Instalação de Som Automotivo - Aula 01

Zufèr`c HÎH 8 NIN[U@J@KHKN Fhtàr`h n Nonrd`h Nintrcstèt`jh Jcokutcrns n @scihotns J`rju`tc Niàtr`jc [nosêc, Jcrrnotn n Uns`stçoj`h Niàtr`jh ]ctçoj`h Niàtr`jh J`rju`tcs nf Zàr`n, ]hrhinic n Zàr`n-]hrhinic Jcos`knrhäþns scern jcokutcrns niàtr`jcs

]hssc h ]hssc @ostrufnotcs phrh Fnk`äþns Niàtr`jhs7 Fuitæfntrc Rngh sn Hprnoknu Hdrhknj`fnotcs Jnotrhi Jhr - @osthihäêc kn Zcf Hutcfct`vc

@ost`tutc ô`vnrshi Erhsìn`rc @ÊUH - @ok÷str`h Drèb`jh n Nk`tcrh Itkh. Hkfò`strhäêc Iu`z Bnrohokc Kò`z Ohsc Gcsà Jhrics Kò`z Ohsc @doçs Kò`z Ohsc Jccrknohäêc K`kèt`jh Jccrknohäêc Thikcf`rc Unjja` Dnrnotn Dnrhi Fcknstc ]hothiàh K`rnäêc kn Hrtn Jhrics Nkuhrkc ]. Ohsc Hss`stnotn Nk`tcr`hi Uhbhnih Ohsc ]rckuäêc Fhrjcs ]rhkc kn Jhrvhiac Unv`sêc Ucsni` Hohstèj`c Zìvh Fhrj`h Fcrn`rh kn Jhrvhiac Jihuk`h kn H. Fhrhoaêc ]rnsjctt Ohsc

K`rntcrh Dnrhi @rnon Uckr`duns kn Ci`vn`rh [n`xn`rh Uèn`rc @fhdnos Hinxhokrn Fcrsìih Phsfò Ph sfò Jhrciòh Jhvhiiò` Bctcdrhb`h Ucenrtc Jhrics Hivns Hutcr Znrd`c Jcutc Nk`tcrhäêc @ost`tutc ô`vnrshi Erhsìn`rc @fprnssêc @ÊUH - @ok÷str`h Drèb`jh n Nk`tcrh Itkh Uckcv`h Nsthkuhi Ec`tuvh - @pnrú, lf 8,8 Jhfpcs kn Ec`tuvh - Ec`tuvh - Z] JN]7 81>>=-===

[ckcs cs k`rn`tcs sêc rnsnrvhkcs. Oêc à pnrf`t`kh h rnprckuäêc tcthi cu phrj`hi knstn jursc.

]cr fhtàr`h, knvnfcs notnoknr tukc c qun à phipèvni, tnf jcrpc n bcrfh. À uf jcoHÎH 8 jn`tc qun tckcs oús tnfcs jcok`äþns kn jcfNIN[U@J@KHKN prnnoknr prnnok nr.. Xuhiqun Xuhiqunrr pnssch pckn k`stò k`stòdu`r du`r H bòhi`khkn kn ocssc jursc jcos`stn nf fhtà fhtàr`h r`h kc qun oêc à fhtàr`h. Oc fuokc bæbcronjnr cs jcoanj`fnotcs onjnssèr`cs phrh s`jc, tukc qun oêc à fhtàr`h à nonrd`h. qun qu n c hi hiuo uoc c pc pcss ssh h rn rnhi hi`z `zhr hr h jc jcrr rrnt nth h ò òst sthi hihä häêc êc n Knsth fhon`rh, uf `fê à fhtàr`h (bæs`jc, k`str k`s trèu èu`ä `äêc êc kn s` s`st stnf nfhs hs kn sc scf f nf hu hutcf tcfúv úvn`s n`s.. phipèvni), fhs suh prcpr`nkhkn kn htrh`r fn Hiàf k`stc, k`stc, c hiuoc knvnrè knvnrè nsthr nsthr hptc h hohi` hohi`shr shr th`s bnrrcscs à nonrd`h (jcoanj`kh jcfc fhdn hvhi`hr uf s`stnfh nx`stnotn, pcknokc kntnj- ont`sfc). ^f b`c kn jcern à fhtàr`h, fhs h thr bhiahs n/cu pcssævn`s knbn`tcs n jcrr`d`-ics, nintr`j`khkn qun pcr nin j`rjuihr à nonrd`h. ^f enf jcfc suest`tu`r n/cu fck`b`jhr ufh pnäh. jhrvêc nf erhsh à fhtàr`h, pcràf c jhicr qun ]hrh qun `stc sngh pcssævni, à òk`spno- nin prcphdh à nonrd`h. ^fh iåfphkh à fhtàsèvni qun c hiuoc tnoah jcoanj`fnotc scern r`h, pcràf h iuz qun nih `rrhk`h à nonrd`h. Rngh cs buokhfnotcs eès`jcs kn nintr`j`khkn n nin- cs nxnfpics oh b`durh 8. Jcfc sn pckn pnrjnenr, pcknfcs pcknf cs knb`trûo`jh, cs quh`s ian pnrf`t`rêc h jcrrnth jcfprnnosêc n hss`fìhäêc kcs `tnos hecrkhkcs. o`r h ’fhtàr`h‖ jcfc snokc tukc hquìc qun ocs jnrjh n qun cjuph iudhr iudhr oc nsphäc. Hòkh knotrc knsth knbò`äêc, h fhtàr`h pckn hòkh snr Fhtàr`h n Nonrd`h s`fpins cu jcfpcsth. Fhtàr`h s`fpins7 À bcrfhkh pcr hpnohs Fhtàr`h uf t`pc kn fhtnr`hi. ]cr nstn fct`vc, thfeàf C nstukc kh fhtàr`h n h suh jcfpcs`äêc à jahfhkh kn ’jcrpc s`fpins‖ cu ’ninfnotc sêc buokhfnoth`s phrh sn jcfprnnoknr h tnc- s`fpins‖. H prhth (Hd), c curc (Hu), c jcern r`h kh nintr`j`khkn n, h phrt`r k`stc, jcfc nih sn (Ju), c bnrrc (Bn), c jaufec (]e) ntj. sêc hijcfpcrth. duos t`pcs kn fhtàr`hs s`fpins.

B`durh 8 - Nxnfpics kn fhtàr`h n nonrd`h. @osthihäêc kn Zcf Hutcfct`vc - Huih 8

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@ost`tutc ô`vnrshi Erhsìn`rc

^f kcs pròjæp`cs eès`jcs à kn qun h nonrd`h oêc pckn snr jr`hkh onf knstruækh< nih trhosbcrfh-sn kn ufh bcrfh phrh cutrh. ]cr r nxnfpic, ]c nxnfpic, h nonrd`h fnjåo`jh cet`kh pnic fcv`fnotc kn ufh aài`jn, pcr òtnrrfà tn fàk` k`c c kh hä häêc êc kc vno notc tc,, pc pckn kn sn snr r trhosbcrfhkh nf nonrd`h niàtr`jh, ehsthokc hsscj`hr hc n`xc kh aài`jn uf dnrhkcr niàtr`jc. Kh fnsfh bcrfh, h nonrd`h quæf`jh nx`stnotn nf ufh ehtnr`h à trhosbcrfhkh nf nonrd`h niàtr`jh qun, hc hj`cohr uf pnqunoc fctcr, à trhosbcrfhkh nf nonrd`h fnjåo`jh. Nf uf hutcfúvni, h nonrd`h cet`kh htrhvàs kh qun`fh kn uf jcfeustævni, pcrthotc tàrf`jh, oc òtnr`cr kh jåfhrh jåfh rh kn jcfeustêc kc fctcr, à trhosbcrfhkh nf nonrd`h fnjåo`jh qun hj`coh hs rckhs. Jcfc sn cesnrvh pcr nstns nxnfpics, uf t`pc kn nonrd`h pckn snr trhosbcrfhkc nf cutrc, fhs ouojh knshphrnjn.

Fhtàr`h jcfpcsth7 À bcrfhkh pnih jcfeòhäêc kn kc`s cu fh`s ninfnotcs, fct`vc pnic quhi thfeàf à jahfhkh kn ’jcrpcs (cu ninfnot nin fnotcs) cs) jcf jcfpcs pcstcs tcs‖. ‖. Jcf Jcfc c nxn nxnfpi fpic, c, à pcssævni j`thr c jicrntc kn súk`c (shi kn jczòah), qun à bcrfhkc pnih jcfeòhäêc kn jicrc n súk`c< n h èduh, qun à bcrfhkh pnih jcfeòhäêc kn cx`dço`c n a`krcdç a`krcdço`c. o`c.

Nonrd`h Brnqunotnfnotn ushfcs h phihvrh ’nonrd`h‖, fu`ths vnzns snf onf fnsfc ocs khrfcs jcoth kn snu s`do`b`jhkc. Ocrfhifnotn, snfprn h nfprndhfcs hsscj`hokc-h h uf trhehiac. ehi ac. Kns Knsth th bcr bcrfh, fh, pck pcknfc nfcss hb`r hb`rfhr fhr qun nonrd`h à h jhphj`khkn kn sn prckuz`r uf kntnrfòhkc trhehiac. Ehs`jhfnotn, tnfcs kc`s t`pcs kn nonrd`h7 h nonrd`h pctnoj`hi n pctnoj`hi n h nonrd`h jòàt`jh. H nonrd` no nrd`h h pctn pctnoj`h oj`hii à h nonr nonrd`h d`h hjufu hjufu-ihkh nf uf kntnrfòhkc jcrpc qun sn nojcotrh nf rnpcusc. Jcfc nxnfpic, tnfcs h nonrd`h niàtr`jh hjufuihkh ohs ehtnr`hs, pìahs ntj. H no nonrd nrd`h `h jò jòàt àt`j `jh h cjc cjcrrn rrn nf jco jcosnsnquçoj`h kc fcv`fnotc kn uf jcrpc cu kn ’jhrdhs niàtr`jhs‖. Jcfc nxnfpic, tnfcs c fcv`fnotc kn jhrdhs niàtr`jhs htrhvàs kn uf j`rju`tc niàtr`jc. ^f cutrc nxnfpic qun thivnz sngh fh`s bèjì kn jcfprnnoknr onstn fcfnotc jcos`stn nf uf rnsnrvhtúr`c kn èduh, jcfc hs jh`xhs k‐èduh nx`stnotns ohs rns`kçoj`hs. Xuhokc h èduh èd uh hi hi`` hr hrfh fhzn znoh ohkh kh oê oêc c à ut utìì`z `zhk hkh, h, k` k`zz-sn sn qu qun n suh su h no nonr nrd` d`h h à pc pctn tnoj oj`h `hi.i. H ph phrt rt`r `r kc ò òst stho hotn tn qu qun n nsth èduh notrh nf fcv`fnotc, cu sngh, à utì`zhkh, suh nonrd`h phssh h snr jòàt`jh. Notrn cs t`pcs kn nonrd`h tnfcs7 tnfcs7

Jcost`tu`äêc kh fhtàr`h ]hrh qun pcsshfcs jcfprnnoknr c qun à h nintr`j`khkn, à onjnssèr`c hotns jcoanjnrfcs hiduos jcojn`tcs scern h jcost`tu`äêc kh fhtàr`h.

Fciàjuih @o`j`hifnotn, vhfcs supcr qun ufh pnqunoh pcräêc kn èduh bc` k`v`k`kh hc fn`c< nf sndu`kh, k`v`kn-sn ufh knsths fnthkns hc fn`c< ocvhfnotn, k`v`kn-sn ufh khs fnthkns hc fn`c n hss`f sujnss`vhfnotn htà jandhr h uf pcotc nf qun oêc sngh fh`s pcssævni rnhi`zhr nsth k`v`sêc snf qun hs prcpr`nkhkns kh èduh snghf pnrk`khs. Nstn fnocr pnkhäc qun hòkh jcosnrvh hs prcpr`nkhkns kh sueståoj`h qun h cr`dòcu à jahfhkc kn fciàjuih. Hs fciàjuihs sn bcrfhf pcrqun, oh ohturnzh, tckcs cs ninfnotcs qun jcfpþn h fhtàr`h tnoknf h prcjurhr fhotnr ’uf jnrtc‖ nquìæer`c.

• Nonrd`h fnjåo`jh • Nonrd`h tàrf`jh • Nonrd`h quæf`jh • Nonrd`h htûf`jh • Nonrd`h niàtr`jh niàtr`jh @osthihäêc kn Zcf Hutcfct`vc - Huih 8

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Ètcfc

fìhr í úre`th kcs pihonths hc rnkcr kc sci. Cs niàtrcos pcssunf jhrdh niàtr`jh ondht`vh, bcrfhokc ’uf jnrtc‖ nquìæer`c jcf hs jhrdhs kcs prútcos. Oh nintrcsbnrh, cs niàtrcos nojcotrhfsn k`strèuækcs nf jhfhkhs cu oævn`s nonrdàt` dà t`jc jcs. s. Kn hj hjcr crkc kc jc jcf f c o÷ o÷fn fnrc rc kn niàtrcos, h nintrcsbnrh pckn hprnsnothr kn 8 h 4 oævn`s (thfeàf pcknfcs jahfhr kn úre`ths), rnprnsnothkcs pnihs intrhs L, I, F, O, C, C, ] n X. Jhkh J hkh úre`th jcotàf uf o÷fnrc fnr c fèx fèx`fc `fc n nsp nspnjæ njæb`j b`jc c kn nià niàtrc trcos, os, jcfc sndun7

Hdcr h, vhfc Hdcrh, vhfcss supcr qun uf pnkh pnkhäc äc kn jcern bc` jcrthkc pnih fnthkn< knpc`s nsth fnthkn bc` ocvhfnotn k`v`k`kh hc fn`c< ufh khs fnthkns ocvhfnotn k`v`k`kh n hss`f sujnss`vhfnotn jnss`vh fnotn htà qun sn jandun h uf pcotc qun oêc fh`s sngh pcssævni rnhi`zhr ufh k`v`sêc. Fu`tc enf, nstn ÷it`fc, fò÷sjuic n òk`v` k` v`ssæv ævni ni pn pnkh khäc äc kn jc jcer ern, n, qu qun n h` hòk okh h jcosnrvh jcosnrv h suh prcpr`nkhkn prcpr`nkhkn,, à knocfòhkc kn ètcfc kn ètcfc kn jcern. À `fpcrthotn knsthjhr qun nstn nxnfpic à k`bnrnotn kc hotnr`crfnotn j`thkc, n icdc vcjç notnoknrè pcr quç. C ètcfc, jcfc c rnprnsnothkc oh b`durh 5, à jcost`tuækc kn ufh phrtn jnotrhi knocfòhkh o÷jinc n kn ufh phrtn pnr`bàr`jh knocfòhkh nintrcsbnr nintrcsbnrh. h.

L65,I61,F681,O6:5,C681,]61nX65 ^f ètcfc pckn pnrknr cu dhoahr niàtrcos htrhvàs kn uf prcjnssc jcoanj`kc jcfc nintr`zhäêc. Nstn prcjnssc pckn cjcrrnr pcr jcothtc, pcr htr`tc cu pcr òkuäêc. Cs niàtrcos qun tçf bhjì`khkn phrh sh`r cu notrhr oh nintrcsbnrh kn uf ètcfc sêc cs qun sn nojcotrhf fh`s hbhsthkcs kc o÷jinc, cu sngh, kh ÷it`fh jhfhkh. ]cr tnrnf nsth bhjì`khkn kn knsicjhfno knsicjhfnotc, tc, nins sêc knocfòhkcs niàtrcos i`vrns. ]cknfcs k`znr qun nsth à h ehsn kh nintr`j`khkn kòåf`jh7 h jcrrnotn niàtr`jh. Fu`tc enf, tckc c ètcfc, nf jcok`äþns ocrfh`s, jcotàf c fnsfc o÷fnrc kn prútcos (jhrdhs pcs`t`vhs) n kn niàtrcos (jhrdhs ondht`vhs). ]cr nstn fct`vc, k`z-sn qun nin nojcotrh-sn nojcotrhsn nf nquìæer`c niàtr`jc. Rnghfcs uf nxnfpic. ^f ètcfc kn jcern pcssu` 50 prútcos n 50 niàtrcos ( b` b`-durh :)< snokc qun cs niàtrcos b`jhf k`strèuækcs ohs úre`ths qun j`rjuokhf c o÷jinc. Jcfc c o÷fnrc kn jhrdhs pcs`t`vhs n ondht`v dht `vhs hs à `du `duhi, hi, pc pcknf knfcs cs hb hb`rf `rfhr hr qu qun n c ètcfc ètcf c noj nojcotr cotrh-s h-sn n nint nintr`j r`jhfno hfnotn tn nqu` nquììèrhkc. Rngh hòkh onsth b`durh qun tnfcs cs niàtrcos k`strèuækcs nf quhtrc jhfhkhs, snokc qun hs trçs pr`fn`rhs nstêc jcfpinthfnotn prnnoja`khs prnnoja`khs n h ÷it`fh pcssu` hpnohs uf niàtrco.

B`durh 5 - Jcost`tu`äêc kc ètcfc.

C o÷jinc à jcost`tuækc, ehs`jhfnotn, pcr kc`s t`pcs kn phrtæjuihs7 cs prútcos, qun pcssunf jhrdh niàtr`jh pcs`t`vh n cs oçutrcos, qun sêc nintr`jhfnotn onutrcs (snf jhrdh niàtr`jh). ]rútcos n oçutrcos sêc rnspcosèvn`s pnih phrtn fh`s knosh (pnshkh) kc ètcfc. H nin nintrc trcsbn sbnrh rh à bcr bcrfhk fhkh h pcr phr phrtæj tæjuih uihss enf fnocrns qun c o÷jinc, qun rnjnenf c ocfn kn niàtrcos. Cs niàtrcos d`rhf hc rnkcr kc o÷jinc, knsnovcivnokc ufh trhgntúr`h s`@osthihäêc kn Zcf Hutcfct`vc - Huih 8

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pcsth pcr kc`s cu fh`s t`pcs k`bnrnotns kn ètcfcs. Oc nxnfpic qun j`thfcs, kh èduh, h fnsfh à bcrfhkh pcr kc`s t`pcs kn ètcfcs7 a`krcdço`c (rnprnsnothkc pnih intrh A) n cx`dço`c (C). Oh rnhi`khkn, sêc kc`s ètcfcs kn a`krcdço`c n uf kn cx`dço`c, fct`vc pnic quhi h rnprnsno prn snothä thäêc êc quæ quæf`j f`jh h kn ufh fcià fciàjui juih h kn èduh à A5C ( b`durh ;).

B`durh : - Nquìæer`c kc ètcfc kn jcern.

Oc òtnr`cr kc o÷jinc, cs prútcos nstêc bcrtnfnotn bcrtnf notn i`dhkcs notrn s`, snokc `fpcssævni `fpcssævni knsuo`-ics. Hpnshr k`stc, à bèjì ’qunerhr‖ c nquìæer`c niàtr`jc kn uf ètcfc hk`j`cohokcsn cu rnt`rhokc-sn niàtrcos khs úre`ths qun rckn`hf c o÷jinc. H vhr`häêc oc o÷fnrc kn niàtrcos kn ufh úre`th prckuz uf ètcfc jcf ufh jhrdh pcs`t`vh cu ondht`vh. Rnghfcs jcfc `stc à pcssævni. Hc sn rnt`rhr uf niàtrco kn ufh khs úre`- B`durh ; - Unprnsnothäêc kn ufh fciàjuih kn èduh. ths (h ÷it`fh, pc`s cs niàtrcos nstêc fh`s brhjhfnotn i`dhkcs), cetnrnfcs uf ètcfc jcf Nintrcstèt`jh fh`cr o÷fnrc kn jhrdhs pcs`t`vhs< à c fnsfc qun hb`rfhr qun nin nstè jhrrndhkc pcs`t`vhfnotn. Onstn fcfnotc, c ètcfc rnjnen c Htrhvàs kcs tnfpcs, fu`ths nxpnr`çoj`hs ocfn kn æco pcs`t`vc. pcs`t`vc. Hc jcotrèr`c, jcotrèr`c, jcf h hk`- jcfprcvh jcfprcvhrhf rhf h nx`stçoj`h kn uf bnoûfnoc òäêc kn niàtrcos, cetnfcs uf ètcfc jhrrndhkc tnrnsshotn7 jcrpcs fhtnr`h`s hkqu`r`hf, knpc`s ondht`vhfnotn (æco ondht`vc). ondht`vc). kn htr`thkcs, h prcpr`nkh prcpr`nkhkn kn kn htrh`r cutrcs jcr Ètcfcs kn fhtnr`h`s fntèi`jcs jcfc, pcr pcs. ^f nxnfpic enf s`fpins jcos`stn nf nxnfpic, c jcern, c bnrrc, h pihtòh ntj., jnknf htr`thr uf pnotn ocs jhenics n knpc`s hprcniàtrcos bhjìfnotn notrn s`. Notrnthotc, nsth x`fè-ic kn pnqunocs pnkhäcs kn phpni< nstns fcv`fnothäêc kcs niàtrcos à knscrknohkh, snrêc htrhækcs pnic pnotn. oêc tnokc fu`th utì`khk utì`khkn. n. Cutrhs nxpnr`çoj`hs bcrhf bn`ths, nf qun Xuho Xu hokc kc sn jc jcos osnd ndun un bh bhzn znrr jc jcf f qu qun n sn knsjcerù qun c knsicjhfnotc kcs niàtrcos nstns niàtrcos i`vrns kn jhkh ètcfc fcv`fno- nrh c rnspcosèvni pnic nbn`tc. H nssn bnoûtnf-sn kn fhon`rh crknohkh, k`znfcs qun bc` fno fnoc c bc` khkc c ocfn kn nintr`zhäêc. Jconstheninj`kc uf biuxc kn niàtrcos cu, nf cu- jiuù-sn thfeàf qun h nintr`j`khkn kc prútco trhs phihvrhs, ufh jcrrnotn niàtr`jh. nrh k`bnrnotn kh nintr`j`khkn kc niàtrco. JcoFu`tc enf, hdcrh qun jcfprnnoknfcs vno vnoj`c j`cocuocu-sn sn not notêc êc qun c prú prútco tco pcs pcssuæ suæh h qun c ètcfc à h fnocr phrtæjuih phrtæjuih kn uf nin- jhrdh niàtr`jh pcs`t`vh n c niàtrco, jhrdh niàfnotc, b`jh fh`s bèjì jcfprnnoknr qun h fc- tr`jh ondht`vh. iàjuih à h fnocr phrtn kn ufh sueståoj`h, Fnk`ho Fnk `hotn tn thi jco jcovno vnoäêc äêc,, pck pcknfc nfcss hb` hb`rfh rfhr r gusthfnotn gusthf notn pcrqun ufh sueståo sueståoj`h j`h à jcf- qun uf kntnrfòhkc jcrpc sn nintr`zh ondht`@osthihäêc kn Zcf Hutcfct`vc - Huih 8

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aè k`bnrnoäh kn pctnoj`hi, knskn qun qun uf knstns jcrpcs pcssuh fh`cr quhot`khkn kn jhrdhs qun c cutrc.

vhfnotn (-) quhokc dhoah niàtrcos, n pcs`t`vhfnotn (+) quhokc pnrkn niàtrcos. Infern-sn kn qun c ètcfc, pnrknokc niàtrcos, pnrfhonjnrè jcf h jhrdh niàtr`jh kcs prútcos, b`jhokc, pcrthotc, jcf jhrdh pcs`t`vh. Notrn jcrpcs nintr`zhkcs, pcknfcs cetnr thotc htrhäêc jcfc rnpuisêc. Oh htrhäêc, hs jhrdhs jhr dhs nià niàtr` tr`jhs jhs tçf sò sòh`s h`s jco jcotrè trèr`c r`cs, s, noquhotc qun oh rnpuisêc, hs jhrdhs niàtr`jhs hprnsn hpr nsnothf othf sò sòh`s h`s `duh `duh`s, `s, s`f s`fìhr ìhrfno fnotn tn hc nxnfpi`b`jhkc oh b`durh >.

B`durh 2 - Nx`stn k`bnrnoäh kn pctnoj`hi notrn jcrpcs jcf jhrdhs kn pcihr`khkn k`bnrnotn n notrn jcrpcs jcf jhrdhs kn fnsfh pcihr`khkn.

Kn bcrfh s`fpi`b`jhkh, pcknfcs k`znr qun h k`bnrnoäh kn pctnoj`hi nx`stnotn notrn kc`s jcrpcs nintr`zhkcs ohkh fh`s à kc qun h tnosêc niàtr`jh, snokc qun suh uo`khkn kn fnk`kh à c vcit (R). ^f nxnfpic enf s`fpins kc qun sn hjhecu kn knsjrnvnr jcos`stn nf ufh pìah cu ehtnr`h. Nih pcssu` kc`s tnrfòh`s cu pcics. Jhkh uf knstns tnrfòh`s nstè i`dhkc h uf ’jcrpc‖ òtnroc qun hrfhznoh jhrdhs kn uf kntnrfòhkc t`pc (pcs`t`vh t`pc (pcs`t`vh cu ondht`vh). Nsths jhrdhs pnrfhonjnf oh pìah cu ehtnr`h jcfc nonrd`h pctnoj`hi, htà c fcfnotc nf qun bcr utì`zhkh.

B`durh > - Htrhäêc n rnpuisêc notrn jcrpcs nintr`zhkcs.

K`bnrnoäh kn ]ctnoj`hi Htrhvàs kh nintr` nintr`zhäêc, zhäêc, uf jcrpc pckn hjufuihr hjufui hr thotc jhrdhs ondht`v ondht`vhs hs jcfc pcs`t`vhs. Nsth quhot`khkn kn jhrdhs qun uf jcrpc pckn pck n hkq hkqu`r u`r`r `r n hrf hrfhzn hznohr ohr à jco jcos`k s`knrh nrhkh kh jcfc pctnoj`hi, gè qun nstè k`spcoævni, fhs oêc nstè snokc snokc utì`zhkh. utì`zhkh. H quhot`k quhot`khkn hkn kn jhrjhrdhs hrfhznohkhs sêc fnk`khs pcr ufh uo`khkn nspnjæb`jh, c jcuicfe (J). Xuhokc kc`s jcrpcs pcssunf pctnoj`h`s niàtr`jcs k`bnrnotns, pckn-sn hb`rfhr qun aè notrn nins ufh k`bnrnoäh kn pctnoj`hi (kkp). ]nrjneh ]nrjn eh c hiuoc qun h k`bnrn k`bnrnoäh oäh kn pctnoj`hi (kkp) pckn nx`st`r notrn jcrpcs nintr`zhkcs jcf jhrdhs k`bnrnotns notrn s` cu jcf jhrdhs kc fnsfc t`pc. Rngh h b`durh 2, nf qun sn prcjurh nxnfpi`b`jhr `stc. Cesnrvn qun notrn kc`s jcrpcs jcf fnsfc t`pc kn jhrdh jhrdh,, @osthihäêc kn Zcf Hutcfct`vc - Huih 8

Jcokutcrns n @scihotns Bc` v`stc hotnr`crfnotn qun kntnrfòhkcs t`pcs kn ètcfcs (pcrthotc, kntnrfòhkcs t`pcs kn fhtnr`h`s) pcssunf niàtrcos qun pcknf snr knsicjhkcs jcf jnrth bhjì`khkn. Knotrn nstns fhtnr`h`s, pckn-sn knsthjhr c jcern, c hiufæo`c, c bnrrc ntj. Kn bcrfh snfniahotn, nx`stnf ètcfcs (n, pcrthotc, kntnrfòhkcs t`pcs kn fhtnr`h`s) nf qun cs niàtrcos sn nojcotrhf bcr4


tnfnotn i`dhkcs hc o÷jinc n, onstn jhsc, oêc pcknf snr knsicjhkcs jcf bhjì`khkn. Jcfc nxnfpic knstn t`pc kn fhtnr`hi, pcknsn fnoj`cohr h ecrrhjah, c v`krc, c pièst`jc, h fhkn`rh (snjh) ntj. Fu`tc enf, hcs fhtnr`h`s qun pnrf`tnf bhjìfnotn c fcv`fnotc kcs niàtrcos kè-sn c ocfn kn jcokutcr, noquhotc qun hcs fhtnr`h`s qun k`b`juithf cu `fpnknf h j`rjuihä j`rjuihäêc êc kn niàtrcos kè-sn c ocfn kn `sciho `scihotn. tn.

^f nxnfpic prèt`jc kc qun hjhehfcs kn knsjrnvnr jcos`stn nf sn i`dhr cs tnrfòh`s kn ufh pìah pcr uf b`c kn jcern. C knsicjhfnotc kcs niàtrcos snrè têc drhokn qun prcvcjhrè c hqunj`fnotc thotc kc b`c quhotc kh pìah, fct`vc pnic quhi nsth i`dhäêc oêc knvn snr fhot`kh pcr fu`tc tnfpc. Jcojiu`-sn, knsth bcrfh, qun phrh cjcrrnr c fcv`fnotc kn niàtrcos i`vrns kn uf kntnrfòhkc jcrpc, à onjnssèr`c qun h nstn jcrpc sngh hpi`jhkh ufh tnosêc niàtr`jh (k`bnrnoäh kn pctno pc tnoj` j`hi hi). ). H tnosêc niàtr`jh à h bcräh qun bhrè surd`r h jcrrnotn niàtr`jh. Bhith hòkh fnoj`cohr qun quhotc fh`cr h tnosêc, fh`cr snrè c fcv`fnotc kn jhrdhs niàtr`jhs pnic jcokutcr. À `fpcrthotn hòkh qun c hiuoc jcfprnnokh qun h òtnos`khkn kh jcrrnotn niàtr`jh thfeàf knpnoknrè kc t`pc n jhrhjtnræst`jhs kc fhtnr`hi ushkc jcfc jcokutcr (t`pc kn fnthi, snu jcfpr`fnotc, k`åfntrc n tnfpnrhturh).

Fcv`fnotc kcs niàtrcos Gè shenfcs qun jnrtcs jcrpcs pcknf hrfhznohrr jhrdhs niàtr`jhs. fhznoh niàtr`jhs. Hdcrh vhfcs supcr qun qu n kc kc`s `s jc jcrp rpcs cs hr hrfh fhzn znoh ohrh rhf f uf ufh h jn jnrt rth h quhot`khkn kn jhrdhs n qun hprnsnothf k`bnrnoäh kn pctnoj`hi notrn nins. Rhfcs, notêc, uo`r nstns kc`s jcrpcs pcr uf pnkhäc kn jcern qun, jcfc shenfcs, hprnsnoth niàtrcos qun pcknf snr fcv`fnothkcs jcf bhjì`khkn. Fu`tc enf, h phrt`r kc òsthotn nf qun c jcern uon cs jcrpcs jcf pctnoj`h`s k`bnrnotns, cjcrrnrè h phsshdnf kn jhr dhs d hs kn uf jcrpc phrh cutrc htà qun ahgh `duhikhkn ocs pctnoj`h`s niàtr`jcs. Nsth phsshdnf kn jhrdhs kn uf jcrpc phrh cutrc cjcrrn jcfc uf ’gcdc kn nfpurrh-nfpurrh‖, nf qun cs niàtrcos kc jcern vêc snokc knsicjhkcs kn uf ètcfc phrh cutrc (b`durh 4). H nstn fcv`fnotc kcs niàtrcos niàtrc os sn kè c ocfn kn jcrrnotn niàtr`jh. niàtr`jh.

J`rju`tc Niàtr`jc Xuhokc cs niàtrcos sêc knsicjhkcs kn uf icjhi phrh cutrc, pnrjcrrnokc pnrjcrrnokc uf jhfòac prà-kntnrfòhkc, bcrfh-sn hæ uf j`rju`tc niàtr`jc. ^f j`rju`tc niàtr`jc à bcrfhkc, ehs`jhfnotn, pcr trçs ninfnotcs7 dnrhkcr (pìah, ehtnr`h, hitnrohkcr ntj.), jcokutcr (jcfc b`cs kn jcern cu h ihthr`h kn uf vnæjuic) n jhrdh (ninfnotc qun rnhi`zh hiduf ’trhehiac‖ jcfc ufh iåfphkh, uf fctcr ntj.). ]hrh cjcrrnr uf biuxc kn niàtrcos, à onjnssèr`h jnssè r`h ufh bcräh nxtnroh qun cjhs`c cjhs`con on snu knsicjhfnotc. Ocs fhtnr`h`s jcokutcrns jcfc jcern, hiufæo`c, prhth ntj., cs niàtrcos niàtrcos i`vrns sêc knsicjhkcs jcf fh`cr bhjì`khkn, hc jcotrèr`c kcs fhtnr`h`s `scihotns (fhkn`rh, ecrrhjah, v`krc ntj.) qun oêc pnrf`tnf qun cjcrrh thi knsicjhfnotc. H b`durh 1 fcstrh uf j`rju`tc niàtr`jc eès`jc, enf s`fpins, jcfpcstc pcr ufh ehtnr`h hi`fnothokc ufh iåfphkh htrhvàs kn uf b`c kn jcern.

B`durh 4 - C fcv`fnotc kcs niàtrcos nf uf jcokutcr à jahfhkc kn jcrrnotn niàtr`jh. @osthihäêc kn Zcf Hutcfct`vc - Huih 8

1


quhiqunr t`pc kn nqu`phfnotc niàtr`jc cu nintrûo`jc. Bcotns dnrhkcrhs sêc cs pròj`ph`s fn`cs kn sn jcosndu`r h tnosêc onjnssèr`h phrh cpnrhäêc kcs nqu`phfnotcs. Notrn hs pròj`ph`s bcotns qun dnrhf nonrd`h niàtr`jh, tnfcs7 h) Dnrhäêc kn nonrd`h niàtr`jh pcr häêc häêc quæf`jh7 jcosndun-sn htrhvàs kh rnhäêc quæf`jh qun cjcrrn oc òtnr`cr khs pìahs n ehtnr`hs. H tnosêc dnrhkh pcr nstn prcjnssc à jahfhkh tnosêc jcotæouh n pcssu` pcihr`khkn (pcs`t`vc n ondht`vc). e) Dnrhäêc kn nonrd`h niàtr`jh pcr häêc häêc fhdoàt`jh7 h nintr`j`khkn dnrhkh htrhvàs kh häêc fhdoàt`jh à jcosndu`kh quhokc uf jcokutcr sn fcv`fnoth oc rh`c kn häêc kn uf jhfpc fhdoàt`jc cu v`jn-vnrsh. À fnk`hotn k`h otn nst nstn n prc prcjns jnssc sc qun buo buoj`c j`cohf ohf,, pcr nxnfpic,, ocssh nxnfpic ocsshss usòhs a`krniàtr`jhs. a`krniàtr`jhs. H tnosêc dnrhkh pcr nsth häêc à knocfòhkh kn tnosêc hitnrohkh. j) Dnrhäêc kn nonrd`h niàtr`jh pcr häêc häêc kh iuz7 jcosndun-sn utì`zhokc ufh pihjh bctcniàtr`jh qun jcovnrtn hs `rrhk`häþns kh iuz (cu scihrns) scihrns) nf nintr`j`khkn. H tnosêc jcotæouh jcotæouh dnrhkh pcr nstn prcjnssc à ushkh oc òsthotn kh dnrhäêc, cu notêc, hrfhznohkh nf hjufuihkcrns (ehtnr`hs) phrh usc pcstnr`cr, jcfc h oc`tn, pcr nxnfpic.

B`durh 1 - Nxnfpic kn j`rju`tc niàtr`jc, bcrfhkc ehs`jhfnotn pcr trçs ninfnotcs7 dnrhkcr dnrhkcr,, jcokutcr n jhrdh.

Kn fh fhon on`r `rh h en enf f s` s`fpi fpins ns,, pck pcknn-sn sn hb hb`r `rfh fhr r qun quhotc fh`cr c jcfpr`fnotc kc jcokutcr, fh`c fh `crr sn snrè rè h k` k`b`b`ju juik ikhk hkn n qu qun n cs ni niàt àtrc rcos os no nojc jcootrhrêc phrh sh`r kn uf tnrfòhi kc dnrhkcr n jandhr hc cutrc tnrfòhi. Kc jcotrèr`c, quhotc fnocr c jcfpr`fnotc kc jcokutcr, fh`s bèjì snrè c knsicjhfnotc kcs niàtrcos (b`durh 0). Nsth k`b`juikhkn nojcotrhkh pnih jcrrnotn niàtr`jh nf sn knsicjhr pnic jcokutcr rnjnen c ocfn kn rns`stçoj`h niàtr`jh. niàtr`jh.

[nosêc, Jcrrnotn n Uns`stçoj`h Niàtr`jh [nosêc Niàtr`jh Jcfc knsjr`tc hotnr`crfnotn, h tnosêc niàtr`jh à h bcräh onjnssèr`h phrh qun cs niàtrcos pcsshf snr fcv`fnothkcs htrhvàs kn uf jcokutcr (jcrrnotn niàtr`jh). H uo`khkn kn fnk`kh kh tnosêc niàtr`jh à c vcit, snfprn rnprnsnothkh pnih intrh R. Cs f÷it`pics n suef÷it`pics fh`s jcfuos sêc c fndhvcit (FR), lìcvcit (lR) n c fì`vcit (fR).

B`durh 0 - H rns`stçoj`h fukh kn hjcrkc hjcrkc jcf c jcfpr`jcfpr`fnotc n k`åfntrc kc jcokutcr.

Dnrhäêc kn Nonrd`h Niàtr`jh Jcfc gè knsjr`tc hotnr`crfnotn, h nx`stçoj`h kh tnosêc niàtr`jh à h jcok`äêc onjnssèr`h n buokhfnothi phrh c buoj`cohfnotc kn @osthihäêc kn Zcf Hutcfct`vc - Huih 8

0


Uns`stçoj`h Niàtr`jh

Nxpi`jhokc7 8 fndhvcit à `duhi h 8.===.=== R< 8 lìcvcit à `duhi h 8.=== R< n 8 fì`vcit à `duhi h =,==8 R. ]hrh h fnk`äêc kh tnosêc niàtr`jh, niàtr`jh, nfprnd nfprndh-sn h-sn uf hphrnia hphrniac c qun rnjnen c ocfn kn vcitæfntrc.

H rn rns` s`stç stçoj oj`h `h ni niàt àtr`r`jh jh oh ohkh kh fh fh`s `s à kc qun h cpcs`äêc qun uf kntnrfòhkc fhtnr`hi cu jcrpc cbnrnjn í phsshdnf kn ufh jcrrnotn jcrrno tn niàtr`j niàtr`jh. h. [ckc [ckc n quhiqunr nqu`phfnotc nintrcnintrûo`jc nintrcnintrûo`jc pcssu` ufh kntnrfòhkh rns`stçoj`h í phsshdnf kh jcrrnotn niàtr`jh. Xuhokc uf jcfpconotn à jr`hkc jcf h òtnoäêc kn sn nxpicrhr nssh jhrhjtnræst`jh, nin rnjnen c ocfn kn rns`stcr. Notrnthot th otc, c, à jc jcfu fuf f nf nfpr prnd ndhr hr-s -sn n c tn tnrf rfc c ’rns`stço ’rns `stçoj`h‖ j`h‖ phrh nsth buoäê buoäêc, c, pròj pròj`phi `phi-fnotn quhokc suh buoäêc à h kn dnrhr jhicr. jhicr. Zêc nxnfpics hs rns`stçoj`hs kn jauvn`rcs, bnrrcs kn phsshr rcuphs, snjhkcrns kn jhenic ntj. H ’r ’rns ns`s `stç tçoj oj`h `h‖‖ us ushk hkh h ph phrh rh hq hqun unj` j`-fnotc à jcostruækh jcf uf b`c kn fhtnr`hi nspnj`hi, qun cbnrnjn uf vhicr kntnrfòhkc kn rns`stçoj`h niàtr`jh. H jcrrnotn jcrrnotn niàtr`j tr `jh, h, hc pn pnrr jc jcrr rrnr nr ns nstn tn b` b`c, c, tn tnf f su suh h j`rjuihäêc ’k`b`juithkh‖ (fhs oêc `fpnk`kh) pcr nsth rns`stçoj`h. H jcrrnotn niàtr`jh, ’bcrähokc‖ suh phsshdnf, prcvcjh c hqunj`fnotc kc b`c. Oc jhsc kc jauvn`rc, quhokc her`fcs c rnd`strc, h èduh phssh h ehoahr h rns`stçoj`h. Hiàf k`stc, cs tnrfòh`s kh rns`stçoj`h sêc i`dhkcs í rnkn niàtr`jh, bhznokc jcf qun nih phssn h hqunjnr hqunjnr.. H èduh br`h, onstn jhsc, snrv`rè phrh ’rnsbr`hr‖ h rns`stçoj`h, nv`thokc qun h fnsfh vnoah h sn kho`b`jhr pnic supnrhqunj`fnotc. Jcfc h èduh oêc b`jh hjufuihkh oc jauvn`rc, fhs sh` pnics ’buròacs‖, qunotn, fhotàf h rns`stçoj`h snfprn nf tnfpnrhturh ’nstèvni‖. Jhsc oêc cjcr rh r h c rns rnsbr` br`hfn hfnotc otc kh rn rns` s`st stçoj çoj`h, `h, h fnsfh `rè supnrhqunjnr n hjhehrè rcfpnokc-sn. Fu`tc enf, k`stc tukc, pcknfcs jcojiu`r qun nx`stn h drhoknzh niàtr`jh jahfhkh rns`stçoj`h n c jcfpconot jcfpconotn n jahfhkc rns`stcrr cu rns`stço rns`stc rns`stçoj`h j`h ( b`durh 8=).

Jcrrnotn Niàtr`jh Uninferhokc, h jcrrnotn niàtr`jh à c fcv`fnotc crknohkc kn niàtrcos (jhrdhs niàtr`jhs) htrhvàs kn uf jcokutcr. H uo`khkn kn fnk`kh kh jcrrnotn niàtr`jh à c hfpnrn, snokc rnprnsnothkh rnprnsnothkh pnih intrh H. Cs f÷it`pics n suef÷it`pics fh`s jcfuos sêc c lìchfpnrn (lH), c fì`hfpnrn fì`hfpnrn (fH), n c f`jrchfpnrn (�H). Nxpi`jhokc7 8 lìchfpnrn à `duhi h 8.=== H< 8 fì`hfpnrn à `duhi h =,==8 H< n 8 f`jrchfpnrn à `duhi h =,=====8 =,=====8 H. C hphrniac utìùtì`zhkc phrh fnk`äêc kh jcrr notn n otn niàtr`jh à c hfpnræfntrc.

@fpcrthotn Oh àpcjh nf qun sn pnsqu`scu n sn ’knsjcerù‖ h jcrrnotn niàtr`jh, oêc ahv`h jcfc sn kntnrfòhr nf qun snot`kc nih sn knsicjhvh. Notêc, cs pnsqu`shkcrns kh àpcjh, pcr jcovnoäêc, kntnrfòhrhf uf snot`kc phrh nih. Fu`tcs hocs sn phsshrhf htà qun sn knsjcer`ssn qun c snot`kc jcovnoj`cohkc nrh c jcotrèr`c kc rnhi. Hss`f, cs kc`s snot`kcs pcknf snr nojcotrhkcs nf i`tnrhturh tàjo`jh. Zêc nins7 Znot`kc jcovnoj`cohi kh

jcrrnotn

sno niàtr`jh ↕ cs niàtrcos pnrjcrrnf c snot`kc kc pcic pcs`t`vc kc dnrhkcr phrh c pcic ondht`vc kc fnsfc dnrhkcr. dnrhkcr. kh jcrrnotn niàtr`jh ↕ cs Znot`kc rnhi kh

niàtrcos pnrjcrrnf kc pcic ondht`vc kc dnrhkcr phrh c pcic pcs`t`vc kc fnsfc dnrhkcr. @osthihäêc kn Zcf Hutcfct`vc - Huih 8

8=


hocthr hs jcrrnotns qun jhkh ufh prckuzù, nin vnr`b`jcu qun, phrh hqunin kntnrfòhkc jcokutcr ushkc oc tnstn, c o÷fnrc nojcotrhkc oh k`v`sêc kn quhiqunr tnosêc pnih rnspnjt`vh jcrrnotn jcrrn otn à snfpr snfprn n c fnsfc (b`durh 88).

B`durh 8= - Nxnfpic kcs jcfpconotns7 rns`stçoj`h n rns`stcr. Cs rns`stcrns sêc ihrdhfnotn ushkcs nf j`rju`tcs nintrûo`jcs, noquhotc qun hs rns`stçoj`hs nf hphrniacs niàtr`jcs qun nx`dnf h prckuäêc kn hqunj`fnotc.

Hss`f jcfc cjcrrn Hss`f cjcrrn jcf h tnosê tnosêc c n h jcrrnot rn otn, n, h rn rns` s`st stçoj çoj`h `h th thfeà feàf f pc pcss ssu` u` ufh uo` uo`khk khkn n kn fnk`kh. fnk`kh. H uo`kh uo`khkn kn kn fnk`kh kh rns`stço rns`stçoj`h j`h niàtr`jh à c caf, qun à rnprnsnothkh pnic sæfecic drndc ûfndh (�) cu pnih intrh U. Znus f÷it`pics fh`s nfprndhkcs sêc c lìc-caf (l�) n c fndhcaf (F�). Nxpi`jhokc7 8 lìc-caf à `duhi h 8.=== � n 8 fndhcaf à `duhi h 8.===.=== �. C òstrufnotc qun à nfprndhkc phrh sn fnk`r c vhicr kn ufh rns`stçoj`h à knocfòhkc cafæfntrc.

B`durh 88 - [nosþns k`bnrnotns hpi`jhkhs h uf fnsfc jcokutcr dnrhf jcrrnotns kn k`bnrnotns òtnos`khkns.

Oc nxnfpic fcstrhkc onsth b`durh, c b`c kn jcern H tnf uf kntnrfòhkc jcfpr`fnotc n k`åfntrc, noquhotc qun c b`c kn jcern E pcssu` c fnsfc k`åfntrc, fhs jcf fh`cr jcfpr`fnotc. Gè c b`c J hprnsnoth c fnsfc jcfpr`fnotc kc b`c H, sú qun snu k`åfntrc à fh`cr. Cesnrvn qun, phrh tckcs cs trçs t`pcs kn b`c nfprndhkcs (H, E n J, kn jcern), snfprn qun sn fukh c vhicr kh tnosêc hpi`jhkh, cjcrrn h vhr`häêc, kn fhon`rh prcpcrj`cohi, kh jcrrnotn qun pnrjcrrn c jcokutcr. Hiàf k`stc, h k`v`sêc kc vhicr kh tnosêc pnic vhicr kh òtnos`khkn kh jcrrnotn dnrh snfprn uf fnsfc rnsuithkc phrh jhkh uf kcs trçs jcokutcrns kutc rns ushkcs ushkcs (> phrh c b`c H, 8,> phrh c b`c E n 5,> phrh c b`c J). ^tì`zhokc jcokutcrns snfniahotns, kn fnsfc jcfpr`fnotc n k`åfntrc, fhs bn`tcs kn fhtnr`h`s k`bnrnotns, vnr`b `jcu-sn ` jcu-sn qun c o÷fnrc nojcotrhkc oh k`v`sêc kh tnosêc pnih jcrrnotn nrh k`bnrnotn phrh jhkh ufh knihs (b`durh 85).

Unihäêc notrn tnosêc, jcrrnotn n rns`stçoj`h ]cr knbò`äêc, 8 vcit à h quhot`khkn kn bcräh qun, hpi`jhkh h uf jcokutcr jugh rns`stçoj`h s`stço j`h sngh 8 caf, prcku prckuzz ufh jcrrno jcrrnotn tn kn 8 hfpnrn.

In` kn Caf C bæs`jc hinfêc, Dncrdn Z. Caf, rnhi`zhokc nxpnr`çoj`hs nf snu ihecrhtúr`c, cesnrvcu qun nx`stn ufh rnihäêc fu`tc `fpcrthotn notrn h tnosêc niàtr`jh hpi`jhkh n h jcrrnotn niàtr`jh prckuz`kh nf uf jcokutcr quhiqunr. Hpús hpi`jhr vèr`hs tnosþns k`bnrnotns n @osthihäêc kn Zcf Hutcfct`vc - Huih 8

88


thfeàf hufnoth< sn h tnosêc k`fòu`, h jcrrnot rn otn n th thfe feàf àf k` k`f` fòu ou`` (à `s `ssc sc qu qun n s` s`do do`b`b`j `jh h c ’k ’k``rnthfnotn rnthf notn prcpc prcpcrj`coh rj`cohi‖). i‖). Gè, sn h rns`s rns`stçoj`h tçoj`h hufn hu fnot oth, h, h jc jcrr rrno notn tn k` k`f` fòu ou`` n v` v`jn jn-v -vnr nrsh sh (à `s `ssc sc c qun s`do`b`jh c ’òvnrshfnotn prcpcrj`cohi‖). Hss`f, Hss` f, h r nihäêc nihäêc notrn c vhicr kh tnosêc, h òtnos`khkn kn jcrrnotn jcrrnotn n h rns`stçoj`h rns`stçoj`h à rnprnsnothkh pnih snduòtn nxprnssêc fhtnfèt`jh cu ufh kn suhs bcrfhs knr`vhkhs7

R6Ux@ B`durh 85 - Jcokutcrns bn`tcs kn fhtnr`h`s k`bnrnotns prcpcrj`cohf jcrrnotns k`bnrnotns phrh uf fnsfc vhicr kn tnosêc hpi`jhkc.

U6 R @

@

6 R U

Cokn7 U 6 Uns`stçoj`h R, ^ cu N 6 [nosêc @ 6 Jcrrnotn

Hohi`shokc Hohi`shok c tckh tckhss hs nxpn nxpnr`ço r`çoj`hs j`hs qun rnhi`zcu i`z cu (n qun hqu hqu`` s`f s`fpi` pi`b`j b`jhfc hfcs) s),, jc jcoj ojiu` iuù-s u-sn n qun c vhicr nojcotrhkc rnprnsnothvh h k`b`juikhkn qun h jc jcrrn rrnotn otn nià niàtr tr`jh `jh noj nojcot cotrhv rhvh h phr phrh h htr htrhvn hvnssshr cs jcokutcrns nf tnstn. H nsth k`b`juikhkn jahfcu kn rns`stçoj`h niàtr`jh kc jcokutcr . Jcfc cesnrvhfcs ocs nxnfpics hprnsnothkcs, phrh nojcotrhr h rns`stçoj`h kn uf jcokutcr, ehsth k`v`k`r h tnosêc hpi`jhkh h nin pnih jcrrnotn qun onin j`rjuih. C o÷fnrc nojcotrhkc knsth k`v`sêc à knocfòhkc kn caf, snfpr sn fprn n s` s`fec feci`z i`zhkc hkc pni pnih h int intrh rh dr drndh ndh ûfn ûfndh dh (� (�). ).

Jcfc nxnfpic prèt`jc, vhfcs kntnrfòhr c vhicr kh rns`stçoj`h niàtr`jh kc j`rju`tc kh b`durh 8:, h quhi nstè suefnt`kh h ufh kkp (tnosêc) kn 85 R n à pnrjcrr`kh pcr ufh jcrrnotn kn 8 H.

]r`fn`rh In` kn Caf Rnr`b`jh h òbiuçoj`h kh tnosêc n kh jcrrnot rn otn n nià niàtr tr`j `jh h qu qun n à hp hpi`j i`jhk hkh h nf uf ufh h rn rns` s`st stço çoj` j`h. h.

Nsth In` nstheninjn qun7 B`durh 8: - J`rju`tc eès`jc phrh nxnfpi`b`jhr c jèijuic kh rns`stçoj`h.

H jcrrnotn niàtr`jh qun htrhvnssh uf jcokutcr à k`rnthfnotn prcpcrj`cohi í tnosêc hpi`jhkh h snus nxtrnfcs n òvnrshfnotn prcpcrj`cohi í rns`stçoj`h qun nin hprnsnoth.

]hrh jhijuihr c vhicr kh rns`stçoj`h U, pnih búrfuih, knvnrnfcs suest`tu`r suest`tu`r R pnic vhicr kh tnosêc (85) n @ pnic vhicr kh jcrrnotn (8). Knsth bcrfh, tnrnfcs7

Nsth In Nsth In`` nx nxpr prns nssh sh nx nxht hthf hfnot notn n c rn rnsu suitithk hkc c kcs tnstns qun knsjrnvnfcs hotnr`crfnotn, cu sngh, sn h tnosêc hpi`jhkh hufnoth, hufnoth, h jcrrno jcrrnotn tn @osthihäêc kn Zcf Hutcfct`vc - Huih 8

U6R/@ U 6 85 / 8 U 6 85 � 85


]crthotc, c vhicr kh rns`stçoj`h oc j`rju`tc kh b`durh 8: à kn 85 cafs. À bèjì pnrjnenr qun h búrfuih h snr ushkh knpnoknrè kcs khkcs qun tnrnfcs oc prceinfh.

Znduokhh In` kn Caf Znduok Nsth In` nstheninjn qun h rns`stçoj`h niàtr`jh kn uf jcokutcr knpnokn ehs`jhfnotn kc fhtnr`hi kc quhi nin à jcost`tuækc (sn jcern, hiufæo`c, tuodstço`c ntj.), kc snu jcfpr`fnotc (I), kn suh èrnh (snjäêc trhosvnrs vn rshi hi kc jc jcok okut utcr cr,, Z) n kh tn tnfp fpnr nrht htur urhh h qu qunn c jcokutcr nstè suefnt`kc (b`durh 8;).

jcokutcr knpnokn k`rnk`rnB`durh 8> - H rns`stçoj`h kn uf jcokutcr thfnotn kn snu jcfpr`fnotc.

Znjäêc trhosvnrshi (èrnh) H rns`stço rns`stçoj`h j`h niàtr`j niàtr`jh h kn uf jcokutc jcokutcrr à òvnrshfnotn prcpcrj`cohi í èrnh kn suh snjäêc trhosvnrshi, cu sngh, h rns`stçoj`h niàtr`jh k`fòu` í fnk`kh qun sn hufnoth h snjäêc kc jcokutcr, n hufnoth quhokc sn k`fòu` h snjäêc knstn (b`durh 82).

B`durh 8; - Unprnsnothäêc kc jcfpr`fnotc n snjäêc kn uf jcokutcr.

Jcfpr`fnotc kc jcokutcr

òvnrshfnotn prcpcrj`cohi í B`durh 82 - H rns`stçoj`h à òvnrshfnotn èrnh kc jcokutcr jcokutcr..

H rns`stçoj`h niàtr`jh kn uf jcokutcr hufnoth oh fnsfh prcpcräêc, í fnk`kh qun sn hufnoth c jcfpr`fnotc knstn. Kh fnsfh bcrfh, h rns`stçoj`h niàtr`jh kn uf jcokutcr k`fòu` oh fnsfh prcpcräêc, í fnk`kh qun sn k`fòu` c snu jcfpr`fnotc (b`durh 8>). Hss`f snokc, pckn-sn k`znr qun h rns`stçoj`h niàtr`jh kn uf jcokutcr knpnokn k`rnthfnotn kn snu jcfpr`fnotc.

]crthotc, pcknfcs hb`rfhr qun h rns`stçoj`h niàtr`jh kn uf jcokutcr knpnokn òvnrshfnotn shfnot n kn suh èrnh.

@osthihäêc kn Zcf Hutcfct`vc - Huih 8

[nfpnrhturh Nf drhokn phrtn kcs fhtnr`h`s, c hufnotc kh tnfpnrhturh s`do`b`jh fh`cr rns`stçoj`h niàtr`jh. Jcf c hufnotc kh tnfpnrhturh, 8:


cjcrrnrè ufh drhokn hd`thäêc khs phrtæjuihs qun jcost`tunf c fhtnr`hi n, pcrthotc, kcs niàtrcos i`vrns oc òtnr`cr kc jcokutcr. Nsth hd`thäêc k`b`juith c fcv`fnotc kcs niàtrcos kn bcrfh crknohkh, crknohkh, cu sngh, hufnoth h rns`s rns`stçotçoj`h í phsshdnf kh jcrrnotn niàtr`jh.

Cesnrvhokc cs vhicrns òk`jhkcs, pnrjnenfcs, pcr nxnfpic, qun h prhth à fniacr jcokutcrh qun c jcern, gè qun suh rns`st`v`khkn (=,=8>1 ™) à fnocr qun h kc jcern (=,=845 ™). Knsth bcrfh, c nouoj`hkc kh snduokh In` kn Caf nstheninjn qun7 ’H ’H rns`stçoj`h niàniàtr`jh kn uf jcokutcr à k`rnthfnotn prcpcrj`cohi hc sn snu u jcf jcfpr` pr`fno fnotc tc n òv òvnrs nrshfn hfnotn otn prcpcrj`cohi h suh snjäêc trhosvnrshi‖. trhosvnrshi‖. Fhtnfht`jhfnotn, h nxprnssêc à rnprnsnothkh pnih snduòtn nquhäêc7

Fhtnr`hi kn qun à jcost`tuækc c jcokutcr Zn bcr fhot`kc jcosthotn c jcfpr`fnotc, h snjäêc trhosvnrshi n h tnfpnrhturh kc jcokutcr, snrè cesnrvhkc qun c vhicr kn rns`stçoj`h snrè k`bnrnotn phrh jhkh t`pc kn fhtnr`hi nfprndhkc. H jcostho jcosthotn tn kn prcpcrj prcpcrj`cohi `cohi`khkn `khkn phrh jhkh t`pc kn fhtnr`hi à knocfòhkh kn rns`st`v`khkn niàtr`jh, `knot`b`jhkh pnic sæfecic (ψ), n à knbò`kh jcfc snokc h rns`s rns`stçoj`h tçoj`h niàtr`jh niàtr`jh nspnjæb`jh kn uf jcokutcr. ]hrh ]h rh qu qun n sn pc pcss ssh h fn fnk` k`rr h rn rns` s`st stço çoj` j`h h ns ns-pnjæb`jh kn jhkh t`pc kn fhtnr`hi, à onjnssèr`c qun cs jcokutcrns snghf `kçot`jcs (fnsfc jcfpr`fnotc n snjäêc) n nstnghf sce hs fnsfhs jcok`äþns kn tnstn (jcfc tnfpnrhturh). Hss`f, tckcs cs jcokutcrns knvnf snr kn 8 fntrc kn jcfpr`fnotc, 8ffµ kn èrnh (snjäêc trhosvnrshi), n h tnfpnrhturh hfe`notn knvn snr jcosthotn kn 5= ½J. Cenknj` Cenknj`kcs kcs cs jr`tà jr`tà-r`cs nstheninj`kcs, bhz-sn h fnk`äêc kn rns`stçoj`h kn jhkh uf kcs fhtnr`h`s. Oh thenih fcstrhkh h sndu`r, hprnsnothfcs hiduos t`pcs kn fhtnr`h`s jcf snu rnspnjt`vc vhicr kn rns`stçoj`h nspnjæb`jh. Fht htnnr`hi

Cokn7

Hi

=,=505

Jaufec

]e

=,55

Jcern

Ju

=,=845

Nsthoac

Ns

=,88>

Bnrrc

Bn

=,=02

Oæquni

O`

=,=14

]rhth

Hd

=,=8>1

Wòjc

Wo

=,=>2


ψ. I Z

U 6 Uns`stçoj`h niàtr`jh (™) ψ 6 Uns`st`v`khkn niàtr`jh kc fhtnr`hi (™ ff5/f) I 6 Jcfpr`fnotc Jcfpr`fnotc kc fhtnr`hi fhtnr`hi (f) Z 6 Èrnh kn snjäêc trhosvnrsh trhosvnrshii kc jcokutcr (ff5)

]ctçoj`h Niàtr`jh Xuhokc ufh jcr Xuhokc jcrrno rnotn tn nià niàtr` tr`jh jh j`r j`rjui juih h htrhvàs kn ufh kntnrfòhkh jhrdh (h ’rns`stçoj`h‖ kc jauvn`rc, ufh iåfphkh, uf fctcr ntj.), nih pckn prckuz`r, notrn cutrcs nbn`tcs, jhicr, iuz n fcv`fnotc. ]nrjneh qun c tnrfc ’jhrdh‖ ocrfhifnotn à nfprndhkc phrh òk`jhr c ninfnotc cokn uf kntnrfòhkc ’trhehiac‖ nstè snokc rnhi`zhkc. Cs hitc-bhihotns utì`zhkcs nf uf s`stnfh kn scf, pcr nxnfpic, snrêc h jhrdh kc j`rju`tc hfpi`b`jhkcr, gè qun sêc nins qun nstêc rnhi`zhokc c ’trhehiac‖ (jcovnrtnokc sòh`s niàtr`jcs nf scf). H trhosbcrfhäêc kh nonrd`h niàtr`jh nf cutrh bcrfh kn nonrd`h à knocfòhkh kn trhtrhehiac niàtr`jc. Nstn trhehiac knpnoknrè kh ohturnzh kc jcosuf`kcr kn nonrd`h, jcfc pcr nxnfpic, ufh iåfphkh qun prckuz iuz, uf hqunjnkcr hqunjn kcr qun prckuz jhicr cu uf fctcr qun prckuz fcv`fnotc. H jhphj`khkn kn sn prckuz`r trhehiac nf kntnrfòhkc tnfpc, bhznokc usc kh nonrd`h niàtr`jh, à knocfòhkh kn pctçoj`h niàtr`jh.

Zæfecic ψ(™ff5 /f) h 5= ·J

Hiufæo`c

{

U 6

8;


]hrh jhijuihr h pctçoj`h pnih búrfuih, ehsth suest`tu`r R pnic vhicr kh tnosêc (85 R) (85 R) n @ pnic vhicr kh jcrrnotn (5 H). Knsth bcrfh tnrnfcs7

H pctçoj`h pc tçoj`h niàtr`jh à ufh drhoknzh qun pckn snr snr fnk`kh. fnk`kh. H uo`khkn kn fnk`kh fnk`kh kh pctçoj`h à c whtt, s`feci`zhkc pnih intrh T. ]ctçoj`h à h rnihäêc notrn h nonrd`h hpi`jhkh n c tnfpc dhstc phrh jcosuf`-ih. Nf cutrhs phihvrhs, h pctçoj`h à `duhi hc prckutc kh tnosêc hpi`jhkh nf ufh kntnrfòhkh jhrdh pnih òtnos`khkn kn jcrrnotn qun onih j`rjuih. Unihthkc `stc, b`jh bèjì notnoknr qun uf whtt (8 T) jcrrnspcokn í pctçoj`h jcosuf`kh oc tnfpc kn 8 snduokc, hi`fnothkh pcr ufh tnosêc kn kn 8 vcit oh quhi j`rjuih ufh jcrrnotn kn 8 hfpnrn. Hss`f snokc, h pctçoj`h niàtr`jh à rnprnsnothkh pnih snduòtn búrfuih7

]6Rx@

Cokn7

{

]6Rx@ ] 6 85 x 5 ] 6 5; T Cu sngh, c vhicr kh pctçoj`h scern h rns`stçoj`h U à kn 5; T. H pct pctçoj çoj`h `h pck pckn n hò hòkh kh snr jhi jhijui juihkh hkh sn k`s k`s-pusnrf pus nrfcs cs kcs vhi vhicrn crnss kn rns rns`st `stçoj çoj`h `h n jcr jcrrno rnotn. tn. @stc à pcssævni, pc`s ] 6 R x @ n R 6 U x @. Bhznokc h suest`tu`äêc oh búrfuih, nojcotrhfcs7

]6Rx@ ] 6 (U x @) x @ ] 6 U x @5

] 6 pctçoj`h (T) R 6 tnosêc (R) @ 6 jcrrnotn niàtr`jh (H)

Znokc ufh drhoknzh niàtr`jh, h pctçoj`h thfeàf nfprndh f÷it`pics n suef÷it`pics, sêc nins c fndhwhtt (FT), lìcwhtt (lT) n c fì`whtt (fT). ndh hwht httt à `duhi h Nxpi`jhokc7 8 fnd 8.===.=== T, 8 lìcwhtt à `duhi h 8.=== T n 8 fì`whttt à `duhi h =,==8 T. C hphrniac nfprnfì`wht dhkc oh rnhi`zhäêc kn fnk`äþns kn pctçoj`h niàtr`jh rnjnen c ocfn kn whtæfntrc. Bòhifnotn, rnsth knsthjhr qun h pctçoj`h jcfc hqu` bc` knsjr`th sú à vèi`kh phrh j`rju`tcs nf jcrrnotn jcotæouh cu phrh j`rju`tcs nf jcrrnotn hitnrohkh fcocbès`jh, qun bhähf usc kn jhrdh rns`st`vh jcfc jauvn`rc, iåfphkh òjhoknsjnotn, bnrrc niàtr`jc ntj.

Búrfuihs knr`vhkhs7 R6

] @

@

6

] R

Jcfc nxnfpic prèt`jc, vhfcs kntnrfòhr c vhicr kh pctçoj`h niàtr`jh knsnovciv`kh scern h rns`stçoj`h kc j`rju`tc ìustrhkc oh b`durh 84. Rngh qun h rns`stçoj`h (òk`jhkh pcr U) nstè suefnt`kh h ufh tnosêc kn 85 R n à pnrjcrr`kh pcr ufh jcrrnotn kn 5 H.

[nosêc n jcrrnotn jcotæouh n hitnrohkh Htà nstn fcfnotc, knsjrnvnfcs hiduos hspnjtcs eès`jcs rnihj`cohkcs í nintr`j`khkn. H phrt`r knstn túp`jc, vhfcs notnoknr c qun à jcrrnotn jcotæouh n jcrrnotn hitnrohkh n cokn n pcr qun nihs sêc nfprndhkhs. Jcfc knsjr`tc hotnr`crfnotn, h jcrrnotn niàtr`jh scfnotn nx`st`rè sn acuvnr ufh tno-

B`durh 84 - J`rju`tc s`fpi`b`jhkc phrh nxnfpi`b`jhr c jèijuic kh pctçoj`h. @osthihäêc kn Zcf Hutcfct`vc - Huih 8

8>


sêc (jhrdhs niàtr`jhs) qun `fpuis`coh cs niàtrcos htrhvàs kc jcokutcr. ]cknfcs, notêc, jcos`knrhr qun h tnosêc n h jcrrnotn niàtr`jh jhfòahf guoths. ]c`s enf, sn rnpr rnprnsn nsnotès otèssnf snfcs cs pcr fn`c kn uf drèb`jc h tnosêc niàtr`jh bcronj`kh pcr ufh pìah hc icodc kc tnfpc, cetnræhfcs ræh fcs hid hidc c s`f s`fìh ìhrr hc rn rnpr prnsn nsnoth othkc kc oh b`durh 81. ]cknfcs cesnrvhr n jcojiu`r pcr fn`c knsth b`durh qun h tnosêc nf jcrrnotn jcotæouh à hqunih qun oêc vhr`h nf rnihäêc hc tnfpc. Noquhotc c tnfpc phssh, h tnotno- B`durh 80 - Drèb`jc kn ufh tnosêc nf jcrrnotn hisêc à snfprn `duhi h 8,> R n ouojh fukh kn tnrohkh. snot`kc, pc`s oêc cjcrrn jruzhfnotc jcf c n`xc kcs tnfpcs. ^fh tnosêc hss`f à knoc H tnosêc hitnrohkh hitnrohkh òvnrtn suh pcihr`khkn pcihr`khkn fòhkh kn tnosêc jcotæouh purh. jcosthotnfnotn, snokc crh pcs`t`vc (snf`j`jic pcs`t`vc ‚ supnr`cr) crh ondht`vc (snf`j`jic ondht`vc ‚ òbnr`cr òbnr`cr)) pnrbhznokc pnrbhznokc uf j`jic. j`jic. H quhot`khkn kn j`jics qun sn rnpntn nf uf snduokc à h brnquçoj`h kh tnosêc hitnrohkh. H tnosêc niàtr`jh bcronj`kh nf ocssc phæs, pcr nxnfpic, tnf ufh brnquçoj`h kn 2= j`jics pcr snduokc (2= anrtz cu 2= Az). Az). Jcfc vcjç knvn tnr `fhdòhkc, sn h pcihr`khkn kh knkh khtn tnos osêc êc fu fukh kh,, th thfe feàf àf fu fukh khc c sn snot ot`k `kc c kh jcrrnotn. @stc à fu`tc òtnrnsshotn n pckn jhushr ufpc uf pcuj ujc c kn jc jcob obus usêc êc oc ocò òæj æj`c `c,, fh fhs, s,sn snph phrh rhrf rfcs cs phrh ph rh pn pnos oshr hr,, pn pnrj rjne nenr nrnf nfcs cs qu qun n à h ph phss sshd hdnf nf kh B`durh 81 - Drèb`jc rnprnsnothokc qun h tnosêc nf jcrjcrrnotn pcr ufh jhrdh qun rnhi`zh uf kntnrf`rnotn jcotæouh fhotàf snu vhicr hc icodc kc tnfpc. ohkc oh kc tr trhe hehi hiac ac,, n oê oêc c h k` k`rrnä näêc êc kn co cokn kn ni nih h vnf nf.. ]ìahs n ehtnr`hs (jcfc hs kn hutcfúKnsth bcrfh, pcknfcs jcos`knrhr jcfc vn`s) cpnrhf jcf nstn t`pc kn tnosêc, òkn- snokc `fpcrthotn, phrh h fh`cr`h khs hpi`jhpnoknotn kn snu vhicr (8,> R, 2 R, 0 R, 85 R äþns, c bhtc kn ahvnr j`rjuihäêc j`rjuihäêc kn jcrr jcrrnotn notn n cu 5; R). Jcfc pìahs n ehtnr`hs dnrhf jcr- oêc h k`rnäêc nf qun nih sn fcvn. rnotn qu`f`jhfnotn, h tnosêc `rè sn nsdcGè bc` rnihthkc hotnr`crfnotn qun h jcrthokc í fnk`kh qun cs ninfnotcs qun h rnotn hitnrohkh à dnrhkh pnic fcv`fnotc (kn jcfpþn sn kntnr`crhf, oêc snokc fh`s jh- rcthäêc) kn uf jcokutcr nf uf jhfpc fhdphzns kn prcp`j`hrnf hs rnhäþns qun kêc oàt`jc. Oh rnhi`khkn, h rnjæprcjh à vnrkhkn`rh, cr`dnf í tnosêc. cu sngh, h vhr`häêc kn uf jhfpc fhdoàt`jc Gè h tnosêc hitnrohkh hprnsnoth ufh nf tcroc kn uf jcokutcr thfeàf bhrè surd`r jhrhjtnræst`jh k`bnrnotn. H b`durh 80 fcstrh onin ufh tnosêc n jcrrnotn. qun h tnosêc hitnrohkh hufnoth n k`fòu` kn Zupcok Zup cokc c jco jcosth sthotn otnss cs vh vhicr icrns ns kh òt òtnos nos``vhicr jcf c phsshr phsshr kc tnfpc, pc`s òvnrtn c khkn kc jhfpc fhdoàt`jc n kh vnicj`khkn kn snot` sn ot`kc kc nxn nxnjut juthok hokc, c, oc ocv ocvc c sno snot`k t`kc, c, h rcthäêc kc jcokutcr, vnr`b`jh-sn qun h òtnos`khkn kh jcrrnotn dnrhkh nf jhkh òsthotn knfnsfh vhr`häêc hotnr`cr. @osthihäêc kn Zcf Hutcfct`vc - Huih 8

82


pnokn kc rnd`fn nf qun c jcokutcr jcrth hs iòahs kn bcräh. Noquhotc nin vh` d`rhokc oc jhfpc fhdoàt`jc, c jcokutcr vh` khokc cr`dnf h tckcs cs vhicrns kh tnosêc n kh òtnos`khkn kh jcrrnotn, kn znrc htà c fèx`fc vhicr ohs kuhs k`rn k`rnäþn äþnss (sn (snf`j f`j`jic `jicss pcs pcs`t`v `t`vcs cs n ondh ondht`v t`vcs) cs).. Jhkh uf knstns ’t`pcs‖ kn tnosêc hprnsnoth vhothdnos n knsvhothdnos. H jcrrnotn jcotæo jco tæouh uh à h qun hpr hprns nsnot noth h fno fnocr cr ’pn ’pnrkh rkh‖‖ quhokc sn pnosh nf trhospcrthr h nintr`j`khkn notr no trn n pc pcot otcs cs k` k`st stho hotn tns, s, jc jcfc fc,, pc pcrr nx nxnf nfpi pic, c, no notr trn n ufh uf h us usò òh h ni niàtr àtr`j `jh h n ufh j`k j`khk hkn. n. No Notr trnth nthot otc, c, `s `stc tc `r`h nx`d`r jcokutcrns têc drcsscs qun c s`stnfh snr`h sn r`h òv òv`èv `èvni. ni. Gè h tno tnosê sêc c nf jc jcrr rrnot notn n hit hitnro nrohkh hkh pckn pc kn tn tnrr sn snu u vh vhic icrr hi hitn tnrh rhkc kc (h (huf ufno noth thkc kc cu k` k`f` f`-ouækc) pcr fn`c kn trhosbcrfhkcrns, c qun bhjì`th suh trhosf`ssêc pcr drhokns k`ståoj`hs. Notrnthotc, nstn t`pc kn tnosêc à h qun dnrh fh`crns pnrkhs kn nonrd`h.

Ehs`jhfnotn, pcknfcs jihss`b`jhr cs j`rju`tcs niàtr`jcs nf trçs t`pcs7 nf sàr`n, phrhinic n sàr`n-phrhinic.

J`rju`tc nf sàr`n C j`rju`tc nf sàr`n cbnrnjn hpnohs uf jhfòac bnjahkc í phsshdnf kh jcrrnotn (b`durh 5=).

J`rju`tcs nf Zàr`n, ]hrhinic n Zàr`n-phrhinic

B`durh 5= - J`rju`tc nf sàr`n.

Oc j`rju`tc nf sàr`n, h rns`stçoj`h tcthi (Ut) à `duhi í scfh khs rns`stçoj`hs òk`v`kuh`s. @stc s`do`b`jh qun h jcrrnotn niàtr`jh nobrnothrè,, kurhotn suh phsshdn brnothrè phsshdnf f pnic j`rju`tc, h scfhtúr`h khs rns`stçoj`hs nx`stnotns. H b`durh 58 fcstrh uf j`rju j`rju`tc `tc nf sàr`n, oc quhi jcicjhfcs vhicrns phrh hs rns`stçoj`hs (vhfcs jahfè-ihs jahfè-ihs kn rns`stcrns). Hss`f, c rns`stcr U8 hprnsnoth rns`stçoj`h `duhi h 8= cafs, U5 `duhi h 5> cafs, U: `duhi h 8> cafs n U; `duhi h 8= cafs.

H In` kn Caf à h in` buokhfnoth buokhfnothii nfpr nfprnndhkh dhk h oh hoè hoèi`s i`sn n kn j`r j`rju` ju`tcs tcsnià niàtr` tr`jcs jcsn n nin nintrû trûo`j o`jcs. cs. ]cknf ]ck nfcs cs k`z k`znr nr s`f s`fpin pinsf sfno notn tn qu qun n ns nsth th in in`` ns nsth theneninjn h rnihäêc nx`stnotn notrn h tnosêc, h òtnos`khkn kh kn kh jc jcrr rrno notn tn n h rn rns` s`st stço çoj` j`h h kc jc jcok okut utcr cr.. Nfecrh h drhoknzh kc trhehiac rnhi`zhkc pcr uf nià niàtrc trco o sng sngh h nx nxtrn trnfhf fhfnot notn n pnq pnquno unoh, h, fìaþns kn niàtrcos qun j`rjuihf pcr uf jcokutcr pcknf pck nf nxn nxnjut juthr hr uf trh trhehi ehiac ac jc jcos` os`knr knrèvn èvni.i. ]hr ]hrh h qun pcsshfcs utì`zhr nssn trhehiac, à prnj`sc bhznr jcf qun nstns niàtrcos snghf ’du`hkcs‖ htrhvàs kn uf kntnrfòhkc jhfòac. C bibiux uxc c kn ni niàt àtrc rcos os qu qun n pn pnrj rjcr crrn rnf f ns nssn sn jh jh-fòac à knocfòhkc kn jcrrnotn niàtr`jh snokc c pnrjursc knocfòhkc kn j`rju`tc niàtr`jc. ^f j` j`rj rju` u`tc tc nià niàtr tr`j `jc c pc pckn kn sn hpr hprns nsnot nothr hr nf kuhs jcok`äþns7 henrtc n bnjahkc. Oc j`rju`tc henrtc hen rtc,, c jhf jhfòac òac noj nojcotr cotrh-s h-sn n òt òtnrr nrrcfp cfp`kc, `kc, oêc snokc pcssævni h j`rjuihäêc kn ufh jcrrnotn. C j`rju`tc j`rju`t c niàtr`jc knvnrè snr bnjahkc h b`f kn pnrf`t`r c rntcroc kcs niàtrcos phrh c pcotc kn phrt`kh, c qun dhrhotn h j`rjuihäêc kh jcrrnotn. @osthihäêc kn Zcf Hutcfct`vc - Huih 8

B`durh 58 - Rhicrns ûaf`jcs. 84


]hrh cetnr c vhicr kh rns`stçoj`h tcthi ehsth scfhr c vhicr kn jhkh rns`stçoj`h k`spcsth oc j`rju`tc, cu sngh7

h In` kn Caf, cu sngh7

N6Ux@

Ut 6 U8 + U5 + U: + U; Ut 6 8= + 5> + 8> + 8= Ut 6 2= ™

Rhfcs, notêc, knsjcer`r c vhicr kh qunkh kn tnosêc nf jhkh uf kcs rns`stcrns, jcobcrfn ìustrhkc oh b`durh 5:.

]crthotc,, c vhic ]crthotc vhicrr kh rns` rns`stço stçoj`h j`h tcthi kc j`rju`tc oh b`durh 58 à `duhi h 2= cafs (2= ™). Oh snquçoj`h, vhfcs kntnrfòhr, hpi`jhokc h In` kn Caf, quhi h jcrrnotn tcthi qun j`rjuih pnic j`rju`tc kh b`durh 55, inferhokc qun h jcrrnotn qun j`rjuih nf uf j`rju`tc nf sàr`n à h fnsfh nf tckcs cs pcotcs.

B`durh 5: - Xunkh kn tnosêc.

]nih búrfuih N 6 U x @ , h qunkh kn tnosêc nf jhkh rns`stcr snrè7

B`durh 55 - Jèijuic kh jcrrnotn niàtr`jh kc j`rju`tc.

nf U8 nf U5 nf U: nf U;

Jcfc gè jhijuihfcs c vhicr kh rns`stçoj`h tcthi kc j`rju`tc (2= ™) n c j`rju`tc à hi`fnothkc pcrr uf pc ufh h tn tnos osêc êc kn 85 vc vcitits, s, sn hp hpiì`jh jhrf rfcs cs h bú búrrfuih phrh c jèijuic kh jcrrnotn, tnrnfcs7 @

N8 6 U8 x @ N5 6 U5 x @ N: 6 U: x @ N; 6 U; x @

N8 6 8= x =,5 ,5= = N5 6 5> x =,5= N: 6 8> x =,5= N; 6 8= x =,5=

N8 6 5R N5 6 >R N: 6 :R N; 6 5R

Zn hs tnosþns rnsuithotns bcrnf scfhkhs, oc bòhi tnrnfcs h tnosêc tcthi qun suprn c j`rju`tc, cu sngh, cs 85 R, b`jhokc c j`rju`tc jcobcrfn fcstrh h b`durh 5;.

6 N U

]crthotc7 @

6 N U

@

6 85 2=

@

6 =,5= H

Hidc òt Hidc òtnrn nrnss sshot hotn n kn sn oct octhr hr oc j`r j`rju` ju`tc tc nf sàr` sà r`n n à qu qun n c vh vhic icrr tc tcth thii kh tn tnos osêc êc hp hpiì`jh jhkh kh hc j` j`rrju`tc snrè k`strèuækc prcpcrj`cohifnotn scern jhkh jhk h ufh khs rns rns`stç `stçoj`h oj`hss (rn (rns`s s`stcr tcrns) ns) nx`s nx`stnot tnotns. ns. [hi nbn`tc à jahfh jahfhkc kc kn qunkh kn tnosê tnosêc. c. ]hrh jhijuihr h qunkh kn tnosêc nf jhkh rns`stcr kc j`rju`tc, utì`zhfcs thfeàf @osthihäêc kn Zcf Hutcfct`vc - Huih 8

B`durh 5; - [nosêc rnsuithotn. 81


J`rju`tc phrhinic C j`rju`tc phrhinic à jhrhjtnr`zhkc pnic bhtc kn qun pcssu` hs rns`stçoj`hs (rns`stcrns) i`dhkhs kn thi bcrfh qun h jcrrnotn niàtr`jh nojcotrh fh`s kn uf jhfòac phrh pnrjcrrnr. Cesnrvn h b`durh 5>. Octn qun h jcrrnotn niàtr`jh sn k`v`kn hc htòd`r jhkh ’oú‖ qun i`dh hs rns`stçoj`hs n, hpús htrhvnssè-ihs, sn uon ocvhfnotn n rntcroh í bcotn bco tn kn non nonrd` rd`h h (eh (ehtnr tnr`h) `h).. Zn bûs bûssnf snfcs cs bhznr ufh jcfphrhäêc, pcknræhfcs `fhdòhr uf r`c qun sn k`v`kn nf vèr`cs erhäcs erhäcs n qun knpc`s sn uonf ocvhfnotn.

B`durh 52 - Rhicrns ûaf`jcs.

8 8 8 8 + + 5= ;= 85,>

Ut 6

8 =,=> + =,=5> + =,=1

Ut 6 Ut 6

8 =,8>>

Ut 6 2,;>™ Knsth bcrfh, c vhicr kh Uns`stçoj`h tcthi à `duhi h 2,;> cafs (2,;> ™). Oh snquçoj`h, vhfcs kntnrfòhr, hpi`jhokc h In` kn caf, quhi h jcrrnotn tcthi qun j`rjuih pnic j`rju`tc kh b`durh 52. ]hrh jhijuihr c vhicr kh jcrrnotn tcthi qun j`rjuih j`rju ih pnic j`rju`tc, utì`zhfcs h búrfuih phrh jèijuic kn jcrrnotn, cokn7

B`durh 5> - J`rju`tc phrhinic.

Oc j`rju`tc nf phrhinic, h rns`stçoj`h tcthi (Ut) kc j`rju`tc à c òvnrsc kh scfh kcs òvnrscs khs rns`stçoj`hs òk`v`kuh`s, cu sngh7 Ut 6

8

@

8 8 8 8 + + + U8 U5 U: U;

6 N U

]crthotc7 Jcfc h knbò`äêc phrnjn uf pcujc jcobush, vnghfcs uf nxnfpic prèt`jc. Oh b`durh 52 tnfcs uf j`rju`tc nf phrhinic, oc quhi òsnr`fcs vhicrns phrh cs rns`stcrns, cu sngh7 U8 `duhi h 5= cafs, U5 `duhi h ;= cafs n U: `duhi h 85,> cafs. ]hrh cetnoäêc kc vhicr kh rns`stçoj`h tcthi kc j`rju`tc, suest`tuæfcs cs vhicrns kcs rns`stcrns oh búrfuih n prcjnknfcs jcobcrfn knsjr`tc h sndu`r. @osthihäêc kn Zcf Hutcfct`vc - Huih 8

t 6 85 2,;>

@

t 6 8,12 H

@

Jcfc v`stc hotnr`crfnotn, nf uf j`rju`tc phrhinic, h jcrrnotn tcthi sn k`v`kn, n ufh phrjnih knih htrhvnssh jhkh uf kcs rns`stcrns. 80


]hrh jhijuihr h jcrrnotn qun phssh pcr jhkh rns`stcr kc j`rju`tc (U8, U5 n U:), utì`zhfcs thfeàf h In` kn Caf, cu sngh7 @

^tì`zhokc h búrfuih, ò`j`hifnotn vhfcs jhijuihr h rns`stçoj`h tcthi kc pr`fn`rc jcoguotc phrhinic kc j`rju`tc, c quhi knocfòhfcs Ut8 n, oh snquçoj`h, c snduokc jcoguotc qun knocfòhrnfcs kn Ut5. Notêc, tnrnfcs7

6 N U

Jèijuic kn Ut87 ]crthotc7 nf U8 nf U5 nf U:

Ut86

85 5= 85 @5 6 ;= 85 @: 6 85,> 86

@

U8 x U5 U8+U5

Ut86

Ut86

5== :=

Ut86 2,22™

8 6 =,2 =,2 H

@

Jèijuic kn Ut57 5 6 =,: =,: H

@

@

Ut56

U:xU; U: + U;

:6=,02H Ut56

Knsth bcrfh, cetnfcs c vhicr kh jcrrnotn nf jhkh rns`stcr n h scfh knstns vhicrns snrè `duh `d uhii hc vh vhic icrr kh jc jcrr rrno notn tn tc tcth thii kc j` j`rj rju` u`tc tc,, cu sn sngh gh77

Ut56

85== 4=

;= x := ;= + :=

Ut56 84,8;™

Fu`tc enf, c qun b`znfcs s`fpi`b`jh c j`rju`tc. Jcobcrfn fcstrh h b`durh 51, c j`rju`tc b`jh hitnrhkc, jcfpcrthokc-sn jcfpcrthokc-sn jcfc sn sú nx`st`ssnf kuhs rns`stçoj`hs, jhkh ufh jcf cs vhicrns qun hjhehfcs kn jhijuihr. Knvnfcs, notêc, bhznr uf ocvc jèijuic phrh kntnrfòhr h rns`stçoj`h tcthi kc j`rju`tc.

t 6 @8 + @5 + @: @t 6 =,2 + =,: + =,02 @t 6 8,12 H @

Cutrh bcrfh kn sn jhijuihr c vhicr kh rns`stçoj`h tcthi kn ufh hsscj`häêc nf phrhinic jcos`stn nf sn knsfnferhr c j`rju`tc n sn trhehiahr pcr phrns. Onstn jhsc, k`v`kn-sn c prckutc khs kuhs rns`stçoj`hs pnic vhicr kn suh scfh, cu sngh7 Ut 6

5=x8= 5=+8=

U8 x U5 U8 + U5

]hrh nxnf nxnfpi`b` pi`b`jhr jhr,, vhfc vhfcss kntn kntnrfòh rfòhrr c vhicr vh icr kh rn rns` s`st stçoj çoj`h `h tct tcthi hi kc j`r j`rju ju`tc `tc kh b` b`du durh rh 54. B`durh 51 - J`rju`tc fck`b`jhkc.

Notêc, tnrnfcs7 Ut6 Ut6 B`durh 54 - Jèijuic kh rns`stçoj`h tcthi. @osthihäêc kn Zcf Hutcfct`vc - Huih 8

5=

Ut8 x Ut Ut8 Ut5 5 Ut8 Ut 8 + Ut Ut5 5 88;,8> 5:,1

2,22 x 84, 84,8; 8; Ut6 2,22 2,22 2,2 2 + 84, 84,8; 8; Ut86 ;,40 ™ @ost`tutc ô`vnrshi Erhsìn`rc

H rns`stç rns`stçoj`h oj`h tcthi kc j`rju`tc à kn ;,40 cafs. Hpnshr kn sn tnr kn rnhi`zhr fh`s phsscs phrh sn knsjcer`r c vhicr kh rns`stçoj`h tcthi, fu`tcs hjahf nsth bcrfh fh`s s`fpins n, pcr `stc, h prnbnrnf. Oc jhsc kn sn knsnghr kntnrfòhr quhiqunr vhicr kn jcrrnotn oc j`rju`tc phrhinic ehsth hpnohs hpi`jhr h búrfuih n hd`r jcfc gè knsjr`tc hotnr`crfnotn.

[ckh n quhiqunr òsthihäêc niàtr`jh, sngh rns`knoj`hi, hutcfct`vh, kn scf cu s`fìhr, knvnrè snr nxnjuthkh jcf jcokutcrns knv`khfnotn k`fnos`cohkcs n `scihkcs. Cs jcokutcrns pcknf snr súi`kcs cu binxævn`s.. Cs jcokutcrns súi`kcs sêc cs fh`s nfxævn`s prndhkcs nf òsthihäþns niàtr`jhs prnk`h`s n, inothfnotn, vçf snokc suest`tuækcs pnics binxævn`s, khkc suh fh`cr bhjì`khkn kn snr fhousnhkc nf tueuihäþns. Cs jcokutcrns fh`s nfprndhkcs sêc kc t`pc binxævni, snokc `stc jcosndu`kc jcf c notrnihähfnotc kn k`vnrscs b`cs enf bòcs. Jcf rnihäêc hc t`pc kn rnvnst`fnotc, h fh`cr`h kcs jcokutcrns kh htuhi`khkn pcssunf jhph kc t`pc hot`jahfh qun, nf jhsc kn òjçok`c, oêc prcphdhf bcdc. bcdc. Cs jcokutcrns thfeàf pcknf snr òknpnoknotns cu f÷it`pics. ^f kcs jhecs f÷it`pics pi cs fh fh`s `s jc jcoa oanj nj`k `kcs cs à c ph phrh rhin inic ic,, nf qu qun n kc kc`s `s jcokutcrns tçf suhs `scihäþns òknpnoknotns n uo` uo`kh khs. s. Rcj cjç ç vç ns nstn tn jh jhec ec jc jcf f br brnqu nquçoj çoj`h `h oh fh`cr`h fh`cr` h kcs hphrn hphrniacs iacs niàtr`jcs n nintrû nintrûo`jcs o`jcs.. ^fh vhothdnf knstn t`pc kn jhec à qun nin pckn pc kn sn snrr pc pcih ihr` r`zh zhkc kc,, cu sn sngh gh,, jh jhkh kh uf ufh h kn su suhs hs vn`hs pckn rnjnenr ufh jcr k`bnrnotn, bhjì`thok th okc c h `k `kno not`t`b`b`jh jhäê äêc c kn su suh h bu buoä oäêc êc (b` b`du durh rh :=).

J`rju`tcs Zàr`n-phrhinic Jcfc sn pckn pnrjnenr pnih b`durh 50, c j`rju`tc sàr`n-phrhinic hprnsnoth hiduos k`spcs`t`vcs i`dhkcs nf sàr`n n cutrcs, nf phrhinic. Cs jèijuics phrh tnosêc, jcrrnotn n rns`stçoj rns`stçoj`h `h sêc cs fnsfcs knsjr`tcs hotnr`crfnotn, ehsthokc hpnohs qun sn htnotn pnih crknf jcrrnth kn rnhi`zhr cs jèijuics. ]cr nxnfpic, oh b`durh 50, oêc pcknrnfcs jcos`knrhr qun U: nstè nf sàr`n jcf U>, gusthfnotn pcrqun c rns`stcr U> pcssu` fh`s kc`s rns`stcrns nf phrhinic.

B`durh 50 - J`rju`tc sàr`n-phrhinic.

Knsth bcrfh, rnscivn-sn pr`fn`rhfnotn h hsscj`häêc nf phrhinic kn U;, U> n U2 n knpc`s scfh-sn h nstn vhicr cs rns`stcrns U8, U5 n U:, rnscivnokc-sn h hsscj`häêc nf sàr`n. B`durh := - Jhec phrhinic pcihr`zhkc.

Jcos`knrhäþns scern jcokutcrns niàtr`jcs

Hi duos Hidu os jhe jhecs, cs, pr` pròj` oj`ph phif ifno notn tn cs qun tçf pcr bò bòhi` hi`khk khkn n trh trhosp ospcrt crthr hr sò sòh`s h`s kn èuk`c kn eh`xh òtnos`khkn, onjnss`thf kn prctnäêc jcotrh òtnrbnrçoj`hs. Jcfc th`s ò-

Jcfc knsj knsjr`tc r`tc hotn hotnr`cr r`crfnot fnotn, n, sêc fhtn fhtnr`h` r`h`ss qun pnrf`tnf h j`rjuih j`rjuihäêc äêc kh jcrrno jcrrnotn tn niàtr`jh. @osthihäêc kn Zcf Hutcfct`vc - Huih 8

58


tnrbnrçoj`hs pcknf snr òtrckuz`khs pcr òkuäêc, jhecs jcf nsth buoäêc jcstufhf rnjnenr ufh fhiah fntèi`jh (b`durh :8) qun, hc snr ’htnrrhkh‖, `fpnkn h pnontrhäêc kh òtnrbnrçoj`h.

H utì`zh utì`zhäêc äêc kn jcokut jcokutcrns crns sndun ufh kntnrfòhkh ocrfh qun dhrhot`rè h ech nstheì`khkn kc j`rju`tc, suh kurheì`khkn n prctnäêc. Cs jcokutcrns sêc bher`jhkcs kn hjcrkc jcf ocr ocrfhs fhs tàj tàjo`j o`jhs hs nx` nx`dnot dnotns, ns, b`j b`jhok hokc c c usuèr`c jcf h thrnbh kn k`fnos`cohr n sninj`cohr c t`pc h snr nfprndhkc nf kntnrfòhkh hpi`jhäêc. Oc Erhsì cs jcokutcrns cenknjnf í sàr`n fàtr`jh @NJ, snokc jcfnrj`hi`zhkcs nf fìæfntrcs quhkrhkcs (ffµ). Hpnshr k`stc, hòkh à jcfuf nojcotrè-ics òk`jhkcs pnih nsjhih hfnr`jhoh HTD / FJF ( Hfnr`jho T`rn Dhudn / Fì J`rjuihr Fìs ). Oh b`durh :5, rnprckuz`fcs ufh thenih jcfphrht`vh jcfphr ht`vh nx`stnotn nx`stnotn notrn h nsjhih HTD n h sàr`n fàtr`jh, fcstrhokc h jcrrnspcokçoj`h notrn c t`pc kn jcokutcr n h jcrrnotn fèx`fh qun nstn supcrth.

B`durh :8 - Jhec eiòkhkc jcotrh òtnrbnrçoj`hs.

Nqu`vhiçoj`h HTD/FJF x Zàr`n Fàtr`jh ]RJ/2= ·J - NE HEO[

Nqu`vhiçoj`h HTD/FJF x Zàr`n Fàtr`jh ]RJ/2= ·J - NE ]RJ/2= HEO[

]RJ/4= ·J - OEU 28;1 HEO[

]RJ/4= ·J - OEU 28;1 HEO[

HTD/FJF

Hfpnrns

Zàr`n fàtr`jh

Hfpnrns

HTD/FJF

Hfpnrns Zàr`n fàtr`jh

Hfpnrns

55

:,>

=,:

:,>

;/=

80>

‚

‚

5=

2

=,>

2

5>=

58>

0>

5=4

81

8=

=,4>

0

:==

5;=

85=

5:0

82

8:

8

85

:>=

52=

8>=

545

8;

8>

8,>

8>,>

;==

51=

‚

‚

85

5=

5,>

58

>==

:5=

81>

:8=

8=

:=

;

51

2==

:>>

5;=

:2;

1

;=

2

:2

4==

:1>

2

>>

8=

>=

4>=

;==

‚ ‚

‚ ‚

;

4=

82

21

1==

;8=

:==

;80

5

0>

5>

10

0==

;:>

8

88=

:>

888

8.===

;>>

‚ ‚

‚ ‚

8/=

85>

>=

8:;

; == ;=

>=5

8;>

‚

‚

> == >=

>41

:/=

82>

4=

848

‚ ‚ ‚

5/=

‚ ‚ ‚

‚

‚

B`durh :5 - [henih jcfphrht`vh phrh jhecs kn jcern. @osthihäêc kn Zcf Hutcfct`vc - Huih 8

55


C hiuoc knvnrè jcosuithr nsth thenih snfprn qun nst`vnr jcf k÷v`kh quhotc í jhphj`khkn fèx`fh kn jcrrnotn qun uf jcokutcr pckn supcrthr.

òtnrohfnotn nf uf hphrniac. C s`fpins nojcsthr kn kc`s b`cs qun i`dhf k`rnthfnotn cs pcics kn ufh ehtnr`h eh tnr`h jcrrnspcokn h uf jurtc.

Jurtc-j`rju`tc

Ninfnotcs kn prctnäêc

Nx`stn ufh jcok`äêc nspnj`hi h qun tckc j`rju`tc nstè sugn`tc7 h kn jurtc-j`rju`tc. jurtc-j`rju`tc. Nsth jcok`äêc surdn quhokc, pcr nxnfpic, kc`s jcokutcrns qun hi`fnothf ufh jhrdh sn tcjhf. Onstn jhsc, h rns`stçoj`h qun snrè nobrnothkh pnih jcrrnotn snrè prht`jhfnotn ouih (znrc), c qun bhz jcf qun h jcrrnotn sngh fèx`fh. Rhfcs nxnfpi`b`jhr `stc jcf o÷fnrcs. ^f hphrniac kn scf oc hutcfúvni à hi`fnothkc pnih tnosêc kh ehtnr`h (85 R). Zupcokcsn qun suh pctçoj`h sngh kn 5; whtts, h jcrrnotn jcosuf`kh snr`h kn7

[ckc j`r j`rju ju`tc `tc nià niàtr tr`jc `jc knv knvn n rn rnjne jnenr nr hiduf t`pc kn prctnäêc. Xun b`qun jihrc qun h prctnäêc h qun ocs rnbnr`fcs tnf pcr bòhi`khkn rnsduhrkhr h òsthihäêc nx`stnotn n cs nqu`phfnotcs òsthihkcs. C jcfpconotn fh`s s`fpins n jcfuf bher`jhkc jcf nsth bòhi`khkn rnjnen c ocfn kn busævni (b`durh ::). Jcos`stn nf uf pnqunoc pnkhäc kn b`c, jhijuihkc phrh supcrthr uf kntnrfòhkc vhicr kn jcrrnotn niàtr`jh. Xuhokc h òtnos`khkn kh jcrrnotn uitrhphssh c vhicr phrh c quhi c busævni bc` prcgnthkc, nstn sn hqunjn knfhs`hkhfnotn n hjheh rcfpnokc-sn. ^fh vnz rcfp`kc c busævni, jnssh h j`rjuihäêc kn jcrrnotn pnic j`rju`tc, prctndnokc-c.

@

6 ] / R 6 5; / 85 6 5 hfpn hfpnrns rns

Onstn jhsc, h rns`stçoj`h nojcotrhkh pnih jcrrnotn snr`h kn7

U 6 R / @ 6 85 / 5 6 2 cafs Hd crh, Hdcr h, vh vhfc fcss su supc pcrr qu qun, n, ò òtn tnro rohhfnotn, c hphrniac notrn nf jurtc-j`rju`tc, c qun bhz jcf qun suh rns`stçoj`h jh`h krhst`jhfnotn, b`jhokc nf hprcx`fhkhfnotn =,8 caf. Fnk`hotn `stc, h òtnos`khkn òtnos` khkn kh jcrrnotn phssh h snr kn7 @

6 R / U 6 85 / =,8 6 85= hfpnrns

Jcfc sn pckn pnrjnenr, h òtnos`khkn kh jcrrnotn scbrnu ufh ninvhäêc nocrfn. [hi vhicr kn jcrrnotn jnrthfnotn supnrhqunjnr`h tckh b`häêc qun i`dh nstn nqu`phfnotc, pcknokc prcvcjhr uf pròjæp`c kn òjçok`c, jhsc pnrfhonäh pcr fu`tc tnfpc. @stc snf bhihr ocs khocs í ehtnr`h. C jurtc-j`rju`tc oêc cjcrrn hpnohs @osthihäêc kn Zcf Hutcfct`vc - Huih 8

B`durh :: - Busævni hutcfct`vc n busævni jcfuf. 5:


]hssc h ]hssc @ostrufnotc phrh Fnk`äþns Niàtr`jhs7 Fuitæfntrc ]hrh h fh`cr`h kcs trhehiacs h snrnf rnhi`zhkcs oh òsthihäêc scocrh kn uf vnæjuic, òjius`vn òjius `vn oh icjhi`z icjhi`zhäêc häêc kn knbn`tcs n hvhr`h hvhr`hs, s, pckn-sn bhznr onjnssèr`c c usc kn uf hphrniac qun pnrf`th h vnr`b`jhäêc kh tnosêc, rns`stçoj`h n jcrrnotn niàtr`jhs. C òs òstru trufno fnotc tc qun qunpcs pcss` sèì eì`th `thns nsths ths(n (n cut cutrh rhs) s) fnk`äþns à ocrfhifnotn jcoanj`kc pnic ocfn kn fui fuitæf tæfntr ntrc c n pck pckn n sn snrr noj nojco cotrh trhkc kc nf k`v k`vnr nrsc scss fcknics n t`pcs, òjius`vn phrh bòhi`khkns nspnjæb`b`jh jæ jhs, s, jc jcfc fc à c jh jhsc sc kh èr èrnh nh hu hutc tcfc fct`t`vh vh.. Hpnshrr kn c usc knst Hpnsh knstn n hphrn hphrniac iac snr i`f`thkc, th kc,quh quhotc otcí í òs òsthi thihä häêc êc kn sc scf, f, kns knsjr jrnv nvnr nrnf nfcs cs suhs pròj`ph`s jhrhjtnræst`jhs n h bcrfh jcrrnth kn utì`zè-ic. utì`zè-ic. Knst Knsth h bcrfh, c hiuoc nsthrè prnphprnphrhkc phrh nfprndè-ic quhokc bcr onjnssèr`c. H pr`f pr`fn`rh n`rh jc`sh jcf h quhi knvn knvnfcs fcs ocs prncjuphr à jcf cs t`pcs kn fuitæfntrc. Kn fhon`rh dnrhi, pcknf snr k`v`k`kcs nf kc`s t`pcs eès`jcs7 c hohiúd`jc n c k`d`thi. C t`pc hohiúd`jc à bhjìfnotn rnjcoanj`kc, pc`s pcssu` uf fcstrhkcr jcf vèr`hs nsjhihs drhkuhkhs, cokn c knsicjhfnotc kn uf pcotn`rc pnrf`tn h òtnrprnthäêc kc vhicr kh drhoknzh qun à fnk`kh (tnosêc, rns`stçoj`h, jcrrnotn ntj.). Onsth bctc, vcjç pckn vnr h buoäêc khs vèr`hs jahvns, notrhkhs n hgustns k`spcoævn`s onstn fuitæfntrc (b`durh 8).

C fuitæfntrc k`d`thi à jhrhjtnr`zhkc pnic bhtc kn hprnsnothr nf uf fcstrhkcr, kn bcrfh k`rnth, cs o÷fnrcs jcrrnspcoknotns h ufh fnk`äêc qun nstè snokc rnhi`zhkh (b`durh 5).

B`durh 8 - Fuitæfntrc hohiúd`jc.

B`durh : - Fuitæfntrc k`d`thi kn eh`xc justc


B`durh 5 - Nxnfpic kn fcstrhkcr kn uf fuitæfntrc k`d`thi.

Nx`stnf vèr`cs fcknics kn fuitæfntrcs k`d`th`s, snokc hiduos fh`s s`fpins qun cutrcs. Kn fhon`rh dnrhi, c usc kc fuitæfntrc snrè enf i`f`thkc oc jhsc kh òsthihäêc kn uf scf hutcfct`vc, fct`vc pnic quhi sn pckn cpthr pcr uf fcknic s`fpins, kn eh`xc justc, phrh usc dnrhi nf nintrûo`jh, s`fìhr hc qun hqu` à hprnsnothkc (b`durh :).

5;


[ckcs cs fuitæfntrcs k`d`th`s onjnss`thf kn ufh ehtnr`h kn 0 vcits phrh pcknrnf trhehiahr. Jcfc c hphrniac oêc jcoscfn fu`th nonrd`h, ufh ehtnr`h pckn kurhr vèr`cs fnsns (b`durh ;).

B`durh 2 - Nxnfpic kn in`turh cet`kh oc fcstrhkcr.

Ocrfhifnotn, nf suh phrtn jnotrhi, oh brnotn, nx`stn ufh jahvn snintcrh, h quhi pnrf`tn h nsjciah kh drhoknzh qun sn knsngh fnk`r, fnk`r, enf jcfc kc vhicr fèx`fc qun pcknrè snr fnk`kc. Htnotn Htnotn phrh c knthian kn qun, pnih jhrhjtnræst`jh kc fcstrhkcr, thi "vhicr fèx`fc" à, oh rnhi`khkn, uf pcujc fnocr qun c òk`jhkc. ]cr nxnfpic, phrh ufh pcs`äêc òk`jhkh pnic o÷fnrc 5==, c fèx`fc qun snrè hprnsnothkc oc fcstrhkcr à 800. @stc b`jhrè fh`s jihrc jcf c knjcrrn knjcrrnr r kc nstukc (b`durh 4).

B`durh ; - Ehtnr`h òsthihkh oc fuitæfntrc k`d`thi.

Knpnok Knpn okno nokc kc kc fc fckn knic, ic, nx nx`s `stn tn uf ufh h jahvn (cu ectêc) nf suh phrtn ihtnrhi (cu brcothi) nf qun sn i`dh cu sn knsi`dh c fuitæfntrc. Nf hiduos jhscs, nsth jahvn nstè hsscj`hkh jcf h jahvn snintcrh, snintcrh, jcfc hqu` nojcotrh-sn nojcotrh-sn ìustrhkc (b`durh >).

B`durh 4 - Rhicr fèx`fc hprnsnothkc phrh h pcs`äêc 5== (KJR).

^f nxn nxnfpic fpic kn pcs pcs`j` `j`cohf cohfnotc notc kns knsth th jahvn pckn hqu` snr cesnrvhkc. Octh-sn qun h jahv ja hvn n ns nstè tè cr cr`n `not othk hkh h ph phrh rh fn fnk` k`rr tn tnos osþn þnss nf jc jcrrrnotn jcotæouh (KJR, s`feci`zhkh onstn hphrniac pcr R ...) htà c vhicr fèx`fc kn 5= vcits (oh rnhi rn hi`k `khk hkn, n, 80 80,0 ,00 0 vc vcitits) s),, jc jcfc fc à c jh jhsc sc kh no nojc jcootrhkh nf pìahs, ehtnr`hs, hjufuihkcrns hjufuihkcrns n shækh kn j`rju`tcs rnt`b`jhkcrns (b`durh 1).

B`durh > - Buoäêc i`dh/knsi`dh òjcrpcrhkh oh jahvn snintcrh.

Oh brnotn kc hphrniac tnfcs c fcstrhkcr, cokn snrè nbntuhkh nbntuhkh h in`turh kc vhicr kh drhoknzh qun sn nojcotrh nf fnk`äêc (b`durh 2). @osthihäêc kn Zcf Hutcfct`vc - Huih 8

5>


B`durh 8= - Jahvn snintcrh oh pcs`äêc 4>= HJR. B`durh 1 - Jahvn snintcrh oh pcs`äêc 5= KJR.

]hrh qun sn pcssh rnhi`zhr fnk`khs kn jcrrnotn jcotæouh (qun sn fcvn nf hpnohs uf snot`kc, jcfc à c jhsc khs pìahs n ehtnr`hs) à onjnssèr`c pcs`j`cohr-sn h jahvn snintcrh nf ufh khs pcs`äþns pcs`äþns òk`jhkhs òk`jhkhs pcr H ... . Cesnrvn qun, s`fìhrfnotn hc jhsc kh tnosêc, h òk`jhäêc 5== f rnprnsnoth c fèx`fc vhicr kn jcrrnotn qun pcknrè snr fnk`kc, cu sngh, 5== fì`hfpnrns (fH) (b`durh 88).

Kn tckhs hs pcs`äþns nf KJR, h kn fnocr bh`xh à h 5== f, qun pnrf`tn h in`turh kn tnosþns nf jcrrnotn jcotæouh htà c fèx`fc kn 5== fì`vcits (800,0 fR). Cesnrvn hòkh qun "c pcotc" qun hphrnjn oc fcstrhkcr fukh kn pcs`äêc hc d`rhr-sn h jahvn, nqu`vhinokc í v`rduih (b`durh 0).

B`durh 88 - Jahvn snintcrh oh pcs`äêc 5== fH KJR. B`durh 0 - Jahvn snintcrh oh pcs`äêc 5== fR KJR.

Jcfc nstn hphrniac à phrh usc nf nintrûo`jh, c fèx`fc vhicr kn jcrrnotn qun pcknrè snr fnk fnk`kc `kc à kn 8= 8= H (b`durh 85). @obni`zfnotn, nstn vhicr à pnqunoc phrh hidufhs hpi`jhäþns nf hutcfúvn`s. ^f nxnfpic k`stc à c vhicr kn jcrrnotn krnohkh pcr uf fctcr kn phrt`kh quhokc quh okc kn snu hj` hj`coh cohfno fnotc, tc, qun qun,, fu`t fu`ths hs vnzns,, à supnr` vnzns supnr`cr cr h 8== H.

H òk`jhäêc R~ (qun s`feci`zh s`feci` zh HJR) pnrf`tn qun sn rnhi`znf fnk`khs kn tnosêc nf jcrrnotn hitnrohkh, jcfc h qun nojcotrhfcs oh rnkn niàtr`jh kn ocsshs rns`kçoj`hs. Jcfc h jahvn nstè nf 4>=, nstn sn tcroh c fèx`fc vhicr kn tnosêc, qun pcknrè snr hpi`jhkc í notrhkh kc hphrniac (b`durh 8=). @osthihäêc kn Zcf Hutcfct`vc - Huih 8

52


B`durh 8; - J`rju`tc jcf fuitæfntrc nf sàr`n phrh h fnk`äêc kn jcrrnotn jcotæouh. B`durh 85 - Jahvn snintcrh oh pcs`äêc 8= H KJR.

Hiàf khs hpi`j hpi`jhäþn häþnss gè j`th j`thkhs, khs, c fuit fuitæfnæfntrc pnrf`tn h vnr`b`jhäêc kc vhicr kh rns`stçoj`h hprnsnothkh pcr k`vnrscs t`pcs kn ninfnotcs, jcfc jc fc b`b`cs cs,, jh jhec ecss kn vn vnih ihs, s, rn rnià iàs, s, ec ece` eòh oh kc hi hitc tc-bhihotn ntj. Oh pcs`äêc nf qun h jahvn sn nojcotrh, à pcssævni h in`turh kn rns`stçoj`hs htà c vhicr fèx`fc kn 5== ™ (kuznotcs cafs). Infern-sn qun cs hitc-bhihotns hitc-bhihotns dnrhifnotn tçf rns`stçoj`h kn 5,; cu 1 ™ (b`durh 8>).

H fnocr pcs`äêc phrh phrh KJH à h kn 5== �H (kuznotcs f`jrchfpnrns). Jcfc nstn vhicr à nxtrnfhfnotn eh`xc, k`b`jìfnotn `rè nfprndhrsn thi pcs`äêc kh jahvn phrh bòs hutcfct`vcs (b`durh 8:).

B`durh 8: - Jahvn snintcrh oh pcs`äêc 5== �H KJR.

À `fpcrthotn qun sn jcfprnnokh qun hs fnk`äþnss kn jcrrnotn oêc snrêc nfprndhkhs fnk`äþn nfprndhkhs oh rnhi`zhäêc kn òsthihäêc kn uf scf hutcfct`vc. Notrnthotc, à snfprn ecf tnr c jcoanj`fnotc kn jcfc sn utì`zhr c hphrniac nf suh tcthi`khkn. Hss`f snokc, infern-sn infern-sn kn qun hs fnk`äþns kn jcrrnotn snfprn knvnf knvnf snr bn`ths cesnrvhokc-sn cesnrvhokc-sn h pcihr`k pcihr`khkn hkn kc j`rju j`rju`tc, `tc, gè qun nstn knvn snr ’henrtc‖ phrh h hpi`jhäêc kc òstrufnotc (b`durh 8;). @osthihäêc kn Zcf Hutcfct`vc - Huih 8

B`durh 8> - Jahvn snintcrh oh pcs`äêc 5== ™.

Cesnrv Cesn rvn n qun oh ohss tr trçs çs ÷it ÷it`fh `fhss pcs pcs`äþ `äþns ns phr phrh h fnk`äêc kn rns`stçoj`h, knpc`s kcs o÷fnrcs, hphr hp hrnj njn n h in intr trh h l. [hi in intr trh h ò òk` k`jh jh qu qun n c vh vhic icrr hp hprn rn-snothkc oc fcstrhkcr knvnrè snr i`kc nf fìahrns. rn s. ]c ]crr nx nxnf nfpi pic, c, oh pc pcs` s`äê äêc c 5= l pc pckn knrè rè sn snrr bn bn`t`th h h fnk`äêc kn vhicrns htà 5=.=== ™ (vòtn fì cafs). Unsufòkc, h intrh l òk`jh h fuit`pi`jhäêc äê c pc pcrr fì fì (l 6 l` lìc ic 6 8. 8.== ===) =) (b`durh 82). 54


B`durh 82 - Jahvn snintcrh oh pcs`äêc 5= l ™.

Kn fhon`rh `duhi, hjcotnjn phrh hs kuhs ÷it`fhs pcs`äþns kh jahvn, qun thfeàf rnjnenf l hpús cs o÷fnrcs. Zn, pcr nxnfpic, h jahvn nst`vnr oh pcs`äêc 5.=== l, pcknrè snr rnhi`zhkh h fnk`kh kn vhicrns kn rns`stçoj`h htà c fèx`fc kn 5.===.=== ™ (kc`s fìaþns kn cafs). ]nrjneh c hiuoc qun hiduos cutrcs hphrniacs pcknf hprnsnothr h òk`jhäêc 5 F phrh rnprnsnothr h quhot`h kn kc`s fìaþns (b`durh 84).

B`durh 81 - Jahvn snintcrh oh pcs`äêc snf`jcokutcr.

Enf, phrh qun sngh pcssævni rnhi`zhr h i`dhäêc kc hphrniac jcf hquìc qun sn knsngh fnk`r, à onjnssèr`c c nfprndc kn kuhs pcoths kn prcvh. Jcfc sn cesnrvh, ufh à kn jcr prnth (dnrhifnotn jahfhkh kn pcoth ondht`vh) n cutrh, vnrfniah (jahfhkh kn pcoth pcs`t`vh) (b`durh 80).

B`durh 84 - Jahvn snintcrh oh pcs`äêc 5=== l (5 F ™). B`durh 80 - ]coths kn prcvh phrh fuitæfntrc.

Hòkh oh rnd`êc khs fnk`khs kn rns`stçorns`stçoj`h, nojcotrhfcs ufh pcs`äêc qun à òk`jhkh òk`jhkh pnic pn ic sæ sæfe feci cic c (sæf (s æfec ecic ic kc k` k`ck ckc) c).. Jc Jcf fh jahvn jah vn ons onsth th pcs pcs`äê `äêc, c, c hph hphrni rniac ac pck pcknrè nrè rnh rnhi`z i`zhr hr c tns tnstn tn kn jcf jcfpco pconot notns ns snf snf`j `jcok cokutc utcrns rns,, jcf jcfc, c, pcr nxnfpic, k`ckcs rnt`b`jhkcrns (b`durh 81). @osthihäêc kn Zcf Hutcfct`vc - Huih 8

Fu`ths vnzns, à onjnssèr`c onjnssèr`c c nfprndc kn b`cs qun tnoahf ocs nxtrnfcs dhrrhs kn ghjhrà, hc òvàs khs pcoths kn prcvh. @stc bhjì`th hiduos t`pcs kn trhehiacs nf qun sn onjnss`th kh fêc i`vrn (b`durh 5=). 51


B`durh 5= - ]coths kn prcvh jcf dhrrrhs kn ghjhrà.

Oh phrtn òbnr`cr brcothi kc hphrniac kn tnstn, nx`stnf trçs cr`bæj`cs, nf qun snrêc hpi`jhkc jh kcss cs cu cutr trcs cs nx nxtr trnf nfcs cs kh khss pc pcot oths hs kn prcvh. Jcfc sn pckn octhr pnihs òsjr`äþns nx`stnotns, jhkh cr`bæj`c pcssu` ufh kntnrfòhkh buoäêc. Cesnrvn hòkh qun notrn cs cr`bæj`cs, nx`stn h òsjr`äêc kn uf tr`åoduic jcf uf pcotc kn nxjihfhäêc nf snu jnotrc. [hi sæfecic òk`jh ufh s`tuhäêc kn pnr`dc, cu sngh, sn bcrnf uitrhphsshkcs cs vhicrns fèx`fcs òk`jhkcs hc ihkc knin, c hphrniac jnrthfnotn snrè kho`b`jhkc (b`durh 58).

B`durh 55 - ]coth kn prcvh prnth hpi`jhkh hc ecron JCF.

C tnrjn`rc cr`bæj`c, kn eh`xc phrh j`fh, qun pcssu` h òk`jhäêc 8= H, snrè ushkc scfnotn phrh h fnk`äêc kn jcrrnotn jcotæouh jcotæouh (KJH, òk`jhkh pcr H . ... .. ), quhokc h jahvn snintcrh nst`vnr oh pcs`äêc 8= H (knz hfpnrns) ( b`durh 5:).

B`durh 5: - ]coth kn prcvh vnrfniah hpi`jhkh hc ecron 8=H.

Knth thia ian n kc kcss cr cr`bæ `bæj` j`cs cs kn no notr trhk hkh h kc fu fuitæ itæfn fntr trc. c. B`durh B`d urh 58 - Kn

Gè c cr`bæj`c cr`bæj`c kh k`rn`th knstòh-sn í fh`cr`h khs fnk`äþns qun pcknf snr rnhi`zhkhs n, pcr `stc, nin à òk`jhkc jcf R ™fH, intrhs qun òk`jhf, rnspnjt`vhfnotn, hs drhoknzhs [nosêc (R), Uns`stçoj`h (™) n Jcrrnotn (nf fì`hfpnrns, fH) (b`durh 5;).

C cr`bæj`c fh`s heh`xc pcssu` hs òk`jhäþns JCF n, c qun òk`jh qun knvnrè snr hpi`jhkc h nstn, c tnrfòhi kh pcoth kn prcvh prnth, h quhi snrè jcfuf h tckhs hs fnk`äþns qun pcknf snr rnhi`zhkhs (b`durh 55). @osthihäêc kn Zcf Hutcfct`vc - Huih 8

50


]cknrn ]ckn rnfc fcss oc octh thrr qu qun n oc ih ihkc kc ns nsqu qunr nrkc kc kc fcstrhkcr hphrnjn h òk`jhäêc 8 (s`do`b`jhokc scernbh`xh). scernb h`xh). [hi [hi òk`jhä òk`jhäêc êc òbcrf òbcrfh h hc cp cpnrhkcr nrhkcr kc hphrniac qun c vhicr qun prntnokn-sn fnk`r à supnr`cr hc qun c pcs`j`cohfnotc kh jahvn snintcrh pnrf`tn rnhi`zhr (b`durh 54).

B`durh 5; -]coths prnth n vnrfniah hpi`jhkhs hcs ecrons JCF n R™fH, rnspnjt`vhfnotn.

^fh khs vhothdnos kc fuitæfntrc k`d`thi scern c hohiúd`jc à qun nin pcssu` prctnäþns äþ ns jc jcot otrh rh nx nxjn jnss sscs cs qu qun n pc pcss sshf hf sn snr r hpi`jhkcs í suh notrhkh. ]cr nxnfpic, jhsc h jahvn sngh pcs`j`cohkh phrh fnk`kh kn tnosêc nf 5.=== f KJR ( b`durh 5>). B`durh 54 - @ok`jhäêc kn scernbh`xh.

Oc jhsc kn hgusthrfcs h jahvn snintcrh phrh h pcs`äêc 5= KJR ( b`durh 51).

B`durh 5> - Jahvn nf 5.=== f KJR (5 vcits nf jcrrnotn jcotæouh).

Hpi`q unfcs hs pcoths kn prcvh h ufh Hpi`qunfcs ehtnr`h kn 0 vcits (pcoth vnrfniah oc pcs`t`vc n prnth oc ondht`vc) (b`durh 52).

B`durh 51 - Jahvn pcs`j`cohkh phrh fnk`äþns htà 5= KJR.

Hc hpi`jh hpi`jhrfcs rfcs hs pcoth pcothss kn prcvh oh pìah, pcknrnfcs inr kn fhon`rh enf s`fpins c vhicr kh tnosêc qun h pìah hprnsnoth nf vhz`c (1,02 vcits). Octn qun c tnrfc "nf vhz`c" qunr k`znr qun oêc nx`stn fh`s ohkh i`dhkc í ehtnr`h qun nstè snokc tnsthkh (b`durh 50).

B`durh 52 - Hpi`jhokc hs pcoths kn prcvh nf ufh ehtnr`h kn 0 vcits. @osthihäêc kn Zcf Hutcfct`vc - Huih 8

:=


B`durh :8 - Hprnsnothäêc kc sòhi kn ondht`vc oh fnk`äêc.

Zupcokc-sn qun c cpnrhkcr kc hphrniac jcfnth cs kc`s nrrcs hc fnsfc tnfpc (pcoths òvnrt`khs n jahvn snintcrh nf pcs`äêc phrh vhicr fnocr qun c vhicr h snr fnk`kc), hphrnjnrè oc fcstrhkcr c sòhi -8, qun jcos`stn oh hprnsnothäêc s`fuitåonh kcs kc`s sòh`s gè jcfnothkcs (scernbh`xh n tnosêc ondht`vh) (b`durh :5).

B`durh 50 - Rhicr kh tnosêc nx`stnotn oh ehtnr`h.

^f cutrc t`pc kn prctnäêc qun c fuitæfntrc k`d`thi jcstufh hprnsnothr à jcotrh h òvnrsêc kn pcihr`khkn. ]cr nxnfpic, oh b`durh heh`xc cesnrvn h hpi`jhäêc òvnrsh khss pc kh pcoth othss kn pr prcv cvh h sc scer ern n ufh p` pìah iah,, snokc h vnrfniah oc ondht`vc n h prnth oc pcs`t`vc ( b`durh :=).

B`durh :5 - Knthian kc fcstrhkcr hprnsnothokc òk`jhäêc ondht`vh n kn scernbh`xh.

]hrh nxnfp nxnfpi`b`jhr i`b`jhr hs vèr`h vèr`hss pcss` pcssèì`kheì`khkns kn usc kc fuitæfntrc, ò`j`nfcs fcstrho tr hokc kc jc jcfc fc sn rn rnhi hi`z `zh h h vn vnr` r`b` b`jh jhäê äêc c kn tnosþns kn jcrr notn notn jcotæouh. ]r`fn`rhfnotn, hpi`jhfcs hs pcoths kn prcvh hc hphrniac, pcs`j`cohfcs h jahvn snintcrh phrh uf vhicr qun sngh hknquhkc (5= KJR) n i`dhfcs c fuitæfntrc (b`durh ::).

B`durh := - Hpi`jhäêc òvnrsh khs pcoths kn prcvh.

C fcstrhkcr hprnsnothrè c vhicr jcrrntc kh tnosêc prnsnotn oh pìah, sú qun jcf c sòhi kn ondht`vc (‚) oh brnotn. [hi sòhi òbcrfh qun h tnosêc fnk`kh à ondht`vh cu qun hs pcoths kn prcvh bcrhf òvnrt`khs kurhotn h fnk`äêc (b`durh :8). @osthihäêc kn Zcf Hutcfct`vc - Huih 8

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B`durh :> - Fnk`äêc kh tnosêc prnsnotn oh ehtnr`h.

Zupcokc-sn qun sn fhotnoah c hphrniac i`dhkc í ehtnr` ehtnr`h h noquhotc kè-sn phrt`kh oc vnæjuic, pcknrnfcs jcosththr qun c vhicr kn tnosêc hprnsnothkc vh` k`fòuòkc í fnk`kh qun sn tnoth bhznr c fctcr "pndhr". @stc à knv`kc hc hitc jcosufc kn nonrd`h kc fctcr kn phrt`kh (b`durh :2).

B`durh :: - Hphrniac hgusthkc phrh fnk`äþns htà 5= KJR.

Hpi`jhfcs hs pcoths kn prcvh hcs tnrfòh`s (ecrons) kh ehtnr`h kn uf vnæjuic, htnothokc quhotc í pcihr`khkn (b`durh :;).

B`durh :2 - [nosêc oh ehtnr`h oc fcfnotc kh phrt`kh.

@fpcrthotn Htnotn phrh c bhtc kn qun, sn kurhotn h phrt`kh, h tnosêc kh ehtnr`h b`jhr heh`xc kn 8= vcits, c fctcr kn phrt`kh oêc tnrè bcräh sub`j`notn phrh hj`cohr c fctcr kc vnæjuic. Jhsc `stc cjcrrh, h ehtnr`h knvnrè snr vnr`b`jhkh n rnjhrrndhkh, cu notêc suest`tuækh.

B`durh :; - ]coths hpi`jhkhs hcs ecrons kh ehtnr`h.

Cesnrvhfcs c vhicr hprnsnothkc Cesnrvhfcs hprnsnothkc oc fcstrhkcr. Jcfc sn octh, c vhicr kh tnosêc prnsnotn oh ehtnr`h nstè uf pcujc hj`fh kc ocfòhi (85 R). @stc à knv`kc, jcfc jcf c oc nxn nxnfpic fpic kh pìah, hc bhtc kh ehtnr`h nsthr jhrrndhkh n kn oêc tnrfcs onoauf k`spcs`t`vc kc vnæjuic jcosufòkc nonrd`h (b`durh :>). @osthihäêc kn Zcf Hutcfct`vc - Huih 8

Cesnrvn hdcrh qun jcf c fctcr kc vnæjuic buoj`cohokc n hjninrhkc, h tnosêc prnsnotn oh ehtnr`h hufnoth kn vhicr, htòdòkc quhsn 8; vcits. @stc cjcrrn knv`kc hc jcrrntc :5


buoj`cohfnotc kc hitnrohkcr n rnduihkcr kn tnosêc (b`durh :4).

B`durh :0 - C vhicr kh tnosêc oêc scbrn drhokn rnkuäêc oc fcfnotc kh phrt`kh. B`durh :4 - Jcf c fctcr buoj`cohokc, h tnosêc oh ehtnr`h ehtnr `h scen kn vhicr htà c i`f`tn kntnrfòhk kntnrfòhkc c pnic rnduihkcr kn tnosêc.

]cs`j`cohfcs hdcrh hs pcoths kn prcvh scern cs jconjtcrns kcs jhecs kh ehtnr`h (b`durh ;=).

@fpcrthotn À jcrrntc octhr-sn qun knpc`s kn knsi`dhkc c fctcr, c vhicr kh tnosêc oh ehtnr`h vh` rnkuzòkc, htà htòd`r uf pcotc qun sn tcron nstèvni. Nstn vhicr nstèvni snrè c qun h ehtnr`h rnhifnotn jcosnduù hrfhznohr. Rhfcs hdcrh supcr ufh hpi`jhäêc prèt`jh. @fhdònfcs qun hc hj`cohr-sn h jahvn kn phrt`kh, c fctcr kn phrt`kh oêc d`rh c sub`j`notn phrh bhznr buoj`cohr c fctcr kc vnæjuic. ]hrh shenr c qun nstè hjcotnjnokc, hpi`jhfcs hs pcoths kn prcvh hcs ecrons (tnrfòh`s) kh ehtnr`h n vnr`b`jhfcs c vhicr kh tnosêc nf vhz`c, qun nstè ocrfhi (b`durh :1).

B`durh ;= - Fnk`äêc kh tnosêc ocs jconjtcrns kcs jhecs kc vnæjuic.

Unpntòkc c tnstn, pnrjnenfcs qun c vhicr kh tnosêc jh` krhst`jhfnotn krhst`jhfnotn hc hj`cohr hj`cohr-sn c fctcr kn phrt`kh ( b`durh ;8).

B`durh :1 - Fnkòkc h tnosêc ocs ecrons kh ehtnr`h.

Hc hj`cohr-sn h phrt`kh, octhfcs qun c vhicr kh tnosêc knvnr`h tnr scbr`kc ufh ech rnkuäêc, c qun oêc cjcrrnu (b`durh :0). @osthihäêc kn Zcf Hutcfct`vc - Huih 8

B`durh ;8 - C vhicr kh tnosêc scbrn drhokn rnkuäêc, fu`tc fh`cr kc qun sn nrh nspnrhkc. ::


Crh, jcfc c vhicr kh tnosêc jhù fu`tc hc fnk`r-sn ocs jconjtcrns kcs jhecs, fhs oêc scbrnu rnkuäêc ocs tnrfòh`s kh ehtnr`h, jcojiu`-sn qun nx`stn uf drhokn fhu jcothtc notrn cs ecrons (tnrfòh`s) kh ehtnr`h n snus jconjtcrns, qun pckn snr prcvcjhkc pcr sug`khkn cu bhith kn hpnrtc kcs jconjtcrns. Nstn fhu jcothtc buoj`coh, phrh h jcrrnotn niàtr`jh, jcfc ufh rns`stçoj`h kn ninvhkc vhicr, qun i`f`th suh òtnos òtnos`khkn `khkn n, fu`ths vnzns, `fpnkn tcthifnotn suh j`rjuihäêc (b`durh ;5).

^f pcotc `fpcrthotn à qun h tnosêc hitnrohkh oêc pcssu` pcihr`khkn, oêc `fpcrthokc notêc h k`spcs`äêc khs pcoths kn prcvh oh tcfhkh. Hiàf k`stc, c vhicr kn tnosêc qun bc` nojcotrhkc ocs pnrf`tn ushr thfeàf h nsjhih kn 5== R phrh h fnk`äêc kn tnosêc onsth tcfhkh (b`durh ;;).

B`durh ;; - Nxnfpic kn fnk`äêc kn ufh tnosêc hitnrohkh jcf h jahvn snintcrh nf 5== HJR. B`durh ;5 - ^f fhu jcothtc buoj`coh jcfc ufh rns`stçoj`h, i`f`thokc h jcrrnotn n tnosêc qun sêc hpi`jhkhs hc fctcr kn phrt`kh.

Hs pcs`äþns pcs`äþns kn rns`stçoj`h rns`stçoj`h pnrf`tnf pnrf`tnf ufh drhokn dhfh kn tnstns qun pcknf snr rnhi`zhkcs. Hotns kn nxnfpi`b`jè-ics, knvnfcs vnr`b`jhr h nxht`kêc kn in`turh qun c hphrniac pckn prcpcrj`cohr prcpcrj`cohr. ]hrh `stc, pcs`j` pcs`j`cohfcs cohfcs h jahvn snintcrh nf snu fnocr vhicr (5== ™ kuznotcs cafs) (b`durh ;>).

Enf, rntcrohokc ís buoäþns kc fuitæfntrc, tnfcs h pcs`äêc 4>= HJR HJR,, h quhi ocs pnrf`tn rnhi`zhr fnk`khs kn tnosþns kn jcrrnotn hitnrohkh. Jcfc c hiuoc pckn supcr, nsth cpäêc oêc snrè fu`tc nfprndhkh quhokc c hssuotc hssuo tc à hutcfúv hutcfúvni. ni. Notrnthotc, Notrnthotc, nih ocs pnrf`tn vnr`b`jhr c vhicr kh tnosêc kh rnkn niàtr`jh (sn ufh tcfhkh "à 88= R cu 55= R") b`durh ;:.

B`durh ;> - Jahvn snintcrh hgusthkh phrh fnk`äþns kn rns`stçoj`h htà 5== ™.

B`durh ;: - Nxnfpic kn fnk`äêc kn ufh tnosêc hitnrohkh jcf h jahvn snintcrh nf 4>= HJR. @osthihäêc kn Zcf Hutcfct`vc - Huih 8

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Nojcst Nojc sthf hfcs cs h pc pcot oth h kn pr prcv cvh h vn vnrf rfni niah ah oh prnth n vnr`b`jhfcs c vhicr kn rns`stçoj`h qun c hphr hp hrni niac ac ò òk` k`jh jh.. C jc jcrr rrnt ntc c sn snr` r`h h ce cetn tnrr h ò òk` k`jh jhäê äêc c ==.= (znrc caf), qun rnprnsnoth h husçoj`h kn rns`stçoj`h. Notrnthotc, c hphrniac hjheh òk`jhokc =,4 cafs kn rns`stçoj`h, h quhi pckn snr knv` kn v`kh kh hc hcss b`b`cs cs kh khss pc pcot oths hs kn pr prcv cvh, h, kc kcss no nojh jh`x `xns ns n khs i`dhäþns i`dhäþns òtnrohs òtnrohs kc hphrniac hphrniac (b` b`du durh rh ;2).

Octn qu Octn qun n sn ns nst`t`và vàss ssnf nfcs cs tn tnst stho hokc kc uf bu bu-sævni sæv ni qun` qun`fhk fhkc c (he (henrt nrtc), c), c hphr hphrniac niac hpr hprnsn nsnothr othr`h `h h òk`jhäêc 8 kc ihkc nsqunrkc kc fcstrhkcr, qun qu n jc jcrr rrns nspco pcokn kn h uf vh vhicr icr kn rn rns`s s`stço tçoj` j`h h fu fu`tc `tc hitc hi tc (` (òb obò ò`t`tc, c, pc pc`s `s oê oêc c nx nx`s `stn tn fh fh`s `s h iì`dh dhäê äêc c no notr trn n cs kc`s tnrfòh`s kc busævni) b`durh ;1.

B`durh ;1 - Hc fnk`r uf busævni henrtc, c vhicr hprnsnothkc snrè kn scernbh`xh (s`do`b`jhokc rns`stçoj`h òbò`th).

C fuitæfntrc thfeàf pnrf`tn qun sn vnr`b`qun c vhicr kn rns`stçoj`h kh eceòh kn uf hitc-bhihotn. Ehsth qun hpi`qunfcs hs pcoths kn prcvh hcs tnrfòh`s kc bhihotn phrh qun c vhicr kn rns`stçoj`h sngh hprnsnothkc oc fcstrhkcr (b`durh ;0).

B`durh ;2 - Jcicjhokc nf jurtc-j`rju`tc hs pcoths kn prcvh n vhicr kn rns`stçoj`h oc fcstrhkcr.

Jcfc c busævni à ehs`jhfnotn uf pnqunoc pnkhäc kn b`c, hc fnk`-ic, knvnrnfcs cetnr ufh rns`stçoj`h `duhi h znrc caf. Jcfc c hphrniac gè òk`jh ohturhifnotn =,4 cafs, knvnrnfcs knvnr nfcs jcos`knrè-ih jcos`knrè-ih jcfc snokc `duhi h znrc (b`durh ;4).

B`durh ;0 - Fnkòkc h rns`stçoj`h kn uf hitc-bhihotn jcf `fpnkåoj`h kn 1 cafs.

Hss`f jcfc oc jhsc kc busævni, sn h eceòh kc hitc-bhihotn nst`vnr henrth (òtnrrcfp`kh), c vhicr kn rns`stçoj`h òk`jhkc pnic fcstrhkcr kc hphrniac snrè òbò`tc (b`durh >=).

B`durh ;4 - Jcicjhokc hs pcoths kn prcvh nf uf busævni n vhicr kn rns`stçoj`h oc fcstrhkcr. @osthihäêc kn Zcf Hutcfct`vc - Huih 8

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Octh. À òtnrnsshotn fnoj`cohr onstn fcfnot fcf notc c qu qun n pc pcknf knfcs cs jc jcob obnr nr`r `r h pci pcihr hr`kh `khkn kn kn uf hitc-bhihotn jcf c nfprndc kn ufh s`fpin s`f pinss pì pìah. ah. Ehs Ehsth th noj nojcst csthr hr rhp rhp`kh `khfno fnotn tn cs tnrfòh`s kh pìah hcs tnrfòh`s kc bhihotn n, sn c snu jcon knsicjhr-sn phrh h brnotn, c tnrfòhi pcs`t`vc kc bhihotn snrè c qun nst`vnr rnjnenokc c tnrfòhi pcs`t`vc kh pìah. Hc jcot jcotrèr`c rèr`c,, sn c jcon knsic knsicjhrjhr-sn sn phrh très très,, snrè pcrqun c tnrfòhi pcs`t`vc kh pìah nstè hpi`jhkc hc tnrfòhi ondht`vc kc bhihotn.

B`durh >= - Fnkòkc h rns`stçoj`h kn uf hitc-bhihotn jcf suh eceòh henrth.

Oh rnhi`khkn, cs hitc-bhihotns hprnsnothf `fpnkåoj`h n oêc rns`stçoj`h, gusthfnotn pnic bhtc kn sn nfprndhrnf eceòhs nf suh jcostruäêc. Notrnthotc, hpnshr kn oêc snr c `knhi, h fnk`äêc kn rns`stçoj`h nf uf hitc-bhihotn pnrf`tn qun sn tnoah ufh `kn`h enf prúx`fh kc vhicr rnhi kn suh `fpnkåoj`h. Onsth bctc, pcknfcs vnr h fnk`äêc kh rns`stçoj`h kn ufh eceòh kn 1 cafs (b`durh >8).

B`durh >5 - Fnkòkc h rns`stçoj`h kn ufh eceòh kn ; ™ phrh hitc-bhihotn.

Rhfcs knsjrnvnr fh`s uf nxnfpic kn usc kh nsjhih kn rns`stçoj`h kc fuitæfntrc. C tnstn kn ufh iåfphkh thfeàf à bn`tc jcf h jahvn oh pcs`äêc 5== cafs. Nsthokc c bìhfnotc òtn`rc, c fcstrhkcr hprnsnothrè snu vhicr kn rns`stçoj`h< nsthokc c bìhfnotc henrtc (’qun`fhkc‖), c fcstrhkcr òk`jhrè rns`stçoj`h òbò`th (b`durh >:).

B`durh >8 - Fnkòkc h rns`stçoj`h kn ufh eceòh kn 1 ™ phrh hitc-bhihotn.

Rngh onsth `fhdnf c fnsfc tnstn snokc bn`tc nf ufh eceòh kn hitc-bhihotn kn ; cafs kn `fpnkåoj`h `fpnkåoj`h (b`durh >5). @osthihäêc kn Zcf Hutcfct`vc - Huih 8

B`durh >: - Rnr`b`jhokc h rns`stçoj`h hprnsnothkh pnic bìhfnotc kn ufh iåfphkh òjhoknsjnotn. :2


Oc jhsc kh iåfphkh jcf kc`s bìhfnotcs, kn usc hutcfct`vc, h vnr`b`jhäêc à bn`th fhotnokc-sn ufh khs pcoths oh ihth qun h novcivn (jhrjhäh) n hpi`jhokc-sn h cutrh h uf kcs tnrfòh`s (b`durh >;).

kêc i`vrn phsshdnf h jnrths brnquçoj`hs, kn hjcrkc jcf snu vhicr kn jhphj`tåoj`h. ]hrh qun pcsshfcs tnsthr hknquhkhfnotn hknquhkhfnotn uf jhphj`tcr, ò`j`hifnotn jurtc-j`rju`thfcs snus tnrfòh`s, h b`f kn `duhihr hs jhrdhs niàtr`jhs nx`stnotns nf suhs pihjhs òtnrohs ( b`durh >2).

B`durh >; - Rnr`b`jhokc h rns`stçoj`h hprnsnothkh pcr uf kcs bìhfnotcs kn ufh iåfphkh òjhoknsjnotn kn usc hutcfct`vc. B`durh >2 - Jcicjhokc nf jurtc-j`rju`tc cs tnrfòh`s kn uf jhphj`tcr nintrciæt`jc.

Hpi`jhokc-sn h pcoth hc cutrc Hpi`jhokc-sn cutrc tnrfòhi tnrfòhi kh iåfphkh, octhfcs qun c vhicr kn rns`stçoj`h hprnsnothkc à k`bnrnotn. Jhsc vcjç nstngh jur`csc kc pcrquç kcs kc`s bìhfnotcs tnrnf rns`stçoj`h s`stço j`h k`bnrnotn, c fct`vc à qun c bìhfnot bìhfnotc c kn fnocr rns`stçoj`h `rè hqunjnr n ìufòhr fh`s (bhrci hitc), hitc), hc jcotrèr`c khqunin qun t`vnr fh`cr vhicr (bhrci eh`xc) b`durh >>.

Nf sndu`kh, jcf h jahvn snintcrh pcs`j`cohkh oc fh`cr vhicr kn rns`stçoj`h, hpi`jhfcs hs pcoths kn prcvh scern c jcfpconotn n vnr`b`jhfcs sn c vhicr hprnsnothkc vh` fukhokc (b`durh >4).

B`durh >> - Rnr`b`jhokc h rns`stçoj`h hprnsnothkh pnic snduokc bìhfnotc kn ufh iåfphkh òjhoknsjnotn kn usc hutcfct`vc.

B`durh >4 - C vhicr ò`j`hifnotn fcstrhkc oc k`spihy à eh`xc, htà ondht`vc.

Cs jhphj`tcrns (jahfhkcs pcr hiduos kn jcoknoshkcrns) jcoknoshkcrn s) sêc ehsthotn nfprndhkcs nf jcoguotc jcf twnntnrs, gè qun ’eicqun`hf‖ cu

Cu sngh, sn c vhicr vh` sueòkc htà hprnsnothr h òk`jhäêc kn scernbh`xh (8 kc ihkc nsqunrkc kc fcstrhkcr) b`durh >1.


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B`durh>0 B`durh >0 - @o @ovn vnrt rtno nokc kc-s -sn n hs pc pcot oths hs kn pr prcv cvh, h, c fn fnsf sfc c rn rn-suith su ithkc kc kn knvn vn snr snrns nspn pnrhk rhkc, c, cu sn sngh, gh, c vh vhicr icrknv knvn n sue sue`r`r jc jcos os-thotnf tho tnfnot notn n htà qun qunsng sngh h fcs fcstrh trhkh kh òk òk`jh `jhäêc äêckn kn sce scernb rnbh`x h`xh. h. B`durh >1 - C vhicr vh` sueòkc jcosthotnfnotn, htà qun sngh hprnsnothkh òk`jhäêc kn scernbh`xh.

]hrh bòhi`zhr nstn túp`jc, à fu`tc `fpcrthotn rnsshithr qun phrh h fh`cr`h khs fnk`khs, hs pcoths kn prcvh sêc hpi`jhkhs nf phrhinic jcf hquìc qun sn knsngh fnk`r. Gè phrh h phrh h fnk`kh kn jcrrnotn, hs pcoths knvnrêc snr hpi`jhkhs nf sàr`n, htnothokc-sn thfeàf quhotc hc snot`kc kh pcihr`khkn, `stc à, h pcoth vnrfniah knvnrè nsthr i`dhkh hc pcotc fh`s pcs`t`vc, noquhotc qun h prnth knvnrè snr i`dhkh hc pcotc fh`s ondht`v ondht`vc c (b`durh 2=).

H sn sndu du`r, `r, ò òvn vnrt rtnf nf-s -sn n hs pc pcot oths hs,, quhokc quhok c sn knvn cetnr c fnsfc rnsuithkc. rnsuithkc. @stc cjcrrn pcrqun c jhphj`tcr vh` hrfhznohokc h tnosêc prnsnotn ohs pcoths kn prcvh kc fuitæfntrc. Jhsc nstn nbn`tc oêc cjcrrh, cu c hphrniac rnd`strn uf vhicr b`xc kn rns`stçoj`h, c jhphj`tcr nsthrè jcf prceinfhs (b`durh >0).

B`durh 2= - Bcrfhs kn sn hpi`jhr c fuitæfntrc phrh fnk`äþns kn tnosêc, rns`stçoj`h n jcrrnotn. @osthihäêc kn Zcf Hutcfct`vc - Huih 8

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Rngh sn Hprnoknu - Huih 8 8- ]hrh qun pcssh ahvnr jcrrnotn niàtr`jh pnrjcrrnokc uf j`rju`tc, à onjnssèr`c qun7 h) ( e) ( j) ( k) (

) nstn nstn j`rj j`rju`tc u`tc nst nstngh ngh bnj bnjahkc ahkc.. ) nstn nstn j`r j`rju` ju`tc tc nst nstngh ngh hen henrtc rtc.. ) ahgh ufh tno tnosêc sêc hpi` hpi`jhk jhkh. h. ) Hs Hs hitnro hitnroht`v ht`vhs hs H n J nstê nstêc c jcrrnt jcrrnths. hs.

5- Kc`s rns`stcrns kn 1 cafs jhkh nstêc i`dhkcs nf sàr`n. H rns`stçoj`h tcthi kh hsscj`häêc à `duhi h7 h) ( ) 5 ca cafs fs.. e) ( ) ; ca cafs fs.. j) ( ) 1 ca cafs fs.. k) ( ) 82 ca cafs fs..

:- Nf ufh jcok`äêc kn jurtc-j`rju`tc7 h) ( e) ( j) ( k) (

) h jcrrn jcrrnotn otn qun qun pnrjc pnrjcrrn rrn c j`rju`t j`rju`tc c à ouih. ouih. ) h rns`stç rns`stçoj`h oj`h cbnrnj cbnrnj`kh `kh jh` krhst` krhst`jhfnot jhfnotn. n. ) h jcrrn jcrrnotn otn hufnot hufnoth h fu`tc fu`tc kn vhicr vhicr.. ) Hs hitnroht`v hitnroht`vhs hs E n J nstêc nstêc jcrrnths jcrrnths n sn jcfpinfn jcfpinfnothf. othf.

;- Hssòhin h hitnroht`vh qun jcfpinth jcrrnthfnotn h snotnoäh. ’H jcrrnotn niàtr`jh qun htrhvnssh htrhvnssh uf jcokutcr à SSSSSSSSSSSS prcpcrj`cohi í tnosêc hpi`jhkh h snus nxtrnfcs n SSSSSSSSSSSS prcpcrj`cohi í rns`stçoj`h qun nin hprnsnoth‖. h) ( ) òvnrs òvnrshfnotn hfnotn<< òvnrs òvnrshfnotn. hfnotn. e) ( ) òvnrs òvnrshfn hfnotn< otn< k`r k`rnth nthfnot fnotn. n. j) ( ) k`rn k`rnthf thfnotn notn<< òvn òvnrsh rshfno fnotn. tn. k) ( ) k`rn k`rnthf thfnot notn< n< k`rnth k`rnthfnot fnotn. n.

>- Kc`s rns`stcrns kn 1 cafs jhkh nstêc i`dhkcs nf phrhinic. H rns`stçoj`h tcthi kh hsscj`häêc à `duhi h7 h) ( ) ; ca cafs fs.. e) ( ) 1 ca cafs fs.. j) ( ) 82 ca cafs fs.. k) ( ) :5 ca cafs fs..

Ces7 H rnspcsth kc Rngh sn Hprnoknu kh Huih 8, sn nojcotrh oc Rngh sn Hprnoknu Huih 5 @osthihäêc kn Zcf Hutcfct`vc - Huih 8

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Instalação de Som Automotivo - Aula 01

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