Grammar notes for 山行 내가 짧게나마 환음사(歡音寺)에 머물고 있던 때였다. (산행 1) Pattern: -(이)나마 although it is (only the likes of) . . .; at least, anyway; even. Here: It was the time when, short though it was, I stayed at Hwanum em!le. em!le. 책 하나를 번역하고자 (산행 1) Pattern: -고자 wanting to; ready " !re!ared " willing to; intending to, going to. Here: I was intending to translate a #ook . . . 폐사(廢寺)나 다름없 환음사 (산행 1) Pattern: $%&$ -( 이)나 다름 없다 is no di'erent from a $%&$. Here: Hwanum tem!le, no di'erent from a rundown tem!le . . . !"게 마음에 # $가 없%다. (산행 1) Pattern: !"게 ... -(&)' $가 없- . his !attern is similar in e'et to the !attern () $*+I* $*+I* (or im!lied negative) meaning very; not a little, to no small etent, /uite, etremely, terri#ly. terri#ly. Here: It ouldn0t have !leased me more. *+ ,-이 ./0 12 (산행 1) Pattern: -(&)3 12 in as muh as, in so far as, sine. Here: irst irst of all, in so far as tra2 was inonvenient . . . 사4(寺勢)가 567 (산행 1) Pattern: $aked in3nitive 567(8) . Here:. . . the tem!le0s in4uene had waned . . . 9: ;< =>이?@ (산행 1) Pattern: -이?@ A 이?고56 . $%&$ 이?@ 7 $%&$ 이?고 the only $%&$ 5as to!i6 . . . usually followed #y a negative (as here). Here: . . . the 5only6 fae of the monk that one had to onfront . . . BCDE에 없 FG(8 (산행 1) Pattern: - FG 이다 is 5only6 to the etent that. . .; is to the !oint that. . Here: . . . was only to the !oint of 57nothing more than6 the head monk of the tem!le . . . HH자IJ $ 있다 게 KLM다 NO다. (산행 1) Pattern: -다 게 KLM다 NO다 . he #est !art of it was the fat that . . . Here: . . . the #est !art of it was that I ould live a arefree life. $P하5 Q이 없%&RS (산행 1) Pattern: -(&)RS(8) although the 8orean 8orean s!elling somewhat some what o#sures the origin, this is a su#stantive in -( &)T instrumental (&)S(8), and means with (as, et.) the doing or #eing; sine (#eause of) the doing or #eing. $ote also - 5 Q이 없- #e inredi#ly " un#elieva#ly . . . Here:. . . #eause there was none seond to its #eauty . . . 환UI V) WXY Z[ \]고 있 ^이%다. (산행 1)
1
Pattern: Postmodi3er ^ : (followed #y the o!ula or !artile &S ): the alulation, on9eture, su!!osition; aounting (for); (9udgement #ased on) a!!earanes, to all a!!earanes " indiations, that one might all . . Here: It seemed like the dreamy tem!le had it i t all. _)_)에 (산행 1) Pattern: Here and there, everywhere, all al l over. edu!liation edu!liation for distri#ution e'et. f. also ``이, aa이 . . . bc de나 (산행 1) Pattern: $aked in3nitive de나(8) . Here: . . . signi3antly out of the way . . . VY 사f 산&S 가ghi ^이다. (산행 1) Pattern: Postmodi3er ^ : (followed #y the o!ula or !artile &S ): the alulation, on9eture, su!!osition; aounting (for); (9udgement #ased on) a!!earanes, to all a!!earanes " indiations, that one might all . . Here: he tem!le seemed to #e onealed #y mountains on all four sides. 산Zj이를 kRS (산행 <) Pattern: -(&)RS(8) . lthough the 8orean s!elling somewhat o#sures the origin, this is a su#stantive in -( &)T instrumental (&)S(8) , and means with (as, et.) the doing or #eing; sine (#eause of) the doing or #eing. Here: . . . going around the mountain #end . . . 사f에8 .7l mn fo(芳香)에 (산행 <) Pattern: -에 (ause) for, #eause, sine, from, on aount of.. Here:. . . #eause of the 4ower fragrane drifting u! from all diretions . . . 머g가 pq고 rs이 tJ Cu이%다. (산행 <) Pattern: -(&)' Cu이다, -(&)'Cu&S is the (rather !atheti or undesira#le) situation " ondition " irumstane of . . . . Here:. . . it was a situation in whih one0s head would hurt and one0s #reathing o#struted. hv wxy이 z{ 0사(寒寺)? (산행 <) Pattern: $aked in3nitive -( 이)?8 . Here 0사?(8) . Here: . . . #eause it was suh a old tem!le #ereft of visitors, . . . ||0 사}~ ! •이 다€다. (산행 <) Pattern: $%&$ ~ ! •이 다€다 . is not in the manner m anner of $%&$, is a style di'erent from $%&$, is in a di'erent league from $%&$. Here: . . . its0s manner was di'erent from that of a fany tem!le. ‚ƒ „…0 †‡ (산행 <) Pattern: /uasi-!artile $%&$ -(이)ƒ meaning and, or, and"or. Here: . . . weeds and dila!idated fresos . . . ˆ?i ‰Š, ‹Œ이 마Ž 이 (산행 <)
2
Pattern: Postmodi3er ^ : (followed #y the o!ula or !artile &S ): the alulation, on9eture, su!!osition; aounting (for); (9udgement #ased on) a!!earanes, to all a!!earanes " indiations, that one might all . . Here: It seemed like the dreamy tem!le had it i t all. _)_)에 (산행 1) Pattern: Here and there, everywhere, all al l over. edu!liation edu!liation for distri#ution e'et. f. also ``이, aa이 . . . bc de나 (산행 1) Pattern: $aked in3nitive de나(8) . Here: . . . signi3antly out of the way . . . VY 사f 산&S 가ghi ^이다. (산행 1) Pattern: Postmodi3er ^ : (followed #y the o!ula or !artile &S ): the alulation, on9eture, su!!osition; aounting (for); (9udgement #ased on) a!!earanes, to all a!!earanes " indiations, that one might all . . Here: he tem!le seemed to #e onealed #y mountains on all four sides. 산Zj이를 kRS (산행 <) Pattern: -(&)RS(8) . lthough the 8orean s!elling somewhat o#sures the origin, this is a su#stantive in -( &)T instrumental (&)S(8) , and means with (as, et.) the doing or #eing; sine (#eause of) the doing or #eing. Here: . . . going around the mountain #end . . . 사f에8 .7l mn fo(芳香)에 (산행 <) Pattern: -에 (ause) for, #eause, sine, from, on aount of.. Here:. . . #eause of the 4ower fragrane drifting u! from all diretions . . . 머g가 pq고 rs이 tJ Cu이%다. (산행 <) Pattern: -(&)' Cu이다, -(&)'Cu&S is the (rather !atheti or undesira#le) situation " ondition " irumstane of . . . . Here:. . . it was a situation in whih one0s head would hurt and one0s #reathing o#struted. hv wxy이 z{ 0사(寒寺)? (산행 <) Pattern: $aked in3nitive -( 이)?8 . Here 0사?(8) . Here: . . . #eause it was suh a old tem!le #ereft of visitors, . . . ||0 사}~ ! •이 다€다. (산행 <) Pattern: $%&$ ~ ! •이 다€다 . is not in the manner m anner of $%&$, is a style di'erent from $%&$, is in a di'erent league from $%&$. Here: . . . its0s manner was di'erent from that of a fany tem!le. ‚ƒ „…0 †‡ (산행 <) Pattern: /uasi-!artile $%&$ -(이)ƒ meaning and, or, and"or. Here: . . . weeds and dila!idated fresos . . . ˆ?i ‰Š, ‹Œ이 마Ž 이 (산행 <)
2
Pattern: !ostnoun (semi-literal) et., and the like, and so on; the a#ove several. Here:. . . the raking mud walls, w alls, the reaking wooden 4oors, et. . . . Gƒ 고‘’ (산행 <) Pattern: /uasi-!artile $%&$ -(이)ƒ meaning and, or, and"or. Here:. . . devotees and students !re!aring for the #ar eams . . . V 마“”C 내P (산행 <) Pattern: $aked in3nitive 내P (8) . Here:. . . ome right u! to the ourtyard of the tem!le, and . . . –—5 Np˜다. (산행 <) Pattern: -5 Np하- like to *=. . . . en9oy *= ing . . . Here:. . . en9oyed meandering. 가Ž 가”™ 마š이 ›œg?8 (산행 <) Pattern: -(이)?8 for -(이)?5고6 8 Here: . . . the losest village was Pyengok village, and . . . 내 žŸ 음&SG (산행 <) Pattern: -(&)SG as " with . . . also " even " either Here:. . . *ven with my fast walking !ae . . . ¡$¢~ d£¤š ¥Wƒ 산다. (산행 <) Pattern: -(&)ƒ for -(&)¦8 while, at the same time, (doing) simultaneously. Here:. . . live, tilling and ultivating the rie !addies and ste!!es. 86에8 §Y ¨©ª, ¢¢ª (산행 <) Pattern: su#stantive -( &)T the at (or fat) of having " #eing. Here: . . . a kind of aniety and frustration from >eoul . . . 산_에8 0 번G «¬ ®˜다. (산행 <) Pattern: $egative !reem!hasis in - C를 ®- . he addition of 를 to -C is thought to add em!hasis, insistene or a hint of frustration to the long negation !attern in -C ¯다 . Here:. . . I did not feel it even one when I was u! in the mountains. f{1 °¦ (산행 <) Pattern: $%&$ 1 -(&)¦ the moment you *=. . . no sooner than one *=s, that . . . ; as soon as one . . . Here:. . . the moment you o!en the door . . . m#š ± $ 있%²다 (산행 <) Pattern: -(&)3"²다(가) ? -( &)3"-²(에) -다가 not only ... #ut in addition (on to! of that). Here:. . . not only was it !ossi#le to see 4owers, (#ut in addition . . . ) !"게 p³하게 (´ $가 없%던 µ이다. (산행 <) Pattern: !"게 ... -(&)' $가 없- . >imilar in e'et to () $*+I* im!lied negative) meaning very; not a little, to no small etent, /uite,
3
(or
etremely, terri#ly. $ote also - 7 C- : #esides meaning gets to #e or #eomes with ad9etives, this an have the e'et of a @get-!assive@ in *nglish or of middles or re4eives in languages whih have these. he im!liation is that the su#9et"agent is either (sometimes adversely) a'eted #y the ation, and"or has no ontrol over the ation of the ver#. Here: . . . seemed etremely distant. 이¶ 자· ¸x에 ¹š I‘고 M¦ (산행 <) Pattern: -고 M¦- similar to -다M¦ if one does something over a !eriod of time 5and then ste!s #ak to re4et on it6...; if you do something for a while, then... his !attern uses the transferentive followed #y the ver# to see in the onditional form ( -( &)¦ ) does and then realiAes (or onsiders or looks #ak on the matter). Here: . . . one one immerses one0s #ody in natures senery . . . 0 ‘V이나마 (산행 B) Pattern: -(이)나마 although it is (only the likes of) . . .; at least, anyway; even. Here: . . . even for one time . . . pºG 이¶ K»G¼이 ½p있다¾ (산행 B) Pattern: sk-tsk !attern in !lain #ase - 다¾ to think that...C, 9ust imagineC, an you #elieve itDC, whooda thunk thatDC Here: o think that there are still suh &to!ias left on this earth . . . pK¿G *g Z[n ÀÁ Ã다 (산행 B) Pattern: =>*  is like, is as (if). -( &)3 Ã- it feels like, as if may#e; think to oneself that . . . Here:. . . it feels as if it is, after all, #lessedly luky for us. Än ÅD, ÆÇn ÅD이?¦ (산행 B) Pattern: -(이)?¦7 -(이)?(고) 하¦ if it (#e said to #e) #e. . ., if it were (the ase) that. . . Eore !utative"hy!othetial than - 이¦. Here:. . . if it is the tiger of my dreams, the mythologial tiger . . . 산이 È pKg É고 Ê&ƒ 산Ë(山靈)이 ÌÍ=ÎhG (산행 B) Pattern: (È)pKg ...-7G no matter how (muh one might). . . Here: $ow matter how high or dee! the mountain, or how miraulous the mountain s!irit, . . . ÏÐ Ñ산에 C나C ¯고 (산행 B) Pattern: $%&$ -에 C나C ¯- #e nothing #ut, #e only, merely, #e nothing more than. $ote also ÏÐ $egative not *= at all, not *= in the least. Here: . . . it is not any di'erent from any old hill . . . 산다Ò게 (산행 B) Pattern: >u#standard -다Ò게 for - ¢게 is like, is worth #eing, is worthy of the name, is #eoming to, is every #it a. Here:. . . as is #eoming any mountain. . .
4
산Ó(山性)š 가CP¦ (산행 B) Pattern: Intentive -(&)P¦ A -(&)P5고 하6¦ : 5sha!e is - P after vowels and the ' of F-dro!!ing #ases6 with the thought in mind to do, with the intention of doing, with the desire to do; ready (!re!ared, willing) to do. In ollo/uial 8orean, this is often rendered -(&)'?고 하다 . Here:. . . In order to ahieve a mountain harater . . . Ô$를 dÕ=Î이 Ö5고 있 산이?Ñ ˜다. (산행 B) Pattern: adver#ial -=Î이 like, as from -=×다 in a . . . manner. $ote also -(이)?Ñ ˜다 e/uivalent to 이7Ñ ˜다 . Here:. . . it had to #e a mountain that is seretly hiding a savage #east. 내 Ø자n 환Ù¥ $G 있&g?. (산행 B) Pattern: !ros!etive assertive -( &)g? will !ro#a#ly #e"do. Here: . . . it might #e that I am the only one with this em!ty dream, I thought to myself. 내 환Ù이 Ê다¦ (산행 B) Pattern: onditional in -다¦ , -"(&)3 다¦ , more hy!othetial than !lain -(&)¦ . Here: If my fantasy runs dee! . . . rÚ이M다 Û0 ÅDÁ# (산행 B) Pattern: -(&)3 # 5lit.6 granted that, even though it is or does 5often followed #y a rhetorial /uestion6. Here: +ranted there are #easts larger than the tiger, . . . 내가 산D(山僧)이 p¾Â (산행 B) Pattern: =>*  is like, is as (if). Eartin treats this as an a##reviation of the !attern where  is used as a !ost-modi3er, i.e. -( &)3 Â, -(&)' Â, -  ; #ut in any ase you should kee! them distint. Here: . . . 9ust like" 9ust as a s!iritual mountain monk, I . . . Äš Ä&S1 1ÜJ $ 없š 12 (산행 B) Pattern: -(&)'(이) 12 (!ros!etive modi3er noun !artile) to the etent that will do"#e (7 -( &)' FG(S) ); enough to do, as muh as neessary for doing. Here:. . . to the etent that I ouldn0t #e satis3ed with only a dream . . . ÝÞ0 ß.마àG (산행 G) Pattern: elimiter 마à(G) : going to the etreme"limit of; (inluding) even; inluding (even the etreme ase of); also (on to! of everything"everyone else); with all the rest. Here: . . . inluding even faint andle-light . . . á에8 #Pl (산행 G) Pattern: -7 l- gradually (omes in doing); omes u! (along); starts (has started) #eoming " doing; has"had #een doing. Here: . . . the 5sounds6 a!!roahing from the forest . . .
5
Kâãš «ä 10 å이0 æg (산행 G) Pattern: -(&)' 1하- !ost-modi3er ad9etival noun is su2ient (to do), is well worth (doing); is at the !oint (of doing), has reahed the stage (when it an do). Here:. . . sounds eerie enough to instill fear . . . !#이 8S를 ç€고 è¢0다. (산행 G) Pattern: 8S를 eah other. $ie eam!le of 8S 를 . Here: . . . the all for and answer eah other. 산ÅD이 áš 나 (산행 G) Pattern: $aked in3nitive 나 (8) . Here: he mountain #easts ome out of the forest, and . . . é ê머 ë #š ìí다. (산행 G) Pattern: ê머(S) . Postnoun ê머 from î다 #eyond, over, the other side (of something tall " high); over 7 more than, in eess of; #eyond. Here: . . . ross over the walls and froli in the em!ty 3eld. 마ï 내 f ðš ìg Â0 (산행 G) Pattern: 마ï... (modi3er)  like, as, giving the a!!earane of ...; a!!earing (to #e), looking (like); seeming as if; as if"though. he 이 of Â이 is o!tional. 마ï signals that a Â(이 ) or ñò is oming u!. Here:. . . 9ust as if they were running around outside my window . . .
ì음ó æg를 #&ƒ 나 (산행 G) Pattern: -(&)ƒ for -(&)¦8 while, at the same time, (doing) simultaneously. Here:. . . listening to the sounds of their !attering feet, I . . . ! ôõ고 2º0 ö자÷ æg (산행 G) Pattern: -(&)Tº 하- it is " seems likely to #e " do), it is !ossi#le " ae!ta#le to (do) , it is all right to (do); it is ae!ta#ly (rather " somewhat " /uite . . . ; it is worth doing 7 (-( &)'1 하-) . Here: . . .the sounds of their rough, well-siAed footste!s . . . #ø 때¦ (산행 G) Pattern: -(&)' 때¦ whenever. . . every time . . . Here: . . . whenever I heard . . . 내 f r마이ùU ú에 ei ß.마àG (산행 G) Pattern: elimiter 마à(G) : going to the etreme"limit of; (inluding) even; inluding (even the etreme ase of); also (on to! of everything"everyone else); with all the rest. dding G reinfores the even0. Here: *ven the andle light on to! of the formaia ta#le in my room . . . Öû( 가ü게 ýí다. (산행 G) Pattern: $aked in3nitive Öû((8) .
6
Here:. . . die out and 4utter thinly. z물C ¯게 (산행 G) Pattern: adver#ial -게 : (in a way) so that, so that it is or does; so that one an; in a manner suh that;-ly. Here: . . . almost without ee!tion . . . BFþ이 하 ÿ”C ²g고 (산행 G) Pattern: !artile ”C meaning even, so far as (etent, em!hasis); u! to and inluding. Here:. . . went as far as taking Er. Ha the drunkard along . . . ·Ë¢잖게 건Ž0 체W에다 (산행 G) Pattern: -¢잖게 for -¢C ¯게 in a manner un#eoming of " un3tting for . . . $ote also -에 다(가) from !artile 에 o!ula transferentive -(이)다(가) on to! of, in addition to, thrown into the #argain. Here: . . . on to! of a sturdy !hysi/ue not ty!ial for his age, . . . 손끝 하나 움º이 ®0다 하 ÿ (산행 G) Pattern: $egative !reem!hasis with - C(가) ¯ for desri!tive ver#s and -C(를) ¯-, ® for !rogressives. >hows dissatisfation with or dis!leasure at the negated state or at. Here: Er. Ha, who ouldn0t #udge a 3nger . . . ´* 마흔š î겼²G (산행 G) Pattern: -(&)3" -²G given the irumstane that it is"does, even though, though. his !attern an usually #e taken as an a##reviation of -²G .W하고 in s!ite of the fat that. Here: . . . des!ite of the fat that he was #arely !ast forty . . . Û J $ 없 $줍음 (산행 G) Pattern: su#stantive -( &)T the at (or fat) of having " #eing. Here:. . . a shyness #eyond measure . . . ¤[렁에 앉p (산행 J) Pattern: $aked in3nitive 앉p(8) . Here: . . . sat on the ridge #etween the !addies . . . 산책 삼p ¤에 나섰² (산행 J) Pattern: $%&$ 삼p #y way of, for, for the sake of, as $%&$. rom 삼다 to make something of (a !erson or a thing) Here: . . . ame out to the 3elds in order to take a walk . . . 반Xš 하ƒ 나를 .렀다. (산행 J) Pattern: -(&)ƒ for -(&)¦8 while, at the same time, (doing) simultaneously. Here:. . . showing great 9oy, they alled out to me. ª께 마‘자 양ÿ (산행 J) Pattern: 마‘자 for 마‘자5고 하6 . Here: Er. Kang, who invited me along for a drink . . .
7
하G l랜1에 (산행 J) Pattern: 하G very muh indeed, ever so (hard). Here: . . . it had indeed #een suh a long time sine . . . 술내음이? (산행 J) Pattern: $aked in3nitive 이?(8) . Here: . . . #eause it was 5suh a long time sine I had tasted6 alohol . . . k멩이 하나를 Bh (산행 J) Pattern: $aked in3nitive Bh(8) ? 줍다 " B(ㅅ)- . Here: I !iked u! a stone . . . 강냉이S1 빚Y 순œB (산행 J) Pattern: -(&)S1 only of. . . only from . . . only to . . . , #y means of only .. Here:. . . a !ure drink #rewed only of orn . . . 가³ 채h 나왔² (산행 J) Pattern: $aked in3nitive 채h(8) . Here: . . . 3lled u! to the to!, #ut . . . 바닥이 d7 )다ƒ (산행 J) Pattern: -7 가- gradually (goes on doing); kee!s growing (getting to #e, #eoming). $ote also -( &)3다ƒ for -(&)3다5고 하6ƒ 7 하¦8 . Here: . . . gradually em!tying out . . . 내게 강냉이술이 9마나 ¹에 NY가를 Ç명˜다. (산행 J) Pattern: -(&)3가를 Ç명하- to e!lain a#out how . . . Here: He e!lained to me how good orn #rew is for one0s health. !n °띤 음Ó ? (산행 J) Pattern: $%&$ ?(8) in aordane with, in onformity to (with), aording to. Here: . . . in onformity with his eited voie . . . 바!게 ” "ôPC고 있%다. (산행 J) Pattern: -7 C- he !attern in in3nitive - 7 C다 , #esides meaning gets to #e or #eomes with ad9etives, an have the e'et of a @get-!assive@ in *nglish or of middles or re4eives in languages whih have these. he im!liation is that the su#9et"agent is either (sometimes adversely) a'eted #y the ation, and"or has no ontrol over the ation of the ver#. Here: . . . were 3dgeting #usily. # $ï ¨%¨& 없 '술( (산행 J) Pattern: !artile ¨&(G) even, too, to #oot, in addition, into the #argain. Here: . . . a drinking ta#le without even a !iee of sour kimhi . . . 나 !#이 )하 èS (산행 J) Pattern: - èS as, 9ust as, 9ust as it is (was); in aordane with.
8
Here:. . . 9ust as they told me . . . 술 *이 !"게 ì고 çzÎ6 $가 없%다 (산행 J) Pattern: !"게 ... -(&)' $가 없- . his !attern is similar in e'et to the !attern () $*+I* (or im!lied negative) meaning very; not a little, to no small etent, /uite, etremely, terri#ly. Here: he drink was etremely sweet and smooth. ½F+를 °,게 하 (산행 J) Pattern: Postnoun + the grou!, all of . . . his makes an e!liit !lural for nouns referring to !eo!le; it is also used in om#ination with the synonyms # and ¬g: *g, *g+, *g#, *g+#, *g#+ we"us. $ote also =>*  is like, is as (if). Eartin treats this as an a##reviation of the !attern where  is used as a !ost-modi3er, i.e. -(&)3 Â, -(&)' Â, -  ; #ut in any ase you should kee! them distint. Here:. . . 9ust like 5a woman6 ausing the menfolk to get eited . . . Ç- 0 . #C ¯O다 œB (산행 J) Pattern: ¯O다 for ¯O다5고 하6 . Here: he #rew, whih they said did not ontain even a single grain of sugar . . . ./ 0ôhi ¹ (산행 J) Pattern: =>*  is like, is as (if). Eartin treats this as an a##reviation of the !attern where  is used as a !ost-modi3er, i.e. -( &)3 Â, -(&)' Â, -  ; #ut in any ase you should kee! them distint. Here: he #ody, heating u! as if on 3re . . . 71 !g p름¢던C. (산행 J) Pattern: 71 . . . . 던C(2) . It was so . . . CC Here: . . . how #eautifulC 3+ ú에 45i 순‡n 하ü (산행 J) Pattern: -7 C- he !attern in in3nitive - 7 C다 , #esides meaning gets to #e or #eomes with ad9etives, an have the e'et of a @get-!assive@ in *nglish or of middles or re4eives in languages whih have these. he im!liation is that the su#9et"agent is either (sometimes adversely) a'eted #y the ation, and"or has no ontrol over the ation of the ver#. Here: . . . the !ure #lue sky s!read over the mountain ridge . . . 7« µ 하나 나 Ø자 M5 p6 C ¯Y 게 없%다. (산행 J) Pattern: -5 p” L - it is a shame to . . . it is a !ity to . . . Here: . . . it was a shame to see it all #y myself. (자7가 바S 8에 앉p 있51 하다¦ (산행 J) Pattern: -51 하¦ if one only does"is or were to do"#e. Lith the added -다¦ , more hy!othetial than !lain -( &)¦ . Here: . . . if only I had a sweetheart sitting right aross from me . . .
9
6음 610 !¶ 9: (산행 J) Pattern: -(&)'1 하- is su2ient (to do), is well worth (doing); is at the !oint (of doing), has reahed the stage (when one an do). $ote also the ognate o#9et !attern in š음 6다. f. ;(š)자-, <(š) ]-, Ä(š) =-. Here:. . . an intoiation that is worthy of a good ry . . .
rÚ이G 있† >?¾다. (산행 M) Pattern: -†>Ñ (N >이Ñ, >?¾다) an follow a O&%* ver# of saying modi3er as a kind of !ost-modi3er, and means it is to say 7 I mean, you know, you see, uh, that is, et. Here: . . . there is also a tiger, I tell you. ÅDn öæg를 #%다 내 @5 (산행 M) Pattern: #%다 for #%다5고 하6 . Here:. . . my story of hearing the footste!s of a tiger . . . AG 있고 ЬgG 있다 . (산행 M) Pattern: - (2) modi3er used to end a sentene with the meaning indeed, or des!ite ontrary antii!ations " reservations. Here:. . . (indeed,) there are dragons and ele!hants tooC 양ÿ가 BC D&ƒ (산행 M) Pattern: -(&)ƒ for -(&)¦8 while, at the same time, (doing) simultaneously. Here: . . . Er. Kang, letting out a short laugh . . . 사Ep (산행 M) Pattern: voative p " Ñ HeyC >ayC %hC Here: HeyC . . . 내가 양ÿ를 건ê다F다. (산행 M) Pattern: -7 다 Here: I looked aross at Er. Kang. 냉$에 C나C ¯ ˜다. (산행 M) Pattern: $%&$ -에 C나C ¯- #e nothing #ut, #e only, merely, #e nothing more than a . . . Here:. . . . 5the #ooAe seemed to #e6 no more than a drink of old water 5to 1 him6. p이#š èñS 내M내 (산행 M) Pattern: $aked in3nitive 내M내(8) . Here: . . . sending the hildren away to the #ig ity . . . Ø자8 Gæ를 H고 다¾ƒ (산행 M) Pattern: -(&)ƒ for -(&)¦8 while, at the same time, (doing) simultaneously. Here: . . . going from !lae to !lae alone dragging his ow with him . . . I2 이Un rn (산행 M)
10
Pattern: $%&$ 이U 1. more than, a#ove, over, u!ward of $%&$. <. #eyond, !ast, more than; further. B. sine, now that, seeing that. B. that is all, that is the end. Here: . . . no more than the #asi show of goodwill . . . wJš 내M이C ¯Y 채 (산행 M) Pattern: -(&)3 채 9ust as it is or did, (in) the original state of . . . Here:. . . (in a state of) not showing any !artiular interest . . . 내 wJn 4K에 L( 왔다. (산행 M) Pattern: -7 l- gradually (omes in doing); omes u! (along); starts (has started) #eoming " doing; has"had #een doing. Here: lit. he slowly #egan to !artii!ate in my world of interests. (He #egan to fasinate me). rÚ이가 MN하«On 나n { (산행 M) Pattern: -«On $%&$. he $%&$ as to whether . . . Here:. . . Ey /uestion as to whether or not a tiger eists . . . I2 이Un 자 (산행 M) Pattern: $%&$ 이U 1. more than, a#ove, over, u!ward of $%&$. <. #eyond, !ast, more than; further. B. sine, now that, seeing that. B. that is all, that is the end. Here: . . . a on3dene no more than what is neessary . . . ö자÷š 내 P&S QQR FôS. (산행 M) Pattern: >entene-3nal -ôS(2) : (elamatory) sure(ly), indeed, /uite. he ending in -ôS2 is a one-sha!e ending, and an our with any #ase. F-etending #ases a!!ear in their etended form #efore this ending: 사-'- live Q TôS2 . &sed to o'er a kind of follow-u! e!lanation to what has 9ust #een said (or im!lied). lso funtions as a sort of !oliteness strategy to kee! onversations moving #y inviting a res!onse (notie that it usually has a rising, /uestion-like intonation). Here: I did see 5the tiger0s6 foot!rints learly with my very own eyes. U사g 사E P에 V ¯W¾다. (산행 M) Pattern: $egative !reem!hasis in - C를 ¯- . he addition of 를 to -C is thought to add em!hasis, insistene or a hint of frustration to the long negation !attern in -C ¯다 . Here:. . . they don0t a!!ear easily to human eyes. ¹š ÖX 채 (산행 M) Pattern: -(&)3 채 9ust as it is or did, (in) the original state of . . . Here:. . . always ke!t hidden . . . Y_에 ™하 ” Z에 (산행 M) Pattern: - ” Z에 #eause of . . . ing. Here: . . . #eause they move around only in the dee! of night . . .
11
0[’ 산 \에81 TO&RS (산행 R) Pattern: -(&)RS(8) although the 8orean s!elling somewhat o#sures the origin, this is a su#stantive in -( &)T instrumental (&)S(8) , and means with (as, et.) the doing or #eing; sine (#eause of) the doing or #eing. Here:. . . #eause he lived in the mountains his whole life . . . W]J $ 있š ^1 p¾? (산행 R) Pattern: -(&)' ^(1)p¾? not only..., #ut (also)...; furthermore; as well as; #esides, in addition, on to! of that. Here: . . . not only ould he tell the di'erent #etween. . . .#ut . . . ?이 _G` (산행 R) Pattern: !ro9etive -G` to the !oint where, until (a result); so that. Here:. . . s!eaking to the !oint of wearing out one0s mouth; s!eaking !rofusely . . ab 마C¯O다. (산행 R) Pattern: -7 마C ¯- to do something to no end; do something easelessly " endlessly. Here: . . . !raised him easelessly. *g 양ÿ 7Ÿ이Ñ>S (산행 R) Pattern: $%&$ -(이)Ñ>S . it is indeed " !reisely $%&$ that . . . . Here:. . . %ur Er. Kang, he is indeed. . . .p B c이d이W >W2. (산행 R) Pattern: -고 >고(2) of ourse, ertainly, sure (here on o!ula - 이- ). Here:. . . is ertainly the most reogniAed hunter . . . ; 자다가G (산행 R) Pattern: -다(가)G transferentive -다가 indiating a hange or shift of ation or state !lus !artile G . Here:. . . even while he slee!s . . . 나 95를 e7 (산행 R) Pattern: $%&$ š e78 invoking $%&$, relying on, a!!ealing to . . . Here:. . . a!!ealing to my ene#riation . . . 9마나 f ¥이고 gNJ ¥Á가를 Ç명 B%다. (산행 R) Pattern: -(이)3가를 Ç명하- to e!lain a#out. . . to go on a#out . . . Here: . . . I e!lained what a #ig deal it is and what an une!eted fortune. 86n f {사 물h이고 (산행 R) Pattern: $%&$ Y 물h이다 not to mention $%&$; also $%&$, to #e sure. Here:. . . not to mention the #ig news!a!ers in >eoul, #ut also . . . rÚ이를 öi하P고 jk이 l있다 (산행 R) Pattern: -(&)P고 jk이 m- #e franti trying to . . . Here:. . . there is a raAe of attem!ting to disover tigers . . .
12
rÚ이1 nš $ 있다¦ (산행 R) Pattern: $%&$ 1 . . . -( &)¦ if only . . . Eore hy!othetial than !lain -(&)¦ . Here: If only you ould 3nd a tiger . . . Pš o내ƒ 나를 5다F다. (산행 R) Pattern: -(&)ƒ for -(&)¦8 while, at the same time, (doing) simultaneously. Here:. . . eyes twinkling, he stared at me. 가p rÚ이 æq¨& (산행 R) Pattern: !artile ¨&(G) even, too, to #oot, in addition, into the #argain. Here:. . . even the u!roar onerning the fake tiger . . . .고 있 ®˜다. (산행 R) Pattern: $egative reem!hasis in - C를 ®- . he addition of 를 to -C is thought to add em!hasis, insistene or a hint of frustration to the long negation !attern in -C ¯다 . Here:. . . he had no way of knowing. 사r이W >W2. (산행 R) Pattern: -고 >고(2) of ourse, ertainly, sure (here on o!ula - 이- ). Here: %f ourse it0s the truth. rÚ이가 있다 사r1 sÁm¦ (산행 R) Pattern: $%&$ 1 . . . -( &)¦ if only . . . Eore hy!othetial than !lain -(&)¦ . Here:. . . if only the fat that there is a tiger is on3rmed . . . Ct “Ž이?G (산행 S) Pattern: !seudo-!artile -(이)?G (1) even if (it #e); (<) 9ust, (or the ) like ( 7 이나 ); or even; any, some. Here:. . . even it were right here and now . . . 나8고 >W2. (산행 S) Pattern: -고 >고(2) of ourse, ertainly, sure. Here:. . . I0ll ertainly ome forward. !가 나8자¦ (산행 S) Pattern: -자¦ for -자5고 하6¦ if one suggests . . . Here:. . . had he said Tlet0s go for itU, . . . 나 번역이고 u고 다 때Pï*고 (산행 S) Pattern: $%&$ -고... u고 5)에6 you an say what you like a#out $%&$ and stu', #ut. . .; $%&$, shmoun. . . Here:. . .I0d dro! the translation and everything and . . . ?나Ç 5]이%다. (산행 S) Pattern: -(&)' 5]이- it was a . . . mood, in the mood to . . . , feel like . . . ing. Here:. . . I was in the mood to follow him.
13
산vš Ûwš $ 없š ^1 p¾? (산행 S) Pattern: -(&)' ^(1)p¾? not only..., #ut (also)...; furthermore; as well as; #esides, in addition, on to! of that. Here:. . . not only was it im!ossi#le to gro!e through the mountain !ass, #ut... ¥Á(日人) x$ Û.7 (산행 S) Pattern: $%&$ ~" Û.7 together with $%&$, along with $%&$. Here:. . . together with a Va!anese hunter . . . 이y 1에 rÚ이를 ?O다고 ˜다. (산행 S) Pattern: ime word 1에 after only (marks !assage of time); within, after a !assage of . . . Here:. . . he said that after only two days, he followed and aught a tiger. rÚ이 vš np내@ (산행 S) Pattern: np내@ for np내고 . Plaing the after -고 in -고 fores the Tand 5then6...U reading of - 고 , as o!!osed to the Tand 5also6. . .U reading. In other words, it means Twhen..., ...then; u!on doing,U #ut em!hasiAing the onse/uene. Here:. . . Lhen I found the tiger0s traks, then . . . 양 ÿ가 ôz 내게 >˜다. (산행 W) Pattern: 내게 for 나에게 . Here: Er. Kang said, again and again. 고ª æg에 {´ (산행 W) Pattern: 에 to mark the (inanimate) agent of a !assive. hat is, 에 marks the #y0-!hrase in a !assive onstrution. Here:. . . hased #y hunting howls . . . ! 순) !가 |}g고 있%음이 ]명˜다. (산행 W) Pattern: -(&)T이 ]명하- it is lear that. . . it is o#vious that . . . Here: . . . at that moment, it was lear that he was on9uring u! 5the image6. ¼고C 0 Ž에 ¡ ¼G ï7CC ¯ 고~ (산행 W) Pattern: -7 C- he !attern in in3nitive - 7 C다 , #esides meaning gets to #e or #eomes with ad9etives, an have the e'et of a @get-!assive@ in *nglish or of middles or re4eives in languages whih have these. he im!liation is that the su#9et"agent is either (sometimes adversely) a'eted #y the ation, and"or has no ontrol over the ation of the ver#. Here: . . . a fee whih ame to no more than one thousand won a !age . . . 내 Æš •건R I€ 왔던 µ이다. (산행 W) Pattern: -7 l- gradually (omes in doing); omes u! (along); starts (has started) #eoming " doing; has"had #een doing. Here:. . . my entire #ody was gradually #eing drowned. á~ š |}g@ ˜던 µ이다. (산행 W) Pattern: -@ 하- a##reviated from -고 하다 makes a ha#it"regular !ratie
14
(a regular thing) of doing it; does it from time to time. Here: . . . I ke!t on on9uring u! mountains and valleys. ¹š Ö5ƒ (산행 W) Pattern: -(&)ƒ for -(&)¦8 while, at the same time, (doing) simultaneously. Here:. . . hiding itself . . . 7« ‚W에게G È ZWš 내M이C ¯&¦8G (산행 W) Pattern: 7« ‚W에게G to anyone, to any whih !erson. Here:. . . while not showing itself to anyone . . . !n [P움¥ $ 없%다. (산행 W) Pattern: su#stantive in -( &)T 이 -(&)' $ 없- annot #e $%&$. . not !ossi#le that it is $%&$. Here:. . . lit. ould not #e his fear (he feared non of those).
. is
!µ이 !n 가Ž f [P움¥ ^이%다. (산행 1X) Pattern: -(&)'^이다 is nothing #ut, only, onstantly; all it"one does"is is . . Here:. . . that was his only main fear. sÜï p¾하고 (산행 1X) Pattern: $%&$ ï p¾하- for $%&$ 하C p¾하- is not; does not . . . Here: . . . is not su2ient, and . . . 나n 환Uš rȃ ‘„고자 하 …†이%다. (산행 1X) Pattern: -고자 하- want to; ready " !re!ared " willing to; intend to. Here:. . . it was my thirst to make my illusion a reality.
™•산n 산4를 .고 있 ‡W¨& (산행 1X) Pattern: !artile ¨&(G) even, too, to #oot, in addition, into the #argain. Here:. . . even those friends who knew what &nhong mountain looked like . . . ½ˆ에 있 f 산 하나에 C나C ¯O다. (산행 1X) Pattern: - $%&$ 에 C나C ¯- #e nothing #ut $%&$, #e only $%&$, merely $%&$. Here:. . . it was nothing #ut another #ig mountain in the south. rÚ이에 è+ wJ¨&G 가C ¯O다. (산행 1X) Pattern: $egative reem!hasis in - C를 ¯- . he addition of 를 to -C is thought to add em!hasis, insistene or a hint of frustration to the long negation !attern in -C ¯다. $ote also !artile ¨&(G) even, too, to #oot, in addition, into the #argain. Here:. . . they ouldn0t even muster u! interest in the tiger. wEA rÚ이 ’%에8 Û 이U 나p가 ¯O다. (산행 1X) Pattern: $egative reem!hasis in - C를 ¯- . he addition of 를 to -C is thought to add em!hasis, insistene or a hint of frustration to the long negation !attern in -C ¯다 .
15
Here: . . . they did not go !ast their im!ression of the tiger as an ehi#it . . . 5사를 ÆI&S ‰˜š ^ (산행 1X) Pattern: -(&)' ^( 이다) Pros!etive modi3er !lus !ost-modi3er ^ (!lus o!ula) nothing #ut, only, onstantly; all it"one does"is is . . . (Here on a !ast #ase) Here:. . . they only thoroughly #elieved the re!orts . . . ¢¢0 Š이 Û (산행 1X) Pattern: $aked in3nitive Û(8) . $ote also Š for 마음 . Here: Ey frustration getting worse . . . 양ÿn >š eg è (산행 1X) Pattern: -"-(&)3 è instead of. . ., in !lae"lieu of. . .; while on the one hand. . . Here:. . . instead of #orrowing Er. Kang0s words . . .
8 ÞJ‹7하¦8G (산행 1X) Pattern: hird !erson sensory ver#s in - 7 하다 . &sed with desri!tive ver#s that refer to human feelings (liking, fearing, reating to,...) when the e!eriener is a third !erson. Here: . . . even though 8 was dou#tful . . .
r5J1Y Ö5 ¯O다. (산행 1X) Pattern: 1Y with Y denoting ontrast. $ote also negative !reem!hasis in -C를 ¯- . he addition of 를 to -C is thought to add em!hasis, insistene or a hint of frustration to the long negation !attern in - C ¯다 . Here:. . . only his uriosity was not hidden. +가 rÚ이를 Œ51 0다¦ (산행 1X) Pattern: -51 하¦ no sooner does it"one do or #e, than. . .; all one"it has to do or #e is. . . (and then some result). $ote that - 다¦ is more hy!othetial than !lain -( &)¦ . Here:. . . if only you take a !iture of the tiger . . . 역사IÁ Á물이 m고 1다 (산행 1X) Pattern: -고 > - to show 3nal develo!ment of an ation: ends u! doing, 3nally does, gets around to doing, ultimately does. Here:. . . 5to the e'et that one6 will end u! #eoming an historial 3gure . . 나n Ž없 k (산행 1X) Pattern: - the at of (doing), . . . ing (sometimes !e9orative). Here:. . . my inessant !estering . . . ak에”CG (행 Iš Ö5고 (산행 11) Pattern: -에”CG u! to, to !lus !artile G even. Partile G renders the delimiter ”C even more em!hati. Here: 5 Er. 8 and myself6 hid out travel !lans even from our very homes
16
(families) . . . CïCG ¯고 |#7‘다. (산행 11) Pattern: -CG ¯- doesn0t"isn0t even . . . $ote also - 7 è- ( does) terri#ly, awfully, a lot, like mad " anything (gives iterative and"or em!hati fore to a !reeding ver# in3nitive). Here: . . . 5imagining the shok6 we didn0t even get tired and !ressed on noisily. ½’Á²G (산행 11) Pattern: -(&)3" -²G given the irumstane that it is " does, even though, though. his !attern an usually #e taken as an a##reviation of -²G .W하고 in s!ite of the fat that. Here: In s!ite of the fat that it was southerly . . . 가šY *g가 |나“ `M다 Û” Ê7 있%다. (산행 11) Pattern: esultant state in - 7 있- is in the state of resulting from, is done. Here: utumn was muh dee!er than the !lae we had left. ý7i 고에 –—( 있%다. (산행 11) Pattern: esultant state in - 7 있다 is in the state of resulting from, is done Here on –—이- #e " get overed. Here: . . . it was overed #y the fallen leaves. 산n ˜™이 Û” šùSi 반¦ (산행 11) Pattern: -(&)3반¦ whereas on the other hand . . . Here: . . . whereas on the one hand, the mountain0s features were even more shar! . . . ¸Ó하던 *Y 0Ï 가€ 있%다. (산행 11) Pattern: esultant state in - 7 있다 is in the state of resulting from, is done. Here: . . . the taste of a#undane was even more rinsed away. ›à 1œ 이 하 ÿ였다. (산행 11) Pattern: /uasi-free noun and !ostmodi3er 이 a !erson, a man; one; a thing. Here: . . . the 3rst !erson I met was Er. Ha. (ÆR 술에 9 있%다. (산행 11) Pattern: esultant state in - 7 있다 is in the state of resulting from, is done. Here: . . . as usual, he was in a state of drunkenness. 0L qk이나 (산행 11) Pattern: -(이)나 as muh as . . . Here: . . . for /uite a while . . . 5š Ûw7 B%š 때Ñ (산행 11) Pattern: -(&)'때Ñ only when . . . (3nally). Here: . . . only when he had searhed his memory . . . 가ž게 Ÿ고 있Y ˜다. (산행 11) Pattern: Eodi3er  (하다) ( i.e. -( &)3  , -(&)'  , -  ;) is (if) is like, is as (if).
17
like, is as
Here: . . . it was as if he had om!letely forgotten. 8 를 가g„ƒ (산행 11) Pattern: -(&)ƒ for -(&)¦8 while, at the same time, (doing) simultaneously. Here: . . . !ointing at 8 . . . 사iš Œ&Î 왔다 @v ˜š 때G (산행 11) Pattern: -(&)' 때G even when; also when. rom !ros!etive modi3er -(&)' 때 time when G even, although. Here: . . . even when I said that he had ome to take !itures of the tiger . . 이 #gC ¯다 Pï를 M였다. (산행 11) Pattern: - Pï(를) M이- give (show) indiret signs or hints that . . . Here: . . . he looked as if he had no idea what I was talking a#out. è=ç¡ ¢£˜다. (산행 11) Pattern: Partile ç¡ : (order) #eginning with; 3rst; starting from. Here: . . . even his answer was !re!osterous. 양 ÿ나 npì?고 (산행 11) Pattern: -(이)나 or the like, like, or something, or so; the likes of, any; at least, anyway, 9ust (used in gently"vaguely urging way), even if it is not of !artiular interest. Here: . . . asking him to go look for Er. Kang or something . . . 하 ÿ >èS (산행 1<) Pattern: $%&$ èS as, 9ust as, 9ust as it is (was); in aordane with. Here: . . . 9ust like Er. Ha had said . . . ¤¥ ¦7 있%던 µ이다. (산행 1<) Pattern: esultant state in - 7 있다 is in the state of resulting from, is done. $ote also -던 µ이다 it was that ase that . . . Here: . . . he was (in the state of #eing) emaiated. () 반가하 §이 p¾%다. (산행 1<) Pattern: -§ a!!earane, look; #ehavior; the way one looks " #ehaves. $ote also () negative (or im!lied negative) very; not a little, to no small etent, /uite, etremely, terri#ly. Here: . . . he was very ha!!y to see me. !n 반가™ 5Xš M 순) (산행 1<) Pattern: - 순) the moment"instant . . . Here: . . . the moment I saw his weloming ountenane . . . 하 ÿ를 è하고8 «¨던 .k©ªY (산행 1<) Pattern: -고8 does and then; doing and then. $ote also $%&$ ªY a#out (so muh), a!!roimately; (of a) ali#er; so muh of, of that etent. Here: . . . the aniety I had felt towards Er. Ha . . . ! « ö자÷š QQR F2. (산행 1<)
18
Pattern: - (2) used to end a sentene with the meaning indeed, or des!ite ontrary antii!ations " reservations. Here: . . . I saw that thing0s foot!rints learly, I tell ya. 나를 5다¬–?고 >˜다. (산행 1<) Pattern: -–?(고) for solemn !rolamations"delarations. Here: . . . he said that he had #een waiting for me. rÚ이 vG T [%&ƒ (산행 1<) Pattern: -(&)ƒ funtions like -고 and.. $ote also - 7 [- In3nitive in - 7 auiliary [다 does something to get it out of the way (!erha!s as a !reaution); gets it done, 3nishes it u! (so it will #e out of the way), does it one and for good, does thoroughly"arefully now (so it will not have to #e done again; does for later"future use or referene. >ame as -7 ®다. Here: . . . he had also sanned over the tiger trail . . . !n kX이 .k=Îh 내가 물%다. (산행 1B) Pattern: $aked in3nitive .k=Îh(8) . Here: . . . I asked #eause his fae looked so anious.
8 à Ø자 véš ˜C (산행 1B) Pattern: -C , i.e. modi3er 5-(&)3, -던, -%던, -%, -6 !ostmodi3er C the unertain fat whether. Lhen left hanging in midsentene, you an inter!ret the !attern as having left out a following (G) Z€C1: it may have #een the ase that or it is unertain LH... 5#ut...6. $ote also à for 자5 . 8orean has at least three levels of re4eive !ronoun meaning one0s self: Fow à Polite 자5 (자, 자체) Honori3 “. Here: . . . !erha!s #eause he was all disa!!ointed . . . ¯P >p2. (산행 1B) Pattern: ¯P >p2 for ¯P 5하C6 >p2 . Here: . . . don0t worry. 이¿G (산행 1B) Pattern: 이¿G A 이"- -7 G even though it #e like this . . . rÚ¥ °다¦ (산행 1B) Pattern: rÚ¥ for rÚ이를 . $ote also onditional in - 다¦ , -"(&)3 다¦ , more hy!othetial than !lain -( &)¦ . Here: . . . if we go after the tiger . . . šp다— $G 있š F±¾다. (산행 1B) Pattern: -(&)'FG이다 is to " at the !oint that.. . . is to the etent that . . Here: . . . It will get to the !oint that I will even #e a#le to 4y. 이¿²G (산행 1B) Pattern: 이¿²G A 이"- -7 M(G even though it a!!ears to #e like this . ..
19
산_8 ³이 ´%C? (산행 1B) Pattern: -C? as " sine it does (e/uivalent to ollo/uial - z¾ , aording to oth) Here: . . . >ine my #ones have hardened . . .
]Iš ©행„S ˜다. (산행 1B) Pattern: ©행„S for ©행하5S . Here: . . . we deided to venture o' in our !ursuit. 양 ÿ 술š 고 있다 ˜&RS (산행 1B) Pattern: -(&)R S(8) . lthough the 8orean s!elling somewhat o#sures the origin, this is a su#stantive in -( &)T instrumental S(8) , and means with (as, et.) the doing or #eing; sine (#eause of) the doing or #eing. $ote also - 고 있- meaning is " ontinues in a (hanged) state. f. -7 있다. µ¼ 에 ?¼ 하고 있다 is in the hos!ital. 가고 없다 is gone. Here: . . . #eause Er. Kang said that (Er. Ha) was getting o' the wagon . . à 양반 ;자다가G (산행 1B) Pattern: -다(가)G transferentive -다가 indiating a hange or shift of ation or state !lus !artile G . Here: hat gentleman, even when he slee!s, . . . rÚ이 ’%1 나¦ (산행 1B) Pattern: $%&$ 1 -(&)¦ no sooner does it"one do or #e, than. . .; as soon as . . . then . . . Here: . . . as soon as he thinks of tigers . . . ñ음 +’>이 가‘고 œ –에 (산행 1B) Pattern: -고 œ –(에"S) after. . .ing. Here: . . . after the 3rst time you left . . . ¥체 rÚ이 @v ¯Û¾ (산행 1B) Pattern: etros!etive se/uential -Û¾ : as now it has #een o#served that ...; when (now"then); sine (now"then) ...; ... and now"then; ... #ut now"then. he form in -Û¾ usually im!lies a marked or a#ru!t ontrast #etween the 3rst and seond lauses: whereu!on. $ote also @v ¯ for @v 하C ¯ . Here: . . . not saying a word a#out tigers, now . . . µ이 #¦8 (산행 1B) Pattern: -(&)¦8 in what funtions like an a##reviation of -( &)¦8ç¡ sine ...; starting from the time when.... Here: . . . ever sine he got sik . . . ¶·=¸ rÚ이를 nè2. (산행 1B) Pattern: adver#ial -=¸ from -=Î이 like, as. ? -=×다 . Here: . . . all of a sudden he says that he is looking for tigers. 양 ÿ 7Ÿ이Ñ (산행 1B)
20
ever
Pattern: Partile Ñ (after vowel), alternant of 이Ñ only if it #e; if (it #e), when it omes to; even, indeed. (Earks a reinfored ontingeny or !rere/uisite for a main lause, one or the other of whih is unlikely, une!eted, or antii!ated to #e di2ult or un!leasant). Here: . . . Er. Kang, indeed . . . 7‚ç¡ ¹사d이였C (산행 1B) Pattern: >us!ensive C followed #y an em!hati, !regnant !ause; it is most em!hatially the ase that . . .5and not something else6. Here: . . . from the very outset he was a farmer (and not something else) . . ºÈç¡ ÅD ° x$고 c이d이%나2. (산행 1B) Pattern: x$고 A xW이고 . Here: . . . sine when did he #eome a #east-hasing haser and hunterD (i.e. he was never one.) 하G rÚ이 rÚ이 è¾” (산행 1B) Pattern: -7 è- (does) terri#ly, awfully, a lot, like mad"anything (gives iterative and"or em!hati fore to a !reeding ver# in3nitive). Here: . . . #eause he goes on and on a#out tigers . . . ]$0 ô 다 »´ (산행 1B) Pattern: $aked in3nitive »´(8) . Here: . . . gathered the autumn harvest, and . . . 마‚? ¼Y –½ (산행 1B) Pattern: -(&)3 –(에"S) after. . .ing. Here: . . . after he lost his wife . . . 손>+ (산행 1B) Pattern: Postnoun + the grou!, all of . . . his makes an e!liit !lural for nouns referring to !eo!le; it is also used in om#ination with the synonyms # and ¬g: *g, *g+, *g#, *g+#, *g#+ we"us. Here: . . . guests . . . ô¾ 술¿š d*ƒ (산행 1B) Pattern: -(&)ƒ for -(&)¦8 while, at the same time, (doing) simultaneously. Here: . . . re!eatedly em!ting his glass . . . 양 ÿ가 À !g 나를 반5던가를 ’%˜다. (산행 1B) Pattern: Ouestion -던가 as o#9et: wondered why . . . Here: . . . I wondered why Er. Kang was so ha!!y to see me. 나이Q ;잖게 (산행 1B) Pattern: ;잖게 for ;C ¯게, with adver#ial - 게 : (in a way) so that, so it is or does; so that one an; in a manner suh that; -ly. Here: . . . in a way un#e3tting one0s age . . . È p내를 ¼Y  ÁÁ ˜다. (산행 1G)
21
that
Pattern: hird !erson sensory ver#s in - 7 하다 . &sed with desri!tive ver#s that refer to human feelings (liking, fearing, reating to,...) when the e!eriener is a third !erson. $ote also È , the low version of Plain 자5. Here: . . . he looked as sad as though it was his own wife he had lost. G†) çÁ+ (산행 1G) Pattern: Postnoun + the grou!, all of . . . his makes an e!liit !lural for nouns referring to !eo!le; it is also used in om#ination with the synonyms # and ¬g : *g, *g+, *g#, *g+#, *g#+ we"us. Here: . . . the runaway wife . . . °F이 Â없이 =ÎC고 있음š «¨다. (산행 1G) Pattern: -(&)T(š) «¬- to feel . . . with su#stantive -( &)T the at (or of having " #eing. Here: . . . I felt my dediation olla!sing.
fat)
Z[ 나 때{Á Â이 (´Ã던 µ이다. (산행 1G) Pattern: modi3er Â(이) like, as, giving the a!!earane of ...; a!!earing (to #e), looking (like); seeming as if; as if " though. $ote also - 7 C- . he !attern in in3nitive - 7 C다 , #esides meaning gets to #e or #eomes with ad9etives, an have the e'et of a @get-!assive@ in *nglish or of middles or re4eives in languages whih have these. he im!liation is that the su#9et"agent is either (sometimes adversely) a'eted #y the ation, and"or has no ontrol over the ation of the ver#. Here: . . . it felt as though it were somehow all my fault. 양ÿn £iª에 ? (산행 1G) Pattern: $%&$ (에)?(8) in aordane with $%&$, in onformity to (with) $%&$, aording to $%&$. $ote also su#stantive -( &)T the at (or fat) of having " #eing. Here: . . . in aordane with Er. Kang0s ehaustion . . . 산_n rÚ이¨& (산행 1G) Pattern: !artile ¨&(G) even, too, to #oot, in addition, into the #argain. Here: . . . even the tiger in the heart of the mountain . . . 나K n자를 “´ 앉&ƒ (산행 1G) Pattern: -(&)ƒ for -(&)¦8 while, at the same time, (doing) simultaneously. Here: . . . !ulling u! a wooden hair . . . +’># Ä\ Å ô?W2. (산행 1G) Pattern: ô?W2 A µ이?고2. Here: . . . he #elieves that you will kee! your !romise, I tell you. Æ이?G (산행 1G) Pattern: !seudo-!artile -(이)?G (1) even if (it #e); (<) 9ust, (or the )
22
like (
7 이나 ); or even; any, some. Here: . . . even a good sum of money . . . C„고 >W2. (산행 1G) Pattern: -고 >고(2) of ourse, ertainly, sure. Here: . . . of ourse we will kee! the !romise. 나 8 –ñÇ (산행 1G) Pattern: $aked in3nitive –ñÇ(8) . Here: . . . 8 and I, lagging #ehind . . . á~ kÈS Á (산행 1J) Pattern: $%&$ (&)S Á하((8) on aount of. Here: . . . on aount of the forest and fog . . . ‘K <-BX Þ¡G É이 ¯O다. (산행 1J) Pattern: $egative !reem!hasis in - C를 ¯- . he addition of 를 to -C is thought to add em!hasis, insistene or a hint of frustration to the long negation !attern in -C ¯다 . Here: . . . our 3eld of vision was #loked even for
23
Pattern: -(&)3" -²G given the irumstane that it is " does, even though, though. his !attern an usually #e taken as an a##reviation of -²G .W하고 in s!ite of the fat that. Here: . . . des!ite having wandered for the #etter !art of the day . . . ÏlC ö자÷¨& n ®˜다. (산행 1J) Pattern: $egative !reem!hasis in - C를 ®- . he addition of 를 to -C is thought to add em!hasis, insistene or a hint of frustration to the long negation !attern in -C ¯다. $ote also !artile ¨&(G) even, too, to #oot, in addition, into the #argain. Here: . . . we didn0t even 3nd a foot!rint of a wild #oar. kÈ ÐY  ѴÃ다. (산행 1J) Pattern: modi3er Â(이) like, as, giving the a!!earane of ...; a!!earing (to #e), looking (like); seeming as if; as if " though.. $ote also - 7 C- he !attern in in3nitive - 7 C다 , #esides meaning gets to #e or #eomes with ad9etives, an have the e'et of a @get-!assive@ in *nglish or of middles or re4eives in languages whih have these. he im!liation is that the su#9et"agent is either (sometimes adversely) a'eted #y the ation, and"or has no ontrol over the ation of the ver#. Here: . . . the fog !eeled o' as if it had #een rinsed away. “Ò¥š ËβG (산행 1M) Pattern: -(&)3" -²G given the irumstane that it is " does, even though, though. his !attern an usually #e taken as an a##reviation of -²G .W하고 in s!ite of the fat that. Here: . . . even though we had wandered the whole day . . . – [ 마g1 ùÓ?에 éOš ^이%다. (산행 1M) Pattern: -(&)' ^( 이다) Pros!etive modi3er !lus !ost-modi3er ^ (!lus o!ula) nothing #ut, only, onstantly; all it"one does"is (or did " was) is . . . Here: . . . all he aught in his amera were two roe deer. 나 ÏÐ r†하C ¯O다. (산행 1M) Pattern: ÏÐ $egative not *= at all, not *= in the least. Here: . . . I was not disa!!ointed in the least. 양 ÿn °띤 Poš - (산행 1M) Pattern: $%&$ š -(8) through"#y way of $%&$. Here: . . .through Er. Kang0s fervent glane . . . rÚ이n MN 7$없이 «ÔÃ던 µ이다. (산행 1M) Pattern: -7 C- he !attern in in3nitive - 7 C다 , #esides meaning gets to #e or #eomes with ad9etives, an have the e'et of a @get-!assive@ in *nglish or of middles or re4eives in languages whih have these. he im!liation is that the su#9et"agent is either (sometimes adversely) a'eted #y the ation, and"or has no ontrol over the ation of the ver#. Here: . . . I ame to feel the tiger0s eistene as infalli#ly real.
24
–¿를 •9è다가 (산행 1M) Pattern: mimeti -è다 , more insistent and !rolonged than mimeti -ôg다. does re!eatedly"ontinuously; does and does; kee!s doing, does on and on, does (kee!s doing) it away; does again and again, does over and over again. Here: . . . he was humming a tune, when . . . 바ú에 5Õ 채 (산행 1M) Pattern: -(&)3 채 9ust as it is or did, (in) the original state of. . . Here: . . . leaning on a #oulder . . . PG Ö Q ¯고 (산행 1M) Pattern: Ö Q ¯고 for Ö Q 5하C6 ¯고 . Here: . . . not even #linking . . .
@;‘?G Pš ×이‘C2D@ (산행 1M) Pattern: !seudo-!artile -(이)?G (1) even if (it #e); (<) 9ust, (or the) like ( 7 이나 ); or even; any, some. Here: . . . why don0t you lose your eyes 9ust for a momentD ØY Þæ를 띤 채 (산행 1M) Pattern: -(&)3 채 9ust as it is or did, (in) the original state of. . . Here: . . . smiling a thin smile, he . . . (ÙÚ !가 p내 ’%š 하고 있%음š .O다. (산행 1M) Pattern: -(&)T(š) .- to know that . . . to realiAe that . . . on su#stantive -(&)T the at (or fat) of having " #eing. Here: I knew that all this time he had #een thinking a#out his wife.
@이!다5M다....@ (산행 1M) Pattern: -다5M다, -3다5M다, -다5M다, -(이)?5M다 it0s not so muh , rather . . . Here: . . . I wouldn0t say that she was !retty, #ut rather . . .
that
이¶ 산에 ñóÛ있5½ pK¿G ~˜던 !Ü이 (산행 1M) Pattern: -5에 for " in " #y " from doing, to do. Here: . . . that girl, for whom it was too muh to #e stuk here in this kind of mountain village. . . Ï÷ u M고였Ý72. (산행 1M) Pattern: 5u M고6 o!ula have seen whatD 7 for what reasonD Here: lit. on aount of her having seen whatD 5Þš ® np (산행 1M) Pattern: $aked in3nitive np(8) . Here: . . . she ouldn0t 3nd a soure of strength, and so . . . G†0 µG “·하ß. (산행 1M) Pattern: $oun the at of (doing), . . .ing 5sometimes !e9orative6.
25
Here: . . . her taking-o' was to #e e!eted. ‚WG ©“J $가 없 건가 à2. (산행 1M) Pattern: ‚WG 7 pKG no one, not one. Here: . . . it seems like it is something that not everyone an o!e with. áÆ §O&¦ (산행 1M) Pattern: $%&$ §O&¦ if it were " #e " had #een . . . Here: . . . lit. if things were like they used to #e . . . 반G â ®˜W¾다. (산행 1R) Pattern: $egative !reem!hasis in - C를 ®- . he addition of 를 to -C is thought to add em!hasis, insistene or a hint of frustration to the long negation !attern in -C ¯다 . Here: . . . we haven0t even gone half-way. æg내7 D%다. (산행 1R) Pattern: $aked in3nitive æg내7(8 ). Here: . . . he laughed out loud. ýg Â0 음Ó (산행 1R) Pattern: Eodi3er  (하다) ( i.e. -( &)3  , -(&)'  , -  ;) is (if) is like, is as (if). Here: . . . in a /uivering voie . . .
like, is as
바ú산 ˆ&S 이7Ç 있%다. (산행 1R) Pattern: esultant state in - 7 있- is in the state of resulting from, is done. $ote also -7C- on ã다, 이72 ontinue. Here: . . . it ontinued in the diretion of the mountain. JŽ이 ä üC Â0 XŽ© (산행 1R) Pattern: Eodi3er  (하다) ( i.e. -( &)3  , -(&)'  , -  ;) is (if) is like, is as (if). Here: . . . a heart-hilling kind of tension . . .
like, is as
pKµG M이 ¯O다. (산행 1R) Pattern: $egative !reem!hasis in - C를 ¯- . he addition of 를 to -C is thought to add em!hasis, insistene or a hint of frustration to the long negation !attern in -C ¯다 . Here: . . . nothing was to #e seen. (v Cå72. (산행 1R) Pattern: (v for (5를 . Here: . . . he0s !assed #y here. æg<š ]çP }gƒ >˜다. (산행 1R) Pattern: -(&)ƒ for -(&)¦8 while, at the same time, (doing) simultaneously. $ote also naked in3nitive ]çP(8) . Here: . . . he s!oke while lifting and setting his trousers. 양 ÿ가 이è èS (산행 1R) Pattern: - èS as, 9ust as, 9ust as it is (was); in aordane with.
26
Here: . . . 9ust as Er. Kang showed us, . . . é다‘ê (산행 1R) Pattern: -다 ‘ê (usually treated #y 8orean grammatarians as an unanalyAed ending 다사ê) in a way that tends to do, in a way inlined toward doing, in a way suh that it is !ossi#le " likely; in a way that is virtually in aordane with, !ratially, virtually, as muh as to do, almost, as if to, Tlike-toU. $ote also naked in3nitive (8). Here: . . . !ratially running . . . 음이 !"게 ž를 $가 없%다. (산행 1R) Pattern: !"게 ... -(&)' $가 없- . his !attern is similar in e'et to the !attern () $*+I* (or im!lied negative) meaning very; not a little, to no small etent, /uite, etremely, terri#ly. Here: 5Er. Kang0s6 !ae was etremely fast. Æš 가‘ 나ë가C에 J„*ƒ (산행 1R) Pattern: 에 to mark the (inanimate) agent of a !assive. hat is, 에 marks the #y0-!hrase in a !assive onstrution. $ote also dialet " su#standard !assive J„*- related to standard Jì-. Here: . . . our entire #odies getting lawed at #y the thorns and #ranhes, . . í7C고 자žC고 (Î &î였다. (산행 1R) Pattern: 5 í7C고 자žC고6 as su#9et (unmarked). Here: Le tum#led over forwards and #akwards many a time. 나 pï ðš cñ다. (산행 1R) Pattern: -(&)3 " - ð(š) Z€- not to know " to #e unaware that it is.... Here: . . . I was unaware of the fat that I was hurt. ò‚가 ó ·ô였C1 (산행 1S) Pattern: -(&)3·ô(에) after, !ast, #eyond. Here: . . . we were way !ast the !oint of ehaustion, #ut . . . ;š õ ’%š ¯O다. (산행 1S) Pattern: ’%š ¯O다 for ’%š 5하C6¯O다 . Here: . . . we had no thoughts of slee!. “Ž에?G (산행 1S) Pattern: !seudo-!artile -(이)?G (1) even if (it #e); (<) 9ust, (or the ) like ( 7 이나 ); or even; any, some, here on loative 에 . Here: . . . any minute . . . 3+ 마에 앉p 사fš Tö다. (산행 1S) Pattern: $aked in3nitive 앉p(8) . Here: . . . we sat at the learing on the ridge and looked around. ‘f에?G M¥ ˜다. (산행 1S) Pattern: !seudo-!artile -(이)?G (1) even if (it #e); (<) 9ust, (or the ) like ( 7 이나 ); or even; any, some, here on loative 에 . Here: . . . as if 5the tiger6 would a!!ear any seond.
27
l÷7를 ø&ƒ >˜다. (산행 1S) Pattern: -(&)ƒ for -(&)¦8 while, at the same time, (doing) simultaneously. Here: . . he said, hewing on dried s/uid. w á에8 Pš ùC ¯Y 채 물%다. (산행 1S) Pattern: -(&)3 채 9ust as it is or did, (in) the original state of . . . Here: . . . he asked, without taking his eyes o' the shru##ery. [ úš ûÈ 삼p (산행 1S) Pattern: $%&$ 삼p(8) from 삼다 make something of (a !erson or a thing) an follow a noun to mean #y way of, for, for the sake of, as. Here: . . . using his two arms as a !illow . . . rÚ이 *g# ü&S 다가lg? Å%다. (산행 1S) Pattern: !ros!etive assertive -( &)g?5고6 will !ro#a#ly #e"do, usually /uoting an internal thought. Here: . . . I #elieved that the tiger would ome over to us. š¿고 ÌÍ=¶ 산ÅD (산행 1S) Pattern: -=¶- a##reviated -=Ι A =×다 like, as. Here: . . . swift, magial mountain #east . . . *g# ð&S ìPˆ µ이? Å%다. (산행 1S) Pattern: µ이? for µ이?5고6 . Here: . . . I #elieved that it would ome running in front of us. 내 )V0 Å음이5G ˜다. (산행 1S) Pattern: -5G 하- also does"is also. Here: . . . it was also an earnest #elief. 때가 자å²G (산행 1S) Pattern: -(&)3" -²G given the irumstane that it is " does, even though, though. his !attern an usually #e taken as an a##reviation of -²G .W하고 in s!ite of the fat that. Here: . . . even though it was way !ast the time . . . ÏÐ rÚ이 나/나 ¯O다. (산행 1S) Pattern: ÏÐ $egative not *= at all, not *= in the least. $ote also $egative !reem!hasis in -C를 ¯- . he addition of 를 to -C is thought to add em!hasis, insistene or a hint of frustration to the long negation !attern in -C ¯다. Here: . . . there was not a tiger in sight. (HS™ 양ÿn >이%다. (산행 1W) Pattern: $%&$ -S L - (-ý다, S 2) is (harateriAed) #y. Here: . . . those were Er. Kang0s relaed words. dz‘þ 10 º7 (산행 1W) Pattern: !ost-modi3er ad9etival noun -( &)' 1하- is su2ient (to do), is well worth (doing); is at the !oint (of doing), has reahed the stage
28
(when it an do). Here: . . . onvining words . . . \고 있 ®˜다. (산행 1W) Pattern: $egative !reem!hasis in - C를 ®- . he addition of 를 to -C is thought to add em!hasis, insistene or a hint of frustration to the long negation !attern in -C ¯다 . Here: . . . I did not have . . . sr하게 .고 있 ®˜던 µ이다. (산행 1W) Pattern: $egative !reem!hasis in - C를 ®- . he addition of 를 to -C is thought to add em!hasis, insistene or a hint of frustration to the long negation !attern in -C ¯다 . Here: . . . I did not know eatly . . . ôn Žœï (산행 1W) Pattern: #ase - Â(이) like, as, giving the a!!earane of . . .; a!!earing (to #e), looking (like); seeming as if; as if " though. Here: . . . almost 9okingly . . . Ø자 명 ´h˜다. (산행 1W) Pattern: $%&$ (에) ÿ다, ´h2 (´ L -) f. $ote also hird !erson sensory ver#s in - 7 하다 . &sed with desri!tive ver#s that refer to human feelings (liking, fearing, reating to . . .) when the e!eriener is a third !erson. Here: . . . entertaining himself. 나 이èS가 NO다. (산행 1W) Pattern: adver#ial 이èS as su#9et. Here: . . . I was ha!!y the way I was. 산# 사이에 앉p (산행 1W) Pattern: $aked in3nitive 앉p(8) . Here: . . . sitting among the mountains . . . 투명0 가šoš 받&ƒ (산행 1W) Pattern: -(&)ƒ for -(&)¦8 while, at the same time, (doing) simultaneously. Here: . . . taking in the tranlusent autumn light . . .
3+~ áš C„ƒ (산행 1W) Pattern: -(&)ƒ for -(&)¦8 while, at the same time, (doing) simultaneously. Here: . . . wathing over ridge and forest . . . dÕ=¶ MN자 (산행 1W) Pattern: -=¶- a##reviated -=Ι A =×다 like, as. Here: . . . a seretive #eing . . . 완Æ하게 de나 있 JF이%다. (산행 1W) Pattern: esultant state in - 7 있- is in the state of resulting from, is done. Here: . . . It was a state of mind om!letely removed from this world.
29
벼Úš Mƒ (산행 1W) Pattern: -(&)ƒ for -(&)¦8 while, at the same time, (doing) simultaneously. Here: . . . gaAing at the li' . . .
나 §Y JFÁ ˜다. (산행 1W) Pattern: Eodi3er  (하다) ( i.e. -( &)3  , -(&)'  , -  ;) is (if) is like, is as (if). Here: . . . they were in the same state of mind as myself.
like, is as
놀이 나“ p이#마냥 (산행 1W) Pattern: !artile 마냥 7 ñò like. Here: . . . like hildren that have ome out to !lay . . .
양ÿn 9:½ ½p 있 ¯O다. (산행 1W) Pattern: $egative !reem!hasis in - C를 ¯- . he addition of 를 to -C is thought to add em!hasis, insistene or a hint of frustration to the long negation !attern in -C ¯다 . Here: . . . there was not a trae left on Er. Kang0s ountenane. +이나 다를 바 없%다. (산행 1W) Pattern: $%&$ (이)나 다를 바 없- #e no di'erent from, #e 9ust like. Here: . . . 5Er. Ha6 seemed no di'erent from a mountain wiAard. <”C 춰‘다. (산행 1W) Pattern: !artile ”C meaning even, so far as (etent, em!hasis). $ote also -7 è- (does) terri#ly, awfully, a lot, like mad " anything (gives iterative and"or em!hati fore to a !reeding ver# in3nitive). Here: . . . went so far as to dane u! a storm. “ 마š 사E#Sç¡ BFþ이?고 손가… 받고 (산행 1W-
없7Ã&¦ NÝ다 마음^이%던 µ이다. (산행
l¿l¿ 이 산_에 ½p (산행
30
Pattern: $aked in3nitive ½p(8) . $ote also redu!liated l¿ . Here: . . . to stay over a long time in the mountain . . . 8 가 )èG (산행
찔끔èƒ D7‘다. (산행
Š에 k z 녀석 하나를 - 먹이고 œ – §이 (산행
31
