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CASE REPORT

Nonsurgical correction of a Class III malocclusion in an adult by miniscrew-assisted mandibular dentition distalization Yan Jing,a Xianglong Han,b Yongwen Guo,a Jingyu Li,c and Ding Baid Chengdu, Sichuan, China

This article reports the successful use of miniscrews in the mandible to treat a 20-year-old Mongolian woman with a chief complaint of anterior crossbite. The patient had a skeletal Class III malocclusion with a mildly protrusive mandible, an anterior crossbite, and a deviated midline. In light of the advantages for reconstruction of the occlusal plane and distal en-masse movement of the mandibular arch, we used a multiloop edgewise archwire in the initial stage. However, the maxillary incisors were in excessive labioversion accompanied by little retraction of the mandibular incisors; these results were obviously not satisfying after 4 months of multiloop edgewise archwire treatment. Two miniscrews were subsequently implanted vertically in the external oblique ridge ridge areas areas of the bilate bilateral ral mandi mandibu bular lar ramus ramus as skelet skeletal al ancho anchorag rage e for en-ma en-masse sse distal distaliza izatio tion n of the the mandi mandibu bular lar dentition. During treatment, the mandibular anterior teeth were retracted about 4.0 mm without negative lingual inclinations. The movement of the mandibular �rst molar was almost bodily translation. The maxillary incisors maintained good inclinations by rotating their brackets 180 along with the outstanding performance of the beta-titanium wire. The patient received a harmonious facial balance, an attractive smile, and ideal occlusal relationships. The outcome was stable after 1 year of retention. Our results suggest that the application of miniscrews in the posterior area of the mandible is an effective approach for Class III camou �age treatment. This technique requires minimal compliance and is particularly useful for correcting Class III patients with mild mandibular protrusion and minor crowding. (Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2013;143:877-87) 

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mile attractiveness has been regarded as a standard of successful treatment by both orthodontist tistss and patien patients ts.. Evalu Evaluat ating ing the the face face in the the smiling smiling pro�le is also also a crit critic ical al part part of a comp comple lete te 1 orthodontic orthodontic diagnosis. diagnosis. Maxillary incisors play an important important role in de�ning beauty, and thus they should be angulated and positioned most favorably in their anteroposter anteroposterior ior and vertical relationships relationships to all facial facial stru struct cture uress to ensu ensure re maxim maximum um faci facial al harmo harmony ny..1-4

From State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China. a Postgraduate student. b Associate professor. c Postgraduate student. d Professor and chair. The authors report report no commercial, commercial, proprietary, proprietary, or �nancial nancial interest interest in the products or companies described in this article. Reprint requests to: Ding Bai, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, 14#, 3rd section of Renmin South Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, China, 610041; e-mail, [email protected].. [email protected] Submitted, revised and accepted, May 2012. 0889-5406/$36.00 Copyright  2013 by the American Association of Orthodontists. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2012.05.021

Excessive labioversion of the maxillary incisors can easily ruin a pleasing smile. Dentoalveolar compensations (proclined maxillary incis incisor orss and and retr retroc oclin lined ed mand mandibu ibular lar inciso incisors rs)) are are common in patients with a Class III malocclusion caused cau sed by a retrognathic maxilla or a prognathic mandible.5-8 Also, moderate proclination of the maxillary incisors is indispe indispensa nsable ble in camou camou�age age trea treatme tment nt of ante anterio riorr crossbite. It is always, therefore, challenging for orthodontists to place the maxillary incisors in an appropriate priate antero anteropost posteri erior or positi position on with with a harmonio harmonious us labial labial inclina inclinatio tion n in Class Class III treatme treatment. nt. To preven preventt excessive proclination of the maxillary incisors, distal en-mass en-massee moveme movement nt of the mandibu mandibular lar dentit dentition ion is quite quite effect effective ive in camou camou�age age treatment treatment for patients patients 9 with a Class III malocclusion. The multiloop edgewise archwire is cons considered idered a practical method with fewer side effect effects. s.9-12 However, the extent of occlusal enhancement that occurs in response to the multiloop edge edgewis wisee archw archwir iree grea greatly tly depe depends nds on a patien patient' t'ss compliance and can vary with each person. As skeletal anchorage, the application of miniscrews, which offer more more simple simple and stable force force sy stems, stems, has graduall gradually y become popular and reliable.13-18 877

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Fig 1. Pretreatment photographs.

Fig 2. Pretreatment study casts.

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American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics

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Fig 3. A, Pretreatment cephalogram; B, panoramic radiograph; C, cephalometric tracing. Table. Cephalometric measurements

Measurement

SNA ( ) SNB ( ) ANB ( ) SN-GoGn ( ) S-Go/N-Me (%) FH-OP ( ) U1-SN ( ) L1-NB ( ) 

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After 4 months of multiloop edgewise Pretreatment archwire treatment Posttreatment

79.1 81.7 2.6 36.1 61.3 9.9 79.6 18.4

77.8 79.2 1.4 39.0 59.4 8.7 64.7 24.0

77.6 79.1 1.5 38.9 59.4 6.6 77.7 13.5

In this case report, we introduce a nonsurgical treatment of an adult with a Class III malocclusion with miniscrew-assisted mandibular dentition distalization. At the beginning of the therapy, the multiloop

edgewise archwire technique resulted in an unsatisfying smile because of the excessive proclination of the maxillary incisors. Then we stopped to vertically implant a pair of miniscrews in the external oblique ridge areas of the bilateral mandibular ramus as anchorage for the distal en-masse movement of the mandibular dentition and obtained an excellent treatment outcome ultimately. DIAGNOSIS AND ETIOLOGY

The patient was a 20-year-old Mongolian woman who had a Class III facial type and slight crowding with a complete Class III relationship. Her chief complaint was an anterior crossbite. Her medical history showed no contraindication for orthodontic therapy, and no one in her direct family had skeletal Class III features.


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Fig 4. Treatment progress: A, short Class III elastics on multiloop edgewise archwire; B, nickeltitanium closed coil springs on miniscrews for distal en-masse movement of the mandibular arch.

The photographs taken before treatment showed symmetric facial structures ( Fig 1).Thepatienthadaconcave facial pro�le, a protrusive lower lip, and an acute nasolabial angle. Her maxillary anterior teeth were retrognathic, with inadequate display when smiling. The mandibular dental midline was deviated 2.0 mm to the right, although the maxillary dental midline was coincident with the facial midline. There were no signs or symptoms of temporomandibular joint dysfunction. Mandibular movements, such as maximal opening and lateral and anterior displacement, were within normal limits. No deviation and pain were discovered during the border movement of the mandible. The dental casts ( Fig 2) showed a Class III occlusion on each side, without apparent crowding. Overjet was 2.0 mm, and overbite was 4.5 mm. A cephalogram ( Fig 3, A) and a panoramic radiograph ( Fig 3, B ) were taken before treatment. The cephalometric analysis (Table) and its tracing ( Fig 3, C ) showed that the mandible protruded relative to the cranial base (SNB angle, 81.7 ; ANB angle, 2.6 ). The panoramic radiograph ( Fig 3, B) showed no other abnormal signs, except that the 2 germs of the mandibular third molars were tipped mesially. After the analysis of the photographs, casts, and radiographs, it was decided to approach her problems as a skeletal Class III malocclusion with an anterior crossbite and a deviated midline. 

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TREATMENT OBJECTIVES

The treatment objectives were to (1) obtain a harmonious facial pro�le by decreasing the protrusion

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of the mandible; (2) improve the occlusion, including correction of the anterior crossbite, establishment of ideal overjet and overbite, and achievement of Class I molar relationships; and (3) place the dental midlines in the middle of the patient's face. TREATMENT ALTERNATIVES

The �rst alternative was combined surgical and orthodontic treatment. The anterior crossbite would be corrected with a mandibular setback, and the concave pro�le would be improved as well. However, we decided that her skeletal problem was not suf �ciently excessive to require orthognathic surgery. The second alternative was orthodontic treatment with extraction of 4 premolars. Through the retraction of the mandibular anterior teeth and the mesial movement of the maxillary molars, the anterior crossbite and Class III molar relationships would be corrected, and the concave facial pro�le would be camou�aged. Nevertheless, her mandibular incisors were not suitable for much distal movement because of the thin trabecular bone in the mandibular anterior area that could damage the periodontal tissues by gingival recession, fenestration, or dehiscence. The third alternative was to extract the mandibular third molars and use the multiloop edgewise archwire technique to obtain distal en-masse movement of the mandibular arch with short Class III elastics. Thereby, the anterior crossbite would be corrected, the molar relationships would be changed into Class I, and her concave facial pro�le would be camou�aged as well.


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Fig 5. A and B, Photographs after 4 months of multiloop edgewise archwire treatment; C, cephalogram after 4 months of multiloop edgewise archwire treatment; D, superimposed cephalometric tracings before treatment and after 4 months of multiloop edgewise archwire treatment.

After we discussed the 3 alternatives with the patient, shechose thethird option andpromised to cooperate in extracting the third molars and wearing the Class III elastics. TREATMENT PROGRESS

Orthodontic treatment began on November 9, 2007. The mandibular third molars were extracted before

bonding. Preadjusted 0.022-in brackets (Shiye, Hangzhou, China) were bonded to all teeth. Alignment and leveling with sequential nickel-titanium archwires were achieved in 12 months, ending with 0.018 3 0.025-in stainless steel wires. After that, 0.018 3 0.025-in stainless steel multiloop edgewise archwires with progressive tip-back bends were placed in both arches.



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Fig 6. A, Frontal x-ray showing the positions of the miniscrews in the mandible; B and C, the positions of the miniscrews in the oral cavity.

The patient was instructed to wear the short Class III elastics (3/16 in, 6 oz; 3M Unitek, Monrovia, Calif) for 24 hours per day ( Fig 4, A ). The anterior crossbite was corrected substantially 4 months later. However, the maxillary incisors were proclined remarkably. Class I molar relationships were not completely established, although the overall occlusion was improved signi�cantly. Thus, in the 17th month, we took a set of photos ( Fig 5, A and B) and a cephalogram ( Fig 5, C ), and made a cephalometric analysis (Table) to reestimate her treatment. The superimposition of the cephalograms ( Fig 5, D) showed that the correction of the anterior crossbite was mostly because of the proclined maxillary incisors without obvious distal movement of the mandibular incisors. Also, the excessively proclined maxillary anterior teeth made her facial pro �le worse, especially when smiling. To reinforce the distal en-masse movement of the mandibular dentition, we modi�ed the treatment plan. We replaced the orthodontic appliance with 0.022-in Damon III self-ligating brackets (Sybron Dental Specialties Ormco, Orange, Calif) and used miniscrews instead of the multiloop edgewise archwire technique. When

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rebonding, the maxillary incisor brackets were rotated 180 , assisting in labial root torque at the rectangular wire stage. The miniscrews were implanted vertically in the external oblique ridge areas of the bilateral mandibular ramus between the mandibular �rst and second molars, where the greatest thickness of buccolingual bone was found ( Fig 6).19 After 3 months of releveling, we started to draw the mandibular dentition distally using nickel-titanium coil springs with 300-g forces on each side. The spring was connected from the miniscrew to the hook between the mandibular canine and the � rst premolar. At the same time, 0.019 3 0.025 beta-titanium alloy wire was used to control the root position of the maxillary incisors. Six months later, the anterior overbite and overjet were improved remarkably, and the labial inclination of maxillary teeth was also much better ( Fig 4, B). The total treatment duration was 32 months. The multiloop edgewise archwire technique was used for 4 months, and it took 12 months for the distal en-masse movement of the mandibular dentition with miniscrews. The miniscrews were stable all the time and removed under topical anesthesia. 


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Fig 7. A and B, Posttreatment photographs; C, photographs after 1 year of retention. TREATMENT RESULTS

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A harmonious facial balance, a charming smile, and a well-aligned dentition were obtained ( Fig 7). The anterior crossbite was corrected, and Class I molar relationships were achieved ( Fig 8). The posttreatment cephalogram and panoramic radiograph are shown in Figure 9. The cephalometric analysis (Table) and the superimposition ( Fig 9, C ) show that the ANB angle increased from 2.6 to 1.5 , and the SNB angle decreased from 81.7 to 79.1 . According to the superimposition, the mandibular anterior teeth were retracted about 4 mm without negative lingual inclinations. The movement of the mandibular �rst molar could be considered almost bodily translation because its crown was moved 4.0 mm distally, and its roots were moved 3.0 mm distally. The maxillary incisors were moved labially under control with good inclination 

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(U1-SN, 77.7 ). The SN-GoGn angle increased from 36.1 to 38.9 , and S-Go/N-Me decreased from 61.3% to 59.4%, indicating that the mandible had rotated clockwise slightly. The patient was satis�ed with the treatment results, and the outcome was stable after 1 year of retention ( Fig 7, C ).

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DISCUSSION

For this patient, the etiology of her Class III malocclusion was expressed through mandibular protrusion. The changes contributing most to the correction of her initial dental and skeletal discrepancies were dentoalveolar compensation with distal en-masse movement of the mandibular dentition: a combination of clockwise rotation of the mandible and counterclockwise rotation of the occlusal plane. Ideal overjet and overbite were achieved with controlled labial movement of the



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Fig 8. Posttreatment study casts.

maxillary incisors and retraction of the mandibular anterior teeth. The anteroposterior position of the maxillary incisors is important for the harmony of the face and the beauty of the smile. To standardize the orthodontic esthetic analysis, Andrews and Andrews20 noted the “6 elements of orofacial harmony,” for which the patient's forehead is used as a stable landmark to determine the anteroposterior position of the maxillary incisors in the smiling pro�le. The facial axis point of the maxillary central incisors should touch the goal anterior limit line, when the teeth in each arch conform to element I (ie, arch shapes and lengths are optimal). 20 Either in front of or behind the goal anterior limit line is not a favorable anteroposterior position for the maxillary central incisors. However, the labial inclination of maxillary incisors can vary and have remarkably different effects on facial esthetics, even if the facial axis point touches the goal anterior limit line and the anterior teeth have good overbite and overjet. Furthermore, the maxillary incisors can hardly be placed in a standard position for Class II or Class III camou �age treatment because of the skeletal discrepancy. Consequently, more or less

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inclination of the maxillary incisors is inevitable; this can greatly impact the static and dynamic beauty of the facial pro�le. Previously, we found that the maxillary incisor that is upright or in a slight lingual inclination is preferable.21 Labioversion of the maxillary incisors can easily ruin a pleasing smile, especially for a patient with a Class III facial type.2,21 Thus, identifying an ef �cient way to achieve maximum distal en-masse movement of the mandibular arch should be a primary goal in Class III camou�age treatment for adults. We used the multiloop edgewise archwire technique at the beginning of this treatment. However, the occlusal enhancement in response to this technique depends on the patient's cooperation and can vary with each patient. Also, labial tipping of the maxillary incisors generally occurs as a negative effect of anterior anchorage loss during molar distalization. As a result, the U1-SN was 64.7 , which was 14.9 less than the initial status after 4 months of multiloop edgewise archwire treatment. Apparently, the overproclined maxillary incisors compromised the pleasing smile. To minimize this side effect, we used miniscrews instead of the multiloop edgewise archwire to reinforce the distal retraction of the 

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Fig 9. A, Posttreatment cephalogram; B, panoramic radiograph; C, superimposition.

mandibular arch and create enough overjet to upright the labially inclined maxillary incisors. The miniscrews were implanted vertically so that they would not block the way for the distal movement of the mandibular dentition. The mandibular incisors were successfully retracted about 4.0 mm without undesirable tipping, and the movement type of the mandibular molars was almost bodily translation. Enlow et al22 stated that it is critical to move the occlusal plane counterclockwise during skeletal Class III therapy. In this patient, the Frankfort horizontal to occlusal plane angle decreased gradually, along with an increase of the SN-GoGn angle (Table). These changes demonstrated that the combination of counterclockwise rotation of the occlusal plane with clockwise rotation of mandible can be obtained not

only by the multiloop edgewise archwire technique, but also with miniscrew-assisted mandibular arch distalization. Multiloop edgewise archwires can reconstruct the occlusal plane by uprighting and intruding the posterior teeth, and e xtruding the mandibular incisors with short elastics.23 However, the same effects can be obtained by miniscrews. The mandibular arch can be rotated counterclockwise during the distal en-masse movement because the direction of the retraction force applied on the miniscrews is above the center of mandibular arch resistance, leading to a �attened occlusal plane ( Fig 10). On the other hand, molar distalization, which contributed mostly to the clockwise rotation of mandible, was bene�cial for alleviating the negative overbite. With the combination of retracted mandibular incisors, the anterior crossbite could be



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�attened

Fig 10. Because the direction of the retraction force applied to the miniscrews is above the center of mandibular arch resistance, the mandibular arch can be rotated counterclockwise when distalized, leading to a �attened occlual plane. On the other hand, molar distalization is bene�cial for decreasing a negative overbite. With the combination of these 2 factors, the anterior crossbite can be corrected, and ideal overbite and overjet can be established. The dotted line represents the retraction force; the red point represents the center of mandibular arch resistance.

easily corrected, and ideal overbite and overjet were well established. Compared with the multiloop edgewise archwire technique, the application of miniscrews signi�cantly simpli�es the force system and reduces the dif �culty in bending wires and maintaining appropriate labial inclinations of the maxillary incisors, since the force does not directly impose on those teeth. In addition, it depends much less on the patient's compliance. Thus, we suppose that implanting miniscrews in the posterior area of the mandible provides advantages for the correction of an anterior crossbite by a similar mechanism as the multiloop edgewise archwire technique. Moreover, in conjunction with the selfligation system, the lower frictional resistance might greatly contribute to the effective distal en-masse movement of the mandibular dentition.24-26 Another critical factor for the successful recovery of maxillary incisor inclination was that the brackets of these teeth were rotated 180 when we replaced all brackets with Damon III brackets. This correction changed the preadjusted torque of the maxillary central incisor from 112 to 12 , and the torque of the maxillary lateral incisors from 18 to 8 . In this way, the labial root torque could be expressed accurately, ef �ciently, and gently with the outstanding performance of the 0.019 3 0.025 beta-titanium alloy wire. 

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CONCLUSIONS

The use of miniscrews in the posterior area of the mandible is an effective approach for Class III camou�age treatment. Not only can the occlusal plane be

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in conjunction with clockwise rotation of the mandible, but also it is bene�cial to control the labial inclination of the maxillary incisors for the en-masse mandibular arch distalization. Therefore, this technique requires less compliance and is particularly useful for correcting Class III patients with mild mandibular protrusion and minor crowding. Identically, Class II patients with a mildly protrusive maxilla are also candidates for en-masse maxillary arch distalization with miniscrews implanted in the posterior area of the maxilla. The outcome of this case was stable after 1 year, although more follow-up is necessary to determine the long-term stability. REFERENCES 1. Andrews WA. AP relationship of the maxillary central incisors to the forehead in adult white females. Angle Orthod 2008;78:662-9. 2. Isiksal E, Hazar S, Akyalcin S. Smile esthetics: perception and comparison of treated and untreated smiles. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2006;129:8-16. 3. Janzen EK. A balanced smile—a most important treatment objective. Am J Orthod 1977;72:359-72. 4. Schlosser JB, Preston CB, Lampasso J. The effects of computeraided anteroposterior maxillary incisor movement on ratings of facial attractiveness. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2005;127: 17-24. 5. Troy BA, Shanker S, Fields HW, Vig K, Johnston W. Comparison of incisor inclination in patients with Class III malocclusion treated with orthognathic surgery or orthodontic camou �age. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2009;135:146.e1-9; discussion 146-7. 6. Ellis E 3rd, McNamara JA Jr. Components of adult Class III malocclusion. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1984;42:295-305. 7. Worms FW, Isaacson RJ, Speidel TM. Surgical orthodontic treatment planning: pro�le analysis and mandibular surgery. Angle Orthod 1976;46:1-25. 8. Lin J, Gu Y. Preliminary investigation of nonsurgical treatment of severe skeletal Class III malocclusion in the permanent dentition. Angle Orthod 2003;73:401-10. 9. Baek SH, Shin SJ, Ahn SJ, Chang YI. Initial effect of multiloop edgewise archwire on the mandibular dentition in Class III malocclusion subjects. A three-dimensional �nite element study. Eur J Orthod 2008;30:10-5. 10. Kim YH. Anterior openbite and its treatment with multiloop edgewise archwire. Angle Orthod 1987;57:290-321. 11. Yang WS, Kim BH, Kim YH. A study of the regional load de �ection rate of multiloop edgewise arch wire. Angle Orthod 2001;71: 103-9. 12. Chang YI, Shin SJ, Baek SH. Three-dimensional �nite element analysis in distal en masse movement of the maxillary dentition with the multiloop edgewise archwire. Eur J Orthod 2004;26: 339-45. 13. Chaimanee P, Suzuki B, Suzuki EY. “Safe zones” for miniscrew implant placement in different dentoskeletal patterns. Angle Orthod 2011;81:397-403. 14. Papadopoulos MA, Tarawneh F. The use of miniscrew implants for temporary skeletal anchorage in orthodontics: a comprehensive review. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2007; 103:e6-15. 15. Kuroda S, Sugawara Y, Deguchi T, Kyung HM, Takano Yamamoto T. Clinical use of miniscrew implants as orthodontic


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anchorage: success rates and postoperative discomfort. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2007;131:9-15. 16. Sugawara Y, Kuroda S, Tamamura N, Takano-Yamamoto T. Adult patient with mandibular protrusion and unstable occlusion treated with titanium screw anchorage. Am J Orthod Dentofacial O rthop 2008;133:102-11. 17. Kuroda S, Katayama A, Takano-Yamamoto T. Severe anterior open-bite case treated using titanium screw anchorage. Angle Orthod 2004;74:558-67. 18. Kuroda S, Sugawara Y, Yamashita K, Mano T, Takano Yamamoto T. Skeletal Class III oligodontia patient treated with titanium screw anchorage and orthognathic surgery. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2005;127:730-8. 19. Poggio PM, Incorvati C, VeloS, Carano A. “Safe zones”: a guide for miniscrew positioning in the maxillary and mandibular arch. Angle Orthod 2006;76:191-7. 20. Andrews LF, Andrews WA. Syllabus of the Andrews orthodontic philosophy. 9th ed. San Diego, Calif: Lawrence F. Andrews; 2001.

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21. Cao L, Zhang K, Bai D, Jing Y, Tian Y, Guo Y. Effect of maxillary incisor labiolingual inclination and anteroposterior position on smiling pro�le esthetics. Angle Orthod 2011;81:121-9. 22. Enlow DH, Kuroda T, Lewis AB. Intrinsic craniofacial compensations. Angle Orthod 1971;41:271-85. 23. Sato S. Case report: developmental characterization of skeletal Class III malocclusion. Angle Orthod 1994;64:105-11. 24. Shivapuja PK, Berger J. A comparative study of conventional ligation and self-ligation bracket systems. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1994;106:472-80. 25. Stefanos S, Secchi AG, Coby G, Tanna N, Mante FK. Friction between various self-ligating brackets and archwire couples during sliding mechanics. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2010;138: 463-7. 26. Krishnan M, Kalathil S, Abraham KM. Comparative evaluation of frictional forces in active and passive self-ligating brackets with various archwire alloys. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2009; 136:675-82.



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