Kracauer, History. the Last Things Before the Last

HISTORY he Last ings Before the Las SEGFRD KRAAUER

 r   of     OSKAR KRITELLR

M Mku W Publ  Pc J

 to h  Arn paprback tn

by Paul O Ksllr

Cpyt 19 y Oxr UnvrtyPes, c. Cpy< 15 fr  e Pre by au O Krllr

tred  No r of isbk m b rodud

or tnsmd i y fom o y y mn, ltrnc r , ung phtyng,c oi g r by ay rmat staer i sys  ut rmon o e cyghowr. For normon   Mrk W ulr

 Jr R ntn NJ 

Da Ubra of Congres Caalg-iPulct

r Sie 89-166 Hs: thel hbfor t t/iegf r

Cml af  or' da   Oar Kstll. Oin y pubh: w Yor Oxfor Unvy Ps 19 Id bblhic n  dx IBN 18760-   HMoI Krlr Pal Ok   Tle 9223 K8 14 CIP c0

Cv e y Cy ikn Cg Bkgr Pt f tenhn n  18 ny Nrembur e g Forgrund Hr  s Fdf ht o of C me h(yptk,Mnh)

Sid aae (1889-966) was witt qn  f h st ftd, dtiv, and igna wits and inks f  . Eah f hs aj bati od dvs sv ad hd ad hs ad t a ad tm  ads K attdd h in hs nav Fankf ad did ahi t s and  In 920 h ga t wit f   Zitn n h ladi la wsa i Ga  94-3 h w i hag f  F n in ankfr ad hn n Bn. Hi ivats idd w f ina ad h as Ka sbsnt wt ad bhd s i Gn ad lat  nish dba stdis f a a v ad a nah n whir wk a is ignd   i its w itst sts ad  ninans  ansi   wht-lla wk ws  kd advn v Mat sl whih gizd n h ana lab ad h atst as   wh f hais At h sa  aa wa a av  tn ti m f h Intt  Sial Rsah f ank Uivsi ad a  snal find f is d ax ki and Thd  Ad wh aald and tagt  and  il sin f a ari nt f vw n 93 aa d hi f Lili igad t an wh h

d n  UntSe f Ara on d- pr

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spent eiht yea befor mong rmently to e Uted Sttes in Apl, 941 Many felow refugees wth bacgounds sm o hs pursued academi ers but Kaauer ws hampered by a speeh deect at pluded ecturng acves Kracauer worked for e State Deprtment and lter for the Mum of Mode Art e ongen Foundaton and te Instut for Sil Reserh . I met Kauer forte rst time rater cuy n is o of e Frauter Zetung when  w a dotorl student o e hstory of pi lophy at he Uversi of Heidelberg On e same csion I isited e Insute or Sal Reearch and bey met it recrs M Horkheimer and heodor Adorno  bcame muh tter aqunted h Krcauer when I joined the Columbia ault duing e aaemi ye 939-40. The Institute for Soial Research s ireted by Mx Horkheimer and heodor Adorno had rlcated from ranurt to New York and come oited th Coumbia Uiversty where it upied an o om 193 t 945 mainiing cle relaonshps wit oer Columba deparments and with nsttutes s wel  he Union olol emny. uring hs entire peiod racauer was a fauly member of he Instute The nstute's meengs at which pa on a vey of subec were read and dsussed were atended by many olumba facuty members I w invtd to attend the weely meen and prsented one paper mysef n due me. Hee Krauer met  oc ooss Paul Lzsfeld and Robert Mern ad it ws here that I enewed my acquantance w Kracauer and it became a close peronl fendship  In 19 Kraauer began o work  a revewer d cnsutnt for te Boingen oundton, an endwed nstuon whse dreto were iuenced by the psychoanast rl C. Jung and so by Weste ul r radio o lsial, medievl and erly mode phosophy ist phlolo and aui dcpne  I have gd eson to u me hat Kracauer in  capaty  s a coultnt of te Boingen ondaon was strmen n gng appoval for a9 grnt appcaon I made to he

A

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olngen Foundaon to pubish te rst vome of my Iter talim: A Fing L of Uncataogud o noply Caaogd Humniti Mnuscpts o th Rnasn in in n O ib (93). Later h yr rcuer mself began to work on a bk on hsto and equently csuled wi me on s project He kept in loe touch wit me unil h deat in 9 here w hardly a wee during wic we did not engage in lengty sholarly onversaons at hs or my home or at some ofehouse o r res turant neby o r by telephone.  dd t gladly baue I had he ighest respect or him  a wter and thnkr Kraauer fully reazed tat ths boo ws unchared erro for him conceed wth stoial serh raer an wi he sa soiolo h erier c tera o ar isorial probems tat he had teated in work He told me repeatedly f hs concern at his l e friendhip wi Theodor Adorno might be adversely a etd by te new turn ten in  bok and becaue he had abandoned isses at were of major interst to Aoo he Kracauer ed on ovember 26, 966, he b about histo w unshed O the pjeted eight chapters hapters one to our seven and he st half o hapter ve were praccaly complete in man usript fo and requred only few minor hanges or te second half of chpter  ve, and for haptrs six and ight Kracauer had wrtten some drft or syopses at wee qute readable but n need o creful eng. At e request of Li Kraauer and te edtors of Oford Unversi ress, I agreed to edt te manusript for pubcaon went I over te completed hapter d made only minor changes he unnished hap ters requed ar more etensive edtoria ntervenon I added a be foword and an epiloge and resed he footnotes and bibiography The bk ws publshed by Ofod Unversty Press in ew York in969, three yeas ter Kracaue death After s dea t, Kraauer's friends, sples and admirer donated is papes and correspondene t te Dth itethiv in Mabah where ey have been reaily accessble to inerested sholr

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A

Dung t followng dead Kraaus reuttion nd fam s wrier and in ker edily grw, boh in Germany and in  un. On e oaon of e entena of his b, in 1989, te in Mbach mounted  documeny ebon of i pubicons rson l papr nd hotogahs thu ilstrng nd cbrn g his lfe  nd tought The xibion attractd many vsitor nd trvd to oter Gean i At t nie of Peors rk  Andson and Adrea uyen he exbion lso cme to Coumbia Uivesiy in March 990, ad a ympoium on Krauer' life and wrk w ogan zd in onjuncon w  s ibion he spakers incldd Lo wenthal speh wrwho nhad td inknown a ia Krcuer iue onpeonaly Segfrid Krauer he pper of eofNe h Grn q No 54 Fal199, whih contan ao a elective iby by Thoma  Len Wi I  les ed wth  disove of Kracuer by a new genean f scholars I se a  of roblem in tir emt o adu th ing wrng and chracter of ra to ti own eori  Esplly dimang to i new gnrtion of schol is the noon at Krcuer adopted ome of  ide from outid the ranfu Schoo  lst work showed  parcuarly cl� ergen from the iooca aproh of t rafu hol wo pape wih deal eicy wh Kraur lat k on so re nuded n e pcal ue on Siegred Kracuer o th  Grn q o 5 ll9: Gertrud Kohs "x Memoy, nd Image in Kae onceton of Histo (pp 99) and Ika MldrBah Hito  utoiography he at Tng bfo e t pp.317 Thy neier summarize th  nor indict that i onnt fundam ntl ly dier from i  earer \iting. The ftnot n hstortowre e eaier onyboos basaifndthe e bo unknow Krcauer in complte and rr greement to Kraur wih hm hy so fl to indate at rcuer, in he otot nd bibloahy of  k, cite for te mot a socl philologia and



pilosophl ure, never menion   earr wting and vy seldom refer t te ooogs t pdomina in  eier wor nd worst of  te y iml y and evn tat lat itoy wa no hi s m or on e An deute soll y intaion of Krcuer' last wok is yet o  wtten This new etion of aar mont lst ook whch hs ben incessibl fr my yer  ma e work vilble fo  nw gneron of reders and eve a  b or a new ad me deua inrpretaon Coumba nsty Jun 99

ul ka Kitellr

w    

Whn Sgfrid raaur dd n Nvmb 26 196  ends w not ony grvd y sddn dsperanc, t  nd aot h f of e k n sty that had n hs an roun dun s last yas ad hat   unisd at the e of s da. It ws evdent o nvrsan and f  scons of  nt w h rsnd t sted drs and to dusn s or uhd a sat cs hat raar ad p nt n to say on  sjt o hstoy; ad snc h  t  suct rar at   and dd not da h wth  n  al w, h ok on stoy pesnts  nw at  acar's tgt and tho t our ar an ad udtandng of h an d  thn wod ra pt Hn t as e  t  fo s fnds nd sats whn y d at ost of t at of  k had n wrtten  Ka for  dd, and at r s stons hat wr  nsd  ad ft dtad sss at  uent to  t gps and t undrstand th dcton o h ht W a a st gratu o Ms Lil raaur an t  Oxfd Unvsy Prs  e ar y a ta to r-

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R

inn and I tend to agr h  to stn to e pac ticng hstorians, to Rane and Huzinga and espciay o Bckadt to Doysn and Maou Prnn and Boc to t£eld, Kaegi, te, and Kul Krau  a en cc and a good qut, ut n bot ccis and appova he is gidd by h o ight H mastly itq of Croe's pesnt ntt y o htoy as me o moe mly, as is  criqu of Nish or o "h crent inaaon with social histor And som o hs sg nigts shoud ve ise to much fu thogh nd stdy The histoy of idas  a toy o misnerstandings .  th assumpon shad by Maxs and non-Maxts ak, at th estabh ment o a stat of edom  matia want w in du m bnet h hman conditon as such is ch in  natue of  g Te ects o socal rangemns o   ends e at opaqu. Wen racaue mpaes t ito to a sigee, or ps o e toia of t x,  nets om hs on proa xrinc And wn he stats tha uth is o   and ao time h proid a y for ndrstanding the hory of phosophy and tel- letu toy as a ad undrtaking On svrl mportant issus, Kacau hsitats to g a deve suon ut rathe omuates a pom and  lays e god o  tought h dscepcy bten gn ad specal ito or as h cal i mao and mo isto rprents  seo dlemma Kue sms to  tat e rsts o spcia sach ae so mplicaed and so rsistant to gnrazation hat mos o hm must  igord by e genel hstoian I nd to be sghy mo hopful and o elie at te resut o spca esch at som apse o im, wll pnetat t gnra stoi, and at h di-

WO

X

si o conactoy da  be hnded in trm of m parai ad uaed statemnts. noth basi dimma that Kacaue forfuy prset ut do not rsolve s at bn cronological e ad "shapd e, o bewen the gneral sequce o a evn ocung at a given peo, nd t spcc sequncs pca  one pric  o aon Aga I shoud  d to be mor opmi d  y to lay t he ses on te puaism of cral hsto he manang the con o uirs al stoy at last as a guiv da n e Kanan sns racaus usal to fomulate a yst also as h elcom slt hat hs oo s a l agmnty an migh hav en epctd om  stat in hic h let it Each pte, each paragp, and en ach sntnce ave a substanc nd  o ei own qute apat om te pla tey occpy n the oo as a hol.H nodon stte how Kaue came ntetd i te sjt o hto, and e pla is book ocpis in ation o  r os Th rst and scon capt dal wi th sas o histoy as mpared wi e naa scincs The tird capte ontans a rqu of te "prsnt teest toy o isoy.Chapter   is tan's Jouy stesss e ncretenss of hstoa ents and ssss he queson to ha tnt e storian cn ovr m  on subecv approach Chapte ,  Stucte o e Horcal Urs sss  dlmma bwen genral and spcia story. apt 6 Aasurus, o  idd o im, is pmaly dotd to t dlma of chronologa and "shaped tm Chaptr  G� na Htory and the Asthtic ppoach has bn pubhed and dals w t eaon en hs toy and e as h last chap

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FOWO

t "Th Anroom scusss h laion bw hioy and phosophy sssin  day chaate f hstoy. I a rafl fo ha b as o add a fw s o a ook hat hdly nds m F he boo od much o wha t I hav admd mo in aau a a man h  wir raar was on of  mo cvzd psons I hav vr ow ndowd wih an unfalig s of wha s nun and wha i fas  h wod n hh w v and i h ados a  bid  H as bn abl o buld hs ow word by ln om these adon wha h fon vald and onnal. I pofoundly ar wi h pr o o

whc al of h wor was wn. I admr hi xpi and ins and h pon h wa abl o v o I fl ha vyhn Kacau say f o a wold ha s ra o hs wod whh i paly y on and whh I hould i o bemy own Evyn  ay and wr  a pco simony of h ugt and of his if, and of a wold anyhin b pf h h pincd sd and mad H cas a ma whc I hop    downd by  shri sloan of ou day bu  n   ad a lo as h wsdom an wlh of ou ion old and always nw  ran  mann o hos  o rad and o k a nd o iv and a  acordanc \ h in Nw Yor Coua Unvry uus 1968

Pal Os lr



Whn  auho of s oo died i 1g h had aady pl  vualy nal fom haps On wo  Fo h s hlf of hap Five, and hapr Svn The laod was publshd in Poetik und Huk Mn 96 or  sond half of hap v h had lf a synopi and an oui. or hap Si t s a synopis and h ssay Tm  toy, publhd in: Zeugns. Thdr W d   Gebug,  aM 963; and i   Thoy, Bhf  Mddown onn !6 Synops d ssy had  b d or hapr ih  aho lf a synopss a ws ss d  som pla  auo' nopss for h unpld hap cona h ba das as wll a ndcon of quoao o be d ino h  h na e rern he onn of e quoaon and e ac plac of hr non s had o b ad A le nmr of le ads w impoa aal onann hoh and om  n of h auho ha o a can xn hav b wovn o   I prpar h ynop o  





NO

Cons

nhd aptr ad rlatd matra  pubo t wa ns to rod ng d d pra, to  and ofn to traa qotos fom otr o as  a to dcd bt\n drnt vro of t am paag. B t doa co,  tx rma a th or lt t Pac



 t  rt 



trod

 Natr

3 

2 T tor Aroa

45

 t Itt

2

4  Htora' Joy

8o

5

  of  torca Unrs

04

6

Ar or t Rdd o 

39

 Gr tor d  tt proac

1

8  Aroo

19

No



Bora

253



dc

T1e ncien histoins usd o efe eir htoes by  sho utobogcl staemen-  tey wed mmely to nform he reer of the lon in mesubsequenly n soe,se  pt f w y wu u  to ro e st Folowng  mleI gt s well men ion tht reenlyI sueny ovee  my erest n hisoyc egn to sset telf but  yr go n whh I h iero belee o b kine by te imt  ourcneoy iuon on y mntuly grew ou of e iesI e to lemn  y Ty f Flm n nng  htoy I jus onu o  ng e s fes n t boo An  te e I h no been ware o  but rr ssu   ws ovg o  gou n t ing uon wc h ke e un eir sel fo oo ong  te. One   ce htI tlly be bsorbe  so no cuse  w exreous o my rwnout vous onens u becuse  ebl m  y o  uc er e wh I h hough bfo I rlze n   sh e ny exstng s eeen htoy n  � hoorhc e stoc rey n The

Inoduon  

 Jnu 

Fb . 3





carareai. Laly   ass y pic o "Poogapy ad was mpletely amaz at oicg hat  ad copard storism wit phooapy aray i this rle of th 'twe ts Had I b suck with blidss up to ts om? Sge power of  sbcios wich ps hd o yo what is so obv o  ad ystlcea wh n it venay ra islf This discovey mad m fl happy for wo ra sons: t nexpctly oed te lgiimay ad e ecs s of my hisorial psui and by e sam tok it juse, in y ow ys an fter  v, e ys   spn o Ty f Fhis boo o whih  a always oncivd as  an aesecs not velops less andones not more, now thaofI avpotograpic pera thmdia, vel a os nma evos appeas o m n i e ight s aothe atpt of e o brg o th siganc o ar wos cai to be acowleged i h ow igt s o y be rcogized. I say anothr attempt becase his ws wa  ad ied to do hoghou my lf-i se peaps  Gsean tly    o at long las l my ain ors so inornt on e sfac fall into lne-y al av srved ad con to serv a singl pr pos  reb tao of objcties ad mods o f being whi s k a ame a h e ovooke or msjg e hap  is ls ue of toy ha of poogapy; yet hisoy oo mrs a bet of te mid ad ines a gion of a wch dsp a hat has bn witn abo thm are sil largly r c I g r to two or ee rason whic ve ieasingy promptd e to mak isoy h cntr of  pocupaons There is, rs,  dsre to arri a a bttr undrsadig of e issus h wch w a facd by sdying sc prios of h ps as av uergone roughly sml eeieces rue



5

 owldg of wha as happed en oes ot te u ay hg abo our ow prospec b it wi a last able  to loo at e ntpory scn fro a distce  � s ph(og)!p4y  ha t  aong oer ings, a ens of aino_ o exep  k an s tha lieraly evas te air we brat- oros xasio of or pysica an m al iromt t bcoms dicult ot to tink in globa rms; d the visio of e whol of hmi has cs o be a lo sion B as t world  sringar w ot vrly bquitos-i so eds byond contol Ected om or famiar suogs, w r st ito open space we may raditioa ews a csary pocdurs o logr apply he eung uciy abo h sap of hngs  th oses to foow is sl iesed y h cubg of part of o idasystem I a ng n picl of e oss of codec i he inhernty progessve nau of scc whch as ome as a bow to t cu spporters of h idea of pogrss  a wipr g of powessss o abn doe And as  he eeisc era whe paoal sy ylded o osmopoa cofsio t s fling o bing ost  nhare an iical epanss sees o wo wo ways I bre s trus of eooges  gneral ts sseg the spl ey cas ovr us  ovesly i ss many premably  majort of popl to scram for te shltr of a iyig a comfortig bef Rgious igatio and heological spuao i he Hl nze verse opne p spiitl ims wc e a bt nacessbl o o ma Do we v pire to em ather, w are confoe wit a task whc late aiuity cold no yt enisio; d o our tnoogl knowow, w a qippd an therfoe ommit, to t to prov th at

6

IODUCON

rial codiion uder whch mot of mkd  l lving Indenaly th amptio ha y Mrts ad noarxsts al hat e ethmt of a stte of feedom fom mtera wat wl i du tme beet the ha codition a sch is mu n e at of whfl hnkg Cltrl deman ad  hy ar tmpoary put i pl leanigs may evapoat bracets or tken ce of  a facle wy to sit te asses (erhap he atn of mode tought wch show t asumpto the prie we have to pay fo ou nscapable bopon  e ocioeconoc aspect of huma as?) Th seond reason for my peocupio wth hito is about the reve of th t: fa fom relating o pesentdy sses, it mut e traed to a compsoate tertn atqa intee , a it weren eta moent of he pat They ae beckongm ik Proust's holy tes that eemed to mpat a message t h  (I ometme woder whethr advac age doe not inease our scepbiy to th peech plea o e dea; the oder o grow h mo ihbod to rze at hs fuure is the futre of th pastistoy Roghly speakig my ierest ie wth the cent sate of gat ideologia moemnt that peod whe thy wee ot yet stttonalized bt tl ompeted w oth idas f o supemacy d it cete ot so much o he cou folowed y  imhat dlogi n e poces as on th ses  dpt t he ime of her emegence I houd ee ay that t revoes pimay arond the disputs hemelves, th th mphss o ho posibie wch hstoy dd not ee t to xploe Thi teest i timatey oected with a exerce whch Marx oce pithl pitomied whe he decared tt he hmf was o Mast I there any uetl thk wonot woud hve to potect h thoghts om what h oloweso hi

IODUCN

7

enees, fo hat mattrmae of tem Evey ida  cosened tteed and dstorted on ts way rough te word he �o of it doe o wod whch ta possess to its ow  ht and eds. On a S1o becoms cod of a ut ge abot it blig t cotos and cot he hitoy of idea  a stoy of msderstndigs Othewie d, n ida reee its tgy and fues oly as long  t laks te  of a widly sanconed beief Pe hap hperod of it cepon i most anpaet to the th at whch taims n e idt of doubt. Oe mght ague hee that hitoy do not know ch caeurhat acy t cotoery goe o ft a idea, or what emais of it ha gaed acedcy As a mattr of fact e adio of ay rug done s a stoy of o attempt to djust it however precarioy to cntempora de mnd, eerchgig uaions And he attempt at rite pron may ad far away f t o dogma i  me agt hrey and cooon But eve o h intia phas of  accepted dea appars to have a sgicane of t own whch stiguih it from al bunt phse Wre t owis, the htory of may  powef eef would not compie eot which tnd to sfy the conrn wit he me of its bith ey iy sprg from the vcio tht he domant reed of he epoch has ee opted by artions miepo ad abuse whih together oce it preciou ore Ad t is gal that ti vew shold ide a der o ndo  juious wor of diton nd rehatat hat edvg i its From t opted tte  whch t  ll bt recognizable eyes tun back towad  yet uspoied ogins. A case n is Luthe His devlopment aso hows tat t ret to ouce s ometims tntamout to a feh departue e toreeaing himelf s an. novator -�

8

IODUcN

O

9

Be his s i  my I l imesely ttcted by the ers whch peceed te nal estahent of Chianit in the Geo Romn d th Rm, h Communst ovemnt e fsnto ey exert o me must e d to my ch tht tey c  essge s mrtnt d esve s tht of the tees wh oed Post's cosso nd wht woud te mes ag b? One thng  ain: t does not gu ong e o ntendng ses of hose es u  is hdden wy in ti testces; t lu ks fo nste, ehnd e dete etween Ceus nd Ogen or e reos sutes ween Cocs nd eformes. ts lain s sggestve of s ontet. h mes

de t  tey i hih te ngng anagniss r enged to sk te fndment ueston ed of hng  tak  o ht sm om nded down y a on. Te ge of Esms who lid ong t tgonsts of suc  e wthot blngng to te ilua ost of wht s ee sad just now  so strkng a nn tha I ot resst h tpton to n a few re out  Ty a sed on he aumpn ha h  cme s se s ws oss  le in is siain to deetng  wy of g f e m  dlgc l sains; ht n   tt he d nd ws hd  ng o e hune

sge I hav n mnd conns the posst tht one of the cotenng cuses s  st wod n  l t sues t stke tht ee s on  ny a y of g nd vng wc  we uld ony foow i ld pri us to  thogh e uses d s to dso of tm-a w wh   of  ette wod o  wod t all y e cld h e We Jeg udes to t whn dcusig te dee fo muual e eatio eween· Geek ulu nd Chrn fth in h snd cn AD.: "oth sdes ust nall hav cm to ecogn tht  . an ute n ested etween hm nd  mmn o e of idas,  so sensve  ke as Sntyan dd ot heste to c 'hmii  . " Ata ot sdes fed  cee tht te umnst unit. Nee I epsy mnn tt te possbt of t reen tse a e�ry junu of the ontroesy whc thds te hiial ces The e awys hls i the wall f us t ede d h  al to sp n Yet even tough h messge of h he s vruy omrsent t crtny d ot a a ntin wth equ urgenyall te im No dot ths mssag, wh  o n  patiulr y g nd dente in  ers h reveete ih  t ang of  mmt

smus nee ted f sprading e messge of i Hi i tos of the Geek New estment and te Fas s w s hs g d  th er cnsn c to k d L uors larl id to  dese  vive he gin simlt  e histian dct d to a t nce e med nto  comny of t ans Hi sat on mons nd h rrpon of t cey  n  ui pr han hi dends fr Church efm n e si of Chrstn humam o dd h ai mi an oppo nit t ze hs des out te e ondton f e , e gr of the pincs, nd oe secur rs s  nd l m wth   ial is cn ng vews hose often fr-sgted mode owd h to h dgm tzd Csn otoo H orred voence nd syted ith te cmn ma, he se sou A ths the o nt mos kew hey o ew ht he ws ot to ke sdes d shuned lt decsons Ad  uld not he ning ha h ny eject he psin d h m y pes d gs (he sto opnon tht he dd so out of hs es  ind is  mdl a f slp nng.) he conon t Ess d u lke  onment fo

10

IOCON

lD

11

vryby to s wld sm t b navidable. Howvr, t sge hg i at pite f upoees he was te  en peged  fnd of ost elusive f me "Noody h frmlated, "t l int th ht of asm ad yet it  fll of elquen ontent. re men  clleg to e ntrprte  udgng rom he vidnce, th psylgic aep of rms related to the bild f h md  a sign way Ithod rfo r be posbe to t t divere aspet f i g e t a hyoecl cmon srce. S n tempt may not ord ight t  te heart f rs bt it wl t est rva omething bt

the tim when "w shll ee God face t face And t narally ws at the o of haed f e ablte ssrdes in  to e Bi nd wch Lhe idlgduter whose ght gt he buses in he Chuh Erasmus ungy apvd at therk of gting nreasgly ntngl ed in polem  whih inomdd m grealy Me deive, hs fer f he d ls exp e pion whch hi Christ hm was to ocpy ang te m pg idoogies f he prid o be re asms pioned a cuse in e ee at he ed at eiu egenan nd ocial provemnts t sin h aerin to forls

the frs t shapd it cnten w bo  personal an   g and the tlta psi ts f rasmus de insggting that he wa pssessed with t fr f all tt i deity xed T stt th se in tem ivlving hi spiitu elf he wa esenaly movated by te nvcn at the r es t be tre s oon i oes a dog ths fofetng th aigity wh mk it as uth. His fearo should say I his nsa f perfect edcy?reetd s nitn; a spirtual ratr tan a pycgal fear it was rgly idn wit the mytl san  h wh has been peatedy e phased te tratre Evryting fal nto a ptt one y hi f s fer as th prie v beind e cene F on thg variou smingly nreatd ponly tr f Ers nd eir natul epanatin i it ng It ae one nded  disust f pilspic spulaion nd his wingnes to pipte   eog diputatins bnd  hey we to un into a mdly f tgorial assrton It accunts for h gined egnan to ny bding mmitments and his skep atti tde towrd lgd sotons f certai elou probe which he obs on om oin, had bettr be pt  

nd tei cngaed prmpd him kep to ould hi rp idea wih to spek,   idcntents t, tey d not, and not jell into an instnalzed pr fm te ott e  pl was in th itrc bewn t Cahlc doine, s eslhed y d and he hrdng creeds f e refmes One igt even asse tt rsm wld have avowd,  ed n lng cgzd, his own mssage had i cnfrontd im in e guise f one of ese belfs thei ho n te mses ws bogt at  pri e was not wllg to pay  cause ws preciey t pt  nd to the t  h cas  ris allmportt ipctns fr e way  whih  wrld rpndd to m e versal fae he apidly w indits tat at lt sme f his ides and ndavrs iga theslves h pepe at ge t t enion is ce on the Spiitlst he paish ysics and  ater  days enlgtned18nty incs paty h ld the theolab t e orc iundetndngs f Chtanity sprd th gospel of manim and nurged flr irry prsn t nnt be douted ther tat is oncn for a be e ociety hs elef  perfetl ty hroug



IODUCON

prudene nd much esse. Yet despie he he fact ped a mde ue or what ooked to e word a suh, rmu wa e oppose of a ompromser Hs eor to bring the iener back o the fold and ipress upon te Churh he need for reform d not reu from opporuitic, baicay anUopan consderaions bu conversely amouted to an ut terl ncompromising aept toremove he use at pevented he aival of peae topan vone nd hoe who c to e mdde of e road on e goud at e calouy bea manind b ing to perpeuae a ste of mpefecon n e case of rasmus the mdde way wa the drect road o opathe way o e humane t  no by ade a be was he fend o Thomas More That most of  onempoes shoud gnore an approa whch woud have ot all t meaning  t had becme a caue ay in te nae of hings e ques on  wheer rasmus hmsef reaied where e way he followed wold lead . hi Hs mesage poine ino an abys: did he fahom ts deps? In one of hs Colquieshe  useb  protagois exto the dive power movg such anen auhors as Cero or Pluarch d en propoe tat perhap te pirt ofht C  moe wdespread ha we undersad It s te eyv ought o Eramus wch Esebi us epiomize akig hs ce from the aoogits ad he revered Oigen, Eramu hed at the pagan sages o were ped b divne revelaion nd tha beue of e radint maion of te Lgo i Jes Cht, Ch  wa te coation o te bet of anu i eenson of C aiy nto te tua goa of a worthy nontin trvins peited him o ronie hs deotinto an Socates" wit hs fa n nubtanon and o protest te Chran quaiy of h hmansc conern He oneived f he umaneess to whi he aspire as an outgow of Crian be

UO

For a ta we kow  mgh we be e woe story Bu is t Noe at Erasu was reorey as iscrabe as he wa oupoken There mut have bee ig he eft unsad perhaps hng too gerou to be reveed o vente a gues a what forever reain  see t  no enely mprobable tha pondring h road and s desiation Erasmusarrived a concusons which o ed h wh igh tha be preferred to o em awa  h hear He ma (or may not) have med thati te ast al he amed at someigbeond e pae of Chriiay; a, ought to e end  ue deig was one for all o wek e wal of ed auses with thei dogas and nsiiona arrangemens for e ake of that ulae iy" wi he ae mean ad tw  old ewh egend ha i at tee st i eery genea on tht jut men who phold e ld Wout the preene worl woud be deoyed and peh et nobd kows em nor do tey emeves ow at t s beaue of ter peene at the word s aed rom oomimposi he be ue for thee hdden u oneare here really as any a tsi evy generaoneems o me one of te os excing advenure on whh history  ebr Soud he eader expect the orego g obseaions to be I a afrad he wil iplemened by htocal sudes proper fee dsappoined by e seel o  ke e auhor o SdI am suk h dcultie and reon whch, met hocay saing, prde he birh of m hero. In fac p haps e maor eason for m rccupaon w ho s an rge o nd ou moe abou te constuon and gcane o this onovesial branch of nowledge Ha htory become a sien ater aig ancpated ef, halfheartedly a it were om the doon of eapysial specuaion and heo logic dogma  lai o be a ien  b no mes on

 te. No   t be said to be an art eve thogh t es at of  ltey ge e And of o t  not ate of esost o on ete to,  we ow t tody le oewhee betee the dmesos e ed b hese it ad efeees It elogs o  eedy ea Howeve   f o beg owledged ash Taon hat o hou ght bld  to ts estee Eea e se  apoah ad the hosohl obsesson wt ltte ss ted todstot the oble volved  hsto xlo to n te ollong I sll  to set soe o se obes -fo stace the ates of "stoa el the elatos bewee the eset ad the t e elatos be wehstoes o dieet evels of geel heo qes s to whehe the dg sbjevt of hsto wgs  ot aed tself et  esetve whh doe je to the el ae My gol n dong so s to h establ the teeda ae o to  s a ea n s ow ghtthat o ovso sgt no te st g befoe he last

1

Nae

oe hstooah has   ese eated tself w geat ue  t oseble sto e od hlosohoeogl eltos o the (lleged) eg of e total hstol es Bt what ot ts eltos to e ees oe? To ose ths eso eas to se a ee ble sene wh rea e Ge 19tenty hs had hl oa to wge w o ow fot:st  e heatedy to  theseve of Hegelan etahss d n a gred theologa eonons the ed agt Coe's te sto to eh d Bke' attet to eev r o   ee Reebe so Dlthe' eseveg tlr heo to vdte ths ntse tde tt b  tg to the Geteswiseschafen s he  the l o stol s ees a deen t nne o oa o tht of the Naturwehf:the foe s e to destad hstoa le wheeas the latte fo o e w t o atu ese2 He hoght of hsef s e Kt o hsto;   sese he ws the hloohe of hsto  Yet eve oughhs d exeted odele ene he dd ot seed  set tg esue at sae. No o ose  d Rket, whose foal



   

BEFO

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

9

ieniation bwen the ndiidualzn vaereated historicl tod and he geaz valuef snc hod faintly hos Diy's ore cusiv, mo ubtv sih3 Rath, the dbat on whehr or no hstoy shold b nidrd a scnc nnus to  prfes he siona joua ad  sti far from subsiding4 he ous it s tkng ut hahee is an otsoken endncy toda toward biging hi toriogaphy ino h fold of he exat sciences Ehortations to this ect come fom angequas: Val plound by he transparncy and enines of senc eod bae  genera hisorians for unritcay pding fom nfusd

socil o Whver its ason,  fom is on o ant om dcpon to hec qirytes  pa  cimate cdu cve o t The pes  n of sc itlcu such at  ao t but snt n he nd eisioned by o I maine many a hsto and lr ide  o su om it fengs bca of the hyrid nau r of his im o od ot the pictr, I igh  wl mntion at ome dedcad social scinsts and anhopooists g bask ha pege fw on tradona histoiography with a t of n tep and codescenion whichs otiht  iariouOne of h ath wi ofhisoy .   as i has benprac

assupions and eques them o set forth their ios and postateswih a naual ien is's accray0hat his ounss fa io in th exiting preferene a e infrred from much of ontmpoa hy and pra Thus Pfsor Hans Momsen i a9 6 tatment onoral h mtod decars tat ithey and iker we rong in pacin a e mphas  on h hsoris concen  h he dvdual the to i ls nique.Their thss isno longvad says h baus fai do justi to ctain silariis betwn hitoric ad scen pceduesHisorans dose up ps doresort o naaons; and li th sientt hy took see to ver so workng hypohsis oroe6 Ths edenions eec  and acknowe, an au hang n ion of hioca psuit in Word War  Mr Bloh onened aout th ft o of his raft, epresed he hope at u cda  m a  r, ecwod outgrow ee ee bed lgend and hetori and beoe an oele7 Is hiory goin his way? A any rate, the tiehoored genre fo h naraive is osng it attraiveess  wianayia acout asue a pominn olea if of inters which oneivably bene he upse of sdie in

up  te pesent    a smaiona acvi and uhesitat  ingy copares hose enaed in it with the "bads of les8 t woud b diclt o b ore inoan dveoped ppl. of wt ake hsoias ti. here yo hav Snows "wo lre he erary may iss the ne pots of nuclear physics bu t oppost nb fly ath h on th cor Obiousy the chans for bds to dvelop into scienst  i cold be show  ha woud appeby ncrse ais  governed by aw  hat ba on he onhips bwn epeaae emens of hsoicl eay Noe hat   ud  in a loe sens it covers boh  er w aasen lws whi nabl us to m pdctons and he 1aws aspied to by sciences, sch as psycology, econois t soia ciens and anthopoo, which aogete ine nto various aspect of han nat human condu The aws of thse socad "bhaviora sciences generic ne whch i raher isadin ar a most appoations o the nata ws propr Thy apply o pat f vent o whih may o may o perpet temseve; and thir ineren at ty ho d sway over he ftue is hadly more han ap ·

20

OT   BEFORET 

tense. Bt rom the agle of hisorog aphy te natura and scens can ves b lumpd togr b bhavoral caus lattr, toosac for, and onut,(smigy) in o t havoa scencs wos arat similaie. mateal oraps tat of isto deaby yld a wa of "laws volng hsoicay siant dataa fact feunty lustated by rerence to t statal regaes i socal lf9 Smal wondr hat teir ndigs shld be pt to good us  historcal tngs lb Mury was aready extoling te fore hitoy ofGrek i mpoace of anthopoo on at a  wen any of hs coeagues s refu ed to oo beyond • t pal of aditoal lasica scolarsp0 In e more ecnt past depth psycholo assets tse as a major poider. Namir ssts that human cnduct c be adequately interpetd oly in psychoanay cl  tems 11 E R Dodds suggests tat t Geks of  Hele a mbraced astal detenis ou of an conos fearof feedom haunng m after t los of t os2 No shoud t b fogoten that c h days of Ma  Weber boundaris tat separat st o from soiolo g have bem more id  i not t oly e htoia ns who bor ro om  scal sen bt  so sen on hei par ocsonay rad h isoias terto  promptd as by a dsr to mak t a dpndency of eis To l appeaancs, ten storca ral abounds w rg uerse of e natua aitiessilar to tose tat ae up e scnces codingly uman aas mus be assumed to fall  It  uo cl v  ulon: n  m     b v'  y  boco  c ut B   f t bj  i f   nt b co l h  bl m  w th wol  Rt t o   y  qly ml t  tmt  l   l l. An n  pl nl nl   l   g  nvn n bjo cn kt c



21

agely to  ram of u or   an xtsionof i On picp su a fuson may aso mateaiz w  er rond may imag to paa of man's h tor  possty as foud a powrful support in Mar e cones of nd h  as a product and foc of na; dnessto  a dialcal pross n t us of wi man hrough his labo rs not oly domcates natu e ouside hmt to pposs canges s w naue  adusg t h h wat and ow o s estn.1 Thus naure s se mong  samns ging way to i bcoing n ti Of lat, an attempt a bn made to underpn s idea scncally Professor vo Wisacr  eman teoreical physst and phlosopher agues tat t folows conusely from th second law of modyna mcs n argumnt oug hih suspect to eed te potnta ang of a sictly phy ca w. But b iss t may h propost on of ture's h  tor is praccally ng gbl anyway  Marx seendorses t oy piay; wh h  odnt tat natu mafet  mas ubect to histoical hn ge, h sems ot asign r to  nae, tre about  a noalcca, indpdt stu and, n coque nce (av) uncangabily1 And v   ezsar esimats  eectany of th itord mos at oer a drd bion yeas 18 we may rst asred tt w contu to produe ei predted eects natural causes fo n ndeternte tm Te upot s at naue f ange i s at a� does so at a iredily slow pac And ndd i man no deeply embeddd  ? Geogapy and climate pysologica p and amal drivs combine to detemne hs 0conduct Th ipact of tese u     lz by   I un t '  e

n  h ow   y    p   nt n n t oc o T   m ntu  g nnlly m  n   on ml 

lRY: T L TGSB

T

L

 e coicide n fmng the bakound f   soa xstce Wheher letovers om bygone days f tement d npaon sedmn  aangem prereqite t going purt, ey  tn for grnted rater  focused pon and ate s nve  ses In addo s i n enor mous siva capay wch we much t he  aen pad to them and to he cnditig pwr ey develp  te pcss0 Tese relavely sod tes gr on a more qid sbsance: te was d ow of pnns Constanty badied abut the opns hat  a theshd not beepectd rigidy t eect te donant teests ad idelogs of the mmet. based heasay and a cherene inetably osowhen authentic nwledge is s atTey a eareke ceasngly d ult to ob and aun favors a arg mgi fr choc. he run f em cves impesss asg rm cosco  prefereces and sg md(whc have ee fquentlmapulated hug) h tm "ciat f pnon appily cootes h tailyf pnons  andter resmbnct the weae n peods f css tey may coalce, gather sg nd generate movments nd dec sions of cseqentc chnge  beg rugt abot y a medey of seen and esee d e di f cofued noons Pato aad f ese gales advsd posopherst sand asde nd selr f a wa  a stom and blst f dus ad seet2 Bt ae hee not stos which clea e air f louds ad dut? In sum sce fl of een which dey cono because tey appen t c in he dmly t region whee mntal iten sity is eded to eo is is cmed by he mmonplac eperience tha socet as if mving unde s w pwe, meta mophos eveytng tat get nehd i s nes t swalow up al ideas fed int it and, in adapng em t i aculate

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need oten cmpletely distrts her gia meangs Saly acons digned to alter the giv state of aas ae so rietd by  e mplexfrces peave ciey that h a es have itle  commo wth the nee et. c·qeve cmpr ei cse toug h c wd th he pa of a te that avel by te oposite acn of t w and he cord  21_the wid bwng fom sociey, d he dentng e vin behnd th e acnsDrawn om u ontats wi pysial reay t metapors o wd and t suggestthat e md  powerless t teere wih sa p eses and a acdingly hese pcesses bey awscwi annot e mpeed wi �e scial niverse wt its neastabe ctoms ad volale opios, is smal grups and ases wuld seem tal nde e ru le of natr n oe t brea dow te pe wds it s possble and legiimate, ma at mae up this uverse int repeatable elements and analz  ntelanships ad nteracions for gatis I sdyg scial scue ad soial cange, e itoia's conces t a large etent coinide th he pcpao of e s sent Sey s a secnd teie he big ces which itlteray gls us. Incidet aly, e scia see today ava heeves neas gly of mputes t estalh fomal eoe coverng various sc prceses peI subt  passng cialyn e area  mss dm3 May at is tendency towad mathematzion rrespods to the charater f he materal subjeted t ompte eatment It appea at fr ts pepetti, mode mass ocie dends  he pectbiyi, maationf al indvdua rsponses and beavi paes which ae oally sigiant We have already goe far i precndiinin peoples atudes; soud ocet ca o ths way, the scalled penat wud dwidle t a mamatia pntman a s, wld b

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ORY:   GS  

come  sascn's drm. (Unde e pesen ccumsnces i mpulang wom ss poblems e ueson as o who of e s mgnde.) e awaeness oe p osocamensms  nno undeie e be£ n epefecby ofhum soey A is bee w e evdene spcuve aemps o ene dsedng  esot to one and e se gen, padg cly exemped by Go es denon o Mep sopeles s "A p oa powe w  awysw e evl andwys idbtedeso poues e good e gmen wose Ct eoloi rte obvouscosts o e folowg o nted po son Fs e oes swyng aimr neen o ans ge mene lve mass lled soe spons o deed el Seond nks oeveon e  o  myserousowr g bove o d ese oces iste o tir ino cod o seve e ends my o ees peaps pesey becuse o  Wee e powe png e sngs rso, s o n nonmous ul-n dic,o someote sto good ol povdene dos not mtrmu Mandevle equaes pve ces wi pub irtu; deven oug m m s elun o n o enes n ems ovce ye e ned na nvbl e nd o ve te maetes egoc psus rlt n e geeal good nd o ose e belongs Kans egulve dea o a ity, ge an povdenl nre wc ulzes mns sesness odce m e s we s Heges Wod p oRsowcningly se bnd pssos o wo o gdig o desnes by rot el e de of  owe nolseems o be mpeble Re suspes e eene 24 te Hegean Ma adopsh o suc n ou oe; Bckscemeo resoig t e ottoo s de a even dt s not mmune om ong   on ocason25

 T sg  i ees mus e ae d to  ope of esosFor one ng e steeo yped mo  o  suponl powe nds  modc o suppo n eveyd epeene: tun t tobe bessngs n dgse; seemng msotunes may a woy cuse  b u to e eo o people e oy o wo i pomong  only wiso ue e w cee ec y More poran e mo  mde  appea as ompellng begd to e conmn poposon  mn oce  deneyo.n asit tt,  fom wiot, o loos s i it we a ig ord of oy ad e enzy of desuon One ooio,w eoe s e doce of ogi s, isepe bende-senes agency su  ow otg tr,ndeed is egels y eson K' o  o ceve w  neeed o wes good om ev ad dgo pemse mn alone woud nee be be o ccom p e wolegtsnds nd wthe assumpon or upes Now  ssumpon s vuly o s blndness tt aas ave a eas o den w e ew t vt d tt toy soul to be nge amog ecic Its h vew o wI ve  o do jsice i e peedgg Howeve s oncepon o so ci, storal ri rqir qctio

mong moenttton e peene o umn ee tdot   scesmony  oly o dom Rns sl e resontt  ppby sems om s ense bsopon n e ctac o oy: "At y momeng ognew y gi  ; no gmeel o se o  o ousdeo tself eei o tesolves eel nto e ely o e oe Ts cnowedgen o eedoms dsu ve owrs copdwt n wenss o s lmons  is i coditid not bsolue Wteve ewdo Rane onnues

HRY: T LS TGS BO T L

by at wich has already bn don s at the rstant succssn of eventshstryprest itself as a cohrent fab woven of freedom and neceity26 Ecep perhapsitsfor mhasis on hern, s statemen an b assumd to convey a vd expnc. Ma s a relatvely fr agt (Of cure n ndvda's actua frdm varies wit t gvn so il condion Thre s no rom und totataian rems; and n woud vay k for it  a socy manipuag ts mmbers nto cmpaet conformy But this doe ot mpge n the tuh vale of ha eerene For th res have not at all mes rbls rise and martyrs ded der tour?) Interesingly todays theoreical physsts waned from the mechaic noons of 9h1 ceny as hey ar, see to b dsned  folw Tstoy n hratzng th conscioss of freedom as jt a pychlol lsn. Mr v Wisaker for one not oly nsiders th freedomwl of a fdaml p rnce but has t tat ths pnc carie at st as much eghtas te do of dtesm, which atr al is a the oyno an expeenc aprogam for fuure mprica rsearch rather an a estabshed fact And even hogh headmts that th dtmnisic prnciple cnot be upset by any er r tnty to e co·ay he s nevereless disposed t appears to qeso  range of vady f hat ppl in a dant mod h chalege ts defeners toy tto ver hr to: "Th deave fators of or acons shuld be sho, en w w beeve  hm H 27 haegec t mnd an ermen by Eenste Esnsten pnd t srt in hs prospecAn mei ve sren adptaton of Thodre Dreser's nove ca Tagdy-lm whch neer matralzda "motage mlogue ntr u at seqc designed  eternaze Cyde's 0

The only e ic  s  ci are h a genne ch p ut befr who r i. 0

NAT

 rucialmoment whe Clyde deids drown to Robrtad mak his me lok lke an acdent That th squenc was t picr the varis atos whc thn determnd Clyd to act as he d early fllows from t motag is whih e stei ew p fr t. Thy consst o£ a great dea of possibly rlevt elmnts scatte wors befe a back scren m glig wih a ush of sent imagesor pyphc so m pressos of h actua enient wi projc o moves ad spts f ught28 Eisentes bcv  prg se st wa uit biously t ssiiz h aien t  t f factrs nvvd  Cyds matde  But in -

suggestg and thus somng aesetally nty s uence demostats veryprsntng mportantthat we th woud have t engag in truly endless pursi t lie p to v Wei aeker ht ca demandf an xpsion f t se wi llgdy accot fr o decio and acons O reca gods t i impsble to meet s cange e dtsti pnciple s vable Why thn ovbrd is sgnanc for interprtin n my a ncrt t as general piciple may  out to b a sher mrag tmpg  t embark n wld goos has hre are atns and mrgent saon which so stbo ly st a breadon into re pea eemntsor a sasfactory elanato n from prceing r sultaes ccsances at hey had bt be at as idcb nts2 My hch s i that vn a Lapae mon wod be hr pt to incorprat tm t e  chin uses d t. Han aars that s transd  dimensn f natra ores and casay dtemed patt n cnseqec, any approach t histo hich cis to b senticn ia sicter sense f the r d wll sne o atr come acrss unsot able obsaces f hstory s a senc t is a scc wra  a

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ee  a be nely ua i ted by referece tote deviou ways  wi some sociologit ry to sceze toyhHee  rdom aple of ecnt date ecommedg ie by t ve dees: Chl T  atmpt ot itepe e 1793 Vede revolt fom  oil sens pont of view To sum mize Ty' miolios he iners rom e eidee  to coet tt he revolt whi h wog hypoee led uated in ose dsic of e Vede where tadiol farmig eoomy collided wi wod-ope ade d makt oomy; that he colson o iterts tohed o octs e te the reolutiony mrae bourgeoie  edy well

ing ctor more iatey coeted  e developmen of his one here wa a revolution going on  he me te ai was led ih agitaon ad bttle e  ndtg wee i ux  u he would hve oconeie of te Vede revolt  a htorical peomno sto is so e elm of ogeies of ew be gs  rgulae dsovered  or it, ead intoit are o lmited range need he pst oe eoug emple of the mds powe to peete ee the cs of hbi d oveome e ineri nhere n socl aangemets. Bt f m is i a me ue ee to wil ad tommitted ony to wht he has ied

establshed i the region, and diese, orgilly eteogeeos oppoition ops and ht idological wathwords bean o emerge d o sume a itl funco only lter o when, wih the hadeng of he coct, e ebels fel ged o lose the rks illy us ipleme  s tepretive ientions by summonig nd rrayig cet eglities of eavior fe qey observed feaus of socil lif-.g, eitab he  of ftion betwn groups whose eoomi nteress antgoize eah oerthe ieioodof an nresngpoiao ofte sses at stake o mproise eems to be possile te e sing e for collet ie atio on he p o gop w howee dvded among hemsele, oppse a mon nemy et Ad what does Tilly achieve his wy? Een grted that his socologilanalys my pove useful to hisorians of he pe od i elief in i vlue as a htoril inerpreaion s hdly waated Wit ll i geneaie ombied this lyis yields tbet  shaow geer de ofunerrevoutio loted i some o-man lad bu doe eraiy ot add up to a utommdeexpanaion of Countereolion whh too plain he Vede i1. In order really to lose  o it, he would hve to upplement hi tdrd egularii y deteri

o phntom pppeteer is neede to set gs hi ight (poded they n be et ight). No do we hae to aume, agin  all eerydy expeiene h it is priely e aderse sprits nd ml dres whic owig to te ates o  hyposttied re-pulr, pompt mannd to achiee humanly derbe eds Mepitophele should crete he good by aspirg to eil he lsng o regiou toleane hold i a macous wy  n e ruted fom the hoos of e egos wa ily ological pooio evels itse  a sm pado i he ght of mnde eoig it ste e fy of monism o raher e faacy o he ad bef at monsc pncpl-or y ote ivel ide o that  m utomlly applie to e oete ase t logily oers Weverhe vldity of sh high absaos   er own diesio e way do om them to he reon of parrs is by no mans a sraight lie I ounds wflly prosind even now how my teeng oca mechasms blu e piur-b even so the ssmton hat el oe bds el nd god sualy comes from ·the exertons of the good dseve moe edit th the eose to  podet l agenc Were it oerwise, we would i the nal lysis be oblgd to

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RY:

T  GS   

Hege's cae but have a morer ess o sienc chaacter.t Any ate, uet fem teads e mode ge se its begn  no oced nigs Tat is ue wa imed by e hti onepon o a dvn pan reulng the ds es o mankind can be infeed om Vo's  w ich mark the ivde beteen teologicl and ecuar ide bout toy wit th ltter aleady ipping e balance. Vio a bo a saunh hstian belever e and a stped   te teecual lmate o he risig ge of ence d mas emanipaton fom supeata uthoi So his at nd biare work (wch, incienaly goes r n antipag modern mhods of hisoical researh) repesents, amog other tings, a ustained eor to reonile the trascedeta f prvi-rue dence with e mnent ecessiy o e oal itorica pro essH goa s no to dspose f e adon Csan outloo ut o t i ito te enc f seme ings To achiev s ends he postu late a istoricl law acording to wi it lies n he natue of a tions to pa om  dive  the ge v sta eroic" period o a uma" stage; and the at same time he has i hat thi natl aw o naons" o whih hose obeyng i ae entirely awr   etaised or amnered by dive provden n orde to prvent man soe om reapsig  nistence on a benevolent poviio svagey (Noe tha dence ig bove our head i rue to type le all oter mostirietd tiers peplexed by h seemng disrepvat vices nd pubic virtue h e canno ancybeen p ep tacng thert to te opeatons ofsup a o agency T e ive powe  arge f world a s to a naual w ha tou any upetural intvenion governs c and d etna histoy" wth its rco. his w an e denied f Crian era a  onncng li beteen te heolgy and at o mndan eaon; venough t s ougt



35

of  ompletey immaet, i reeivs i jucaon frme fthn a dvne regme o nineentcnury mnds any suh on mut have seemedo b gautous Bot Comte an Marx dilly sever he mbilil cord between Chn tenet and univsa stoallaws e laws propoed y em ave  puely manent hae and lay aim o scent vaidy This is not o mply tha the m ehonored qution as to te meag f  to woud ave left e wotiers ndieent O he c try,their lw re lo attempts  gapple with To be ue, s own in  r deemined to pu man o feet this queson no longer adt f outos involving ivine uperviio or  reponse intrerence ut the iue lingers on and cll for consequene te ecul ides of proges ad evoluon ae nreasngy burdenor Ishould sy overbudened?wt he ask of replaing te thologic ntepretation toy o  nd uder t impa toconnotatons whic u  acrue em h pardmovement toa rd te eyod isproected oo he hoizontl ple d emporl gol come to upplan t M nd omtee o e escatologcal eectio34 s des if i drent ways nd h aid tey he no only ssess te igniae o the histoal proces  but y preitate wat they believe  b is fulment. Te law ey polimlso eve a leves f politica reom tey assume h rplu fton of acion programs Now tse wshh are of inres here  ter onyapay as senc sttement re a ba chaactesc: Tey re conce ed o a nata s hey rt on te sumpon that human hiory is deical wi te hstoy o natue a natue imagied to be capable mou law f  Cm of t�e tre sge" wih gov ns te pogsve deveopmet of the divere siences and by etenio te whoe E o

HRY: T  CS B  L

qn, i doctn  posd to e same rcism as 1 9cen istoc al aws; lhem it unduly ens  ral of nssy (B y t way, a sndary weaess Spegle's of sys m may b found   iet aty or meodologcay qusonabe pcedures His array o cra units h tempts to compar wih eacoter such acomphmen o dir crs as cn b atbud enca to  stges o  dop mn bu as a rl, s comar os are uggesed by his genera cocepal shem raher an derivd rom a close ana ysiso  te pernent cimstance he ineble eut  relevant anaogies s  ths abus o comparave mthod whchHnr Frankort has in mid when he was agas an empass on simlaiies, tornfrom  cut cont whi hods secrt o their snicace 41 Whn Spenger appeas, Toynbee is no far away Things a  bi diclt withim bse there are at eas wo oyb es:  sciencmdd ison ad te "enaged spiita aderAs for th histoan Toynbe e, h aks his cu rom Speg, hoy (ngigb) enc beteen m i g at  pacs eas cu trs by t o moe ss sicty sfcontaind cvaosnonbioo  s pr itd to comm w ah oer d o e on h gnra onooc sal. Tat  blees to roced empicay wrSngr dcres fom on ishg seer seldcpto ctaly he cptli on  familiari w th GraeoRoman civization to consc a mod aouting for ts gow and s pily is dcayand en ses tis ellnc model o explain goigson  the ohe cvizatons o is acaintance42 I te end it ooks i alaso them disingaed accrdng o the same patt Ts s cilizatos un ioompaable is wose simiaritis contved raher an fondpomp im to idge  eaymade isomorphic aao

NAT

ge ae  manner of Spngle t inb tat  cnw  seope d lf c mplmntd b  t shold cn upon   staus of a vs  aa aw oatey, Toybe isf savs me t obl of dwlling on h allcy of hs panoamic vsion e spua ader h ao is rejcs it whoesal H not only decare h te o b nprectabe3 uadmis e possibii ty for Wste mad to y on indnity and plads or i rewal n ai Chi n spii  er is somthig schzophrenic abou Toynbee wi he his toian nhim atres anaogies and guai ies avog predctio, Toynb th pophet euses to acnowedge eir impo Nevethess h ain are mad to mee y mas of costant modcations. h Spengeian Toynbee, wo pomote he cia eoy adds ne models o te Helec one so as to ren hs sceme ad the ohr oynbe exmp th ocaed "igher religions om h prodaid cours o e mtipl ilizaon o t prpos g of ssa Cisan i all yl nowhstnding Also, t image o a ario mong onward as ts wes h ciioar aond s aled n toiusa, and jusy , t ssib fs n o e wo opsite vws Nices ah iag  itary   case I shor, ager o integaton Toynbee twists and bens  systm i about e same wy asDai does  watces inhamous paig Prsis c o Memoryt e who, folowing e exmp of the civliaon dsntas ito a sof masso cont pies O se, her is mor o t tan mts t y Wil i i tue tat a ths histica aws cume upon coser ispecion i is eualy tu tt all of em mpis a had coe o substave  obseraos ad pienes so me rowing ou o n tma contct wh hisoica reli. he imsess o Come's pilosopy o istoy dos not aect th vtali o one

TORY: 

   T

T

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of its mai  incetivs and igdish i d o fsc ocil ttics a d dyc. or isSpgls d Toyb  e rfto idfy history a a ow of evets  dscreted by e lluspnoama thy dlop om te otio o mule histocal tim Ad Max's subsuctran surtrcture thoy cari much mor wight hi Hgl ired schm of th hioricl ocess �hich it hl iple mt Let anet is tory hd  lght peviouly kow htocal movatios, it oid an nvalable cteo y whic sobly to assss and nd b db idaic cm ad lof rgmet Al t ths r elvely ide-

at hitoryhat  it vs ipros to log tudinal htoicl awslaw whch by impcato mk the hstorcal pos fo a aal rss Uik aa itoy who nar ve moent may on picl  pereed by uch lawth hitoy of hma aair mutay pic al It reti reducibl sha of frdom umtely d any ttmt in ntralscinc fashon whc sht out tht fedom

pendet of th ytms to whch thy blog. Thrclly ty might as wll ha ben tblishd without spclav gs. Yet the uival toricl lws to which ty wilynly xpad ar hps ed to r hm oo from hir moorig Bid tus acng a a ort of catac agnt hsaw"sg mixtus of scietc pten and theo logic lftor , morov at to yld inght o conenc Consd tht thy asir to past i ethecor try.So ty must in  mnnr of akig w it expas rom an exmly hgh ltid Ty eb aa photo graps; eacy lik tm hy ar bound to big normaly unn ts and coguaos to focu  This xl thr otntil rvaling powr Fro hi lted posio ngl, for stanc dscv th pnomenon of pdomohosis"a ew cultue bo ito the obit o  owerl old clr bg oblig to xr it peciang sivand iion i the gag of e old who meag hen tend to ovhdow ti.H(  thnks of e obscuing Helect of lnm on wht h abls Abic 4 cltu.) o h st th wouldnot b he rst m tht notoioly devous cocpons bred gue owledge45 o dw  baac h hstoy vocbly re r om

\ crd ·he gin fcts s fctsa eemts o p gnel w h ihe histoi art on s ot ed wi mely ang pat ev ents alhough h may hv to od o lso but feels t cumbet upon hm to oe thir spcc sh nd ait   dalhus  al d t itrst w tak  tm rques hm to siz on t   umo  thr oncnes, ondd i uiqueness, o mtt whthe and how he l be k bthm to togethr Wh the assasaion of Psident Knndy bea kow in Nw ok, ople staeuly formed t goups  the se ad dr the act o h shock ty seed tked d takd to ach oth My wpt Dd thy in tir anguish talk abouth cim, gop or the motves bhd t? ey d ad d ot rom th nl topic th va y  ibly evetd to the icm hslhi you, hi way o iig, hi fullld gols No doubt a prmive ict plld  thm thu to eoke a pt w had b th presen moet go ad to pic to mlvs d tryppr to ise, he ull sce of wht thywe hdthoghlly possed and brp y lost I doing so hey followd  de which i at t bottom of al histoy wg: ty wntdto dstad" On caot seak of i desie wthout lg ilh's

Ad here at te d a op of hstor come ito w whch mplemt it denito s  stotellig medu Whl te eti,   naang say th histoy f h arh,



ORY:   GS BOE  

te peitntor o eature undesanng G V as he conce of e  Unsngs a pvotconcept  Dhy pets t in ms whi hod hi ow dpi h bng somwhat fog posophy grondd n a pycooging and o   conceives of hsoy  a e poces whc passng hogh u, ivoves o ne een; ad he ages that, in o o undrstd" h phenomena compg tha pocss we mt pinc tem wi  woe of o eing so tha  Rane th i tha we ae mmun wih hrs46 Fom Hzngaor Isaiah Ben many a pccg hisoa smilay sists on he need fo h os toa ivovmn• 47 o he e mbud h  sprm of tor hey ns to stss the ole V o at h xns o snc ac alady moned a  bgg of hs nowldg chap  hs ew histoical udesadg has nohng o o th sntc xpanations rath nconced for aws nd a rglaies,  xhaus se  peneag divida  s Y thy hus n Qt ofphaps, unraceable oignsso ymi h erritoy o be xod Sce e feeom of isory ise on h e grond of arncest" 48 ioril ray onas ome and, ideed a raonships wh ca fo e orias h anon A ao htoran g hmlf drsandng  Dty's sn wou miss a good  ay o deao h mpos,acors aspt" 49 a hs nstding Hitory is a doubldgd proposton To be sr it does no belong among e senc es ut it s a scince eevg he am ony   amia o e  ha tey may ha to oand, n gnal beha es toward thm ina comade way  i pi  u  f h ccp  y  g d ud dnw  d i Ct   p p99

2

Th Hora Approach

Moen isoriogaphy wol sem to com nto  tt own mags to eu no ony  cya of philosophical speu io with ei wholesal manngs bu also he Chybo e sence with hr nat laws and egts What te nteshe hitor n's ld of on s a congomeae o atcu a events, vlopmen an sitaons o he hman 1pas succesive an/o oexstn phenomna which atogeh make p hor eaty  n h lgh of mndane rasoning  ursshows th foowg  ( m) hacerss: I f o nic ngncis which obsrc  cacabty  subsmpo u he deermsc pncpe ru, hings ·may cng under a  globa maagemn o hman s bu en the qson a  o what etentcan h iig forcs whch produe th contngcs be sbjcted to wordwd conl tho eithe evolng or wieing.  anachy cals for order oe tends o beget anac y.  In addon, s oca a  va edlss, ssung rom a dark whi i reasingy receing and etending nto an opnended uture. And nall it i ndtminae as to meaning t charactec cofom o t maials of whih t s won  hitoian 45

S   CS   S unverse s of much the sme st s our eveydy old-te vey old hich Husser! as te st  toendo phlosoph ical dgi. At ay at ths od s the neest appoxmaon to hat he cls Lbnswt the and denes s the source ad ulmate jscaton of ll hmn scences The scences, says he de the experences e mke n that common ntersub jeveord; they "ove s f in empt pce above the Lb." Bt aculy hstory des from the nr l sc ecesin that t "oves thee at a much oe altude than ey fo t decty deals wh the knd of life hch fl ino te orbit of eveyday epeene o t of this ie as n a o nuos pocess ould be ather veturesome urhadt ot only featues perods of cs nd treme hange but beieves crtn deas and movemens to emerge fom hdden  depths (hichhoever does no t pevnt hm from coveng histoal ntnuit )0 d M ts te spotght not so much on te overll gcnceof history as on the adcal bras 4  it (ithot hoeve abndonng the noton of a lectcl hs tocapocess his is not to imply t the hstoicl verse shold be mgned s beng nstructred At lest n e mod en age many deveopmes ae taceabe to socoeconom iuences  foms have a y of unfoldg d subsig acodng to a sot of mmaent logc Controvera issues ast g th spll over the oplon at lgeeg huh reform   the Renssncre lely to toch o a eries tee of lted evets And thee are pods hch impress us as hvng a outspoen physogomy of the o5 ut these gven p tes strnds and sequeces thrd  matea hch s for log setches inchoate heterogeeos obsure Mh of it is a opaqe mass of fats t s up to the ston o chart  ouse through thse ex  Cf. hapter pges1 2

 SC 

47

pses No htever queso ns he bngs to bear on some porton o aspect of hstorcl ea he i nvaiaby confronted h to tasks:  1) He must establh the relevat eidence as imprtaly s possble; z)nd e (must y to eder itelg ble e materl hus secured I am ae of cose ht fct sam ndgand eegss e to sdes of one ad the iniv ble proess. he histor cnot assemle te evidence needed unless he is gded by n dea hoever vague of hat he nts to ecove of the pst and hy he ant s to reover t a nd reversely e evdece he gthers may n t oblge hi to modfy h  ognal hunches So  goes on spotney con stntly ltenang th eceptiv Yet for the pposes of anal ysis tese to itertned omponentsf ony historcl inry had bette be ept apat One mght also sy that the hston follos to endencesthe relstc tendny ih prompts him to get hold of all data f terest nd the fomve en dency hh requr es hm to exl the mateal ihnd e s both pasie nd ctve a recoder nd a eator N dobt h pocedues resemble those of he sentst Does notthe scenst too proceed from hyothess to experment nd obsevton ad back gan to hypothess i  pccally n termable ovement? et these sml1es of codct shoud not led one to confse hstoy scenc t th e proper n fac erunfyng eect s lrgely oteghed by he mehodolog cl iplictons of e deences beeen human airs d the eents ofnature (he logcl posvsts eage to sess the senc chaacte of hstoiogphy tnd mnze to te im pct of these mteral erences d hle hrpng pon the sm ltes beeen sentc and hstorcl method her rgument ests on the assumpton ht nvesa sbstntialy cover the aes hey dene d tha t e genel popets of a ss of phenomen  or case those smlrteske pecedence

TORY: H L G BRE H LS

oer te les general quaes of the parcuar phenomena  nging t that lass mpregated wih te awe f gh astra ons, ths assptn nfoms t ingie habit of thught; I wonderthugh whet it is invulnerale. Cnsideatons along the nes of a materal lgc may quafy the laim t unndtional prioiy of oa 6.logc) Remember at, ne the scienst's nat e wod toa reai,this mixte of natural eventand relatively fr ee disons resistsa breakdon into reptable elements which elate t ne anther in denitely able ways No is he whole of t amele to (ongi tudil laws is consttutin of the toca nive rs Lenwethan whi has more n oon wit the with te educed nature of the sientit's mkn gpses pobems not foundutside it They bear fr nstance on the establshment obetivity attanabe t the hto f th evdence e degee of n etc. and hey ae decidedly f gater nseqen than  the smilait s that btn beteenhistoal ad sient prsuits he eginnings f mde hstoogaphy re maked y a  stood tte song cnn h he reast tendency ane of asse ng itelf n een preing m and phio sophil hitoies Eort to xpose the past  is ne went and n hand ih attacs on the specuave syntes eigit he 18thent Goetgen historin suh as at tererand Shloeze, codemnd the superciai es f the e"7 Rane lewise amd at prtecting istrca ea aganstits violaton by an absact system onsuctin, and a philosphy of histy 8 he rejeted in Buteelds wods, shemattin that di nt sse ut f the recoed 0 In fac Ght  anh u gee pface to hs Vee v44 b 4 he outd e moraiing

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 IC APPA



stans h f me who asiged t t the  of udg ing te past of ng te prsen fo e bene of fe ag° Folows the famus statemet tat he mse ly  e eg want to show  l  "ow ings au 1 ally wee  18 Oy en yeas later his bo hs st appeared and phtogaphy cae it beig It seem of gea nterest t me that in te mensio n of t representiv e rts Daures inventn aised ises and demands simiar t thse wich played so ge a role in cntempora histoiography t was a nsious cnecton fr Heine who in the dedica on fezat Prnce PckleMskau which is dated Pa Augst  4 state the pupse he had in mind wi ts bk n "ptcs art and popuar life whih he arranged fom hs ounalc writings T ighte the saddeng epts he writes,' intewve them ith desriptin fm te eld of e ats and science  . T is w as  .  done .   to give the  nuanes genue pitue of e time itself in its smalest  much hnst dageotype mt rende faifully a y as he pudt hse and tis s what mypot re s a e: a dagerreopc hist k n whih each day enter i o picte andthe tists rderg mnd y semblng such piture po dud a wrk nwhh tat whih is depit doumts i  any faiess auhenaly by itself utse, my bo  a htoal soue wh oan    m ay see the ater hst 2daily tuth as I said cares in te suret fo its Zgto whichhis crespondenc Was it he e of histography and e new inventin f daguerretypy mst b aid? I shal show hat ey point to signant analgies beeen histoy and te o media which portay te world taou s th th aid of a ameaphotgraphy iself and phographi m r n nderstand g of histry it may terefore pove helpful

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Y H LS GS F RE H S

o ue i he ure f ee anaog Ocose, n bo hm wiou anga look ah ean cn nd u hacscshpapim edia.18

 SRIC APPROA

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No all e a mda can sad  ove  ecr cacr: h aosyls n pnig, fr nsan are ea s dependen uph marls syzd and gn hnca ar.Bphtgaphy t n ha eemb e divese branhes of knwedge ch end o ondon wor calcrn props s on wh win i nnes. As a bac as h achac days  y hem dm, dsceg cs dagnosd mavng a e

mndd assh ed  anmon o an mperoal ndng o exeal penomena. Pu n i nove adoped s w paps as  nabed hm cel y o conas hs nolnary cmpleely ubsjve memeswh e exe n objeememes deosdphn ooapi satemn So h eares emoon dachmn as  phoographs rmos  Whim  dea poograpr  an dscm ng mo c ea o  cama 19 hn mang abo ir r,hsoras somms drag n phoograpy and hn m   hisan sd be   msaen o  a camaman Th Droys nha h hs-

camea's xpona aby o edas was ral sb, or potnaybl hpysal reay Gay-Lssa or on d i  mahmicalexaness" 14o f y da nphoo" i mecegaphic laesand nssed a di, no bl can scp "th y and bsh of s nw pn. 15  The em "painr," as used· hre as omn etm when aomos st looed k carrges wh horses) By h sam ton aPas jona  wold,wr nd o h nt pras  stLmi frpreeng o e being "nare cagh  a16 In shor,  ws cognd a h uea phoography s qy eupped  oow he rei endency o an n ntaable o e ad radonaat he nae h-en alsts o denypgTs ed phy as a rprodconeqe. Tey wer agred a  rcrds nare wh a dey "eqa o nre s; 17 and y od prns whch, to paraphras Ran's cm, seemd o m ow w igacualy ae( e e egnch t) Drixcompard dageopy o daiionary  nae hoography n characr oy, os snc-

rinarae s no nded o phoograp pas vns b s or aims a conyng o ncpons o m rom  pon oview.20 Mnsoans ch n: "T non o he hsorn says amr s an o ha o aneand no o e pgrpicamra: o dco and s orh, o hawi io e nare of e hng an sgeo and sess d  21 no o podue scminaey al haee he eye Marc Bloch oo pea s s o h meanngle ssnes o  "ipl pograpi" o um rey22Sh rfrns o  phoo grap mem wod be eny ncaedor wr no e isans makgtm ero e possby ha hsory and phogaphy hav m O s ing o do w each oh a a  deny  e oh n hey hin a hs possy ony painy caegocal Wy dey ejec h vy thmses cae ougsges? A o hm wan o dscrd h possc noon o the hsoran s a sher is men, passly( nd mpassy)regerg  mass ou daa andas And no only roysne  conmporay  e prme 19h-cenry reass bt aso Nam and Boh who odaewbrke o grand e m

HISRY:

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TLAS

IGS BEO

T L

( olds up a miro to nature s a resut, hey mus deed  1_ magin e iston dseng of te nam b to the anpod  oft potogape av alsm as ong snc goe; d nobody today ould dam of callng  camea a mor Acay tere s no m ror at all. Evn Prouss idal photograe is boud to tasfer th-dimensiona pheomena to e pane nd sver ther es wi h soudngs Mo mpott e cnnot elp scu ig th iog impessions h mutanu percepo of  ot sees ein perptual fo tegor s heent  hs nvous sysem, and not eas s geera disposition compe him to ogaie th visual a matial in e act of sing Ths beg o r is o atly easo why t photoape sould suppss s formativ ug in  intrs of he nece say ftile attempt to achiv obecvtthat simon-p ob ectivi so covted by ain hat h anted "to repoduc te i I did no exs. 3In ay objecs as tey . .  oud e eve case all great potogaps hav flt fre to seect motf fam, les £ter mulon, and rai accoding to ter sei blties (Wa it oewis with Rk?isio of versa isto for sta did not sem to encroac on his dire to ow thngs as y wr raps it is pssib to sayof  tat his formae tig s join foes wi shies  d may ange sg)  upshot s tat hotogaps ue to type fom neutral dg of physica ealty to ighly ubjee satme Had Namier ben aware ofis h mht a v found it advable tocompare th htoan toa potoapher nstad of painter Fortuately at ast on dised con temporary hsorianH.-! aous sciely onerant wit te med to epose 1e bias of is confers. e daws atento to he ps of me le ada ad Cae-Brson at tas ot th inte non of ad  judicusy gues t a

T HOC PROA

5

autentc photograpes in  mechac pocesses ivolved, hepces av someing prsonal abot hm and are pro foundly formed2� Shodw conclude, hen, at in te al analysis photogra phy dos ot er fom te estashed arts h hiso of t photorapic meda tls us of orts and aciens ic seem to be out ths ncusion Take the  at 9h-century potoapers:not cott  wht they iv d to be a mer copying of sble realty ey st e d on pire wch, as a nglh cc rqustd ould dlnate u nstead of soly represntg u O of thm,  sclp tor Adam-aomon idlged i poait whc, because of ti embandt-gtng and vt apy used Lamane to rcant hs ital opon hat potograps wee ust a pagia sm of natu6 e ce " s new pat tusre sumed  funcon of a pnte in the adoa sne Nor do h exemntal photographers of o days care about its spe c£c abilie Qte he conay tey oftn delibately depa from h realistic pot of vie lzn g th techqus at he  dspoa to poduce pcues  wmigta we b eproduc ions of absa pang7 fl n e same ongng fo emnpation fom the oute wold or s-epssion, d ouded-out composition manfst thmss m and agan e avant-garde lm ars of te 'wenes for istance edite otews realistic picol mateia accordg to msical hms fy inente shapes instead of rdingdand vg hm and md re sot luate contets d enngs wc e aytig but an pctio o at t ss acaly soe.8 at simia intntons aso materia iz n historiogaphy sould a he moe be epcd ince hs to oincides it e amera caf i chalengn its adepts to chalege is sct eough to ouse cptu a gve uerse he 25



 

 G

O  

the rge fr sunng it Toremi in te dimensonof t, numers of hsoricl ngs mess y as beng deermned y er ahrs inherent or design rter than e pecar frman of eir aeri t goes iout sayng tha I do nt  ere f romanced lves nd te ike t of ern wos of professionl scholrsp ey tstf t an cute n ssns of organiztl rangements and ters f syle; nd ere  an i of mleeness bu em whc rec e copexreof xerietalphoraphs. One wnders fr   W  he Mdde A eample whether Hunga's does n prmarly stem frm his desie t shape  mood nd fr a once w Beauy ht imi the scpe of his reser by smag nd gudng i.29 Even tg Peter Ceyl nds falt wt e aestetci ade beid s wr he no el respeng t s  msteriece 0 re in my Fther's he are many mansns, bt s i not euay e at rm a sel pin of to e iew sme msn or oe my preferabe e rest of e? I su a the rod of a mem wh spec  ey bld fro hese charceiscs are the re satisaco haacterstcs T epress the same in negtve ers an c opihendeing e propertes f ny, of its edm i key t oend r sensibiies; e ld rn strrs wth terborwings from Goh stne rhee arc s rrs pinple ang  ey e venerae  folows o which  ave cedte bas aeseprinplen yery  nt me ints ow  F31tat e phoorpher nless he est do wht s cera pers i to do beter tan nydy else he us g  e lm, a s n reording and peneang physi ealiy Imgne  potographic pr trats one n the nature of  csual selfrevelion stl "iinct 32 nd e other so stized n terms of wit e isn of fe,

 C 

55

ig�gbackgound ec  i no onger sggests fe n it : here is n quesn but at he fmer wl srie one as re nscly phoogaphi hn he e he photographer's apprach may be said t e "phographi  hs foraive spiao sup rer n ppose s elsc inten ons s mpes at he resebles no so h e exressie t  e imagnive reade ben n sdyng nd deperng an elve x "nensiy of sn ne f te gld hs t, shod be ted in a ral respet for he thng i ont of   Owng t e meras revealng power e has a trs o n eplorer wh, l w uios roams yet uncn queednotspces. The genune phoogrpher ummons up his beng  dischrge t n anmous eaions obut dissove t ino e ssnes of he reaife hnmena efor hs ens so  ey r bo lefc  and ade rasparen If po taphy s an it s an r  a dere uie te tadiona s, t tes prde in nt mpletely nsng  rw ael A ew ines after having indie is deemnao  ow "e e egntch gewesen, Rake maes  rema f sar cnnote expeced  os nsequene: "e writing of hso sess the sme fee deveopment of s suject which, n eory at lest s epeced in a wor of literue  (Soewha age s es heorel oservns usy are, tey he he advange of resltng nt m  poerng abou i a set of sacons t fr his ndlued exeen s a prig orian) \Va he ws o ney s tis: t  e istrans usnes adeuately  render nd acunt or, fhmn rs of the pas is in urn means th is caft ses  certan e sctons upn m e lcks te nveis's or drmtss fee dm  ale r she h meal as hepleases Rae s fomues  rinile whch deimts e eld of sgra

RY:

     

edge the asic aesetc prcpe," ey customarily fcs on a ence. s Nor wrldwch is certaly n the absact naue of is it a world tmatng me so welorderd cosmos for here  no Cosms on e csree ut a eart  s, the sy  streets, d ralways   36 Raer amerratythe sr f real or maer pes his lens i n which the potographer has a e ea f eLltIt comprises amate bjects, faces, crowds people wo termige, suer, ad hpe its grandtheme s e in t ulnsself as we cmonly expeene it Smawder tat camerareaty paralels hsorical realiy  termsof is sructue itsgeneralconstun Eacl y asistr  cal realt it ispartly patered par ly amorphsa cose  uence  t cas, of te hafooed state o our everyay world. And it shows fres whch are piece f a wt te characterti f ehistr's uv erse To begin wth, pho tgaphersseem t e pre o highght the cotge naue f he matera. Rdm events re the vey meat f sp sho; authec phgraps koas if ther suecswre  m maers have a penpluckeden route By t e same tke chant for renderng ansient impressins and ufreseeable enountrs (at ths suscep tiity  he acdenta rathr tanprvdenal may e ned to advantge also y historias, was recogzed alre ady at e begng f otgraphy ph ne Brocaus Lekn f 184 Ferch vn Ramers cntemoraryhstores are prsed for resemb daguerreotpes n that ey captre te eeg shadws of te preset on the g)37 ance gurations being fagmets, photoaphy frther tends to sugges endlessness A genue photgraph pre cludes e ntonf cmpeteness Its ame marks a prvisiona a mt to it content pints eyond at rme refeg tde of reaie phenmena which cannot possly be encm

 lTORIC APPRA

59

passed in their enety And ms?  isas ey were nmated y e cmercal desire  esalsh e contu of physical estence wi all ts psychologil nd metal respondenc To make us awe f i l dectrs fequey dgress om te acn hey picue for no reasn oher tan to epore e e envirment i which it cmes to pass tus Oivier in his Hamthas hs camera incessantly avel d pa" rugh the labyie interiors f alas a studoblt lsinore r a smig Gt rken dwn nto vrtaly nnmerable elements a ideal case n poi is Esensten's atempt to eoke, in hs slborn sreen adapaonA f Am Tagey the niy of factors and crcumstces instrmental n Clydesdesin t murder Roberta.0he is,  additon e ameras at fr te indete1nate  be sre, the phoogapher edws s pctues with fom nd meaning to the exent ta he makes deerate choices ut howv seve  print stl are od to record naure n e raw e he natural oj hemseves, hey wl therefre be sunded by a fringe f dstnct mlipe meangs Te same hds ue of moti pctes as a mater of curse Discussng the prperties of the  sho, a French c saga usly bserves hat it deits ut de£ing and that it as te quatique amng the   rts o ong not much more exanatons than realiy But wha s te gd of indulgg  anagies i W y dote  s a subject ony to it it fr a similar suec?So do moey swg from branch  bran, ee to ee Mreover such compas are a too ften rducts f inteectua azess Tey sere to substute a appaently aia top ic for enfamlar ne nder csideran; and tose mang em usualy apitae n supecia resemblances to retu, asfast poss   8

6o

TOR:  LA

GS B H LAT

ble, o e o fom wi  y veed o. Howe,  ih cas o  prest miaios, aaogica procedus e jus d o rqird, h0 or rasos Fi e aaog ew isoiogaphy ad he poogapic  o mdia simpy an eay di b s rom he soid fac a wok  e wo areas ige o idei codiios: bo crafs a comed o cocer esees wih gve words o opab src r ad hore cze he perfomers' creaie possibies  ik ways Sod  eld o iso s ced p wi ihd abis o og ad hmes o og sadg wic og rdr i ey impeera Te aseda y of ab rac reao g udr e spices o sic dradiio piosopy is ap o obsruc a eo o ere  expei ces ad p aios pi o is ar  eay appropae es Acay e wo ara is paded ad oershadowed b a uu bd o oee  c sigs  ad i-ig grs Add o is a preiou modes of osig w  pg. Cisi cocepo o hioryubory vive ad amoagd or o coue o poe arce; e pesce cao bu creae a decepve smace o ami iriy ic uer brs ehpice I oadiscio o is sa o gs  poogr apher's uierse way is imor a rdi aessbe s picoria medi poography ad  spea ecy d o he ss ad abody spbe o aes eic es  o picpe, i a osio o apprase e paricuar beauies poeiaie d iiion wou m  me No ado Tis op p prosg aues fo aaysi o a  aaogy  h phoogapy p d  e hbi spcs i e hisoca ed  odds e a or uof craiuw wic e hsois igrap pg wi gely pro by recose o cores podig ssues i h phoograpic ca ee mpcaos ad souos idd

 TRI PPO

1

om view  e hiori dimesio adce o  ai beg sibe a oe  may be i pd a speciy  mac ra is ic ui  aord  oppo iy or egheig compaisos

PN 

3

Psn I

"Onhe de oan on wi w sh veneout"sys adi  openng paag of his ee "p osibl ou and ossmy, are and  idensismadefo ote a.   esiy svlumecol dl wt by soessent yden coclo." 1 Badt' rmrk,   sompon a pae e to h tense awans otlook and nded o t oewic thistois psoal mp py in e endrng nd undsandng o  pas (Th so why soc owedge os subjey to a gx  essicy scnt owedge ies pmly  fa ct h  ses enge he invesgaos fomae powrs  nt ways W  stlshmnof wodof scecs w of loshps bwn ls bsc fom o mpoed pon, nat, s mtmia gi intion a an a, moa ngni he rsst esy breakpenetrtion of h hso's wol wc dons into ep abl ns cals te foforts of a ses i  fcet as eviewd.2T teeooman  s  bs jecte d to cintc rmnt propr is q notertt  6z

t ioans s a Bu o ecog tv ucos of deinof i nat wod sm to e al h o  posile o stn o ot spa  Shoul no  ls   ti o  pg of aton y nllabl cons?  whch-o xss Her iswha oy cs it in  term of tyould o su te wkeof h o csm Sc hsoc wgs hsls rodct s ophe iews ey to   cydpendo h uhos opsio in  c pe Ths rp opoo ma wo thg-at  hista's mnd i apd bycmpoay ucs andh  u hs cco w opoay

sus accos  owhyand owo hsdoto tot he p   ond and The  nt  s identd1 gol  soy. h omos phosopal pos of s "prst" thoe Cocn Coigoo Wtot pow ofthe hsto' vo negleng te condonng pel ote ov  h pay o ndo hs  mol or owe  hpolemsof sdy. One  ws ocs cm  so  onempoay ht  h pemnt it by tndi g t ony  rt  t  of  ps ca mo on t negt t fa 4(As a p ndoa,e ime h w mte by g s  te caus of   Siilly, Clgwe  hso s"n  of his tme1 who cs h p ot of i mmro ipesnday occ6  o both s lt o  ncesty fo m o jusfy r phss o h psnt by dowing t wth mtaphysical ignc h getm ino dee wates o oh o thm eute or petend manso o eue, ny inil gonig  whol o d y  hlp eiodcg  noeto pl qo epse omen It wl sc o o  Co oi o ti momnt a a phs-th poly

Y

     

tiate phasf a dialecil a all in  pogresie movementTu olngwood who day ducs itoy to th (bete manageable) toy of tough t doe not shre Croes belf in total oress7 but e too holds tht the sussivetoughts of e past for a mpehnb can eadng to and limang i th psnt W he o of tem the · ideal storan is the moupiec of to's lat  or n Coceswos of the spiit which  hto and "bears with it all its hstoy 8 Whenee pilosophs speult o e ia o hisory Hgs wo spiri pops up bh h bushs Finally, bot hinkr s insist th the historin cnnot discoe ha whih is essetl in history less h eonsuts  pst i t light of what Collinwood calls his "a proi imnio an imgination whi c, accodinto pmis, is geed to the equimens o e situation i which he nds mself n, if, s bot ollingood ad Cce t f gne he nt p moment rtuy ntins al t momen prce g t, ony  be bl to gt those wo aly liv in nd i e pnt at th oe of past   ts view histol u s a varbl of psent iterest Te tim whose on he htoi  ot oy tnsmts to hm ts prfrncs nd prjuies but rears is ddaon to ts pecu r tks by oeng hm gne as h etito  ar of mes goe by No oubt there is somt g to e said in faor of ti proposition he rst of te otwassumpions it compise the as on is  unconsmption of th impat of h istoians miu sious) ougtis actually enors by many a pacing hi oin In fat, it soun s a bu ldnt s O thi  wy ogh time ntios, socits, nd ivizaos  usuly confontdwih pobles whi demitng thi hoizon p iate th magintion of l contemoaies.  k of su

P IT presday sus as e sugg for supmacy btwen e dmoacad Commuist por blo the revouonary aveo Wester tnolo he transo om a naonl to a global fa of eferen h inrease of isr me a  nsug md for "mas ulu o a therto nhadof scale et. wtv we hope afea elats to hese ssues whehewe now it o ot hey lteally ypno h mnd; and ring fom the cssoss pattrns of ivrgt opinios a onfused i of thm pmannly  th air Thr sng escapabilileds weight to Carr's aie: Before you sdy 1 e hstoa sdy hs hstoial and soia enomet Gin to sdies n is i isoins ofhisoiogphy dvac many obsevtions to the eet tat htoca wgs tnd to reect esponses to he x topi o th peiods from whic they issu utterld for nstane shrwy mas hat th sa wih Geman 9entr hisostoo the hen aging polal dsput bewen proAuss a poPrssns automaically olore eir as i about he benecl o sous oequece of he Grman mdeval monrcy s a ut, problm of Gean meiva toy wer stag agat e baon of he ninetennu suggl been Prs  nd ia even though  nvov a gga anaoism11 Thr s o en of such ampts to monsatth projectve haat of htoiogapy He a, seected at random som of the nngs y yiel: Kant's tics  12 ows from e moral onvict s of Gman piesm Nbus Demosthens is a thiny isgus Stn  o his Chaeone th ounterpat of Jn  Gibbons wo vals im as a discpl of Vol tai, a Eup d !g  s Lumis1  of cours oboy cn fail to notie a Momsens Romn istoy mios the iews of18the 48 er m ibeals.1  Mommsen hisf w s uit nsciousof th

6

HRY: '

L BORE T

LA

mode tone" of his nrrve in c e deliertely sd u ontempor polic terms to rng dow the anciets from the ntasti pedest into he eal1world" ) Fidigs of ths tpe mmedtely strie us as plausible ecuse e e accu stomed to edt evroment inuees and  ntl e ie t the poer of sying mnds So it for s o  of te istorin s  son foh e I sumit t pparently selfevdent ssump on s te outome of ful y e sog. t ano be upheld ess oe pts Coe's doe it  by the sprt o hthe istoial peiod is foed tat peod tha any such perod is  phse of he histoal pross, and tht the histoil pocess must e imaged s  dile movemen hose scssie phses are meaingfy coeted wi th eah other(  go wihou saying ht Collingwoods hesis of t lnusieness of presen f ought ito ine thCces  Then it spossible ndeed odee he htoras sef i ts of its position n e;  fulls its e nte i it oform s to te spt of te pod to which it belongs Howeve the roceCogwood doie suers from to Jmedible  shotomngs:it ests on the teble premise t e £ow of chonologal tme s e carier of ll historynd it agantly coits wit a lage body of expeiees egarding he struce of te peiodne S he terrelted on eps of te perod d of historil mellwi be dealt ith er on  sle mysef hee to  reark soewht po sionat a o te dotne's nduay to the experiens Conry to what Croe postese typcl period s not so uch  ed enti wih  sp t it of ow as  prearious of tendeies aspiros, d tvities whc onglomerae oe ote hn not manifest temseles ndep endety of one his is not to dey he isten, a y given oment anoer •

Se Cpt 6.

P

IT

of etan widesprea nd een preving eefs gos attdes, ec.  veue ot guess ha h e presence  empiia ft rae tha a metaphysil mst, is in a measure aconed for y thepriniple of mentl eoomy  estshed in i ere Chpter1; fo te res ould t not besurisin g were n inteaon of  sort between e heterogeeous elemets htmake up  period? Smta so fos coheion Bu t if e period     l i sea ud  nd esseny ntangble unt Note the admie cution i hi M Bloc approachs n isse wih Coce settes dogmlly. lo tuly a hsor n's htoin, acknoedgs the ip whi  he heydy of e feudal ge, renh cutue as a whole exerted on Europe, nd then tentively dds a fe reasons for its sweeping sccess. h e mse does ot t great se sore by them follows fom his onlig remrk But t haig been sd, e my we ask orseves f i s not fue to p to xpn someg hch, n e present stte of ou oledge of ma seemsot be beyond ou  udestndgte 17 eos of  ivzation and is pow of aton. And here is tepoi  wsh to die homef the histors torica and soal envoment" is not  frly selcontane whole but  ragle compound of frqety ncitent edeavors  , the ssmpio at i moulds s mid mkes itle sense t does mke sense ony n the antexs phosoof le Cros hypostes a period spir ca or py wh dependene o it, nd hus deternes he ids pe n e histocl poess fom oe nd thout. een fom wth e eaions been the mind nd is eviromnt re ndetermnate ve supposig that ontempoy iuences were etter denble n they uly e, thei bidig power old sll be mited by he minds frdom to nitite ne situto, e systems of reltionsips After hving brlliantly dedued

68

HISTORY: E LST CS  

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the eecs o Pea Ahes o he foat o of Tucyis' i Fne he Havad cassi s voces scples out hsab own nfences; he cles t "e uen of  tempo rr wold on n n is o  ompxy whch es all bu 18 Hs cicumspection compes favoably he cst anls wi h i of obsvations dr to stuentsistorogapy o obseao which ust tseves ginthat show hs or ha hoa etioall pojecs ueial cotepor deas ito s accon o  p o be s such proeco o occur but ty e b no meas nvitab Md for xmpe, new ho w o void e e e impovg o Bishop Sub hs cotepoa wo uwitgly  Vicoin beas to the cargo tht te Agloaons brogt with he o Engla rom te Nort Gean9 foess. Nevreess a s pont n objo suggests sel wch  ses  he pac o e ad plce re we no t usully o able ace ocumes lary poduct, o works of at ot the peods of hir orgn? We unoubtd ae Upon losr ispecon howevr this umet deas s purpose, for as a le achevemes o he pas ca be de oly o te bass of aaces wch  o o aleastneed no nvolve r nisc entons ad angs Clues y be or b slsc peculiaiies efees o oherwse faia events, te recous o owlge unobtanal beoe a particul hstorica moet, etc oeover, as with all crcumstantial vc, the conusos a rom tese seconar carctest s are nyhg bu euble rs In sum te whoe ssumpo aind ere sands and as w e at people ac beief allyelog to the peo. hs mus obe so. o is n outstadig istace o coologica eertorialt an t would b extr m icult to derve cka t's cope a  abivale physognom as a hstoria om the co ios u

 ITEST



de wc e ve d nd wor Le eat ss os grt hiso re biolocl feas ey time faer hate has aeed em ps e sae hos e o ass move 20 ments, evouos. Acording to the secod assuption eent in e peset nerest teo  the stoa n s not oly a o s o hs ebut a son uttr voted to He must be proped by a  conc  s pobl, sows d ov, or else he o d pashe wanto esusci w ev e e. oce olnood brg  e o ough o s ocal nclso by coedg tat pesendedess prereqse  to ay sgncant reconsuco of hisocal reaiy. The radcal proposon sed gh on he dngo i mp ctos of I ed t o show ta hespon neyng  enil a s of mphasis o  alsc o  ssump e foave tenec whc eaes to upset he rg bace bewee e o of 0em. Hitoran who poceed stait rom pese neet are apt to obscure dd and  subrge heevidence  nce tance  e followng: u e pse o cvenoa peeeces an I pue, conempo er dends, Cos brps have up o no fte only he more dramac evts o h conqu fe of he zec, he expedio to ouas ecwile levng unsed he ch source materil  the hives o exco an Span wh h wold have enble e o sh g  o e Conquors e cee21 Te vsgators aggessvenss tends to ge past heback to the pastnstd o cnvers ng wih he ded e hmslf does most of he ang Rem ber uteelds e o heggnc osm to which 9thcentury Ge medev istoies fell pre because of

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SRY: H L TGBEFORE ' LT

he auos nav ndugn n prrss n or poun sennt It pays to tae a good oo at Cogwoods argnt in suppot of h poson To b sure ly lik Cos h p to he ncsy o th hstoran to sur h fats , or wat w commony eleve o be fcts wih solly acay; he even rqess  o "renc past pence_a equs wc obosy cals fo n eort o the htrin's part tmpol o dsegard psntday expenc et at  sam  Cng wood haries e idal son in trms whh mae t seem mprobable tat  sod ever able b to  pto hs obgaons.A outepat of te Baon n ual scienstol gwoods so tras toy as f it wer n nd o wig fo hat e sors may w to tll hm, h esons  matal n aordanc h is o h and yoeses and  a scen epimnr forces i toaswer h qes ons How  poo man wll manag o gt subsanal anwers fom e pas past whic is not ml nae wout wiing fo s possible cmmncaons ongwood do not re to rval to u O h h  o y   y comng th s toian th he slet in dtv nove3 s e sees it, both gres onde n dtg hiddn ths by way of ac esiong  is a paicar deetve Collingwood has in mind: gatha Chses compaab  Monser Herc Poio  archpl model of a Colngwoodan histoan drdes he polcfo colng everig whch mght vnuly  ot to b a lue andsclyopposed to e pdsian metods mphaaly asses ha h sect of dton nsist n sng ones lttle grey els n Colngwoods words: Yo at llec yor evideeefore  yo begin ng,  [Po o] mat ca  mns ng queson (locins plas

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no), and nothg s evidene xcep in eon to some dent uesto24 Now m  I adreHerl Poi's -m s "a poi magaonmralo bas  oftn  e mk n teabsnc of any palpable as an ssiduu eade of dtctvestois  amboud o admi hathe is not he only detetve th a speio ecd and hat some  of pes ar ltl inned to ag wi hm on ts scor Sperin tendnt Arold e of land Yard for o  ro of Pp acDonads deghf yarn MudeG M fses to rey on s l gy c a e bgnnng of an nvsgaon  jus  o collt fawhe they ppar to hae any bng on e cse or not hen sddely whn ve bn dggng rond long enough and hard enough I maybe dg p smethng wch seems o cck n my nd and beme a good sango pac fora hnk.  mgh as wl add tha hssbsqent  is v ngous dd hre e ten sles and sets. h mol s hat Colligwood shod v ead mor decv novel Forunatly, h spll s tory as ove him ws hn a ivalsw on some sh ocson pemis Conood to eaze a is hstoan is in a prdicmnt cd is i e poblem of esucng a pas whos nar h nvoment  prsnt hogt tn to coca fom i h poblem so poed admts onl y o on "soluton: h hisoian dosno siosy eah u fo  evidnce and g clos to tf he ss on presnnddnsst denc mst b mado move od  onwood ntnt on demonsang hat poouncd aggssivens nd ma conact th  ven materal may w go ogher, eagery szn ot smg posbiy. e ms a hisorans had bette oncentrate on vno developments fo which tey show genune any26 Te idea bhd his adc s hat th attacon  wih o

   G BEF  l at aspt of hstorcal rty ee on t stoan be rcpoaed  kd.e ae a eant fa s to ush out of th hdg-pc,  daw to by a ot of magnec powr Tey are i fo th ask ng Nor ned he fer ook ito tm; thankstoympathy for h ubjc matt e kows al that  re  to b known aou it om wthin It  undetood thaollngwoo d' adcbye way, h snot alone o oe it 27al to dpo of h poblm meant to it solv Gat ore e of agument a under cri c umstncs e hstan 1ow fo ing  suggest on sucds n bdging he gap bwee s lile gey cls and e fa dtant idenc wh wll happn to os poron of te pa w do not sk  ympathc ord in h? A hey  de n wc Co doomed ot obvon Moimpota gwood  taks refug rts on e blef ha ove maks you . Qut o. Ye  rv ods e lo, epealy in  cae were love  ipaaly coupled wth peset nre T n ikeood a istorian's ty for h topc wi bnd  to its spcc qate Ahr rater sensze Slen Age ofoertany a produ o yathy o ger, J' ts ags consdeed o so mc a contbtio to ogl hstoricl colahps aa yog uma taria polialy  spredvolume tat uccedd in ag a popua iage of akon a a forner FDR" of 28Coingood eso to an ineectve epden ad e eects pecsly the d o ove ow whhealy serv as a eye-openr: lov of te pt for it sak. But i eous  lgble ane plays a mgna role afer all n h nal anaysi he Coe-Congwood dorn is founded on e two tnker ovcon that hto mots o some g e a cpeenble woe n integbl arage mnt of thngs Indd, m heyposlate  wolenss of

P 

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 sorialuvrse in rd o to usy er idenco of toyas ontmpora y hito his uaio  s maningful as akng only i the soras mateial s toug of up a vtually sisten and svyabl cosmo " of a so Oy  is e n a poon to ndug in penndess and y hae ass to te pas; ony en ay h rsu pas oghs fom rn thoug wto unng  e rkof mis consug em  emnt of a so to spak, loed systm all pies of  evne e gathrs can be expeted to fa by sele alone o pae The rsentiers eory ges on e ida o uh a system-n oe of te ppe-eam of unered reason, ta  One s deam s abandoned  is easy to see at pent nteret la    amag tbuted to  by Croce d Congood a he hsorl fat e stub bo enough not o yeld their e to a toan wo js s em af  mannef ao ce xprimenter he tmate onsequns of is heocosu wh Cro and Congwood would hardly have sanoned, hough-re iuaed by a eudo-itori ge i     border regon bewee n stoy ropr and propey Bo out of an sa one rn th th reent and the fuue  i womb he gee  ave n nd sprgs from  e expice ha he way in wch we conee of l h elp st  acve or gols or ( intfere itr aaent)  "Hitoy fds on hisoy29  do not wsh to sugg of use at a oes paral to a caus would fallo nt at bod rgon   al s a matter of deg No doubt t vros Ca olic and Pos acunts of Refoaon a o a largrrosser extentengage but even so nmbers of m eae tru i ts asmu a y srcnat in an often adable  or to end thei aeal  w solarly detahme t is propr of ts maks tem er fom wa I od ke o a

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SORY:T LST TGS

O TH L

existntial histois No sooner does e tons aologec passion ced hs caa o demet h h cosss  thshold whic sats h st as a ld of sudy from  past as  mas o exoron as a wh p a e a enge Hstoy as n viioed by tJewsh Prophe is a sis of partly supaal ans actons wth God's wa h o orgiv ·secl ss consntly intervng i t corse of evens. y h sam token poles acqing statehood o assumng a nw sta pone to int a ast which tasors thm ito e sndardbeaers of signicant desnes A sikg ce in ot is e yon g ietsce whoniis ssayVom Nutzenu Nader Hist   n chmpios such uses or abss of th past e coemns the histoias o his ay-this "generaion o unuhs0-for  ndulingin aimless scholaly rss istoricism h has it, nlarges or hoizo beyod o wants, dstoys the insncts of  pople, arayes vitaty etc.; it is altogethe a vain hm eor a sien got ot o ha nst heads fo hitoes which serve  fth ife o  snt. Cro's ictum: "Hitory is cntemporar  toy sl rvererates with ietzses teinaion to mak  ast mt te ns o h ng But whil Co voats setmidenss as a prruiite o owlgabl ntrr tao Niezsch holds hat t st g w  ivng, o n i owege  each peope ad  fact each man who s to bm mu wans .   a euion to be wraped , a    potective and veilng oud    1 Pla ly sking, Nizsch ys fo istoris who sene he poccua ton wit what eally apeed to such rprsetatos of th ast as oster the usions hat e us going Th demans o "ie howve ecepiv woul tus take pecedence ove e in his view mastd seach fo historical uth much o wich h dem s unnecessaayway As o tes emas,

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Nise looks owad to wh w w agai degard e masse ad t sott o  dviduswo for a nd o brdg ove the d seam of bmig 32 Hee you hav the ida o te "surmin ua stat (O t oer ha t asof th ad sam of bem  is an evolutionyg-a asvagly scetof e Plto wod quot n hater  °i we wo emembeing)he ot of his iornate an rub  a of th is that Niesce at jveiefauaton  wih "lfe, shuts his eyes to th nor mou aievements ofhstosm tha t e just wants touiat it nstea ofuncovering it manings and then tellg s wee we shoul go fom thee. Hs esay has tats of an aole's insequetia reelio    . It remais o  t menoned hat the estential gee stands e bes chance of materialig when the whoe of istoy coms ito view T lage  its a istoria is deaing with,te geat the tmtaor fo to lase nto urosefu nsucons wit ophec overtones. Yet  hav notetion  of hrowing h hild out wt the bah water wou be oosh nd to deny ta  us oer moals  histoa is otn move y prt interest Ad is justly so; th fact that w v ony once iolvs a mora ogaton towar he ving. h hstoias cnce tm -his sie btt to unes td  psnt-nses may of hs ques  into the life of te dead. H may ee, somehow  ast to e presenta he may ve wrest s  or at seetfom the ast reisely y roing it in the ght of con tmorry neds33 Buckhart, anxious to sgn  awareness of histoica continui, considrs it roe fo histo ans to featu all those ast facts whose consequ�ces make tmseles still fet in ou time, ou ultr84 s there a histoa   

 T     who would not e eye to yh? whTo nd out how we hv becom wht we re hs eve s been one o the grnd designs of hory35 owvr, none of hese comay pcce can be aed o hechec smpon tha prentterest e mater key whch opens ll e doors o he pas es ound whic everyhng revolves Rth whnev tons1 men real histoinsgve e presen it d, they do so s Meeck ps , in th convicion t is is  legimte nd nssay 36 hey goal u nether te ony nor the hghes one. wod not am of confuing peen-mdedns wih a meodolog cl quemn ke Mc Bloch; eag o ansfom hiory no  snc he ot unke Collgood on he nce ty o  histon to poced with a sintists ggessinss rom  vry eginng to cross-exine the ps  by tat men of nstuct and modes whch woo hi a prior  prnt-dene. Yet hs imagnaon or by enion  he haen o dd a e odels ae toanha o nohng bt povion caoldng; aurally, he mehod of   Even when h has coss-eamnion must be vy .elc stled is inerry he eplo is w awar a he wil no ollow it xcty. 3 ( I wondr though, wher e astc mod uggt by Boch wil alway el  adjum n ng he se Elsc bs  oveended8) What counts hn is te eenc d eeen presnt inrest  a artng-pon or, or terminu o itorcal tude and pesent ne a dened by  Coce al.39Now prsnt ne un inet at est e rs nse oltle pluds at i is enrly costnt wth an ppoachthe to ps wch pys ll ibute to the vlbl evidnce insead o negcng Co lgwood fahon its possble contrbon · allovr gedyhe upor ontrucons of "peent hough  ian appoach patrned on upentendn od Pke's pudent dvoon o

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

e fc ther an Here os magrl ernceid o hm ut e contempt n whchth tle Bean deve hol mteial clue mks  l th moe an endeag  non o ptal omnisien  e litetre abou w tsony  favor ofode of ang h given dt Evn hstorin who el hat prsn-mindednes i of he essnce reest he sdent of hsory o expore he pat wiot regrd for or wel-beg, o amitie So uckhad0 H waver g   rpect mks  ttude ly widespad among conepoy iorns4  ( H  mse rd o cape e pesnt yilng to te "unllled noag fo h whch h prihed 42 Oth pomot or ndlg in, anurin pu suts pue nd simple Huizing hs i at tue hoy pos he p also because t  igcnt n t own gh4 And Na never tred of king or te semngly rrelevan "in c he sn al hi  l in yways Sil or  hso eg Hk 4�make  point o mbi nng t ppecaon o disengag resac wh critcl mmn on  tne of he peen-nes school o thoght hus Lovejoy expy acks Dewys proposion hat ll histo y is nesry wit en om e standpont o he presen 46   Dewey  nd Cogwd e sange elows deed s x bt  uhpely n he nr-vcuum d wit se o shp edged absacons ) The atack is oe b out by  statement palpaly auaed wih personl expince oveoy not ony w he sorian o gtrid as  he cn of he preup ions of is tm b arg s tha such an eo of self nscendence will enic his knowledge o e pesent47 He ning his back on willnd wht h did not eekprecsly fo tr it e very nd of h Scl n Eoc Hor y f  Ron Ep,a wo of profond nd completely dechd sholshp oovze  eergng as rom a long dre d drsses imelf o  contmpoae The voluion of te an

       entwod, ye as a lessonad  wgfor . Ou cvzo w ot vve ot of oe ess be a cizaio i o evey vaon ou >d to casu of he mse But decy  oon a t egn to peeat e masses?4 9 Uex pected e  e owe  thi medton ow out o theofo e p Oe cao iscssthe reo etwee the pt d te presewtot eeg ometme to Pout He  oe o the ghest auhotes o ese me Cery Pout ses wth Lovejoy d te ret o the a-Coigwoo isoris.h I ve tepas gve e up oy to thoe who en ove ack war  an ampto mae pe; nd only an "eot of e transcedece" n  ve w peap ee  at t rve an undetandngof or preent codo roust' thought  thow oreefy t epode  h ove where he te us hat he w uddey ovewhemed h hppes whedu g a caage rde he aw e e whch omed ptte  sagey famiar hm o he eeved them to hve uged out o te ogote day f h nyTe enon o vu e expeenced went ogeerwh n awareesstha he pha Lkeghotey seemed tomof the past'' wee coing hm to e appeagto me to tke hem w me to g them ack o ife"And why dd they o nxou ly y to cptre atten wae o mpar o? ooga thm he et tht they mege whch conceed hm peroy I wthed the ee gduy wtdw    mgo y tome: ' f youa ow u o dop c to te olow of th od om wh we ought raie oueve up to you  whoe prt o youe whchwe were brigigto you w  oever o te y  Note that Pout eve t n the open wheter or o e mes ge o theetes ear o  ncy d hugh t o h prese ef e imsef  were eyut  mge

 

79

frycted rom  deam o te ght before    O ad I ideed neve eenem before   ?    I coud ot e50 Prous hae uchdts osagia fo ost caue It foows from wa ve  d o a t ereo peg oto whco fase e subjecve ctor operve  hstoy The hton  ot ut the on tgwi ay eray of  me n te ee ht h outoo coud e deed  tem of contempoy nRuence. No s cocepto o the past necesy n exeo o peent nte t peset tought ; o ae  t  h aggevee my caue e t to p widraw rom im. Te soias mnd  n  emaue capabe ofmov ng about tibeyAnd to teexe a e makes se of this dome may deed come ce face o wihng pt peu escended no Taraso etch  he eoved who hd ded om the te o  epent  pve muc te sage ear ofads thate wo eav to o a oothed etoe Euydce to ehuppe wor Hades made  nge con do: thtOpesmght ot oo ehnd im ihe ws sey c ude he ght of he un uydce oowed Opheu up tough the d page gudedey oud t of h ye nd t w  ony whe he reched te ght ga that e ed to see weer se were t ehd hm nd so ost er forev�1 ie peus e isor  musdesced o d to g the dedc to e ow  e ehe wor w tey oowh uemet d evocto? They ae ot im to whe, reemergig ieulght oe peente so ea o osg emut does he o o e rs me te poeo o them t  ve moment-he mome whe they oeve dep r vasg  htoyof h owmakig Ad what happe o the edpe himel o how wy andup? Conde ha hs jouey  ot mpy a p re

 SN'S OUY

4

Th s's Juny

Macalay ompad hstoy to feign avel.1 istoi� ndeed ·\ , ans ae muh in the same pstio as odinay tosts:· tey  too wish to peceive the si ghts tey hav come o see hs s by no mean an easy job Actuall many people go aboad wthout seeg nyhg One ey have ovind themseves that say the Pthenon s at te pace assned to t by the gideboo they mmeiately tae pctue o the beloved ones efoe an n oumn he colu mn seves hem as a alibi bac home Fo the est tese pte hntes ae less fotate tan amal hes ecause they cannot even "eat thei pey; in shoong unseen obec ey iet evaby ose sight f them Somehing of this d may ao happen to stons At any ate ete Gy mkes Macauay look ie suh a avel Macaulay's ob session wt oge ss and t supoity fothe pest says he caused im to teat te geneatons that had gone befoe wth sef-ghteous condescenson But hs mntal attitde ey is deeply uistoial i must lead he histoan to oninues vew e past n tems w may e entely elevant and esul n a pitue lang n e th of2 ntacy And how does the histian manage to atain tothat t of nmacy? o

Cealy not by staying n the peset whl vitng  he past he rmans the peso e s h wl hdly b abe to peae the fog that vels h sights as he aivs o te spot. To get at t coe of tigs he mus take advantage of te mind's eedom to alte th cast of th d he job of sgheing a eques mobil s In te following I sha pesent a ough o seme the mentl opeatons n whch mny a histoian engages on way bac to past enuies In one of is bet known statets Rane potest hs dese to bot ou hs slf so that ony te things themselvs may do the talng He wants to suspend is pes aings ndgjud ments ode to show wie es egetich gewesen he obje ivy at wic he aims s of aspcl in i  is pay ondd n e belie tat od manests Hmse n he unfoldng of unvesa histoy Rake  pompted y eigos feelig i toogaphy h also delaes lives up to lmate ts mssin if t eveas tse to be in sympaty wth the univese ad pivy to ts seces3 The histoian then wod av to  blot se ot not us fo the pupose of dspassonaly edeng te ouse of past events but w a viw to beong a patiipat ob see engossed n the uniquely sigcnt specace that eolves on te stage of te wold. n Ranes idea histon e dsengaged seace who aspes xpose to e facts as they ae nsoluy meges wth he woshipe  not mystc who puies hs mnd to contempate the wondes of dvne ws dom4 So te obectviy he aheves i a ate complx poduct it eults fom both a mnd uced to a ban and a mind moe substaa and wide n scop tan the oe voided  is sae mh as wel mento in passing that Dltey dsmses Ranes pa o seftnction as someting mpossi be o Contay to wha Rae sggests ilthey agues

8z

RY; T AS STH LA

TH SOS JOUEY

he histoian caot nderstnd the past uss he sze on it withhis whol bing sad of vaiy yng to xtinguish  sfh had hfo bttr pad i,a univrsal sf makig fo iversal undestang 5 Qite so Yet since te histoan, unlkthe poet ider  obigaio to bild om given mate rials th dsabl xenso of  subectiviy is otget o its pevio shinkag. And wy shold it e impossibl fo  to chc e st of sbjctiv inuence? Actuay his sl is muchmore exible  ad maipulable a Ditey ms to realze The istoanhatis may go fa i putg it i backt s o ideed acigiin any cas far nough to rpond tomay

moio of ou icess at love for tem wh h before allowig  imags hat thi fae prsen to ra  catchs em in its vote gs em back upo the idea hat w have alays had of them    " Fo the s ime Marcel now ss his gandmo as e  eally is ss, sitg  on e sofa a djctd od woman who beas o resemlanc whateeo te picture which he has lovingly fomed he of  hs soul6 His ier picture yel ds to he potogaph at th vey momt when  lovig person he is srnks ito a mprsonal rngr s  s a stag e may ideed perceive ayig because notig h ss is pgant wi memoies at woud narow h eld of

sigls which woud othewis b lost on hm  he itmdi dimension of histoy ieences in degee ad approxmatios ar anyhing bt nglgibe Rakes yeaings point  the right drctio n at passag of  novel whre h rlates e netral objectiviy ofpotogaps to  photographrs mo onal da men Proust lucidy dsibes two drent states o mide i wch a pesons self welds full power and th otrch in wh it has withdrawn fo m the sceehe passage isdvotd to a vit which Marcel pays to hs beloved gradmor after a long absece Upon eteig he room unoucd he immeditely fls that it i not he himsf who s loog  hr: Of mysef .. he was prsnt only th wtness e obsr with hat and avg coa t, t sangr who doe not blog to the ouse e photogrper who hs called to tak a photogaph of places which one wil ever se aga. T process at mechai cay occred in my eyes whe I caught sigt of my grandmothr was indeeda potogaph" s photoga ph a pojecton of Maces vaa mid pilssy hibits what h h complete Mrce�ad t sn befoe; rfowe neve sepeopl who ae dear to us save in the amated systm the peptual

vision No soo does Macel entr hs grandmohe's room th his mind boms a palimpsest wih th stag's obs vatios beg supimposd upon t lors tmporaiy eacd insipio Somtms f tself produces su paimpsess  am tinking of th x wo as aadult person has be foced leave to s ount o has left it of  own fre will As  stles elsewher, al ose oyatis epectaios, d aspaios tat compise so larg a pat of his beg e auomaticaly cut o fom he roots is lf toy his i disrpted, is  aural" self lgatd o he backgroud of s mid o be sue, his evita bl os to meet the alengs of a alin envonment will aet his ouook his whole mntal makup. Bt ice the self he was tius to smolder beneat th pso he is about to become, his idetiy is boud to be in a stte of u; ad h od are that h wl nve fy belong to th mmuniy to whic he now in a way bogs (o w i members readiy think of hm s oe of he s.) In fact he has ceased to  elog Whre en dos h ive  he nearvacuum of taritoal ity te ey noma's land whic Marcl ented whn h st aug sight of h gradmothr he ees e mod of xi

RY T

 G

BFO 

tence s t of  snger7 So e maylook t h pevos extece w e eyes of one "who doe ot beong to e houe.Ad t a e s ee t step outde the cul e wh ws s o, e suently ucommitted to get side te mids of the foeign peope n wose mdst he i lvig There re get hstoras who ·mu owe c of te  gretes to te fct eslyette t hs tt hy were eptrts hcyddes ong ee eabed m "to s someng of bot sdete Peloonns n s wel a the Atea .n  8 I our dys Ncs aien bagoudhe haied from oad hed to be pay reponbe fo hs unpediced and nove appoa to Engl histoy.9 It is oly n tis stte of selfecement, homel or essness, tt e hstoan can commune wi e mateil o once   asum, of cuse, t he rel1y wa to get the feel of it and not ony ims t ng hina ypoe e and huche with its aid A sranger to the word evoked by te soc, he is fced t te tashe eles tskof penettng ts otwad appeances so tht he my le to udernd tat wod from withi he most pmis g way of acung suc kowd ge  pesumby for  to heed opeaues advie to te rt dent nyody ooing at a pctue Scopehauer clams, of a d soldbehve as f he were in e reece prince respectfuly wit for what the icte may o my not w to tell hm; for were e to tk st e wold onlybe isteng to 0 ig ni thi snse amounts to  or of c imsef tive pasvy o te storin's pat He mu vene on te vere roues suggested to him by is inecouse w e evden ce et ielf di aong and tke n wth all s sense ted, the vrious mesge hat hppen to ec im us moree ill lly n ot it upon unexpected fc ad contexs ome of

TH

'S JUY



wperap tur out to be ncomptibe wth h orgna ampo But do not i wdergs brig agin h self ntoply the vey ef wc aoig to peme hod have benput t seep? Tey do and do not. Actually te ef opertivei he pocess is oly p of e se lf n ts fles ht partof it whch futions a a heer eceng insent Fo obiou ao sientcmded hstoria tend to d neter page this ind of pssv, cntendig th t usef nor idd posibe Mrc Bo fo nstance categocallyer tat mee passve obervation, een suppoig suc g were possble a ever conbuted aything pro ductve to ny enc Ad e ques  dmson t no stoan can eacly folow is neay a e nvetigates e ource  y mmtel ddig tat thout w it e t ton woud rik wnderig pepely at raom2 Fotuate Bochs objectios need no be tae oo seously n outcome o his ardet desie to sien ze ( socal nd itit uon) hitoriogrpy they ae in  mesue ndated  ow ye ec pocdues as a pctg stoian e mself en ove baward  doing jsce to te ven data no mattr wheer hey corroborate h eme of eanton F or ot e res, ot even al s entst ae poed to acept  verdict h on mee passve obsrvaton te te Wght il held h presely i te nteest of eoryfomaon, scal scieits hd better py atenton to te adom des ad fces tt n 8 vetetly cos eir d. m Wt I ve caed acve psviy  a nssay phe of te hian's wok is behvo  dng phe has been chr acteed to pefecto by a emk of urkardt whic reaes e spiit of Wowot lne: "Widom oft j s neer whe we stoop tn wen wesor Remisng bout te

 page

88

ORTH

L TGSBFE





' HIORAN  JUREY



So uc or the s oa' joeyo e pas Te oury coues: e u e o e uppe wor a pu  boo o goo use. Hee olow a cee o e eal opeaos  wc e ll ave o engage o e e oe a succes e e abou e evese of oe wc elpe  abob e poeal eviece e ex logcal sep  or e so o assmae o  sef e aeal colece, w e epas o  facu gs a  Hi ok-akg acv seve wo pr poe Frs ey ak a oa age beee esearc prope a epeaoa age wc e ca ly od

ofe- vegao wc e ou k of peaory  o e ps o qes wc eal vove elf ogeng meo  e xs ad rea O coue   oly ee le q u w ve up o e ce pesee eeAlogee e gee o fac-oee acous ge co ncdes w wa Herbe Buee cal nca oy ueel pessly ses a eccl so presuppos an ac of efepyg o e soas 1gp a a oe place ee  ype o sor as a e a uae ea of esrpo ad epao  w oca a co ee g ar aceve b a cpld ue of ge ev

o up I e fae o poder ad ogaze oeow  aera e woul o be able o assess s beag oal  ypoes  feel o uze  fo aa a  wde peave coe Sed ese acves fequel aou o pursu  e ow rig asu a ey re ee o coe e socogs o oe a varace w e ac Sce epecal largescae soe cao avo becloug or sog pa o ocal ea e a o exposg e ero s a  g obgaoe eus o e sora eo urg  pase a xcluvey bene a ao wok e  preparg a eeoe eve e o lg   e or oepee rep o quo e Bukar agn e adve a oug lleage "pl o o e e bb o facs s propecve rrave o( wou adg, oug  a e ould aaly su al a e os) Howeve  adce ous soewa ouoe a a e we e ee o ol are olog faonabe e ue oa s, raea poou cocr w a ve rubb of acs·wc uckad wae oe awa Coempo ry sorogap abous  a-ore accou exg e meae ye o eae eeac e age fo ru

ece Te prase loca an ocree gs  pos o oeo e cacecs o e gene  ay o e sma, e oo grapc or ere are goo eao o  e e o pasvee  wc ay seve sora gas e evece papabl favos e u o ae A weever e probe e souce o ceck e u-o-ac o oe cuve aa vesoe broaer sorca cosuco e  lke o app upo geeaos o ao-uns wc ca o a fes look a e vrse aerls e allegel cove   fue deo a e soe   ve coe o er ow oly  e soe e pa can be ake oer b e aoc o Proea o ae 21 e gere apre o uaaabe obcve ru Te k o oevy  s o acee a be calle passve beause o  org  a self wc oug eacvae   a a low pc a oree efus ly oaer sef fo fea o bl g e couca o eceve drg s wdrawl fro e cee Ca ayg be ad or oig?  pouc o a euce seeuced a s f ere  eoug o a se o a o eucofac-oree acous ae of esy eual d

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ISRY:T LAST IG BO  A

cooress. Suc tepetation as oes into them at a meey see to inteelate the daa asembed  an usumn way But even so hese "teca hitoie are moe te to ype tan ae the many fu-bon istoies ih inadvetenty tist te evdence to make it bea out wateve they expres n tems of peent-day vews, ideas o subjetve prefeences Whie n tem te histo n's formatve ure et th bete of i ur osiy about te rea course of events the aouts  ave n mindacount wic cone hemeves to tain toc of o a and conrete thinsuerinyo fothe eaisti ten deny Bae dnoncommitt a as tey may be in do n so hey at east meet the minimum equiement of the htoca ap proah0 The most outpoken countept in the cnematic medu are documentary  desied to potay (pyia) reaty in a straihtforrd manne. Hee you have aai a case whee a cmpion beweenl nd itory prove ewdn A e documentaes I no picure appa vin condtio  a matteoffact obrnes whchas ave earned reuts from the deibeate upension of te authors eatve poers iy ied atmen the dieto of tese ms proceed from the convcton that ptoria beau and suestive editin oud intefere i the i intenon ot le thnsbe tey ae. They patice ef-retaint as atits to produce the ee of impeona auhentiiy No the aient pont s tat eir con dct is based on mora onideatons Joi Iven eates that dur he oo of 19a34 doumetay aout te mers n Beian oa disit he and hi co-iecto ei torc reaized that teir very ubect mate equied of tem potorapc smpiy We fet it woud be nstin to peo pe in suh rem adship to use any sty of photoaphy 0 S aptr spcl pags555

H HS JURNE

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at oud prevent te det onest ommunicaton of ter pn to evey spectato 22 uman suen, t appeas sn duive to deched epotin; the arits onene sho in ares photoraphyince hstory fu of han erin sma attud and eecons may be at the bottom of may a factoented hitoria aount deepenin he iance o t pae obectivity.23 The ouey oninus Afte havin eased an orn ed hs fas he hitorian moes on to hei ntepret aion e  about to ompete his ouney But s the stoan wo retus om te pat ti the peson he as hen e t the prest or it? n hs itica omment on Coiwoods phoophy of his toy, Leo tauss ases t vey ueson and saaciousy an swers tin theneative (owood himse wa so nv ned of te eitimacy of is nsistence on the histoans pnt medness that e od neve have deamed of askn suc a in Sa arve at te onuona vaid conion a I see itta conary to at onood asme te ito  e process:e emba on an does eta hs identty a jouey hose end  hidden fom im e  not key to eturn to the shoe of his me as cty te same man who depated from them 4 ncidenay he s not ey eter to etun to  pont of deparue The cane of dentty he underoes ms be aced to i tay  te past To be precie t s  aftermath of te discove ies wih the hstora n s main n the statefosef-eac ement that phase i whch e opens imsef up to te sueons f o e souces eedI repeat tat i dins may obstuct hi orinesearch deis and therefoe deteme hm to ate e oue ofhs nvestaon? t yanrate ey ae apt to te him omet he id not and oud no kno befoe Tis

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ORY: 



TG BFRE LA

T TRIN' J UE

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of the hage It is inevitable that the poins to the diecon yied of th isoia' atve passiv should femnt sn i nd ad us evenaly eect a boadng o its ope Sefeacment begets selepasio ( do not ws to mply at he istoa  is a piveged perso i thi rpect Pstday fe beig of te sam i as the ie of th past evebody goig aot h usies of livig may ahve suh lepaion, povded e is apable g of s lo sf And  e hsori hm f, ined i podctiv aetmdedns as ewill  cetaily not onlyeed on soce whic have ceased o How)n seuec Dileys elief tat hisorcal dstadig als

histoa assmle s t o se e vy rea w h was nceald fom  by hs ideas o it This hs a arg o h osiio i the honologa od o ig The mpact o he hoia's joey on his menta buid fthr nvads  omopae aumptio  at he  th son of hs tme Actually he is he so of at est o mes his own d hm he i nvesgaing s mid i n a mea sre unocazable; t pambuates wiout a xd aod. Baus fo the compli o is mata e isto an wi have to ava he o al imaginabl modes of expaaton They may rgfom satistia svesto ma ave gusses

for the totl moilzatio o o0 trs beig out o be ot scety speic Wat is requed o te istoa is ot meely his "wl i ma"25 as h happe to bt a s wh as expad ed the wake o is eaei ntio aveI dawn eee Prousts Ma e aale� hen which el and h hstoin anot e fly uphld espte al at ey have i common thy eav et n a d mae ter Mae� shk to a sager or photogaphe, has see his gadmother as she ealy look, the paipsst whh is mnd epreses dg this voun i tay excusioin to ceareaity dissolves aga ad te lovg ae udeea h Mace� th impassve sangr, rtes h sen ru e hstori asses thogh he sam phase of estangment om hi prefer nces d nciatio bt unke Mae he doe not come ou of it ucaged.s s whih at r h etu rom th  past smes coto s encd y th s obsevat he has made dg its tmpoay essio Whe he reinstted compet Mael al back upo the ideas wih he ntrtaied o his gadmothe pio to e tansfoatio a poograph io te * S pae293043-, 8 62

at purposs d  meaningsd tey a bound to vay  w o is emphaes and th acteiss of hs pauar subjec matter he itory of deas te ovioy reqies a diere eatment fom say politial o social istoy. Thgs human exteding ito mltle dmesons one gle si p of explanation w rely do; a a le sevral tepretatv  approahes must be nwove to ove the casany caseude scu tiny. ilhey, sct  wih a ese o whoss arms neessi for the hitoian o apply them joiy agg that they ompme ad rinfoce eah oter26 o t maks sese to speak o a web of tepetatios. The istorias stoy is antmout to u a weat eas to t xtent tat th vet he etes led hemselves o ing explied at ll wheneve they prove be to unao tabe, is lgey a rpotig ob Ad what doe e w o tepe taios osit of? Conspi  moe aulate omponnts is e snuous mog ts oiented appoach whih takes its ue fom the sciencs pope espeally e havioal scin ice its posii ites a matos hav been deat wh i Chapt 1,  sha oe mye to statg to major poits mad re: s appoach

94

RY TH LAT GS BEFOR  AS

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'S 

95

s basd o h ac a man s dpy mbddd au; and s objcv s o xpla h pas fom  sun gas ad ufomies soca ad a aas  gra.  Ev oug scc paaions do not vov soca omna n t css o ovd asws to s ccay soca qusons, y do soat ss o tual caussad c wic o soia t o usv om pnso can aod o ng Fo m o ow o com pus wod b d omaic sm (Ts s o sad o gaddn  as of  omu-mdd To msa compus o a mas ky to raon mas o dpv soy o s p

h oao o hsoia sysms o dasg. H sycsm mdva Csn c Idd, ac suc sysm vs uiis no  sucua aoss and dy nac pay bw  vaous oos comg  nk o as Wy s The Seventeent Century Bkgound o, o mo a mo c amp, a Bumnbg's  mab suds o  cang o oug sysms a  bg nng of  modn ag8  a moov, sto dv omns w avo a sla apoac  T isoa o   o cssay cogous ows o sqcs of sccssv, asc avms wc ang og accodg o a so o

cuavo by dung  o a scnc u and sm) Can ascs of s daaspc s o o o fuy mn ab o badows n scnc asonmay cang h  oian o so o paaios  a mopoogca vn Tus  s m ad aga m to nd ngb  sa no occurc o vts  dn aas o uma dav ors by c o  sway o a o o b suposd o go t od o wic  sydom bongs Wh ams aong s ns w wo dnds ny on  wg o th cooboav vdc Som o mo n sanc Ma Wb's oy of  coog ow o Ca ns cs o Pns da o t bggs of h oa n Mdd Ags ascous ashy a sig27And y a ossy u  i, a a oss owo d a commo dnom ao y co u h "sa o od ocs od sps sm o au mds  qus o ot vsas By  sam on mopoogica dscipo os  sf a oo o

nna o bcaus ty subsan on a ao  mcao d otais o  wo o obm a on t ss owv much as  s mo o aono wc os may b addd  p  so an o co o gs w  as by msvs aon y do o sc o mk m undsad  n u ss of  wod Rah u nd sdg comasss m oms m w co ad ang s a mod o ntaton  s ow g and  ows s s o a basc qa o soi oma wc o gno woud b  da o soy odcs o ncss as w as cac ad dom s noma mmsy onc and vuay nasb noma dn ad £, a univs wc as many ais  commo wLbwtTy stand ou  i si as do  uas   wod w iv . d y woud b m ab o us d w o n ou dags w m ocd af h vy man wicw pod  vday f wn w assss, on smgy o  spur o  mo, a sos caact agu abou a oca dcso pond  ossb ° For thse sequences, see Chapter 

leave  h many glai cdu  ad on sociey,pwef aei noof peopleat    ne on  I  rge y b me of orce nd/o It es  ht eve tng rclly his inucd ne n ele eible than naua eessies.

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otmeof a idividl or soil c,  ere  no ohe ay or us to orent oselvs n the junge og c e are passig A he tures nto he thcet o tngs, te istora ds hmself i e me prer us sitaton So e too s oblgedto daw on sud ve jdgents esates ad c hypteses admbraionsnig commet ic constitute expaaoof a special tpe Altogether they mae up at we al "udestading n order o «dstand e penomea tat coe in on mhe  hstorianwil bg to bearon them a vaiety of suc commen ad glosses. hee  particla explana  tions are aythin but digests or halbaked vesions o sciei or morphologcal nepreaioich is to say at thy canno be dioved or exted ito stemets aout causa relationsips stuctral cans ad te e. No do they eaily admt of ider applcatio Tey re eate y selfconted; tey rest fom ad respnd to que encones ih opaque entties Bt  enusting orselves to hem do we not ape no ucoolable bectivt? Wie they are ndoubtedy subjectve, tey may eveheess carr poe o ovction It a depe po eheo not hcofo  tw o coions bo o ich eane he sicance o te procse  of lfeaement and sefepanson. o be to te pont ndestnding must rst be onded in he isoas nial sureder to te act Secon s vai ncees i direct a io to te ange of s man experece, te spe of i isdom facutes boud p wih a reecve spoitio and te ac of passve ob rvation oe Grae ppy ord: Hstory isan od mans game e 20 puts it into t e mouth o the veneabe Roman istor n siniu Poiostly ntimate ha the deve opmet of hstocal ndersndng s nnget i oe cltiva ion o these falies In addtio to prssing home the need o

 N'S JY

97

tem Isa Bern ao take a glance at te ay i ich stons gve om ad body to e epnaon puar to udtning itoril planaon  to a age degree n pattes c sa  rngement o e dscoeed ac 30 becaue ey ard ith ife aswe ow it andiagie t I oher words he isig which ndertndig yldtend ectte sape ofhe ave he patt of the iston's st eect those of his acumuated e epeence, oshed as it re by ha he pas d31 to n a ay hs sto  nterpreaon. I may happenaltough t does not happen oftehat he undersandng hisoria oers an nterpreatio wich diers om he  o h ardt' otio of the aakeng ndivdual n te Renaissane is fotis kind ad so Mas sbsuctrespesucte eory The dsngishing eaue o sh epanaons s at hey seem to poi beyond the mate al fom wich hey are eicited. hey iod anew pc ple of epaaon they revawith one stke as it weryet ected te ad elonips of a elvey wde scope ad they nvarably ivove mattes of at mpr e pricr iteretatio may be ed de W em te hstorians oey denitely ac its ose toi l ideas mar  ltimate desnato hat ere is omeing vey specal abot em can be in eed fom te fact at peceptve histoans mael at hei orence ad ry to describe e processes hugh wh hy may be aried at osooe does a eplanaoi this vei eset se to he mind says saiah erli (ihn coet intended to emphasize theno enti aspeo itoy)  ta we imediaey eaie at "something deepset and fundme ta at as lain unquestioed ad i dkness is suddeny

R T    T T   2 lmitd o prised out o i frame for oer peon  Huiga on prt o e te "storil seno to chrcte e momet at h e uh   idea or e wyed by it. He peas of moment o special ntelleual lr moments o  udden pnaon of te pit He h it morver, tat or cotact wh n idea is compnid by n uttr convctio of guene nd tt, evn ough we ardy ever know wen it omes to s: it "cn be evokd by  ine rom  doument or a rocl by a print by a f ote of an old ong 83 I might as well add that t  be vokd ot only by te orces to hih it primily applie ut y mttrs " remote from d ppretly uite nconected ith he sujct of inquiry84 he hitoan may draw hi inspirtion rom his ol lie expeiene Wtout the posio of itorical ides i the herrhy of conept? Fstgire s onv d tthe eeaze is empril nings he he ces te vogue o elious mysticsm in ra to te uson ad sefabdicatio o he Heleisi Gre eso (whi ch he ni n butes he lkof epimnttion mong the Greek)� I  aaid h i deevig himef in thus idefing  a geerzon what to l intent nd pupos i much more in e ntre  of ide To e ure, itoricl ide are geneaon to the etent tt ey re derivedfrom d reer back to,hrd a core of overed d dat but t the me time hey mt be considered producs of inormed itution hich  ch go beyond geerzations eaue hey quiver w cootions d maing ntfoud in the mateial osonig m Bd upon oton i th facts, idas hve also oer root than the fct Thy are gnue unverals36 Whil i t is lay possile to proed from an id down to it undelyig mtril  rvs e y fom the mterial up to te ida i by no man a traigt rou he idea

T O'S JUEY



de if todditiv reeach d of detai  cumuto You  have to mp to ptue it. Nor soud ese ingua iterpreo b nused  e dof idwich form te bcboe o adioal pilosophy Ay plosopy mplemeg  tota isio or potulatig  totl gol of mankindand w ths notr the d'�re of Weste phosphy for mot of te mecime in ssump o nd nos hic not merey pretd o unonionl vi but laim eectively to contol ll o reliy Unl them h toril idas have ditint oudries; thei ihert ntnton to explithi or t etion o thept Burkhrdt's aening idividuli th prototyp of Renaisnc m no more not es In prctie trac cross he boder  pr havy Hitoris longing or sntheis haker aftr he onsoion o philosophy nd phloophr of story devse overall mods for use in  lower reos he piloopil ide of evoluon h permated mjor rigs Pehoral haps it s oe of te more foruate oseuenc o povi meni tat tor   hve bome weary of suh ndouts rm on hig Hexter o instc ution hi fow histoa agint  dangers o t general concep o he grund at tey obsueathehn highlight codiions at a prclar me and ple 31 Huzg sa of urckhdt ht he as long ne jond e mster ho re ealtd bove thenihesiso right  ong.s Withintedimnsio in hich thi aeis obi o torca ide shoud be expected to be ully dqut Each idea desrvig of te ne berso comprvely lrge he tiof hiorl reitywhich impls that hiri dvcig it ust eep t crta dte rom the eventh t from this ditant poit of vie e eihe c rpeig. prce all the peraps reefts o avoid settig tm 

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   GS  TH

LST

 prsctv bound o ncea pt of m t s ben obeed that Brd fals to tak enassae enomy nd phosophyio ont ddon   hioan viyng som idpets  e material to wc it applies fom a lsr dnc an e one at wi ch e ide h been conceivde h  come across vr smar ut of at maeria; and thy my cny suggeon whh thatn o disove e ide of h once. It  vin mbon, Hizg objcts o Burkhardt o wan to decbe  man of te Renassan Th nmeou ypes oed by at ri priod a dividd by other charctersticsmore basially thn any idivdaism cn nite tem89 Dvatatng a ticim s I am not ue whr it is ompely f For wat doe Huznga do lers He th dtne to e sbect he plays o mcro fats agist  wl founded maco hyosis 0 To th extnt hen ha htoa idea ae genealztions tey nnot b righ  wot bg wong " alo. he dgre of ir validi a genelzaon dpends on e dg of faitless to th avaiabl vdnce o rpeat tht in h wold o ito vehig   matr of dgre o ee one of h leio of boo Gibbon' tei bot the dcie ofh Roman mpre ha ered  away, remding on of hose runs whos mo sght once moved him t int it on teo hand, i t ew vi of contemorar naisance hols no mpotat fact hav yt ben nearted tt woud seiosly ps Brkhardt famo neretion. And her i e dmeno abv t of righ and wro ng n signing Bchardt a pac ii, Huiinga wan to give to ndertnd that ish ideais impeishabl onmatter whe hr or not it proves tob cort41 iah Bn how e am mag    u  0 T re b micro d mac hsory  n Cr

TH

 



nanty wit gad h fatal accuray of  Mt doce: Even ll is spe concsio wer provd fae, is mpoan n ing  whoy nw tud  soa d istol qons nd soonng nw vue of hman knowledge, woud be npird �2 Sinc h and Hnga ar rty aware that an intrpreon tand nd fals wit i (relav)  deqacy o he vn fat ter indernce to s vtalse  peably stem fom ther de to row into ri e atondng suval apciy of historial idea Do not vn ida which hav been show n to be ong"egMax Weber idealypial constucion of the mpons of th Potetantetic onn e memoy and ean omehg of th nital lendo? isoril idas apper to be of lting igncace bcaus hey onnect te parl wih th general  n ticlte and tuly niqu way Any such conncion being an ncrti venr, y sembe ahes iunng t  ghi why te emergec in h hitorian nd has ben teed a soa saon" and aid o communcate a hock o e re ytem .   te hk    of ogion"•3 y  nod popoints  which th cnet and e bac aly  happns  ow of dmt nd bcome one Whnvr rmae htorca eve nts i ddnly retdnd ll t tn xposed to view is sn   th ight of  ge o oncp on wch ta it out of th nien t ow o elate it to on or ems nd qons tat refor noterof  momentou obl ever stang at s Mars ubesperctre hry and Bucd's idea of t Rnaian ar no only igh' generalizaons: hey mae inroads into t ralm of e genra truth ncudng thoe I avealled c philo phical ideas)  uths whch ar o aboue valdit if mpty or aglow wi eteny lie wo thewips. Note hat histoica idea do no

102

HITORY:

L

TG BFOT



fw them bt materaize a low at lvof absaction hey mrk e of end he htoian oey ao  s fr as y st a lmt ot is ivig fo genait; byond at limt h wod lose toch wii marsI s oub indee whte euhs of he  ghest generai ae pabe at l o ros g te particulars eylogay ncompasTse xeme asactions ryalz ito tatemens so widemehed at th aculars-a seie of itoical evet o so-nnot t drop trough thent Fo th tor an to ha hm i e his toical iea oer islfa th mos general popoion-a threshol which he may angrs ony at e isk on ofbeing o ale to ig his :nding ome to e po of understandng En thog historicaidea i from the whol lf hey ae not ubjctv in a seea wold ntef with thei potential t val On th cona wi tem bjctiiy is anything but a itng factor I have aeady ndiated the esos hey le wi te dynamic of caracte e htorian's lf Schmacay speang, i cmprss th mssageshe r ivig its acment and ienxr ce h ndgoes  it epaning he objg eet of  fths it achieves is sengthnd by e movement in which it i egagea movement wic h ds it i a measre ee dentof its ocao  me Htorial ida wld em to e he prodc o a ynamzed  Bt the tm "podct s mileaing Actua ly, thgs happen e othe way d -roun g e eiod of incbation oun a possiiites of how best to plan h data pa before the hitorians innr ye So he mtkis choice And  it fne and rlatiobmility of his mi that nab him to select om amog these posibi ities th one whih cd all te os in eth an mre hnine. Te ia isso muc he prouct o hi lf  the eult of aselecti pross,wih hs self acting as ga ivi



HIOANS JOUE

13

od; ii a dicovry ot  outwad pojecon he isver  b th moe vid-ie the "sbjcv-he more it ha beneted by a at thistoin kows and imaies d  his what lan m when he dlares at e most subive npretation of hitoy isat he sameme e most objciv e -or rater, what he woud mean wer he not be tchd b th ham profuity of  xiili otoo. bjtiviy at its most intesive tancens itf Hitoica idaare ob bcausof their indetedn  n ctive pil mgated suectiity Thappoimate) ( obeciv wicto y attn ma be calld actv in conadncton to the pasiv obji ra n te hase of sleduction. If a sceneparat  fromthe tth thee conc-t id comclose o pnctig it. In folowng th histoa o orny, h I have elieat omited wo iculs cofog hm en out He mov aout a iverse which bcaus of its noomoeeos ce mkes ti eessaryi for tongoate many hres n d he avl rogh im-a mem whoe compl f xy e obtrct i avanc. hese dicl o clat fo n on. Di histo not eit one migt amost  say  an mpobae uertakg

TH Uc OF  lRIC '

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  of   vs er the "Nog wuld prres    loof  e phiphy hito mr  n a goou nass  tet mbl yp f  p  e

  te lder"

 

1

Hto  e n scp o mantude depndng on th se of hspaotempora nt they c hos of he sam scp ar at  sam ve f geneaty A monogaph on e bat o Leen s of owe mag de or esse geneat,hn an s pat of  acctof e Sevn Yeas Wa ch  urn fr natve f sl wd scpesay a ta hisoy of 18nu Erp. nd g so on Te whoe secals to nd e Cs gadgete ofholl oy sph hch contains iarsph of dng sze eah c freely ng  t e nt argr oe Te ders htoris may al  wm  arrangd aong a cotuum on pl of hch s cupd y synthss of ete genalersal hstories, that s oppo sie p wd hae to be aned to nvtga while the ts f atomke een Dnc in spe mak dernces n dstanc. Any lgesca hstoyeg, e hstor of h ar a peoplreqes 104

05

ato p fa back frm gvn data hat a he dsnies  Of cos of a ppl nte h ed o von  ovveg a g sic o he he past cann b os sgt f many crcmstans espnibhsfo ta mpeson  t Cn ersely Tonbe os ntelg b els osdy' cnly at a zatons in te eneycom vsbl o enous ce fom he eidece spk, n wiot condsceson, of  myopc" hstorans wh crawg dep el, goe he gand stas he hmse s njyng2 Histories o te same magntde ha cetnin popees con Th he historian  from amo f a cety wil sele h socs thr data than l the histrian wh ncenates on a decad o so. Nor should the tw b expcted to dcrb and specfy e deomets o er cce by ay f cmparios of the same type or order The comparbe  ary with te leel of generaliy athe which hstran perat Alogee hese ent hstoes conste the hstol unierse F the sake  smpiton I hal d them nt o majr gropsmcro n mao hstes I go whout sang ht h bondaes n h wo uid  grops A pradgmac nstanc o mco htores ha arady b mnoned: Pofsk's anaysis  te es whch h high a lr Mddle Ages mad of th mods proded thm by cssca woks of at and iterat  uh ntpetatve smlse sories may  caldclosups ecause o hr resemblance t thefl shs of his namewhich isolat and mag sme sual dtala fae,a hand a pc ornituto e faml wegigib. mti  "dstac ave   0 I might s   aepead lo g, Watv t sp  t and oe etets;   '  fr  vuy cae  w i  r re   page 57·

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us wi is partc physogmy Fag t heomcr di menso coseup studies lie n the iediate eighborhod of te ulk f factorieted acountsht st yed  the histo's jouey io he pstand moreoer share with them te devoo to mae and the ty for he mgraphi fom ut uie tem, tey explre he mateia to te fu nstead of ong teselves to etra stocktaking Coseups ae  de extesion of hse aount As a le they resul rom teir authors desre to suppement, ree deed r  nvaidate oto ad latins w have been uuestongly acceped by geeons of macro hstoras. Jedin·s ose aalyss f te oucils of Constane ad Base serves a dle purpse: i t uaies th e widely held belef tt tese assembles wee of ttl oeqece for he ner  rr of he ch; ad it higlgts the last g sinicae of ther derees whih prlmed the spemacy f general cils8 Hexter o hs pat dduces detaied edene in spport f his te s hat e atonl pio arding to whih te feudl arsocay bega to degeeate  the Raissane s nthig but  to ih4 As mpared w closeps te hghmagnitude ews they mmet upon often strke one as rather sweepg d an inaccae. S d wld be ndetal? o get hsrste Ty of W d Pacad Sir Lewi Namierchampn the doine eptomized by Aby Warbrgs famus dtumBh decae te micro mesio t be he seat d futahed of hstorcal trut otoy saes the many istoies wc atrute thet apoeonsand Aleander of r world the power t crete r desy big empies These hstres, he res grossly exa gerte the range nd mpac of an ndvdal's pwer In addionly f we s beleed hat , hey would be sdy fonded

TH STRUR  TH IC UN

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s to the wil of personauler ommisGd subcs the pple sed by i to plment e pans of dne prodee6 Yet theoogia epanatns have had ter day sne And modern historograpy refses to cowledge tem we wll agai hae nqure it he aef oe myste s fore tat brngs abou the movement of the peples (or naios)  brahng ts fundamentl esto, Tlsty t ly dsposes of heroes gera nd itrs but reects all proposi ons ecg him as an ougrwt f mothing  deies the iuece  des o hstoal hage and des not pace any conde in the aldt et alone relevce, of so called sooogial laws n hs iew most strians ndulge n absrat sructios whch pss over tereal fats they t embrae and repreent.  Hown answer teses to his incomparabe susceptbilty t the amiatins ad emaatis f ec sngle phenmenona sene f detai wc for stane showsn  eaing desripo ofemohathg lawyer  Anna Kaa.The frce bend the movements f e pe ples, says  should not be sogt above ad ouside them rher it cosits  the innmrabe civ es f e ndividua partcipants in the hstrca prcess7 To demsrate tis in d c,e undeably he e ad agin onfns W rea  agmenta eperenes of hs chratersg,Piee Bekhovs dung the btte of Bonwit exerpts rom hsories ad ocal aos the of same perod h s hrowg to rethe brdgeble gap betw e emp gene izatons nd those rstad impressios Wi the artit's vvement i the orete otoy magines hst ial realty as a edless onnum o moscpc ncdents o, d nter cos whh thugh ther sheer accmulato, prode e maoscpi upeavas vctories and sasters featred n te  of tebo By te wy ent te only one to ensio

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   GS BEFORE H

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such n inteml connu F gr e Frech a monster pne n lm m r remd of lm tt wol hve to rord he  of  mn n  womn roughot twenty nsctiv hors:ter wor, er silen, hr nmcy Notn g oul b omtt; norshould te wo progon ts ever be awre of the prsnc of th camer Lger reaze tht th pc res e and wr  bond obe shog sigts becaus thy would x the ormally hiddn wI hk,"  obsee his would b so pol o cre estenc terile  ng ht pope wol n awy hod  callg for help s if cg  a world cattroph" 8) a' ( unQute ogcally  ooy cosders     ullable tas to brek ow n the mro nes ino e smllst lemntsHis es ou he inerr ons btwen hese ny uis rval hs epndnc on  scnc. 9tcny He fls nto ourgh etmm. Hmn reason, he s t obges us to concv of t evet  e micro imnsion s procsss controld by ltrabl ws H ftr postlates a rscon of th h of cuses  possble at al  es n tht dmenson wold yld e w of histoy s woe Wih Tosoy, ty is e of ncn e son of at of ntu (In ngly  h rfrs  calcs n econ wt he prs o b us for he solon o  mcro t s nd r subsquengraon.0tIe is a antcpte h mod comprs osoy's belifainnexoral usal s gs hm nto deep wtrs How rconcl ele ofncssy w epe mn nce of uman om? h soluon  orso an wwrd epinthe ss no oter ay ou b to gre fredom o  phnomon of oconscousnss somh ing le  secondary quly.Hs main poin is tha   world sab lsh by resonth dly rel woere is no pce for

 UR   ICL NIVERSE

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causally xplanabl actos Wt we sak for   eision is n the ght of reason intabe conqc e of  an iluson. T  lin nvrgivn conons rdom telss pptas self must be a o h iposibi or us o cot for   inte numbr of elments th comp  iorcal rty h job of tcg h aws whh gov er trply xes uman orts Tis bing so, we fl nd alnged o sbsttutefeeom or wha ldsor grsp 1 necessiy Fredom s unkowabe o doub olsoy s a oor phlosoper. H niicly dops h philosopcl commonplac  idas o hs scincorin ag nd conrvs to arrang h ma ino ptt permitting hm o eat  ca  n averscu  fr ill an yt upho  eermnstic ogma  does not seem o our to Tosoy at s soltion prevns m from idn g ry a  inllgibl ad erps, scan succssion of vnsf fedom s mrely  sbcv phenomno, ncss conns o cay theiy te world aout s: a tat ap  tt pes ms hppn an hat is But no oon asolstoy the wolbe hosohr,  d h sy han  ra olstoy ake to ose s overg Giv hort prero spulions, t re olto yhs u personal onof mysc nd an empiistnows irnt ness  l a ha wich must ppn, hal fes shold ppn A anyrate h s py conncd ha in e cas of  Rs popl vytng wll b or th f good fonly te powrs ha b do not ntefere wit e ive foce molding us fure Of ours o l thngs appn hy wil have o  now wha s going onetwn al a tin h play Ytis not, by Tosoys o prmse sc knowlg forver unttaal H ovroms hs eortlly nmangeae culty by invong the dvnatory powr of  sdom ose he

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 G  

LA

cal w e nuivey acque, or possess  vry owldg whh s dned mnds g ied by reason alon The ws p thears to h god hey have te gift of appreedg  distnct and often onng mssages tatosany se om th dak recss of evyday le; they hemslve epart of tat oc  wh geerat e movemens of e peolesI 2 Tosto lends esh a color o  vsion is tuzo  wsdom carate H does not pla and ac; he wats and tes.Ad t s his capact fo lseng to, and interpeing the chous of onfused voce s om oot egion wc eabe hm to dve apoleon o reeat Kuuov s an inspid leadebecause e is loah to follow his inspai Hs sol amo is o rng o fon the omess oughs ad desie he ds nsribd n mlo s of Russa hea rs e ows" as PinAdy pus t, a here s somehing songe and moempotn han s wilt iabe marh ofvn." 3 The ievtab mach o evens? olo's ion to  mcanis noio n o his me asser se  eveywere Bu  is doe ot mpinge on h u mboed by s Kuuov that rly eav actio is sepaable fom inteniv passv oservao.) Tonbee relat hat Name one od im IToyb sdy h didua leaves, ou e ee The rest of the storia studyh clusters of braches, and w bot hytnk a t tell wrong (H sems to have bee poe enough not Toynbee wh he hough o te sudy of e whole tree Namers ed beingpolial hio, hs metapo  oh lustrs of baes ob osly ars on the deolog a un whc a h socade of e  soies hs eld The Whig npea on o 8heny England wh e so ectively aad not ony acpted th domiant poiial dea

 U O 

 S

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and ay prg o tat cy at ace value but oideed  howver tem nodal poi of hstoa raity The u at e aged  are pojeons of cmpo o aons os nd sates o beg wc y caoag ater an degnae hey aesham ntis Ad snce pac caly o o to te  e reaife penomea ty v as eological meno o whh hy temsvs belog e nt la o be pt of rli   ooghy uusied Name s o he o haact of ay g deologia Ash sees it a hisores whi pla t mphasis o poitca ideology raioal ogh and verbalied agum ulmne  vage geeaaons capabe o capurig t vy ay ey are meat to eplain. Le Tolsoy Namier rejcs such macro histores wh the paoram views s nega aide toward thm is demonsabl inuenced am by M's susucuesuperstuc eory dug i debing e prense to auonomy o deas: e too ess e roe w maea neds ad soal cndos pa  a  e omaio15 u o he s no Maxs Not to s d  om a meo hs csvave tempe ced e to ler en.More oica hsori nto a pasan a po, he eels stongy abou echagg one macro conepton or aoer: Marx's mposg uaon of (pehisto w a succssion o dileccay inteted class suggles does no ee any appea o im6 Rtr  wants to brea away om he whole maco dmsorom all tos broad ad omphenv hought pattn which umatey onsiu our oveonal image ofe word T mage e y eld is decep ve becaus tey xaust themseves  estabisig sprious  between phatom uis of argel anonymous acts Prod us of ou osciousness ty ar ot so muc selfcotaned sght as suface symptoms o f prosses A wat

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SORY: H LS TG S BEF 

he ais at i to get ben te sfae ad xlore e ess obsive, less sible ea appenngs  deep psychologal ayersaie's s a way T ut ollws cnclsvey om s ndren t sytesis ad rrain poper J Brooke says of hm tat he "never waed a ep withot loog  every dien. 17 He caot brg sel _to negect te ndividual leaves r te tree Namier hef acknowledges s debtedness  Fd e equess hstas to cvee psyogc sprgs f pical deas18 p t the shae f consciu prompngs n eve actin9 ad categocally decaes that a owledge of mdern psyhologyespeallypsyolois mas idpeable fo the advance of htoigaphy20 esa h rtodx reudia? What aes ost, he wtes sewhee, "s te ndeyg o, e ic to wh ids re a mre lreto fte f vy nerir ual  2. here s an istic strai  hm wh distitly shows i hs prose) And is aestet sensies ay well have atned im to he eots made  n  al te fnts of ntempray artots w wud hdy have develped  stegt wee it o for e ahievemetof red ad Max n ay e s ais  heit joed f wih se pates, p and msician wh aspie to dsslve e adiioal foms ad modes of pecevg . heypoedthoghot fom  bg wholes ad ovachg cmpsits o old t in a way fgeay statements wich pehaps wl nev er agai e ito woes Te(prvisonal lt is an adjst of ur sees to what rems of e we f uedup conventio one it is ndne Wat  mai is at least ontestable) So Naier resrs t psyhoaalyss as a mean o dsntegrang te standadized aco ntos of political eaty If e is ot a Maxs he s t a srt fllower  reud eiter

T UR   lC UNIRS

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The world f histy  as it apprs to h e dseg a spectace Wle ome s f thecal pli ideas pepng at wrld may be i accdac wit e otis ps et. wich respnd to e neesses of the hu mst of e re lfoves fodays long sne gne Bt sn e e t indle o magnan ey keep alive o eve reacvate attitudes fears and etans w ch have eased to co  t te actal stahese utdated bts of gt ad behavio pemaney dispt te teplay f ely drs ad p ereby preventg s om meetg e present n tesfoits own Muh as we t t epres tem, theyusus 11 or and ave a way f dsharging themsel ves i ucaledf r demads ad respnsie utbst We are eurtics at e mey  f aua peienes Wth , am e pnip and pros at detere itil an are as a e dstbanes raher tan able sgsts Ideed, he ge so fa as to cosder ter absence a symptom of "greatr nanal matity2 ee is a surreaistc aspect tothe itoriopoliica wod he pictures: it s ted by gst which, i the f of ideas d memories ivade ur hoes ces ad bran  obecive  to ly e ghost ae, hat , the pyholgical otivato and ehaisms wi along wit the materia pressues f the ment set things gog i ltics w ese asprings of atvies ad event i te poitical aea ae t feeveg agen bt emanate m a very conete ue; i ·aie s e dvidl(o r any goup wt  idenable prsnal  t is individas Nam er has it, wo ake p e agegates wch ts h hypnoted by idea and causes sue abut at the peasue stag them or real uis hey ae no t. The rea ui is auet runs yied o t ic aalysis; t epain some pase of polal to

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ORY:  L GS BEFORE  L

on w ave to study t ves of a h dividuals involv in it The God heworhps is not mrlin detabt in biogracal deail (He migt ave wonered at Coligw oos tota ejecton of iogah as at of the historca eneps; yet if one  "idea of tory on procees saight frompilosophial a bond o aivea t bizare conusons ) amier's method best illusatd y his talblaigmajo wok tat fabulou sly mcosopi xanation of  omposion of te sccessive I23 ote tat in aplying ouses of Common uner eorge tis meod, he pas little attenton to the promnent oltiians wo wid inunce and atat e pofessiona ioahs H is not a iograper i the usual sense All his inteest lies with te icla ae of he litle mn whih aod mor iigt ino ypia emotions and aspiraions than o the areers of te star efomes Enrly in eeping it s approa, Namier amion hstoial invtigaons of a d nacessibl to t lonel shola H leads for demoaphi  itor  wa of oopraveeorta roram which as spire he ritish  f  men pesentl in te mang His ida of miro hsor I shoul ike to add resembles Tolstos in tat it foreshadows te aven o te ompuers But is not evey imor tant innovaton usheed in by eams an grongs rgnant with i? In sum amie as wel as Tolstoy old tha the ideologes and big nsaconson wh ou istory oo cnte ae from an itnmbe of mall eve n eeeding thm  rality And boh coincide ni sggesg tha, in the interest of greater  mao stoioap should e supeseded  coeive mio studis.  oweve his roposion sems from a wrong remise: oricaleat esides not onl   detl, biogahical or othewise bt also extends into e maco dimension Not al the

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 SU OF  OIL

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sjes of ighmatd his toes are constrctio ns fte e fac ere et longedurg events suh as wars, soal o elgiousmovmnts slow ajustments of welldene goups to haging envronmental ondions etc wich can  said o be tangible entities Unfoling in ofty egions some of hem rsumay escape  micohistorians attenon ven tough e nams ywc ty r kown ma be e abe vtions aily oering a tangle of mirospic engs, hese ven e moe tan sr pojconspvided ey wee e eiened as units at e me of tecuren. o In 5thcenty Europe te issue of cuh reform was a ve concep it hig generality nowihstandg istoal longange events of th e a eal to e exnt ha tey stied eopl to ner eir consequences duss alteativ and advan possie soluons Toto's sare of tadiional stoiogapy  not enel to te oint. y h sae tokn te past has seen ideas ome and go wi s hey d hei ax ong no less o e ealities of fe an say an individual ict no matt for te est wthe  wee gnuine o not Tey have a peculia sustane an irruble nt. onte And an historian treating them merely as rivatives of psychologal proesss msses part of wat eally and and mae eople ti Sma wnder at te ostoyNaer position has given rise to vous objtions Namie, to say wi  has aong other things, een ciiczed for assing o is analtial meod as a panacea t we mco analys  is etainlyt to pen trat th ideologial fog tat veed e praccs of he orp III it dos not apl o peods inpoiians nder eorge forme wt authentic oitial idas the Puritan Rvolion rsts beg schoog e away4 Butereld, one of Namier's rt oponents, eproahs m wit ignoing te realiy of

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RY

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 S FO 

sch ids Ne nd a hi folows  e remaks, de e avowed ca l pposes at give mi g s wel s cohesion to e events of histo"; 2� tey fal pey to te opticl illusion   tat only the details mtte; 26 they re not we at, to wite history, one m posss alo n eye fo geneates 27 ( t is pobably not Butteeld, he mnde techcal" hstoa bt Beele  Crsn ev who mostdeeply rets Namierism beue it ndemi l t e beleves inte potent meag of hto nsicthe  vale of ides   Cistan histoin he tes sint con nuiy orgted and even assumes e  esten e of somehg ke Gods hiso with  spenatual plan e in chage o hmn s.2 8) Nor hs it eluded te citcstat Namier in aant deace ofhs professed conce wt minutie, some mes sbstes e telespe fo he microsope, setg lrge on o the pst in a perspecve of s choi Was he not a evt Ziot? One might nal  wheer he lly hits ckbom  xaminng te psycologl mae·p of te in dividu i nex legedly smallest htocal ut ie an hustlemacosm So reality gn reedes when he is con vined he as come o grips wit it e cidence of longendug evnts d ideas wich more or less led a e of ei ow tnds to sgest at ma toes re   measre dep i endt of mico reseh. Even gt tt these ides even and wholesae aangements gow ot o the hstle and be o eveday pccp nd chnge n wys whih ot ons, y re pt to deelop be suieny dend by a rse to thei elemen Dcuss ing e rlaions beween ese acroscopic pheomena nd te eemery, tomc data fom whic tey pprently isue Mao nsists at e former e as rel as the ltter nd stsses ther relavely ndependent stas: Tey are reales of noe1

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 OF TH  

order, but, each in its ow, all equay entic. 3° Fo e rest he fact ta such maco realtes e not fully taceble to te ro realites gog into themtha trelated events at low d hger le vels exst soo tspek, de by sidis y nomes  uncommonphenomenon Most d beavedeeny  deent imnsions o beg  gd Chitn may be  hhndlod Prost deles t  sud it to jdge te poet y te mn or y e opo  o his frends sa teBeuvedoes As o the m  he i t a ma and can pefe ctly  1 in him ignoewhat is hoght y e poe who lves he mpcat n is tat, conty towt Namer nd ost assume pticl mcro histoy may tan to a cerin autonomy t s ndestood at hs hold ue aso of i hisoes ote ar . a poitcl histon nis isay te eso fore oetow o a regmete orcaus of  wa e need not alays poe he derwo d of biogp l detlbt staa f cnce of rogh y xpaig he evets m moves aguents nd ractons wc belong to e same dmeon in whch e is operatg As long as big events oom lage on e hozn tey re peceivedinwhoeness e and terefoe pro voke reetions and mesure o smlar genealt n pnple, fom whateve dtnce a tran sueys he past he wil at ec evel of generalit come oss a casal nes of  sort peca to t evelremember te concentc Chiese spheres, eah moving oud independently o he hsothes shot ito es of Rome and Greece, ostove  orgazes e t relevant mor cto and ctos to an telgile teue out eve smmong mio facts. Yet te tetue is oarse and ther wdemeshed Obviosly te uonomy of espe stoes is not to be deended upon Ate avng pleded te case o mcro atonomy ove gnt olstoy's and Nmier's cessi e ve attaks on ti I now

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      

wh to show that ci reogio vovs heavy ss. To e sue, a pol is may plauly t ogher gie ghmagide even eas, d rguetbut he s hs goa i the etabshment o macrocopc ntxs he ould ot  ne e xpete sasfactoily o acunt fo h pt of he odds  athr at hi aav  repsnt t Mao htoes ovag thei se£-se�y ae pro to go ay Te reaso ti: h hgher h lvelo geeal at whic h a hstora operates  more hoca rea n ou. at h reains o e past when he looks at it fm a gea ista  wholesale siuao, logtrm deveopmens oogcal ens eg chus of evt whose volum waes o waxs in ie aio to the diace. Thy ae saere ov ime; they leave man gaps to e e. We do o learn eough abou the pas fwe cocena o e macro uns  I ue, as Proust says, hat e poet xists inpenently o h man in whom be ives ut t s equay e hat the ma os st aso ad te ull stor woud tell us abou the ad ethe man Move   th reasing s  te hisan wi n t easng  dult to la hnds on htoal pheomena whch re scel specic ad uuesonably rea Buter el, ths me n s capa  a hil itoan, oseves that uversal histor spread over so wie a area at the owledge can hardly avo oig  to 32 He is ght: a at is derle at e ve hgh altue where universal hstoy ms no vw a vaguely contod gan un vat geraatos o ncrta reia Hsoansfeatung the ntlay o mao evs nata e mpd o ompeate, smhow, or e rlatve dearh o the mteral ey ar to e upo Te dange ey thus nc have een sped out y on no less han aon H

     

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ades hhsorn ot to ea  h too og (o  too shapeless) a peid baus e annot but mt wt mn bks an spacs wc he must be fore to£1 up out of  on  d cojecr"3 Thre s o lack of olgg co etures o negoti e laks a spas" o hs oad h stoan eager o sua macro autonom may daw o h owldge o the oad deatohisight bng ud as a mg de vi rah   ee-opeerO he may nrouc ou of hi ow w ungivn moivaons, phlosophcal ida, etc with a vew to solfng e ragle fa i h swavg h outome are hitorie boh implete an ovdon. Gooch sas of Guizot's hiso al wok hat  it dos ot mais irette  ndividual an e paricur; 34 ad Sane-Beuv ciczs  for g hsto e om a stace Ay uch hstoy aine-Beuve laboa undergos a sngr meamoho  t prouces te illuso    that t s ratoal ich la hm  nlud hat uiots hsoy i ar too oca to be ue35 Ne I epressly metio ha te eteed mao ora's amxes and amedms hould not be cod wh espoe hstocal hpoeses? in he oten make h addons uwes, he esulant istois aoun wt ambiguou cop Man seemig genralato in hm ae  ect snhec podu islle om as wel as se to e eviene Even hough Tolos ad amis uhg vdit o tadi ional mao hsory oveshots the mark it sprng fom a  I  cpo o wha to h i ou ag shol e lke, which ve o be va Hsoy, eyeel com to  ow  t reor, a make u undesa e pas as fathuly and omplel as pole aeussing  acon sa It [hs tory mu be as ul asposble, an as uo le a possibl ot e tho hsors at do athe set orth the pmp o bues

120

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12

t eue and wad eso [of em]"86 The ba potace of mro nvesgaos lies  te fat a ey re dpeable for ny atmpt to acheve su fless T do not me hat he itego o mico dings o wi ostoy deamed wo d eable us to ge hod o e whole o hiory Not ll o tocal rety a be roken down nto microscopi elemet The whole of istoy lso comres evets and deveopments wich ocu bove e co dnsio. o hs ea so hsores t gher leve o gneriy re s mu of e essee s sudies o deti ut hey s om icompletees; nd  e hstoa does no want o ll he gaps n the

cete ft. B t aor t he s, he kow how eec vey to hade ooboave deti ob ee, oo, ke oi ated ht e mnue   myp tora  ibute a wohwe fntio oy  ey spo hi gsoe ncos  To we  e le  hp My poposon a  te ntere of great ompletee macro histoy must ivove mcro hito oits o n volve met whc ot meely a seemg oe It eqes istoia who, o sed wi tayng where hey ae ely jorey to te pst d get mmersed  wha hey are dg hee w-

out of hs ow wit nd onjectue he mus epoe the world o sall evets as well Maco iy co beome hitoy i he ideal ene less t ivolves micro hstoy ow kowedge ways Frequely ogh e t o det may be used in deent eve as a sort of doment Mc o histoans that s vail temselves of mico eeac ei o or o to coboe o lustatecerti lognge vie ws ey ve come to enertain vews atted to ediae fom wi hey ookevents. a (To be su, te es o e pat may be deivd om  xmao of he reevat sore m nd e not some geeralzaon moe p nd goloetd a oe? d of se he gve c  maleable a ey ae, rarely le down  histon n sear of evdence for hs unhes. Fo e rest hstocl eat is so ch i divesied dta  you ca dduce fom  eidece fo aost hig you wt o prove) The mny det Macauly's hstoesem vaay alulated to co the meng he atbutes o te peods d gures de cos deo A  o them ovege towad hs tot o t o hat iaonwhi gves e mprssohat h mocop night o utos do o so much gow ou o mico anlysis bu gde shiseleo fo

out mh egd or ther maco assmpt os. heseassumposmay or my o be comed y mo yss for ts o sake Perhaps e hito engaged  t wi hppe o shottem cases deng he mo ntes he has establhed o he b omco evideeor e wil disv er h apetly negigibe exceo fom e gee s e of even ary mpons apt to pse hs apprl of t of M Boh's  S0  s why sg htoi n pg to h soy i   us vor a nterpeneon o mo an d mro hsory  pte o his beef i the auheiiy o maoscop reae Maou hod t e iton rveyg a og set of e pst had bette r begi y gettig toworkmse, tal t  t he vel of e ite d peie vesgaon of dea iily Buteeld, for  h nme tde fee ls 

  t te ta te neiml  n o tlik vn  ore rea hque e o lcae en wt wcmaco hoia a dali, e n aj poble ofon te  a o mme into  t  be akd  1 olowng chate F  efence ma  Bc'   at g 

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G O 



il aayss8 Here we agan noe the importane of d enc deee n he ter i medy e toy of h aeady fed to.  An obevaon ae byPot n h novel s gy  at e fa hat wih heesg  sope of itoi e coposon is ineaingly goveed by e lws o prpeve a wel as e neens or he aes iby of he micromesion om hgher eve On a caage de aler h e 3 arcl e omees o o one refeed to  hapte mehre huch teepe at a se, ependent pon the angle from whch he views the urroudngs Under e mpre-

U F m 

125

l have to ajut hs syne to take ae f aogreat ny inonvenent andnanagebe fat fowhh von Marn wa happilynaware  if soeng wl be gied, omethg ay ao have been ost   46Whethe dsparage or sply notnoced suh contens ae bod to dop ot o e pe What he mao hitoin donot e, he (patly ) no see beet  overshaowd by what he do ee  s toussion wosppeenary rear y be aded of e aw o pesce ne s nbted by An observaion nenng e possibly of anforg one macro pe specve nt o anoher Sessig tsubecive perpce 

ion of er vayg posto he magine hem to be hee ades in aegen lppin g one behin anohe so at oly a singe fo appes.  Siialy, due not so mch to oversight neglec ad e ke  heaaw of perpecv," maro htorian st ignore pat of he ede at  heset ot ncn of perspecve ews wch a c intfee h e accebl of he mateia sueye  he weighter e eatr he de For aple genera htore of te feda ey uuay fai to do jste to ts vaety whh  coveed p by he attemp to bing ot e genera feare of  ociey; pesely i vey, however,  one of t essena harars45 Mar Bo's Fal Sety ser et fom thi nc syhocog  obct e argcale hitoan erre w apoon of he soce ndof o hitoe To be re e hstoran is eorec lyee epoe te ico ienson as e pe bt in prae  atoatcay e prove sensive to any o it ntens oveookig e or ratonalng them away as irreevant  Fergson oberes on e pobem whch woud have to be faed by a new attep at e synei ndetaken fohs day by von M ol- in g of th Ra 2 he ao of such an a ept

necessay fo eseme contion  that e historan mst ake cogzance of other perpecve to ob ecty h own as uhas psbe he yet warn at ee  beweenthem no numeic onant o equaon Ther ivety s na expsion of ie.The 7 oer  a quy: Ae hghmaie  toe moe aected byhe etget" h  toi at ow evel of genealy?

 S 3,  73,  n  8

  t    7

Te seond piniple c nroling h e ac between eicro and mao dienions may be lled e law of eve It ber on ose miro events wh ae not overhadowed by e ehani o pespeebt rema ibe and r e aually spted  e pper regons, g to e  coposon o rgele stori Wht happens to hem en ute?ng n a s 1 I debratey ne mysef to xg mly ac condiions o e way from eow to above Aso I sha here direga d the eteriorang ect which e opoona exigenes o macro hitoepealy genera hiorprouce on al co ndgs noporated n ee htoe  e 0 he awer ueson rse en i at the ico events are eaned h



OY: E S  BEF  

 SUE   IC



127

osg som of tir pelars ad menngs whe eg anspord to hger alttdes y arive up her a dam agdst Imagne for examp  hstorica narravs, ch of w incudes a portrait f Luter-te rst of he a istory Germanpopl e send dagwith te R�fomaio ad t thd a fuldgd biogaphy: I bleve it topro b gy able tat te tr prit invov dirt ses f mengs andhreore ar i a ms commensae. e aw of lv" bot ilsated and eied by  analogoushnomo of th pradoa reao ewee

sio Now sto e vad te for maco epln tns and dnto ust at eastparty e goudd i mcro of e mplcaos of mo sudes are keyto ani, om be   ageement wi t mar o istoias ndings. But er taily ot a of tm si nt adprapsotven th most os We av te woofsts gnalzatos or, rathr n sghtsof a gaatr-those wch esentialy bong to  maro dimenson and tose dcyavd tfom"beowby wayo miro ayss It  h p of he g nera wi Hnga,   rism of B hardt opposd  toideof te Renaissce wch reprsts th st typ of th gnera

losps and log t sot (o of mb)  ma rratveIn Theof Fis rlo was eplaied wit reee to he G oseup Mae Mrs' of aspd ad i  ia epsod Intolerance, of wh are ot otegra  monents of av th bt dscoss of w aspec o pysica eay As eware watig te big of coseup Mae Marsh's hads "someig strag   bond to appen w l forgt at they are jt ordnary hands Isolated o from t est hebodad greatly nlged  ands w kow wl cang to nknow organs qiverig   fof ter ow  Sary,  apt o sggst possii t hstori's coseup and tas ot vyed y e idet vent i hgmagn d historyTh( currt asion of presentng potographi detaof awork of for separate ont prods frr idence of  drn  qaty and manng; thofa bit ackgoud scery dw om enewlds sim te s vay rminn of aJapanese prnt} A toretca aboraton to th dssion of ma b addd t aw of evels.O pincl maro explaatons clam to e thatis-w miro val for miro fats-for al patas nigo hir pat   the maco dme aspto reogntion

nsigtI is ovos tat t grates devdom ro ivestgaos-ad srodng tm le fring aar argly incosstt with ypical macro genera s Ca tey  rougt to fus with he atter? Sce it he to ase his prob lm nvovg the relaton bwee  gneraad e prc lar To cld, h a betwenmo  and macro dim sion s subjt to svr resicosofcuse te"aw of pr spectve part of t vidnc drops out automacly Ad beof the lawof eves pat  of a aaab vdc races its desnation i a ompt stat his ms that te istorial vrse isoo of m a ogeo s e It comprises elds of varyg desty ad pd is by nonab dd adiclly speang the resutant a duties are usr mouab. Toynb sggeson ofa mgrof t dseye viw and -y vw40 is  pp fulabl  0  ge 

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   

tw ds f enquy may -ext, ut ey d ot cmletey ue: a a rle the d swalow b the y How do esive htoa eact  ook to  of ngs? ee ae two example Krr'obl: Kritele, he ntted atorty on Reaace ough a at aynes o hs feg e sc a mpehenie teua hoy of e d so pjt ue ami to hm But he hes away fm o h awaes at he wuld ae to sacce to t muh o wha he ows and may tl er  the ouse contued f esrch It is a i h e did nt want to cul o p e any o e eco ight whch ly ul absopton  he ouces ods; a i he were afraid o the cocements ad dtoros n the wake of the feshrtengs wc e prospecve yeis l mot sely impse on hm His eac ason oct wih h fomatve dee to make a "whle o  dg Da  s DDiamond a mef whehe a hston egaged n a age-scale aae mght ot e able to avoid eng a evets n the one peecve whch cre  podto the dtace bond u h e of soe hs narae Why hould he ot look at igs om deent ditances a he ge aog So doea wadee who ex loes a andsee wl rt take i he panoama a a wole ad he walk towad the fa-dtat mot ange, enoyg e eangg sghts about hm May ms proe    y Tat Prot ows how to mbie mmeon  mnutie and ong-nge viewe see  the followig chate amond deams of an Ameca hty n whc h he pan amog oe gs, to et clseus ot asllustatos o hi geera assmpn ut o te a a se-cota ed entes ap to u cote

    overa emphase o some poem ma tereted y e  

 RU OF  OR 

dep on oao Th coceton rgs the hia's meod ito peect alogy to Gi s amable o-solutio f te dema o e cematic ad e thtcal  lm asTo statedf in Film: O e oe  he () y as at tah  mac. .   o te othe he arl  ag wich do  st sev to e te ac or nve  rt mo bet a e of eeeofe  hu t ucei mo g ha tce. h ie e cae do of  t o h exeme g ho   eetg w  ret es   m rametar   te to abrb th t  wacg e icr r icori ao we ma   e a te ate  e m he analo hold Ad ye e houd not ow out e chd wth the ba water some atemts at an teeaton of mico d macro iory ae moe uccesfu tan  ot eera ae e memet beween deet evels ha esut  a idea 0 One will now b  new pnpe of elain te detad the ecuir h vaue of deas and their  q reon to factua aay

 a mtt o cs e ge f g of hitoi  a con  e wid o ope e hghe e magn tde, the moe of e pat hey may ede nteligble But he cse of iteligbliy  ougt t aa pice Wat e histoan gs i scpe he oe ems f mo  fomao   " S  

.

30

RY 

 GS   

 Uc  



31

eig upo te level at which h hstorian ples himel says LiStra "he lose i iformaton what he is gaini in compreheion, and vic vra  Ad he declare tat for th hitoria to espe thi dlemma te only possibilit is to lea hto bend . .  th by goig down blow t    or  goin up abov it he  t he ineas o tllgiblity nis a ddin g o formao s a pcial ca of h ple prn of nl eco om• whch seem to ovo sol ad ntlecu al uierse  is of a piec wth Bleber' pricple o h onomy of iteios aordin to whch  adae o ec

oder i at the ame tm a act in owledg, ay Joas on e sboiationim of h systm ofOrie Th repes sio of his cheme stll ma temsele flt n or day ad i vee branch of owdg t for intance a thebot tom of Noio ' al but Plon  piple o "interaeeel l s of orgaza io wh h hol ha th progessfovolutio of e innimate aat and soial world matrize at diert le each o whh   oeed by laws of it ow ad hat whleoe canot ndestand hih leel pheomena out ndetd g toe of th lower leel  o kowlede of a ower leel dos not eable us to prict wat will ocu at a highr

knowldgei boud up wth te abadomt o th mtaphys ical lam to total know ledge n says he i is Galo analyis, aot not or t whole o natur but o partal prcss The whih Huel opposs to hi paulaon  we uld dct  but a bodelne conept; oy o tos ualy to all par of it wold t cm to li Te bele at e wdei of te angeigiy o nolve a rae of gis on o h bas tenet of Weer thht Throughout the hstoy ofphosophy it ha been hld tha the hight piple th hghet abtrtios, not oly d all the pa they formally encompas bt also contain e ssees al o hat exsts i the lowe depths. They a maged ase t "ihet ig i te of bot en erl a sbsac  hows, for tnce   hat pr o e gos chm whih deas wh th acent o h oul rom  "wo th ld to th to ppephers ordin to t he tanso a hihr lel is tatamont to a advace in ptual isight he egati law tat h orde is able o see te xt hgh o inecy tal th poitie law at the ansio of he sou to hiher • C. Chapter 1 gzz  er3 a67

lel 5 I am errg h ot ti ngrain d belie ni h sprior ig  nicaneof th highsting onl y fo he purpose fohrow  ito relief on o the uderyig ssmptions o te preset sudythe aspo tat  adona idnon o h em aba osay h ida ofthe ood orhat o j ce the most clusi ad esenal statemes about e natur o hings doe ot apply o sto t oelated appoaches to alit Wh th htoa aseds fom th mio dimen son to eer high lvls o enai he wll eah a pont mared by what I have called he horica idea, beyod wc as h poed uter to the dimenso of phlosopcal ideas orxrem astac os e gae of i si h Not i boud to drese istea of coti to incas  may doput of mico at in largel histoi The ry high abstractio hae o longera bei o he vde ce hy are meat tooer They eadieas to things which he thing do ot incld ut te istoan ay arac ha no ight to place the fators ad mpeling da o a deelopment " Fo  saan Cha 8 eeclly s 



      

 RUc OF 

OI N

13

"  n a earer igh tey appe n e delopmnt e. By dong precsel is adiona l pilosophy ha ompete obscurd nd stl worse, dispaaged e knd of relons tat obtain betwee he pclar and te ga  he area o e ast tngs befoe e st He te eave egac o te Tolsto-Namie obeons to mao ioy Coseup ndings ae gniant i ei own ght no matt whether or ot the iplcations ode wih, or n be sbsumed nder he broad es bod p t hgh maide stoes t is ot suntly t jt to enisage, as eter dos a proess in hi e par nd e indi

sto it mean eds toward a fure oude hitol e Hoas coceied b theology  alvao so at boom at is it reaches beod sto  the  mode see of e ord he eents tat ct ae ithin te orbi of ito odeit e same holds e of the geat piosopi  of y p to a pont Eve ough ey eman w seclar me ey expa mostl und the nuene o te theologial assmpioof a diine pa, the whole o te pat te i ght of a pnciple wh at best onfo to pa of he facs  and ay  syono wih a good caue whose lmate uph it is to spport

vidua l de e etoconte and and e mak bod of the ogeneral the  wie geral helps umate sense the pla ow closps relae to he broad viws of arge-sle stori   case tey deate m em l be conideed  apte and ma or the moment be left i he opn 0

heofothe approah s tome n eeping ete scetc spi e age. In tig do something abo quant of o amlated hstorial oledge oynbe ogaize as ao Spengler does the gien matea nt o arge cvlzaon o it Spengler ctre so-ose develop mt he analyzes for regri But not only are the regular ties ths estabhed ery gnera nded they ao e s toy on to he exet hat t s pa o atue Awe of  Toybee as w sa eer isists hat hese reguati e b o means necessy; at on he onar, Wes vzaton ma take a enrely npredctable cose  adisso, ho eer  hard cnsse  is emphasis on rees Let me now assue for the  of te aget at he eg ulaies traed ae reay relevant o te hole o hiso hn hey mst al emore dovetail  histoies at a oer leve o geeralt. Tobee atua clims that sch an interpea on o mao ad co isto i ipenabe e solu of the problem of quany e says 1es in ombg e  He te problem ises paoraic wh e myopi vie 0  pa

But  y be e pc for an ess on e signance   of os-ps or a soo t� onbee's atty probem oynbra a pont ise whe in he clams ha e hstoran must mae an attempt to do juse to e enoros q of acumlated historia kowledge e sheer quay of it pose by tsef he poblem o what might be ts pupoet demands I so topa, to be p o some meaningu use. t how can it be used? e a o hstoical oledge s taen cae o n two was One of them   he appoach of te teologia ad p osophes ofhisto. ut e appoah does not bear o sto  as a detachable eal oen to scuny JewishChra eo o spngs rom a etenlst relatio to e past and the • This rd Chpr8 pgs  p

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whether his intepeeation o hioes at deent les o geera  at all posbe Aco g to e aw o evels te cnt tablished at eah evel e vid for at leve but do ot appy to dg at othr eve; wch  say  at ee s i o way o derivg te eglarii of mo hoy, a oybee does, o e ats ad iterpreta o po ded by icro itoy. It s erore ot spisng ta Tonbes own eot to maer e qatiy of hitoica owedge  ot a vey ecouagng The egulariie a whh he arive re raer ireleva not to meo hat h iste ce on te freedo of wl adte npredicbii o histoy cedits them te To s up: the eor to do je to e eorou quaity of accuate hitoical knowedge  bougt  at a pice.  yied on he whole, eglties of a rahe indeent and relevant character Thee eguatie cove" oly hoe historcal devopment wic ma manknd' ng bac nto ate Fialy they represe obeao whch ae at bes vad oly rom the brd'eye vew The cro evets of oogph eiher ear out no decy negate what i een fom n inhab le disance No doub he heer quy of avaiae toca kowedge sems o retof  that we shold ty ae ce of it i oe way o aoher B doe it pay to oow this reqet? So far ay atemp at gloal htoy ha esuted i elevant al too geeal staeens ad abiay cosconsproducts of whfu thnng ad extenat eeds Wat is ptured by tese attemp i he sede of he htoical pocess ot isn real jont ad hidde dep I a aad lest he dea o i vsa history might be a mage, a mera teaig u.    s  ee it e vat owedge we pose should chalege s ot o indlge in inadeuate syese bu to cocetrate on e as cosepsand ro them caually o ange ovewhoe

H STU OF T TOC UIE

135

eng it n e o of aper�u Te whoe ay yeld to s  hvy o atac lghwght smhes ore sily ha Te oomogeneous ctue o he hstoricl nivese  es teeated plication of itest The st bear o the ostly growng bdy o he facoeted acountsie htol reeach poet he nd o soie which ougy cofo to ueeld techi hiory. 6 The qutio i are edavos hi vei eanigl in the ow right eve hey are ot toched o by nterpetiv e cocer and highlevel asumptios May a historia denies eir idependet vale They e coned a dasdut hiso61 coidered a wate o eudtio" (Bloch).2 uiznga cautons againt ovmpha o deailed historica reearch"  Oh hitoians wver, carryig oads on oth houdes o e late Meincke Othe oe had, he edorse techical hstory on e gound at t ot oly esabl he he facts but ncove erto unown vaue o he past"  On the othe he bodiate technl stoy to he epoion o vaue cl He echnc reh echaic hold ta sh actdig  pead w evao d n al degrad technal ho to a ean t n e5 Peps e ost isive argue agai he egacy of factding or t own sake coe fom Mac Bloch He compai of he pt bewee prepaaio ad xecuto takg u he cudges fo guided research each o hn shold sugge th he docets in the iterst o hi queriea am whch goes had in had wth e repudiao of rese i neua gear" o But Boc aguet res o cert goud It oiiates! have entioned thi befoe  h ufonded spicios a a heoeicia o paive obeao" " S page 85.

ITRY: 



BEORE  

d n hs preocpon i scn c istory Fo he ret  ot  puo of ctoiented ao s to mke t ucssry for  hito ri ony  test i mode d regve dsby co rr of h o Psumably  mo nvicng gumet n dfe of teh nil itory has been povded Bu e by dear at h histoan mg t a complete emblag o e smest fc labos nd'for poteriy6  i  fih tht t "wl t n  68 Is he? Bcs o e w e og gm. of "playng ees e rc ctes d bwen  mio and ao dimenionsh s iklyto los e gmmy mo daahe patkngly aembes wil neer eac te uppe regions o steszng stoes Bs reasong doe ot sd e tet ie o he queston a to e meing ness of ticl hitoy wod sem to be nanwerable hr  ony oe sigle rg-a I bli b oe t i  omenti it sppor wch logiargume ogh Acg to , e omplet mbage of e mlt act s rqued o e en ht notng hold go os It iss f e actoene ons  vidtes e geo  breahed py wi e ded r of Teo mpcon of  onomognos stre  hstoica uvrse nce se eo  poe o toography he renemnt o rsear mtods, te cres of reserh toos he oey d o nw evdence d he broade ts w hi pek n avor o te bengo our hoo ef, wide sprad mong storans t torogaphy wll ess d  my m objectiy gown compreenven Thbelief inly jused to up  poi is not e upet by

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U OF

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H U

137

h awarss t maro hisres y ubjece T ensg on o ghmgud stoes  hd t may be gda oercom by:

K stl ( 1) e xpanson of owdg ( Mrrou,  ler· Hxtr) ' n wy   z te recor tocomprate tudie (Bloh Pienne); 7 (3) e iaon twok Blo Mro Krste71 Boh Blo and Pir ene hope tht th nd  sec aborio ofva hstoy   Pienn)  i ise t  nderood at ey w  be t due oftr hes A o  de o tamwo to ve t a actual unversl ioy LviSas icz t by pointing ot hat "so   hitoy aspis t meannesi t ondmn itf to mking co   .  tuly tta hstory wold nte itse t om wold eql zeo I mgt as wel aso mnio E . Car' proproges rgment historogaphy progsses  rom as w narow to ever   conte o itelaonhps h  i or dy, he brad re of socecoomic devopment he old itreaon s not rject but  bot ncded ad H e sness  uperedd  he ew o agment i obious t als to eah sse geero to dne e gols of progrs i it ow term hene na of tehistor ca poces   wo remns undd. nd rrs ide t or nterpreaons ohstoy becomevr moe compeesve and ence aain to er inces g objciy gs  o hs  teble cocept o pogre  is is mo e or e he product o wisul tng n (ct at Bo shoul conjure p the gost of uverl history is rr  shame Vay iglyists ebjeciy  . . . ent n ntepe mco toes s urmoble

       ince we cat ret in eveying and snc e we e to fe le fro m te tde f facs y judgig   75 Ad . my t t ee nend te l n e e of thm? Ty to verm it is nt onl mpoi l t undr certin ccum ce, uigt deviu Sinc ccoringl g-magnde itrie iclding ca itr with hei p�eten t oe ity ae ubjt t te "law f pectiv, tey cnt i Ad  to y tk dvntg f l t fct ille gected or n fct  dggd up d uiized in u qunt rrtiv e t i tr  t necaril diregad tr rt f he val inau mtria I ce uence, thre  a mit t e accut vge of t fact ie, t te rg of strigray One migt ll ak wter tr  d t epod  of er pred t le fom eerrr nd mipd me r d  gnratiaft gerat tdy prv n wat went fr mpe  ew gnei f stn my t e idnce f t ro rdly protect em frm mmitg er one nd dpt of nigt i nt th ileg e of te mt rece t ge t i dilt tmgine tt ucd prgre ofgra str \ver ued e eief i e py largey in the nte f  illuin

6

Ahaueu,   Riddle  Te

Mde itrigrapy ccie f sr  an immnt  rc in nearr ocnogcal me  w n ie dircon  t p i gt fa a w i  rever mgn mdiu idicntely cmpising ll en mgnl1 i cncon wc owe muc t te cent d cndancy f enc wa recdd y ntio gg a mrtctd ignicanc t inear time fo n udsndg f e pat e re itrian did ot uy tih  priacy fer l tme ver th e cycic m cet; n d r its trugut te hity of h Gre mid  da im f  divie tm ad a time f m n t ppecpti f uman nt.2 E touget it Jew did t igne t a a mundner i im t ty lrgl ete ned an xittil rlatio n to i. h cded ioy  oduct te interct  twn e m d d idenig te evt of th pat  unmt r rwd meted ut y 0 e dfr rdemti i Hi to Hi en ppl id y te app of ate udam mred t  mc  nw itc oc  a te dly dcreed ed f mn  See 73 139

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     

stoy. Ely Csa esatolo eg1d oolo alo3 ut  e pros aled o oe te C we ret g e beef  late urc res o estbed elf  te wod it e restshe ht ad  eew ea oer odvrget es S Augse  e e e o atue andhe e o gae lvon and eeves e tewo m wys peable to a• o be solubly tertwed  Medeval rocles, wi e ere mure of elemen fom boh salvton storynd mde stoy ly ee te attept ims laeosly  ove wt selar te nd away from t Tenchom o mdieval poemsexpes a tradoas ue whch seeks to bed te pat wi he presetahtha toempaze ter dverit5 Idetaly one does wel o reee what Maows h says o obiand-tat e eice on mgic denotpreet e o appoag ay ses  a aoal, al t se  pt6 By te sae toesene a ofoologi e ay hvessed eve trogout peod wch te  ad terae osy igored t ow. I stdyg ou opo  cooloca  i wod eemadvae to oetate o a agesce spaotepoa usay Wete aoposd  of successve even wcare aly or potay terr ted so a er su osuee Te reo sso e a e sad tooe  obvou:f eens eong o wo cule or zaos be he eew oitero ke plce he ct ofscce soo m  lae o hee even honologcal e sen ey reevat Hre we ay oe ore pod te e opt uderyg Spegler's paora wold vew ady toued in po pea to Capter1  oeto wt Toybee" It  sue

•  39·

SUU,R  D  

of hm ue e moreradcaly sates is es  om acoea oTye does ow e wemgne o e o empoa medm nwh te S pengen ces w e cupe r e eerge devep an peh? To he extet at Spegler adts o tsto ete e te (i.e, pseudomopoe) tey are eedded  te How of chroogicl me w us s reatvated; ut wee e ssts on te copete autooy of i ultures he  o tpoal medum oi a qess vcuum, a uniable negae o eerny d roolo terpat e tef as common te medium ay reeerge onl at e reoeta wciocal nd naal pocese o -npesto whch ge bt to al ul  tues ad in ce o chg relatos eee uatyd a ature ob o a gl cleWeizsaec c te veto o ea eer ucha g pon I ha que, he to te valdt of our on c epton o  toas apoce rooogal te wh the o ontex one  d ese vlao Tee potat paos o po f te mode approao so hould be n detyg stoy as a poss i e potu Ft ,we aciyasse tat our knowedge  o e ot Bowte wh a evet eerges o o iewl elpu o ac  o  orece e dae o the   vale-lade evet acAngl, a even i eoy o a peope aon, a or a lza o w tae pae a agve oe are sp posed o oteand ereor resos od p omeow, wih ha momen Maou xpresses s a smpn  esig £cac o te oetchonologica  ewene says rougt a kows "wha e  where e coes o, wy  ds ms plaed  the sto eves tat isf as eghs  " 7 In keepingwh  pemse, sora us alybih meanngful relatioshps asal o oerwse be

ORY: TH AS GS BEFOR  AST

en sucssv goups of vnts acing th onologicaly later ones to tose pdg thm. Second uder e sp ofth homogniy and iversibe drcon of chonoloca  nvona histoogaphy tensto focs on hat is beieved to be more o ess cnnuous gsca seqences of events and to folo the ourse of thse  thogh h cent·s May a general naraie ats say h stoy of pope a or a stuon  chono oca ord and i doing so, evitably atbte sicane to h smultaneiy of he mulp ens hat mak up th seuenc. Rane'spoitica histories, for itance are full of xcursions nto the cutural e Th nerying idea is that n spite of al beas and nt gencis ach suc lusive unt has a if of its ow-n indiduat as Meinec puts it Somtmes nara vs ts vin sem o be tend to aswr the qeson we do we com rom (or here do we go, fo hat t maer)  e question woul hrly b rased we it not for our co dence in e orkings of canric te Third unil accptanc o thconception of owingi dl a desre to transat e foma propert of a evers b ow into conentto conceive  of hat  htorica procss as a whol and to assi to a who crt qualties; it may b imag e as an unfolg of poteniaiis a evelop ment or need a progres s toar a better fte Tis des poves sisbe Noto mnion Hege� hose grandose con sction of th htoca pocss s matralzs in a no-mans an betwn tem raty andet even Ma more o  to ath though h is, cannot help eling to th tmptaion to map out th cours of history in its tolity What e phoso-

   Re s we  f oe hior, wi b f  whee he pbem  s vi of multa i  mf.ee ee  77 n

EU,  TH RIDL  TIME

143

ph pose fom aov numbs of hstorians ry to t acive om beow Hanted by th chmea o iversao histhat pantomlcuntpa of owing m  Ra speks of a genral historical lfe ich moves proessivel from one na on o grop of naon s to another 8 He Pirene 9 an Marc Bloch 0 call univrsal history the goa of al historcal pusis Chnology thus acqresa matral mein g o e st agniu

I shou ke to aw attenon to sevra obser At hs point vatons apt to invalida or codence  the continui ty of the histoical procs and aring ly the pow of chronologcal time. It is notorth hat it is precise antopoogsts nd aa histoioay histoians orphilosophers of stoyho are aae of te problematc chaactr of lonoogil e Hri Fo lon te a  toran , insists on heerent ogc  of he unfoling of art fos and he agues ha  simltaneos events ofte belong to dierent ages t foms h says, nor mallypass tog h an expermnta  stae, a clssc ag ag of enem an aroque age an thes ages o stat prent the same foma charactercs at evey poch and in ev n 11 Fuhemore a ar form assts for tese onent" stags is o im table, ndepndetly of histo ica ncssites he successiv stges  . a . mor or ess engthy mor o ls  tense accoing  the sty ilf 12 o wonde n tat the dae is no usual y a focus, a point wih  ch eething is cncentated bt ht the hstoy of art aon and not v coering thereaons of eve ntsent in  lds sch as poliics, economics, and at, displays jxp os wiin the ve  sme momnt surivas an antipations and sow oumode  fosa  t a the ntemporarie s of bol an d apid" foms ocon aso has th cocept f othe emrgent event"  wh

Y: E  GS EF  L

mnds ays Vlry   are fll of tendences and tougts at ae wre o e oher • Ad Lchtenbeg 50 aout yeas eaer: have eunty one opon wen  le dow and another wen Iam sdng e ely wen I av eaten ittle nd feel weak 25 Marc Bloch pek of the amzng i teor patton eing in our mnd and byway of example relte tat te itoan Gusta ve Lene wa ontly amzed to nd so mny excellent fathers of famles among the Tor t 6 he tegaed eronlty no doubt beongs mong the faorte suerons of mode psycoog As might be epected e re is no lck either of statments ackowledging te nonomogeneous cracter of the istorca nlchzgk"  nonmultane erod Ma spe of he ones ) of the deologca spersrctu re Curus int at tae d  om te art i terms of movement go, andcotiy.7 Sco beve ht  uniy of stle houg out the cultre o a erod cnnot, were t eists, be taen or grnted but reques xaton by some prtclr factor m poig t on te everal aas28 Rymond Aron uphol te enonndependece of rt wih regard t ts oconomc ment and dfends the reatie utoomy of te litcal rea aganst he cmo of social hsto9 Mandebaum   sel view o toy of losoy favor te asmon of ndeendent, internally continou peil stores der te nme of culral pluralm" 30 Dlhey streses not ony he of ed context of e lie of a erod but ao he tence oppng forces wc rn git e onsdedns of e Zetges ofte contung older id or anang e fu ure81 But i i wo derent tings to notce  phnomenon nd to reze ts potential meanng None of tese sttement stes to n warene of wat te diergence of the elemen at

EU,  D

 

49

 igcanc of cology comprie period may imply for e �ven thoug M fo sta, s enog of a eat to peceive, and coify Ungechetgkit e evertheess cgs to Hegels dea of a deccal istocl rocs wic nvolves te oveniona dencon of omogeneou inear ime a e ime o history. In e gt of FocionKulcr's vew s, owever te evdence r sugget t  euation s oen dout Aculy htorcons of eents wose hronolo tels s but e about e reltionhips nd meing nce smultaneous evens e more often tn not ninlly synchronous, t ms no sense indeed to coneve of te iorcl oces  omogneous ow. he mge of tt ow only vei the vergent mes i wic sustntial suens of hstorical en matize In efeing to stor one hould sea of e mrh of times raeran the Mrcof me" r  om mrcn, caedic ime i an empy vese Mch s the con ceptof t  indspene for cence t does not py to human ars ts reevacy n this resect s conrmed by e meancs of our memo. eV may vivy re l certin events of or past  hot bing ble todate m Pera e memoy for qul deveops n nvere ro he to chonot logicl memoy he better euiped a po is to resustate te eentia ftures of encouters that pyed  ole i h fe the more easy will e msjudge rt temporl ditnces om the sent or y havoc  ther chronologicl order Tese eor must e id to e dcul for hm to nsfe hs memores fom th ei etabled aceson i subjeve me ve to ter objecve posions n chronologica tm me e never eeie ced. otng s mre dcu tha to eper ence it his once more hglghts t formal crcter it empnes How sol it cary content? As Wlter enjm 

STORY: H L GS BFO H LAS

dicoly obvs e id of a progess of hmnt  n  teble miy or  eson t it is nouly bound up  e id of cooloc me as  e o a meg pross.32 Te uphot  hat te peod o o pek tegrate  efoe ou ey From a meangful patiotemporal ut it tur a to knd of meeg pace or f cace enconterom etg  the wtng room of a alway taon But is s ot l that thr i to t. hu, Laet  awae of te deetienes o gen al concepts projcted ac nto t hstorica pt, and he int tat so mut ek to econsuct   . n ntrcate detal" 83 But undetang the woe ocie and lage hstorical ransformaton aectng t i o threfore  to gve p It is mery rned nto a qeo of al hee iy le move ment ad eacion," o a ueo of a m o eidue a ou mig say" n fer pst of my gmet  theefore wh o focs t on a cae o gat horeca ntrrkhad' cocepto of e peod T way he del wi it owe m to is g ou lgey negave attude toward cronologl aon (ote y he wa, at e, too, ed om s htoy tacng to art techig) It i not at e wod refa om rndr ng, on occaion, a uccesion of aembacng htoca itua on, t e does efuse to e pt n e st jaket of e atic appoa; 5 and a oo at hi majo wrig maes it eident that  i ructant to acknowedge e omogeneo u elgeschow of time a a medum o coquence Wis e Brau e witdraw from at ow to a tmele rea n oder to pa in review the vrng latonp ta obtin, or may obta etwen fey developng cuture ad  two itittionaled pow o e ate and reigio ad 



R  RDLE OF E

auencate s obervao y a pethora of examps cled o all urte o woldtoy  wih only uprca regd D  Csa des Gre o r crooogcl od a we aD Kuur der eac  Iae tesy to he me unonce fo he dyamic of e htocal process  o os Bucardt big time to a tandtll nd, havg emmed ts ood dwe on h cro co of mmobzed penomna whc ten preent emseve fo uny H acut of em i a morpologca dcrpto, not a cronologca rave covs a sing hitorica peod owve  hu epudatig chronolog, Bucadt aga RasIn  pa  ut to it, a i e t uraed by hi uvaed materwork h plore, one by one,  vagatd manfestaton of naance life aging rom the ediscove of anty to e ee eation of tat om he nw nse of pesona vas ocal cutom and mouting eczaon . Does he want to dmonrate at ei imutanei otw  tang te eve he ummon pont n deent direcos? That not a that appear togeer actay o ang toger?   doe ot e ght, dedo h emakhat the gt depend ety pon he ouwad pol lfe of e te 36 cay eeas his aware of e incoren o culal epoch Nevheles, s delred obecve s to tept  ta Renance as he age of e aaeng nddual coepio, y th way wic    conidreda ltng con ron7 Now ths oncepton agnne idea athe than a mee geraizaton naturaly mples tat one d he ame sp of ecular indvdaim aets tef   tua all th actities apaton and mods of beng tat compie the period Coneuentl, the Reince mut be tought of a ot an icohent congomerate o event but a a whole wi a meanng wh pvades its ever lemet Burckard that s,

ISRY:  GS TH

LST

tps out of choologicl te ony to ent ef ts o ow ·  te end O o t look. For ona iod i t mplx y  rgd a a eratd woe  apd a ms autoatcly d o o and long wit the ota stoca procs conology ted to eassu snicac e wa ader wil aady hae oicd tat thi idicao of chonolog aganty conaicts my oignal ropoo to te eect that choologcal m  a empy ve. I sall presetly sow tat te popostion ugged y Bucadt's teetaton of te Renasance  welfouded s as th oppost ancronological oe Kuble n h othese legitmae critc fo th a ioian oeem pas o peiod decd edly oeshoot  mark in amot pcludng e poility o a couece of aea qunce The "cosectio of the i ta,  contnd,    rmbs a moaic of pcen iet delopmental tat  rathr ta a adical de 8 ad e nt cofeig  ang upon al e pece; tat te cultul bundls whh e up a pod "ar jta39 Told presmably ue y of posed gely by cac te  peod (w  ad to a  he te ee hove) but doe cealy ot appy to te asce ad my anot a e ae of pod t a phyog no (Pnofkys peson) of te own woud ndd be rather piing T  pyiogom y dsinguihing themmay b du to vent  action mds of n auenc l ty characte Ad why no Contmpora comune with ach oher  a iou ways; o t s hghly oale at thr xchag gie e o cosslnkage bewen te accompsens and ansaction of te ot0 emembr too t "pnciple of mna co omy accodg to wc an ndiidual nit at on po  S 6667

 

ASUS,R  RID

13

 faig ba to roue (or aue at mkfor  e, h b ogna i respecs Oosly mos oth You co  lwwhch mu b argely heldrpo fo test bo en ofwhat migt e caedt "wod faos th etalishme of colikage also.  coeuc even tough ulano s evets as a l occu  s of dnt haps ad moover der n age thee s a fa cance at tey wll neveteles how como fatues Silaeit my enforca ppocemen andom concinc may el ito a unied patt Do no, by te ame token, te framen of  ef eac of u eievs o e omemes coerge d ache uit o a mlance of i? o  obevaio on he azng ptitio n mn mi Bloc add aohr whch  no ls signicant: Wee asca he amatci and acaL the Chrin, sanger o eac oe?    t ay e that te) anhi,  corly coided  ony the ma of a dper oldrit40 t y ate the osmoc pce that cons tk plac  away apt to poduce a peod or a io whic may nded reate a pt aecng all a and u ume h cracter of a woe ilthcy lyz te ued suctu of e age of eligtnen a an ae of t d o uity wic he c not  unty which b expesed y oe bac tought ut tr ecnnection a of  vou ngl tdenci of lfe tha gadualy foms among t in th  Thee i a anao ewe thi pcicoue of thng ous ut of a peiod ad tat of any entt we cl a geslt loch a me f it s not futil to atempt o pan somng whc, i te presnt stat  of knowldge of ma em to e eyon ou uder sading etos of a o and i power of ttacto 42 u d te pod as a whole en o becom pt ad p " S Ch g     

lORY    FO   5 el of e toal poces teeby estbhig by mpcaon omogeneo me as a mm pgnt wt meang t ould not be fogoten ete at e old dydrem of man nd enion a fardtant fre wh cannot w n cetain be ad to e ompletey ouide chonologial me; and hat te Greek nc epon o a poges ve cula dev elopment a managed to aset itel even in pedominantly vetical oiented e: T a eem t o have beeved  a secuar d o progs43 s S Ambroe  n nwer to te pagn Smau poin to he gad invenonthe of arts nd te advanceof uman hsoy  "While paganim n i old age began to pead fo te autoty of e old, mot emoby about te worhp of Vcoa n te Roman Senate ays Ede st about is doctrne of te eary Chra wte "e nw d had ken ove tat phoophy wh pagam el agated  t youh 45 onsidr not eat tat we date te day of our ith; that we now of or position inte an of Les  generaton and tat Deat i shown th an hogass extr�m e touchen: o intni beg and the ot empty mode of beomg e ntetwned. So doe Piaget ae mate  macbac to ioogy. By the way, e neaing viby o pehtoy may the trengn o codenc n e con testble ole of calend tme

cofonted wi to mtualy cluve prposi Thu we ae ton neither o whh cn e dsmsed On he one hnd mea able e solv nto peeded y e dles of hapd me n whch te mnold cmpeesible ere o eventsevolve n te other dang etins itigni n much as hee bunes tend to coal at certain moment whh ten ae d o all otem  h It tate of tngs whh mt have caed Burckadt to dispage as wel a en

  

AES,

F

T

15

dosehonology Bt he never car to bngt neent n adions to te opn Benjamin on duge h pat   an ndec appoa; he die ome he nonenty of cono logl me wthout mnesing te slightest cone ovr e oe side of te pictre That thee ae o ide to it aarely been recogzed e emma n wich we nd ors elve? o How dl wth come to gip wih it  sall in the followg no er ong refer to e rnt aea ece and te pui me able bt foc on he relavey unifom peod or iatons bot abot by her couene a h peodans antnomi en y embodyng in a ndened fom he two reconcable e im conepions As a cguaton o evets whih belong to ere wt eent time cedles, te period nt aise doefom e homogenou ow o me; aer t sets a me o i own wch mpie tat the way t epeece temporay may not be idential ih the expeiencs of chronolocaly earer o lat peiod Yo must oo tpea  mp fom o ne perod to nothe That  e taton beteen esive peiods ae polemaic ere y e rea k n te pocessndeed a pe rd may a an emegent event  Fo' ene aie fm nowere they qotes Buhdt a sayng about e spead of te bee£  n te beyond nde the oman'1t Empe is fom idden dept tat suh new end sualy reeive heir ength tey anot be dedued om peedng condition alne48 Similaly Max' onep on o istor s in Ared Schmdt word aphoophy of wod ea, ncouy abandon g the e of connou  deduon om ne o pn ple4 Jona beiees hat the movement of nocm wl be miundetood so ong as it i intepeted as a eut of peced g idea and beiefs aerhan t apted  a ges and a nw sngfom ometg le an abolute oignadical

  L    LT enn g48 hch as a ne pm causa opate on e ateri fo exstng ideas and moes.• V ry slr vews ee oe ecently set oh by Bumenberg   are in hich the neasing ntees t o hstoans  e"thesod es beeen dincve peods s ple o te act at ey exose to e vew f othe historianitore, hic in e classc perods ema "dde unde  anestations n te e otlned y the stateme nts al s tores eatg he "Mac o me are magsigs on a sreen which hdes te uh they petend to eder Each pe od ca be suppo sed to cntbte a new pce; ande successie pantings thus producedeayer afteayer  everepag sce en in a manne wh  perecy laed by Clouzs documenty   t ot shos h rt   e act of creaonWe see: once Psso hs outned what h appeas to have n nd he mmedatey superposes upon h inita setc a second one which mor oten han not n way t goes on and eatesony obquey to the t d on ey new system o nes or cor patces a but gnoring ts predeessorH Yet he same raton of eent whch because of ts spontaneousemergenc dees teor h a pess �ar also a oment o ono locl me and h heeor  legmate pacn it So e e lenged to olow that process and thin n tes o lnea tansons,tempora nuenc and ong  of chapte  hi coin agedeveopments Te statements is  tora continit de in dcredg the a piori odence ae no inteded mpeey to deny te possbi ity o inu r chronoocale ut n oder ot speak o ences rangng o em wt a measure of certain ei   estee must be auencated n any spc se I submit that ti belongs to the s Let aone hat bcase othe historan'smost dult tas

UU   D  

17

cn evidenc su uencs e vey euse p o hem kes eect tho ut eaing a acehey or undeerone wod from you ngsnce forgotten may have changede id o the man to ho it w once spoken I hae been deeply eed by a csu er a iend made to e wo m or ee decade ago h e a alteed y apoacho pope t and i a anner my who outook on lfe When ae a ong sepaation e recently met again we eeed in memoies and  cod not hep menong my ndebtedness hto e as m mensey sp ed e dd not rememe hang said anyig o e sort ot me bstantal iuences seem to e predesned b to s bac nto te dar It occrs to me hat the only e inormant on hese t a egendy  tes wic are dcut to asrta aeu  Wndeng Jew. e nde ould o stand aot he developments and transtions for he alon n a history has ad th unsought oppotunt to expeence e poss fo becomng and decayg tse. (ow ealy teble e mst loo! To e e his face cannot ave sered om agng, but I iane it to be many acs eah recg one of the peods whch e traesed and a of em cobn ing t  o ever ne pa terns as he restlessly and vainy res on i ndengs to reconsuct ou of th  tat aped  the one time he s doomed to nate ) n a senseRanke seems to ave been aare othe parad  eation beteen the contin ty othe hstoica pocess and e brea in t, as apas when e passage aeady uoted n hapter1 is in ecnte wh ns At y som md ay be thg thtmom  eclt ag mg  n geral s f ll ma  d tn  g mrts  e sae   o od f hee e

lRY:   GS OE T S

that ene rse to the t o  oth Yet hre s at  s e dep   tg  wc o on  ty f dw t eere  i t  wheB the  o dom n at wchs ae f ad ot a oe be on whh for  ba o e ne eg e d a t  btte n bg uao t nneonwt tat w w ca be ume ntef is nt omth r; w t  a cera wa u  thu, t owse     A n e  evg  oh d se  b t og ach  a ty a   52 ohein t wa

 have epasized he double apect o e priod wi a pposei d wo mod aemp ar h mor o hemtodo ustce to bo te empes and he meanigu n of chonoogca ime assgn to the coct o t prio a key posion her dscsio may hp carfy he inxrcab al been he ow of tme ad te tempo sene negang  To begin w Coce  gunt i ought alaou6 Thisvtrat idait wo os nt want to be one boas f havgdalt a dealy blow a Hgls tanental me�phyic Hege, ay he postates an asoute spt, or wold n en and ascendet  eaz it spiwh s boh self n he daeccal proces of wod hiory an at the sae time has tsaode beyond itoy a the goao  pro Croc a i at h ontologica tanscendentam wil no ongr o. And he pu an dnto it by ragg the abo lute spiitlock, tok and bar into th immanny o h nr worldl us The spit, he inits i not aove  Abolte and ode of o hanng wod but matalis  only

UU,   D F T

159

hstoy to be precse it provides us th oncrete  e answer concr qson rid  eey given siuaonon whh of our  wih  reqiemns homoent Croce, n ues t esene of comparavy autonomous situatons or priods eah wi a spiit par  t e to manftao o he spirt are seprable rom e spe neds of dierent peros  herl  oncon in hron ological im po emdo pbems Now Croce is o dpy onced wih toical  h proc hat he nevrles api to gie onooga me ts due. How do he soethe probms congent on h tk? He does not ven se them. His ha's  he Highlans, s ht is not hee To ay it buntly t stl uivers h nostalga or h ido h be ev to hae demolhed Obvou  o he act tat acodng to  own premise  spirt does not pread oer h xp o htory but revea itse xcuivly n ont ituaos Croce in oheise amiable kch "Concering he H tor of Hitoriography 5 dens  sccv rveons fromantquy  the Mle gs he Rassanc, etc, to e prent as pha o a integibe tca pros to whch he morover aibuts a progrsve uay e he es to adjutthe oon of a whoesale progrss  baic to ssumpon of e compete immaney of the sprit by eimating he da of an absolute good and nancig nsed t pii' eort to aheve a beernt o e ono hat  any obt prc ar prod et  i a sher payig with words n vew of Croce' dalisc dei to uat  ot a histral process h a progrsiv mom n, a movment towad b   m a havig  out Hegel  gret aplomb Crocrnodcs hm by e ba door nawe at what  ossible to gel is did hto Ided, wh Heges ansendenal sprt s fuy qaed ala!, to detemne  e

160



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   

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tion of te whoe of hitory, Coce's ianent sp i h its onete aswes to oete qetion g fom sitaon beyond whc we cannot asis not  a poition to acount fo e oue fo events oe eades ae han t tas he oems bod up th e antinoi harater of honologica e Iad of asking how, i at e two onadtory me ncepos an be elated to ea oo at  hronoogial me an be eded to hngnsand yet be acowledgedhe undiaeticaly and absentmindedy pesents them side by sid And te Hegelian he is ws ot e he egeldeoyer he woud ke to be And here i Pouts uniue attemt to grapple th e per:pleities of tme Sangly enogh i coseenes fo hitoy have not et been real ed In dealng ih i  sha feate oy sc aits of his nove s ae reevat to my pes heme56 out aay deemphasize hronoog Wi im, it appear hitory i no oce at all bt a hodgepodge o kaleidoopic hangomeing ie cods at gahe and dipee at random. n eeing wit  thi latoni iew he refues to at e htorin and rejet he ideas of bemng and evoon There i no ow of me Wat doe xt  a dicontinuou non caual uccesion of iations o wor or peos,  which Prots ow ase must be oght o as projec ions or unterpats of e efs ito whih  bengbut ae we sed in asng a idential eing ndeeath?sucesiely an  or sia formsitef t i nderstood that thee eent wol tions each fne and fade away in es of erent d shae With get igeni Poust demosates at each itation is ed m preedn g an en n it own right tat cannot be dei ones and at indeed a jmp woud be needed o negoate e

      g betwen adjaent words Throgho ut i noe he syst maiay eis the moment of te junction so hat we l abot a new wold ony ater it i aeady in fl wing And to dicedit completey or beefni the operang powe of e he emoe the mot peishale and most tenuos onnt ing i beween ssie worhope Mace, the protgo nit o f he ove and the embomet ofPosts past sef n iate fte fullents n ev siti on; yet no sner have hi hope comee tan eir mag dolve along wit e ef that nuured them and te uceeding se stat afeh on a path beet wth oter if iceaingly ewe f epecaons Te g is nbdgeabe time fa fom gbethe AllFate does not father anythng. Why not then p igoe it Thi i pecsey what rost doe e inariay tu e sotght on time aom emoy iage of incidents or mpessions so shotlved hat me has n o me to mod tem oed o by a idenl boly ena ons his inonta mmoie aert temseves th mee idrence to ono. he events they by an arge eoe ae mu in the samenture a he eemingy inigncant minuae o daily istene whih Totoy all  moe real and moe signnt han te big cto  and heroe pyed u n te history boo rost restores thee micopc uts to ei e posiion by peeng huge enargemen o em Ea su "coep onis o a texure of eetio anao gi reminisencs etc, whih indcinatey efer to a e wods he, not only Mce has been passing and altogehe see to ose d e esent meaning of the inident rom which they radiate an towad whih tey convege Te noel  eete with loeu in his en. ey ae penetrations in deth whose omponeoe medtations and eotions foow uacontabl igzag rotes preading over the whole

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scoll o e pat. Te pattes e fom cn no longer be  to t ngs dene in tms fome; in ac i  fncion tempora to i th n ra m of essenc  Post, cone So far it ooks as e for ia co nn himf to gung t s of  dntnos wols and their hapd m Howv this  on pat of the so Even tough Pout b chronolo, h  at pas to eep it inact Mch a e closeup wi t ir tieconfg pae tento obct ou awaeness of a ow of ent y not o point to te tuaon occsionig em but ae woven no a naatve which rendes Mace uccesie elf  he crono-

pat a a connuty in  but also vir us tordem h past from the ce of ey birporang i esns to a t moe work of at whose elns ndes em  wn nabe  ts ou to writ e novl he Te pondi of  solton shoud not ld on to ovmate the range of it vadiy Proust scceed in eistatg chonoogi ca tim asa substantial mdim ol a poteo  oy of hi (o Mac s) fragmnize ifemt hae ra tva it  to a a e po· i tmis bfo ces Ad t rconcaton h c betwen e anec poposions at sahi dial o h ow of ie and i (be

ocalodr On th whol, th novl abd b a sict ie a Or as Jau pts i, bn h moaic of anaoisc mo vew  "pecie cloco mntsthre ls neale fom of iverib m. 56 Not content wi tang  it, Pot tie to mbed t conologically ucesive woldwold  a spontane ous aons ag omnowhrei the ow of ime  he reao that h wnts to ma thatow an eqal i per  game For he nnot rsov e annom wi wic h h e gap plsl he el ons and dalctl cncils wi ea otr its  opposit apect incohent i of e a homognou ow shapedtime an onologica a i solution invi ably involves a detou:h e etablishs tmpo ral conni y in reospect A t e end of  novl,Marcl who  com one ith u ioves  at uncon a nte previous ss wer e acaly phase o taon of a wa along which h d mov witout v owin it Ol now aet fact,  rcogn at i way roug e ha a dstination a t i seved e sgl ppose of prepang him ohi vocaton as an atit n ony now Pos  aris  a posion not on to intfy  onnuouworl of h

ate) edomnt of hinges onhis rteat ito thmen sion of  Bt nong of  ot appls to htoy ih ha hitoy an en d no is t amenabe to asic rmpon e annom at te co of tm noub Pehaps e ut  tat it can be ovdnly o at th nd of Time In ss a ot' esonal sol on foehaows o de igs  unthkabl n iaga moment at which Ahasueus befo disntgati ng ma fote t m b ab to look bak on hs wandrngs through e pios

G

7

Gnral Htoy ad h Ashc Appoach

Mauc Mdlbaum a cntly drawn attention t a "ar ang ctthat tos woha concrned hmslve wth  genral polm of hitograpca mtod hav y dscs th u on of howt meod f lc hitoi suh as hstois fo philoopy, or of ar ro tchnology or of lw ae elatd t what ty regar a paradigmatic ca o 1 Te paradigmatc cass ar narhistographil pracc. ates of a tye whch we mot ay ememr wen we aguly k of hito as a brch f wdg; what en h mmatly mes to mid  h hitoy of om peope r th htory of an age Altgete naave  n ti in cnsttute a pc n it own ght whch ni kpng wth Manelbaum s nion may  caled gnral hst ry The term "gneral wa org ay apl to plcal sors wich in th hy dayccup apvegdpositio Wth  not mc clt atd today, gnral stoy  a maor gnr  mo st gapy  ne of ts cf chaactitics les precsely wih he fac at it is genral: t sntiay i er fom spca h tor in tha  ten or a ay of a Whers  spcial hstoian o

fRY

 ASIC APOA

css on phenomena whin on an t am aarlatiy homogeneos phenomena at that genra histoin n nhimelf wit aly a t evn tat me p e who of a temporal eun or a ttion It huld b oi ou tat ti dierence i boun to cay mthodologc impcon f cnsunce A gnral theoretc atmnt raey va al te lvant apc of the paricul i cover. o a ook  atua at the conguan w aways prv ewdng  not ipable On pincipl, for tn  t i cer y ue tat gene h t ins may sury spaiotmporal n of any ize, g ones or smal ons but s t nt qualy ru tat they by and larg favo es wch ncmpass wd expas f t pat? T al intens and pus gra l istory fal l it tmacro nson  n pracc he oundari btw n  wo gens  id   hay a spcial i y that woud not  t cons Such nsgrsson ae al  n byond mr qur f the evns n a partuar aea cannot poibly b oat frm aciti and hngs otde hat ara Stubbs'Cttutl Hy a nd Maitland ty fEn  Law enjoy terepton fbeng e et (gn e) hitoiof mdea Engand;  tat, say, a hstoy f art sho ever atn atsilr satu sem ghy implausb o me Fr the st, en  an area hst ry taes on all th a o a ganaive  till et a pecular hact e appar ent deny rsts rom drnt intons T pcialing hstoranmakes ioa nto neighoing doma whil  gnal toan h ts to msha ms of fact from derse gos. W t rt sks t pplmnt hi pcc ngh s t scon aspirs  yns at the ou. Ind th ut mattr of generamust hstoy  agndas repsnng a whol of a sor. Withou a unfyg fm

6

R    R 

LST

of rfence t gene wod not  ble It vry xtne dpend upon  pobi fo te tora to reat s mt als to a omon denomto I he  o fo v eed o osed? Ardly e b n to beeve tat t  nrnt tocl rly e And wat do  nty onsst o Tr s no leart anwe toer  Mandlbum od tt e gre nvaraby cene n   of o ey t lge nd tat, ccordgly the geneal historan " onnd wit hman thougt nd con in e socta context .   3 Papably nsp by and wt teir ota mpiation the crent nfatation wit socal htor  anwer  ncom let too be narow to te b. ommon statum mgt and a wll the ident of a The peol throu  ages o c an ntit s an em or  body ofallpevai befs Any bum wl do. And anyof hm n ppoed to gie  to th  unfying arrangeme nt nd tepetaon wh re pequte to  nrrativ blt fom dsparate emnt. f e gnl itorin doe not cced n ntecoecng, ome how th lemen d presng pon s cony d  to  sion e d beter ei i ob Bt to sy t uggest that  wole uderakng rest on unrtan grod T ty h nedo  ac or postate it not g tee; t fct e mut ar ractory And yet genl tor et andubt How  pzzg gere posble?

Wete he ow it o no th gnral itor  n  pe diamnt  s to cope wt a emendou problem of chronoogl tm Te   on te tomy t the ore one hand no denying the patial sicane of the ang o  th dice rig  0 To b , he i o nfrd  omoeo t Ctr 5}. Bt f e hicl uvrs (  I v em ndcd h; morve, ty  mply e one hion o dninaon.

G

R   IC R

16

 for  oe of hmn a Win ct  d contett mak se to spek of devopment ovr me d te como ftes of sct pod T wod em to y  gene toi'  u to  p Faoable wnd may aow of reavey mooth aing  h preed to render nd xpan t genel n o£ ng On te othe hnd  i onstay prnted om pocedng  way bea  vnt  tre to nnect beong t drnt rea and thefoe eist bng treted s elements of a  and meangful tmpoleene h reson wh y the do notely lnd themlve to partipating n  joint enteprie must be ld to the ft that tey ar rmarly members of uenc whc evole accodng to timtable pla to l1ei repte aeas he oppoite no les powefu apec of conogial me  that of n mpt medim , a ow arring wt it phantom i and ngant ggegts of appnings As ompard w te pcial hiton who n  idea ae moves along a te rve ford by a rs f coeent penomena te genel hton  t  ddvantage: he cauh n a cta of ms (Snce t anomic haacter of Tim h been motly oveoo ed,  lttl ttenond p toh meodoogcal dieren betwen e ntsizig and pzing pposnow  not so snge fte ) On aga how i gnrl istor posble Te nwer  mpl nough T gere n mateiazeonly e htran manages to dspose of th obtals wih pel doom to s ject f corse  not gven m o brdge, let lone einae the itngtemporlcsms nor i e ni  potion to afom e many rndom ompee o evnt he encuntes nto ral  ut l at   bl to do about hee pema ent dturnes  to pa them down a bet he an To ahiv hi nd, te geneal itoran mut te efug in

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Y 

 TGS BF T LS

ve xpedn nd de, anipulat pein g hi o advance hi narav wth a omambt' auane. hey a to mke  (and hm) foge that t h ghway ofchonologialime   tt vn and bmpy. H eot n h dec on ae factatd by wocm tancs. Th t  h   of he "law of sp ve  Ope atng n he maco dmnio, the geal htoian eviw th potntaly avaia vidence fom an appec  dtan. A · h pa hei occupyng da ede dthe a bees ad H si in a mas aoe wh hef-o aone tha h wod be i hemo dieonwhe hot o faca apt o cowd n on h Buthe l h  xpod to the pes e  mo he wl e el e (nd nld)o give i  h fo maive powAnd  auay ev  hm o inhibonn h eu to pedien ad adjt. 0 Scond nce the oy h  nod a a ompativly gh ev of gneaiy h dcepve eae wh wch geai zaton can b anfeed o te mle o h ogn to ay oth nviomn tand him n good ead alo n tab hdy ca ndpendc and admi o ll i o  h appaen maabty  a boon to e ynheng hto anWy nded hod h not apa   on  to ep hi na av gon g?  couen doing o he i aking  tin  Gneaiaton ae fagi podct wch dmand o be han dd wt e Whv ey a moved fom  nativ o and mad o a ain cones hy mayome b dumb andno ng eo e mang ha ld o h omaon I h s f EupePn ummaze the ta of aa nde th epeo Jtia  oow:  ee Ch 5   Geea  12a gn h h Pcul,"  0-6

N  AND  AIC APCH

Ji we now coed e co fAe Bu eda and myseef ego vde audaeo maea f he assiote lve f dialect

wc adr som ceuresaazd Hn ou No ooe dd Ca aa  e Es begno m w he; ee wee ced ates the a e,Cou ace Couc   4

aonat ov of dialectic? eemig wi hee? he opaqn o th montage of gnaliio ot e moe mpe n th nest o oy oniiy ey blod e vy tuaon hey ae lled ponevoe o No dob h gena hoan fomo nc  th n  th mo npuou de uynof h aatv hap vic to bingit ino in oni  t adapato n to  hto ca medim ooe o o o e eval gea loophca p ideswhih peted o ve and xpan h who hoa poce. ( ed  pat taphiloopa and hoca da • Many a gnl hoy m to be ae o die ig?) nfomd wi h ide o pog o vouon o ay mxtu o hem t i no a  he aao woudhave o mpo tm  h matia  ai ipgad wt e da o hat hy may appea to hm a omg gvn d  vidn ndeed  e may o ecogniz them a e peuave abtaon ey ae whe h fals ba on m i  e fo ubana nity Thi i cooboed by the ypica angage of hol witig a dienng cotemy htoin J  xe ha  ha ch wod aendd gw outof dvel oped vov d devopmen ndy voui on gowth b ong among thi tandng voabul ay (Und he " S pas 

70

RY i

    

  A  A AA

7

spe o  idas at ts bottom naav sto in soees represen the hitory o te ke a suesson o a popl or eves wic ead saght o e pre The resu  a or or esscosed sc story whh bue ofit neessa ran on tooal oiderao, not ony spas hindasifyg sightbu uer tightns t bods bewen  emnts o te naravehereby smoothing away a th stig ts osss aborve starts, inoitncis.) Aong wit he faily o ids wic champion proes pe ecbit and/or so vrint of e Drwiian shee, philos ophy ao provid th modl ocpt of cial hange nd ts

aboute ess piuous deves need for e budup dco whic thr ahors mava temseves  ordr to be abe o e he soyey  sh o pa ob s  obl t oras y a sppose d to b, y tnly do o want to maipua its ontent yt i thy rfred fro mg t appropiat adjusnts te whole ce woud mmdiatly colaps So y wil do what ty have to do a bu against their wll and on tout wi big awar ofit h ge ors the hand o its devotes si xplains w y t d utmnts to whih thy wilyilly rort are much in h natu of sight rtouhigs sot prssursyou hardly noi h

biooca vrsionhe mage oerent oess ooganc grotand dcayewise oers iself o hioias as a convenntmeans of psing o ag porons of te pst as coher en and telligi b seuencesRereces to is imag e whih has bee no essintrad t e noto n o progress, ev tn up  acous ohrwe imprvos to bioogica anao gs At e begng o he Roman Empre, ays Nlsson h world had beme red" 6 Cearly philophcal idas av a way of changng fom vaat atmpt a tot n o nto opi  and teherousignpt I have mioned hese daoed oes  imioly nate tem at he oue V  spulaons whch beg te question csienous hsori y o gt along witout sh props or rthe There are i act numros gnideooca ra aratvs which give a wde aberh to assmpons abo te dirct o and mg of hory; they ther equae i w a progrssive movem nor presuppos at  ns  ycles Pnn or itance would no hav dramd g of le hise be guidd or isgudd by philosophcl oal views I s these so tospak unont ainatd narat vs which ar o particur iners hrebaus thy bst pmit one o d ou t

mag Y r thy ard uite undersanday any o tm s o srnghn he iprssio  o oninut ovr Now t onologal sue is hreaned ve mont with isovinginto h divrg nt srad o vents  o which it i omposd so hats mpression can b uphld oy ags ovrwhgly heay odds. ma ll wondr at undr suc ds prate iumances even spous itoas s no oth o addu igh argues in suppot of t un way out an d squnc. Two random epls may lusat  Pl Wendlnd in  hi scrmisc Kut,  telic, n  for  o pon ur  Roman Empie  ollow: te "FoIeil ei i  mmat ha t n reious   vhm on to teoienal . Ex o enuagd t evelopmn." H lyis em nd en onine Te delne  teand iene ndue o vey o o uesdey  he on Obvosy possssd hhe rg toature he osway ontuial iuncs Wendanddraws o a toay man y

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TRY: H L GS B H L

iexpencethat suesion rgy sult from te dcay of paideia (a rnr Jage woud hav aid) and the dcln of scienc Do they? True odd Te  Gek and I hi atiarasons in ila a s way: h hods that th fai of nre Gert Mrray's e  tin late anquity wa spon ble for e acceptanc of asoog d hat w modern ar in the  bot as e ancents raer, wuld b in it w it not for  ntveno of psyoay which, he hoes immnize  agant any newfanged vrsion o Chaldan beng to b ifstI en to umit at ere is aso somethi said faor of th opost interpretation according to which syhoay as commonly practiced today wod rrsnt not so mch a sobeng atidot as the mden terat of Helenistc asology with its pdoctic cacations and dcves Ov st aga Wendland on might a we contend that scinc ogs make for an nr of ueston   ar lh u ss nea veoen. fe ha   St et e do eeo e abc aran an Sn ai van s  decr at "asoe cannot th  xist n a se of real an n n on oong    n s   al ah "he avo ha e nees no e eely dc e ery o gae st cnocaoneo  fragn  tal oganaon ofeste Eu o9 Thi agah in tun inroduces a sktchy srvey of what happenedi Franc ad ngland once he worst was over Wer al of t artly ositie canges a drct conuenc of t incions Boch sggts at ey wre by taing at  haoc which th invadrs wroght on Wtrn roe wa not mly destrctv But  way he deiddy oerbudens e incursions with causal ponibilis.

GE ST AN T C AOC

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emoal cniiy is insearabe om meaningf togehernes In addton to boltng at continui th gna histoan w eroe auom tcay try to make any piod o his ncern aa a a nity. Th ca fo adjstments of s contnt nabing hm to br  dscrepanci eween cotnt events and tn the spoligt nted on ter mua inevitble at a a mar o edincy niies t almost is he shod ngct intlgibl ra euns over rosnuencs of his own invnon om Rake to the resen eamle are foun n highy epcted pacs Whnever Rane mslf look ot of th window of otca istory to sey th ighboin g rgion o t hoophy ienc tc. he insist on elaining goingson n tem from te ota situation, at s an sch a moment of  nao or peoes whos deses h nrats. In oter wor he cne to t t cla ve of to riod a mke  sh ch wh   to gu e mrsion hat y n form to te gnra stat of as But h ery eagss to bing e evns onto e common denomator of a whoe at mov in tin revnts h from obing eir essences, hitorica poitions Ranke presents tortddpicurs ei ral of tem n deanc of hi own cam that histoy soud t u "wi s iet eween. he roe of rasmus in s Dce i i Zetat de Ra i a ei ad fels asa sick cot painters ortraits0 And asid fm de Pp big rleant hi ommn  e n on Gdo Reni, Palstina nd or xonent of at Ialin 16cnry cute ar coucd in rms so ower and ama trish that any cog sdent today would be ashamed o ing hem Noe, ough tat urckhadt a a young man ew parts of s famos wo by hart.2(Bu t non of s is ime agast magic sendo oweve I remembr fule

RY 

 THS

O 

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more han that the hitoria hould kep a watcful eye on hs proe, the Soceys poliy w be obecoable oly to profesioa who believe idierene to he mane of representaon to be a prerequisite of erudio 0 Yet tee is a mit to he hi toan's asthec rivigs a hehold beyod wch tey ted to encroach on h intnsic prccupaon  (e ate Gre Magys stors of te Armda nd of Cate  Aagon e dageroly e to hat der; I woder whee tey do ot somee cros it ) No sooner doe etoria aspre to the tatu of a rt (i n aditio to atoftoria a h arogatng to hielf the ats eedom to hpe i materia in accordace with his viiontan beauy a an nnteded ect of his quire proper  superseded y beauty as a delibeate eort nd  triumph h a an arst is apt to defeat e cae of hstoy  conequence he sayng that hitoy is bo a cience ad an art care mg  it efers oy to at ot as an eteal element ut as a te qualiyt wich n a mnne o f peaing, remaanoyous because t priary ow he histoans capaty for eeacement and se epion and in the port goc of h d pobigs owhe genral istoran cannot fuy implment hi nara ve degn ules he payspeia atto to e form of h story eed not mean that he woud reac out for o n aaly he my e a p d ave "teray ele wter But t doe mn hat e must usespcay iteay devce atr e faion of a t bent on mouldg his mat  No at I  spng hee f i  a rt i  w i      d t ri is ria-d ia' pav.  tlsg  m, rt i  cn  as isa itr  T,    beet "    eq uay t  y  i, u   t   tt  i a t wir

 D  AC APPA

179

al  te cse of geeral hitory, tha i te noesseal f tio of art become a eenal oe; aetetc arrgemet nteal  from a eteal embellimet into an requre met. ojuction wth he pssures pt n story content, theearagement are coied to yeld patter whc con nect te ncoected eab ilso cte  i ad  o te uity of tempoa sequece o te  ng raders are saely gude ough Tie They are i about the same po sitona hose caava of vacaioig tousts you meet ever whre i Europno yoads for hem o opporui to deviate from the preordained outes planed by thei rpectve tavel ageie he general narave so completely deped on form adjuents along hese les at eve te mot percep ve afma s powerless to evde them Wee Kaeg as it hat urchardts Renasanci clude formutions  t wh "you dont xacy ow  hy e fomed more y pak ng cosdeaon of te ubjt or y te fomave need for a formal deieatio.  am ansition are a muhfavored surace expediet y create the iliona ow of  substtu g,  i roce' word, aesetc oherece of repeetatio for e logil oherece here uobtaiable 26 e followig exampe i raw from Nsso: W a  euge t ak o  ssm d o e eed ud foo emeo a ce t   (am) e if      e  Haa

de rom toyig wi h terotped genera lzaons o o ava i tisof etece bridge g the dieret ,atNiso movemet ucces ivethrow perioda Yet it isajoini purely verbal bidge conruted with te aid o a sigle word te ot very uworthy cnjuction wl e That gubereaders may ev

180

RY: 

 B

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

ereles fanc hy r ossing r ridge  is uite noth mtte PirneHry f Ep ep le w s ddg erps fo the reson tht  sely reviews dversty of top whch mus be brought togthr somehow nttld  to te Disssig eeomenItly Re Pr elfs at o eNor-Itn bWgsa n   rae of loence  beqi  te Pap States. e ces it b si"Neihn e nor  or ntelelaiviwoul  er plc, l Papal S  cmson t Lob    hepsd . " 

arion o onfrontationis Bl an ncalldfo cop thedbare anson sts o te indoe deire or st sc adivs p  t  he re Ano of V At ohr go nd te sicn o n or f n:ws "t Ar Sp,  o fm Europb he a oene u or Pnee f s th onl osie memnicaion, t  tet wof e Meitrne   e  u  Casl.B wld  cgof sbjc t muh ofa sockf s?o cus he  iner  tr s res "wever,not Aragnt Cte was e ue    Casle  " 9 Flowsotion  abuthngs

s e of the stdnt of zoology who is heenen eind prossor reqsts to ll him somthing aou h elhan Hvigbeen coached ony for he  te studn swrs e l hantolihing  mch muc bgge  tnitself he  As fohrdly r h be .of coe This jo wod alo qnc did i not fll e itowih oter more subtantl expeiens Altogeher thy ai at tighng the o of mposi

G TOR D  AC APPROAC

h gnrl narativ so tht t  assms ai of wholeness rminint of works of art In te bsenc of idolo gcl ros such compoitiona arrangemnt lbe l he ore needd The  of iating cohsion in theaehtic dinion amits of a vr of soluions The rrato m suv organie soth lkan eic vof event or stats of being iog Or he proe, a a argh wol wth  e to dac sspe. Or he so shsto his that s it edes  singar moodthe case of  ga'sThe Waning of t Md Ages. Wt happens hre hs its countepart n c lm  c quity of mstories vri n drec ratioren to her o -y. Sce thi congent d inderinate real ty s pry ptterneds  te historcal nivs wit i ong endig eventssois o frgens of he asily can be n t( of Fhtys Nank, and te ovd They ctinly r  chara And so arl epsodic  epsody dnion rgig fro ad agai dsppeg in, t e ow of lfe.o be pree hei r cinetc s aavo functon of  orosity; hey ut be perabe to he chanc i festos of a if Nowoml mny ls e not e Paygibte o te preige of e to h dum n is sense esablihed art, the tell stories which are eit aded from (succsful) sge plays o vs,or modld on he in m of sutre and aning h "eaicl    stor pe may be aed  sac porosi toene d osionnd t nfods aboe  dmnsio of cmr y ed of psRm ad Juliet he Fis fil ig tough t n e pl to dlvJules tr in   ica inasu td  nos h workngs of Fae Bt n th astela R l  nd l the seects te seco  a outside renton moatdy bwat goes before  so i hich or no son a all altr s t couse of tion he wo ir

       blngs to n ideological n  t e mteial on to whch  m spe t is sham entity which wd havet be boke dn it t psycphyical compnets to become an tegl prt  cmeafe30 Te geerl ntive embls he earil   bo media cmps  exgence et t e tue Noe les h  educig Rostv dvetently sende t em byn i shrt i try f mee Srtcs rlto t mio ide a mee bagatee 1 No doubt eew beer But e h from pg d e rucre he was abot to eect A ese devce and thiqe olow a hrmniig tedecywich  to say ht her underlyi teios agantly nct wi thse of contempry at Joyce, rost, P adVWof e pieers of e mde el, o nger cre t ender bigpcal deelpmen nd chlgcl e ees ter he mae of he old novel; o e contrar they resoutey decmpoe (ci) couy over e ou work res roghut upo he cnvict not y hat n mn i a whole but th t is oight sible to know a mn becaue he hims l chage whe ew ty to clfy  rigl impeis 2 ofEch uebach pusi tese mdn witer  "who pfe tploit of ndm everdy ee onta ed tin  few hu and days, t e comlete d hroologcl epesent f a total exteror    re guided by he nsdeo that a it ly cmpete win the tota e hpelevere o ty to be rel tir cotinm ad yet to make twh i essentialsd t hen to tey hestate to mpose upon ife, wich s th sb ject a d whih it ds not possess in tlf8  oer wod tey ee ad d  eali n mlikegs happen each

  D   beg ugt of as a cete of emeds eerge The "order f fe ungive tem, may  my ot eist.  fact they ae  dubtweh te smll dom nit i wic ife, ely tngibe lfe, mterilizs re mngfully tercnnetd so t i the end e do contus of  wole ll deneate temee  t e horio Mde adcally chege the asc deals from wch e geeral str  raw h iprationfrm wich he mt daw it o tablih hi gee And becaue of he eug ng f thetic eibilties,  quet for aeheic cerenceh lo mch of it appea. No i the knd of litear e cellene atnable t him i mny wi th u wy gf see  our nts of sy4 he smeng ps abut  e beu of Maingly's mgicent istie he diupe ntention of mde t ad r  paleedby  ceg mgivg of tor d he but e ynthesizi g nve  wih  emps n e to eteio con nuu It wuldbe tempting tce these silriie t a commo so ce t he Zg i  iage ad osiueces ae often cuterbalced by sudy  isncie urckhrdt combied an aute sene of disconity i hmn r wih a outspe pedlec tion for hrmious wees i wks f at. efore tig t he giving d ccsm I ha   I sould pehap uon te reder agnt cofsg hem  h te runnig attemp chk t nd uetion he fh funess  t of the geneal itans accun. Since i cpio, mde histoiogphy  made it it Peneopelke busies t weave synthees ad unavel them agn. hi  beI w t ses i e ,  eg sidhe poit hee hat d

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OY: T L  BORE  

G HORY A  AC

APPROAC

is coen, its subsnce pope cao be raced o hem Blumebeg's opposio to adiona Gtgeschihte wih i bias in avor ofear developents isbased o a premse which  beeve to be of ccal sigcace: he smits a we re ened o spea of a spotaeou generaon of thoughs and ideas 0 Pass e ritceo geea ho y add o ese ota aaks. It has been obseed ha Nam pessently efuses o pode suaied rrave ckads ngried uspco of e gee show precely n places whee fo oe raon o noer, he sees  o follow e s ad ends of a chroolog-

posible causes of past eves to r coseqeces for poseri her eets o ewelbeig of e cotempoaies h he aks wha the ree pos coibued to the happiness ad nappness o s dvidua member43 His medation about good furune" ad mifortne" i historaise 4 moal qe o n e fom of a �g commet  he cool scees befoe he specaos eye Moal con here inoby fuses  ahec ees So doe he appaise beauy ad a ler ugIt is noteorhy  corary to e geral toians aesec aagemes, Burckads escapes o he aehe deion are ot meat o deen he impessio of chronolog-

cal equence. The freuent use he makes of he wod u appromatey he Egs own these occasios is qie revealg ake  accou h of the cose of evens ha mak te eraof he Gree ta havg ela fo nace, hat many a ya ed o iae himef wh e populace by em gbdnome debs d scag e nded propey of he obl, he seems tobe al set o repot ohe  le suess fo e bribes; o sooner re he ckle masses won over o he ra's case ha  occus to hem tha hey mght be eve bee o w ot a song a a te top u a is pon a nun" disup chonology nu Ud (my itaics) ukhadt connues nd ow he [e yran] has o xeence how mu eae ito seize powe an o hod it" 2 he so is f of s nns" They terally pcure i sevig the na rato as oophoes Thrgh hem he me and again escapes om he ay of he roolocal oder of thngs o moe meless reo whee he is ee to ndulge i pheomenologica decipo cmmucae his expeences and give vent to hi

ca conuty bu misakaby mate a histoy abouds with ngenies wi we ust ae i ou s·ide Howeveris s o al a ee s o it chs ae argumens agas geeal o h apear be to jused thy have ot sueded  suppressige oslga fo r syess fo largesale aao Te gere  doomd o persh ad yet povedecble.  I seems to fde awa succmg to he spec s agoapobia, ther fear of all oo wide hemes a spaces and neveheess coninues o aact he minds If we ak oselves, says a cotempoy hsoian what soans have comaded e mos lig admiaio we shall nd . a ey ae   hose  wo ke imagiavewres) pesen men o socee o situao n meo a m many iesg evelssimtaeoly   45 he aheveme s of hese pa masterss er spe even ove hitoias who ae fuly awae of e mehodologial age caught hking of i whi any pacitoe i e ed sI am

insgh no he aue of ma o be se his acoun  is as sor of sors bu he iuence connectig he before w he tr  slc e musces Buadt not muh conceedwih em H pefes to shft e emphass om he

certispoadic atems to reendow geeal hisoy t heoeical resecabiliy As might be expeced, hey oincide  yng to eonile e esablishmet of logtem develoments  of a e facts and cimstane  de wie ackowldgme

RY  LAST TG BORE TH LAS

 hood days-ee s so mc  tell, o muh to ook tt "moralypki," ipssbe for any itoan folowg  ev to reach Loetto.He s no mletee .4Q after Genea toy en  a hybrd sometg bewee legend and te Ploe, at pe habe annali c manual whch we a scoolboys sed to memorie te date of batles  ngs ow xpin  atondng logevt o ts mpoble gee? \at to s prsas an imagay cntucton a been the ra reof geneal sto mot of te me O pec paon wi he cue of ito  gronde n reigos mtphyi i popecylgiccomptaon and abot manknd' lotk al ai nquir e, he quet fo e t dee of empes ad peope aes og wth te approa fom abovea mode of appeenig ad reasoning wh - om ony the moden age has ven way to the appoah ow Not competey og e od qeson, goal and mage lige oninin jog foce wt he eedsand terets whi e fom e toan'  nvovee nt  teaa of  day ey toonte i to acutfo tempora  seqece e ima pat as a whol Ideed unde eof bo ese contem poray and adtoal onces hehel annot inghi mule to oettoGenerahstormight be moe vulneable t agt attak dd t not y v nonstoca ends

8

he ntm

ne may d£nehe aea ofhsoal ity lke that o poto gapicrea a a anteoom ea Bo  reae of and widoes nt lend telf to be dealt i a dente wt way gpof The pecuiar matril n tee aeas eudes teye fom of a wok of rt matc tought; nor  i be hape n ke the tatements we make abot yscal ph reality  th e ai of te amera thoe whi  esult fom ou peopaton t itoica realt may cetany atta to a lee above mee op on bt they do not onvey, or eac ot o utmate tth, a o posopy and rtpope Tey sae te nhe ently pov ona chacte wt e matera they ecod eploe and penetate ow  whole rea to w ch phoogaphy a wel a ioy i  mode ee belong has p o b now ove shadowed by cnepton fouded oni e peu d at thee xst no ed of nowedge i owngt n be nte azy epaen wh we fom oinion ande ighevel ea aborg the podcts of mans mos o patons photogaphy a h been mundet i ooda a n rt n te estabishe sense o a ort of eodng meium, edg merely mpeons of; te and eacty  e



      S

 

195

indd ay tht philosop y, whether posting or deying ab soltes wns o aive a saemen of ted utoy  temeswh sk o emanipa e hemesfrom te on oof tme and place  l in he nare of m reason And it cun for te preocpon of ontemoay plosopy wi te mpcos of hisorsm. Frth,he htorian may be struc by wt often cts im as e rter sweeping radiclsm and giiy of philosophil s hey o not seem to t ei pailars of i ineres; and ey en to ignore obsre, or erences in dePidi ee to whic he tachs importace Jeg in re-

wt it, bent on tessg he ieent poten lities of ome ideas the driving powe behnd its eelopmenegonss J Ghe iorano( he tenta he does no i e Kubl ive e beiora senc ) prers org e    wose unfoldg in me e records ogh e nderbsh of history wich ona o es oo d nk of Dael H!y 6 or Bu'sT Ida  Pge7 n ft s we kow mny hi orian nrtue misgigs abou and dis e philosophic appc One mgh e spe of e resenen aganst it sor of son able to he ft tha ey hve rrey he ools o mee t te philo soper on hi own gond And

proaches e "seereoria h of pilosopy wit dismissng inegral fet i Pltos picture of Sotes a mere poec doron I ll seem to e bnet te hig level of bsact ogh o hich phlosopes og to move and hve  te beigl Historiogpy ders rom phiosophy  all respets tee . ed of proedng fom or clmang  semes abou te meanng or, fo tat mtte he meinglsness of hisoy  sh, it a itictly empiial en wi exlore d in an epres gven histoic rel n excy emesaanner a te phoographc mei render and pete he pyi word abou   istoy is mc clor to he praclly endles, fortou, nd deermin LsHusser' term for e bsi dimension of dily lin piloophy Conse qntly te htorian would no em of ssigng o his nd ngs an nio te d of genty and vaiiy pe o piloopil temnt e s nconee for high absa ons and bsols at ea he oeo nprimrly care about

conersely, as viewed fom the ofty regions of philosophy e istorn devotes imsef to the at ings before e ast, set lng  an re wh  as e caracer of n aneroom Yet it s his aneroom  wh we brete moe and ive.) Te bondie been the reas of toiography nd pi losopy ae ud, s iilluaed by te estence ofconceps belongg to bo re riginang wit theologicl ad meta pysicl specutos e concepts of niesltory  n progress are  mater of conern o e itorin alo Teir m biguou nate be diuss n eose of e folowng metaons ic bea on wo sues of temendous impo tance for boh pilosophy n isoyhe ise f hisoricity and ta of te generl in i relaon o e particular hese meditaions may shed ight on e osion of e anteroom

tem Te eene between te wo pproaches sow, for insnce ihe history fo ideas Wle e pilosopherdelng in

ble for te  estbment of he consciousness of mans hs oriciy,e beef n he formtie powers of tme a well a o eaze  the ose plce Diltey was peps e rs fuy

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T obm.Nneeenhentry hsoim  argely responsi

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   O  

quence of  belief Acordg tothere it, are no eternal us"; rathr aour thng a fo of tie Conso us nesof man as ahtol beg ncesarly entals  convction of th reltiv of huma owlg k  (Wezsaecr as we now, has t te aural la re ot ne againt hanges er, hgh  pcation  o  he hi 0 · cl proes would be at a  low pa Once histoct i regnd a parcel of h hman ptd ondtion, e problem arises as o torence ow h nung rlatiy o owdg wit te uest of reason for gncant truso gnral valdt tI s te ke rolem o modern philoohy Allphloophia ttmpt o ole t ty to nd a wa out of th dla onfrontng contemorar thought they seek, that s  to legiiat theorts o oto get old of absolues ometes een suggeting ther ad athe ataby sam to uhold e da of hito ee attets can b dided  o grous

o oT here are, rst, nbers of allegd sluon whchmaybe called trnscndeta' ltogether the are an af teato ndedthbakh eulaedtheological on cept and tradtoal mtahysi h he dea of evluton eing thro to he bargain They rlaim, at the outset, the of tm h pog a ro abolute alu possbly nos nd te li o Rane and Droysen  a sens Scheler,8 Rikert9 oelth10 Minke,  of tchem atmpt to of torcal relaim whih he ar neerpe uth to rm, and n eeping wth  deands of thlss oged reason regan acces to the lost aradiat ralm ouide tie whch they nostalgcall ension How do te do it? To sy t planly by way o some uege o ohWht hap  S Chapter pag

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197

pen ivbye sae: you stll vou areswng   seam f tm and o alla sdden yo nd ouelf great ashorefac to fac with ett t isfu towthese hrs moe ahad towrd thcatl n h ar Soewhere en rou ey tably  erfom what t all nten and prposs reembles th  amou  roe whchI should l to tr he solo of hoher group manns roced ot he wy rund hey reiate e onceton f elessness and any asumpon o an ontological character. Wth them  a ba tenet wh sociy onc adopted prcluds h se to eternal tr So the onlypossbity of salagng the absolt ir fo th ploophr of this denominaton to lace theelves n the manenc of hehto brng hstort to s uliate logia o ad cncluion Th more ret atemts begin to e shae wi Dltheys desperat lbr H rjec  dpendent xiten of eles nors, poses or 12lus and nstd chaios llrcoition o the imanne n he t hstol sess v of those alues and ors which lam to b abolt. 18 nd  endavorsto howhat generall valid uths may grow ot of hsto tse ," h ay "at  r  an nlule r t,wleoy  tnthhoe      wh i to e fne nt w     f  v  eaning and n B  y   h i     we i .   H e   coad   f xl n cao of nons e asor exe ao ort or te re n  l h digity  nee becaus,lk  t afa hen th   ge ely vld al nehral ay nt, t l r  k  rlaon oi.14

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L G



 T

 aote plac  onds a "no he ret of vy iew of t orld of mid at pad  t la o e roughal of em b its soveeigt agai each of thm, and th posve noege of ho   e plal ait s e of mn w a  oeaty of e o v en to gi 16 Commn on Dlt s poson: h  s till mmeed  e ery ploopil adtio e gts T is ao ow by is obse son wih big shm an arangements Croce an ollingood too an o eiit the objcve from eow of time Bng fom and exploitg h,  Hideggr S of u Zgoes farthst in this io; e oates a to rcity of bein g ite, tu adicallprooing te sbeobjc relatio, an he venerable noos sbstan of ad sence  ts wak (B al ad   o esary a vi d of  se-obje on Jona jcosly says at i i no a lapse bu he privil, budn anofdy ma.16  imaneni r wic e i boto at of isiai as spaw a paty syrtstc itratr.g Kar Maheims 192 ssay "  17 wih i orog om Diley Weer,ec and is ilva clasitory ness Maim rejec te recose to te staic absolu endosng e histoii aupon at thee  no absolue rut. rs and vaues an be gasped oy n prspeive Bt we nd no depair for a eaon becse e are jed i assming ta eac"tti he lst ord wthn i own concrete siaio a a e deren perspetvs or a ieray in h oa hsorial proe. i even hat all soltons  ve in sabsoz istor  order o eeve t absoue from   is pcisy a Gaam os n his eidgg ienceWare u M, whic aounts to a smooh fsio o maor imants otifs. Sypoacaly, he u ithys epass ugzamm on an

 OOM

199

rkee19 Inde th  t nonexsentia o mancunt of immaenm ome compleon he alow ocantintan anc es actua traition itot lookng for tr r itia otde   hs ay htory bcomes a  coe sem whic  accordane i egels dictm,   l  l sut ou e ost aes, th urlze posibils Hsory as a suess toryBkard wo nevr ave acpd the ndrling asmptons of mo hemee. Ha elvy As soltions are falaio Te fi ure o deal vely ite mplcaio of hsoris mu be ace to tei reice no an oversimped notio of ioca relaiy oh the asenental pgons a t ianen sts sart  om h pre ha i o s a onut olng  homogeou te f be he case, en ineed hitoria relatiiy becoms inscapable an a eo nevetels to sify e qes o reasonorf abolu onoogc or no, a nec esril inolv e�pdit dobl l anvers. iell Howr a I ave tried o sho in , aper t aional conption of hisol im rqre qacaon ue of th atomy at its co, time not only conforms oen o the ioalmago a ow but mt alsoagne be   eg not  a oWe live n a atract of tms And hrr ocets an vo ami s empo curens vagey remiis of efeenc phenomena is eas me o pea n a poviona way of he mied relai of ca idas emegg fom sch poces oic reativt  t om a mater of cors ito a puzlg pobe What  have in eecsaid nCape4 about isoral idas eg Ma's or urcardt' ceainly aso ols fo genera pilosophl 0 S  99103



O T

GS

O T

trts: hey mus be thoug of as lying bot side and otide owng me.  heneren aim to tempoal exteioa ty jed? O doe he sae in itoical eatviy nvaidate any such la Propti n. I poing ese queo, I sa o on a popoition wc iers from e anscendent l as well   immane so ons Te former foc on a rlm of abolute vaes and nom which tey set apt and sgi from a ta is oy tempoa Ye tis snconwhic moeove m pe a the abolue s of higer ig cance an e ime bond and eatveose ts meang once he paadoa} nature of me is recognzed. Wth the manents on he oe  ha han he tempoa so compleey ck up te absolue seem posle o eea e e tmecodtioned hs mselve u if me i no onger concved of s a continuos ao ow i oton ntenabe s Fom heangle of my poposon, plosopica  s ave a doube apec  Neer can te eless be stipp ed of te vetiges of temporaly, no does e empoal wholy nglf e tmele Rahe we are foced to asme at  he two apectof ruts eis side b side, elatng toceaoe ways which I beieve to be theoeicaly undenble Sometng lke an anal ogy may be found ni te "compementay pincpe of te quat physicits My sumpon s tha spulaon on he ae call fo o inde idpen total naue of the nverse able a gambles  Kaf as see1 They meaningfully ete the ceneon (unprdctabl e) occion andten pesuaby fula vtal fncon The coextence of bo apecs so dicult o imagine ten

 h htr h sub� 0 Hr       in C.  o " g z-6  T ss s 141

TH M

Zl

o mply a e seemngalernave of tansendentalim, with i penchan fo he onological o mmaenism, with its ota aceptance of hocty and is aiy for estentialim , is no genue alteaveeier Even thoug  ey poin n oppose deons e two approacheslw have to be ough ogee he "sidebyside replang he "eiheor 22 Hence e pobemic caace of Loewit's atemp o get away from the coeence fo isori ty by ypaey eferg n o  cntcosmology and all ta  san fo; is  an escape to pln ontologicaltancnden m  ater tan a timely answe o o pesen intelecua uaion  Smary open o tcsm is he evese atempAdon os unfeeed dialecc wi elimiaes onology alogeter4 Hs eection of any onological tipuaion n favo of an innie daectcswhc peneates al concee hgs and entiies eem isepaabl from a cen rbir ines, an abene ofcontent and directon  hee see of mater evaaton. Te net of  Up  thennecessiy ued by   a pely foma wa y, as a bo deie ncept w  a e end vr bly emeges lke a  if i assme  Bu opian ogh make ense yonl thefom of a iion or intio n w a denite conent of a so Terefoe he adca immanene of te dialecil proce wi not do some onologca ations are needed o imbe  w sigcce and decto And ow e we to  ect suessive genera l trut wit eac oe If  e empi  p on m as a omogeneou ow, uch deas as evolu on and progss wic estabis on exs betwn conoogcly suessive pases are boud to ga momentm ccodngly Dlthe y es o ascetan t e ob ectivity of te Gesesw eshafen byasuing a elevant nowedge epands and advances n he istoral poces If, conveseycronolo ca me  cosdeed an mpty veel



Y

      

te tablhm o mig ro been uie trut beom ratr dic he sme Dlt who dop 25 ops t s so s he bgs to doub te dea o pgres emagic o owng me;  he prfer  pee o yp 26 His wvring   respct se of Wtschauge" me as proound The  exemes betee hich he maders ae maked by eges S world prit" ad eideggr kewhich swaow up ll objcvty,  andoewi ould hi, all relaonsps betee successve trus. s o  idea of proges (wic feeds o a questoabe ao gy ite erng process) it reces ts full scop only f it  ppled to ory as a ol t be appied i ch a Bu  t woesal ma t a? Bumenberg, a w  know see pcto of it a te reslt o  forcd dapton of  limted oigorm (i  wicit hd been ricted to eoetcal pro ses ad he area o aeeto ee te heteogous eoogicl noton of estoogy Wat happend was that the idea of progress ad  to iden its onay lmited    scop and ovrxnd it    to wer a uesto whi heoog, havg giv vlence to it, ad  f  w, ower27 ny deo o ing in  op, mstes ad uatd  ihrt atet  chater  o opt wch folow om e dou be spet o geerl uts i doomed to faur er a ratr opsided deio wch I submit or wha t s wot: he ide o proe presen itelf derety rom de peod whoe uesso my or may not amont to a progs. dea ad piosoph cal t come loest o puncturng  creen that epartes u romwch what we tom to called b Tuh he De visone coidea opposto, Cua  D 28 doe t wall o padise bend which dwl God" ot maerialize thi id of t scr

 

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        he sed sue oportc f  or e coo of he nteroom ae fom the ig geraity  o ll phosoph ic t about ma' lmate conc t codrd a matro coure tat ese tus e(g., Kans tegoca impave appy to al paticuars tey are sup 0 Hr whe my argment cocepod to cover o hy g e ohomogeneous suctur   istoca uivese coms in   meanguy xtnded t rgmnt as a det berg on te isue at stae. I fact, e toica t uivrse  onl a borderne case o te genera illectua uverse I submit tt what ods of e  ormr vald o te ter ao O llctu nivers i not hom ogneo eitr terae o e trac dcule   it tan  the hstorical orbit prope  o get rom above" o eow om e pioopi ab aco, a is, dow o the concree iigt oa y alg dr themone  o troduce umbe o w do as he move ong Tecosucos ad xdie nded apto ply t gorca mav to an idivdua cs re a ample Aother  h asvens of steoped naol mges ey nor o rai in general but dsove as soo as o get donto onete cses A ay  o tir sge vens might prove rewdig Aso te reaon of e gera nd te particular i t atmnt and subect of T's Veewc ws yzd i hapter 1  shold b compared or problem a it appears n t preset contet. I sum plosopica tuth cover oly is enty  p   holog idea f      x abstacn 

   ccron v   iviua  S    122-7.  S 3

ca.

204

      

rience d ocurre nce they generize. You my di  ee ut om  vriety o empcl obevtio(or rrive t them by ts nd stts), but e ret ip to e conc etion requres mny pplementy umptio e geerl doe ot ullyecomp the ptcl r (For th whole theoyee a my Sgi a Wecha soDthey 29

Ua  I hould now elborteote intic dilec c o thi borderine nept which lke proges belong to bo phloophy nd histo AngloSxo emprm nd poi tivm i importt   revolt gnt te phnom crcter o generl metphysic  ee hools o oughtde  with t e pticlr gint e geel bt t wht cot!  icon text Knt i igct n te tetse, Ida f UverlHtm  Csmpl P   he commends the cul tivon o empricl hitoy nd tree t to be oroughly vered  it is  eiemet or te pilosophic mind bt e plitlymintn tt ti ide  no bt do to  cetn etent o n a p chrer 31 Knt predct tht ectl becue o te priewory circumtn wit wih ou isto i now written n ( e end or reon which ep res e prn ple o mentl economy nmely, to cope t wite burden o hitory tmitted to them  our remote poterty    o h the wllsely esmte the hto o te oldet me whic documnty record my hve been long lot oly rom e   pointo view o wht nterets tem Proceedig fomthe nnomy othe generl nd e pt cu lr  beevet versl hitoy h become illegitte  it ds not recgize i bic ntinom o hitory t s o longer legtmte to tink om bove to beowtrng out ht i

  t  f    g 130.

,  y 1r  

 OOM

2

rom some phosophc oncepton of uversl htory Wih tpproch we wod be i dnger o bcoming spebod by ides bout the generl We mst rter proee "om be low to bove o purue te without hrm Bt prculrly eeded ere i critil comment on the iio tht wold hi tory c be prodced rom elow by compig d nin the reult o histoicl reech is ws nticipted by e cicim oLvi-Suss d Vlywh were qoted in Chpte. A tgple or pplyig em would be e Unc Wr H, o which Wirm correctly jdg t it et  vey wide rm whle o noming conception  to be dicerned; noe t ny te s tht very convincig 33 Here poit hould be mde o ct edy mentioned thtthe de o  uiversl htoy tend tolc ot  ste til pproch to it nd tt the etenil genre stnd the bet chnce o mtezing whe te whole hotory come nto vew    The lrger the ope o  rve the moe ur gently herstic umptios nd unyig ide ugget em elves At the high ldes elity ecede nd mn i lone wit hime    . Or doe then rely nswer h im?    C-exteeThe ind o eon tht tully obtis beteen e generl nd the pculr crre  impliction o gret n teret o the etent tht ph loophil uth be eir i m to hghest inicnce o ther incuiveess, te pplicbiy to the pticur insightnd c by locl subumption this cim i ill oy t would bevlid only i the prticulr could, d rom the generl into whoe  to spek blindly be ierre orbit it s But i i not the ce generl de  noee

on of , beuty tt would led one tright to  pprop  S 

 

 75·

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T ! 

FO

T

ate denition o the pur beu of a spec work of rt; th gene deno n eeeds e late n ngehile g agg behnd   flness of meang o be se, pilosophal tus have a sne of ther o, bu tey need not be sgcan  he sese of les wch decvey detemne e lone e ha e meaning of te subordae paras. ece e fu  of emp to e a syndrome of paruar  ough some ee nceps and passig ese  eophlosophy" bend a sndrome The ous nd ons ·noof say  htorian my not at ll onverge toward  piosophy  And ey onerge ths pilosophy need not be te fountahed of his parula insigts Te genea tt and  ernen con cee oneon my exst side byside iou e elon beig reduible ohe f tatolly the bstraion mles te oneton at" re s o dee  elation n eh ptiar e  fa he estbhen of he genera and te settling of e pauar re o seprae oeons Maqand in hs nove o No Rt84 iely saz es he matterof  oe subsmpon by ocioogts  should and le ot add philosophers he protgonis of ths nove is extemely pzed hen he nds out tha the people wo, n  soiologcal stdy of his hmeon e brkeed as members of the uper loer middleass he midde ddlelass, et ae he ver same peope whom he ew so wel  hldood  dys  surpre  ter nepecd idti hghl gh te relate eeay of er logical gnmetThe sag t e ecepon o th ule ste to te potpro de d we nderstand by eepon th hih foll ows he e

  BUC

efore deeloping the conseueces of tese medttons for the  wish eaons beween te aes o phosophy and history o resent a model case of w may be lled anteoom i gand onduc kard's op s reec, someowthe rgu men oerd hee Not  he as wee awe of e teoetc fondaon pon wh s proed rest o deed o cared bg them ito he open But he e pond to he penomenon of me and e uneen stutre o e ntellec verse wh te ccay of  seismoaph a senvt ns ssed y any modern hsoan Some of Buckhd's ttitudes nd oions migt l for critsm His aeson to ma ss moeents and evouons as el as s ons of te fuue aused o take  rte onsided sand gas te de of poress hich do not t nto e oeal pcue� ime and ga n e shows hmself over helmed by e grnder of the hstoal process Tis a os for hs absud gesale teloogcl speutions, ncludg is nssene that hstory ends to oer ompensations or llfotune and suering Hs cnd tems of Ugca s was poned out fuse mo ne h esetic nees On oason e could seem an oupoken anSemte36 nd e pres ar7 Hee also belongs Bkrd's worshp o ge ns ected wh i othing of any histoy feng mass moemets as he sour of hisoicl change. But ll  hardy reduces he sg£ne of s pacti eognion of e nomies tt condon though  te area of histoy  gH ere should be mentioned Buard's avowed mteu attude toward itoy Bkhd ap

Y; T L TGS

OR H LS

pach his maeal  a cas way. He is debe aey sys emac, epudiaig ayhg a ok ike a csc m psed m wt He smewhee decas ha ceps ad ha pes m be ep id He fe pdes pssibiiies gh have m e wh decg  av i  ay  hem O h ps be pisp wha aacs ad ieess him, as h sls ugh he wd  hi; ad h eve acc  he es  his chics Eve ugh be is  cse a pressia Bchad be haes ward sy ie a amae w ws his cia is  he des s bae e psia i hm is deepy cd ha hsy is  sce Te "achieae as had  cas himse  a ee38 w d sem  be he ly ype w ca dea adeqaey wi i e ws  aaers wh  i pessas ee a pessna isis  e maig a amae  e sakhs  pacsbjec mae N des e eve   he sigh ihi i  pas a e jdgms  idi idas ad es  Ad  a ama Bkad is  y hica-mded b as pdly hae He ev rge e idivida ad hs seg i e cse  evs e eve is  he besgs i e wae  dspic es wi meiig ha he cimes hey cmmi ed i de  seize ad siy pw ca ude  ircm saes be jsed His hmaeess  papaby gded  e  whe beg a Chiia he i as mded by hs cassia hage: he his ca wavg be  passi  e  deeaed ad ada   wdhisca ds

mchad's ambigiy wi egad  chgy ad his

cci  e pei have b cssd aeady His ssi ives  he diaec s bewee chgical  e ad he

 OOM



e shae ha ead hy s cia  deal  meaig paes  ve isad  pig e ch  ad his sese  h ichece  ay peid wee e 0 I ema  pi  his waveg eed   hse cxs bewee aiaia ad pes iees Ahgh Bc hads daed ei s  ae y wha ies h he ds  beee u cp  he pas  be siddy cid by  pse ds Bchads aheee s  hisia isaes ha he ac ha e viws  wd m is pes cdi des  impy a his k is y demidby he pse wdsaN a is c ce  he pas ca be deid m cempay apehe sis  despai a h caaspies he esees b he s dve   scs  he pas a becase e as a pese p s embaces  pas  i  sae yway e shd be pabe, bsays   empay cmpeey away m i e  wedge, base i s kwdge y espcwa is hisca  ms e abe  empae eve gh i may have  diec eai   aigwe   ad i has sc a eai  ye shd be abe  k p i bjecvey 39  a mease his pse cc s a ideca wh a cmpas saerge  cve s cass i hisy   y views e pas i he igh  he pese b us  he pse rm a pmay vv me  he pas

h a a h a Bckad  dub eds absle -g, h mge  ma ad his beie  mas  chageabiiy hisappaey ( smewha iisie ) wshi acy maes  his wgs  a wih hei bas  av 40  Raphae as agais Micheags supema gade ad  eas hs expess e  uphd cscisess he    Chapter 6 ag150-s nd , nd at 7 e 18

20

Y   B

H T

(cuua) coninu i, efeed to below But hee stnd ig motis go togehe w  acteizaon of concete een ad ges s phomen i ei ow ight His descipons ad poes do ot jt lsate  geneaiws; at y ote eate oqely o tem  I noducon to  couse of eces o e me of he Thiy Yers Wr which he gve i Base n  1848 chardt s Kegi relates dened t te woe of tt tme culd be redered by one ngle tem of gt generaly egi supposes ht Conter Reformtio was he tem Buckhdt had in mid at this occasio.) He it woud be wrong to wt to prove with uter precion nd per hps to compise everthing by oe word he said.. he characte and essence of the European mind wnts o be touched at a ousad ends at a me 41 he generl nd te prcular here exit side by side  for  a wy which woud cl close anaysis. hile eplicity repun g ver histoy, rchdt nevertheess fees tc by it He depreces word stoi persecties  nd speaks of the nee of e g soved from mere rato whch shodrepced be y mnus" Ited of a systemc pproa, whch he detess he faors singe obseron of nterest, cro ecos etc, as eeig hat wh repea ief the cnstat nd typc whch somehing wh si a ord  us nd which we derstad" Yet it sems that Burckha rdt exemptsgee uur histories which i a parcu way eate o he pesen, from s verdic on iversl so He in ft de scies as his guidng ide the movemet of clte he succes sion of eves of hum formation bo as i appears coected w the deet peopes nd naons ad wthi the idivida f by afteh ogh th peopeor aton o whc e adds, s Actualy, oe shoud eialy emphasize thoe fcts from

 AM

21

which reas eac to o o me and fom of humn-

't• 4

uckadts degs  phoophy d heootesy te se igiy or fe of e ed" n h ( he esem Eamus  Of philosophy ofistoyhe emar: tis a cea, a coaio i tems fo hstoy s coordnang d hence nonposophy, philosohy sbordnag ad hence ohistoy46 d of Hegen  prtica he says ht Ths bisk anpon of  word pan eds to eos becuse it stars ou om ncorrect pemsesas we earnot pvy to d do o ow he pposes of ete wisdo 47 e i spite of ese  la ege o oagings he canot help phiosophng so48 ad ecognies  eat hip to ege s i a psage not by Windhe sae we ae deepy ndebted o e cena, nd it s  pleasure to come cros s  ow d the o te finge of he fores of hsorcal study." 49  lke ambiguity s towad he phiophy of history obtains w respect to eology e ough he reects theoogy  Brchdt sometmes ndges in ought bsd teogc secls gong so f s o voke provdee

The bce.Ony

now m I i a posion to appoach my n ovea redniton, d rehabltaton of certan modes o thnng peclar histoias o No to em aone he ways of argng and recting pevai tho ughout he re nto whc histo fsa aea which borders o he world of diy fe e Land exteds o h ces of phosophy prope  t which hs  the is of an itemediay ea we us cote not so much on the ast thg as on he ls before the ast

24

RY 

 TGS BEFE L

Hence throughout th  book m on  w had nd ap proaons.In  mlar n,  ahv agud  m ac 53 that h " Cng of Qut Contnt Aal pudo-t meodooga e n whh o oca itt dulg often pro le duat to e parul ubjtmtt th t mpont appoach dd b tm Acua n th ppoxmat  apt to cd tatcal laboaon n pson

 aB of  gna  conomtat ab ctns phosopa u tnd to aum a rdl ha r Th favo -or dson deop a phant or e luvn nd a  w  of fee g nto dogma Dnt ploop al docn e ampts atn jut   pa hampong om da plt no wo or mor goup whh hn oppo h othron  rnt apet of omon d bgn to asset temls at th xpn of th iwh pt thm togh64 h m notg of oqunc to b lft   t btwn t tuth Or rathr nd  pell of th tadtonal b n h all nompng gnn of e hgh abao s l ht ft the s from  out page  cec nem a compoms of ot (Was notEalld ompomr bcaus of h wng btw Chuch dogm d Rfoma on) Th htn o ovhdow or to  nfounded  pon on potnal uth whoe ol mbla  bd com poms cots n h oon n th gaps t pa rom nd th l oals t pd onom ahoh  Max ad th onom of  nbl and o whatr hp dgdpopot ns ma pt ou magon Th o o th at dpgmnt o u tru  t dp-ooted o de n th unlmtd ng of th gnl But  ondn

 ARM

25

 unutd;h nght nto h onomogneo ut r of th ntllecual uns dspo of t Wt aptn  of sght  gond i ppad or  c nowledgmnt of th amle pob  hat ma be asu tot nd to wt fo ogton n h nt of  tant h doc of hgh gny How ta ogn of thhddn pobl ? t not b rngo dduc em fom tho do eyu t tmpt mght dd ult i a ompomse Yt f h th  n fom an  nte not b won b w of ddo tablhed concepon or prnpley hew i out of absopton  congton of partcu "f owr  ooune whch    gew lf-unt a om tm ome to dobt tslf n i Mhh y Bu Euh gg Kku" thn e ppa from ot of e da n wh to ps ho wo fl,  o t ore gu of o whontatd co and n  ml mndd xl hatr who dd not want to oo though Galeo' tlop to   fobddn sght o h moo of Jupt may nd ltedon b an mnt cho' ag of hm tht to ppud hm   no mns mpossbl for  ea oble bg 5  hae pontd ou on e oaon tht he gee w em gng fro m a htoc l mo ud d not be dt w hos undlng  opondng larg e to 0 n o word A movfbo to "b ownd   th  do th two not nl mt somwhen bew o lnd at a ohe' tang pont  xmpe s to b found n Ma who    Pa Cu dos not con mef ogna dnon of  pet bougo o whch h  tn  whol anal but s to hz h p ougo of h pod nd

  C  127

HRY:



 GS B T 

endently of, and beyond, te geeral eoretca concep Pro cedues of hi nd you oten nd  emoe places of s writ gs56 Hen to fa's tage iure of opelesn and a contrctive wll which did notcase cance eac ote o ut by teir wreg wth eah oer were ven o rie o inely compcatedprio e od)7 he dcy fo fo e gh·leel deducg te u n e tesce staement piniples or docnes nde whe ule they fall doe nt mply tat tey were seer miages. Some e ha wic  bued ude an mpsg eteror may ne forh from a csual aper9 wten at e margi of a loep So P.he "ideyside prnciple I hae oposed

hee wold n apply h o relaons between the eles and e temporal as well a to ose of the general and the paricu· ar Wa dos thi iply for hisorians and oter eeae anteroom dwellers?  reurs hem o acnowledge e poss ble sgicance of phiosophcal uts wth hei clam o objec tive validiy (wch prede edegger and exienat aercrop)and at te ame e to be aware of eiraons li n ems of absolu enss and nolig power (wc pe cdes any denie ontological positon. Ambgity is f e essence   temea area. A nstan eor s needed on e ar of tose inabg t to mee te ocng necee ith wich ey are aced at evey  of the road They nd emselve in a pecios staon wc een ivies em o gale wi abolte, al nds of quixoc deas aot n versal rut Thee peclia preoccpaos cal fot pecc attitdes one of whch appear to be pariculaly ting because it breaea rue aeoom prt t tae on shape n a leer Vewhich Brckardt wroe to iezsche abou e later'

T M



she Miunge und Spuee. A ondensed by Loewt,

rckardts lete incdes the followng passage A an n know dolent pil' e nee peneated a to  e ve empleof ogh but al is le wa onent to enterain hm ef n he corand halls of te Perbolo beng conten to ti n mages; with a mitre of fear and plee he tere sely forewaced, whee e dred no foow ow Nece eadd on dyig c s yng to see in his manao e gs he igt prcive deep down beowand te far disan On oe occasion ecl phlooph y of hitoy "a or of ae. � Ind he ple man  us woud be los boredom and drearie were i no for the qee and nver  able specltion whic he cannot elp ponderng on and on There s someng of an Epicuean about Brckhardtf a ano aa who call to mind age te  whh Kafka aws of thi memorable plain gre: Wiout maing any bo of it Sancoanza succeeded  te course of y as by devor g a grea nmer of romance of ca and advenen te evening and ng ht or in so de ng  from hi demon whom he later called Don Qoe that hs deon erepon et out n rfet freedom on e maddest eploi whc, hw ever for the lac of a prordaned objec whic sold have een Sancho Panza imsef, harmed nobody.  free man Sanco ana philosophca ly olowed Don Qotehsoncr· sad perapou of a see o repon by and had of em a grea and ed yig eneainment tohe end    e de fee nion ch Kafa hee gives o Sanco Pana as n a o a Uopa ofe ha a Utopian caracter I pons nbetwen a tea coa n e hoow beeen e land we kow

I u f   Frm Notes e Au)

Fo oe enneh iin e te beteeng me be   o bliig on f  e;gig n

e eu

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   ta n a a  wh naty cealng ad cneqetly de t ay: ne t e te w a te ay beI ean   bt ag whatevewrld t a plty w I o nt ntend t ange ang t h gplee  te wldt e that w  hard re    wee   e  whe  tene  i hay ty-wen w   a ael n he ac le w a ee de dred yea pen ga a an eveythg e  t le the ae way xtence bee all eye. Te nge gw by,lk abt w cry t ee what t ap  gng pe r tat  wat ne  Oe the dk and te en wh ae at de r a lng we gnawg e ng ej p p trt eir b  , tey ay "th  metng . .  6 (Cneng Gennene Kakaqtg eegaad B aka  1963) 8

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   Cf r tance Dro, HtkMecen 96 pp. 8 gaGoeingen, 9 2 See leGemmee  pm. 6, volVI, p 9 -  o 1 3 an  RikeDi rbeme Gesip spiHeieler 9 p 4 ad pm 4· Cf o ane, ejurnaHty d Ty(Te aue); adinr, edo f Hiy lencoe Il 99G tca, eGnl atn n  ng f y Chiago 196 ook edPispy nd t New Yrk 96 5 Vay, Htoy nd itis N Yrk, 96 ol. 0 pp 11 . 6. Mon "Hiorihe ethde,  Beon edGscic (Fih B ehere) raf aM96 pp   Blo, Apgi pr tie o mtr d'itenPar 1964, p xi  e Bab, t and Ht,Berkeley and L Al 959 pp 4. Cf al Bk e cepncef Htes: d a Pspetv Fr ci ciece Beley a  ele 956pm For  xpoii on of te agen ee Mk he  of ocl Udrang ty V no  pp z8  eidden Cnn 1966) vol 4·  or  erly rere  t e e Kant' Ide z ir amne Ges ite iebegec Absi; Enl 21

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OY:  AS G B  AS

OS



ranslaton Glecoe, i Gardn  Theor  Hoy 1959 pp -4 10. MuayFive Sae f Gree Rel n (Ancr Bok) New Yok,pp  xi 1 See Broke, Namier and Naiersm, oy an heory (Te Hage 1964) , Vol I n 333. 2 DThe Gree and the Iaal Bston 197 p 2 De Ber d Nau n der Lehren o Ma 3 Se Scmi Frar aM 9639, pp48o Geshhe der ar 4 v. Wizaee Cottng 9 pp 3743  f Shd, p ct p 48 6 v Weizsaekerop i p 6

p 9 fm Ra Wetechche IX p  fBteeld Man on  a    Bostn 960 p  6 rr t te sam anke sateen  v Wezsaecer p  pp 1-116 8 Se acauer The  y f    Nw k 196 pp 66 6 . n eepig wit hs argun Gs Jonas nd paeantie Ge,vl. I, Coetingen 9 64 pp -64 iniss ha crtain hs orical penona pove inaccessible psychlgical and so logcal eplanans. Ths hesays abou h ergence of he GstcSeihaun' in la anui: Wha concen s er h 'remainder a prori tlthe incalcus of pi cal facor howeve plausibl te 'mvan a can b d

 der SeMae Kracae  "i Cruppe als Ideenaeger Da in Oent Fank aM 963 p 41 18 or h parag ap see a er ibd passm. 19 d p i p , eep les  longsrvival of el igius i qog ahew olds happy phras of  x slnes of tngs z. PtoRepu  496  (uo by Mrray p ci, pp 9o) . Tocqevll, Suvenir deAx· de Tocqueille, as 9 P 36 zz KlpperThe Ees  Mass Communcaio n Glece, l 6 discusses at engt e ndings of cnempra s scieneesearc regang rgulr in e rmat and anssson of opins 23. S Mchee oral Thee  Mas ehaio Glnc, Il 963 2 Menne d b y Buted, Man n  Pa    Btn, 6o pp 38-  ter havng sted ta power is vil an a thse weling i are let inter ested ni lu Brcat, "Wegeshchche eracunge" in Jaco Buckhad Gesamtaabe Sugat Brl & Lipig vl I 99, p 7 connues: 'Bu he wh wants pwer an want ur-peraps he

ved dfrm that igral of etern meng whih con itne and a prncple n , alredy h cn cndioning version of ose ac or in t new spitua cont tat in shor wch no b pane at al b can nly b un sd asne whleislose of humanbg a tis  m in st o  p 6; Engih trns aton fr t taion by Jon) . 30 S Tlly"h Analyss of ounrvluon Htya Theory (he agu, 196, vol.  no : 3-8 Tillys sdy has eanw be en epandd to a he bokVde bg, Mass 964). 3   Brad op cit, p 26 f as oce y: hoy ad ace, New York, 6  p 2 I p 29 32 erReapa n Hty vanstn 96 p 2. alle torial Unrstanding, r and The y (Te Hage 1963), vo In.   declrs tat  o is a specie or spcial applon of t gee sry. B n nkeDilhey-tb  pres  anian i Dlheh smst nceive of  deen bwn histry and scienc mal as dien i de of apprac. 33 Hexe op ci, p 39 34 f. Blenberg" 'Saeklrisaon  ener aeg  trscer llgimiae  uhn and Wiedmann Die hi eds

he bth arbd hianiy t  and a hd sll nown By way Hry (Scribnrs paperbac, Buld New Yor, p 109 cpares is unknown intellgence  a "compoe  .  wo compses the sc as w go alng    6 Quod by Caam, Wahhei nd Methd ubinge 196,

lhe ud die Frae ach dem Fch Muenh 196, rung  Beeung pp 04-6pm.S a Jaus rp dr Fchtsie n  Qere d nens e s Mo s  ibid, pp 2 s 3 Cf Schmid op  p 39·

ORY: T LA TGS BFR T LT

 15-6 pp Fo a imar c36 Cf. for ianc, Her, op t i of Com s Buy The Idea of Prors .    New ork,195 PP3-3 lhey Geamme S ch r f e n  vol I p t 07 37· 38 f LoweOn Economic KowlgNew Yok,g65 P 1g-3rr  I Hiory?N w Yo96zp o 3g. For

a qualao of h staemen wi rpct o M�x,

 Gecitd Nau un l vo "Zu Vrh mu ud Ma entlis s, n Erist alm M

a. 965p 1z3 Franu 4 Qod m pngl , "The WorldaHior, in Gardnr, ed Teo f  sy,op  p g. 41 Franort The Dying God Jou o the Wabug n Insi



NO

z

I, no 1  3 laims tha the istoan sould or us "som-

thing fll nough and one enough to m our npon of pull    sen frm as manypon of vew and at as many vl sa poil, ludg  a any omponens faco, apecs as h wd and deep owledge h greae anayt powr ngh imagnation can pn 48 Qotd fom Rnhod iebu h ivesiy and n of Ho in eyho he ed. Ph ophy  toy  O Tim,deni,N.Y., g9p 35. 49 See quot fom Brlin, cited  n46. PER 2 1 Killr,

"Som Poblms of Hisocal Knowldg h  6 g6 vol LV Journlo Phioophy(New ok, eb

vol noof3- 51 Cut u  (ondon XIBh 4z or tis paicular poit, 1958  rako h vlzon n t NarE ncho Book) ew Yor 1- pp 43 See for isan, oynee Reo ondon, 196,  Z38   r fo r hvng dengle e s Sp pra p p 73-74, cit,  op. Jona 4·

4: 87by lumenbeg "Da nroh ud di hnmac d z no. uotd Warhit, p 45 rm Hser! Di K  uac Wchaen   . , Den Haag96z p 448. The srcnal

overed Aabic utu and oduce d t conp of psudomop hos to accut fo i dni awold dom natd by rek cure soc Unden dng  Mk h Autonomy of Hoy a Thory Middletown Conn, g66) vol , no 1 ?5• pons out ha "the hi try of atual sin is no g �wan eher n ampl offals eoi s whih e ot happy s . " coees 46 f for itan, Di y sammle Schenvol. VI, pp 7-7,whee h dens he G shfn a folow: "hy aal l oundedn xpeien , i h &sson for xprec and n he undrstndng of t ,Or s d p.31: h tol of what pp u to i xei nd ndsaning is life, s a n empig e hn pcs n d : 7 Hug, "The sof Cuuto, Mn Ey y John 1959, p 54   an adHunga Nw York mirabe page cal h ia n's onat wih te pn entry nto a amosphe   on of h any oms of reahng beyond oee of xprin ig uh whih a ive o man.Bei, Hisoy and hoy he ont of S en Hory, $t0 n o h Hgu,g6o, ol

3 Se Lth,  k    936 p. 74 4 Cf fd Shmidt, De Bgi Nt n r Le on MaFranurt M 196zp ZJ 5 Cf Mndlbaum h Pbm f ocal Knwg.    New ork,1936 aim. He aume "h ens n h rl

 rads .. die Wissch shwebt sowie nem leren Ram uber der bnl

wodmeanng sor  al rty"poss s a deermna ur of her own whch  appehendd, t no bu anfoe byh mnd (p z3g). he unmiiged realm undelying ti statement is on of andlbaums ie umn againttor h rlm 6 Cf. C. J empl "Epao in Sin  and Hioy  Wl ay, ed, hhl An yn New or ondon, 1966 pp 95-26pm;Erngel " m  isto bd. pp 347-8p 7 Quoed om Buttl Mn   a.   , Boton196

P· 6

Voe  8 oslr, Rae hitrichs Pobl, in Ge chchtM unchen1g64 pp 199y tranaton g Buered, p t 14 p Nw ork 0 Quoed rom Sten ed h V  of toy 956 p 57 raslaed by he d



STORY H LS  BOR  

1 ooy ad Hr as nt Neen Ceu ryBos n 1959 p 74  d, p 7475  Rake's o a nnet smay o m te exea fat erin itte iet; d e reas af a a ey later he [Rke] w o peuaded i dc t  icude s t oeedwoks Vosser, p ci c e  ely pp 9-1 elaorates  he mpla s  akes dese hw e e eeth ewese; h emps z  ae  her approed of a pure toy h wh xauss isl in e "poograpieding of he fas r rejecd an maen piospy f istryne ha ws  of imate fmlaiy w the vn  data s ad f bn mps po n  from with 12 HeLutezia Smt h W l g, ez91 .  13. To he e ahe fllw ags  dea wih h  pho grapmeda hey ae based on mate l da maly frm he rst two cape fmy boo, They f Fm    , New Yrk190 1. Qoted om GayLssacs sp   h Fe House o ees,ly 3, 1839, by drHy o Phoogahy, ew York,194, p 242 1 Qod by Ede d,  31 8J8 Ps 16. Que by Sadoul nvenn du cm 946 p 246 17 Quoed fo Gaya'  of ly 30 1839y der 22 o it p 18 See red ogaph en Fan e a dxe c     P 1936pp 7-19 19 or n aays i of Pss appoah  phogap y, s KacaerTeoy o Flm  , Nw  1960 pp 1415 . Drysen,Hso    , Mche96 p 85, says    Te aaive esnaio do no wa  ve a pitre a phograpy ofha win w    b ut our appercepon of oa ve fm ha sdpin fomat of p iw 2 amie,Aenues o H yL n1952  8 22 BcApogie pour 'ht a,1964 p 72 3 Quoed by Feund  p p 3 . Se arro De  nae ioique s,192 p 3 5. See Nwa, he iory fo Ptorapy   , ew Y 1949· 71

O

26. bid, pp 5�;ed, p. ci,113 p 7 Te xeta phographer dea engr "t ap Coo Psses,  opl Poaer w Yo,942 v. 8, ise43: 282 lystat at e go f pophyi t e aheet f ihest pos e ikes' of he depc d ut u e t  n astwor o art fn omsi n nstd o doumena on 8.  a alys e Frenh aantgade of e we d ealy s s Krace, op it, 177 pp 9  Gey, Huinga  Ase of His "Hiy Ae, ad heory e Hag1963), ol I, n 3: 23162, pm ep p 2414527 3 Ibid p62 31 ., 1-13 ppp i., 3 Kaaue, Qutd byp ewhall p 144 fm Jhn  eats 92 revew of a New Yor Sez  e bitn. 33 Qued bd. p 0, frm a ace by e poapher Pa Sad  Seen A 197,vo pp 524-2 34 Qod fm Se, ed  Vaie  f y, w or, 196 . 7 A 35 Cf nfs, Reaane and Renaences n Wesen Stoclm, 90, pp84 87  nma, le mee e a age, 3 Quo rm Calo,  eaiona olge, I   (P d), p. 87 37· CvLexko Gegenw rhas, Lep 1840 d 4 Acl: ae rrcvo Aos ta dable)  I gty det P R Ksele fr havng bgt to y attnton  ealy eferc t he anshps ewn hsrograpy and poapy .  m 38 See Sve, ima e mde Re inttnle og (ris, JA. 97), vo I   45 see a pp 3-31 P

3

1 ckhdt, De Kuur Renance in Italien Win ( dn Verlag, p. 1 2  r " ry ad hy    Hry ad Teor he Hage 19) o. I, no 1 27

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:   GS   

3  Croe H: Is Th an a ew Yo 9 p 9 4 d p 2  Collingwood, Th a of Htoly,w ork 1956 A Gaxy B) S, or nsance,  35 6 id p 282  7 Cibi.pp 32834 8 Croce op . p 25  C orpe Mrro Comme cren le me d'hren" oi  ss ho  Samara,   Pr 1961 p 55;Ca L BeceWha Ae itoc acts?  Meyerho ed h hlph  of Ho n m Ge y Y, 959, p. 133 ec 0 ar,Wa  Ho?New o, 1962   54 dal  Cr goheoe  rater th l followng is own advice; angei o dere eod cean  c iin outook wh he Meneckeo 1907 udrwent he i wee  hres fom e imulanesshortterm hange o pltca h en e id. pp 89 Wh Ca h han is 

oly he n o ime u te chamelnke ospri ng o fcios  it 11 Beeld, a n  Pa  Boson 196 p 25 2 Cllig op ct p 229 13 GohH an Hsons n h Nnn Cn Bo ton 99 p 2. 1 Marrou, op it. p 156 5 Cf Ca op i p  4 ad Goo p . p 61. 16. Qoted by ooc ibid. p 461 7 Ma Boc Fal Sohcago 964 vol  p 307 18. Fley U vers y of Mcgan Pre, 96 3, p 7· 19 oed from eer Rapaa n H Evanto, 9 61  p 2 For te refeece ot M lnd and Subb  am  debted  Prof Sgmnd amon 2 n "Foreword o Hs aps    rof L (Trit College Camige a  ueton wc pots n  deco He asks whet he wole enerpise of ac gfor e rama even of the mdde of he seen euyi gla i no  some exet moce  aved eh rght toaume alws seem o e aued ta ong em,oerall explanao  eeiliy cae for? And he adds

NS



a " may nojae be o uppoe ta grea een h gat au    p.  1  eoa ifoaon by Frnce Prof V Sholes, wo kly ermitte me to mae it ue of 22 olligood op it pp 2697Bueberg, Da eroh nd de Ohnmac derahre p 21 , emp e Gall' agesve  founde of naral s a en He e (p. 73) says Bluebg, is no he man ho would and paenlygve mse up o hi obmpy lk a tg e; wha he preces aways forad ws the cont exts of a  bars on te mplf othes mpisi ng i M y anslat ) 23 ogwood op. c. p 23, z6668. 24 Ibi p 28 Murde Go a, 25 Maonald, New ork, 965  9 (n Avon Book) 26 olgwood, op ct. pp 3045 on hi sbjec as quoed y Bu27  Lod Acton remk eMn on H t    Boson 19 p 22 See lo Maro omme cmprde le mr oien d' in SaL'Hsoi  ss mhs mara d Pas 961 p 521 8  R "H t  q  i Hk ePhlsoph an Hoy ew York, 96, p 9 29 Valry, Ho an olcs ew ork, 96, p(Cf 8. o ValyOvII Plae, 960 p "h 917: almn lh.)

 eshe Frieric "Vom Nte nd Nacteil der Histoie fuer a Leben Unzmass Bungn Zws · Sk eipg 193 p 137 31 Ibdp 156. 3 Id p 1 33· Cf Aron Dmios  osn oq h Pas 1961 P· 13

34  Bhad t "stc e Fragmee aus dem al  Jaob a amg Bd V, ugat Berln u eipg 929 p 225 H 35 ee o nan, oysen Muenche, 1960, for p 06 e "ddai prseaio  a legtate of oial arratve eclaes and it to e s ojve to ap prehend e essence ad  a to of e pas fom te sa

 L GS EE  

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pot eaed here ad now and    to explan d o dep tat h  d   i te pent yit p emi 6 Meecke"Htocmad  Polemi te  Th Vof Hy.    Yr 1956 AMed   688o e que, seed ibp. 4 nte 4  Mrc Boh,Th Hsto' C New or1959pp 6566 Te ialed "Nll  le f, ce coi on des qos, extr�memt ouple   . . L'raie qe eporte tabl, dat   st ben davanc quil e le vras de int en pot"BlchApoge pu ho o e dhe 5 ed P96 p z6 8 Mx Weers "dealtes e rexato e e same dobt wd soo 9 Tnin agat the llwersof te CrocCg p 8 n, de6nes hs rene wth of tough, Heter op ci. I d n for a mmen nsurpassble clrity tend to mply t rren dlemma have  sgested eor storica nveot  obvus ta  demm ar amon he nmero and enly legimate pit f rin of tocal dy  actal ss,wee, snong to do w te pit of o  of tc stdesbut t emode o tret met of htocl poblms 40.  Bdt, elchtlce Bege n Jacob Bkdt agbe and VI Sgt , Berin ud Lepi, 1929p  1 Cf for eyl Debs whH  Yo  196  221; Buy Th 195 (Med paerbak) ee  New York 958 A Dove pper bac) pp 246MauCommt mpende le me d'itorien Sama L'toe e e mths P 96, p 55, 156Rmond Ao,D d  schoqe,s 1961 pp 24 d  1 12 42 udt op ct  6 val ly unsee nfuelle ch d Unergegenen 4 Huzg I nn de Gehhte    , Basel 194 p 9   Joh Brooke about Namier a quod y Meht, e Ne

Ye, De 1 Bird"The Fih of Croo-lond 1962, 9·  Hnc oy of DNe Yk, 1961 (Dver os) v I, p 9 46 veentSdnand at Htory, Meyeo

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ed, The Phophy of Hy 1nrO T Gden Ciy,NY 1959, 14 4 Id. p oGey op t p 96 eprs  a v 48 For a nloy spenoeoi     s Kracue,Th of lm Fi     Nw York 196, pp 15152 ( der e e: "Muc recped 49 Rotoe,The So nd Eco Htoy o th Rn pe,Oord, 1926 p5 o Poueeb f Thngs  ew or 192 nd 9vol I pp 5-45· 51 Grav, The Geek Mythltoe Maland 955 volI p. 11. CHPTR4 1 See SternIndn n n, e, T Vee of Hty  a eida Bk)ew York,96p   Geyl De Wh sto a Md ok) N Y 1958 g-4 mg e exped opno  Macaly

e ivded. For ntnce Hle, "Intodco  Hale e,  Htooghy The voo o h (a MedBo) leeld and ewYork, 1964p 5 ra  preely fo inquivee  a vee 3 Cf Gade Whe nd Metho Teen1960 p

198  Voler "Rane ie blem"  Voser G nd eh he .   Muenen 1964, p 99 only  pzste relou fodatons of Ranke' pproaa  Dlhyeme hen ttrt-Geten vol V .o meon a ecenm 195 & 196  281, 281  H t o s anke tatement, Gerhrd Rtter enc ty    " Htoy d Tho The Hague 196) ol I no : 265edses  gw es obouslywit  to dsagng e ndulgene  ostuonnd he oe agressvness of certain cntemr hstoria Ri's wa oallypubli i Gerny be oedTh 6 p Ps  Nei98 York192 nd  tt Mr. 94,vl  p 14-5(rnlted by C f. alo K The of  . .  , Nw York 196 p 14-15

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7 Cf Sue, eSger 1e A ju  ioo (May 194) vl X, o 6 49957   8 Qoed rm f Tonee d adnl Geek H� Tougt (a Metor Bok) New k, 195 p. 43It  ou say ing ht Plybus is aoher ce in poit See fr intan B he Anen Greek  Hora   (a vr Bo  ew ork 195, pp 9219  Wen ntervew ed by Mehta Jo Bke ad Toyb ps themselves n th ee See Mehta "The Flght o Ck-Tled Bis he Ne Yoke De 15 9 PP 7 8Wi ti text khard' ere ref e feqt iniden f egra  the o ly e �n h p  their at a evmen see f  to e S BurcrdDie t Kl dRenssane m Pio elag Wie p 78 d Jacb Kaeg,Burckhadt: Ein ohev o I, Bael, 195, p 7  Shpehauer emtihe Wek,Wesbade 1949, vo  "Die Welta Wie ud ostelu rtt h  Kp 3 pp 45 say: "Vr e Bld hat je sh stele e vo ee uersten awtend oud wa z  e spee wede; ud wie ene, auh de iht seb zren: de d wede enu sh ebe  vene e.  f Baily The bles o he Workg Hia A  ti  e Phis7h d Ho New Yrk 963 P· 9 Craft,New York 959 2 . Marc Bloh Th Han's P· 6566  Mllhe oilog l Imagnaon New rk 1959 p 96 . Qted by Wlley, The Sevententh Cenu acgnd(a Doue Anchor Bok) Garden City, ew Yr P· 43· 953 5 rardt Griecsutehche ( ros sc agbe Baede ,5 59 6o)  epg Bad 5 · 7-8. The psag reds as olw    gerde mt h�fger t n engng t he ds Resultat a wegte  ezwe e lees fhoe ei gleiassig e Fl weter"-e fue a  Lea uhardt   uze 1936 pp 88 6 Hack H Dogma Dover Boks ) w ork, 961 I

ok oin vonto  pp vagu . 38 ees uciously as son as hes oeek   d the hrfess p t nd beh d the demntrae idea ad whi ai ve od a pe oher f wich , tat pio a a ate offa

NO

233

tse ew ogat l. Talate ro  eGem edn y e Bcaa) 1 Droyen,H . , Mue 196 p 245 8 n letter f Marh 0,0, Buardt w ites to Beha  gle Ih rahe f  efachen Wegln ds ss Taachechu  r aus er tcht aus  Stm, elug Quod fm M Bucadt, s ad ed. Jacob uhd: Be Breme 1965 p 275 9 Bereld "Mrl d gment  stry Meyho , Anco The Phooph a Dobeay o Hiy  O me o), GardeCy New York 1959, p 229Te xcetis dra fo Buee Htor ad HuaRto Lno 93· .

Hi Pat

0 pButtereld (a Beacon Bo Boston 196 139 Mn On 21 Ibd p 39 22 Quted y Kauer, Theoy f Film  New Yor 96 p 22 frm vs "Brag Documeny Eprien Fm Ce(ew or, 956 , vo I og. : 2 Beld Moral dgmes  .(  no 19 p 44 ales t i pssibility when he says hat te (teha) itrian y stthe e f oy by dcing i whlale net detl and  n obeve n a msae csuenc of eou pecon or he ggs-on n a coena on ap. Fohe ret ueres ea oftnial hiry telf orae  a tcae mxre of elogicl and sen ons 24 Srs, On lgwod's Plophy fhe o yReiew  o eah(Montrl ue 1952) vo V, no  583 25. Quted f a e Idcn (s ote 2) p 2 where he tes a leter of Carlyle to  Stat Ml n whih ayle writ istory "is nddres a iterally  feven, fr did ot Gd re all?) tr who ou i an to evey facl of Hea ad et, fr te dps to the sigh      lty Gml chife StuttgarengenV, o 958 & 96 p 64, rt Reish n e a aio  poing xpanao appao of systemati kowledge to aayisito parular csal exes ad the prnple f de vepent thse elements ce enfrng h othe. ac f also Berin "Hstry an Th    . " Hist

4

 H  H F  

Tory (he Hage 960  o I, no 1 : 24 where he x resss se a slar vn 27 S fr ice K Max W  Am Th an Eece, (The Hag, 196) , vol   Ho a or 3 43,pm,p. p 8 C., o xaple Blmenbeg Die Kp kanche We FanfutM. 1965 and his Pagmn zu ene Ma phrogeB 196I shol ls i hat Jns, Gnd pan kr ev I and II ege 1964 and 954 oers oug  o torimophol cal aals  29. Gae Cuu(a Vntage Bk) New Yrk, 1961 p. 116 30. Beli "iso an hey   (e  e nte 6 ),p 2Fr siilar ee Marru, efrenc to the imporahoqe e f Pris wide hman 196 p en 79   e la nnasane 8 (we e msta enly ascribes Graes' "butade "Hstry is an ld mn' game o te mpero laui) ; , Re   appa a   NohwstUesi Pres 961  P· 43, 199 31 e te que ni Lewih J  BL 1936, p. 18 8 No ee ne wor   he wod an rpawi ts uote ta hmial compund o wih a oso fo b usee ene w urg diin an our atetiees s t a allet  pope is fomed Loet uot om Geaagbe Bel 19933 vo 8  8 3 Be op  24 33 znga h s o ll sy,  gaM and Ide (a Md Bok), Nw Y, 959  53-4· 34 Adlo, "os no h Pbem of oial nealzai  n otsck, ed, enat n  the Wng  Ho Cicago, 1963  167 35 S Festu�re V : La Rvan 'He gte ri 1944,  LAsoogee e en ue  356. 36 Fo mme o h ge o alii  torl gea on  fr ne, Dlh l II Geamme Shn (se note 6),  188 where he ds wth efoan f

cceps "e the foraon eeenhan whh nep  nhe he ays is    t generaato  simple btai from a e f pacar es that whch s m t them he ne xress a as jn "-£. "png d deutsch rause  Bena S



235

Fafurt a.M 155 l I, . 141-365 In e kn e Vrede to s tase  14-4) Bjam hacly s  te een  bewn "geneaaon ad "dea   p 554 3 See te Reappa n H  te 3), pp 22 204. 38 Hziga, "enaa ad Reasm n iga, en and e    {a Meriian Bok, w Y, 1959 p 88. 39 zga, "The Probem f th enssace in Huga o t. . 287 P 0. K 4 Poal mmnay Pf 41 ug a ia d eal  (ee e 3) p. 288 89 . Seag  the mastes whom Burhardt has nd Hunga sas that"oe n ger as what th on  p o su m we b what eir sii is (a a Boo)  BerlnK arx: Hi fe a nn En ew Yr 1959, p 3- 43 Blin Ht ad The    (s not 26)  4    BlH an hog    (a p oh p. 12 b k) , New Y, 96

 5  Aon,D  onnhtq,Pas, 19  19 2 Eve thug h bee dmit s thei   of mcr hto fo whch s e  o te "u pbl, p 1258  emona prejud agast it s ver srg indeed Meh "e Fgt f Crookalond Bd Dc he Nw Yorer 8 1962, p 92 epts ha, i a cneatn wh hm Tnbeeot hme wih te tough thae das h coscoe istoas a proably bed. 3· Jedhes Kon e Klaen? Bel 963 4 He, "Te Eu f e Ast y  the Ra, in HexterReapp aisals n Hst ory, Evason Il., 1961, p.

5 5· Batmre, 1951 ol 140-10 a ae 6 Tolso, Ibd. Wa p 1425.-f Berli N ew h Hgg a I, he pp. Fx Yk 1953, p. 19,  26   otoy   p 12 8 Kcaue,heor o m New ork 1960 . 3-64Fo 

RY:  G



and Blumenberg, Ds Fe hr und de Ohnoacht der Wahe, n Galle Sider Nucu, Fraut a Mn 1965, esp pp 45 and Z3· 54 Jon Gos nt kr Gt Part  I 1 Ggen  1954, p 18 55 See Novo he Cnp f Ineative Levels and Bolgy in Sice, ol 01 ( 145) pp 29-1

6 Hnac Nw York 96 ( a ovr Book Hsoy of Dg vo I, p. 13. 57· exte op  p 2 5 Cf. Tobee op cit "The Probem f Qatt in te Study of Han Aais, pasm.

59 Iid p 134

7 k The Hstoan' Ppose: Hstry and . Bp ullo stan c 1 Fee o nChaptr 6 in  Metahisto" n Meyero ed, The Philsophy of Htry ou

Tim,

Gaden y Y, 199 (a Doubleday Anho

Boo) p. 293 he delae wa of a aid cal eudi on 62 Bloch oa'C ew Yor, 199 p 8. lm Bon  Gsh 6 unga Bel 94, · 1z  Meinece Htoism and t Problm"  te Th ed V  soNew or 19 ( a Meidian Book p 75 5 Ibid, pp 27 and 273 Meineke's postn hih would su

odnate chnial o ntepretave oy,

s i

palleled b

a of Gue n a tament o n e ame bje: There a

he naual hola hose bent t s o esablish he tex o f an ah o date a see of pos; and there are othe wo feel more coneed to pu e resl of h sien w  n a

lger setn o ae thei pla  he as aiion nd ther eee to e pesent y     may I e fogve fo ayng hat we ae jst now i espea need of he ineprave type? urie eople and ados, n GhVan Gonngen Tradin and Pea Achivmn i Clsl AquUy, London, 1g6o pp. g-1o

 Bloch, op.c p  ce," n Sen e. op. t, p . 19 67 Bury Htory a a en

68 Buy, Th Ancint Grek Htorians, New York 1958 (a Dve

Boo, p z6

6. See Ma, De

l

onnae ht-que 4 ed. Pas 196





p 235:   natal ha hoil resear lie evey ieecualcpline kowng cntu ou dvelpen, shoul d have proe  wt me   "-Pre,  Wat  H a T g to o? n Meero Th e, Phlohy   t   T Gden Cit Y 1959 (a oubleday Anho o, p. 8: The more hee a cun ltipy te mre he e realy Kele  feed fro i vl" Soe Pblem of iocl Knowlge h ]o hlophy voLVno 4 (Febay 6 1961), p " 9  the steady  of storcal qy to dvae e fronter of abhed owledge and o redu he area f nvd opinion-xer op c. p 19:   ih   pec o he ore dly ebound npon a kgdo pc aes pae They get td out afer a wle; but a cnsiderable resdue not nmnaed by them eains" 0 f ene op ci ., p  Te cmparave ethod permis hiry  app  it e pepeve" or Bloh' ve,  n. 71 71. Bloch belve that ompaave hsoy cals fo mwo.  deemng an ocuene o eudal pase n e histy of ociete oher an he Eropan he Fl say in y Chcago 19 vol  p 46:t  by   sle hat soc� d eent o o own shoud ave ed passtugh a pae coely ee g b  ta wi ha  ju be de d.  so i legimate tocal em feuda dug  phae But  work of pion hu involv  ly byond the powe of one an"-Mrrou Co mpre le me dstoren," in aran Pi, L'Io  m(Ww , 96 pp 151516 ays • evn a stoca wokf oa very pe sol cact, coneived and ied ou over the or by oe sce  neertel e clnang pn of n ne oe ve or    The historian appea o us  te arhictwho  .  mus ca n a whole eef ospate -n aspe sessed tel, y K op t., p8 tat te viou  trc l iplnjt as e vao en, developed fro pc a, hiril a iletua c usans and susaned byperonal relgu s ntional, oare profs nal neess oe t of naonal oveap an o he oer n eore man las no yet o  I ony tog a ad paion pidby y of  of owledge nd oug an esng degree of er

    B   dpaet al llaboan, tat w n ope to com aclo t udscl wldg. p · 2 Pen . it  Lvtssop ctp 4.  Ca What Hto ry?, NwYr 62 p 16 5  Vale, "Hl Fact, t  ad Polis: Colctd Work vl X Nw Yok, 962 p. 2

 6 1 C fr sace, Kstllr,  MlTght oRenissac Ham Chape n e Cvlizan, vol I 3d d, wYork 9 6 p 29 wh  ag om prmis, amog hrs, ha t w pt nnty  t  tory" Copare owvr  this chapr, n. 2rh  aspt of tll' view emp ds deux t t ds 2 Cf cally Vdal-Nqut hm Esa  qlqus at de !'xmt prll cez ls Gr Reue n d Htoe s Rego, vol CLVI .  (Jan.-Mach 196 ' P 8o,pam. 3 See Bmenberg ao k  atg   kl trche liit i Ku d W ds De  hophe ud de Fra e ach dem Frchi M  e 196 p 243, whe th dc bw t  da fgs andctoo a pntd ot 4 S Ma as Jansa d  Zt Ag  Andeen  Zum Agti -Gprc r G wrt Drtadt, 962 epeay pp. 37677. 5 loh FeudaSoy,Chcgo, 164 vl Ip  6 Mw ai, See and  Gaden Cty N e 94 (a DuleyAnhoBoo)  pllpp 6 283 -5  Mu, Commen mprnr  mer 'storn d i Smara d Pa161, p 146 LHe e  mhde 8 Rak Uni vrlHsry: TheOld Ho Gup f Napp d 2,qu  adth  ondon 1884x-v by ut o H  Bosn 96 (a Becn apb  124 Wat A sta Tg 9 pSee Hac k)  ,P o D?  My e., The hlphy f Hiory Our nTm Grden aoulay Anhor Boo) pp 8889 Cy, N 199 D  M Blh he Hsta'Caft w York99  47

 [l Apolog pour hre  m  Ps14] 11 llThe fe o Frm A rt,Nw ork, 14, p 10  Id, p 1 13 Id · 4 dp 6o 15 bid p 6 16 Kl T Shape o Tm Nw and Ldon 162 C. pm 1 Kuleo p i p 12 ai 1962, p 34 18 LvSas  Pee auag, 9 id p 44 2 Cth xls gv  d p.  343 andspelypp 44-45 whe had lvl of mde and ntpay y is copd wh that of phy: "e ni  ssm f peh, een e s i ds f mod and con tpory toy cese t be lat xct prhps     as rtainmsveapt of demogapc devopmntkd a on a globa sa h vention of the gt ,  t dive lty d a gy M Blc  c 183-4  al cpon a d coniv of ht f deent mantudesect t of  dc f t ndpndnt stblsng   f  qc dpdt fo eac area.  h witly pu t: A lghtoy of h g f l  Auus? A nom hstry  g f Lu XV? W nt: Ju of wh appeed  y laboa dung he nd dyof Gvy' byLusPastur? Ornversely:Dlac  sy  Efomw t Entin 2 sllr op it p 291xpelanng h preeef dal and d as   Rasae aswel as ft  a pcua t tselfa th a ls such ompx hayve ts ut ratul clz t  a a f cutu  wn ino develpt 22 om c muncaon by ro. mnd. 23 W ey, Hitorad Conp oRlav T 

vlI,I, Hoy hMakrt Hagu , 199 16) Pt n 384,pp nTry He's c 278;ad   6 Ctta 8 mmche Weke 4 Vly Hr ad Po Cted W  X New Yk,962 p 3

   G B   25 Ltenbe,Aphmn Bf Shiften tttgrt 953  . 6 Bloh, op it.  51 Ne   Eoea te ture ad th La M e  York, 1953 1 z8 MeyeShaio Syle n Kebe ed. nthopolg Toay Chcago, 193p 295  coniec hou 29 A Dimeo d Pis 1961 p 15-16 and  3 Mandlbam "The Hit of des, elet Hito and th Hitoy of Philoophy, so and Theo, Behf5 he Haue965  52 31 Dithey,e Abu r gesh hl hn Wet de ses wsnchn, in Gemmet Schifte vol. VII, tgart nd Gtn, 961,p 178  183. 32 jam, ehihthlophche Tn,  rftnFrakfur !·in, 955,vo  p 5 33 ast "Commayn Crombi ., nC hge ( ympoum o Hto of Scn, Uns  o  July 9)Lndo1963p 863 34· bid vl II Basel1950 185. 35 Cf Kaeacob rchat 36. Quotd bKgi t, vol  B 1956p 95 3 Se, for ianc Kitele," Canging Viewh Intllecl to of the Rence sice J Brhrdt,  Hetn, , h en : c  the Theoie  Mdson npettio ofth e Age  1961,. 290 38 Kbler ct p28 39 Id, p 122. 40 Bloh  t p.15 4 Dileyc.  185 2. Bloch,Fea Socety vo p 30 43 C ooEsay i t ito o  N  k,196 (a Capio oo) p 30  See , o of h MddAge,New York195 a DoveBok), p 1 45 It Eestein Gre o n Cone es "The VII- X 2 Ps 57· oSenc Pog n d Gewechfe em 46 t, Einleitung Shifn, vol I, Stutgrt a Ggen 1959 962p 56

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2

 Smid, er g d Na  n d Lhr von Max rak  m Ma, 962. 27. 48 Jonas  un ptanter et, Pat  ig,196 pp 2-25 9 Ibid. 37 50 Blmbeg, "pocecelle d Rze Phlophche v V no / {1958),p 9 Runchau 51 aThoof m Th edm pti o i Reaity,  Yok 960 p 200-201 52 oted y GadmeWhrht un Methodp 192 fm ankWeltgechhte X f 53 ee Co,  heo a Pat ew k 196 pim 54 Ibidrt I p165-314. 55 e J, Zet u Enug  rc u'-A a chch dt temp pdu" Hedelberg1955 ssim  have of gybenet fom kable monogrh, a mode conce anmphi nals  Cf lo Polet ro  td   Tmew Yok,1 959 a Hpr rcho pp 291-322 56 Js, p t p.87

 7  Melba he Hto of I, Itellectual Hi, a the Hsto of Plooph,  d Tho eft Be  The Hage965 p   ee He Inodion in eH  The Evolution of Bh y m con to Nm (a erdn  Htigap Cleeland ande York,1 964. 59; nd Hexer,appai n Hty, ton ll,1 961, 95 3 anba, op ci p 4 4· PinnA Htoy of Eup  ..  Ne Y1955,   5 Hexte, o. p 2 6 NilssonGeschhte  grhshe Region vo I, che, 191, p. 32 In cntionwith  ssempaMommt ompee le ' geer commn in . Lhoe pmtr tn, t s mhde 15 dh  Smran 3 "H mn et o iiato hv no apt  someting o be en fo ged an onic sceme -

H: T L

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prg hsorc phnmn wih s so pl t a lvng eing at  bo  dees, d d . .  A r rug whleciliao a t one sgle  d ttsd be he phlooph' dr, as w tld ts heto must regard it as noing u a mrage  o dage" 7 Wdld D lltc-c .Kltur   (Hadbu u e nt,  . B d: 2 d 3 e) Tnge 191   15z al (a Baon paperbac)  Dodds, Th Gr and t  Bsto, 957 pp 252-55  Ma rc BocFedlSi(a Ponx Boo v. I, Ccago 964 pp 41-42 10 Rane, Dut   m Zital r Rfrati Kol, PaidonVerlg n.d pp. 2-3 1. Se an Di rmiche Pap n d lztn vr Jarhun drtAgrippaVer lag Klnnd  pp 19-z0 am 4 About Palestrias ms ane p 23 says:  t e ad  ais been gve n and vie as eeents spe and he  the sonds f a life dvoted helv  wrs g ppi fr aony now e aig li e sa now andin g  eaen i jiatio ad y" 12 Cf. Kaeg acb Buh·d: Ene iograp Bd I, Bl  95,· 1 13 LemaA Ht  t r Cc a Meri B, I,Cevead, Oi 9 6, p 3 4 Wendland o. it p 49 15 id p 6 I, ldusa inage ) ew Yok 194 d 16 Gaes 196, pp 0-9. 17. Cf u h c t Grk Htras a Dvr paa) Nw Yor 958, pp 81, 91 16 112 -9 18 Cf. for ntae Goh, Hto ad Htr i  tNi tnt ntry (a Bao ppebac  oston 99 p, 17 Goc sms  endors ned way, and m.In h oldas a fsio ofhlarlyad artisti itens; tus he es the artsic ad histo  unity of Mhele's isryFrenh f h

 Se ene, it oim ad It roblm n t, d h Vareie  t H    a Media ook ), e Yok 1956, pp 20, Z7 283 2 Mar oc,  Hria' aft e or 1959, pp z7 22 aer"sy ir Ane  Htrndn 952, p 8 2 ax rhardt &sl. d ac ucad Bre, ren 1965p. 6 ak 24 Taban, Hisory as iteae" Nw Y TmMar 3 1966. 2 Kae Bd II, Ba 1956, ao urkrdt i ore p 6 p 35 6 Croc Ht:It Try and actice Nw ok 196 2 ilsso op  t, vol I pp 3z4-2 2 Pirene p ct. pp 1  11  29 Ibi p 89. To f Fm   w o,1g6o, p zz. 3 C aaer 1 Rostve, Rme a GalaxBok w Yok, 96 p. 1 0 z ols w o 32 Prousmmbr f  t k, 1932 and 193 im;see, for sanc vol , pp 15, 656. Mims  . .  Prineton 1953 p.  33· Aa, 34 Wie e Bdn f istory Midle Htory ad Tory twn C 196 6 l.  n  orrbrats tis view t  tent hat he pasi  dscrpay twe mo ae pon ad e rath odatd styisc ep htori as Th e delars (p 126) ence a majoiy of tat ny hsoa w pea h  of o hisor "sm o hve n nd a ntn f t hat wud admit l mre n he nitentetU novel  a parad  For  t s approah nsidraly drs fo n 35 Va iry ad lics w Yor 1962 pp 516 h  w fr is lettr ot Adr eby dated Septem passas OuvrI Plade, ber 196.Forhe ornal text,see Valry, ais, 960 p 3 t rad  'ai  t d t d a lc tr � t Ia d'soires parcles de !arcte r d a mre de la naiai de oo plie, de tc a

"Some obls of a Woing 19 eout Cf Gersoy Hon, i  dPhiloy ad �r H    NwYrk, 1963 p  wr e spea f te dual naure of ty as t ad sene persoal involvement and eve o nqry    "

 as han de cs daines s os s so SU caue vsids atr, was in  ito  gnae bls l ns tmblar ie pres ciproque. et 36 f Bl, 1 H  rt (se  2 1  p  wher e of a an acivty, says  any study sking he ris

IY: HE L GS BOE T A

hre lurk the  .  dag of fug an with xlanaton." Se r, op i,pp 9 zo,  Se again Laslet, Cmnay," n Cmbie Stc d Cge     London 19 p 86- see sp p864 Cf als Llet Forwr"  xt op cx; pp ep p 9 Cf Jaus Urpng und Beutung e ortchriie in e 'Qre dAncis td Moen Khn Widma, d, D Phlospe und e Fge n d st Mn1964, pp 51sm Bluenbg, aeklasaon,K einr Kategoie 4 orichr Ill & idmann, e, op ct, pp iaet i hn n. 465m. 6 155 Te Nw Yoke, 41 hta Thligh  of also, rokTalned abov haper B," p. an D  96 quot mmen of A P aylo p) anod eruttl (p11) on  pculiary fNaier's wok  urrG Kultgete (oe Tacnauga Band8 9, 6o) pig, voI, p. 7 [99] 43 Ibd pp.71 (sama  f BhardWeltgetle Berug gab BdVI), tr Belin d ipg, 199pp 92-0 45 B"Historad hoy .  " Hy  Teory ( The Hag 1960, vol 1, o : 31.  6 xer op t, pp     w Yo965 pp. 47 MtoO te Se of Gas 163-4 8 Se T e  io of Ttm y .   (a Oy parak ew or, 94 pp. 363 49 hre i a strikig faly liks be te toian pocdg  rtm fahon an the lm ai a   hav ribd h ewhe o que mylf, the t l ai may b imagind aa man wh et ut o  a so but,  shog iti o ohelmed by h inate dsie t vea of phyal aiyaaloby a fg h he t ov t   nts oe oev telpe th oy ito he anyjungle stoy,ieatic fomaalphnomena tat inh wh h r bemg ti  evay lost i h does  by vt of gea o, gt bato t highway h has lft S auer op ci, 55) p 7· 38

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Kau op c Nw Yo, 19 im  ,  ..  z Mal Posblit e limit d 1�a mmaogaphque Rvu tl  d mo  vol V, os. 189 (Juy emr194 p 16 3 lhy,Abgezu gg t fe (Di gete eEn u  ePlooie  Lebsat 1), in esmletevo V Stugrt an ign9 P· 65  4· Fo a mo rt Mink Thutonomy oH dcusn, se orial rsndiHo - Teovol V no (1g66) palyp -2 5 Jage : T I o e Cltue, vol I New 9 36on tqe . 196, Yo, Mau Dp.l 4t e, a hra he coat o spclative philosoph of itoy  pofsionl historia("hien  m�) sag that tey propse at toa  un ela�oatr he m  sai itc wan;" wch a hat th btiue a she a ha validiy  fo auth  ry Maou add, wha n fa, is the good of h1so  philoophy tll ui adva wa .f a  esenaIS on  nen shold be , pp1g8g9)  ilarly rod as uod by Hale eT voo o t Hisoogr h Clvelan and ew ork96� a Mei bok)) p.   a letue h dad:I be  o al horial theoI obo  as acud o v1 ae eobsrvao of fat. 6    ]ese  do Pi 91 ao l guy et s C s e  QzPa 1? 18 V e c etzse a 199 a ze,as 1944 and e mged rooPar 95· · Buy, Te of ogres New ok a ov B) 8 f Kaue, athlsms und ue Zuov 9 192; prtedin rcauer, 1

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Cf Rict c tFrt a Main pp us d iberg, blv t hisoim i  omptlaivism a wod vew i ak lak o prmple he prcile ad mu tefoe be ohh utosdt-

H T   BFOR T at thby epospy  htry ad pby hoopy." (lc ct  3) Acogy,  h deli philoopr h i Rcrt paszs he edvfor e posophy obje of hit and uiesa toy, i which e wd base on a cultue psyhlo  i  xplor ad sstticly xlahewh o gerl cull al adby ta  systof te ip of t  a pode y.of " ht ., 6  I D Htosmus und ine  Pol  (Ale 96 7

.) roeltsch s quoted by Mandelb, Th Pobm of Hra Knowedge, N Yok,1938, p 61, agsa folos: he empr c sto  nd i task  t o dg ad prtaon .of ndivda l v dlom   . Bu l wl no  scap pug iso pen and a ecgning behd an dr ftue io these ncio th a deeper mvemn    He wl wka unwards vsa neption of dlopme, ergally dwg i ot of t t d aglnushc  b th micy g v sph of devopmt  orde t h may n i t  ow in   B n the nd h ds fo  a apcl fah i  cay him ig abov ri srs ad atrtc    1. Mk' ct of wor d isoy etrys hi eat indd o n dlsm Tis idaisc onpt oforld ory mgl wh a aconpo hih al a n to itf te da of scula pogress Cf for stance Hioric a I P"i Ste, d The Vaes o HstoN Yok95 (a Meidn Book) ) : Cule and e we ght  dubtey a Gdad natu, a uniy  te d gglse fom natue n bt aiy diidd agony nd ai, lade h n   d gr, hefoe of sngba a any momn or th le and hoest obervr is te al dd ye t annot be acpted a h hih wve bo has ve hen wor Oly mo rsl  i et ad ut gg ly t dubtos ou h solae of a trnsdtal son  the pom, olub fo  of e and cure." o.  28p 12 For inanc  Einleungi d Gswens, Gesammel  o I Sttgar a Gingen 959, p 3 a Der Aufb dr gchtlh W�e n Geew

T vl  Sttgtd  seten Geamee Sch nge,958, pp 05, 6 and6. 13 Dr ufbau r gehihthn Wet dn tewschaftn, 90 Al f Gehd Bau, Gehchtke Ber i 93 pp 39-7,pialy o7; ad adamer Whh und Me,Tbge 6o p.z . Dr fb gechchlchen Welt   Geteswn,p. 6. 5. D  git  W,P I  06. Lf e ok 196,  8.  JoasThe Phnomnon of 17 Man, Htor mu"Ahi f Sozw chft nd Solv. 52,  1  19 see ep  , 13 5 f., 3 ,  7 nd5- 8 S 2 f tcncpt,  pcallyDer Afb 9. For  pcaon  gesccchen We pp 137-38 Se aloibid. 165

wre Dl tey sys a Wirkugszumhang, t a t ap of istory the oig f Cpa  e grt even Frc vluon attheRfrao,  d th nton  of brao     ealea h fnng aoftl

forc wh wih d direo, os y ssane" 2 g aelch W ke (oee z Rehtshloh ) 1955 Sutgt, 21 O K, mpre  22 Cmpe the end f Joapap, Hideggr d olo where adoh thHgger hlas otto solv aleci v bl  n n pa f mman   . thdrtngof God is notbtoedue o the slf undetadg  ma S Jonas op c. 26. p 3  w lte Abhluge  1960  p 177 Lot  But wo lls  tat  wod dvsd towads mand and that t coud no as t withu  bu n man wiout the wod of dile hre diusd as spe oh 2 Th ocpo lyn Adoo NeaeDkkFranm Man 1966 sm  e follo g, n 5 An exple aopaag arg p 27: T hae D Afau dr geshchten Wlt he barrirs a totl deld bak the ncp f  been wiing vlencpassig al l ch fo

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H T LS GS

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"Poblma dr Slg wc disces clts the dof rung om r al r p ocioogy  a matrial cilgy whic stivs fo mateng n nwledg  rit f immediaely pinceJ e  p 133) 0 E.g Eiig id Gw chft, 96: Te psumpu gnal npt of th plosophy of isy ae b t t uivl o wo natl n and faefu ec on senc thougt Spoa gav c a mastely dcp nes abacins inndd t pess te cour of his y    of ous ne d mean t t isola on apct  it ah plosphy exng m ftis grand lty a sgtly et abacn 31  Qed fm adiner ed Tho  i  y Gl, 1959  33 2 Iid P  Gtgen1963 p 33 Wiam I  d Gchht, 128 34 J P. Maquand Pi o N Ru oon,199

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35 Cf Hipl ttngen962pp 37-39 Zw Ht 36 E.g n i argmn on  ocia ct of  df f im intih  m:n t whol odo Midd

Ages et the Jews down nd perily pecud hm  oer wods  tid o destroy tem. te Wese upean ianm ad won ot  h Jw wold wt in on r two n tis hae become h mar of al prpy  and wud al eady ten ave made e eanic and omani ppl wr f tem (ranslat ed frm Bckhad Gmtub t 929 p 264 vol 7 Sugat erlin Leipg 37· InWhhh Bch, i p 12 udtdefends god wa a llow: "War .   a an no mous mal spi y ver the meb egoi sm  e invdual it dv uman sengths nd abil n te evc f smething gna iyt fact yver gest gene al,tond unde a discipli ne wh at of thh am ime cndc e te unfoding fte gest ei  c ve. Inde, only war show to man  gr and ight and vis in f a gna bornan nder mehing gneral Freror  snc onl ea powe cn guarane a aing pa and suriy and inces wa it i that fund ea pw  u a war ies initse h tu  paceBu if pssible it su d b a jut and onoabe war  as for isanc a war f defn    38 Bckdt Bi rmn,965p. 237 39 Whhh Bhtu p 3 0 Bt commenng nao's mar  a eat eil sprig ut f a ulss f naure a n frm wa natus capabe nh f very eat gd no  f vy geat vil Widwih sme caue oserv It thatis ovus fom i rmak ha lat wa pared t kind of xpeien ha movd Jacb  dne mdc as te ne diabical oce in urkadt  wrd London1963 p 5 At d ch,  f K, Jco Buhd vol Ie956,p 29. 42 Whihih Btchtu, p 192 43· h g p 251  Wtgchichtch Bchu p   ih gmt p 225 46 Wthihih Bth, p  47 bip . z 48 A ycal passag i e folowng &m Wchhh Bthg p. 67 "Te son a isue her not we  er

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L GS OR 

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wold mona  re dirble stut in but wheh  e Ro Epe cuy    pse pe  sai to be e at  of ns mong e acent ls and to sred Chrsniy, he t ly   onby w tei mn eleme cod be ae o dc ion by the  en (Quote  BuhdtF a FrmB osn94p 7 op , p 09 9· Quoted f Wind o Qoted  o Ke h , Mdan,  ZU, d p  Hinga e Tsk o Culurl Hy inMn n Id New York,199 ( eria Book), pp 55 he qoe fom e  ingsh: Hsr me alot o ee men o oe tie" 2. bd.,p.  Kcuer e enge Ctent Alysis," 3 See  Qualtaie  Te Pul Opnon Quay vol 6 no.  (Wn 93 pp 63 · See my ate Die G e  Idetrge," Ah1  Soza wssscha un ozalpotk, vol49 o 3 ( 922) pp 9D n M,pp 236eprinted in Kace 6  Blumeberg elanho ih gegen Koe Sudu Ga vo 3 no 3 96 p 17 The quo i  passage om Blumenbg s ale  fo Bil Wiley, T n-Cuy Baro London93 2 6 ite c by lfe Scidt 7 Bnz Kafa,rat  a and bg 963 (Fsce-Bceei)p Jao Bud 8.  oewih  936,p 2 9  p 78 6o afaB Ba  nn Ma, Berli93,  38 Taao quotd f  Paas a adxs, ew Yo (a chocke-Peb 96p 79. 61 An Englis anson of Keregd's pasage was serted fromTh oao gad, ed by lexande D e Yo99 (a Hape Torchbook), p 247exe fo two mal hagswhic wre mde o oomy  e Gema of Kaa day ey,  oted by Brod. debtedes to Profe sor erm Seeeser for ig lot he qotatio n Kieregaads or

Biblography

Acon Lo Jo merich am Mo oy Cbdge 193· Aoo, eodor M, 96 W Nav D anfu P 9 Raod,Dmn  la on oqu (eerche en Sees e  Aeb, ic, Mm: T Rp nan oRly n W Lau, Pceto 93 Ayeoe  Wi . ote o e pbem of tol zoin osk , , Gna n W  1963 pp -77 in o oy, Ca Bn Sir Fns, Advanee nt o leag" qoted  no du" by J.  le  Jae  R .,T Eolu of sh hy o acon o Celad d Na e ork96p  (A Medin Bok) Bab, Plp Cuu ad H iy olomo  ompaa  Sy of vza  Berkeley ad Ls Agele199 Bl Bed, Te probes of e wornghistor  o men, i Hook Sdney,  osoy an y, w ok,193p 90 Bk, Wli Croll  of Mva Wo  Gden y New York9 A Doblea y Aho Boo)  Be Gerhrd Gl Ber,93. Ber Cl W e itoricl ft?," n Mye ro e T loopy o oy n  Tm 37. [Wit-

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lRY: T L HGS BEFOE T

L

By Joh Bae The cent eek toa New Yor 98 A Doer Papa   T  o Poges An nqry Io  Orn a Growhew York 19 (A ver apebak)  , he s oftoy in Ste rtzThe ed,Vaiei of Hoy, Fom Volt aie to the Pesent ew York 196 ected  pp 1-3 (A Merdian Boo) [n Tpley Eay of ]  Bu Cmbidge, 930, p 3-2. Buerd Heber, Chy a toyNew Yok 1949 9  eoge d t Hn, ew York 1959 , Man on H P: T  y o the Ht  H tr cho, Boton, 960 (A Bean Papeak  . [Firs pub led i 1955 ] , Mora Jdn ni Htoy" i Meyero Hns ed T Phlphy oHy n Ou , TGrden C N Y. Lo 1959, pp.28-49[ Htoy nd Hmn Reto do, 191 pp 101-0 alloi Rolad e Cia e meue et la agd Ree i  in  mog(Ps nd vol I no 5 pp 87-. Carlyl, om [eer toSta JohnMl, qoed n odu o"  ale J R ed, The Evot n of Brth Hoiog ahy fm on  Nam veld d w York 96 p 2 A Meda Bok)  Cr, Edwad Halet, Wt s Htory?ew ork 196 ollgwood .Th G., d fo Hoy N Yk 956 (AG Boo) [Fi pb d  196 ot Ae, e th  gs of prge  The  oiive Phoophy of Augte e nl H Mnu ondon 96rs de phlshie oe, Pa 1877 ConversaonsLxon e egenwt Bokas Lipg 184 B. 4· re: au red von" (Aor' al dable) ty: Its Theoy and  race, Croe Bendeo, New York 1960 Tra! by Dogs Ale [Ognl : Te e  1917 so de toograa, Cu, E oe, Eopn Literae ath e n Mi -

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257

Age,ew or, 195 Trasl b   Taskgil leopsche Liea  Lteinch es Mite Be, 948] Dile, W, samme Schrf,S  . Geistswssnsa, Geammle Shf  Eleg in de  tenol.I, 1959 196  ie eisge Wel Gesmte Sh ol V 97 961;vol V, 1958, 1962 , Der fa dr gecichln Wt  d Gst escten Geammete Schen, ol.  198, 1961 oddsE. R Th ree a te atioa Boston 197 (A e Papeac [rs ublised in 91 ry Wl H, e., hophica Analy a Ho,ew York, 966 Dyse, Johan G Ho: oeunge ueb Ezye n Methoog der Geshhe Muence 196 Edelstein, Ldwig, e GeRoman coept of se prog ess,Ica6 II IX 1962, rpp { Edr Jo Mra, toy o hotogahy, ew ork, 195. Finnger nde Photoapic onroli prss, T Co� ple togape (ew York 1942 , ol 8, sse 4, pp 2798 eruso Walace K.,  his Inrduton o e orbok Eon of l von Mn Socolgy  the eae ew York 1963 pp. -x (A Hr Tor k) ge A La Rlato Hems  e. vo r olgieet eiee oct Pris es, 19 iney, ohn H Thcyde, r Unversyof Mgan re 6 9 (AA bo Paperback)  He, The Lie f  in Ar, Fcilo New r 963. [ra laed fro V de fmes Cles  Beher Hoga nd George Kbler] Fo He, The yg G" p of e T -Le oa of t Wat by HriFrfo 1897195 urg ad Coutaud ite s X, (odon, 98 vol nos 3- pp 1-5  T ir of i ton  in ear Et Gaden ty NY, 1950 (A blday AchBoo 

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BmGRH

259

Hale J  ed. h Eolonof Bth H toorphy om Baon t NamrC lveland and New or, 6 A eii Bo). Halvy, aDel  ]eunese de udhon Pa  hal y t ls h es de la qnane ai11.  V d Frdrc Ntche Pais 0  NethePas,44· - Le M£  oudhn Pas Hack, Adolph Hty o omN ew Yor6 vols 1- od afour [Trasaed  rmte d Gea eit by eilBuc Hege, Georg Wilhe Fiedrich aelh W(odur Rhtphlooph ) Stutgar he hlosophyof HorNew Hegel Georg Wihelm ririch York6 (A Do Paperbak). Heimpel Han Zw HtoGoettge,6 Hee, eirc tia"Smtlh in Wr d  Leipzig, 0 Hempe, Cl G Exlanao i scince and  Dray  ito Willia H . Phlophcl Anys nd Hory Nw York d nd 66 pp-6 He, Johan Go etaritik Saemmtlh in Werk Sttt gt Tebgen, 8 Hetr J H., The educaton of the aristoray i the Reaiance n Hxer, J. H. Reppn Hto; ato 16  -7 Reappr n Htoy,   16 Hsoy nd heoryds n the hlosophy o Hsto (Middle ton Conn. and he Hage vol o.  g6  Hook Sney ed Phloophy nd Htoy: A Sympum Nw Yok, Hinga oha, Im Bann dr Ghht e Btchnnd  ltnnBae   The Plem of e eaian," inHuga oha Men nd ds Nw Yok  p - A Merid  Bk). s pbshed e in GLXXIV p ar pp. 7-, - Mn   "T Tak o Cltural Hitoy," i Hinga

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Ida,Nw Yok1959, pp 7-6 (A Median Boo) [rt pubshed n Huzinga utuhisorise J veren nng,Halem99] - Renaissae nd alism Men in and Id New Yo, 99pp 2-39A Meidn Book) Fist pbshed n Huiga J.Cutuursihe kenningen Harl 199·) -, TWaning of t e M Ags Crden i y NY954 

(A Doblday Anr Bok) Hul Edmd D K deepechen Wencaft e n di taendntae Pnmene Huean BdV, en Haag,62 Ivens Jos Boage dcmenty expeience Film Cuure New Yo 196),l I, no 1, pp 69 Jas Ha Roet Usprungud Beg de r Foci  de 'Queelle ds Anen s et d Modes  n K, ma n Frze., D PhUosphie und Helmut,  d W i d Fage c em Frsct Muech 96, pp 572.

ass Ha Rbet, Zet ud nengn Mace Pr ot' A  eceche dutem ed " [eegFochugen vol 3}, Hdelberg 955· Paide : The deal of eek Cuture aege ee vols  I , 994[anslate by Gilbet Highet.] II New Yok en Hb Bcoeiche Konz odr Kircnalment?:  E Beiag ur kklslogede r Koenvon Ktanz ud Bel Voraege der Aen s Sftng an de Uni esiaet Base 963 I], Basl  Stgart. ns Hs Gnos n ptantiker ol Get,  (3. eess d ehe Aage)  Co e 1964vo. I el1, Coetgen 154 -, e e nnon of Le New ok,966. aegi Wee Jacob Burckadt Eine Bogap ; 3 vols Bs 97 90, 956  Htoice Mediaion Zc no de Beim  Bau KFraz, "e Wahrhet eer Saho Pansa, d chinechn Mae, Bel91,p 8

BPH

261

Idea of  Univers Kant Immanue Historfom a Cosmopoitan oint of Vew in Ge, Pa·i Teore  of Hitry Clenel 199 p 23 Original ile Ide  eie agemein en Gecicte inwetburger icher Aicht] Te ou of ekegaard, ieegd oeren sel, rs!, ed. b lexane Du, New or959 (A Hrr Torh b . [A Gem edon:oeren Kkegaad: ge becer EineA Wiebden(194 lppe,osphT.,  e Eect f MComncaton Cle I. 96 Koo, Gabre "Max Weer A: on Thory d Edene n Htoy and Theo The He1961), ol I, no 3, pp 23-60 Kacae gfried  "The ge o Qualitative ontent nal sis, iThe Publ  Oin Qtery (Pinton N  vol 16  4\ ie9- - De Cpp  Ieeaeger in D Ornt der Maseranur a.M 963 pp 236 Rprted rom Arch fr Soa lssea ft nd So ltk (ebg Agst1922),vo9 no  pp 59622  "aomu d Rels ranfu Zeung No 9 92[Repted in Kaaue Sieried,  O men de ae 963pp. 896 Fran aM  Da Oat d se Fan a M963   Sozioogie a secaft. Eine erkenntneotc Unteruchng. Drde 22.  heory ofim: he Redmtonof Phya R eai New o960 Keler, Pa Osk, "ome pobms f toi wlge  The oua of hlo Feb6, 1961N York) volLVIIIno 4 pp8-110  he mol though of Rss humanm Chapte in in Wee Ci io 3 ei New Yo 961 vol 1,

pp 29-335 [Repnd  tele Pal Rena skar sance ougt Nw II Yo Ev nson d Londo 965, n pp 68.] g iews o te tellecul f sto e Ris- "angi

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rcd  Heltn Tnsly Th d, sn Jacob Bu R (adon, Ws 196, pp. 7- ber Grg, h Spe f im:  t Hsor  ings Hav d Ld n 196 Lsl P "Comn (n par e: oble is  H toogaphy o Sen') i Crbie A  ed.,Scieni Chnge    do, 163 pp 861-65 -, Foreod, in Hxte, J H, apprai i Hstry, Evsto ll., 1961 pp Uge, and, "A prop d nma in LHeer  Mcel In n du aphe Pa 1946, pp 33-0 [Fist pblhed  1931 Lrass Cd La Pn suvag Par 196. eyden W n in "Hoand th cncept relae e,H he Haue 1963), vol I n PP· 3 279tyand hy o Qtng Heers Metak ] Aphmn B Scn Ltnbe eorg hrstph, Stt Koen Tascnauabe Bd 4. gart 953·  Hy   Ealy Cc  Linn Han leelnd Oi, 961 ( dan Bo) B I ls  & , Bo  II: vs by Bera ee Wof] 3  4 ranslad Lowit,K Gesamm bhn nn Zu k d scch en Enz S 16  Jb Bckhad D Mnch he  sc Luze 1936. -, Mensch nd Gee Gesamm i bandlungn: u  de gsc ich Exn Stutgt, 1960 pp -7 Lovjy, At 0, Eays n Htry  da ew York,196 ( Caprico B). Frt ph n 1948 pat  Mer Hns, -, rnt stanpn ndoy" Gadn  C, ed, he Psphy H i O im  199 In   Phpy(Aug 31, 1939,

l.XXXI, n 18 ppnwd 789] On Ecnc New  196 wedlph F hs  Mss Bh1 lnco, heW   963 aulay, Thas n Bab Hit  Eland fm th cc

m n  ae II(publhed  1491 5s.) Pssae fro hapter 3 in Hal R.ed,  Eu  rh Hsaphy r n t Nme Clelnd and e Yor 964  222-4 ( Mer ida Bok) aDnal lp Mer M,Nw Yrk 196( Avo Bk) atldFred Wil Hiry  Enih w b h im  war . ( 1895  ted Hter,J H apaa in Hry Ean 196, p 19 Mnwi, Brn la,a Snc an liinGden , C, N. 19 {A Doubda Anhr ok andan, Mace The sr f Ias lec ual iory and the Hstr Posophy" o i  and heoy y  Phily Bet "h gaph    ( Hage 195) pp 336  Th Pbl  H a w e ; nwr  l tNew Yrk, 938 [Nw Yr, ansn dLndon, 96 ( Hpr rchboo)  - etal aws  Dra, W H, sp ny atry H w Y 966, pp 33-46 ane Karl "stosms chv n u Snc un Spiik, vl 2, no  1924 pp  Marcl Gabel, Polbi t�et m de l iagraph• n de l  (Pari, uyDe  Re n 194v V, ns 19 pp 163-76 P. Pn  N u aqnd o Boston, 1949 rr Hi !, Cment mprene le er dhsti  am, Charl,  'i Pars,  ss m 1961, pp 167-15 -, Da Jstlz er tohen Zit bi Aun Anren Cal ed um uin-prac dr Ggn w Dstadt 1962 pp 34o , D a cn c hq P 196 [ouh vid MehtaPrng] V "Te ight  crootalond ds h b Nw Yk ar I ec 8 962 pp 9-17; at  D. 1 96 pp 47-29 Meecke ch, "Ht m and it problms, n t iz,

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d, Th Vitis of o Nw Yor 56, pp 267-88 Jn b H.Fnkl s (A M ook [Trstd pbih ndr e t tte "ustetnd We  er Gchihte,  Stat undPersoechkei, n, 933, pp 9-3· O the  S u of Gan: A S1dan oMrton obe t K  Nw Yrk, 965  K nd deE" N u MeuthEc Nkla Zche eung Augs  4 Meyo Han T edPh  ophy   Or  G DblayAcor Book) dn , NY 9 9 A he Sooogi Imiio New Yr, 95 MisWt C, n Mi, Hr ouis n hey Te Atn om of stria Undert and, V, no  Miletw, Conn., 96 1, PP 247 MosH "M etode  Besson Waldemar, ed chhte Fa.M, 91, pp 7 1 ve St Muy iet, s GeekRigio deC N Y no dat(A Dulay Ancor k [Td io 1; rs publid n 9 Naee Dtermm n Hioy   Dray Wiim  H hhcal Aaly d Hi, New Y 96 pp 47- NamierSi  , "Hit  NamierAveeo , Lonon 9 pp. 10. London952. - Ave oHito  S Fri d e-, Hman nate inpoc, to H Nw Yor 15 pp 381 -86 (A Meriian Bk) [Oriinl puli i Namer, S L B, P   and Pe ] of Phgaph  8 o  NwhaBmont,he y PDNew Yr 194 Niebuh, eihod e Derity an Ui Hi f y,  Te o [In to in Ob u Merho, ansN.Y ed Phiophy Time  pp 311 N GrCiy I Deiyof Mw Yr 1953 e T Nu d

pp. 3021

O

5

NicFedric om Nun duNatl er d ito fr d bnnzgemass a tn, Zw tes S Wk  r e    Nzhe ester Band Lep, 93     -9 PP·  P. hih  gechchenRl Nlsson Martin   vo  55; vo  19 wit  d rgate Ausgabe. of ttae lvl n olog Nok A B Teoncp  Se  Pa Ma , 45 vo 10 2618 pp. o 15 PofE, Re  Reacs  W  S,96 RpbOx r, 194, mbe 9   A fo oy o Eue sio o h XI Pato CyN York55 [Frst p ubshd  938] - Wat aroyng to o? n M Han yro  ed. Th Phh f Hin y Ou m Garden i, NY 59 pp87 [SA  e, Mtod i SocSeneC1 93,pp 435-5] s  uma Po Gg  Pue GgSud im Nw York, 1959, pp. 291-322. Hp [A Tcboo PoustMCot itBu Pa 1954· o Thi PtNe Y 932 an  Rmembace 94 2 o, Tanat   S . Mnie, xpt for  last partTh at Rcpud, wh a benana b Frdrik A BossomOi t : A  rehhd mp pdu Pa 1954, vo 1-3 Bi ioque d a

Pae

of  Mdd sNw Yrk RnEdward   957 A Dv Bk [rt pulied  128 Ran Deuh chche im e d RtoKolodat  D emche p i d zt  ]hhude

no da te Unva Koe , " dea o Hioy," in S, ed he 56, p 7 [ Min Vaeo  New York Book] 

A SCTON O BOOKS  SIEGFRIE KACAUER ne, a novel Berlin 198 ie Angesellen, rnft 130 Jaques Oenbah ud a as ner i, Amstea 137 York 92 Ppagaa andhe Nzi War Flm The Conquest oupe on he Screen The NiNeree 19-194 Washngn 193 rm Calgai o Hiler neon 947 SatellieMentaiy: Poital Aie a Poagana Sspbes of Non-Co�mut n Hunga, olnd and Czechosloaa Ne Yok 16 (h Pal Berman} Theoyof ilm: he Redempon of hys l Reay Ne ork 960 Das Oament der Ma Essays Fnkut 193 Dr. Kacar's may acles, essas nd reiews hae aeaed n uh new paper and magines as arers, Commnay, Paisan Reew Satrday ee The New Repuli Theatre Arts, The New York m B ee, akte Ztng Neue Zrcer Zeng Naonal eun g Bael, Merr eFrc Revue neaonae e moloe and he Engh Film Quartey A SLCTION O BOOKS Y AL OSK KSTELE Te Classi an enne Tough, Cambdge 1955  Sues n enassn Toght an Lee Rome an Mnus Bk efoe , ewYo 9 Renaissane Though Vol : e Clas, Sholas and umanisti Strins, Ne York . Vol.  ae on manism and he As 15 Renssnce Though an the A inon 980 (evsed edition of 5) Eght Philosohers ofhe Itli an Renaine Snfor 14 ter talcum A nng s of ncatae or Incmpletely C lu umans Muscrpt of e Renasn in tain an Oher ibrrie on an Lien, Vol I 93, Vol I 1 Vol III , Vol V 1, Vol V 13, Vol V 992 Geek hosophe s ofhe Hellenis AgeNewYor 3 Ses in enaisan hought ad ette, ome 9 n adon, Paul Oskar Kiselle has pubhed sevel hundd aces in aca  ree demic joua nribuons to holarly wrs ectures Sn  sx estien ave been he pub n honoof al Oskar Kristeller

HISTORY

H I S T O RY

The Last Things Before The Las SIEGFRIED KRACAUR "ur's ook is  el gm t wil  s plc .  . s n f  m sinifn ys n acd n h  f hiy

  j   Sigi Ku w bs kw s  sn n cic   nm  .   mn nlcl ccin in   y  i li w h  ewn  Piy sn, n h li bwnis in i n vl f nliy is c wh   in wl hsy   xlin h s in fr h ls On f nh min vs his  hiy �n  hi h  wns Wll-wi n   .   " -UJo T is mh h '

d (8 51 96) w  fh mnn inllul in Gmny in  20 Af h Nzi m w  mid  h Uni  wh h w ili wih h Mm  n A nd Cum Univiy H ws  h o mny  incld his lnm sy f mn inm     K�  mis  y  lm niviy ws  fin  Sfq cu n is hm n sil  in h comsii o i pk. At K  h ll  :hi o m     ll i  u      An  llywl nslln

MJ W'P

NLUN

COMPLETD BY PAL SK KRILLR WH A NW PRF