub-

where the water temperature is fairly warm. The coral and reef-building algae grow tropical areas of the ocean,

best in fairly warm water. (instructor)

uct.

(man

on

and how they're formed. First, can you tell me what an atoll is? Beth?

Cotton was in short supply during

the war, so the Kimberley-Clark com-

is

atolls

the product during each phase.

(man

discussion

tures.

the key

points for each of these phases now,

(woman)


Now, don't forget that we're supposed to focus on the marketing of the product during each of the phases, not just Okay,

more

WHAT ARE THE STUDENTS DOING? MATCH THE USE OF THE PRODUCT TO THE PERIOD OF TIME WHEN THAT USE PREDOMI-

the history.

(man

that a large

NATED.

substitute for handkerchiefs during

1)

showed

useful as a handkerchief than as a

use as a substitute for facecloths dur-

(man

testing

facecloth.

be three clear phases in the early history of Kleenex. First, its use during World War I, second its

about

to the third phase.

majority thought Kleenex was

ful product.

(man

While Kimberly-Clark was marketing Kleenex only for use as a facecloth, a number of people began writing in to the company saying that there was another use for Kleenex besides its use as a facecloth: Kleenex was even more useful as a replacement for handkerchiefs. In 1930, the company's marketing department decided to conduct consumer testing to determine if the product should be pre-

sumer

We're supposed to show how the early marketing of Kleenex helped to turn it into such a successits

Now, on

sented as a facecloth or as a handkerchief. The results of the con-

topic for the presentation

the marketing of Kleenex early in

is

actresses in

marketing, and women who wanted to be glamorous like the celebrities used Kleenex in place of

FRANKLIN GIVEN CREDIT? 4.

famous

its

look at how atolls are formed. We'll look at a series of three diagrams and discuss what is happening in each. This diagram shows the

Now,

first

let's

step in the process.

What does

the diagram show? Linda? (Linda)

This diagram shows a new volcanic island that has formed.

(instructor)

And what's growing around canic island?

the vol-

— RECORDING SCRIPT

(Linda)

(instructor)

(Beth)

A coral reef is growing around this

The

new volcanic

the Caspian Sea, which

island.

is

is

the largest

inland body of water in the world.

Beth, can you describe what's happen-

The Caspian Sea is a

ing in this diagram?

between Europe and Asia. It's believed that this lake was originally connected to the world's oceans, which would account for its saltwater content. As the earth's plates moved, this arm of the ocean was cut off.

The second diagram shows

that the

worn down.

it's

And what's happened with

the coral

reef while the volcanic island has

eroded?

The

(instructor)

Now let's look at the

coral reef has continued to grow.

below the

worn down

The

other Great Lakes, was formed by glaciers. Glaciers covered the northern part of North America until

so far

level

10,000 years ago and were responsible

above the water, and the remains of the volcano are under the coral

is

world. Lake Superior, along with the

of the ocean. coral has built up even further, so

it's

is

the largest freshwater lake in the

diagram? Jim? In this diagram, you can see that the volcanic island has

to discuss

Lake Superior, which is one of the Great Lakes in North America and

third diagram in

the series. What's happening in this

that

saltwater lake

The next lake I'm going

(Beth)

(Jim)

lake I'm going to discuss

Now let's look at the second diagram.

volcanic island has started to erode

(instructor)

first

is

for carving out the Great Lakes,

including Lake Superior.

water. (instructor)

Yes,

and

it's

The

when the ring an atoll. The volcano

at this stage

Lake Baikal, which

of coral is called has sunk, and there's a pool of water

Now, what do we

inside the atoll.

(Linda)

Baikal Baikal

an

it is a very deep lake, the deepest lake in the world. Lake Baikal is so deep that, even though its surface area is much smaller than the surface area of Lake Superior, it could

Linda? The pool of water inside the

atoll is

The body of water an atoll is called a lagoon. You seem to understand quite clearly how atolls result when coral reefs around volcanic islands continue to grow as That's correct.

ish.

That's

next

13. 14.

all

for today.

I'll

see

you

hold the water of all the Great Lakes combined. 1.

HOW ARE EACH OF THESE LAKES DESCRIBED THE LECTURE? HOW WAS EACH OF THESE LAKES FORMED? IN

2.

Questions 3-5

WHAT IS AN ATOLL MADE OF? WHICH OF THESE IS AN ATOLL? WHERE DO ATOLLS TEND TO GROW? IN THE DISCUSSION, THE PROCESS OF THE STEPS IN ORDER.

WHERE IS THE LAGOON?

ACADEMIC LECTURES (Computer)

(narrator)

Listen to a lecture in an archeology class.

professor

is

(professor)

Fossils are generally

is

talking about

talking about

considered to be and animals that

the remains of plants

have turned to stone. There are a number of processes by which a living organism can be converted to a fossil, but each of the known processes generally have a number of characteristics

common. its

break down. After the

Listen to a lecture in a geography

The

professor

After an animal dies,

144

Questions 1-2 class.

The

the formation of fossils.

in

EXERCISE 32, page 143 TOEFL EXERCISE 32, page (narrator)

the

class.

FORMATION OF ATOLLS IS DISCUSSED. SUMMARIZE THE PROCESS BY PUTTING THE 15.

split in

earth's crust,

atoll?

the volcanic islands themselves dimin-

12.

Lake

earth's crust

Because Lake

at a fault.

formed over a

is

the pool of water that remains inside

inside

11.

in Russia.

is

formed when the

broke apart

call

called a lagoon. (instructor)

third lake I'm going to discuss

soft tissues

have decomposed, only the hard parts of the body, such as the bones and teeth, remain. soft tissues

lakes. (professor)

Today, we're going to look at three of the world's largest lakes, the Caspian

Lake Superior, and Lake Baikal. Each of these lakes was formed in a different way, and these three lakes clearly demonstrate the three major Sea,

ways that a lake can form.

Over a long period of time, the hard tissue becomes buried under layers of sediment. As more layers of sediment cover the hard tissue, it becomes buried more and more deeply.

When

the bones are buried

the earth, they

come

deep

in

into contact with

ground water, and a change begins

to

RECORDING SCRIPT

from the ground water seep into the bones and, over

because

occur. Minerals

long periods of time, the minerals eventually replace the bones. This

when

the actual step occurs,

is

Now,

we'll talk

Some

olive oil

olive oil. If

an

olive oil, this

only olive

or cold-pressed

oil

olive oil

means but

oil,

it

called pure

is

that

it

contains

was not obtained

The buried fossilized

through a cold-press process.

are buried

uct called pure olive

remains, which deep within the earth, may then make their way back to the surface. As the earth moves, the remains are pushed around. If they get closer to the surface, they

oil

of the

taste

The

reach the surface, where they can been seen, or get near enough to the surface, where they can be dug out. ally

oil.

final type

mention

of olive

briefly

is

oil I'd like to

light olive

the label of a bottle of olive that

THE LECTURE, THE PROFESSOR DESCRIBES HOW THE PROCESS OF FOS-

means

SILIZATION GETS STARTED. SUMMARIZE THE PROCESS BY PUTTING THE STEPS IN ORDER. IN THE LECTURE, THE PROFESSOR EXPLAINS WHAT HAPPENS TO THE BURIED BONES.

has been added to the olive

pure

6.

STEPS IN ORDER.

(narrator)

Some

olive oil.

is

oil to

THE LECTURE, THE PROFESSOR DESCRIBES THE COLD-PRESS PROCESS. SUMMARIZE THE PROCESS BY PUTTING THE STEPS IN ORDER.

7.

WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT GRADES OF OLrVE OIL?

8.

WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF OIL PRODUCED BY THE COLD-PRESS PROCESS? 33,

page 149 33, page 150

TOEFL EXERCISE Listen to a lecture in a nutrition class.

The

professor

Questions 1-8

talking about olive

is

(narrator)

oil.

Listen to a lecture in a botany

The (professor)

not other type of oil

that the oil in the bottle

IN

EXERCISE

Questions 6—8

When

lighten the taste.

SUMMARIZE THE PROCESS BY PUTTING THE

IN ORDER.

oil.

oil says

light olive oil, this probably

it is

IN

THE LECTURE, THE PROFESSOR EXPLAINS WHAT HAPPENS AFTER THE HARD TISSUE HAS FOSSILIZED UNDERGROUND. SUMMARIZE THE PROCESS BY PUTTING THE STEPS

A prod-

has often

been obtained from a heat process, which has an effect on the color and

may either actu-

IN

press-

about pure olive oil. is called pure olive oil

rather than virgin

the

ground water have replaced the actual hard tissue from the original body.

5.

comes from a later

ing.

fossilization

when minerals from

it

Today,

I'll

be talking about various

professor

is

class.

talking about

conifers.

and the processes by

types of olive oil

which they are produced. Olive oil can be produced by a cold process or by a heated process; the highest quality oils are produced by the cold-press

(professor)

be talking about conifers, which are the type of trees, such as pines, that have cones instead of colToday,

I'll

orful flowers.

About a

third of the

world's trees are conifers, and the vast

process.

majority of conifers are found in the

me explain

Let

the cold-press process.

made without heat by

Olive oil can be

pressing very ripe olives. Because is

affected.

What results from

pressing of the olives olive oil.

You may

extra virgin olive oil,

is

oil.

heard of

Like virgin olive

extra virgin olive oil

first

this first

called virgin

also have

is

made from

special olives with a

low acid content. Thus, extra virgin olive oil has a lower acid level than virgin oil, but they both come from the first cold pressing of the olives.

once, they are pressed again, numer-

comes from a

ous times. Olive

oil that

later pressing

called cold-pressed

olive oil;

it is

not called virgin olive

Both the oldest and the biggest trees in the world belong to the conifer family.

The

pine, which

The

living tree

is

feet

is

located in California.

giant redwoods, which are also

trees;

in California, are the largest

they can be several hundred

tall

tons.

and weigh

An

as

much as 2,000

interesting note about the

giant redwoods

even though the trees are so large, they have relatively

is

that,

small cones.

conifers

true of most, but not is

all,

that they are evergreens

with needle-like leaves. like

oil

known

oldest

a four-thousand-year-old bristlecone

What is

After the olives have been pressed

is

Siberia.

found

from the

cold pressing. Extra virgin olive

oil is

and

no

used in this process, the color and taste of the olive oil is not heat

great conifer forests of North America

The

needle-

shape to tree leaves evolved

reaction to drought.

as a

When compared

RECORDING SCRIPT

flat leaf,

much

smaller surface area, which

decreases the

through the

action a teacher wanted to take could

a needle presents a

with a

amount of water

leaves.

be regulated. Teachers could be forbidden to smoke or to drink; they were also sometimes forbidden to spend time with men or to marry if they wanted to remain teachers.

lost

Because most

conifers are evergreens, they lose

and

replace their needles throughout the year, rather

leaves in

than shedding all their as deciduous

one season,

9.

10.

trees do. 1

.

2.

WHAT IS TRUE ABOUT ALL CONIFERS? WHAT PERCENT OF THE WORLD'S TREES

11.

ARE CONIFERS?

THE LECTURE THAT MOST

3.

IT IS IMPLIED IN

4.

CONIFERS ARE FOUND IN WHICH HEMISPHERE? WHAT IS TRUE ABOUT THE BIGGEST AND

5.

6.

7.

8.

13.

OLDEST TREES? WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS MOST LIKELY A GIANT REDWOOD? WHAT CAN BE INFERRED FROM THE LECTURE? WHY DID NEEDLE-SHAPED LEAVES EVOLVE? WHAT CAN BE DETERMINED FROM THE LECTURE ABOUT DIFFERENT TYPES OF TREES?


Listen to a lecture in an astronomy class.

The

professor

The

professor

is

talking about

early teachers.

ductory education course because you

want

to

become

teachers. I'd like to

introduce this course with a little information about the life of a teacher a century ago. I hope you'll appreciate how much the life of a teacher has changed over the past

life

of a teacher was quite different from what it is now. There were very strict

governed every aspect of the teacher's life. The rules were not just about how a teacher could conduct herself in the classroom and on the school grounds. There were also numerous rules that governed just about everything a teacher did. rules that

Here are some of the rules. Teachers had to follow strict rules about their appearance; they were sometimes told not to wear colorful clothing, not to dye their hair or wear it loose, and not to wear their skirts above the ankle. Teachers' whereabouts during afterschool hours were also strictly regulated; there were rules forbidding

cream

the second planet in

The

planet in the solar system.

planet Venus

is

easily visible in

the sky from Earth, although not always as a complete globe.

through phases, just

It

like the

goes

Moon.

Sometimes it's fully visible, like a full moon, sometimes it's half visible, and sometimes it is only a small crescent. actually at

its

brightest

when

it's

a

crescent.

Early in the twentieth century, the

x teachers

is

our solar system and is almost the same size as our Earth, which is the

It's

century.

talking about

Today, we'll be discussing the planet

fifth largest

All of you are enrolled in this intro-

is

Venus.

Venus, which Listen to a lecture in an education class.

(professor)

14.

THE RULES DISCUSSED IN THIS LECTURE RELATE TO WHAT PERIOD OF TIME? IT IS IMPLIED IN THE LECTURE THAT THE TEACHERS DISCUSSED IN THE LECTURE HAD WHAT KIND OF LIFESTYLE? WHAT RULES ABOUT CLOTHING ARE DISCUSSED IN THE LECTURE? WHERE WOULD A TEACHER FROM THE ERA DISCUSSED IN THE LECTURE MOST LIKELY BE AT 9:00 IN THE EVENING? WHERE WERE THE TEACHERS IN THE LECTURE FORBIDDEN TO GO?

(professor)


12.

WHO IS LISTENING TO THIS LECTURE?

to

go

to bars

and

to ice

were rules requiring teachers to be at home after 8:00 in the evening, and there were rules forbidding them to leave town without permission. Just about any parlors, there

Venus

is

a very hot planet.

The tem-

perature there can reach almost to

500 degrees centigrade, or 900 degrees Fahrenheit. It's so hot on Venus for two primary reasons: first, it's hot because of its closeness to the Sun, and second, it's hot because of its atmosphere. Its atmosphere is almost entirely carbon dioxide, which holds in the heat from the Sun extremely well.

Venus

is

also well-known for the

clouds that cover

Venus

is

visible to

As you know, us on Earth, but

it.

it's

not actually the planet that we see; it's the clouds. The surface of Venus can't be seen, even with a telescope, because of the clouds that surround the planet.

The clouds on Venus

are

very different from the clouds on Earth. Earth's clouds are

made of

water vapor, but on Venus there

is no The clouds on Venus are actually made of sulfuric acid. These

water.

clouds help to contribute to the

RECORDING SCRIPT

brightness of Venus in our

When

sky.

Venus appears to shine so brightly,

3.

VILLAGE?

because the light of the sun is reflecting off of Venus's clouds of sulfuric

Questions 4-6

acid. 15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

HOW DOES THE PROFESSOR DESCRIBE THE STOCKADE SURROUNDING AN IROQUOIS

it's

(narrator)

CAN BE INFERRED FROM THE LECTURE THAT VENUS IS HOW LARGE IN RELATION TO THE OTHER PLANETS IN OUR SOLAR SYSIT

Listen to a lecture in a biology class.

The (professor)

lecture

Today,

I'll

is

on tropism

in plants.

be talking about the con-

TEM?

cept of tropism as

HOW DOES VENUS COMPARE WITH THE

Tropism, for those of you who don't know, refers to a bending of a plant or a part of a plant, in response to an

it

relates to plants.

MOON? WHAT CAN BE INFERRED ABOUT VENUS WHEN IT IS IN A FULL PHASE? WHAT ARE THE HIGHEST TEMPERATURES ON VENUS? WHY IS IT HOT ON VENUS? WHAT IS IMPLIED IN THE LECTURE ABOUT THE CLOUDS THAT SURROUND VENUS? WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING ARE TRUE, ACCORDING TO THE LECTURE?

There are three important kinds of tropism. They are phototropism, geotropism, and hydrotropism. In each of

WHY IS VENUS SO BRIGHT?

First, we'll

outside stimulus.

these kinds of tropism, a plant, or a

part of the plant, bends in response to a different kind of outside stimulus. discuss phototropism.

outside stimulus in phototropism

EXERCISE 34, 155 TOEFL EXERCISE

light.

34,

totropism,

page 156

Listen to a lecture in a course

Native American studies. is

(professor)

affected by pho-

grows in the direction of

The

The second kind of tropism

lecture

pism. In geotropism, the outside stimulus

known

as

some

long houses.

gravity. In a

geotro-

plant affected by

because of the pull of gravity. When a plant is affected by geotropism, it's often the root structure that's affected.

vents in the roof.

The

kind of tropism that I'll discuss today is hydrotropism. When hydrotropism affects a plant, this means that the plant is drawn toward water. A plant under the effect of hydrotropism will grow in the direction of its water source.

There was a doorway at the end of a longhouse, and above the doorway was a carving of an animal. This carved animal just above the doorway indicated the clan, or family, that the

belonged to. The insignia above the doorway might be a turtle if the inhabitants were part of the clan of the turtle, or it might be a bear if the inhabitants were a part of

group

living inside

4.

5.

the clan of the bear.

An

is

is

geotropism, the affected part of the plant grows directly downward

Iroquois houses were very sophisti-

These houses were long, single-story houses with U-shaped roofs. They were windowless, but they did have

6.

Iroquois village consisted of a

number of these longhouses. Around an Iroquois village, there was usually a stockade, which is a defensive wall or barrier

made

of wooden posts.

The

was typically hexagonal in shape, which means that it was six-sided.

had vertical wood

It

around the outside of the stockade, and these posts had sharpened ends pointing upward for further protection. posts

HOW DOES THE PROFESSOR DESCRIBE AN IROQUOIS HOUSE?

WHAT PART OF THE HOUSE INDICATES WHAT CLAN THE INHABITANTS BELONG TO?

final

WHICH OF THESE PLANTS IS EXHIBITING PHOTOTROPISM? WHICH OF THESE ROOT SYSTEMS IS EXHIBITING GEOTROPISM? WHAT IS THE STIMULUS FOR HYDROTROPISM?


Listen to a lecture in an archeology class.

stockade around an Iroquois village

2.

it

is

on

on Iroquois houses.

cated buildings

1.

a plant

is

a light source such as the Sun.


When

The

The

lecture

is

on some archeo-

logical finds at Little Salt Spring. (professor)

Spring in Florida has provided some very important archeological finds. Little Salt Spring was once believed to be just a shallow lake, but then a deep sinkhole with almost vertical sides was discovered beneath the lake. Twelve thousand years ago, the water level was much lower, down to the level of the sinkhole, and the sinkhole provided drinking water for Little Salt

humans and

animals. In the sinkhole,

637

RECORDING SCRIPT

archeologists have discovered a

num-

sion Memorial.

sinkhole 12,000 years ago.

Louis.

the sinkhole.

from

One was a weapon, and

discoveries provide insight into the

Jefferson's presidency, Lewis

type of hunter society that lived

Clark set out from

around the sinkhole.

new

that was

hole.

The boomerang

in Little Salt Spring est

is

that was

St.

found

top of the sinkhole, where the sink-

hole meets the lake. In ancient times, at the

of the sinkhole, animals would come to the sinkhole to drink. The inhabitants of the area had built a trap at the top of the sinkhole to trap level

WHAT TYPE OF WEAPON WAS FOUND AT THE

1.

WHERE WAS THE WEAPON FOUND? WHERE WAS THE WATER LEVEL 12,000 YEARS

2.

AGO?

3.

4.

(Skills

32-34),

page 159 5.

Questions 1-5

American The lecture is on the St.

Listen to a lecture in an

his-

Louis Arch.

WHAT DOES THE PROFESSOR SAY ABOUT WHERE ARE EACH OF THESE FEATURES OF THE ARCH LOCATED? WHY IS THE ARCH NAMED AFTER JEFFERTHE LECTURE THAT IT IS APPROXIMATELYWHAT DISTANCE BETWEEN ST. LOUIS AND THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST? THE PROFESSOR EXPLAINS A HISTORICAL SERIES OF EVENTS. PUT THE EVENTS IN IT IS IMPLIED IN

ORDER. Questions 6-10

Today, we'll be looking at a structure is

Thomas Jefferson.

SON?

WHERE WAS THE TRAP FOUND?

that

itself was

popularly called the

St.

(narrator)

why it was constructed and what

it

commemorates.

Listen to a lecture in a geology class.

The

Louis

Arch. We'll be looking at how it was constructed and, more importantly,

lecture

(professor)

high stainless steel arch. It's remarkable for its engineering; it has no inner form; instead it is dependent on its two hollow legs for support. There

the

an observatory

at the top of

the arch.

Louis Arch because it is in St. Louis, but its real name is the Jefferson National Expan-

Most people

call it

the

St.

structure of the

tle,

is

made up of a number of

From

the outside to the inside,

earth

In this photo you can see the 630-foot

visi-

on the

Today, I'm going to give you a brief overview of the structure of the earth.

The

are"trams inside the legs to take

is

earth.

layers.

tors to

this

THE ARCH?

SINKHOLE?

(professor)

The arch

sion,

animals that came there to drink.

tory class.

honor

designed to represent a gateway, or a doorway, to the west. At the base of the arch there's a subterranean museum. This museum is named the Museum of Westward Expansion because it honors all the pioneers who headed west from St. Louis. In the middle of the museum is a statue of the president who was responsible for much of this expan-

sinkhole. This animal trap was at the


In was to

period of expansion that the arch was constructed.

discovery was an animal

down

more than two

and Clark, thousands of pioneers set off from St. Louis and headed west.

the world's old-

the water level was

little

dition of Lewis

into the earth at the edge of the

when

Louis to the Pacific Northwest and

back that lasted a

trap that consisted of wooden stakes

dug

Louis to explore Their

St.

territories to the west.

years. In the years following the expe-

known boomerang.

The second

and

expedition was a 4,000-mile trip from

found was a

a ledge in the vertical side of the sink-

(narrator)

after Jefferson

In 1804, several years after the start of

boomerang, which is a very ancient type of weapon. The boomerang was found deep in the sinkhole. It was on

10.

named

the other was an animal trap. These

The weapon

9.

It's

because it was under the presidency of Thomas Jefferson that the greatest expansion of the country took place.

about two of the impor-

tant archeological discoveries

8.

a memorial

because it was built in memory of the expansion of the nation beyond St.

I'd like to talk

7.

It's

ber of items that give clues to the lifestyle of the inhabitants around the

main layers are the and the core.

Let's look at a

main

layers.

outer

layer,

and

crust, the

man-

diagram of the earth's

The

crust

is

the thin

then there

is

the mantle,

which is divided into the outer core and the finally there's the core,

inner core.

about the crust. The a thin, hard layer of rock. As

First, let's talk

crust

is

RECORDING SCRIPT

these early alphabets, from early

you can see in the diagram, the crust is quite thin. The crust is about 20 miles thick under land masses. Under the oceans, the crust

The

crust

is

is

from Phoenician, and from early Greek. These letters were the predecessors of the letter c. They were Semitic,

even thinner.

only about 4 miles thick

each the third

and they were all formed with a shorter and a longer

under the oceans.

tive

about the mantle. The mantle makes up the greatest part of the earth. The mantle is about 1,800

Now,

let's talk

miles deep. als that

It's

made

The mande

minerals.

is

meeting at a sharp angle. In each of these languages, the letter was pronounced with a hard g sound, as in go or get. This letter did not have an s or

silicate

k sound.

a huge mass

As languages developed, this early c was used for both the g sound as in go and get and the k sound as in kite or kid. The angular letter seen here from early Latin had two sounds, a k sound and a g sound. By the classical Latin period, these two sounds were differ-

of stony material.

Now,

we'll look at the core,

which

actually has two distinct parts, the

outer core and the inner core. Neither the outer core nor the inner core is

as

wide

as the

mande; the outer

than 1,400 miles wide, and the inner core has a radius of 800 miles. The outer core is a layer of liquid metal; it definitely has liquid nickel and iron, and it may have other substances. The outer core is the only liquid layer. The inner core is composed of nickel and iron, as the outer core is, but the inner core is not a liquid layer like the outer core. It is extremely hot at the inner core, but there's also an extreme amount of pressure on the minerals in the inner core that keeps them firm rather than core

is

less

entiated. ter

new

HOW THICK IS THE CRUST?

7.

WHAT ARE EACH OF THE LAYERS COMPOSED

The

language with the victory of the Normans over the Saxons in Britain in 1066. Because of this French influence, the letter c took on the s sound in addition to the k

is

ciation of the letter

in the

different pronunciations for

alphabets.

Look

At

this

point in

there were four stages

development of the pronuncia-

bet. In the beginning, the third letter

of the alphabet was pronounced with a g sound. Then, in early Latin, the

has two It

can

third letter

one

let-

c existed as

number of early

at the letters

from

had two sounds, gznd

In later Latin, a for the

k.

new letter was created

g sound, and the

letter c

had

only a k sound. Finally, because of the

French influence on English, the ter c also took on an s sound. 11.

to be.

Precursors of the letter

c.

pronun-

tion of the third letter of the alpha-

be pronounced like a k, as in the words car, can, or coal. It can also be pronounced like an s, as in the words cent, circle, or cease. Let's look at the history and development of the letter c to understand how these two very

the third letter of a

it

I.

c.

letter c in today's English

came

that

the English language, the letter chas a k sound when it precedes the vowels a, o, u, or a consonant such as The letter c generally has an s sound in front of the vowels e, i, and y.

talking about

very different pronunciations.

ter

sound

Let's look at this chart of the

Listen to a lecture in a linguistics

The

in

final

To summarize,

the history of the letter (professor)

had a g sound. Thus,

change was the addition of the 5 sound to the letter c. This happened because of the French influence on English. There was a major influence of French on the English

Questions 11-16 professor

This

cwas pronounced only with a k sound.

WHICH LAYER IS 1,800 MILES WIDE? WHAT MINERALS ARE IN THE CORE? APPROXIMATELY HOW FAR IS IT FROM THE SURFACE OF THE EARTH TO ITS CENTER?

The

c.

classical Latin, the letter

OF?

class.

was pronounced

A new letter was cre-

already had.

6.

(narrator)

this letter

letter

let-

to create the letter c

ated by adding a line to the

is all for our overview of the various layers that make up the earth. We'll be having a quiz on the material next class, so be prepared.

10.

early Latin angular

was rounded

of today;

That

9.

The

with a k sound.

liquid.

8.

alphabets,

line

of stony materi-

were created from

letter in their respec-

12.

let-

WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING LETTERS WAS NOT A PREDECESSOR OF THE LETTER C? HOW WAS THE THIRD LETTER OF THE ALPHABET PRONOUNCED IN PHOENICIAN AND EARLY GREEK?

RECORDING SCRIPT

13.

IN

WHICH LANGUAGE WAS THE LETTER G

11.

CREATED? 14.

15.

16.

THE LETTER C TOOK ON AN S SOUND BECAUSE OF AN INFLUENCE FROM WHICH LANGUAGE? WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING ENGLISH WORDS BEGIN WITH AN S SOUND? THE PROFESSOR DISCUSSES STAGES IN THE HISTORY OF THE THIRD LETTER OF THE ALPHABET. PUT THE FOLLOWING HISTORI-

12.

13.

(woman) (man)

Are you I

really

feel like

hungry?

haven't eaten in weeks.

I

(narrator)


(man)

The

(woman)

I'll

(narrator)


(man)

Have you seen the headlines

outside

traffic

is

really loud!

say!

yet

today?

CAL STAGES IN ORDER.

haven't had a chance to read a word.

(woman)

I

(narrator)

WHAT ARE THEY PROBABLY DISCUSSING?

14.

LISTENING POST-TEST

(man)

(Paper)

Part A, page 165

2.

3.

(woman) (man)

Are the exams corrected yet? No, but they'll be corrected by noon.

(narrator)


(woman) (man)

Has Martha's visa arrived yet? I think it arrived last month.

(narrator)


(man)

What did

5.

6.

7.

do

in the first


(woman)

How did Chuck look when you visited

17.


(woman)

I

(man)

You should never

(narrator)


( narrator)


(man)

How much was

18.

tuition increased for

next month? More than I can afford.

(narrator)


(woman)

How were

(man)

exam. No one got above a C.

(narrator)


on the

19.

history

(woman) (man)

Are you enjoying the dessert? Never have I tasted such delicious

(narrator)


(man)

THE CAKE? Why are you so late getting here?

(woman)

Oh,

(woman) (man)

20.

(man)

(woman)

(woman)

( narrator)

21.

help you find something? Yes, thank you. I need to get a new I


22.

(man) (narrator)

Carl,

and we

for a while.

WHAT DOES THE WOMAN MEAN? Do you know where Debbie Her purse

is still

is?

here, so she must

still

WHAT DOES THE MAN SAY ABOUT Do you know when rent is due? The landlord collects it on the first of fail.

WHAT DOES THE WOMAN MEAN? My car is making some funny noises. Why not take it to a mechanic? WHAT DOES THE MAN SUGGEST

(man)

Martha's holding

same

I'd like to open an account. Would you like a savings account or

WHERE DOES THIS CONVERSAspend so much time

my cousin

and talked

TO THE WOMAN?


Why does Jane

ran into

the month, without

23.

down two jobs

at the

time.

(woman)

She'd better take

(narrator)


(woman)

Did you get


I

DEBBIE?

an interest-bearing checking account? ( narrator)

say "impossible."

(woman) (man)

(narrator)

was impossible to find a place to park before the ten o'clock class!

Can

to pass


It

(man)

me

be in the apartment.

You know, this is the second time this week that you've been late to class!


impossible for

( narrator)

(narrator)

(narrator)

it's

(woman)

stayed

(woman)

the grades

think

Why were you thanking Tom? He lent me enough money to pay the

(man)

rug.

9.

minutes

cake!

in the hospital?

He's looked better.

(narrator)

five

(narrator)

I

(man)

(woman)

You'd better hurry. Take

rent.

(narrator)

(man)

8.

the professor

15.

16.

(woman)

(woman)

going to

this class.

missed it because I was late. She outlined the course requirements.

him

it's

a while longer.

too long, and you'll miss the bus.

class?

4.

me

take

(woman)

1.

I'm not ready yet, and

it

easy.

to the airport in plenty of

time?

(man)

in

San Francisco? She has a cousin there, so she likes to visit, especially during the holidays.

There was

scarcely

enough time

to get

there.

24.

(narrator)


(woman)

You should put some money

(man)

parking meter. Parking fees aren't necessary on the


in the

weekend, are they? (narrator)


RECORDING SCRIPT

25.

(man)

How is your boss feeling about his

on Sunday,

retirement?

time for studying.

Oh, he

(woman)

isn't

too

unhappy

to

be

(man)

retir-

ing.

WHAT DOES THE WOMAN IMPLY ABOUT HER BOSS?

(narrator)

Oh,

26. (woman) (man)

I

I

WHAT IS THE WOMAN PLANNING TO DO SAT-

32.

WHY DOES THE MAN WANT TO GO TO THE

I

wanted.

33.

Did you hear the president's announcement this morning? Yes, the president appointed Mr. Drew head of the newly formed commis-

(woman) (man)

34.

FOOTBALL GAME? WHAT IS AT THE SAME TIME AS THE MUSIC DEPARTMENT'S CONCERT? WHEN DOES THE MAN PLAN TO STUDY?


WHAT DOES THE MAN MEAN? Were you upset by what Richard

28. (man)

to

(woman)

couldn't have been

more

I

(narrator)


(man)

infuriated!

(woman)

me just get these last plates put

(woman)

Then, I'll be ready to go. So you did do the dishes.

(narrator)

WHAT HAD THE WOMAN ASSUMED?

(woman)

wouldn't have bought these cherries had I known that grapes were so cheap. I


(narrator)

Part B, page

(man)

Why did you get that kind of fruit?

(woman) (man)

1

68


Listen to a conversation between two friends

(woman) (man)

(woman)

who

are

making

(man)

plans.

Do you

have any plans this weekend? There's so much to choose from on campus that I'm not sure what I'm

(woman)

orbiting junk

far there haven't

game's on Saturday and I'm going with a group of friends. Do you want to go with us? Of course I'd like to go to the football football

it's

the biggest

game of the

And it sounds like

(man)

sea-

(woman) at the cafete-

play being presented by the

Well,

department that I really wanted to see. It's too bad those two events are at the same time. You know, if you go to the game on Saturday night and a concert or play

I

hope

that they're going to

do

this,

Me, too. I know that right now the problem is being studied by numerous scientists; hopefully, they'll be

lem

drama

acci-

able to find solutions before the prob-

together.

That takes care of my plans for Saturday night. But now I need to make a decision about Sunday afternoon. The music department is sponsoring a concert then, and I'd really like to hear that concert. But there's also a

been any such

both for the sake of safety and for the sake of the environment.

dinner at six o'clock on Saturday night, and then we'll go on to the

game

this

particu-

spacecrafts; however, so

something about

fun to go with

Good. We'll be meeting

between

dents.

ria for

(woman)

manned

collisions

and spaceships,

The

a large group of people.

(man)

saw a television program about it last night, and according to the program, there's about 3,000 tons of metal out there in space, traveling at speeds around 17,000 miles per hour. Where did all this garbage come from? Well, it comes from all those space missions that have gone up since 1957. Every time a rocket ship goes up into space, it leaves a lot behind, and this stuff goes into orbit around the Earth: booster rockets, solar panels, remnants of satellites, and even nuclear reactors. Isn't it dangerous to have all this stuff out there? Some space scientists are worried I

larly

son.

cir-

circling the Earth?

going to do.

game:

(woman)

Tons of garbage

about possible

night,

(man)

the

What do you mean?

away.

30.

all

cling the Earth?

vou?

Let

Have you ever thought about

tons of garbage that's out in space

said

(woman)

29. (man)

Listen to a conversation between a

man and a woman.

sion. (narrator)

that the

31.


(narrator)

27.

I

Oh, well. Maybe I can do weekend after this one.

much

URDAY?

see

wish

really

you have a new car. had been able to buy the car

that doesn't leave

gets too

much

worse.

35.

WHAT ARE THE MAN AND WOMAN DIS-

36.

CUSSING? WHERE DID THE THIS PROBLEM?

37.

38.

WOMAN LEARN ABOUT

APPROXIMATELY HOW MUCH METAL IS IN ORBIT IN SPACE? WHAT DOES THE WOMAN HOPE WILL HAPPEN?

641

RECORDING SCRIPT

Part C, page

1

69

turn into a cooling breeze in the evening. The trade winds also keep

Questions 39-42

the humidity down, which makes the

Listen to a sociology professor talk to

(narrator)

her (woman)

weather even more pleasant.

class.

Before

I

you about

ture, I'd like to talk with

the papers that you should be working on. As you know, the topic for the

paper

is

the relationship between

control and violence. is

due

gun

The paper itself

in two weeks, but

I

would

like

43.

44.

on the

45.

right track with the assign-

You need

46.

do some research for this paper, so you should be spending some time in the library. I would like you to have at least three books and at

will

WHAT SEASON OF THE YEAR WILL THE

WHAT IS THE WEATHER LIKE IN HAWAII? WHAT IS TRUE ABOUT THE TRADE WINDS? WHAT WILL THE PEOPLE LISTENING TO THE


Listen to an instructor talk to her class

about Walt Whitman.

recent journal articles as

(woman)

sources.

The paper should be

information

TALK PROBABLY BE DOING SOON?

to

least three

IN

this

TRIP TAKE PLACE?

your oudines by Friday of this week so that I can be sure that you are to see

ment.

hope

help you to understand the weather conditions that you're going to encounter next week on your trip; it should also help you decide what types of clothes you should be packing for your trip. I

start today's sociology lec-

The

topic of today's lecture

is

Walt

Whitman, an American poet and author of the renowned collection of poems Leaves of Grass. This volume of

pages long; in addition to the five pages of composition, you should have a tide page and a one-page reference list of the sources that you used in preparing five

poems

is

a celebration of America,

of pride in the United States and reverence for the goals of American full

the paper.

democracy. 39.

WHEN DOES THIS TALK PROBABLY TAKE

Whitman began writing

PLACE? 40.

41.

WHEN IS THE PAPER DUE? WHAT TYPES OF REFERENCES SHOULD BE USED IN WRITING THE PAPER?

42.

Leaves of Grass

middle of the nineteenth century, and the first edition appeared in 1855 with only twelve poems. Several in the

other editions of Leaves of Grass

HOW MANY TOTAL PAGES SHOULD BE IN

appeared throughout Whitman's lifetime with additional poems; Leaves of Grass grew and matured right along

THE PAPER, INCLUDING THE TITLE PAGE AND THE REFERENCE LIST?

with Whitman.

Questions 43-46

The

(narrator)

Listen to a talk about Hawaii.

(man)

For those of you taking part in the trip to Hawaii next week, I'd like to give you a litde information about the weather that you can expect there.

longest

and best-known poem

Leaves of Grass

daily tem-

interesting to note that

it

there;

at

and contained Whitman's reflections on that event. Lincoln's death occurred in April, in the spring, in a season of new life. This poem reflects that spring can be at the same time a period of death and a period of

it is

only gets a

few degrees warmer in the summer and a few degrees cooler in the win-

rebirth.

ter.

47.

THIS LECTURE WOULD PROBABLY BE A PART

48.

OF WHICH COURSE? WHAT IS THE MOST COMMON THEME IN

49.

LEAVES OF GRASS? WHAT BEST DESCRIBES LEAVES OF GRASS?

One

important factor that keeps the temperature so constant and moderate in Hawaii is the trade winds. These are winds that blow in on the northeast, or windward, side of the islands on an almost daily basis; the trade winds blow through the islands an average of slighdy more than 300 days per year, and they are the strongest during the heat of the afternoon and

poem was written

in 1865

Fahrenheit or 26 degrees Celsius. This is the average daily temperature in the

when we will be

This

the time of Abraham Lincoln's death

perature there to be about 80 degrees

springtime,

"Song of Myself," in the first edition.

The poem "When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloomed" was added to a later edition.

You can expect the average

is

which appeared

in

50.

WHICH IS THE LONGEST AND BEST-KNOWN POEM BYWHITMAN?

RECORDING SCRIPT

LISTENING POST-TEST (Computer) (woman)

Part A, page 172 1.

Are you ready

(man)

to

work on the history

ing.

paper?

2.

3.

(man)

couple of minutes. I have to finish the math problems before I start on history.

(woman)

I

will be, in a

notes at

(woman)

I just

(narrator)


(woman)

Why did

(man)

We couldn't get into our regular class-

you might think about joining the chess club. I belong to it, and it's a

room. Someone

lot

heard the clock

the class

12. it is?

strike

move

noon.

Questions 13-15

to a different

lost the

key to

(woman)

Do you enjoy playing chess?

(man)

Yes,

(woman)

Well,

it.


(man)

(woman)

really do.

I

of fun.

What does the chess club do? The members get together once a week for friendly competitions. Then

(woman)

Should we leave for class now? But it's not time for class yet.

(narrator)


each semester, the three best players

(woman)

I

hope we don't have a quiz today. I'm not really very prepared on the mater-

from the club compete in a tournament with players from other schools. The meetings once a week sound like

(man)

I

(man)

for today.

a lot of fun, but

don't think we

will.

This professor

(narrator)


(man)

Is

the rent check due

on the

first

of

know.

It is, as

(narrator)


far as

I

Did your nieces and nephews like the gifts you got for them? They couldn't have been more excited when they saw what I got.

(woman)

(woman)

Have you been studying for long? For hours, and I'm all worn out.

(narrator)


(woman) (man)

Did you go to the party last night? If I had known about it, I would have.

(narrator)


(man)

THE PARTY? (man)

What are you doing during break next

(woman)

week? I'll be staying

at the

beach with

my

you're ready to compete in a tourna-

ment 13. 14. 15.

in a few

months.

HOW OFTEN DOES THE CHESS CLUB MEET? HOW OFTEN ARE TOURNAMENTS HELD? WHO COMPETES IN THE TOURNAMENTS?

So you did decide to take the after

trip

all.

WHAT DID THE MAN BELIEVE ABOUT THE WOMAN?

(narrator)

1

(narrator)

Listen to a lecture in a botany class.

The

professor

75

Questions 11-12

talking about leaf

arrangements. (professor)

Today we're going

about phyllotaxy. Phyllotaxy is a scientific term that refers to the arrangement of leaves on the stem of a plant. On most plants, leaves are arranged in a definite pattern. It is very unusual for a plant to have randomly placed leaves.

One

to talk

of the main reasons leaves on a

way is to ensure that each leaf is exposed to the maximum amount of light with a

minimum amount of

interference from other leaves.

The

first

type of leaf arrangement

is

You can type of leaf arrangement in

the alternate arrangement. see this

have a problem, and I hope you can help me out. What's your problem? I need to be absent from class on next Friday because I have a doctor's I

is

plant stem are arranged in an orderly

family.

(man)

(woman) (man)

why don't you come with me this Wednesday and try out one of the weekly meetings? You can come to the meetings for a while and then see if Well,

Questions 16-20

HIS NIECES AND NEPHEWS?

(man)

don't think I'm


(narrator)

Part B, page

I

ready to take part in a tournament against other schools.

(woman)

(woman)

(man)

10.

all.

WHAT PROBLEM DOES THE MAN HAVE? WHAT PROBLEM DOES THE WOMAN HAVE?

the month?

9.

no

Do you know what time

11.

rarely, if ever, gives quizzes.

8.

messy

(man)

(man)

7.

in

better than


ial

6.

much

(narrator)

(narrator)

5.

Thanks very much. Notes handwriting are

room?

4.

appointment, and I'll need to borrow someone's notes. Well, you can certainly borrow mine, if you don't mind my messy handwrit-

the diagram. In this type of leaf

arrangement, there is only one leaf at each node, which is the spot where the leaf

is

attached to the stem.

The next type

of leaf arrangement

is

the opposite arrangement, which you

RECORDING SCRIPT

WHAT DOES THE PROFESSOR SAY ABOUT

can see in the diagram. In this type of leaf arrangement, there are two leaves at each node, and these two leaves are opposite each other on the stem. This type of leaf arrangement is not as

20.

common

Questions 21-25

as the alternate arrange-

ment, with one leaf at each node.

The

last

19.

THE BOTANICAL GARDEN?

HOW MANY EXAMPLES DO THE STUDENTS HAVE TO FIND FOR THEIR ASSIGNMENT?

(narrator)

phy

type of leaf arrangement that

we're going to look at

is

(instructor)

arrangement. In this type of arrangement, three or more leaves are attached to the stalk of the plant at the same node. In the diagram, you can see three leaves at the same node; it's also possible for there to be more than three leaves at the same node,

arrangement would still be considered a whorled arrangement. leaf

of these different types of leaf structures, write down the names of the

(Gwen)

(instructor) ( Gwen)

most

common

is

the

17. 18.

THE PROFESSOR DISCUSSES FOUR TYPES OF LEAF ARRANGEMENTS. MATCH THE TYPE OF LEAF ARRANGEMENT TO ITS DESCRIPTION. IDENTIFY THE NODE. THE PROFESSOR DESCRIBES HOW COMMON THESE LEAF ARRANGEMENTS ARE. MATCH THE LEAF ARRANGEMENT TO ITS DESCRIPTION.

let's

Lake Bonneville. Now, Gwen, what can you tell me about the Great Salt Lake and Lake Bonneville? Lake Bonneville was a lake during prehistoric times. The Great Salt Lake is the largest surviving remnant of the prehistoric Lake Bonneville. Yes, and how old is Lake Bonneville? Lake Bonneville came into existence a

And how big was

( Gwen)

was an enormous lake that covered about 20,000 square miles. Gwen has explained that the Great Salt Lake is a small remnant of Lake Bonneville and that Lake Bonneville was 20,000 square miles in size. Now, Nick, just how big is the Great Salt Lake? The present Great Salt Lake is much smaller than Lake Bonneville was. The Great Salt Lake covers about 1 ,700 square miles. This seems like a rather large lake today, but it is much smaller than the lake that preceded it. Exactly. The Great Salt Lake is much smaller than Lake Bonneville, less than 10% of the size of Lake Bonneville, in fact. And there is another big difference between the two lakes,

(instructor)

(Nick)

(instructor)

It will

16.

of all,

(instructor)

type of leaf structure.

be a bit more difficult to find examples of the opposite structure, but by far the most difficult leaf arrangement for you to find will be the whorled structure because this leaf arrangement is so rare. You'll have to spend some time finding examples of the whorled leaf arrangement in our botanical garden. See you on Friday with your lists.

to talk about two Great Salt Lake and Lake Bonneville. Most people are quite familiar with the Great Salt Lake, but not everyone is quite as familiar with

million years ago.

of the alternate leaf structure said before, this

about the

look at a map that shows both the Great Salt Lake and

and turn in your lists on Friday. It will be quite easy for you to find examples I

is

Today we're going

First

plants that have these leaf structures,

because, as

discussion

Lake Bonneville.

Now that we

have looked at these three different types of leaf arrangements, I have an assignment for you. Your assignment is to visit the university's botanical garden. Were you aware that this university has quite an extensive botanical garden? In the botanical garden, there are examples of many different kinds of plants, and each plant is labeled with the name of the plant as well as other information about the plant. For your assignment, you're to find three examples of each

The

lakes, the

either the opposite or the alternate

and the

class.

from a geogra-

Great Salt Lake.

called the

whorled leaf arrangement. This type of leaf arrangement is the least common of all. It is not as common as

Listen to a discussion

it?

It

besides the water.

size. It

Can you

tell

in the Great Salt

has to do with the

me how the water

Lake

differs

from the

water in Lake Bonneville? Pat? (Pat)

A big difference between Lake Bonand the Great Salt Lake is that Lake Bonneville was a freshwater lake, while the Great Salt Lake (as you can tell from is name) is a saltwater lake. neville

(instructor)

Exactly.

why

Now let's look at the reasons has

this lake

become

a saltwater

much And what is it

lake and, in fact, has water

than ocean water. that makes the Great Salt Lake so

saltier

Gwen? What makes salty,

(Gwen)

salty

is

that

it

the Great Salt Lake so

has no outlet. Three

RECORDING SCRIPT

rivers

feed into

Weber

River,

These

rivers carry a million tons

and the Jordan

minerals and (instructor)

(Nick)

the Bear River, the

it,

the eighteenth century, various islands in the chain

River.

of

control of different native kings.

into the Great Salt

salts

The next person we're going to look at is King Kamehameha. Kamehameha spent almost thirty years unit-

Lake each year. And what about these three rivers, the Bear River, the Weber River, and the Jordan River? Nick? These rivers feed into the Great Salt Lake. They don't provide any outlet from the lake.

(instructor)

And how does

make

this

ing the Hawaiian Islands under one

and by 1810, a few decades after Captain Cook's arrival, all of the islands were united under one king, ruler,

King Kamahameha. King Kamehameha was the first ruler to reign

the lake so

salty? Pat?

(Pat)

of the islands together. He ruled over all the islands until 1819. over

There's no way for these minerals and salts to exit from the lake because the lake has no outlet. The water that rivers

salt

is

Now we'll discuss Queen

there in the lake

lifetime of the lake, six bil-

lion tons of salts have built up.

the Great Salt Lake has a

higher

(instructor)

That

brother, King Kalakaua, died in 1891.

is

Liliuokalani was the first and only female monarch to rule the Hawaiian Islands, and she was the final monarch of Hawaii. Liliuokalani became queen during a period when a large percentage of the population believed that it was better to have a democratic government than a monarchy. Liliuokalani refused to consider ending the monarchy and also refused to consider limiting the power of the monarchy and initiating a democratic government. In 1893, two years after she became queen, she developed a constitution granting complete power to the monarch. At that point, she was removed from the monarchy. Over the next few years, there were a number of plots to try to reinstitute the monarchy. By 1898, Liliuokalani had renounced her claim to the royal throne of Hawaii. She received a pension from the government and returned to her royal estates, where she lived out her life for the next 20 years with the title of queen but without the authority as the last monarch of the Hawaiian Islands.

much

content than the oceans. Excellent. You seem to understand the important points about the Great salt

Lake and Lake Bonneville. let's move on to another topic.

Salt

21.

Now

WHEN DID LAKE BONNEVILLE COME INTO EXISTENCE?

22.

23.

24.

HOW DOES THE GREAT SALT LAKE COMPARE IN SIZE TO LAKE BONNEVILLE? WHAT IS STATED IN THE LECTURE ABOUT THE WATER IN THE TWO LAKES? IN WHICH DIRECTION DOES THE WATER IN

THE RIVERS FLOW? 25.

HOW MUCH SALT HAS BUILT UP IN THE GREAT SALT LAKE?


Listen to a lecture in an tory class.

The

professor

American is

his-

talking

about Hawaii. (professor)

Today we're going

about the last monarch to rule in the land that today makes up the United States. This last monarch was a queen; she was Queen Liliuokalani of Hawaii. To understand Queen Liliuokalani's situation, I'm going to give you some background about the history of Hawaii before I discuss Queen Liliuokalani. The two people I'd like to discuss to help you to understand

Queen

Liliuokalani,

monarch of Hawaii. Liliuokalani became queen after her the last

Over the

why

Kamehameha

during the nineteenth century.

today? (Pat)

A

kings of the Hawai-

ian Islands followed

from these three evaporates and leaves the salts.

And how much

all

number of other

flows into the lake

(instructor)

were under the

to talk

was King Kamehameha who unified the Hawaiian Islands under one monarch and it was Queen Liliuokalani who was the final monarch of the Hawaiian Islands.

Cook and King Kame-

hameha. Captain James Cook arrived in the Hawaiian Islands in 1778 and gave the islands the

name Sandwich

honor of a

British

Islands in

That's 26.

27.

nobleman, the Earl

When

Captain Cook arrived in the islands near the end of

of Sandwich.

that the Hawaiian

points, that

Liliuokalani's situation are

Captain James

know

names are a bit difficult to remember, but I hope you understand the important main I

28.

all

it

for today.

WHEN DID EACH PERSON LIVE? WHAT DOES THE PROFESSOR SAY ABOUT JAMES COOK? THE PROFESSOR EXPLAINS A SERIES OF EVENTS. PUT THE EVENTS IN ORDER.

RECORDING SCRIPT

29.

30.

WHAT DID LILIUOKALANI BELIEVE, ACCORDING TO THE PROFESSOR? WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING DID NOT HAPPEN TO LILLUOKALANI?

11.

(Paper)

Part A, page 515 1.

2.

(woman) (man)

Carla said that you were rather rude. It's unfair of her to say that about me.

(narrator)


(man)

I

don't think

this

painting

is

13.

(narrator)

very

3.

(woman)

better than the

It's

first

one,

isn't it?

WHAT DOES THE WOMAN SAY ABOUT THE PAINTING? Your graduation ceremony

is

14.

I

can't believe

it.

I've

this

graduated at

4.

I

(man)

Five dollars!

got this dress for only

15.

(narrator)


(woman)

How much

5.

(man)

(

woman)

(narrator)

6.

(woman)

I

I

(narrator)


(woman)

Look

Were you I

16.

it


(man)

Are you ready for the

(narrator)


(woman)

Professor Mitchell's lecture certainly

(man)

went on and on for quite some time. I thought he was never going to fin-

8.

(man)

You don't have the notes from No,

I

don't.

Do you

17.

9.

(man)

18.

(woman)

ping

this

want

to get?

I

10.

(woman)

think

you wanted

think I'd like to get

I

(man)

change form yet. problem? You haven't turned

my schedule Do you think that's a

haven't turned in

it

in yet? It's

in immediately.

WHAT DOES THE MAN MEAN? on some

(woman) (man)

Do you

(narrator)


(man)

(woman)

I'd like to try

rings, please.

prefer rings in gold or silver?

Look

You made an awful lot of calls last month. my family even more than

at this.

I

called

usual. That's

why

the

bill's

so

much

higher than usual.

WHAT ARE THE MAN AND

WOMAN PROBABLY DISCUSSING? 19.

could bor20.

(man)

What do you

(woman)

I

couldn't be

think of your

new boss?

more impressed with

my dad a new

(narrator)


(woman)

Mike, do you

put my big toe in and decided that the water was too cold for me.

(man)

I

( narrator)


the recital

21.

(man)

It starts at

(narrator)

WHAT DOES MIKE MEAN?

(woman)

If your

three o'clock, doesn't

it?

hurting you so much, perhaps you should see your dentist tooth

is

right away.

(man)

into the pool, even for a

quick dip?

know when

starts?

to

WHAT DOES THE WOMAN MEAN? You didn't go

it.

I

wallet for his birthday. (narrator)

night

long distance

go shopafternoon. What do you

said that

all

him.

WHAT DOES THE WOMAN MEAN? You

up


yester-

row yours? (narrator)

stayed

(woman)

day's physics class?

(woman)

I


(narrator)

WHAT DOES THE MAN IMPLY ABOUT THE LECTURE?

today?

political science

(narrator)

(narrator)

ish.

(narrator)

say that again!

Didn't you know that the professor put it off until next week?

form

book

wasn't available yet.

seen

absolutely essential that you turn the

you wanted?

that

I've ever

in.

(narrator)

couldn't. At the bookstore, they told

me 7.

able to get hold of the

waves coming

You can

this

WHAT DOES THE WOMAN SUGGEST THAT THE MAN DO?

at those

(man)

(woman)

five dollars!

parking ticket

give up!

studying for

week. Why don't you try putting more money in the parking meter when you park your car?

that

(man)

my third

just got

to

(man)

How did you get it so


for

longer do you think you're going to stay on that exercise

exam

cheap? (narrator)

work on these new

(woman)


(woman)

you

I

accounting reports. But I scarcely have time to finish the ones I already have.

last!

(narrator)

need

(man)

They're as huge as them.

afternoon.

(man)


machine?

good.

(woman)

(narrator)

I'm not sure.

12.

LISTENING COMPLETE TEST

(woman)

Do you know where your sweater is? I think I left it at my sister's house, but

(man)

(narrator)

22. (man)

don't really want to, but don't have much choice. I

I

guess

I

WHAT WILL THE MAN PROBABLY DO NEXT? I

need

to

buy some stamps.

8

RECORDING SCRIPT

Then you'd

(woman)

looked down at the floor, there were piles of hair, my hair, on the floor. I

better get to the post

office quickly,

because

it

closes at five

couldn't believe

o'clock.

WHAT CAN BE INFERRED FROM

( narrator)

(woman)

Well,

THE CONVERSATION? 23.

nal article for class

The

(man)

(

can find the jourthat we're supposed to read

25.

What could

man)

already cut

professor copied

it

and put

(

( narrator)


(woman)

I

woman)

Well, at

you should

be a

try to

tle

calmer.

(man)

If

were any calmer,

(narrator)


(man)

I

I

be

I'd

be

true.


in the

32.

be the meeting next think

it

will

after

you get used

to

it,

you'll

a bit more.

it

WHAT SEEMS TO BE TRUE ABOUT BOB'S

HOW DOES BOB SEEM TO FEEL ABOUT HIS HAIRCUT?

33.

air. I

discussed again at

back on," although what I did want to say. least your hair'll grow back it

HAIRCUT?

I!

policy for pay raises?

34.

WHAT DID BOB SEE ON THE FLOOR? WHAT DO PEOPLE KEEP SAYING TO BOB?

Questions 35-38

Friday.


( narrator)

Maybe like

Has management decided on a new

up

say,

happy.

31.

(woman)

It's still

couldn't exactly

is saying to me, grow back, it'll grow back. But it won't grow fast enough to make me

(woman)

(narrator)

(man)

hair was

"It'll

asleep.

Neither do

26. (woman)

The

That's what everyone

lit-

don't think that news report can pos-

sibly

say?

soon.

(man) really think

to the hairstyl-

that's exactly

on

it

I

off. I

"Please put

tomorrow?

reserve in the library.

24.

what did you say

ist?

Do you know how I

(woman)

it!

(narrator)

Listen to a conversation about a man's

great-grandmother. 27.

snowing today. It wasn't exactly unexpected.

(woman) (man)

I

can't believe

it's

(man)


(narrator)

How do you think you did on

28. (man)

erature

exam

that

you had

this

lit-

morn-

(man)

ing? I

( narrator)


I

it

over again.

(man)

walked right in. So the door was not locked!

(narrator)

WHAT HAD THEMAN ASSUMED?

(man)

My guess is that you're leaving the office

Part B, page 5

good woman)

(woman)

now and heading straight

(man)

WHAT DOES THE WOMAN SAY ABOUT THE MAN? 1

(woman) Listen as a

man and woman

discuss a

haircut.

(woman)

Hi, Bob. Your hair looks nice.

It's

I

(man)

advice.

What advice

did she have for you

(laughs) She told

me

be careful because a big storm is coming. She said that a big storm is coming? Is she a weather forecaster? Not exactly. She says that she can feel it in her bones when a storm is coming. I know it sounds funny, but when she feels it in her bones that a storm is coming, she's usually right. That's not actually so funny. When people get older, the tissue around their joints can become stiff and

air

it?

to

When I look in

don't even

know who

me. So you got your hair

is

sure

the mirror,

in swollen joints.

So

tells

coming, she probably has some aching in her

joints

cut,

trimmed just a little bit, and the hairstylist really went to town. When I

and pain

you she thinks a storm

looking back

but you didn't get the haircut that you wanted? This is not even close to the haircut that I wanted. I asked to have hair

pressure can cause additional pres-

when your great-grandmother

at

(woman)

me

pressure often drops, and this drop in

a bit

A bit shorter? I don't think so. It's a lot shorter.

enjoy

swollen. Just before a storm, the air

shorter than usual, isn't

(man)

I

today?

(man)


morning. Your great-grandmother? Do you talk with her often? I try to call her at least once a week. She's a really wonderful woman, and this

standing and because she gives (

You've hit the nail on the head!

(narrator)

my great-grandmother on

talking to her, because she's so under-

home. (woman)

phone

she's over eighty-five years old.

You didn't have to wait outside. You could 've just opened the door and

29. (woman)

30.

could take

(woman)

really wish

talked to

the

(woman) the

I

is

from the decreasing

air pres-

sure.

(man)

Then, to

I

had better pay more attention

my great-grandmother's weather

forecasts!

647

— RECORDING SCRIPT

35.

HOW OFTEN DOES THE MAN USUALLY TALK

Today,

36.

TO HIS GREAT- GRANDMOTHER? WHAT DID THE MAN'S GREAT-GRANDMOTHER TELL HIM ON THE PHONE THIS

nineteenth-century transportation

37.

38.

be discussing one of the more elegant and distinct forms of

Clipper ships of the nineteenth century were the graceful, multisailed,

oceangoing

FUTURE?

Today we're going

to

be taking a tram

fast rate

and ships

of speed.

for the era; clipper ships could, for

example, accomplish the amazing feat of traveling from New York to San Francisco in less than a hundred days. Clipper ships

tears." It is

is

common

to say that

crying crocodile tears

some-

when he

pretending to be sad or full of regret. Crocodiles always appear to have tears in their eyes, but they are not crying because of sadness, or even or she

is

pretended sadness. Instead, a crocodile uses

extra

its

salt

tear ducts to get rid of

from

its

body.

A crocodile

does not sweat the same way that humans do and must get rid of extra salt through tears. So if you see a crying crocodile, do not think that it's feeling sad;

through

its

it is

first

of clipper ships to transport goods from the far reaches of the

Empire.

British

That's

all

for today's class. Don't for-

get that there's a written assignment

eyes.

due on

Look! Over there on the right. There are two large crocodiles on the water's edge, right next to the fallen trees. You can get out your cameras and take pictures from here on the tram, but no, you cannot get off the tram to get any closer.

WHERE DOES THIS TALK TAKE PLACE? WHAT DOES THE EXPRESSION "CRYING CROCODILE TEARS" MEAN WHEN IT IS USED TO DESCRIBE HUMANS? WHY DO CROCODILES HAVE TEARS IN THEIR EYES?

43.

44.

45.

46.

MEND? Questions 43-46

Friday.

WHICH COURSE WOULD THIS LECTURE MOST PROBABLY BE GIVEN? WHAT IS THE MOST LIKELY MEANING OF THE EXPRESSION "TO CLIP ALONG"? WHAT WERE CLIPPER SHIPS FIRST USED FOR IN THE UNITED STATES? WHAT DOES THE PROFESSOR REMIND THE IN

STUDENTS ABOUT? Questions 47-50 (narrator)

Listen to the following talk by a

know that some of you are feeling more than a little nervous about I

tonight's performance,

and

you to understand that

this

university professor.

would

like to

begin today's lecture.

I

I

want

is

You are going

quite a

be on a stage in front of a lot of people tonight, and it's normal to be experiencing some nerves. I would like to help you to understand these feelings natural feeling.

Listen to the following lecture by a

drama

coach to a group of actors. (man)

WHAT DOES THE TOUR GUIDE RECOM-

now because

into use in

fleet

basically sweating

Please take your seats

came

the United States in the 1840s. They were originally intended to make the trip from New York, around the tip of South America, and on to China in order to transport tea to the United States. Once gold was discovered in California in 1848, clipper ships were immediately put into use to carry large numbers of gold prospectors and large amounts of mining supplies from the East Coast to California. With the success of the American clipper ships, the British began their own

the expression "crying crocodile

one

on each of the masts, commonly had three and

perhaps four masts. The speeds that they achieved were unbelievably fast

By the way, you've probably heard of

(woman)

"clipper" ship in reference

to eight sails

ning themselves by the side of the water or poking their heads up through the water. Needless to say, we will not be getting off the tram at any time until we leave the area because of the danger posed by the crocodiles.

(narrator)

name

number of sails in order to maximize their speed. They often had six

National Park. Quite probably we'll be seeing a number of crocodiles sun-

42.

the

large

Listen to a talk by a tour guide in the

tour through part of the Everglades

41.

maximum

Clipper ships were constructed with a

Everglades National Park.

40.

for

such a

Questions 39-42

39.

were designed speed. They were given

vessels that

to the fact that they "clipped along" at

Part C, page 519

(man)

will

the clipper ship.

MORNING? WHERE DOES THE MAN'S GREAT-GRANDMOTHER SAY THAT SHE FEELS A STORM COMING? WHAT WILL THE MAN PROBABLY DO IN THE

(narrator)

we

to

RECORDING SCRIPT

and not

to let

them

interfere with

2.

(man)

your performance.

What you

are experiencing

stage fright. Stage fright that develops before

mance

is

is

(woman)

called

you give a perfor-

an audience. Stage fright is not just experienced by actors and actresses; it can also be experienced by musicians, athletes, teachers anyone who performs in front of a group of people. It occurs before a performance when a performer is concerned about looking foolish in

3.


(man)

Where


I'm heading

both the physical reactions

have to say for now. I'll see you back here at six o'clock because That's

(narrator)

4.

(woman)

remember

that

if

That exam's going

to

be

really diffi-

It is.

We

have a

lot

of work to prepare

it.

going on

(woman)

Let's get

(narrator)


it

now.

GEST? 5.

(man)

Did you enjoy the theater perfor-

mance (

woman)

(narrator)

6.

It

last

wasn't

night?

had hoped

all I

for.

WHAT DOES THE WOMAN SAY ABOUT THE PERFORMANCE?

(woman)

Do you understand what we're

(man)

Not

sup-

posed to do for tomorrow? really.

The

professor barely talked

about the assignment.

7.

(narrator)


(man)

There's a great

(woman)

museum. Do you want to go? Do you know if we have to pay a

the fee to

8.

(man)

Not

(narrator)


(woman)

That lecture on the

evening.

WHO WOULD PROBABLY NOT EXPERIENCE STAGE FRIGHT IN THEIR WORK? WHAT PHYSICAL REACTION MIGHT SOMEONE WHO IS EXPERIENCING STAGE FRIGHT COMMONLY HAVE? HOW CAN SOMEONE COMBAT THE NEGATIVE THOUGHTS ASSOCIATED WITH STAGE

new exhibit at

see the exhibit?

(man)

9.

as far as

I

know.

realities

of entre-

preneurship in the twenty-first century was really fascinating, wasn't it? I'm not sure if it was or not. I didn't understand a word.

(narrator)


(man)

I

forgot to send the scholarship appli-

cation in

FRIGHT? 50.

WHO IS DR. BARTON MOST

for

you

your thoughts on the performance that you are about to give. See you

49.

month. Dr. Barton's giving a on what to expect during the

cult.

(man)

begin to feel at all nervous, try some deep breathing to relax and focus

48.

There's going to be a solar eclipse

all I

o'clock. Just

47.

talk

LIKELY TO BE?

the performance starts at eight

this

by Dr. Barton. on?

to a talk

Oh, what's the

talk

and the negative thoughts. To combat the physical reactions, you can try techniques such as deep breathing, muscle relaxation, or even just laughing to relieve some of the pressure. To combat the negative thoughts, you should force yourself to focus on what you have to do rather than on what other people are going to think.

now?

eclipse.

control stage fright, you can work

to control

are you going

later this

front of others. Just before tonight's

To

to Jim.

(narrator)

—

performance, if you are feeling a bit tense, if your knees are shaking, if your stomach has butterflies in it, and if you are thinking about how bad your performance could be, then you have a major case of stage fright.

have the book that you borrowed from Jim? I need to use it. No, sorry. I don't. I already returned it

the fear

in front of

Do you

on

time.

(woman)

You

(narrator)

WHAT DOES THE WOMAN SAY TO

WHEN SHOULD THE ACTORS ARRIVE AT THE

really

missed the boat!

THE MAN?

THEATER? 10.

(man)

John will pick us up

at 7:30 for the

concert. That should give us plenty of

time to get there.

LISTENING COMPLETE TEST (Computer)

going after

(woman)

So John

(narrator)

WHAT HAD THE WOMAN

is

all!

EXPECTED? Part A, page 540 11. 1.

(woman)

Have you looked problem?

(man)

No,

(woman)

Yes,

(narrator)


I

at the

chemistry

(woman) (man)

haven't, have you?

and hend it.

it

was impossible to compre(narrator)

Did you enjoy the trip? Not really. If the water hadn't been so rough and the boat hadn't rolled around so much, I would've enjoyed it more.


RECORDING SCRIPT

Part B, page 543

There are two points that I would like

Questions 12-14

to

Do you want to go

(man)

out to Clark's

Restaurant tonight?

(woman)

I'd like to

go

out, but

maybe not

to

Clark's.

ton, D.C. as

(man)

but the meals are just too big for me. How about if we share a meal since they're so big?

founding fathers believed that the capital of the United States should not be part of any state. When a location was chosen for the capital city, two states were asked to give up land for a capital city. You can see on the map that the District of Columbia was originally a square, with the Potomac River cutting through the square. The area to the northeast of the Potomac originally belonged to the state of Maryland, and the area to the south-

I

really like the

food

at Clark's,

That sounds like a good idea. Half of a dinner from Clark's is just the right amount for me.

woman)

WHAT DOES THE MAN WANT TO DO? WHAT DOES THE WOMAN NOT LIKE ABOUT WHAT DO THEY FINALLY DECIDE TO DO? (woman)

Do you know how I can get a copy of my transcript? I need one for a scholarship I'm applying

(man)

(woman)

for.

You can get a copy of your transcript from the registrar's office. I just go to the registrar's office and ask for a copy of my transcript and I'll

Yes,

I

do.

get one?

(man)

Well, to

go

it's

You need office and fill

not quite that

to the registrar's

easy.

out a form, a transcript request form. Then you turn in the form with a five (woman)

So

I

fee.

(man)

have to

fill

Then will

I

out a form and pay a get the transcript?

You turn in the form and pay a fee, and then you have to wait several days for the transcript to be processed

before you can get

it.

WHY DOES THE WOMAN NEED HER TRANSCRIPT?

17.

WHAT DOES THE WOMAN NEED TO DO? WHEN CAN THE WOMAN GET THE TRANSCRIPT?


Listen to a lecture in a class.

The

professor

is

government

talking about

Washington, D.C. (professor)

Today we'll be

talking about the city

of Washington, D.C. First of all, let me give you a litde background about its

name. The original name of the city was Washington City; it was, of course,

named

after the first president

of the

George Washington. In later years, the name was changed to the District of Columbia, and today it is most commonly called Washington, D.C, where D.C. is the abbreviated form of District of Columbia. United

let's

we

map

of Washingdiscuss the first point.

In the early years of the country, the

west of the Potomac originally

belonged to the state of Virginia. In the middle of the nineteenth century, the portion of the square that had previously belonged to Virgina, the portion to the southwest of the Potomac, was returned to the state of Virginia. Today the District of Colum-

no longer a square. Instead, the District of Columbia is the portion of bia

is

the square to the northeast of the

dollar fee.

16.

look at a

Well,

Questions 15-17

15.

Now,

(woman)

CLARK'S? 14.

First

Why not Clark's? The food's great

(

13.

D.C.

unusual in the United States because it is the only U.S. city that is not part of any state. Second of all, this city was the only U.S. city which, for quite some time, was not self-governing. city is

(man)

there.

12.

make about Washington,

of all, this

States,

Potomac.

The second unusual point that I would like to make about Washington D.C.

is

that, for

most of its

history,

it

was not a self-governing city. When the city was established, it was decided that its government would be appointed by the president of the United States; the citizens of Washington, D.C, would not elect their own city government. In addition, the citizens of Washington, D.C. for quite some time had no representation in Congress, and they were ineligible to vote for the president of the United States. The citizens of Washington, D.C. were given the right to vote for their

government only

relatively

recendy. Citizens of Washington, D.C. were first eligible to vote for the president of the United States in the 1964 election; they did not have a representative in Congress until 1970, and they did not elect their own city officials until 1974.

on Washington, D.C. in your textbook and answer the questions at the end of the chap-

Please read the chapter

ter before

next

class. I'll

see

you then.

RECORDING SCRIPT

18.

19.

20.

21.

WHICH NAME HAS NOT BEEN USED FOR THE CITY DISCUSSED IN THE LECTURE? THE CITY OF WASHINGTON, D.C. BELONGS TO WHICH STATE? IDENTIFY THE PART OF THE MAP THAT USED TO BELONG TO WASHINGTON, D.C. BUT NO LONGER DOES. WHAT IS STATED IN THE LECTURE ABOUT THE GOVERNMENT OF WASHINGTON, D.C? Listen to a discussion about a geogra-

phy

lecture.

weather

(man

The

discussion

(man

1)

2)

on

about of all, what is a class

weather fronts. First weather front? A weather front is a leading or front end of a mass of air. This mass of air could be cold or warm. If the mass is cold air, then it's called a cold front.

(woman

2)

And it's

(man

if

the mass of air

called a

is

warm

air,

then

warm front.

And where do

1)

1)

(woman

2)

(man

1)

front.

What happens

at a

warm

front? 1)

At a warm

front,

warm

slowly over cooler

(man

(woman (man

2)

1)

(woman

air

moves

air.

When

2)

1)

2)

is

moves suddenly under the warm air, and there is violent weather that moves rapidly into and out of an area. That sounds like all we need to know about weather fronts. See you in class. in a cold front, the cold air

WHAT IS A WEATHER FRONT? 23. WHERE DO FRONTS ORIGINATE? 24.. WHAT IS STATED ABOUT A WARM FRONT? 25. WHAT IS STATED ABOUT A COLD FRONT? Questions 26-30 (narrator)

Listen to a lecture in a

The

professor

is

gemology

class.

talking about the his-

tory of gem-cutting. (professor)

Today

be talking about different

of gem-cutting, particularly

styles

about

oped gems

I'll

how

these different styles devel-

historically.

that

I'll

The various styles of

be talking about are the

cabochon, the table

cut, the rose cut,

brilliant cut.

The

first style

of gem-cutting, which

you can see in this drawing, is the cabochon. The cabochon is a rounded shape, without facets. The cabochon style is quite old. It was the earliest style used to finish gems. The cabochons in these drawings are shown from the side. A cabochon could be a simple cabochon, with a rounded top and a flat bottom, or it could be a double cabochon, which is rounded on both the top and the bottom. It was discovered early on that powders of harder materials such as diamonds could be used to polish gemstones, and many ancient cultures used this method to finish gems.

a diagram of a cold front here.

faceted as early as the fifteenth cen-

At a cold front, fast-moving cold

air

At a cold front, there can be strong winds and thunderstorms. The

Exactly.

Finally,

and leave quickly. let's summarize what we need

understand about weather fronts. There are two types of fronts, cold fronts 1)

1)

An

not know, is a flat surface cut into a gem. It's not clear when faceting of stones first developed. Stones were

to

(woman

(man

2)

cut.

quickly 1)

(woman

And the cloud and wet weather at a warm front can last for days at a time. Let's look now at a cold front. There's

storms caused by a cold front arrive

(man

and there

ongoing rain or snow.

The cabochon

lent weather.

(woman

moves

steadily.

under the warm air. The warm air is pushed up rapidly, and this sudden movement causes vio-

2)

air

this happens, there's a layer of low grey clouds, and it rains or snows

cuts

(man

warm

slowly over the cold front,

and the

masses come from? Cold air masses come from polar air. This means that cold air fronts come from the north in the northern hemisphere and from the south in the southern hemisphere. Warm air masses come from the tropics. They move north from the equator in the northern hemisphere and south from the equator in the southern hemisphere. Now, let's look at the diagram of a

warm (woman

front, the

the different types of

air

(woman (man 2)

warm

fronts.

from our geography

(woman

is

We need to discuss the information

1)

In a

2)

22.


(man

and warm

fronts.

In both of these types of fronts, the

cold air

is

under the warm

air.

cut was not a faceted

A facet, for those of you who do

tury in Europe,

been faceted

and they may have

earlier

than that in other

cultures.

Now,

we'll look at

styles

of faceted gems, the table cut.

You can

one of the

see a table cut stone,

earliest

from

the top and from the side, in these

drawings. Early stones faceted in this

way were probably not actually cut but were polished to this shape, using powders of harder stones such as diamonds. Some stones, including diamonds, occur naturally in an eight-sided double pyramid. To create a table cut from an eight-sided double

RECORDING SCRIPT

pyramid,

it's

necessary only to polish a

flat surface on the top of one side of the naturally occurring eight-sided

APPENDIX APPENDIX EXERCISE Al

shapes. 1

The next stage gem-cutting

is

development of

.

2.

actually cut rather than

4.

When

the child didn't get what he wanted, he

began

to pout.

of the earliest

of cut was beneficial because it maintained much of the original stone. However, it does not reflect light in a way that maximizes the stone's shine and brilliance. Because it does not

5.

6.

1

.

is

A stone with a brilliant cut in

through the top of the stone and ates a stone that, as

its

name

cre-

indicates,

shines the most brilliantly. This style

used quite often today

of stone

is

because

it's

.

brilliant cut

maximum amount of light out

so reflective.

2. 3.

4. 5. 6.

1.

2. 3.

4. 5. 6.

gems today, in the order that they were developed historically. Two of them, the cabochon and the table cut, are polished rather than cut to create style,

hut near the beach. The heat was too for him. He was filled with hate because of what happened.

much

The

children were trying to

He went to sleep on a cot. There is a cat stuck up in a

fly

their kite.

tree.

Because of the cold, she decided to wear her coat. He cut the sandwich in half. I caught a cold last week.

She had a bowl of cereal for breakfast. The bill needs to be paid immediately. The bell announces the start of classes. The farmer gave the horses a bale of hay. The bull ws standing in the field. I had a ball at the party.

.1

A cop stopped at the scene of the accident.

2.

She pulled on her cape before going out

am afraid

that

just can't

cope with

all

I

4.

each stone.

5.

problems. He pulled the cap down over his eyes. A cup of broth would taste good now.

6.

He needs to keep on

WHAT ARE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF EACH WHICH STYLES OF STONES WERE POLISHED AND NOT CUT? THE PROFESSOR EXPLAINS THE ORDER THAT EACH OF THESE STYLES OF GEMS APPEARED IN HISTORY. PUT THE STYLES OF GEMS IN THEIR HISTORICAL ORDER. WHICH STYLE OF GEM IS NO LONGER USED BECAUSE IT DOES NOT REFLECT LIGHT

in the

snow. 3.

WELL? 30.

building.

lived in a grass

Before next class, please look over the photos of gems at the end of the chapter and identify the style of

OF THESE GEMSTONES?

29.

too hot to enjoy.

APPENDIX EXERCISE A5

while the other two are actu-

ally cut.

28.

The water was


We have seen four different styles of

27.

bit into a cherry, his tooth struck a pit.

They

1

The

the correct proportions reflects the

26.

he

4.

the

came into use after the other styles. You can see a brilliant cut from the top and the side. The brilliant cut is faceted on the side and top and also on the brilliant cut.

the

When

APPENDIX EXERCISE A3 type of cut we'll look at

last

bottom.

it.

3.

6.

today.

to dry

He was impressed by the height of the He hit the ball as hard as he could.

2.

5.

no longer used much

When you wash your face, you should pat it gently


reflect light as well as other cuts, the

The

His pet rat got out of the cage. in a pot on the stove.

The soup was cooking

one methods of faceting the entire surface of a diamond, or other gem. The rose cut involved cutting up to 32 triangular facets on the top of a diamond and a flat surface on the bottom. This type

is

the pillow.

3.

polished. This was

rose cut

He put his head on

the rose cut. In a rose

is

cut, a stone

in the

I

these

trying.

APPENDIX EXERCISE A6 too bad the weather isn't better.

1.

It's

2.

The

3.

4. 5. 6.

bud was a soft pink color. She's been in bed for over twelve hours. One large bead came off of her dress. He made a bid on the property. The musician bowed after the performance. rose


WHAT IS THE ASSIGNMENT FOR THE NEXT

1

CLASS?

2.

3.

The weather is much cooler at night. They need a new net to play badminton. The note just arrived in the mail today.

4.

He

5.

She keeps her room extremely

6.

Her

.

tied the two strings together in a tight knot.

specialty in the kitchen

is

neat.

a nut pie.

1

RECORDING SCRIPT

APPENDIX EXERCISE A8 1

.

2. 3.

All she wants

is

to

soak in the tub.

The sandwich is in a paper sack. The parents are staying together for

the sake of

the children. 4.

The

5.

She's relaxing because she feels rather sick today.

6.

He

politician will seek

another term in

office.

put his right sock on his foot.

APPENDIX EXERCISE A9 1.

She parts her hair on the right

2.

He sawed the

side.

large log into smaller pieces.

5.

What happened last night was too sad. She sighed when she heard the news. The seed that she planted has begun to

6.

I

3. 4.

can't believe

what was

sprout.

said.

APPENDIX EXERCISE AIO The The

3.

down the hall. rabbit jumped into a hole in the ground. She climbed up to the top of the hill.

4.

He ate

1

.

2.

5. 6. 7. 8.

9.

office

is

the whole piece of cake.

She tried to haul the heavy suitcases up the Suddenly a wolf began to howl. The hull of the ship needs to be repaired. The rain was accompanied by some hail. The wound has not yet begun to heal.

APPENDIX EXERCISE A 1

.

2. 3. 4.

5. 6. 7. 8.

1

The boat was docked in the harbor. The strongest hitter picked up a bat. Before the game the woman made a bet. He needs some bait to go fishing. Her heart skipped a beat. No one but Tom has shown up yet. At the store she bought some vegetables. he took a large bite of the apple. does not matter one single bit.

9. It

steps.

ANSWER KEY

ANSWER KEY EXERCISE 4

LISTENING

1.

LISTENING DIAGNOSTIC PRE-TEST (Paper) 31. A 41. C 11. D 21. B 1. c 32. C 42. B 2. B 12. A 22. B 43. B 33. C 3. D 13. B 23. D 44. C 34. C 14. C 24. C 4. A 45. D 15. D 25. C 35. D 5. B 46. A 36. B 6. B 16. A 26. A 37. C 47. C 17. B 27. D 7. B 38. D 48. B 18. A 28. B 8. A 49. A 39. B 9. C 19. D 29. D 50. C 40. C 10. A 20. C 30. A

B

2.

C

TOEFL EXERCISE

3.

D

4

1.

B

3.

D

5.

B

7.

A

9.

C

2.

A

4.

B

6.

C

8.

C

10.

A

C

3.

A

7.

C

9.

8.

B

10.

D D

9.

C

10.

D

EXERCISE 1.

C

5 2.

TOEFL EXERCISE

5

1.

D

3.

A

5.

2.

B

4.

B

6.

C C

EXERCISE 6 1. D 2. C

3.

A

5.

A

7.

6.

C

8.

D D

7.

D

9.

A

8.

C

10.

B

LISTENING DIAGNOSTIC PRE-TEST (Computer) 1.

2

3.

3

4.

2

17.

5.

4

6. 7.

2 3

8.

2

9. 1

13. 1

10. 3

14. 3

4

15. 2

12. 3

16. 2

11.

.

TOEFL EXERCISE

Roanoke Island: Lost Colonists

1.

C

3.

2.

B

4.

6

B B

Ocracoke Island: Blackbeard Kitty

TOEFL EXERCISE

Hawk: Wright Brothers

18. 16th century: Lost Colonists

18th century: Blackbeard

(Skills

1.

C

3.

A

5.

2.

B

4.

C

6.

4-6)

B B

20th century: Wright Brothers 19. 1, 3

22. 2

20. 2

23.

21. 30.

4

B

24. 2,

4

25.

B

28. 2

26.

4

29.


1

1.

27. 2

2.

EXERCISE

The cooling water was shut

A partial meltdown

EXERCISE D

C

5.

C

7.

D

6.

B

8.

A

3.

C

A A

9.

B

10.

D

2.

B

4.

3.

1.

C

2.

C

A D

EXERCISE

I

B

TOEFL EXERCISE 3. A 1. D 2. A 4. C C

1.

7 2.

TOEFL EXERCISE

5.

C

7.

D

9.

6.

A

8.

C

10.

D A

l.A

1.

3.

C

5.

C

7.

B

9.

B

6.

D

8.

A

10.

D

2.

2

D A

EXERCISE 1.

D

3.

B

5.

D

7.

B

9.

D

C

6.

C

8.

A

10.

B

D

3.

B

8 2.

2.

B

5.

C

7.

C

9.

4.

D

6.

B

8.

D

10.

D A

B

3.

D

9 2.

TOEFL EXERCISE

3.

B

A

5.

4.

C

6.

D A

EXERCISE 10 1. A 2. C

3.

C

2.

3

1.

c

3.

D

5.

B

7.

C

9.

A

2.

A

4.

B

6.

C

8.

D

10.

C

TOEFL REVIEW EXERCISE 1. C 3. D 5. A 6. D 2. A 4. D

A D

TOEFL EXERCISE (Skills 1-3) 7.

B

9.

C

8.

C

10.

B

9

3.

1.

D

8

3.

TOEFL EXERCISE 3

7

4.

TOEFL EXERCISE

EXERCISE 2 1. D 2. B

EXERCISE

off.

I

1.

1.

B

4.

occurred.

TOEFL EXERCISE 3. D A 2.

3.

The cooling valve stuck open. Instruments were misread.

1.

D D

(Skills 1-6)

1.

D

3.

2.

C

4.

A D

7.

C

9.

C

8.

A

10.

D

10 5.

A

7.

B

9.

6.

B

8.

A

10.

A A

1

1

ANSWER KEY

TOEFL EXERCISE 1.

C

2.

B

(Skills

3.

C

5.

4.

B

6.

7-10)

D D

7.

B

9.

A

8.

C

10.

B

EXERCISE 17 1. D 2. B

TOEFL EXERCISE TOEFL REVIEW EXERCISE 5. C 3. B 1. A 4. A 6. C 2. B

(Skills 1-10) 7.

8.

C D

1.

9.

B

10.

D

2.

D C

1

TOEFL EXERCISE 3. A 1. D 2.

B

4.

D

EXERCISE 12 1. A 2. D

TOEFL EXERCISE 1.

2.

B B

1

5.

D

7.

C

9.

A

6.

C

8.

B

10.

C

C

5.

D

7.

4.

B

6.

A

8.

3.

D

12

D

7.

D

9.

4.

A

6.

A

8.

A

10.

D

B

3.

2.

A

4.

3.

1.

2.

D B

3.

C

4.

A

A A

B

13

(Skills 5.

A

6.

D

11-13)

EXERCISE

7.

D

1.

What... to do?

3.

Where does the conversation probably take place? How many...}

4.

How often...}

5.

What... to do}

6.

8.

B

9.

D

11.

10.

B

12.

D

10.

C

C C

3.

What

were they doing during the trip?

How does she feel about.

. .

?

What is the topic of the conversation? What energy source? How is... formed?

14. Where...}

1-13)

15.

What should she do?

EXERCISE 20 Conversation 1: lookingfor a part-time job on campus Conversation 2: a kayaking trip that the man took on the Klamath Fiver Conversation 3: one kind ofpollution called acid rain

14

D

14

1.

C

3.

C

5.

B

7.

A

9.

2.

D

4.

D

6.

A

8.

B

10.

C C

EXERCISE

2 (Answers 1

may vary)

Conversation 1 1 a student and an employment office worker 2. in the campus employment office .

3.

C

Conversation 2

15

1.

B

3.

D

5.

C

7.

A

9.

B

2.

A

4.

A

6.

B

8.

D

10.

A

(Skills 5. 6.

14-15)

D D

TOEFL REVIEW EXERCISE 5. A 1. C 3. B

TOEFL EXERCISE

19

2.

1 0.

8.

EXERCISE 16 1. D 2. C

may vary)

8 (answers

How long?

6.

C

D

A

8.

B

4.

9.

10.

A

4.

D

C C

10.

A

2.

8.

C

2.

C

7.

8.

A

4.

C

6.

C

9.

B

1

C

6.

A

2.

4.

When does the conversation probably take place? What kind of trip is it?

7.

TOEFL EXERCISE 3. A 1. C

B

(Skills 1-17)

7.

5.

TOEFL EXERCISE

B

D

D

EXERCISE 15 2. D 1. A

C

10.

9.

3.

TOEFL EXERCISE

9.

D

A

B

D

C

8.

7.

1.

2.

7.

C

A

(Skills

C

A

6.

5.


1.

5.

1.

2.

13.

EXERCISE

D C

10.

D D

9.

16-17)

TOEFL REVIEW EXERCISE 5. A A 3. C

9.

TOEFL EXERCISE

(Skills

C C

Questions 1 through 5: lookingfor a job on campus Questions 6 through 10: a trip taken during a school vacation Questions 11 through 15: one type ofpollution, acid rain

5.

4.

1.

EXERCISE

B

TOEFL EXERCISE 3. A 1. C D

A

3.

EXERCISE 13 1. A 2. C

2.

3.

17

3.

TOEFL EXERCISE EXERCISE 1. D 2. B

B

3.

6.

3.

B

7.

C

9.

B

8.

B

10.

C

1.

two students

2.

during the spring semester, right

3.

a

trip that

Conversation 3 1.

two students

2.

sometime during the semester

3.

an

article that the

man

TOEFL EXERCISE 1. A 4. B

(Skills 1-15)

•

7.

A

9.

A

2.

8.

B

10.

D

3.

C C

5. 6.

D D

TOEFL EXERCISE 1. C 4. A

D

16

1.

D

3.

C

5.

B

7.

2.

A

4.

B

6.

A

8.

C C

9.

B

10.

A

after spring break

he just took

read

22 13.

B

11.

D D

14.

12.

C

15.

C D

13.

D

C

10.

8.

B

9.

A

7.

(Skills

18-22)

7.

D

10.

A

2.

B

5.

B

8.

C

11.

C

3.

D

6.

A

9.

B

12.

B

ANSWER KEY

EXERCISE

23 (Answers

may vary)

2. a. classification

Questions 1 through 5: the requirements of a biology class Questions 6 through 10: the volcanoes in the Ring ofFire or Hawaii Questions 11 through 15: a tour of the Smithsonian

• single fracture (one fracture) • double fracture (two fractures) • multiple fracture

1.

When does the

How often...}

• simple fracture (complete fracture, not through the skin)

talk


•

3.

What are the students What...?

5.

What...?

6. 7.

What What

8.

Where...?

9.

What

told?

classification

the topic

is

the

• 3. a.

true

about volcanoes?

14.

15.

1:

the speaker?

2: 3:

1.

4.

1

.

Martin

within the cloud.

It falls

2. It rises

up

water.

and falls

3. is

volcanoes)

.

4.

Washington, D.C.

repeatedly in the cloud.

It

adds new

It

becomes too heavy.

layers of ice.

It falls to the

Talk 3 1 a tour guide

ground.

One break: single fracture Two breaks: double fracture Numerous breaks: multiple fracture Complete fracture with no broken skin: simple fracture Partialfracture: greenstick fracture

middle of a tour

TOEFL EXERCISE

29

within a cloud.

It picks

Talk 2 1. a professor 2. in a university class 3. sometime during the semester 4. maybe geology (because the topic

3. in the

It rises

(Mon-

It freezes for the first time.

on the first day of class Biology 101

2. in

Eugene Debs

TOEFL EXERCISE

2. in biology class 3.

and ordering (chronology)

• 1925: trial ofJohn Scopes for teaching evolution key Trial)

1

Professor

serious)

teenager

first

EXERCISE 26 (Answers may vary) Talk

more

chronological ordering of events: • 1895: trial ofEugene Debs, president of the railroad workers union (Pullman Strike) • 1902: arbitration of the Pennsylvania Coal strike • 1924: trial of Loeb and Leopold for the murder of a

day of class in Biology 101 the volcanoes of Hawaii a tour of the Smithsonian the

classification

(

of types of trials: (trial of a union leader) • Loeb and Leopold (murder trial) • John Scopes (evolution trial)

EXERCISE 25 (Answers may vary) Talk Talk Talk

both

•

Which museum? Which museum? Where are they going next?

13.

compound fracture

b. classification

How many ?

1 2.

by degree of seriousness

• simple fracture (serious)

of the talk? topic of the talk?

is

Who is

.

(complete fracture, through the skin)

• greenstick fracture (less serious)

10. Whatis...? 1 1

compound fracture

• greenstick fracture (partial fracture, with bending)

4.

is

(numerous fractures)

by types of fractures:

classification

EXERCISE 24 2.

by number of fractures:

b. classification

Complete fracture with broken skin: compound fracture 5.

27

Less serious: greenstick fracture Serious: simple fracture

C 2. B 3-D 1.

4.

C

7.

C

10.

C

13.

B

5.

D

8.

C

11.

B

14.

D

6.

B

9.

A

12.

D

15.

A


2. 3.

D D A

5.

D C

8.

6.

B

9.

4.

TOEFL EXERCISE 1.

2.

4 3

A

10.

C B

11.

C C

12.

D

7.

8.

2 3

4

9.

2

10.

3

11.

1

7.

1

EXERCISE 29 (Answers may vary) 1. a.

Pullman

A

of the formation of hail

drop of water rises and falls repeatedly within a cloud. • Each time it rises and falls, it adds a new layer of ice. • After it builds up enough layers, it becomes too heavy. • Then, it falls to the earth. •

Eugene Debs

He defended the railway union president. He arbitrated a coal strike. He defended the murderers of a teenager. He took part in the Monkey Trial.

.

a.

in three weeks

Manager, George, Emily George and Emily 's wedding

b. the Stage c.

before

d. slightly familiar (just started learning lines) e. discuss

ordering (process)

b. process

Strike:

Evolution in the classroom: John Scopes Murder trial: Loeb and Leopold

EXERCISE 30 (Answers may vary)

2

6.

6.

23-27)

28

5. 1

4.

3. 1

7.

(Skills

More serious: compound fracture

costumes

and props and then run through this, and the other two agree)

scene (one suggests

with a shiny golden color a compound of iron and sulfur c. it smokes and develops a strong odor d. from the Greek word for 'fire'

2. a. looks like gold,

b.

e. they

were fools (from fool's gold)

the

1

1

ANSWER KEY

it

f.

does not smoke or develop a strong odor (iron pyrite

• Layers of sediment cover the bones. • The bones sink to the level of the ground water.

smokes and smells, and gold does not have the same kind

g.

of reaction) it does not start fires easily (iron pyrite was used fires,

and gold could not

to start

be used that way)

a Spanish explorer b. in a best-selling Spanish fantasy

3. a.

3. a.

c.

an

e.

sometime between 1500

was an

and 1550

and an

TOEFL EXERCISE 1.

2. 3.

3 3 2

5.

4. 1,3

EXERCISE

incorrect

like those

•

assumption that

2,4

2.

3

4.

D A

5.

4

6.

2

3.

10.

7.

2

11.

8.

2,4

12. 2

4 18. 1,3

13. 1

17.

14. 2

•

15. 1 16.

mix of olive

and some other type of

oil

oil:


32

Largest lake: Caspian Sea Deepest Lake: Lake Baikal Largest freshwater lake: Lake Superior

3

3.

D

5.

B

7.

A

4.

C

6.

A

8.

C

(Skills

9.

29-3

2.

Cut offfrom the oceans: Caspian Sea Carved out by glaciers: Lake Superior Created over a fault in the crust: Lake Baikal

3.

An animal dies.

C

1)

Soft tissues decompose.

4.

tissues remain.

become buried.

tissues

Layers of sediment cover the bones. The bones sink to the level of the ground water.

Minerals from the ground water enter the bones. Minerals eventually replace the bones.

1920: gas mask 5.

The fossilized remains are buried. The earth moves the buried remains. The remains may be pushed close to the

Humans may

Famous

actresses: facecloths

No marketing:

6.

bandages

The

surface.

discover the remains.

olives are pressed for the first time.

Virgin olive oil results.

Consumer testing: handkerchiefs

The crushed

11. 1


Cold-pressed olive oil results.

12.

D

13.

1,3

14.

A

7.

volcanic island forms.

Coral begins

to

Olive oil of the highest quality: virgin olive oil Olive oil affected by heating: pure olive oil Olive oil mixed with other

oils: light olive oil

grow.

The volcano erodes. The volcano disappears underwater.

C

EXERCISE 32 (Answers may vary)

8.

From the first pressing, with lower acid: extra virgin olive From the first pressing, with higher acid: virgin olive oil From a later pressing: cold-pressed olive oil

EXERCISE 1. a.

classification

by outstanding characteristic: Caspian Sea (largest lake) • Lake Baikal (deepest lake) • Lake Superior (largest freshwater lake) •

classification

by type of formation:

trees

33 (Answers

c.

may vary)

with cones instead offlowers

a

conifer,

a 4,000-year-old

bristlecone pine in California

d. conifers, giant redwoods in California several feet tall

and weighing 2,000 a

e.

evolved as

f.

Conifers lose

reaction to drought

and

replace their needles throughout the year,

g. in the northern hemisphere (in

ordering (process)

h. very big (several hundred feet tall

deciduous

An animal dies.

•

•

Hard Hard

tissues remain.

tissues

become buried.

trees

shed their leaves in one season.

North America and

Siberia)

and weighing 2,000

tons)

process of the formation of fossils: • Soft tissues decompose.

hundred

tons

Caspian Sea (cut offfrom oceans) • Lake Superior (carved out by glaciers) • Lake Baikal ( created over a fault) •

•

oil

b. one-third

b. classification

b.

The crushed

TOEFL EXERCISE

9. 1

2. a.

later pressing)

3

1,4

1. a.

a

olive oil (heat processed)

2,4

In the 1930s: handkerchief

15.

the first pressing,

• Cold-pressed olive oil results.

In the 1920s: facecloth

10.

from

• Virgin olive oil results.

Hard Hard

7. Before

8.

( cold-pressed

oil)

1,2 3 4


oil:

process for making cold-pressed olive • The olives are pressed for the first time.

6. 1

TOEFL EXERCISE 2.

pure

• light olive oil (a

1.

D A

by types of olive

higher acid)

30 9.

and ordering (process)

• cold-pressed olive oil (cold-pressed from

island)

2,4

classification

• virgin olive oil (cold-pressed from the first pressing,

(in the first half of the

(Various answers are possible.)

1.

both

lower acid)

no Amazons and not an island ( no inhabitants California

Minerals eventually replace the bones.

• extra virgin olive oil

sixteenth century)

in the fictional work,

Minerals from the ground water enter the bones.

•

b. classification series

island full of gold d. Amazons, who were powerful female warriors

f.

•

2. a. students in

an

introductory education course

b. early twentieth century c.

d.

no no

no skirts above cream parlors

colorful clothing, bars,

no

ice

the ankle

ANSWER KEY

(had

e. very strict f.

3. a.

at

home (had

to

500 degrees

c.

its

d.

made of carbon dioxide made of sulfuric acid the Sun reflecting off the

f.

900

Centigrade, or

Sun and

closeness to the

its

4

10.

1

13.

1

2.

4

5.

3

8. 2

11.

4

14.

4

degrees Fahrenheit

3.

2

6.

3

9.

4

12.

1

15. 2

atmosphere

16.

same

17. size

as the earth, the 5th

its

brightest

when full

(at its brightest

when a

cres-

19.

must be

thick (the clouds hide the surface of Venus)

2.

2

6.

4.

1,3

5.

2

common: whorled

9.

Most common: 1,4

alternate

20. 3

33

2,4

22.

2,3 4

12.

2,3

17. 2

13.

1

18.

14. 2,

10. 3

15.

1,4 22. 4

16. 3

11. 2

7. 1

8.

3. 1

B

21. 3

TOEFL EXERCISE 4

leaves per node: opposite

Neither most nor least common: opposite

cent)

1.

leaf per node: alternate

18. Least

largest)

i.

One Two

Three leaves per node: whorled clouds

g. the 6th largest (almost the

h. not at

7.

4. 1

1. 1

both visible from Earth

b.

e.

LISTENING POST-TEST (Computer)

of rules) be at home by 8:00)

to follow lots

4

4

19.

21.

1,4 2, 4

4

23. 1, 24.

4

D

25.

4

26.

End of the eighteenth

Beginning of the nineteenth century: Kamehameha

20. 1

End of the nineteenth

EXERCISE 34

(Various answers are possible.)

TOEFL EXERCISE

century: James Cook

4 28. The islands had

century: Liliuokalani

27.

different

monarchs.

Kamehameha became king.

34

Liliuokalani became queen.

1.

C

3.

D

5.

2.

B

4.

B

6.

A A

7.

D

9.

8.

B

10.

C C

The monarchy disappeared. 29. 4 30. 2


2.

3

4.

2

STRUCTURE STRUCTURE DIAGNOSTIC PRE-TEST (Paper)

Lewis and Clark

set

out

Thousands of settlers The arch was built. 1,4

set

St.

Louis.

Compressed minerals: inner core Stony silicates: mantle

8. 9.

C 1,4

10. 2 11.

B

13. 14.

4 3

15. 2,

16. It It It It

4 had had had had

3.

D

A D

13.

C

D

22.

29.

C and

became

30.

18.

B was declared

31.

B was designed by B short courses

19.

A

10.

the brightest star

32.

D

moved

rest

33.

A

actor

materials

34.

C C

22.

B

previously

35.

23.

C

used

36.

24.

D

their

25.

A

imported

live

result of

37.

B B

profitable

38.

D

been mined

39.

C

other

27.

C C

the their

40.

B making

28.

D

amount

the project

D

A

recorded

11.

2.

2

was

12. 2

number

3.

13. 2

officially

them

D D

5.

4 3 3

6.

2

7.

2

(Paper)

4.

31.

B

41.

32.

C

42.

A

35.

A

45.

26.

C C

36.

D

46.

A

37.

B

47.

D

38.

C

B

29.

D D

48.

39.

B

49.

D

1. I

30.

B

40.

C

50.

B

2.

15.

6.

D

16.

7.

A

17.

A

8.

C

18.

C

28.

9.

B

19.

10.

A

B B

24.

27.

D

33.

34.

D

43. 44.

3

3

1.

A

C

20.

C C

6.

21.

25.

5.

14.

5.

C C

B B B

23.

C C B

4.

B

A

are

7.

(Computer)

k and a g sound. only a k sound. both a k and an s sound. both a

12.

14.

15.

C

B

STRUCTURE DIAGNOSTIC PRE-TEST

only a g sound.

LISTENING POST-TEST 21. D 11. A 1. D 2.

A A

B

26.

12. 2

12.

17.

20.

Liquid minerals: outer core

11.

B

13.

16.

to explore the west.

out from

8.

9.

4.

D

C

3.

2.

became president.

A A

D D D

1.

5. Jefferson

7.

32-34)

1,2 At the top: observatory In the legs: trams Under the ground: museum

3.

6.

(Skills

4 4 10. 3

14.

15. 1

A

but

16. 2

made

larger than

17. 2 18. 2

8.

9.

19.

razed

20. 1

typical

relies

on

expensive

I

missing subject

(could be he went)

missing verb double verb

(could be

C

3. I

4. I 5.

3

died

EXERCISE

opened

4

C

(has

is

available)

and provides)

ANSWER KEY

6. I 7.

and

double subject

(text

missing verb

(could be departure

6. I

it)

C

8. I

9. I I

missing subject

(could be /found)

double verb

(is

EXERCISE 1.

sched-

4.

and processes)

missing subject

(could be he

missing subject

(could be the doctor has been

took)

double subject

(shopping and

missing subject

(could be she

C

9.

I

2.

A

4.

D

6.

missing subject

C C

9.

I

missing subject missing connector misplaced connector

C C

9.

I

1.

missing subject

missing

comma

(could be the electric a wall heating unit)

I

I

3.

(

misplaced connector missing connector

missing subject

missing connector

(could be

yet

it is)

(should be You can

drive.

(could be so he flew)

7. I

(are completing and should

(could be

before they are

(could be After the ground

C

9.

missing verb missing subject

(could be The building is) (could be it can be sent)

C C missing

report)

10.

double verb

(are giving and attract)

EXERCISE

double verb

(was trying and was

1.

I

comma

(counted, the outcome)

often

8

C

2. I

missing connector

3. I

missing verb

(were announcing and.

6.

missing subject

double verb

(could be your application

missing verb

is)

(was

offered

and was

not

8. I 9.

10.

and

double verb

(

were taught

double verb

(

were reached

missing

and

were) 1.

and is) (are listed and have) served

(Skills

6-8)

C

3. I

unnecessary connector (omit Or) missing verb (could be a problem occurred)

4. I 5.

incorrect connector

(should be as soon

missing connector

(could be so

as)

C

6. I

(Skills 1-5)

the

king has not

returned) 7.

missing subject double verb

(explained, all visitors)

will be)

2. I (is

comma

C C

EXERCISE double verb double verb

(could be wherever you need)

C

5

(could be she went) (were grown vested)

C

C

7. I

C

3. I

4.

5. I

C C

2. I

(could be Though the commandant left) (could be unless he or she meets)

double verb

EXERCISE

4.

(could be no rain has fallen) (could be and it has been) (should be The quality. ..so I

had been prepared)

8.

C

8. I

1.

A

C

6. I

4

C

7. I

10.

10.

7

computer, the most powerful)

C

5. I

9.

B

C

4. I

C

3. I

6.

8.

admitted)

5.

double verb

missing subject

heater,

accepted)

4.

D

or you can get)

2. I

EXERCISE

2.

9.

C

EXERCISE

received)

.

A

(could be Mr. Smith, the

C

8.

1

7.

6

interrupted)

10.

C C

C

6. I

7.

it)

C

8.

10.

C

4. I 5.

5.

(could be Bob, a friend)

C

2. I

3.

A

7.

3

missing subject

EXERCISE 1.

3.

6. I

C C

8.

10.

B

5.

C

7. I

and

(Skills 1-5)

1.

1.

construction

changed) took)

chief executive officer)

6.

(

C

4. I

C

4. I

5.

double subject

I

it)

C

2. I 3.

9.

3. I

EXERCISE 1.

(could be he threw)

C

9. I

10.

missing subject

2. I

C

7. I 8.

8. I

EXERCISE practicing)

6.

in the shopping

C

TOEFL EXERCISE

2

C C

5. I

7.

10.

C

2. I

3.

is

mall) is

uled)

10.

(could be

missing verb

and

were har-

8.

C C

9. I

10.

C

missing subject

(could be while

it is)

1

ANSWER KEY

TOEFL EXERCISE 1.

2.

D D

(Skills

6-8)

3.

C

5.

D

7.

C

9.

B

4.

B

6.

B

8.

D

10.

D

7. I

incorrect connector

8. I

missing connector extra subject

9. I

10.


C

3.

2.

B

4.

C C

(Skills 1-8)

5.

A

7.

C

9.

6.

D

8.

B

10.

D A

2.

EXERCISE 1.

(could be manual describes)

missing verb

C

5. I

missing connector missing subject

6. I

extra subject

4. I

7.

9.

10.

(could be Why he refused) (could be We talked) (omit it)

C

8. I

I

missing verb missing connector

(could be when the paper is due is certain) (could be When the contract mil be awarded)

C

3.

10 (could be which

missing verb missing verb

(signing could

5. I

extra subject

(omit

7.

9.

is)

B

5.

A

6.

EXERCISE 1.

3.

be must sign)

he)

5. I 6. I

1.

4.

missing verb

(could be whatever is)

missing verb

(could be whoever is)

4.

7.

is for sale)

(whom could be which) (omit

extra subject

9. I

(could be was funny ) (could be we were having)

C

5.

EXERCISE 1.

12

10.

C

2. I

missing connector/

(could be which are trying)

subject 3. I

4.1

missing verb incorrect connector/

(could be who is) ( which should be who)

2.

(Skills 1-12)

C C

9.

D

10.

B

7.

B

9.

8.

D

10.

B B

7.

8.

(heard should be hearing)

reduction)

(illogical

14

(left

should be leaving)

be

selected)

reduction)

(buy should be buying)

(Skills

13-14)

(was)

C C (needed should be needing)

C (omit was)

C (decided

should be deciding)

C C

TOEFL EXERCISE 1.

C

C C

8. I

9.

10.

C

6. I 7.

B

C C

4. I

missing verb missing subject

8.

(purchasing should be purchased) (omit who) (omit were) (placing should be placed)

EXERCISE

3.

B

sitting)

(illogical

2.

it)

9.

C

1. I

C C

8. I

10.

(could be

C

5. I 6.

missing verb incorrect connector

should be

6. I

10.

C

3. I

(sat

(selecting should

9.

1

A

13

5. I

7.

B B

7.

C

2. I

C

2. I

C C

C

8. I

1.

9-12)

C

4. I

3.

EXERCISE

6.

3.

EXERCISE

C C

10. I

D

4.

10. I

C

8. I

4.

C

9. I

4. I

6.

5.

A

7. I

C

2. I

B

1.

2. I

EXERCISE

3.

2.

8.

1.

A D

(Skills


C

2. I 3.

9

C

TOEFL EXERCISE 1.

should be what) (could be That he was) (omit it) (that

A A

3.

4.

(Skills

B B

5. 6.

13-14)

D D

subject 5. I 6.

extra subject

(omit

missing connector/

(could be which


it)

C

7. I

is)

(Skills 1-14)

1.

D

3.

D

5.

D

7.

C

9.

2.

A

4.

B

6.

B

8.

D

10.

subject 8. I 9.

extra subject

(omit

missing verb

(could be that was on are also on sale)

they)

EXERCISE

C

10. I

sale

1. I

2.

EXERCISE

(Skills

9-12)

2.

(could be he was coming)

C

3. I

4.

missing subject

7.

extra subject

(omit

she)

C

5. I 6. I

6.

(could be we want)

(whom could be which)

10.

(should be can new students) (should be the plane can)

C C

8. I

9.

missing subject incorrect connector

directories will)

C

5. I 1. I

(should be the new

C

3. I

4.

15

C C

(should be has

it)

A D

1

668

ANSWER KEY

EXERCISE 1. € 2. I 3.

7. I

8. I

10.

(should be (should be

I

3.

C C

4.

I

5.

I

6. I 7.

C

8.

I

10.

6. I

7. 8. 9.

10.

(should be were a

3.

4.

7.

8. 9.

10.

write)

1.

2. I

leave)

I

2.

D A

(are

C

4.

C

5.

I

6. I

19

8.

I

9.

C I

1. I

2.

(should be that

the condition of the:

4.

I

5.

C

6. I 7.

9.

(Skills

10.

15-19)

I

1. I

2.1 4.

(should be are the

offices)

(was should be were)

(should be does

it

snow)

(admire should be admires)

be was) (are should be is) (were should

(take

should be

takes)

(are

should be

is)

(have should be has)

(

(Skills

20-23)

has should be have)

(was should be were) (have should be has) (was should be were) (have should be has)

7.

(should be Should he)

8.


9.

(does

10.

(Skills

23

C

5. 6.

15-19)

A

5.

D

7.

C

9.

C

4.

C

6.

B

8.

A

10.

B

TOEFL REVIEW EXERCISE (Skills 5.

D

7.

6.

C

8.

I

should be do) (have should be has)

TOEFL EXERCISE

3.

A A

(was so many should be were so many) (has should be have) (have should be has)

C

3. I

3.

(do should be does)

EXERCISE

(should be land developers have) (should be did I believe)

are)

C

8. I

should be he needs)

are)

C

3. I

4.

should be (is should be

(is

EXERCISE

(should be were the other members)

D

(was should be were) (was not changed should be were not changed)

C C

3. I

10.

B

should be are) should be is)

C C

7. I

1.

21

C

2. I

(should be ifyou could) (should be had he not)

2.

is)

(is

1.

(could be you should) (should be If he has)

TOEFL EXERCISE 1.

should be

EXERCISE 22

18

C C 10.

are

4. I

10.

C I

(

C

8. I

C C I

C

(was should be were)

9.

(does he need

have should be has) ( have should be has) (

2. I

6.

C C C C

1.

C C

7. I

(should be did she

are)

3. I

5.

C C

I

should be

EXERCISE

17

(should be have I gone) (should be He went) (should be has their secretary)

EXERCISE

3.

10.

C

5. I 6.

man and a woman)

(should be did the boy

EXERCISE 1.

8.

C C C c

2. I

(is

9.1

C

5. I


3. I

6.1 7.1

C

3. I

C

2. I

4.

C C

2. I

4.

the stream)

(should be the food was) (should be can farmers) (should be are the two trees)

EXERCISE 1.

is

C

1. I

9.

a big house)

5.

EXERCISE 2.

is

C

6. I

9.

1.

C

4. I 5.

EXERCISE 20

16

C B

1-19) 9.

D

10.

B

(Skills

1.

B

2.

D

3.

B

is

8.

4.

A

are trying

9.

5.

C

is

6. 7.

10.

20-23)

C

have

D A

involves

B B

were is

are

1

ANSWER KEY


2.

3. 4.

5.

A

6.

C C C B

(Skills

C

I

-23)

qualify

1. I

3.

5.

6.

A

7.

3.

B

8.

9.

a flag is

4.

A

9.

10.

B

documents

5.

B

10.

8.

should be a

server)

D C

bone there are

be finished)

4.

by train

should be taking the

train)

should be

answer)

letters to

(importantest

should be important)

C

5. I

(more long should be longer)

6. I

(than should be of)

7.

C

8. I

(those letters should be answered

(abundanter should be more abundant)

C

3. I

{finishing should

C

9. I

10.

1. I

2.

we go

C endowed B is

EXERCISE 27

(in a restaurant

(that

(Skills 1-26)

A

6.

2.

B was

C C

7. I

B

which

8.

C C

4. I

1.

A A

7.

EXERCISE 24 2.


9.

10.

(omit more)

C C

C

EXERCISE 28 EXERCISE 25 2.

take)

be

nor)

6. I 7. I

(should be but also to) (you wrote should be what you wrote) (or should be and)

10. I

5.

I

6.

C

7. I

8. 9.

(omit the second you can graduate) (omit was it)

(more should be the most)

C

4. I

C

9. I

C

2. I 3.

(or should

C

5. I

8.

be

C

3. I 4.

1.

(you can take should

1.

(should be more difficult than (more should be most) (the best of should

be

the second)

than the food in)

better

C C

10. I

(the longest of should

be

longer than)

EXERCISE 29 EXERCISE 26 1.

2. I 3.

5. I

7.

2.

(to eat

should be

eating)

4.

(should be what you did yesterday) (should be the one we had before)

C C

8. I 9. I

10. I

(should be music in my country) (should be the one in the high school) (How to buy should be Buying)

(

the worst

6. I

1. I

2.

(Skills

(dine should

24-26)

8.

C C

9.

I

10. I

1. I

be dining)

2. I

C

3.

The earliest should be The earlier) (should be the better time you '11 have) (

(should be what had come

4. I

(or should

5. I

5. I

(mediocrity

6. I

6. I 7.

C

8. I 9.

10.

be nor) should be mediocre) (should be but also in the afternoon)

4. I

7.

8.

(helps

you should be

helpful)

C C

9.

10.

(Skills

27-29)

(omit more) (should be taller than

should be the closer) (bigger should be the biggest) (most hot should be hottest) (the closest

C c c c

TOEFL EXERCISE TOEFL EXERCISE

(Skills

24-26)

1.

1.

D

2.

2.

C

3.

3.

D

4.

4.

B

5.

D D D D

philosophical

9.

B

to preserve

10.

D

or

5. 6. 7.

8.

the other tree)

C

3. I

before)

the worse)

(should be the less the noise comes through) (should be The faster you run)

EXERCISE EXERCISE

should be

C

5. I

7.

(should be the harder)

C

3. I

C

4. I

6.

1. I

C

B

D D D D

(Skills

in

9.

C C B B

10.

A

The most widely

6. 7.

8.

than the most

27-29) most controversial

more milder

water


and the prison population in

any other state

4.

A D D D

than

5.

C

was

1.

2. 3.

(Skills 1-29)

A A

are cactus plants

B B

the largest

9.

10.

A

6. 7.

8.

who is

earlier

1

ANSWER KEY

EXERCISE 30 1. I

2.

3.

(drunk should be drank)

10.

should be broken) should be completed)

(

broke

5. I

(

completes

C

7. I

8. I

9.

10.

should be ridden) (saw should be seen) (rode

1. I

2.

be responded)

should be

(took

(

8.

I

(

9.

C

10.

I

merge should be merging)

should be duplicated)

C

C (have should be had)

3. I

(have arrived should be arrived)

5.

C C

7. I

(have been should be were) (are should be have been)

8. I

(votes

6. I

EXERCISE 32 1.

C

2. I

4.

C C

5.

I

3.

6. 7.

9.

9.

should be finish)

should be

(clicks

2.

should be

like)

C I

(has should be have)

1. I

3.

C C

4.

I

2.

5. I

7.

C C

8.

I

6.

9.

I

10. I

(Skills

C (

should be would) would should be will)

(

has should be had)

C

9. I

10.

C

1. I

2.

3. I

(fo should be been) (rose should be risen)

4. I 5. I

7.

8.

C C

9.

I

6.

established

7.

D D

would have coming

8.

B made

9.

C

have

10.

D

tried

3.

4.

D

5.

B won

2.

30-32)

been

C C C

TOEFL REVIEW EXERCISE 6. B 1. A 7. A 2. D

hold been

(Skills 1-32) lowest

are

3.

C

8.

B was ordered

4.

B

9.

5.

D

10.

C C

EXERCISE 1. I

2.

(tell

33

should be

4. I 5. I 6. I

are

should be went) (reads should be read) (went should be goes) (is should be was)

should be

received)

(was should be is) (have left should be left) (would should be will) (has should be had)

(will should

be would)

C (Skills

1.

C

spent

6.

2.

A

became

7.

3.

C

would

8.

4.

B

served

9.

5.

A

has

10.

33-36)

C C

will

D D D

became


lost

will potentially raise is

(Skills 1-36)

1.

B

6.

C

is

2.

D

7.

B

have been working

3.

C

8.

A

country

9.

B

planted

10.

A

Inasmuch as

4.

(goes

(receives

33-36)

TOEFL EXERCISE

told)

C

3. I

nor

10.

(Skills

C


6. I

1.

should be would) (would should be will) (will

EXERCISE


(Skills

will

C

8. I

(drunk should be drank)

be would)

(

7.

(gave should be given)

(will should

4. I 5.

30-32)

TOEFL EXERCISE

(had should be have)

3. I

6. I

EXERCISE

voted)

EXERCISE 36

click)

1. I

(liked

should be

C

10. I

C C

8. I

10.

(finishes

been,

2. I

4.

(duplicates

had been should be was)

(have worked should be worked)

1.

(submit should be submitted)

be had

(were should

9. I

EXERCISE 35

C

7. I

should be had finished)

8. I

10.

should be building)

build

(finish

C C

eating)

should be taken)

(had should be has) (have should be had)

C

5. I

7.

C

5. I 6.

3

C

3. I

4.

(eat

C

3. I

6.

EXERCISE

C

2. I

4.

(respond should

should be went) (intended should be intends) (goes

EXERCISE 34 1.

C I

C

9.1

C C

4. I

6.

7.

8. I

5.

D D

measured

is

in

ANSWER KEY

EXERCISE 37 1. I

2.

4. I

7.

9.

be lent) { chose should be chosen) {lending should

{playing should

be

played)

should be cleaned)

are)

3. I

{is

should be

are)

4. I

{were should

be was)

were should

be was)

6.

EXERCISE 38 2.

6. I 7. I

8. I

9. I

10. I

{

8. I

{

should be been sent) {will plan should be will be planned) {left should be was left) {won should be was won) {made should be were made) {do not drive should be are not driven) {sent

EXERCISE 2. I 3. I

4.

37-38)

should be been) {struck should be was {feeds should be fed)

6. I 7. I

8. I 9. I

1. I

2.

{engineer should

5.

1. I

3. I

4.

6.

37-38)

7.

8.

1.

C

6.

D

2.

D

7.

B added

3.

B

D

covered

5.

C

be picked

replaced

8.

D

was

A

have been

10.

D

had been protected

4.

B

5.

B

7.

8.

(omit have) sound waves

are

9.

10.

C

(Skills 1-38) but also

more

B

spent

B C

should

as

1. I

2.

4. I 5. I 6. I

parts)

{way should be ways) {piece should be pieces) {days should be day) {days should be day)

C

8. I 9. I

10.

be

C

3. I

7.

{part should

C

2. I 3. 4.

5. I 6.

{amount should be number)

C

{much should be many)

{exam should be exams) {analyses should be analysis) {musical should be musician) {nurse should be nursing)

{producer should {excursion

be production)

should be excursions) (Skills

39^*2)

respects

6.

year

7.

C C

3.

A

many

8.

A

4. 5.

C phenomenon B hero

9.

10.

C C

planet

number investigations is

used

applicant

TOEFL REVIEW EXERCISE (Skills 1—42> B 6. A indicated 2. D 7. A Much is

.

4.

C C

9.

5.

D

10.

3.

8.

EXERCISE 43 1.

C

3. I

4.

7.

9.

10.

C C

39^*2)

D D

(/should be me) { they should be them)

C -

(Act

should be

she)

C C

8. I

C

statistician)

actor)

2.

6.

1.

I

5. I

EXERCISE 40

(Skills

be

C C C

2. I

should be dresses) { bills should be bill) {dress

criticisms)

should be

{acting should

TOEFL EXERCISE

1

EXERCISE 39

{statistic

lost

1.

1.

should be

C

9. I

10.

9.

TOEFL REVIEW EXERCISE 6. D A 3.

I

5. I

4.

{critics

C

2. I

C

B B

C C

EXERCISE

should be leased) {placed should be been placed) (finishing should be finished) {pay should be are paid) {rode should be ridden) {been leased

be sculptor) be engineering)

{sculpture should

10.

(Skills

should be poems)

3. I

9. I

struck)

{poets

C

4. I

8.

{be

TOEFL EXERCISE

2.

C

7. I

C

5. I

10.

(Skills

should be tooth) {fungi should be fungus) teeth

EXERCISE 42

6.

1. I

C C

7. I

10.

{done should be been done)

C

5. I

C

9. I

C

3. I 4.

be was parked)

41

should be

5.

{parked should

should be fewer)

{is

1. I

C

1. I

{less

EXERCISE 2.

{ clean

{much should be many) {less pages should be fewer pages)

C

10. I

c c

9. I

10.

been)

c

6. I

8.

should be

C

3. I

5.

{be

7. I

8.1

{them should be they)

C I

(Act should

be

she)

C C C

(omit has) projects

diseases

671

1

ANSWER KEY

672

EXERCISE 44 1. I

2.

7.

should be

8. I

(quick

9.

10. (theirs

should be

their)

2.

3.

should be your)

EXERCISE 45 2.

4. I 5. 6.

7.

should be he or she)

(them should be (

them should be

8. I

10.

should be their) (them should be it)

2. I 3.

2. I 3. I

(them should be him or her)

4. I

5. 6.

7.

should be their) (his should be he)

8.

8. I

should be

10. it

(/should be me) (theirs should be (their should

be

his or her)

(Skills

B

they

7.

their

8.

4.

C C C

he

9.

C C C

5.

A

they cause

10.

D


I

3.

B B

reliably

4.

D

heavily

5.

B

industrial

he

and

their

C

recently

it

3.

B

are

them

4.

C

5.

B

9.

D

becomes

3. I

A

line

4. I

1.

EXERCISE 46 should be pleasantly)

10.

7.

should be expensive)

9. I

10. I

c c should be completely) (truly should be true) (incorrect should be incorrectly) (completely should be complete, terribly should be

1.

(angrily

2.

3. I 4. 5.

C C

(sweetly

should be

sweet)

50

C should be lively should be ahme) (afraid should be frightened)

C C C

8. I

10.

negative)

should be solitary) (regularly should be regular) (unhealthily should be unhealthy)

3. I

9.

C

should be

(solitarily

(tone

7.

should be angry)

(negatively

(alive

6.

1.

should be seasonal) (lately should be late) (terribly should be terrible)

2. I

5.

EXERCISE 47

equally exciting

(seasonally

EXERCISE

4. I

C

D

C

8. I

terrible)

was given back

10.

C

6. I

C

9. I

(omit has)

C

2. I

5.

7. I

D

A

EXERCISE 49

10.

complete

8.

9.

its

fewer

(Skills 1-45)

forms

8. I

banks

(Skills 1-48)

D

B

(

successfully

7.

8.

6. I

C

6.

A

5.

10.

C

3.

4.

district

D

D

(expensively

rapidly destroying

D

1.

7.

3. I

B

2.

C

(pleasant

8.

it

2.

1. I

lengthy

9.

fatal


was praised a hydrogen bomb explodes

number

46-48)

C C

C

his (or her)

(Skills

7.

6.

2.

certainly

6.

B

C C

should be certain) (should be immediately put out) (

already adopted

1.

5.

(should be had regularly attended)

43-45)

6.

4.

dim lights) (exhaustedly should be exhausted) (remarkable should be remarkably) ( careful should be carefully) the

unusual

2.

their)

his

3.

(should be

46-48)

D

1.

B

2.

(Skills

TOEFL EXERCISE

TOEFL EXERCISE 1.

(should be has subsequently altered them) (should be the intensive program)

costs)

C

10. I

(should be an expensive restaurant)

C C

9. I

C C

7. I

9.

43-45)

(its

(they cost

carefully selected)

C

6. I

C

4. I

(should be has

C

1. I

(its

(Skills

sale)

it)

5.

1. I

(should be a fantastic

EXERCISE

EXERCISE

difficult)

C

9. I it)

C

10. I

should be

C

8. I

C C

7. I

9.

(they

(difficultly

C C

6. I

C

3. I

I

4. I 5.

1. I

quickly)

c

1. I

(our should be ours) (yours

should be

EXERCISE 48

C

10. I

(unhappily should be unhappy)

their)

C C

8. I 9.

(theirs

C

7. I

hers)

C

5. I 6.

be

C

3. I

4.

(her should

6.

(asleep

should be

sleeping)

C I

(an atone should be a

lone)

1

ANSWER KEY

EXERCISE 1. I

2.

5

7. I

(completing should

be

completed)

C should be satisfying) (filling should be filled)

3.

8.

C

9.

I

10. I

5.

(reducing should be reduced)

2.

(worked should be working)

3. I 4. I

9.

(unpaying should be unpaid)

10.

5.

EXERCISE 1. I

2.1 3. I 4. I

(Skills

49-51)

7.

(appreciating should

be appreciated) ( damaging should be damaged) (alike should be like) (interested should be interesting)

C C

7. I

10.

10.

I

should be

sleeping)

3.

should be frightening)

TOEFL EXERCISE 1.

C

2.

A

annual

3.

C

4.

D

A

(Skills

5. I

49-51) sleep

7.

great

8.

C

nightly

lone

9.

A

Signed

6.

viewed

10.

D


A

6.

3.

C B

8.

4.

A

9.

2.

5.

D

7.

involved

10.

B B

D A C

2.

4. I 5. 6. 7.

8.

correct completion

Using which was held

C

(should be a memo) (should be a car)

4.

(should be

A

teacher)

6.

8.

(should be an hour) (should be an umbrella) (should be an unacceptable idea) (should be a uniform) (should be an honest mistake) (should be an account)

3. 4. 5. 6.

C C

mistakes,

~

should be an honest

(

indications

should be indication)

(should be a group tour, should be a fee, should be the first of the month) (Skills

52-55)

the heart

8. 9.

C

other

C

the

10.

D

the Army

5.

7.

(Skills 1-55)

1.

D

6.

C

number

2.

B

7.

A

their

3.

A

4.

D

tragedies

5.

B

used

1.

8. 9.

10.

C made

D D

layer

graduates

C

(pills

should be

5.

I

6.

C

7. I

(should be

9.

57

(should be deal with) (should (should (should (should

be sided with) be turned down) be depend on) be looked after)

C

8. I

10.

result in)

C

6. I

members should be member)

(should be approve of)

C

1. I

pill)

on)

(should be bring up) (should be consult with)

EXERCISE 2.

rely

C

9. I

7. (

(should be

C

5. I

C I

be

(mistake should

a

4. I

C

the next

D

4.

10.

EXERCISE 54 2. I

(should be the room, should be plant) (should be a law) (should be the laboratory manual, should be

B

3.

3. I

1.

(should be took money, should be a sweater)

A Radar D the federal government A A

C

8.

C I

52-55)

6.

D

4. I

C

9. I

10.

53

C

7. I

(Skills

(omit a) a plant

1.

2. I

C

5. I

(should be the center) (should be the Lincoln Memorial)

EXERCISE 56

EXERCISE

3. I

I

2.

trip)

C

1. I

the most beautiful girl)

TOEFL EXERCISE

3.

2.

(should be

the best grade)


(should be a

C C C C

9. I

10.

9.

evolved

C

3. I

I

lively

EXERCISE 52 1. I

8.

10.

alike

the head)

effort)

disputed

(Skills 1-51)

(should be (should be

Snake River)

class) 7. I

B B

westerly

the

C C

4. I

(frightened

(should be

EXERCISE 1. I

(asleep

55

C C

9. I

2.

C C I

8.

6. I

5.

should be lesson) should be reason)

c

6. I

9.

subject)

C

7.

8.

8.

(reasons

EXERCISE 1. I

6.

6.

(lessons

should be

(satisfied

4.

5.

(subjects

(should be beware of)

C I

(should be blamed

his brother for)

ANSWER KEY

EXERCISE 1.

7.

C

10.

C C C

8.

I

9. I

10. I

I

doing should be making) {did should be made) (

{others

should be

TOEFL EXERCISE

(should be reminds me of)

5. I

7.

C

9. I

(should be forgive you for) (should be excels in)

3. I

6.

56-57)

8.1

2. I

4.

(Skills

1.

2.

(should be interfere with) (should be waited for) (should be laughs at, should be

3.

4.

other)

(Skills

B

alike

5.

C

other

A D A

Another

6.

A

Like

make

7.

B done

Unlike

8.

D

58-60)

(Skills

56-57)

1.

C

in

6.

D

as

2.

A A

2.

A

occurrence of edema

7.

B means

3.

D

3.

C

of

8.

4.

C known

4.

A

According to legend

5.

B

to

9.

10.

D D D


C

6.

2.

A

7.

4.

B B on

5.

D

3.

bulletin

1.

of strings close to Fort Sumner

according

9.

10.

D

alternative

2.

3. I

4. I 5. 6. 7.

C C C

8. I

9.

10.

I

{makes should be does)

C

EXERCISE 1. I

2.

4.

C

5. I 6. 7.

10.

{alike

D

recorded

unlike

3.

A

23.

D

(omit a)

4.

D

24.

A Many

C C C

25.

C

it

of water

26.

B

other

27.

C

than

28.

B

recently

9.

B B

29.

D

10.

D

30.

B

(omit it was have there

11.

B

31.

A

the mobility

12.

D

32.

B

as

13.

C

33.

D

battle fatigue

14.

A

34.

15.

C

35.

C C

gravitational

16.

B B

travel

36.

D

are not determined

7.

should be

should be

6. 7.

B B

such as

19.

to verify

39.

D

electricity

20.

A

were

40.

B made

1.

1

than

11. 3

2.

3

became

12.

{the another

should be another)

{others

should be

other)

C C C

5.

2 3

6.

3

7.

3

{a other should be another)

{

cartridges

EXERCISE

should be

(Skills

cartridge)

58-60)

C

2. I

15.

the revoution

were the cells of smaller

the

were issued

16. 2

include

17. 1 18.

9. 1

Like

19.

alone

4 3

suitable

20. 2

nucleus

READING READING DIAGNOSTIC PRE-TEST (Paper) c B

11.

B

21.

C

31.

C

41.

B

2.

12.

A

22.

B

32.

D

42.

C

3.

A

13.

D

23.

A

33.

A

43.

B

A

4.

C

14.

C

24.

C

34.

B

44.

5.

A

15.

A

25.

35.

A

45.

B

6.

B

16.

D

26.

D D

36.

D

46.

D A

17.

B

27.

37.

B

47.

18.

C

28.

B B

A A

38.

A

48.

B

B B

19.

D D

29.

A

39.

D

49.

30.

C

40.

C

50.

D D

7.

9.

{does

should be makes)

C should be route) should be alike)

4. I

{routes

5. I

{like

6.

14.

their

A

8.

3.

rode

4 3 4 3

8. 1

1.

C

10. I

1.

13.

10. 2

C

8. I

9.

38.

C

4. I 5.

37.

types

like)

C c

2. I 3.

built)

a damaged

has

like)

EXERCISE 60 1.

was

C C

18.

4.

{alike

of

A

3. 1

C C

8. I

9.

should be Like)

{Alike

B fans

D

STRUCTURE POST-TEST (Computer)

alike)

C

3. I

8.

10.

59

should be

{like

like

22.

17.

{do should be make)

piece

A

21.

6.

{makes should be does) {did should be made)

B

7.

romance

D

5.

C

6.

C

A

the largest

{did should be made)

other

9.

1.

8.

1. I

taken

2.

will Antarctic icebergs

effect

C

5.

(Skills 1-60)

STRUCTURE POST-TEST (Paper)

(Skills 1-57)

EXERCISE 58

like

Another

to

with

C became C and

A A

8.

C

A

looks at)


TOEFL EXERCISE

9.

10.

C

10.

20.

1

ANSWER KEY

DIAGNOSTIC PRE TEST (Computer)

TOEFL EXERCISE

16. unattached

31.

C

1.

A

4.

2. battle

17. 3

32.

P2

2.

D

5.

3.

18. t/V radiation

33.

4

3.

A

6.

19. 1

34.

1

1.

4 1

4. 1

A

5.

3

20.

6.

P2, S3

21. P3,

7.

2

8. 9.

36.

4

22. 2

37.

1

fought

23.

38. 3

4

24. uncomplicated

39. publications

10.

C

25. 3

40. 2

11.

P4

26.

12. 2

Zo.

14. 3

29.

15.

4

41.

27. P4,

4

lo.

1

S3

4 30. 4

C

TOEFL EXERCISE 5.

D

D.

D

2.

C

4.

A

6.

B

D

o. 15

2.

P3

4.

1.

C

3.

2.

B

4.

A A

Ti A r4

6.

P2

6.

P2 P3

7.

D

Q

A

PI in D9 9.

1 3.

mood

14.

C

1.

2. 3.

C B D

3

5.

C D

8.

6.

A

9.

4.

7.

TOEFL EXERCISE

C

10.

B

B B

11.

D

1.

A

3.

B

5.

D

2.

D

4.

D

6.

A

TOEFL EXERCISE 1.

2.

A

C

3.

farmers

4. tourists

TOEFL EXERCISE

5.

(Skills

B

6. industrial

average

3-5)

15.

A B

5.

C

17.

medium

6.

A

18.

B

7.

P2

19.

8. 9.

B B

D D

21.

10.

D

22.

A A

11.

A

23.

P2

12.

B

20.

D D

2.

C D

3.

A

8 5.

D

7.

C

6.

C

8.

phenomenon

B

7.

A

10.

5.

turned

8.

C

6.

C

9.

D

3. set free

4.

C

4.

9

B

5

discern

7.

C

2.

globular

4.

mortal

6.

A

8.

D

7. line

C

3.

B

5.

C

2.

D

4.

A

6.

B

7.

D

13.

C

19. work

D

8.

C

14.

D

20. keep

3.

C

9.

D

15.

21.

4.

B

C C

11.

C

17. clear

12.

A

18.

Washington

8.

B

14.

C

1.

B

11.

D

17.

C C

rOEFL REVIEW EXERCISE 1.

2.

C

8.

D

9.

3.

B

10.

4.

A

11.

5. his speech

12.

6.

B

13.

7.

C

14.

TOEFL EXERCISE 1.

A

3.

2.

C

4.

A

3.

2.

C

4.

C B

15. continents

A A A

16. 17.

18.

P2

19.

C B

D D D P2

A

B


A

2.

D A

15.

C

3.

C

16.

4.

D

17.

B B

5.

B

18.

6.

manner of walking

19.

7.

C

20.

D D C

8.

B

21.

B

9.

P3

22.

D

(Skills l-l I)

10.

C

23. Congress

11.

D

24.

C

12.

C

25.

B

13. deal

TOEFL EXERCISE

6

D D

TOEFL EXERCISE 1.

D

(Skills 1-5)

16.

6. die

B Camp David

16.

10. teeth

5. seeped

13.

15.

8-11)

1. solely

12.

C

(Skills

2.

D D

9. tar

1

1.

7.

5.

10

3.

6.

10.

B

D

George

B C

(of television)

1.

B

D

elevation

16.

1.

3.

A

B

2.

4.

12.

A

TOEFL EXERCISE

5

B

3.

TOEFL EXERCISE

4

C

11.

4.

TOEFL EXERCISE

TOEFL EXERCISE

10.

(Skills 1-7)

Mason-Dixon Line

1.

5.

C C

D

TOEFL EXERCISE

(Skills 1-2)

C B

9.

A

1.

2.

A

8.

2.

1.

b.

7.

B B

TOEFL EXERCISE

2

P3

TOEFL EXERCISE

numerous

1

D

1.

S4

43. 44.

1.

TOEFL EXERCISE

E

42. P4,

2.

A

6-7)


35. 2

S6

(Skills

B

7.

A

1.

B

4.

5.

D

6.

D

8.

B

2.

PI, S3

5.

3.

P1,S5

6.

7

7.

P2, S3

A

8.

A

P2, S2

9.

C

TOEFL EXERCISE 5.

C

6.

A

12 10. P2,

S2

13

1.

A

3.

C

5.

2.

D

4.

D

6.

D A

7.

C

8.

A

9.

B

C

ANSWER KEY

TOEFL EXERCISE

14

4.

1.

B

3.

B

5.

2.

D

4.

D

6.

TOEFL EXERCISE 1.

2.

D A

6. 7.

3.

C

8.

4.

A

9.

5.

E

10.

D D

(Skills

7.

C 5.

12-14)

P3, S3

11.

D

16.

D D

12.

17. 18.

B

B B

14.

B B B

D D

15.

P1,S2

13.

16.

2.

A

17. 18.

4.

C B

19.

5.

Copland

20.

C B C B C

6.

D

21.

PI

7.

gamut

22.

8.

PI, S2

23.

9.

P1.S4

24.

B B C

10.

D

25.

funding

11.

C

26. canal commission

12.

A

27.

13.

D

14.

15.

[L13]

meaning

missing verb

2. I

When you found

extra subordinate clause

C

missing subject

5. I

indication

missing verb

7. I

Why

extra subordinate clause connector

8. I

cannot submit

missing subject

9.

refusal

missing verb

C

I

10.

C

11.

I

I

somewhat

29.

P3

13.

C

C

30.

B

(Paper) 31.

C

41.

C

22.

32.

A

42.

D

C

23.

C

33.

43.

C

14.

A

24.

A

34.

44.

A

15.

B

25.

35.

45.

D

36.

B C B B

46.

B

21.

12.

D

13.

6.

A

16.

D

26.

C B

7.

C

17.

B

27.

D

37.

A

47.

A

8.

D

18/

28.

B

38.

B

48.

C

9.

B

19.

A

29.

A

39.

49.

D

10.

D

20.

D

30.

B

40.

D A

50.

B

•

READING POST-TEST (Com puter)


missing subject and verb

30. P3,

I

situation

missing verb

15.

I

that books were


connector 16.

C

17.

I

18.

I

had been


results

have been posted

20.

I

What

students were


connector

EXERCISE 7B S3

3.

1

17. 3

32.

C

2.

4.

4 3

18. information

33.

P2

3. I

5.

19.

34. 2

6.

mixed breed

20. P4,

7.

2

21.

P3

36. 2

8.

Experts

22.

4

37.

9.

4

23.

1

38. P2,

.

Q results were

I

researcher completed

C

meeting did not take place

31. 3

4.

S3

If outcome

C

1

1

missing subject and verb

19.

2 3

and magazines

dean decided

connector

2.

S9

was

Since each

14.

16. nexvspapers

1.

committee met

scheduled

D A

B

was

leaves

12.

11.

reaction

4. I

28.

D

i.e.

connector

5.

.4.

[L10]

(C)

1. I

6.

C B B B

3.

(B) for instance

C C

READING POST-TEST 2.

[L4]

(Skills 1-14)

B

1.

(A) for example

[L7-10]

connector

1.

3.

[L2]

EXERCISE 7A

3.


(A) First of all (B) S5

35. 3

diamond S5

C

5.1

I expected

,

however

sales were

;

as a result,

it

,

so

it

will

have

was

manager has been given

We finished and

then

but this does not seem

6.

C

employees come

7.

C

team won

.

,

Next,

it

we submitted

will compete

24. 3

39. 3

4 12. 3 13. 3

25. 2

40.

4

8. I

lightbulb has

26.

B

41.

1

9.

I

manager is hiring

27.

1

42. 2

chapter was

28. packages

43.

C

1

4

1 0.

14. 15.

B

29. 4

44.

P3

1 1

I

You must turn in

12.

C

decision has not yet been

13.

I

Afterwards construction was completed

1 4.

C

course requires

10. P3, 11.

WRITING EXERCISE 1.

(A) employee (B)

2.

3.

4

worker

[L2] [L3]

(A) priorities

[L4]

(B)

them

[L7]

(A)

manner

[L10]

style

[L9]

It

[L12]

(B)

[L9]

[L6]

[L8]

.

burned out

;

then

,

/ need

we

will not

have

Ifinished

yet

,

[J

,

otherwise grade will be lowered

made

.Therefore, ,

we must wait traffic

in contrast, course required

\

scheduled

Q we must head

15.

I

16. 17.

C building has tower is C We have or we will have

18.

C

flight

is

[7]

I have worked

19. I

bookstore

20.

It

I

is

; finally,

I will be

Q we should go

has been raining

,

consequently, streets are

moved

ANSWER KEY

EXERCISE 7C 1. I

2.

3.

I ordered) they will be delivered

tickets (that

C (How I will be able to get all this C excuse (that you gave me) was

4. I

(What

5. I

place (where

6.

C

the lecturer said)

we agreed

work done)

to meet) it

was is

EXERCISE 8A

7. I

(Who

8. I

(That the story

9. I

contractor (who painted the house) he did

responsible for the accident) is

on

the front

10.

C (Why she was the one)

11.

I

(

12.

clothes (that

13.

C C

room

14.

I

(

What happened just

What

will

happen

it is

page of the paper)

(who got the job)

before

we purchased

(in which the

1. it is

our arrival)

it is

at the sale) were

her next)

advantages, in particular depending on the stage of

your career. (4 errors)

is

(what concerns me

it is

2.

15.

C

receptionist

16.

I

(What

17.

I

classmate (who presented the report) he did

18.

C (How such a C situation (in

the

(who regularly answers

manager wrote in

I

.

all

of

known) to

do with the

it is

3.

7 (A-C)

What you need

to do before going on a vacation where you will go on your vacation. You may decide to go to a quiet place with a quiet and natural setting; (7B) instead you may decide to go to a big city with a fast-paced life. Each of these types of vacation (7A) has something to offer. (3 errors)

(7C)

2.

was

is

(Why he has done) (what I told him not

EXERCISE

it

is

which Ifound myself) was (in which

money) (that I gave him)

1

phone)

the

the report)

thing could happen)

the facts are not

20.

is

to decide

The reasons quiet

that

and natural

numerous.

it

4.

of all, a vacation in a natural setting and slow down the pace of your life for a while. Instead of hurrying from place to place as you are used to doing (7A), you can spend your time doing nothing more than enjoying the beauty of the location. Then, after (7A) you are thoroughly relaxed, what you can do (7C) is to take part in outdoor activities such as hiking or swimming. All of this will leave you completely relaxed and free of stress by the end of your vacation. (5 errors) First

can be nice to go to a quiet and natural spot for a vacation; (7B) however, it can also be quite an adventure to go to a big and fast-paced city for a vacation. The main reason that it can be a good idea to take a

hope eventually

company

4.

1.

(7C) depends on

my life

prior to the vacation.

as a legal assistant in a law office; (7B) this job

repetitious

and

dull but

is

sometimes quite

I

work

is

often

frantic just

open my own company, where I how I would (15) like the

to operate. (6 errors)

I

am

a university student, arid I am studying in the number of reasons. Of course, one of

to school, studying hard, and obtaining (24) a university degree is to succeed financially; the more money I make, the better it will be

(29) for me. However, financial success is not my most important (27) reason for going to the university. Instead, I am going to the university for a much broader (27) reason than that: I believe that a university education will give me a much richer (24) and better life, not just in a financial way. (5 errors)

life.

decide to take

to

my reasons for going

2. I

(20) best. In this situa-

university for a

you will have a whole range

For me, the type of vacation that

company is

EXERCISE 8B

a big city vacation, (7A) you will also have access to some of the world's finest restaurants and shopping. After your big city

(5 errors)

else's

to'rrie

can (15) determine exactly

On

of new experiences that are not part of your daily

someone

(23)

not only can 1(17) work with more security and but I can also build up my financial resources and learn from others. Then, should I (18) manage to gain enough experience, knowledge, and confidence and build up my financial resources, I

numerous cultural events that might not be available in your hometown, such as theatrical performances, concerts, and art and museum

(7A),

more important

than having my own company one day. However, what seems very clear to me now is that beginning my career working is

tion,

big city vacation,

ended

financial

less pressure,

vacation in a big city (7C) is to take part in so many activities that are unavailable in your hometown. On a

vacation has

Nothing

in

It

exhibits, (7C) are available.

and

needs of owning a company. (4 errors)

can be a good idea to go to a

location for a vacation (7C) are

Then, later in your career, it may be advantageous for you to go into business for yourself. The main reason for going into business for yourself is (20) that in your own company you are able to decide on what direction you want (15) your company to go. However, only when you have gained enough knowledge and experience is it (22) a good idea to go into business for yourself. This is when you will (15) be ready to deal with the responsibility, pressure,

allows (7A) you to relax

3.

There are (22) numerous advantages to working company, particularly early in your career. One of the advantages is (21) that working in someone else's company provides (20) a situation with the security of a regular paycheck and less responsibility than you would have were you (18) to be the owner of the company. Also, not until you start your own business do you need (17) to come up with the finances to back the company. Thus, all of this indicates (21) that it is better to work for other people early in your career while you are gaining the knowledge and experience you need to start your own company. (6 errors)

for another

the most)

19.

Something very important for students to decide as they near the end of their studies is (23) whether they should (15) work for another company or to go into business for themselves. As a university student, this decision about my future is (20) one that I face soon myself. To me, each of these positions has (23) clear

is

seminar will be held) to

is

was

it

person (whose friendship I cherish most) is

and boring period of work (7A), all I want is to head to a fast-paced vacation in a big city. However, if my job (7A) has been frantic and busy prior to my vacation, then (7A) I want to head to a quiet and beautiful place where I can relax. Thus, I enjoy different types of vacations; (7B) the type of vacation depends on the pace of my life before the vacation. (6 errors) prior to a major case. After a slow

One way that a university education makes your life more enjoyable

(27)

is

to give

you the opportunity

to

have a career that you really desire and appreciate (24) Having a career that you like is much better than having a job (26) that just pays the bills. I, for exam.

677

ANSWER KEY

am

studying to be a marine biologist.

I will have be rewarded not only in terms of money but also (25) in terms of enjoyment of my career. (5 errors)

pie,

the best (28) career for me;

Another way that a

3.

I

seems that

university education can enrich

1

.

that financial success

reasons; the strong stimulus (41 ) for me (43) to make the team was that team members were well-known in

and they (45) became very popular. This on the football team in high school, and the fact that through hard work (42) I managed to accomplish something that I wanted so much, even if the school

desire to be

was something petty, turned out to be the single most valuable experience (39) of my years in high it

is

certainly

one goal

I

can say

that

I

2.

have.

.

ing a fuller (27) life, certainly one with financial security but more importantly one that is rewarding both in terms of professional opportunities and (25) in terms of awareness and understanding of life around me. The closer I get to achieving this goal, the happier (29). (4 errors)

When something unexpected happens,

different

people react (33) in a variety of ways. I wish I could react (32) calmly to unexpected situations. However, unfortunately, I usually react with panic. The following example shows I

my usual

3.

reaction to situations

have been (30) completely unprepared for

them. (3 errors) 2.

This example of the way that I react to unexpected situations occurred (35) in history class last week. The professor had told us that we would (36) be covering the material in Chapters 10 through 12 in class on Thursday. By the time I arrived in class, I had (34) read all of the assigned material, and I understood most of what I had studied (30). While I was relaxing (31) in my chair at the beginning of class, the professor

announced

(36) that there

it

3.

on the material because

thoroughly before

However,

I

had

I

and

I

EXERCISE 8E 1.

was prepared all of

always

knew

4.

You can see

(32)

from

that

this

example that

future, calmly,

hope but up I

this way.

On

(36) that to

I

will

now I have

is

my usual

to panic. In the

learn to react

more

(34) not learned to react

the basis of my past behavior, however,

it

seem

I

understand

this clearly (46)

to wait until the final (46)

minute

,

I

to get

I

(55) best 2.

One

way

my work done.

to get

reason that

I

(9 errors)

tend to be an (53) eternal pro-

is that I work much more efficiently (46) under pressure than I do when I am not under pres-

crastinator

can accomplish so much more in a definite (46) deadline in two hours than I can during a like (50) period without the pressure of a strict deadline (48) Without a deadline, the two-hour period seems to fly by with minimal (46) accomplishment, but with a (53) rapidly (46) approaching (51) deadline I seem quite capable (47) of making every minute of the two-hour period sure.

I

reaction to something unexpected

seems important (47) for (54)

regularly (46) procrastinate on my academic assignments (48) in spite of the fact that this is not the

why

would do (32) a bad job on the quiz because this is (33) what always happens to me when I feel panic. As I stared at the questions on the board, I was (34) unable to think of the correct answers. It was as if I had not prepared (30) at all for class. Then, the professor collected the papers from the class, including my basically blank piece of paper. Just after the papers had been collected (38), the answers to all the questions came to me. (9 errors) I

it

assigned (51) projects done. There are two reasons

I

and

understand that

However, although

class. (8 errors)

do not

to think clearly,

I

students to prepare their assignments early (48) rather than procrastinate in getting assignments done.

(34) studied

was faced (31) with an unexpected situreact well to unexpected situations. Instead of feeling relaxed at the announcement of the unexpected quiz because I was so prepared, I was completely filled (37) with anxiety by the situation. As the professor was writing (31) the questions on the board, I became (33) more and more nervous. I was unable ation,

The valuable lesson that I learned through this experience was not the joy of competition (42) or the many (40) benefits of teamwork, several lessons (39) very commonly associated with participation in team sports. Instead, the valuable lesson that I learned was that hard work and determination could be very important in helping me (43) accomplish each goal (39) that I want to reach. Even if others have more talent, I can work harder than they do (45) and still perhaps find success (42) where the (43) do not. (8 errors)

would be a pop quiz on

the material in the assigned chapters. (38)

I had to work very hard to make the football team high school, and for some time this seemed like an impossible goal (39). A large number (40) of students in my school, more than a hundred and fifty of them, spent many of their (44) afternoons trying out for a team with fewer (40) than forty positions. After a lot of hard work on my part, and after I had demonstrated to the coaches that they (45) could count on me to keep going long after everyone was exhausted, I managed to make the team as a secondary player (42) Even with so much (40) effort, I was never going to be a sports phenomenon (41) or even a member of the first team, but I did accomplish my goal of making the team. (8 errors) .

EXERCISE 8C

when

(43)

in

However, the goal of financial success is not as important as another goal that I have (26) My primary goal in getting a university education is the goal of achiev-

1.

I

school. (8 errors)

Thus, in getting a university education,

be

was not a very good athlete (42) in high school, wanted with all of my (44) heart to be on the football team. My desire to be on the team had little to do with athletics and was perhaps not for the best of I

but

functions. (5 errors)

I will

currently have (33) a stronger tendency

EXERCISE 8D

your life is to provide a broader (27) knowledge, understanding (24), and appreciation of the world around you than you already have. It provides you with an understanding of both the history of your own culture and the influence of (25) history on the present. It also provides you with an understanding of other cultures and shows you that other cultures are neither exactly the same as nor are they (25) completely different from your own culture. Finally, it provides you with an understanding of the universe around you and shows (24) you how the universe

4.

I

to react with panic than with calm. (4 errors)

will

For example,

a two-hour period

I

when I have

.

count. (10 errors) 3.

Another reason that if I start

preparing

I

early,

tend to procrastinate it

generally takes (48)

is

that

more

of my time. If, for example, I have a paper (52) due in six weeks, I can start working on the paper now and

work on

it

on a

daily (49) basis,

and

that paper will

ANSWER KEY

take up a lot of my time and energy during the following (51) six weeks. However, if I wait to begin work on the paper until the week (52) before it is due, I have to go off some place where I can be alone (50) and spend all of my time and energy that week on the paper, but it will only take one week of my valuable time (48) and not six weeks. (7 errors) 4.

In summary,

seems that I always wait until the last minute to complete (54) assignments because I am afraid that I will waste too much time by starting early. It would be a good idea (52) however, for me to make an (53) effort to get work done efficiently (46) and early so that I do not always have to feel tense (47) about getting work done at the (55) last minute. (6 it

,

LISTENING COMPLETE TEST 1.

B

11.

2.

A

12.

3.

D

13.

4.

B

14.

C C

15.

5. 6.

1.

Some people do

(58) their best to avoid confronta-

while other (60) people often seem to get involved in (57) confrontations. There can be probtions,

lems with either type of behavior; thus, I always try to be like (59) people at either extreme and remain moderate in my approach to (56) confrontation. (5

These people will do (58) nothing even after something terribly wrong has happened to them. They, for example, stay silent when they are

at (56) all costs.

pushed around or when they are blamed for (57) something they did not do. Unfortunately, it is quite probable that others will take advantage of (56) people like (59) this. Thus, people who avoid confrontations will find that they do not get as much out of (57) life as they deserve because others (60) always take advantage of them. (7 errors) 3.

Like (59) people

who

avoid confrontations, other (60) individuals go to the opposite extreme; they take part in (56) confrontations too easily. When something small happens accidentally, they become enraged and make (58) a big deal of it as if they had been terribly wronged. Perhaps, for example, someone accidentally bumps into (56) them or mistakenly says something offensive; in this type of situation, they create a serious confrontation. While it is true that other people will try hard not to provoke this type of person, it is also true that others (60) will make (58) an effort to avoid spending much time in the company of such a person. Thus, people who get involved in confrontations easily will find it hard to develop close friendships and relationships with others (60).

I

try to

A

41.

C

32.

C

42.

A

33.

D

43.

C

34.

C

44.

B

35.

45.

23. 24.

16.

C

26.

36.

17.

27.

B B

B B

37.

A

47.

A D A

28.

D

38.

48.

C

29.

C

39.

30.

D

40.

D C D

9.

B

19.

D

20.

D

18.

25.

46.

49.

D

50.

C

STRUCTURE COMPLETE TEST (Paper) 1.

C

9.

D

17.

C

25.

A

D

10.

B

18.

A

26.

D C

33.

2.

34.

B

3.

B

11.

C

19.

27.

D

35.

4.

A

12.

20.

C C

5.

B

13.

A D

C C

6.

C

14.

C

22.

15.

B

16.

A

7.

8.

A A

23.

D D A

24.

B

21.

28.

C

36.

29.

A

37.

30.

D

38.

31.

B

39.

32.

C

40.

A A C C

READING COMPLETE TEST (Paper) 2.

C D

11.

12.

31.

B

41.

22.

C D

32.

A

42.

B B

D A

23.

A

33.

C

43.

C

24.

A

34.

A

B

35.

D A

44.

25.

45.

D

26.

D

36.

46.

B

47.

D

B B

21.

A A

13.

4.

5.

B

15.

6.

C

16.

C C

7.

D

17.

A

27.

A

37.

D C

8.

B

18.

B

28.

D

38.

B

48.

C

19.

D

29.

A

39.

49.

A

20.

B

30.

D

40.

D D

50.

C

3.

9.

10.

14.

A D

LISTENING COMPLETE TEST (Computer) 2.

4 4

3.

2

4. 1

1.

15. 3

22. 3

9. 1

16. 2

23.

1,4

10. 3

17. 3

24.

1,

11. 2

18.

1

25. 4

8.

3

5.

3

12.

4

4

13.

4 4

19.

6.

20.

B

7.

2

14. 1

21.

1,4

3

26. Unfaceted: cabochon

Faceted only on the top: rose Faceted on the top

and

bottom:brilliant

27. 1, 3

28. Cabochon Table

Rose Brilliant

(8 errors) 4.

31.

A A D D

10.

1.

To some people, confrontation should be avoided

C

22.

8.

errors) 2.

21.

B B B

errors)

EXERCISE 8F

C

A A D A

D A

7.

(Paper)

29. 3

do

(58) the right thing by avoiding either

extreme type of behavior. I always try to behave in a like (59) manner, without overreacting or underreacting. If someone offends me by (56) chance, I try to brush it off (57) and keep on (56) going as if nothing had happened to (57) me. If someone intentionally succeeds in (56) bothering me, however, I try to react without anger but with a reaction that shows that behavior like (59) this is unacceptable. In this way, I do not make (58) the mistake of wasting time on unimportant situations, but I prevent other (60) instances of bad behavior toward me from (56) recurring. (11 errors)

30. 2

STRUCTURE COMPLETE TEST (Computer) 1.

2.

3 4

11.

12. 2

4

5. 1

other

13. 2

is

infected

14. 3

turns

its

15.

3. 1

4.

4

colors

existed

1

16. 2

6. 1 7.

3

snakes

8.

uses

9.

2 3

10.

1

readily

4 18. 4 19. 3 20. 4

engineering

17.

in

printing

J

I

J

I

J

ANSWER KEY

680

READING COMPLETE TEST (Computer) 1.

3

31. 3

16. 1

D

2. 1

17.

E

32.

3.

2

18.

3

33. 2

4.

rl, o4

iy. plants

o4. o 35. 2

D. C

20. 3 91 r3, ^1. P9

7 9

99

5. attack

c

o

8 P2 10. 1 11.

P3 4

3D.

4

S7 S

1

38 3

25.

D

40.

1

26.

4

41.

A

42. P4,

27. 2

12. 1

13.

CA 54

23 3 94 ^

Sfi

28.

EXERCISE B3

hue

14. 3

29. P2,

15. 2

30.

43.

S4

3.

D

5.

A

7. T

A

TT

H

6.

E

8.

G

E

3.

B

5.

A

G

4. I

1.

B

O

T~*

2.

F

1.

2.

4.

6-

EXERCISE B5 1. D 3. A 2. G 4. E

5.

C

6-

9. I

10.

C

7.

C

9.

F

8.

H

10.

D

7.

H

9.

B

8.

F

10.

I

S3

EXERCISE CI

P2

44. 3

1

APPENDIXES

1.

F

4. I

2.

D

5.

3.

H

6.

J

C

7.

A

10.

B

8.

L

11.

G

9.

K

12.

E

EXERCISE C2 2.

L B

3.

H

1.

EXERCISE A 1.

D

3.

F

5.

C

2.

B

4.

E

6.

A

4.

I

5.

E

6.

D

10.

F

8.

K G

11.

A

9.

C

12-

7.

EXERCISE C3

EXERCISE A2

1.

B

4.

I

7-

10.

G

1.

D

3.

B

5.

A

2.

A

5.

D

8.

K

11.

L

2.

E

4.

C

6.

F

3.

E

6.

F

9.

C

12.

H

EXERCISE A3 1. E 3. A 2.

C

4.

F

5.

B

6.

D

EXERCISE C4 4. K 1. A 2. H 5. G 3.

C

6.

10.

B

8.

D

11.

F

9.

L

12.

I

7-

E

EXERCISE A4 1.

F

3.

2.

A

4.

B E

5.

C

6.

D

EXERCISE D 1

.

of; as; for;

2. of;

EXERCISE A5 1.

2.

E B

3. of;

3.

F

5.

C

4.

A

6.

D

1

2.

D E

3.

4.

C

A

.

of; to; of; of;

2. at; by; of; 5. 6.

without

in; to; in

due

F

5.

EXERCISE A7 3.

F

5.

A

2.

C

4.

E

6.

D

on;

of; by; in; in;

of

to

under; upon; at; of; of around; besides through; by; during; by; on; on; by; up; across; down; to

under;

3. of;

4. with; by; of; with;

B

over; in; of

5.

with; such as

B

1.

4.

EXERCISE D2

EXERCISE A6 1.

from; in; of

of;

EXERCISE D3 1.

during; from; of;

to;

within

2. by; at; of; in; as

3. at;

EXERCISE A8 1.

2.

D C

along;

to;

on

from; of; to; of; from; for like; of; through; for; of; in; in; on; during; in

4. past; 3.

F

5.

4.

A

6.

B E

5.

EXERCISE A9

EXERCISE

1.

E

3.

C

5.

A

2.

D

4.

F

6.

B

1.

F

3.

B

5.

C

7. I

E

4.

H

6.

G

8.

EXERCISE B2 3. H 1. G 4. D 2. B

1.

membership

2.

kindness

3. reality

2.

I

El

(There may be more than one possible answer.)

EXERCISE AI0

EXERCISE Bl 1. D 3. A 4. G 2.

5.

E

6-

5. 6-

A

of; in; since; in;

9.

A

D

7.

B

9.

C

8.

F

10.

H

7.

E

9.

C

8.

F

10.

I

9.

10.

alcoholism

permanence

mileage 12. confusion 11.

4.

movement

5.

humanity

13. leadership

6.

election

14.

suddenness

7.

breakage

15.

improvement

8. intelligence

16. equality

ANSWER KEY

EXERCISE E2 1.

10. education; complexities;

teacher

9.

2. typist 3.

10.

beautician

perfectionist

programmer

13.

determination

EXERCISE

12. investor

inventor

.

builder

comfortable

possible; addition

12. fatal;

11. electrician

4. idealist 5.

11

Fl

1.

beat

30. forgiven

59. rise

6. clinician

14. naturalist

2.

became

31. freeze

60.

7. specialist

15. advisor

3.

begin bet

32. got

61. said

33. given

62. see

gone grow

63. sell

8.

rancher

16.

mathematician

4.

5. bitten

EXERCISE E3

6.


7.

1.

2.

heartless

9.

natural

10. enthusiastic

3. athletic

4. 5. 6. 7.

8.

useful/less

11.

mysterious

motionless

12. traditional

helpful/less impressive intelligent

13.

changeable

14.

permanent

15. attractive

courageous

34. 35.

shoot

37.

have heard

65.

8.

blown broke brought

66.

showed

9.

build

38.

hidden

67. shut

36.

10.

bought

39. hit

68. sing

40. held

69.

12.

caught choose

41. hurt

70. sat

13.

came

42. kept


18.

spent

45. left

74. stand

46. lend

75. steal

47. let

76.

swum

drink 20. driven

48. lose

77.

took

19.

differentiate

spoken

73.

15. cut

17.

71. sleep

know

44. lead

43.

dug done drawn

2. finalize

10. identify

21. ate

50.

made mean

3. justify

11. lighten

22. fallen

51.

met

23. feed

52. paid

24. felt

53.

25. fight

54. put

83.

9.

glamourize

4.

separate

12.

5.

shorten

13. personify

6.

intensify

14.

7.

investigate

15. liberalize

8. industrialize

16.

sweeten

demonstrate

EXERCISE E5

85.

28. flown

57. ridden

86. written

29. forgot

58.

1

4.

recently

12. absolutely

2.

5.

strongly

EXERCISE Gl

completely

.

13. correctly

3.

suddenly

4.

6. perfectly

14.

7. fearfully

15. doubtfully

5.

16. regularly

6. 7.

4.

8.

17.

NT ADJ ADJ

28.

V NT NT

29.

ADJ

30.

V

NP

18.

NP

26.

NT

19.

NT

27.

13.

ADJ ADJ

14.

NT

22.

12.

20.

7.

V

15.

ADJ

23.

ADV NT

8.

ADJ

16.

ADV

24.

NP

EXERCISE E7 1. B 5. A 6. C 2. A B

4.

C

ADJ

11.

6.

3.

25.

10.

NP NP

5.

7.

B

8.

C

21.

9.

A

11.

B C

12.

A

10.

9.

10. 1 1

C

14. 15.

16.

C

EXERCISE E8 inspector; intensive

2. exactly;

negative

3. serious; illness

are written

were written have been written had been written would be written would have been written are being written were being written will be written will have been written are going to be written should be written

EXERCISE G2 1

13.

.

12.

.

The equipment is going

3.

was digging a hole

4.

already been blown

should teach their children Her valuable jewelry is kept sank the ship was what you said is feeding the children It should not have been said

17.

B

5.

A

18.

A

6.

B

19.

20.

B B

will fight

2.

7.

8.

9.

1.

10.

.

1

.

7.

previous; establishment; great

5. is

escalation; serious; analysts

6.

9. society;

dependent; arrangement

.

. . .

6.

8.

be bought

The club will hold next month The game was won by the team

2.

5.

.

to

EXERCISE G3

(no errors) poet; composer; autobiographical encourages; assimilate; culture

4.

rung

greatly

11. eagerly

NT ADV

82.

84.

obviously

ADJ

proved

56. read

3.

2.

thought throw understand wore win

55. quit

10.

3.

tell

81.

79. tore

found

carefully

EXERCISE E6 1. V 9. NT

80.

fit

finally

quickly

78. taught

27.

1.

8.

49.

26.

2.

9.

sank

72.

14. cost

EXERCISE E4 darken

64. sent

11.

16.

1.

run

3.

4.

7.

are being taken of the wedding had already stolen the passport

read by her

(Someone) have shut off of money had been bet . . .

J1

1

J

J

J

JJ

ANSWER KEY

682

EXERCISE

8.

has driven the car

9.

Many hours would be

10.

spent (by her)

1

.

2. 3. 4.

5.

had alreadv worn

3.

G

5.

H

4.

B

6.

D A

in

His clothing was torn we can think of is being done ever find the

7.

E

CI

T

8. I

h

7

T

F

5.

C

8.

L

3.

G

6.

A

9.

K

i

u. r>

1112.

E

EXERCISE I9B

money

would have been

8.

should not have ridden the horse was caught by a fisherman

told (by

4

2.

that dress

7.

9.

F

EXERCISE I9A

was being brought (by the guards) is going to meet the tourists

6. will

10.

1.

I.

could have sold the house

EXERCISE G4

18

1

him)

2.

3.

H J

L

4 R 5.

F

6. I

7 F 8.

9.

G D

10 A 11.

C

12.

K

10

c

knows what he

EXERCISE I9C

EXERCISE HI 5. I

1.

2. 3.

C C

4. I

6.

C

7. I 8.

C

9.

C

13.

10.

I

14.

11.

C

15.

12.

I

16.

C I

C C

1

If

A F

2.

G

5.

3.

H

6.

IP 5.

2. I

6.

3. I

7.

4. I

8.

C C C C

C C

14.

11.

15.

C C C

12.

I

16.

I

9. I

10.

13.

5. I

2. 3.

4.

C C C

9. I

13.

C

6. I

10.

I

14.

I

7. I

11.

I

15.

I

12.

C

16.

C

8.

C

1-J 2. 3.

E

L

4.

K

7. I

5.

C

8.

B

11.

A D

9.

M

12.

F

6.

G

10.

7.

B

10.

E

7.

K

10.

c

8.

L

11.

A

y.

u

Yi. ri

5.

G

D. r

EXERCISE 1.

2.

L E

13.

H

L 3-D 2.

3-

6.

A

9.

C

12.

H

2.

o

3.

E

4. I

2.

M

5.

K

8.

3.

G

6.

H

9.

7.

A

10.

L C

1112.

B

13.

D

T

C

10.

F

11.

G

y.

7.

E

10.

H

11.

B

B

7.

5.

H

8.

O.

D

1

O

T

5. o.

J

K

8. I

y.

d

1

9

A

E

10.

A

G v

11-

4.

F

7.

H

5.

B

8.

/-^

c

t

C

O. L*

y.

F

7. T

G

2.

L

5.

F

8.

3.

K

O.

D

y. Jt

10.

C

11.

I

19 rl Yz. ur

14 4. 5.

6.

H K A

EXERCISE 15 4. M 1. D 2.

F

5-

3.

L

6.

7.

8. 9.

L B C

10.

E

11.

F

12.

D

EXERCISE I9J 4. D 1. K 5. E 2. G

7.

8.

K

9.

H A N

11.

E B

12.

I

10.

13.

C

14.

G

C

b.

b

EXERCISE I9K 4. I 1. G K 5. H 2. 3.

L

6.

F

7.

A

8-J y. rl

10.

I

11.

L

19

tr

E

10. 11.

9.

A D

7.

8.

C B

12-

16 3.

E

5.

4.

A

6-

EXERCISE 17 4. B 1. G 3.

J

A k

4.

EXERCISE 191 4. B 1. A

3.

2.

1(]

13

1.

2. I

11-

EXERCISE I9H 1. I

F

8.

I9F

EXERCISE I9G 4. F 1. G

F

1.

10 F

B

11.

EXERCISE

7 F

I

5.

K

3-

tt

E

8.

G

r

6.

2.

L

2.

K B

EXERCISE I9E 4. IT

T

5.

1. I

5.

4

9.

A

O

2. I

EXERCISE

D

1

EXERCISE 12 4. G 1. D

EXERCISE

F

12.

H

2.

3. 1

EXERCISE

11.

8.

G D

3. I

EXERCISE H3 1.

J

B

9. I

EXERCISE I9D

EXERCISE H2 1. I

L

7 A

G

7.

C

9.

B

8.

D

10.

H

EXERCISE I9L 4. B 1. A 5. J 2. G 3. I

7. I

10.

E

H

5.

L

8.

A

11.

F

J

6.

K

9.

C

12.

D

6.

L

7.

D

10.

c

8.

E

11.

K

9.

H

12.

F

Longman_-_Complete_course.for.the.TOEFL..pdf

Recommend Documents