İngilizce KPDS, ÜDS, YDS Bu ve bağlantılı sayfalarda yer alan dilbilgisi ve sınavlara hazırlık açıklamaları ile alıştırmaları
o
herhangi bir İngilizce dil sınavlarına hazırlık ve çeviri kursunda ya da o kitap, dergi, fotokopi ve benzeri basılı ortamlarda ya da
o
bulunduğu internet sitesi dışında bir internet sitesinde
kullanılmak üzere hazırlanmamıştır. Ancak, kişisel kullanım amacıyla sayfaları kendi elektronik ortamınıza kaydedebilir ya da basılı çıktı alabilirsiniz.
SINAV NOTLARI TOPLAM 570 SAYFA Sınavlar Hakkında Genel Bilgi İngilizce KPDS, ÜDS ve YDS ile ayrıntılı bilgilere (içerik, düzenleniş tarihleri, başvuru, değerlendirme gibi) ÖSYM adresinden ulaşabilirsiniz. Bu üç sınavın ortak nitelikleri şunlar: • • • • • •
Sorular beş seçeneklidir. Seçeneklerde dilbilgisi açıdan yanlış hiçbir ifade bulunmaz; İngilizcenin sözcük oluşturma kurallarına uygun olmayan hiçbir sözcük kullanılmaz. Yanlış yanıtın doğru yanıtı silmesi uygulaması yoktur. Seçeneklerde HİÇBİRİ, YUKARIDAKİLERİN HEPSİ ya da ( - ) biçiminde bir ifade yer almaz. Dilbilgisi açısından İngiliz İngilizcesi temel alınır. Her üç sınavın soru tipleri ortaktır.
SÖZCÜK BİLGİSİ Sözcük Bilgisi Sorularının İncelenmesi Sözcük Bilgisi Çalışması. DİLBİLGİSİ Ayrıntılı Dilbilgisi Notları Dilbilgisi Sorularının İncelenmesi. EKSİK TÜMCEYİ TAMAMLAMA Eksik Tümceyi Tamamlama Sorularının İncelenmesi. İNGİLİZCEDEN TÜRKÇEYE ÇEVİRİ İngilizceden Türkçeye Çeviri Sorularının İncelenmesi. TÜRKÇEDEN İNGİLİZCEYE ÇEVİRİ Türkçeden İngilizceye Çeviri Sorularının İncelenmesi. PARAGRAF TAMAMLAMA Paragraf Tamamlama Sorularının İncelenmesi. ANLAM BÜTÜNLÜĞÜNÜ BOZAN TÜMCE Anlam Bütünlüğünü Bozan Tümce Sorularının İncelenmesi. VERİLEN DURUMA UYGUN DÜŞEN İFADE Verilen Duruma Uygun Düşen İfade Sorularının İncelenmesi.
KONUŞMADA BOŞ BIRAKILAN YERİN TAMAMLANMASI Konuşmada Boş Bırakılan Yerin Tamamlanması Sorularının İncelenmesi. YAKIN ANLAMLI TÜMCE Yakın Anlamlı Tümce Sorularının İncelenmesi. OKUMA Okuma Sorularının İncelenmesi Okuma Alıştırmaları.
DENEME SINAVLARI Bu bölümde, KPDS'nin düzenine göre oluşturulmuş iki tane deneme sınavı yer almakta. Sınavları KPDS'de toplam olarak 3 saat süre verildiğini göz önünde bulundurarak ele alın. Bu bölümdeki üçüncü, “öylesine” deneme sınavı ise sürekli deneme sınavı çözmekten bıkan öğrencilerim için biraz da eğlenmek amacıyla hazırladığım bir çalışma. Ancak, dikkatli olun! Öğrencilerim bu sınavı en az diğerleri kadar zor buldular. Deneme Sınavı 1 Deneme Sınavı 2
KPDS, ÜDS, YDS Soruların İncelenmesi Sözcük Bilgisi • • •
Soru tümcesini dikkatli bir şekilde okuyun. Soru tümcesinde geçen ve anlamını bilmediğiniz sözcüklerle aşırı zaman harcamayın. Bazen bu sözcükler fazlaca bir önem taşımayabilir. Yanıtı bildiğinizi düşünseniz bile tüm seçenekleri okuyun. Seçeneklerden biri, sizin düşündüğünüz sözcükten çok daha uygun olabilir.
1. Soruların Analizi ve İpuçları: Sıfat, Ad ve Yüklem eklenmesi (a) SIFAT A few people enjoyed the exhibition, but the majority were clearly _______. A) restrained B) admirable C) impartial D) disappointed E) relieved (b) AD
The Kodak Company now faces stiff ______ both from abroad and from rival firms at home. A) renovation B) competition C) investment D) commerce E) recession (c) YÜKLEM I believe that leaders must make an effort to stay open-minded and try to ______ another person's point of view. A) deplore B) recover C) forecast D) insist E) appreciate Bağlam: Sözcük bilgisinin yanısıra bağlam çok büyük yardım sağlayabilmekte. Sözcüğün içinde geçtiği tümcenin tümünün incelenmesi, ipuçları sağlayacaktır. Bu ipuçları şu bilgileri verebilir: •
Sözcüğün olumlu mu yoksa olumsuz mu olacağı.
The extensive ________ over the past years have caused widespread famine in central Asia. A) precipitation B) snow C) droughts D) wet seasons E) winds Bu soruda bağlamın çözülmesi, FAMINE sözcüğünün anlamını bilip bilmemekte yatmakta. Eğer bu sözcüğün anlamını bilmiyorsanız, doğru yanıtı bulma şansınız azalmakta. Bu durumda da, CENTRAL ASIA hiç değilse seçenekleri elemenize yardımcı olabilir. Orta Asya'nın coğrafya koşullarını göz önünde bulundurarak, en azından (D) ve belki (B) seçeneğini hemen eleyebilirsiniz. FAMINE sözcüğünün anlamını biliyorsanız, bu durumda işiniz daha kolay. Sözcük kıtlık anlamını taşıdığına göre, buna neden olan şeyin de olumsuz anlam taşıması gerekir. Ekin söz konusu olduğunda (b), (c) ve (e) olumsuz sayılabilir. Bunlar içinde de (c) seçeneği, yani kuraklık uygun seçenek olmaktadır. (b) seçeneğindeki kar ya da (e) seçeneğindeki rüzgarlar uygun seçenek olamaz zira tümcede over the past years ifadesi kullanılarak bu olumsuz durumun yıllardır sürdüğü anlatılmaktadır. Bu soruda, her zaman rastlanamayacak bir dilbilgisi desteği de yer almakta. Sorunun a ve b seçeneklerinde sayılamayan (=uncountable) ad kullanılmakta. Tümcenin yüklemi ise have, yani çoğul ad ile kullanılan bir yüklemdir. Bu iki seçenek derhal elenebilir. •
Sözcüğün bir preposition'a sahip olup olmadığı.
It is a pity that he _______ on his potentially harmful plans. A) considers B) insists C) decides D) thinks E) succeeds Tümcede boşluğa gelmesi gereken yüklem on ile kullanılmaktadır. Seçenekler içinde sadece (b) ve (c) on ile kullanılabilir. Anlam olarak da (b) en uygun seçenektir. Sözcüğün yapısı: Yine bağlamdan yola çıkarak, boşluk için gereken sözcüğün olumlu bir anlamı mı yoksa olumsuz bir anlamı mı yansıtması gerektiğine karar verdikten sonra - var ise sözcüklerdeki ön ve art takıları inceleyin. Sözcüğün yapısı ile ilgili diğer ipuçları: Bazı ad, sıfat ve yüklemlerin birlikte kullanıldıkları belirli preposition'lar yukarıdaki örnek soruda olduğu gibi soru tümcesinin kendinde olabileceği gibi, seçeneklerde de olabilir. Buna göre belirli seçenekler ön plana çıkarılabilir ya da elenebilir. Bu ipucu ile ilgili açıklamalar aşağıdaki kısımda da karşınıza çıkmakta. 2. Soruların Analizi ve İpuçları: Preposition, Pronoun, Phrasal Verb eklenmesi (d) PREPOSITION This article _____ Murat IV is extremely well written. A) to B) from C) over D) for E) on (e) PRONOUN ______ desk is on the right as you enter, ______ is on the left. A) Ours/your B) Hers/his C) Her/mine D) Their/my E) Them/my • • •
Sık kullanılan ad + preposition, sıfat + preposition ve yüklem + preposition yapıları ayrıntılı olarak bilmeniz gerekmekte. Sık kullanılan phrasal verb yapıları ayrıntılı olarak bilmeniz gerekmekte. Yukarıda (e) örneğinde olduğu gibi, iki boşluk verilmesi durumunda, eleme yapmanız kolaylaşmakta. Boşluklardan birine uygun düşen sözcüğü bilmeniz durumunda bu sözcüklerin bulunmadığı seçenekleri eleyebilirsiniz.
3. Genel Notlar A. Sözcük çalışma ve dosyalama sistemi geliştirin.
Sınav öncesinde sözcük çalışmak ve dosyalamak için çeşitli sistemler önerilmekte. Dil öğrenenlerin bazıları bir yanında yabancı sözcük, diğer yanında da Türkçe anlamı yazılı olan kartlar oluşturmaktadır. Bazıları da yanlarında sürekli sözlük taşımayı tercih etmekte. Özellikle elektronik cep sözlüklerinin yaygınlaştığı günümüzde sürekli sözlük taşımak kolaylaşmakta ise de, sözcüklerin öğrenebilmesi için iyi bir sözcük dosyalama sisteminin aşağıdaki özellikleri taşıması gerekir.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Sözcüğün türü (Part of speech) Eş anlam ve karşıt anlam (Synonym ve Antonym) Farklı anlamlar Örnek tümce(ler) Türkçe karşılık
Aşağıda verilen kart örneği bir model teşkil edebilir. Örnek olarak "date" sözcüğü alındı. Sözcük date
Türü
Eş anlam
(1) noun; (2) noun; (3) noun; (4) verb; (5) verb; (6) verb
(1) epoch, era, term. (3) appointment; rendezvous. (4) meet; go out with. (5) see; escort; (6) register; determine
Karşıt anlam
Anlam(lar)ı ve kullanımı (1) tarih (2) hurma (3) buluşma; randevu TO HAVE A DATE WITH SOMEONE (4) buluşmak; birisi ile çıkmak TO DATE WITH SOMEONE (5) eşlik etmek ** Kullanımı çok az. (6) tarihlemek; kaydetmek Örnek(ler) 1. The date is September 8, 1995. 2. Dates are quite refreshing in hot weather. 3. I have a date with a beautiful girl. 4. He is dating with a beautiful girl. 5. KULLANIMI ÇOK AZ. 6. We found relics dating back to the first century B.C. B. Sık olarak karıştırılan yapılara dikkat edin. İngilizcede bazı yapılar ve sözcükler sık olarak karıştırılmakta. Bunların örnekleri aşağıdaki alıştırmada verilmekte. Alıştırma Uygun seçeneği belirleyin.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
(Especially/Special) attention must be given to the questions at the end of each chapter. An explanation will (precede/proceed) each section of the test. Can you ________ (recommend, introduce) a book on gems? Dante's (immoral/immortal) literary masterpieces are read in universities. Did somebody tell you to send the cable or did you at on your own ________ (initiative, initiation)?
6. Eric's courageous rescue of the drowning child was a (credulous/creditable) deed. 7. Every time Maria travels with her children, she has (access/excess) baggage. 8. Everything (accept/except) our swimwear is packed and ready to go. 9. George was (among/between) those students selected for the debate. 10. I ________ (hope, wish) Peter comes tomorrow. 11. I ________ (hope, wish) Peter would come soon. 12. In 1969 the astronauts who landed on the moon collected (samples/examples) of rocks and soil.
13. Keith's company headquarters were (formerly/formally) located in this city. 14. Last week my uncle ________ (brought, took) us for a ride in his car. 15. Maria was working very (hard/harly) on her thesis. 16. Mary is very ________ (conscious, conscientious) worker, so you can rely on her. 17. Mary likes to ________ (watch, look) the news on television. 18. Mary's insulting remark greatly (effected/affected) Peter, who is a very (sensible/sensitive) 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42.
person. My brother works very ________ (hard, hardly) and usually comes home at night. Perry's spare flashlight was (helpless/useless) at the night of the storm because the batteries were flat. Peter has joined the Army ________ (as, like) his brother. Peter should ________ (spend, pay) more time on planning his work. Please ________ (take, bring) this letter to the school office. The fire started ________ (during, while) we were asleep. The gaudy decorations in the hall (detracted/distracted) from the beauty of the celebration. The government will (persecute/prosecute) the guilty parties for polluting the waters. The United States is a melting pot of (emigrants/immigrants). There are many thorns in this path, so don't walk along with ________ (naked, nude, bare) feet. There is no mistake. I ________ (ensure, assure) you that we have checked the invoice carefully. This drink tastes nice. I would ________ (very, much, very much) like to know how you made it. This ring ________ (is worth/worth) at least a thousand dollars. Two men ________ (stole, robbed) a lady and ________ (brought, took) her bag away, but they were caught by the police. Two men were arguing in the street. The noise soon ________ (attacked, attracted) a crowd of people. Two people retired in June, and six in July. That means that eight people have resigned ________ (altogether, totally) in the past two months. We must find out the ________ (cause, reason) for his absence from the meeting. What was the ________ (cause, reason) of the disaster? When Louise set the table, she set the silverware (beside/besides) the plates. When one of the players was ________ (injured, wounded), the manager ________ (replaced, substituted) him. Which dress shall I ________ (put on, wear) to the party? While doing the experiment, we asked the lab technician's (advise/advice). You essay is very (imaginary/imaginative) and worthy of an "A" grade. You should not say things that make a highly (sensitive/sensible) person upset.
C. "Sahte dostlar"a dikkat edin. Türkçeye genelde Fransızcadan girdiği için İngilizce anlamdan farklı kullanılan ya da zaman içinde anlam değişikliğine uğramış, ya da birden çok farklı anlamı olan sözcüklere dikkat edin. Bunların en tipik olanlarına örnek vermek gerekirse:
İNGİLİZCE SÖZCÜK dramatic
inexpensive
reflection
YAPILAN HATA
OLMASI GEREKEN ANLAM
Türkçede "tiyatrovari" anlamı "theatretical" anlamının yanısıra taşıyan "dramatik" "very" anlamı da var. sözcüğünün karşılığı olarak görülmekte. Türkçedeki "ekonomi ile ilgili" "Tutumlu, pahalı olmayan" anlamını taşıyan "ekonomik" anlamlarını taşımakta. sözcüğünün eşdeğer olarak görülmekte. En bilinen anlamı olan "yansıma" dışındaki anlamları çok bilinmemekte.
"Reflect" yüklemi "yansıtmak" dışında "düşünmek", "reflection" adı da "düşünme/düşünce" anlamlarını taşımakta.
"Sempatik" anlamı verilmekte
İlk ve tek anlamı "anlayışlı".
magazine
"Dergi/Magazin" dışındaki anlamı çok bilinmemekte.
"Silah sarjörü" anlamı da var.
date
Tarih dışındaki anlamı çok bilinmemekte.
Yüklem de olabilmesinin yanısıra, "hurma" anlamı da var.
sympathetic
4. Sözcük Bilgisinin Geliştirilmesi Longman Lexicon of Contemporary English (McArthur, 1991) başlıklı çalışmanın sözcük derleme listesine dayanarak, sözcüklerin birbirler
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Sözcük Bilgisi Sözcük Çalışmaları
Sözcük bilginizi pekiştirmeniz ve geliştirmeniz için aşağıda sıralanan 23 konudaki sözcüklerin anlamları ve farklı formları üzerinde çalışma yapmanızı öneririm. Sözcüklerin yalnızca anlamları ile yetinmeyin, var ise diğer formlarını da (ad, sıfat vs. halleri) inceleyin. Verilen alıştırmalarda genellikle başlıkta verilen sözcüklerle tümceleri ya da tanımları eşleştirmeniz istenmekte. Örneğin,
A3. deadly, fatal, lethal 1. Run! We are in ________ danger! YANIT DEADLY 2. There was a ________ accident last night. 3. People are not permitted to carry ______ weapons here. ya da
B1. animal, being, creature, beast, species, breed, race 1. a four-footed animal YANIT BEAST 2. a group of plants or animals that are the same of a kind, which are alike in all important ways, and which can produce young of the same kind 3. a kind or class of animal or plant, usually developed by man 4. a living creature, especially a person or a personality 5. a living thing, especially an animal 6. a living thing, not a plant or a human 7. any of several kinds of people with different physical features
Bazı alıştırmalarda, tümceler sonunda verilen sözcüğün farklı bir formunu boşluk içinde kullanmanız gerekmekte. Örneğin:
A2. abolish, assassin, eliminate, kill, massacre, murder, slaughter 1. _______ of war means peace forever. ABOLISH YANIT ABOLISHMENT 2. Several American presidents have been ________ . ASSASSIN 3. His using drugs resulted in his ________ from the games. ELIMINATE 4. In order to get rid of this pain, you need to get a pain-________. KILL 5. They went through the land, burning and ________ . MASSACRE 6. She gave him a ________ look! She was very angry. MURDER 7. Many people are needlessly _______ each year in road accidents. SLAUGHTER Çok az sayıda alıştırmada eşanlam ya da karşıt anlam bulmanız istenmekte. Örneğin:
G4. active, lazy, lively 1. ineffective, boring X _____ YANIT LIVELY 2. hardworking, industrious X _____ 3. idle, indolent, inert X _____ Bazen de sözcüğün farklı bir formu doğrudan istenmekte. Örneğin:
F4. discover, track down, trace 1. Discover (v) __________ (n) YANIT DISCOVERY, DISCOVERER Az kullanılan bir alıştırma türünde, başlıkta verilen sözcüğün birlikte kullanıldığı sözcükler sorulmakta. Örneğin:
brain, brow, nostril, pupil, throat, tonsils, tooth, wink 1. We _________ our brains but couldn't find the answer. YANIT RACKED Diğer alıştırmalar kendi kendisini açıklayacak türden.
İşlenen Konular
1. LIFE AND LIVING THINGS 2. THE BODY: ITS FUNCTION 3. THE BODY: ITS WELFARE 4. PEOPLE AND FAMILY 5. SOCIAL ORGANIZATION 6. LAW AND ORDER GENERALLY 7. RELIGION AND BELIEFS 8. BUILDINGS, HOUSES, THE HOME 9. CLOTHES, BELONGINGS, AND PERSONAL CARE 10. FOOD, DRINK, AND FARMING 11. FEELINGS, EMOTIONS, ATTITUDES, AND SENSATIONS 12. THOUGHT 13. COMMUNICATING 14. LANGUAGE AND GRAMMAR 15. SUBSTANCES, MATERIALS, OBJECTS, AND EQUIPMENT 16. ARTS AND CRAFTS, SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, INDUSTRY AND EDUCATION 17. NUMBERS, MEASUREMENT, MONEY, AND COMMERCE 18. ENTERTAINMENT, SPORTS, AND GAMES 19. SPACE 20. TIME 21. MOVEMENT, LOCATION, TRAVEL, AND TRANSPORT 22. GENERAL AND ABSTRACT TERMS 23. DOING THINGS
Dilbilgisi Açıklamaları
Çeviri ve Sınavlar İçin Dilbilgisi Dilbilgisi açıklamaları hem İNGİLİZCE-TÜRKÇE GENEL ÇEVİRİ, hem de KPDS, ÜDS ve YDS'ye yönelik olarak derlenmiştir. Sınavlar açısından önemli olduğu düşünülen noktalar ilgili dilbilgisi konusunda ayrıca vurgulanmaktadır. Örnek sorular da verilmektedir. Kullanılan bazı terimlerin İngilizce karşılığı: ad
noun
adıl
pronoun
belirteç
adverb
eylem
verb
nesne
object
sıfat
adjective
tümce
sentence / clause
zaman
tense
DİLBİLGİSİ AÇIKLAMALARI ZAMAN KAVRAMI (= TENSE) SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE, PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE, PRESENT PERFECT TENSE, PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE, SIMPLE PAST TENSE, PAST PERFECT TENSE, PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE, PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE, INFINITIVE YAPILARDA PAST, GERUND YAPILARDA PAST, WILL, BE (= AM/IS/ARE) GOING TO, BE (= AM/IS/ARE) TO, FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE, FUTURE PERFECT TENSE MODAL VERB BE (= AM/IS/ARE) ABLE TO, CAN, COULD, DARE, HAD BETTER, HAVE (GOT) TO, MAY, MIGHT, MUST, NEED(N'T), OUGHT TO, SHALL, SHOULD, USED TO, WILL, WOULD, WOULD RATHER EDİLGEN YAPI (= PASSIVE) KULLANIM, ZAMANLAR VE YARDIMCI YÜKLEMLERDE EDİLGEN, EDİLGEN ANLAM TAŞIYAN YÜKLEMLER, ACTIVE TÜMCENİN NESNESİNİN BİR CLAUSE OLMASI, INFINITIVE YAPININ EDİLGEN HALİ BASİT TÜMCE TÜMCE, BASİT TÜMCELERİN ÇEVİRİSİ TÜMCE + TÜMCE : COORDINATION AND, OR, BUT, EITHER ... OR, BOTH ... AND, NOR, NOT ONLY ... BUT (ALSO/AS WELL), NEITHER ... NOR TÜMCE + TÜMCE: SUBORDINATION TANIM, ÇEVİRİ İŞLEMİ RELATIVE CLAUSE DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSE, NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSE NOUN CLAUSE THAT CLAUSE, WH CLAUSE, YES/NO CLAUSE, EXCLAMATIVE CLAUSE, INFINITIVE CLAUSE, -ING CLAUSE, BARE INFINITIVE CLAUSE (CAUSATIVE ve diğerleri)
COMPARISON CLAUSE EŞİTSİZLİK, EŞİTLİK , YETERLİLİK VE FAZLALIK ADVERBIAL CLAUSE TIME CLAUSE, CONDITION CLAUSE, PLACE CLAUSE, CONCESSION CLAUSE, CONTRAST CLAUSE, REASON CLAUSE, PURPOSE CLAUSE, RESULT CLAUSE, SIMILARITY CLAUSE, EXCEPTION CLAUSE, COMMENT CLAUSE VERBLESS CLAUSE DİĞER YAPILAR ARTICLE, İYELİK , YÜKLEM + YÜKLEM , INFINITIVE (= [TO] + YÜKLEM) , GERUND (= VING) , INFINITIVE VE GERUND: ÖZNE KONUMUNDA , IT , SHOULD , DEVRİK YAPI (= INVERSION) , ANY / EVERY , ÖZNE - YÜKLEM UYUMU , QUESTION TAG , SO VE NOT: DEĞİNME SÖZCÜKLERİ OLARAK , AD (= NOUN) , BELİRTEÇ (= ADVERB) , SIFAT (= ADJECTIVE), PREPOSITION, PHRASAL VERB, ÖN VE ART TAKILAR (= PREFIX, SUFFIX)
Baş sayfaya dön.
Çeviri sayfasına dön.
Çeviri - Sözlük seçimi ve kullanımına geç.
Sınavlar sayfasına dön.
Sözcük Bilgisi çalışmasına geç.
Tense | Modal Verb | Passive | Basic Sentence | Coordination | Subordination | Relative Clause | Noun Clause | Comparison Clause | Adverbial Clause | Verbless Clause | Others
KPDS, ÜDS, YDS Soruların İncelenmesi Dilbilgisi • •
Önce seçeneklere bakın ve eğer seçenekler kısa ise tümcede eksik olan bölümün ne olduğunu görün. Seçenekler uzun ise zaman kaybetmeyin. Soru tümcesini okuyun. Soru tümcesini okurken, tümcenin temel unsurlarını (Ö+Y+N ve ana tümce ile yan tümce) belirlemeye çalışın. Bunlar dışında kalan ve tümcenin uzunluğuna katkı sağlamaktan başka bir işlevi olmayan unsurları ayıklayın.
1. Ö+Y+N yapılı tümcede eksik unsur. Basit tümcede: Tümcenin Ö+Y+N yapısını kontrol edin. Basit tümce zannettiğiniz bir yapı bileşik tümce olabilir.
A. Eksik olan özne ise: Yüklemin tekil ya da çoğul olmasından yola çıkarak tekil ya da çoğul özne arayın;
..... is an animal of great concern to scientists. A) That the giraffe B) The giraffe C) These giraffes D) Giraffes E) Those giraffes Nesnedeki it(s), his her, him, them.. sözcükleri yolu ile özneyi saptamaya çalışın; ..... will always be remembered for its sinking on her maiden voyage. A) This ship B) That the ship C) These ships D) Ships E) Those ships Tümcede, özneyi niteleyen unsurları göz önünde bulundurun: Determiner: Article (a, an, the), demonstrative (this, that, these, those), possessive adjective (my, our, your, his, her, its, their) Adjective: Common (old, yellow, ..), participal (interesting, bored, ..), nominal (plactic, glass, ..) Quantifier: Cardinal number (one, two, ..), ordinal number (first, second, ..), indefinite quantifier (some, many, few, ..) Adverb: Adverb of approximation (almost, about, nearly, ..), adverb of strength and intensity (completely, extremely, quite, rather, very, ..)
B. Eksik olan nesne ise:
Öznenin tekil ya da çoğul olmasına göre it(s), his,her, him, them, .. arayın; Tüm tümce bağlamını inceleyin ve tamamen saçma gözüken seçenekleri eleyin; Yukarıda değinilen (a) adı nitelendiren yapılara dikkat edin.
C. Eksik olan yüklem ise: Öznenin tekil ya da çoğul olmasına göre yüklemi saptamaya çalışın; Öznenin animate (canlı) ya da inanimate (cansız) olmasına göre yüklemin etken mi yoksa edilgen mi olması gerektiğini belirleyin; Tümce içindeki zaman gösteren yapılar yardımı ile yüklemin hangi zamanda olması gerektiğini saptayın. Bileşik tümcede Tümce Tamamlama ile ilgili bölüme bakın. 2. Tümcede clause marker eksik.
He was terribly disappointed with the decision of the committee, ..... he gave in his resignation. A) since B) however C) yet D) in case E) so Bileşik tümce yapıları çok iyi tanımanız gerekmekte. Seçenekleri yok varsayarak tümcenin anlamını çıkarmaya çalışın. Tümcenin zaman, neden, sonuç, kıyas gibi bileşik tümce yapılardan hangisine ait olduğunu bulun. Seçenekler içinde, saptadığınız bileşik tümce türüne ait yapıları arayın. Seçenekler içinde uygun olan birden fazla yapı varsa (although ve despite gibi), yan tümceyi inceleyin. Seçeneklerden hangisinin yan tümceye uygun olduğunu belirleyin. 3. Tümcede phrase oluşturan yapı eksik
..... acute shortages of food in many countries, the delegates voted to increase programmes and services in weather reporting and research needed for greater production of foodstuffs. A) By way of B) Contrary to C) According to D) In view of E) As far as Ana tümce ile yan tümce arasında ne tür bir ilişki olduğunu belirleyin: karşıtlık, neden, sonuç, .. Seçenekleri eleyin. Birden fazla seçenek kalırsa, önce yapı, sonra da anlam açısından uygunluğunu denetleyin. 4. Paralel yapıda eksik unsur.
..... you can get the experiments completed ..... you can get the report written up. A) As soon/as soon B) The sooner/the sooner C) The sooner/sooner D) As soon/The sooner E) Sooner/the soonest Tümcenin bir bileşik tümce olduğundan emin olun. Bunun için de bileşik tümce yapıları çok iyi tanımanız gerekmekte. Bu tür sorularda seçenekler her ne kadar birbirlerine çok benzer gibi görünse de, bazıları tümceye oturtulması dilbilgisi açısından hatalı olmaktadır. Bu şekilde seçenekleri eleyin. Uygun seçeneği bulmakta zorlanırsanız, seçenekleri tümcenin genel anlamına uygunlukları, ana ve yan tümcelerin her birine uygunlukları açısından sınayın.
5. Tümcede tag question eksik
Prior to taking up this appointment, he used to work for the government, .....? A) wasn't he B) did he use C) didn't he D) did he E) didn't he use Tümcenin ana yükleminin hangi zaman yapısını ya da modal verb yapýyý içerdiğini saptayın. Tümcenin öznesinin tekil mi yoksa çoğul mu olduğunu saptayın. Some of the articles in the Criminal Code will have to be amended, .....? A) will they B) won't they C) haven't they D) won't it E) will it Tümcenin, tag question açısından istisna oluşturacak yapıları içerip içermediğini inceleyin. Bu yapıları Dilbilgisi Açıklamaları içinde bulabilirsiniz. 6. Diğer yapılar a. Zamanlar
At tomorrow's concert the orchestra ..... by Carl von Braun. A) will have conducted B) will conduct C) has been conducted D) will be conducted E) is going to conduct Zaman belirten yapılara dikkat edin (örnek soruda tomorrow sözcüğü). Bileşik tümcede zaman uyumuna dikkat edin. Bu konu ile ilgili notlar Dilbilgisi Açıklamaları içinde. Tümcenin etken/edilgen yapısını inceleyin (örnek soruda by sözcüğü edilgen olması gerektiğini göstermekte.) b. Edilgen
You ..... pleased to learn that Mr Lawson ..... chairman. A) have been/appointed B) will be/has been appointed C) are/is appointing
D) have been/was appointed E) were/appointed
Yukarıda a. Zamanlar için verilen notları inceleyin. c. Ettirgen
Do you think you will be able to ..... him to lend his car? A) get B) have C) let D) permit E) allow Dilbilgisi Açıklamaları içinde işlenen ettirgen yapıları iyi bilmeniz gerekmekte. Bu tür sorularda ettirgen yapının geçmekte olduğunu hemen farketmek her zaman için kolay olmamakta. Tümcede asýl yüklem dışındaki eylem yapıların (örnek tümcede lend) past participle (V3) ya da infinitive (to+V) şeklinde kullanılmaları söz konusu ise, dikkatli olun! Karşınızda bir ettirgen yapı bulunabilir.
DİLBİLGİSİ - ÖRNEK SORULAR Aşağıda örnek olarak 32 dilbilgisi sorusu verildi. Yanıtlar bütün sorulardan sonra gelmekte.
1. The very idea of establishing a literary "canon" has become ..... controversial that the people running the Library of America have wisely avoided using the term. A) too B) as C) such D) so E) more
2. Had they apologized for deliberately overcharging me, I ..... a complaint with the Consumers' Rights Office. A) will not have filed B) may not have filed C) would not have filed D) was not filing E) may not file
3. He is diplomatically qualified ..... to negotiate for a mutual reduction of the armed forces in the region. A) enough B) though
C) as well as D) not only E) also
4. As he was not satisfied with the contents of the document, he declined to sign it, and none of the members attempted to persuade him to, ..... . A) also B) too C) as well D) either E) yet
5. They haven't met for twelve years or more, but I understand they still write to ..... at regular intervals. A) the other B) each other C) themselves D) the others E) one other
6. Economic recession and rising unemployment, coupled ..... continued increases ..... retail food prices, have curtailed consumption. A) with / in B) through / through C) by / for D) at / about E) within / over
7. In Ethiopia, primitive farming practices and uncontrolled clearing of natural vegetation have transformed much of the country's highlands ..... bare landscapes, all but destroyed ..... erosion. A) above / of B) for / with C) into / by D) in / under E) to / at
8. When the relief workers reached the scene of the disaster, they immediately began to help ..... who could do nothing for ..... . A) that / himself B) them / their C) those / themselves D) these / themselves E) us / yourself
9. Under these circumstances he should never have been allowed to take charge of the operation ..... he was the most senior of the officers available. A) whyever B) whether C) even though
D) whenever E) so that
10. Why can't you admit that, ..... hard he works, he will never manage to achieve what his elder brother has achieved? A) unless B) whatsoever C) though D) whenever E) however
11. Clifford Goertz, probably ..... famous anthropologist in the world today, has revolutionized the way anthropology is taught on campuses. A) more B) most C) the most D) the more E) a
12. Many more people would doubtless have attended the debate ..... they had known in advance who the principal speakers were. A) if only B) while C) since D) after E) until
13. In recent decades the efficiency of the United Nations ..... by a growing number of countries. A) will have been questioned B) was questioned C) had been questioned D) would be questioned E) has been questioned
14. It seems likely that by the end of the week, the costs involved in the construction of the bridge ..... by the Ministry. A) would have been announced B) would be announced C) are being announced D) will have been announced E) have been announced
15. They set up a liaison office in East Africa for marketing their goods but now they wish they ..... so. A) had not done B) have not done C) would not do D) would not have done E) never do
16. I was forced to admit that there was a drop in sales towards the end of the year ..... he had predicted. A) such as B) even so C) in case D) just as E) so far as
17. We ..... no problems whatsoever with the dam since it ..... forty years ago. A) had / has been constructed B) have had / was constructed C) had had / had been constructed D) are having / is constructed E) were having / was being constructed
18. It was foolish of me to turn down such an offer; in fact ..... I think about it ..... I regret it. A) as much / so much more B) the more / as much C) much / as much D) the most / so much E) the more / the more
19. The scheme has been ..... consideration for a long time now, but I doubt whether it will ever be put ..... effect. A) under / into B) within / through C) for / to D) in / off E) over / over
20. It was ..... his efforts that the two sides finally agreed to hold talks ..... the principle of economic cooperation. A) by / through B) over / for C) through/ on D) with / at E) without / from
21. There ..... many efforts to eradicate racism, but very little success ..... . A) were / had been achieved B) had been / has been achieved C) have been / has been achieved D) are / was achieved E) may be / will have been achieved
22. Evaporation ..... the process by which a solid or liquid ..... into vapour by heat. A) had been / resolved B) was / had resolved C) has been / was resolved
D) may be / has resolved E) is / is resolved
23. The Etruscans, who ..... a great part of Italy about 900 B.C., ..... from Asia Minor. A) had colonized / originally came B) colonized / had originally come C) were colonized / have originally come D) have colonized / originally come E) were colonizing / might originally come
24. The orders were that we ..... the area within hours to prevent further loss of life. A) had evacuated B) have to evacuate C) will have evacuated D) had to evacuate E) shall have to evacuate
25. He ..... his paper by saying that the entire history of the human race ..... by transfers of cultural and technological advance from one civilization to another. A) concluded / had been marked B) concludes / would have been marked C) has concluded / was marked D) had concluded / is marked E) will conclude / was being marked
26. The advance in the steel industry has been marked ..... a progressive increase ..... size, complexity and capital outlay. A) at / of B) with / to C) over / from D) by / in E) under / through
27. The answer to the question ..... great art can exist independently of religion will, ..... depends on society's moral and aesthetic values. A) what / in the same way B) even if / in due course C) whether / to a large extent D) so that / in short E) since / now and again
28. Thailand has lost half of its forests ..... its population has ..... doubled in recent decades. A) as / more than B) just as / mostly C) so as / soon D) in case / quite E) because of / much
29. Holding a yellow umbrella in his hand he said he didn't know ..... it was, and added that it was not ......
A) which / him B) whose / his C) who / her D) whom / us E) that / theirs
30. The Deputy Prime Minister announced today that it was ..... early to propose amendments in the legislation concerning industrial relations. A) as well as B) just so C) just as D) as soon as E) as yet too
31. Activists are these in a political movement who insist on taking active steps towards their objectives, ..... merely putting forward an action programme. A) in order to B) rather than C) as far as D) in that E) so long as
32. If our delegates hadn't shown themselves willing to come to terms, those from other countries ..... . A) would be, too B) wouldn't have, either C) had not, either D) have had, too E) would have, too
YANITLAR
1. The very idea of establishing a literary "canon" has become so controversial that the people running the Library of America have wisely avoided using the term. so + adjective + that. Yanıt D.
2. Had they apologized for deliberately overcharging me, I would not have filed a complaint with the Consumers' Rights Office. Third condition, devrik yapı. Yanıt C.
3. He is diplomatically qualified enough to negotiate for a mutual reduction of the armed forces in the region. adjective + enough to + V. Yanıt A.
4. As he was not satisfied with the contents of the document, he declined to sign it, and none of the members attempted to persuade him to, either. Olumsuz özne (None of the members). Yanıt D.
5. They haven't met for twelve years or more, but I understand they still write to each other at regular intervals. Tümcenin öznesi çoğul. A seçeneği tekile değiniyor; C seçeneği kendilerine, D seçeneği de başka kişilere yazdıklarını anlatıyor; E seçeneğinin one other + noun olması gerekir. Yanıt B.
6. Economic recession and rising unemployment, coupled with continued increases in retail food prices, have curtailed consumption. couple + with; increase + in + nesne. Yanıt A. increase + in yapısı 26. soruda da geçmekte.
7. In Ethiopia, primitive farming practices and uncontrolled clearing of natural vegetation have transformed much of the country's highlands into bare landscapes, all but destroyed by erosion. transform + into. Yanıt C.
8. When the relief workers reached the scene of the disaster, they immediately began to help those who could do nothing for themselves. Boşluk sonrasındaki who sözcüğünden ötürü boşluğa insan(lar)a yönelik bir sözcük gelmeli. A seçeneğinde that + man/woman/.. olmalıydı; B seçeneğinde their yanlış çünkü iyelik taşıyor; D en yakın çeldirici, ancak these sözcüğü şu an yakınlarda olanları ("bunlar") gösterir, oysa olay çoktan bitmiş; E seçeneğinde us ve themself uyumsuz. Yanıt C
9. Under these circumstances he should never have been allowed to take charge of the operation even though he was the most senior of the officers available. "He should never have been allowed ... he was the the most senior officer". Çelişkili durum anlatılmakta. Yanıt C.
10. Why can't you admit that, however hard he works, he will never manage to achieve what his elder brother has achieved? however + adjective/adverb + tümce. Yanıt E.
11. Clifford Goertz, probably the most famous anthropologist in the world today, has revolutionized the way anthropology is taught on campuses. Bir başka kişi ile kıyaslama yok. Yanıt C.
12. Many more people would doubtless have attended the debate if only they had known in advance who the principal speakers were. Third condition. Yanıt A.
13. In recent decades the efficiency of the United Nations has been questioned by a growing number of countries. Tümcedeki recent sözcüğünden ötürü present perfect. Yanıt E.
14. It seems likely that by the end of the week, the costs involved in the construction of the bridge will have been announced by the Ministry. Tümcedeki by zaman gösteren sözcüğünden ötürü ana tümcede past perfect veya future perfect olmalı. Yanıt D.
15. They set up a liaison office in East Africa for marketing their goods but now they wish they had not done so. Pişmanlık. Third condition gibi olmalı. Yanıt A.
16. I was forced to admit that there was a drop in sales towards the end of the year just as he had predicted. En yakın çeldirici E. Yanıt D (Similarity Clause)
17. We have had no problems whatsoever with the dam since it was constructed forty years ago. since + simple past; tümce present perfect. Yanıt B.
18. It was foolish of me to turn down such an offer; in fact the more I think about it the more I regret it. Üzerinde düşünme arttıkça pişmanlık artmakta. Birbirine bağımlı kıyas. Yanıt E.
19. The scheme has been under consideration for a long time now, but I doubt whether it will ever be put into effect. put + into + effect. Yanıt A.
20. It was through his efforts that the two sides finally agreed to hold talks on the principle of economic cooperation. İlk boşluk açısından en yakın çeldirici A, yanıt ise C.
21. There has been many efforts to eradicate racism, but very little success has been achieved. Tartışmalı bir soru. Zaman gösteren hiç bir yapı olmadığı için A seçeneğinin ve C seçeneğinin doğru olduklarını söyleyebilirsiniz. Dilbilgisel açıdan bu doğru olsa bile anlamsal olarak C doğru yanıt. A seçeneğinde ikinci bölümün past perfect olması hatalı. Burada was achieved gerekirdi, çünkü önce çaba sarfedildi, sonra başarısızlık geldi.
22. Evaporation is the process by which a solid or liquid is resolved into vapour by heat. Herşeyden önce, by heat yapısından ötürü edilgen yapı gerekir. Seçenekler içinde bir tek C ve E seçeneklerinde edilgen var. Tümce doğal, her zaman gerçekleşebilecek bir durumu anlattığı için yanıt E.
23. The Etruscans, who colonized a great part of Italy about 900 B.C., had originally come from Asia Minor.
Etrüskler önce Asia Minor'dan (=Anadolu) geldiler, sonra Italya'nın büyük bir bölümünü kolonileştirdiler. Yanıt B.
24. The orders were that we had to evacuate the area within hours to prevent further loss of life. Bir noun clause tümce. Ana yüklem simple past olduğu için boşluğa gelecek eylemin de past olması gerekir. B, C ve E seçenekleri elenir. Tümcenin öznesi emir ve bir zorunluluk durumu da D seçeneğinde var.
25. He concluded his paper by saying that the entire history of the human race had been marked by transfers of cultural and technological advance from one civilization to another. Tümce bir noun clause. İlk boşluğa past tense bir eylem gelirse, ikinci boşluk da past olmalı. "Entire history of human race" henüz sona ermediğine göre, bu kişi şu an konuşuyor olsa "Entire history of human race has been marked by ..." derdi. A seçeneği, bu tümcenin aktarım (= reported) hali.
26. The advance in the steel industry has been marked by a progressive increase in size, complexity and capital outlay. Tümcenin yüklemi edilgen. Bu durumda ilk aranacak sözcük by olmalı. Yanıt D. increase + in yapısı 6. soruda da geçmekte.
27. The answer to the question whether great art can exist independently of religion will, to a large extent depends on society's moral and aesthetic values. Tümcenin ana yüklemi depends on. "The answer to the question" bölümünden sonra gelen bölümün, bu sorunun ne olduğunu açıklaması gerekir. Bu durumda da ilk boşluğa gelecek sözcük bir soru sözcüğü olmalı. Bir tek A (what) ve C (whether) soru sözcükleri taşımakta. Bunun ardından anlam açısından bir niceleme yapılması gerekir. Yanıt C.
28. Thailand has lost half of its forests as its population has more than doubled in recent decades. İlk boşluktan sonra bir tümce gelmekte. Bu durumda C ve E elenir (so as + to, because of + noun/-ing). D seçeneği anlamsal olarak yanlış, bir koşul durumu yok. En yakın çeldirici olan B seçeneği tümceye yerleştirilirse ikinci boşluğa gelen mostly sözcüğü ile doubled sözcüğü uyuşmamakta, çünkü mostly = often. Yanıt A. (as = because / when)
29. Holding a yellow umbrella in his hand he said he didn't know whose it was, and added that it was not his . Şemsiyenin sahibi soruşturuluyor. Yanıt B.
30. The Deputy Prime Minister announced today that it was as yet too early to propose amendments in the legislation concerning industrial relations. too + adj./adv. + to + V. Yanıt E.
31. Activists are these in a political movement who insist on taking active steps towards their objectives, rather than merely putting forward an action programme.
Seçenekleri eleyerek gitmek en iyisi. Boşluktan sonra Ving gelmekte; burada insist on taking .... (insist on) putting yapısı mevcut. A seçeneğinde to + V gerekir. C seçeneğinde as far as + tümce. D seçeneğinde in that + tümce. E seçeneğinde so long as + tümce. Yanıt B.
32. If our delegates hadn't shown themselves willing to come to terms, those from other countries wouldn't have, either. Third condition. Yan tümcenin yüklemi olumsuz olduğu için en yakın çeldirici olan E seçeneğindeki too yanlış. Yanıt B.
KPDS, ÜDS, YDS Soruların İncelenmesi Tümce Tamamlama • • •
Verilen tümce bölümünün ana tümce mi yoksa yan tümce mi olabileceğini saptayın. Bunun için de clause marker ve Ö+Y+N yapısının incelenmesi gerekmekte. Verilen seçenekler ile soru tümcesinin zamanlarının, öznelerinin ve var ise nesnelerinin uyumlu olup olmadığını saptayın. Tamamlanmış tümcenin genel anlamını kontrol edin.
a) Relative Clause That's the man ______. A) who writes on wild flowers B) is best qualified to help you C) that he talked on ancient monuments D) I went to the theatre with him E) if only I could go to the lecture b) Noun Clause
It is surprising ______. A) so that his childhood was not spent very profitably B) that she had given in her resignation so suddenly C) where such accurate and detailed information had come from D) how much attention even the more serious newspaper will have given him E) how few people have ever seen an original Van Gogh painting c) Adverbial Clause
This concept would be easy to illustrate and defend, ______. A) however much time they can allow us B) so long as they had provided us with adequate assistance C) for there was a great deal of disagreement among the participants
D) if it were not for the fact that we haven't got accurate data E) until the whole controversy had been ended
d) Comparison Clause
______, the more you realize how complicated it is. A) The more you think about the problem B) The less importance you give to your health C) The more remarkable his achievement was D) The longer it has taken them to complete the dam E) The fewer the people who are involved e) Coordination ve diğer yapılar
I cannot repair the washing machine myself, _________. A) unless Bill had offered to help me B) so I will have to get someone to do it for me C) if I knew where the problem was D) that it has broken down E) if you haven't managed it ♦ Eksik olan ana tümce ise Yan tümcedeki clause marker yolu ile tümce türünü saptayın. - Adverbial Clause ve coordination yapılarda ana tümcenin zamanı ile yan tümcenin zamanının uyumlu olmasına dikkat edin. - Relative Clause yapıda isim + who/which/that uyumuna ve verilen seçenekler içinde tümceyi bir relative clause haline getirebilecek olan(lar) varsa, hatalı noun/pronoun tekrarına dikkat edin. - Sentential Relative Clause ve Non-defining Relative Clause yapılara dikkat edin. Seçenekleri eleyin. Birden fazla seçenek kalırsa, önce yapı, sonra da anlam açısından uygunluğunu denetleyin.
♦ Eksik olan yan tümce ise
Seçeneklerde verilen yan tümce ile soru kökündeki ana tümce arasındaki zaman uyumu ve özne uyumunu denetleyin. Seçenekleri eleyin.
Birden fazla seçenek kalırsa, önce yapı, sonra da anlam açısından uygunluğunu denetleyin.
TÜMCE TAMAMLAMA - ÖRNEK SORULAR Aşağıda örnek olarak 16 tümce tamamlama sorusu verildi. Yanıtlar bütün sorulardan sonra gelmekte.
1.
If your boss asked you to take on extra work without more pay, ..... ?
A)
have you discussed the matter with him
B)
would you agree to do so
C)
why do you think he may have suggested this
D)
what was the reaction of your colleagues
E)
will you resign at once
2.
The company will need fewer office workers ..... .
A)
since some were looking for jobs with other firms
B)
when the computer network has been installed
C)
as long as the sales continues to increase
D)
in order to discuss ways of combating unemployment
E)
even though the current economic recession is likely to continue for another six months
3.
Darwin's theory of evolution was based on the observation ..... .
A)
while amassing evidence for 25 years in support of it
B)
why many people of his age were reluctant to admit it
C)
whether his insight really was revolutionary
D)
that all individuals of the same species are not identical
E)
since the multiplicity of forms seemed unending
4.
Though the term "human right" is of recent origin, ..... .
A)
there are certain actions that are never permissible and certain freedoms that should never be invaded
B)
after 1933 the Western world realized that it was living in an age of totalitarian dictatorship far worse than old monarchic absolutism
C)
natural rights can be seen in their origins as claims that everyone naturally makes
D)
some politicians claim that any doctrine of human rights must be in some sense a doctrine of natural rights
E)
the idea itself can be traced back through John Locke in the seventeenth-century to the great philosophers of classical antiquity
5.
As unemployment is currently a major social issue, ..... .
A)
the strikes have greatly crippled the industry and, consequently, the export of manufactured goods has come to a standstill
B)
the measures introduced had little effect on the improvement of the country's economic performance
C)
its worst economic effects have been partly softened by the government's introduction of unemployment compensation
D)
the economic prospect was far from encouraging
E)
people are not working as hard as their belief in the work ethic indicates that they should be
6.
Earlier this century, Chicago acquired a reputation for colourful politicians, newspapermen and gangsters, ..... .
A)
simply because commerce has been the key to the city's development
B)
just as today Chicago remains a city of ethnic neighbourhoods
C)
even though the city has become a centre for meat products
D)
but its cultural life was less well known then
E)
as it is located at the conjunction of the Great Lakes and surrounded by the productive farmlands of the Midwest
7.
Dramatic cultural changes have been taking place in the United States ..... .
A)
ever since non-European immigrants began to pour into the country
B)
until new regulations concerning immigrants were introduced.
C)
which started at the turn of the century
D)
some of which would have been regarded as harmful
E)
as soon as World War II ended
8.
When a firm wants to fill a vacancy, ..... .
A)
there are always staff who want to leave for various reasons
B)
the candidates have all been required to write an essay on the current economic situation in Europe
C)
the applicants were invited for an interview before a committee of specialists
D)
it is essential that future managers must be trained as thoroughly as possible
E)
it usually puts an advertisement in a newspaper
9.
..... , he refuses to accept any of their suggestions.
A)
Even though the committee members had approved the plan in full
B)
While the speaker considers politics to be the art of persuasion
C)
Since he is so prejudiced in this matter
D)
Because the discussions at the conference would have included a wide range of issues
E)
If they told him that he had to make up his mind as soon as possible
10.
..... , you get magnificent views of the oak-covered slopes of these coastal mountain ranges that rise up from the Pacific.
A)
If only the new road had been opened
B)
As they headed for San Francisco
C)
However unfairly the state of the roads was being attacked
D)
Even though a great deal of money went into constructing the road
E)
As you drive along the coast road
11.
One of the best suggestions was put forward by Dr Johnson, ...... .
A)
that the managing director was especially impressed.
B)
who is generally the quietest member of the board
C)
though the demands might be difficult to meet
D)
unless it was approved by the committee
E)
before anyone else has time to make any contribution to the discussion
12.
Although the effects of famine have been made worse by the political instability in the country, ..... .
A)
the West would have shown its sympathy in a most generous manner
B)
it was beyond the power of any government to undertake the responsibility
C)
a fair distribution of the available food will have been achieved
D)
so one disaster was naturally followed by another
E)
food is now being distributed wherever it is needed
13.
....., but it is not the only one.
A)
Newspaper prices have risen dramatically in recent years
B)
Most diseases are caused by germs and bad hygiene
C)
Technological competition is a serious problem for the book industry
D)
The printing press was invented by Johann Gutenberg in Mainz, Germany, in the thirteenth century
E)
They rebuked the witnesses for their disrespectful behaviour during the trial
14.
Construction workers will go on strike next Sunday ..... .
A)
that they negotiated for over five hours and were unable to reach an agreement with the management.
B)
so long as the only solution for a settlement is an independent enquiry into their working conditions
C)
because the two sides have done their best to settle their dispute by bargaining
D)
in case the workers were asked to compromise and accept a pay rise of 20 %
E)
unless the management agrees to accept their claim for a 50 % pay increase
15.
..... , some of America's most innovative architects set about rebuilding it in a bold style known as "Chicago school".
A)
After a great fire destroyed much of Chicago in 1871
B)
While Chicago was soon to emerge as the literary capital of the United States
C)
Because Chicago had traditionally been regarded as the great laboratory of American democracy
D)
As immigrants from many European countries had settled in ethnic enclaves in Chicago
E)
As long as Chicago remains the gateway to the rest of the nation for food products and industrial opportunities
16.
..... that they will be made redundant once the office has been computerized.
A)
They called off the strike
B)
The board of directors discussed the matter fully
C)
The management adopted new marketing policies
D)
The prospect for the company looks rather gloomy
E)
Most of the staff are certain YANITLAR
1.
If your boss asked you to take on extra work without more pay, would you agree to do so?
Second condition. Yanıt B. 2.
The company will need fewer office workers when the computer network has been installed. Dilbilgisi ipuçlarından yola çıkılırsa bir tek A seçeneği elenebilir. Since sözcüğü -den beri anlamını taşımamakta, çünkü ana tümcenin yüklemi present perfect değil. Because anlamını taşıyorsa, bu durumda da anlamsal olarak will need uymuyor. Anlamsal açıdan yola çıkıldığında, daha az çalışana gerek olacağına göre, C, D ve E anlamsız. Yanıt B
3.
Darwin's theory of evolution was based on the observation that all individuals of the same species are not identical. Boşlukta, observation ile neyin anlatılmak istendiği açıklanmakta. Yanıt D.
4.
Though the term "human right" is of recent origin, the idea itself can be traced back through John Locke in the seventeenth-century to the great philosophers of classical antiquity. Tümce Though ile başladığına göre, boşluğa gelen bölümde karşıt bir durum/fikir dile getirilmeli. E seçeneğinde bu düşüncenin ne kadar eskilere uzandığı anlatılmakta.
5.
As unemployment is currently a major social issue, its worst economic effects have been partly softened by the government's introduction of unemployment compensation. Verilen soru kökünde unemployment anahtar sözcük. Seçeneklerden yalnızca C seçeneğinde unemployment ele alınmakta.
6.
Earlier this century, Chicago acquired a reputation for colourful politicians, newspapermen and gangsters, but its cultural life was less well known then. Tümcede zaman belirten Earlier this century bulunmakta. Bu durumda A elenebilir. Diğer seçenekler anlamsal açıdan incelendiğinde, yanıt D
7.
Dramatic cultural changes have been taking place in the United States ever since nonEuropean immigrants began to pour into the country. Tümce present perfect continuous taşıdığına göre, ilk bakılması gereken, bu tense ile uyumlu zaman yapıları. Yanıt A.
8.
When a firm wants to fill a vacancy, it usually puts an advertisement in a newspaper. Tümce When ile başladığı için, öncelikle zaman uyumuna bakmak gerekir. C seçeneği elenir. Anlamsal açıdan en uygun seçenek E.
9.
Since he is so prejudiced in this matter, he refuses to accept any of their suggestions. A, D ve E seçenekleri zaman uyumu açısından elenebilir. Anlamsal olarak C en uygun seçenek.
10.
As you drive along the coast road, you get magnificent views of the oak-covered slopes of these coastal mountain ranges that rise up from the Pacific. A, B, C ve D zaman uyumu açısından elenebilir. Yanıt E.
11.
One of the best suggestions was put forward by Dr Johnson, who is generally the quietest member of the board. A seçeneğinde, that sözcüğü noun clause için kullanılıyor olsa, nitelendirdiği bir eylem yok. Relative clause olamaz çünkü virgülden sonra that gelmez. C en yakın çeldirici. D seçeneği anlamsal olarak uyumsuz. E seçeneğinde soru kökünün zamanı ile uyumsuzluk var. Yanıt B.
12.
Although the effects of famine have been made worse by the political instability in the country, food is now being distributed wherever it is needed. Tümce Although ile başlıyor ve olumsuz bir durum sunuluyor. E seçeneği ise durumun
düzelmekte olduğunu anlatıyor. Yanıt E. 13.
Technological competition is a serious problem for the book industry, but it is not the only one. Tümcededeki one sözcüğü, boşluğa gelecek tümcede bir noun ile ilişkili olmalı. A (prices), B (diseases) ve E (witnesses) çoğul ad taşıdıkları için elenmeli. Anlamsal olarak en uygun yanıt C.
14.
Construction workers will go on strike next Sunday unless the management agrees to accept their claim for a 50 % pay increase. A seçeneğinde that sözcüğü uygunsuz. B ve C seçenekleri anlamsal olarak uymamakta. D seçeneğinde zaman uyumu yok. Yanıt E.
15.
After a great fire destroyed much of Chicago in 1871, some America's most innovative architects set about rebuilding it in a bold style known as "Chicago school". Tümcede rebuilding geçtiğine göre, buna neden olacak birşeylerin aranması gerekir. Yanıt A.
16.
Most of the staff are certain that they will be made redundant once the office has been computerized. A, B ve C seçeneklerinden biri doğru olsa, soru tümcesinin yükleminin would be olması gerekirdi. E tümcesindeki çoğul özne, soru kökündeki they sözcüğüne uygun olduğu için yanıt E.
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KPDS, ÜDS, YDS Soruların İncelenmesi İngilizce-Türkçe Çeviri o o o o o
Ana tümceye bakın. Yüklemini saptayın ve Türkçeye nasıl aktarılacağını saptayın. Buna göre seçenekleri eleyin. Seçeneklerin tümü de İngilizce tümcenin anlamına yakın anlamlar taşıyabilir. Bu nedenle öncelikle İngilizce tümceyi inceleyin: İngilizce tümcedeki sözcüklerin tümünün taşıdığı anlamı yansıtan seçeneği belirleyin. Kimi zaman iki ya da daha fazla seçenek anlamı doğru olarak yansıtabilir; ancak, bunlardan biri diğerlerinden daha fazlasını içermektedir. Uygun olduğunu düşündüğünüz seçenek ile İngilizce tümcenin clause marker (when, because, if, although gibi) ve zamanını karşılaştırın. İngilizce tümce ile uygun olduğunu düşündüğünüz seçenekteki tekil/çoğul yapıları karşılaştırın.
İNGİLİZCE-TÜRKÇE ÇEVİRİ - ÖRNEK SORULAR Aşağıda örnek olarak 20 İngilizce-Türkçe çeviri sorusu verildi. Yanıtlar bütün sorulardan sonra gelmekte.
1. A) B) C) D) E) 2. A) B) C) D) E) 3. A) B) C) D) E) 4. A) B) C) D) E) 5. A) B)
The site of Troy was first discovered in 1870 by the German archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann and later excavations have distinguished nine strata of settlements. Alman arkeolog Heinrich Schliemann tarafından ilk kez 1870'te keşfedilen Truva'nın yerinde dokuz ayrı yerleşim katmanı olduğu çeşitli kazılarla ortaya çıkarılmıştır. Bir Alman arkeolog olarak Heinrich Schliemann, 1870'te Truva'nın yerini ilk bulan kişidir ve daha sonra yapılan kazılar burada dokuz ayrı yerleşim seviyesini ortaya çıkarmıştır. Truva'nın yerini 1870'te bulan kişi, bir Alman arkeolog olan Heinrich Schliemann'dır ve burada yapılan kazılan dokuz yerleşim katmanını ortaya çıkarmıştır. Çeşitli kazılarda dokuz ayrı yerleşim katmanına sahip olduğu anlaşılan Truva'nın yerini, Alman arkeolog Heinrich Schliemann 1870'te keşfetmiştir. Truva'nın yeri, ilk kez 1870'te bir Alman arkeolog olan Alman Heinrich Schliemann tarafından bulunmuş ve daha sonraki kazılar dokuz yerleşim katmanını belirlemiştir. In April 1983 in Italy the Fanfani administration faced a serious crisis when Craxi, the socialist leader, withdrew from the four-party coalition. Nisan 1983’te İtalya’da sosyalistlerin lideri Craxi’nin dört partili koalisyondan vazgeçmesi üzerine, Fanfani yönetiminde çok ağır bir bunalım başgösterdi. 1983 Nisan’ında İtalya’da, sosyalist lider Craxi’nin dört partili koalisyonu terketmesi, Fanfani yönetimini ağır bir bunalımla karşı karşıya bıraktı. İtalya’da sosyalist lider Craxi, 1983 Nisan’ında dört partinin oluşturduğu koalisyondan vazgeçince, Fanfani yönetimi ciddi bir bunalım içine girdi. Nisan 1983’te İtalya’da, sosyalist lider Craxi dört partili koalisyondan çekilince, Fanfani yönetimi ciddi bir bunalımla karşılaştı. 1983 Nisan’ında İtalya’da Fanfani yönetiminin ciddi bir bunalıma girmesi, sosyalist lider Craxi’nin dörtlü koalisyondan ayrılmasına yol açtı. The Nigerian civil war broke out in July 1967, following the secession of the Eastern Region, generally known as Biafra. Nijerya iç savaşı, genelde Biafra olarak bilinen Doğu Bölgesinin ayrılması üzerine, Temmuz 1967’de patlamıştır. Herkes tarafından Biafra olarak bilinen Doğu Bölgesinin ayrılması, Temmuz 1967’de Nijerya’da bir iç savaşın patlamasına yol açmıştır. Temmuz 1967’de Nijerya iç savaşının patlaması, Biafra olarak adlandırılan Doğu Bölgesinin ayrılması sonucu olmuştur. Nijerya’da Biafra denilen Doğu Bölgesinin ayrılması üzerine, Temmuz 1967’de bir iç savaş çıkmıştı. Nijerya iç savaşı, genellikle Biafra olarak tanımlanan Doğu Bölgesinin ayrı bir devlet olması sonucu çıkmıştır. In our age many major bridges have been constructed around the world, but the biggest problems bridge engineers have been facing today are those of maintenance and repair. Çağımızda dünyada pek çok büyük köprü inşa edilmiştir, ancak bugün köprü mühendislerinin karşılaştığı en büyük sorunlar bakım ve onarım sorunlarıdır. Bugün dünyada pek çok büyük köprü inşa edilmektedir, fakat bakım ve onarım sorunları, köprü mühendislerinin karşılaştığı en büyük sorunlar arasındadır. Her ne kadar çağımızda pek çok büyük köprü inşa edilmişse de köprü mühendislerinin karşılaştığı en önemli sorunlar arasında bakım ve onarım sorunları bulunmaktadır. Çağımız dünyasında pek çok büyük köprünün inşası mümkün olmuştur, ancak bakım ve onarım ile ilgili sorunlar, köprü mühendislerini en çok meşgul eden sorunlardır. Çağımızda pek çok büyük köprüler inşa edilebilmektedir fakat köprü mühendislerini en çok uğraştıran sorunlar bakım ve onarım ile ilgili sorunlardır. From the report it is understood that, as total incomes in the economy expand, there is a general increase in the demand for foods and services including imports. Rapordan, ekonomideki toplam gelirlerin büyümesine paralel olarak, hem ithalata hem de mal ve hizmetlere olan talepte genel bir artış meydana geleceği açıkça anlaşılmaktadır. Rapordan, ekonomide toplam gelirlerin büyümesi sonucu, ithalat dahil mal ve hizmetlere olan talepte büyük bir patlama olacağı açıkça anlaşılmaktadır.
C) D) E) 6. A) B) C) D) E) 7. A) B) C) D) E) 8. A) B) C) D) E) 9. A) B) C) D) E) 10. A)
İthalatla beraber mal ve hizmetlere olan talepteki büyük artışın, ekonomideki toplam gelirlerde görülen büyümenin sonucu olduğu rapordan anlaşılmaktadır. Ekonomide toplam gelirler ne kadar büyürse, ithalat da dahil mal ve hizmetlere olan talebin o kadar artacağı hususu, rapordan en iyi şekilde anlaşılmaktadır. Rapordan, ekonomide toplam gelirler büyüdükçe, ithalat dahil mal ve hizmetlere ilişkin talepte de genel bir artış olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. In Britain, since 1945, the maintenance of full employment was accepted by all political parties as the primary objective of economic policy. 1945’ten sonra İngiltere’de tam istihdamın sağlanması, tüm siyasi partilerce ekonomik politikaların birinci hedefi olarak kabul edilmiştir. 1945’ten sonra İngiltere’de tüm siyasi partilerin izlediği ekonomik politikanın temel hedefi, istihdamı sağlamak olarak belirlenmiştir. İngiltere’de istihdamın tam olarak sağlanması, 1945’ten sonra tüm siyasi partilerin kabul ettiği ekonomik politikaların en önemli hedefi olmuştur. 1945’ten sonra İngiltere’de tüm siyasi partilerin kabul ettiği ekonomik politikanın öncelikli hedefi istihdamın tam olarak sağlanması olmuştur. İstihdamın tam olarak sağlanması, İngiltere’de tüm siyasi partilerin 1945’ten sonra uyguladıkları ekonomik politikaların başlıca hedefi olarak görülmüştür. To protect its own fisheries, Canada has linked a tougher line with foreign vessels fishing its coasts. Kanada, kendi balıkçılığını geliştirmek için, kıyılarında avlanan yabancı teknelere karşı önlemlerini artırmıştır. Kanada, kendi balıkçılığını bölgelerini kurtarmak amacıyla, kıyılarında avlanan yabancı teknelere karşı sert bir mücadeleye girişmiştir. Kanada, kendi balıkçılığını güçlendirmek için, kıyılarına yaklaşan balıkçı teknelerine karşı sert önlemler almıştır. Kanada, kendi balık alanlarını korumak için, kıyılarında balık avlayan yabancı teknelere karşı daha sert bir tavır almıştır. Kanada, kendi balık alanlarını geliştirmek amacıyla, sert önlemler alarak kıyılarında yabancı teknelerin avlanmasını engellemiştir. In his statement, he did not conceal the fact that Serbia’s hard-line attitude had led to the breakdown of the talks. Demecinde, Sırbistan’ın katı tutumunun görüşmelerin kesilmesine yol açtığı gerçeğini saklamadı. Yaptığı açıklamada, görüşmelerin kesilmesinde Sırbistan’ın uzlaşmaz tutumunun etkili olduğu gerçeğini saklamadı. Konuşmasında, Sırbistan’ın olumsuz tavrı sonucu görüşmelerin kesildiği gerçeğini belirtmekten kaçınmadı. Görüşmelerin kesilmesine, Sırbistan’ın uzlaşmaz tavrının neden olduğu gerçeğini belirtmekten çekinmedi. Sırbistan’ın katı tutumu nedeniyle görüşmelerin kesildiğini açıkça belirtmekten çekinmedi. It seems likely that the recession in the wool textile will continue throughout the year and that many mills may be permanently closed. Görünüşe bakılırsa, yünlü dokuma sanayiindeki gerileme yıl içinde de sürecek ve bazı fabrikalar tamamen kapanacaktır. Yünlü dokuma sanayiinde bütün yıl boyunca devam eden bunalım sonucu çoğu fabrikanın tamamen kapanacağı kesindir. Yünlü dokuma sanayiinde yıl içinde bir durgunluk görüleceği ve pek çok fabrikanın tamamen kapanacağı kesindir. Yünlü dokuma sanayiindeki durgunluğun yıl boyunca süreceği ve pek çok fabrikanın süresiz kapanabileceği muhtemel görünüyor. Çoğu fabrikanın süresiz kapanmasına neden olabilecek durgunluk, yünlü dokuma sanayiinde yıl boyunca devam edecek gibi görünüyor. Recently, one of the research areas that geophysicists have been seriously concerned with has been the conditions of collision between oceanic and continental plates. Okyanus ve kıta plakaları arasında çarpışmalara yol açan koşullar, son zamanlarda
B) C) D) E) 11. A) B) C) D) E) 12. A) B) C) D) E) 13. A) B) C) D) E) 14. A) B) C) D) E)
jeofizikçilerin ciddi olarak üzerinde durdukları bir araştırma alanıdır. Okyanus ve kıta plakaları arasındaki çarpışmaların koşulları son zamanlarda jeofizikçilerin yakından ilgilendiği bir araştırma alanı olmuştur. Son zamanlarda jeofizikçilerin ciddi olarak ilgilendikleri araştırma alanlarından biri, okyanus ve kıta plakaları arasındaki çarpışmaların koşulları olmuştur. Jeofizikçilerin son zamanlarda önemle üzerinde durdukları araştırma konularından biri, okyanus ve kıta plakalarının çarpışmasına neden olan koşullardır. Okyanus ve kıta plakalarının çarpışmasına neden olan koşullar, jeofizikçilerin son zamanlarda ciddi olarak ele aldıkları araştırma konularından biri olmuştur. Sri Lanka, which was originally called Ceylon, became an independent state by the Ceylon Independence Act of 1947, which came into force on 4 February 1948. 4 Şubat 1948’de yürürlüğe giren 1947 Bağımsızlık Yasası uyarınca, başlangıçtan beri Seylan olarak bilinen Sri Lanka bağımsız bir ülke haline gelmiştir. 1947 Seylan Bağımsızlık Yasası, 4 Şubat 1948’de yürürlüğe girmiş ve böylece daha önce Seylan adını taşıyan Sri Lanka bağımsız bir devlet olmuştur. Daha önce Seylan olarak bilinen Sri Lanka, 4 Şubat 1948’de yürürlüğe giren 1947 Bağımsızlık Yasası ile bağımsızlığa kavuşmuştur. Başlangıçta Seylan adını taşıyan Sri Lanka, 4 Şubat 1948’de yürürlüğe giren 1947 Seylan Bağımsızlık Yasası ile bağımsız bir devlet olmuştur. Önceden Seylan olarak bilinen Sri Lanka’nın bağımsızlığa kavuşması, 4 Şubat 1948’de yürürlüğe konan 1947 Seylan Bağımsızlık Yasası ile mümkün olmuştur. What we really expect to find in a work of art is a certain personal element and a distinctive sensibility. Bir sanat eserinde bulunmasını istediğimiz şeyler aslında belirli bir kişisel nitelik ve kendine özgü bir duyarlılıktır. Belirli bir kişisel anlatım ve farklı bir duyarlılık, bir sanat eserinde gerçekten bulunması istenen niteliklerdir. Gerçekten bir sanat eserinde bulmayı umduğumuz şey, belirli bir kişisel öğe ve belirgin bir duyarlılıktır. Çarpıcı bir duyarlılık ve belirli bir kişisel boyut, bir sanat eserinde esas olarak bulunmasını istediğimiz öğelerdir. Belirli bir kişisel özelliğin ve etkileyici bir duyarlılığın, bir sanat eserinde bulunmasını gerçekten arzuluyoruz. It was pointed out that the company, which had been on the verge of bankruptcy, got over the crisis through substantial borrowings from various banks. İflasın eşiğine gelmiş olan şirketin çeşitli bankalardan yüklü krediler alarak bunalımı aştığı belirtildi. Bazı bankalardan bol kredi alarak bunalımı atlatmaya çalışan şirketin, iflasa doğru sürüklendiği bildirildi. İflasla karşı karşıya gelmiş olan şirketin, bunalımı aşmak için pek çok bankadan büyük krediler aldığı ifade edildi. Çeşitli bankalardan yüklü krediler alarak bunalımı atlatmaya çalışan şirketin iflastan kurtulamadığı açıklandı. İflas tehlikesini atlatmış olan şirketin bazı bankalardan bol kredi alarak bunalımdan çıktığı belirtildi. Since the signing of the Maastricht Treaty, Britain has constantly been in conflict with her partners in the European Union over the question of monetary union. Maastricht Antlaşması imzalandıktan sonra, İngiltere, para birliği konusunu ileri sürerek, Avrupa Birliği’ndeki ortakları ile sert bir çatışma içine girmiştir. Maastricht Antlaşması’nın imzalanmasından beri İngiltere, Avrupa Birliği’ndeki ortaklarıyla para birliği konusunda sürekli bir çatışma içinde olmuştur. Maastricht Antlaşması’nın imzalanmasından bu yana, İngiltere para birliği konusu üzerinde durmuş ve Avrupa Birliği’ndeki ortakları ile zaman zaman tartışmıştır. Maastricht Antlaşması’nın imzalanması üzerine, İngiltere para birliği konusunda Avrupa Birliği’ndeki ortaklarından farklı bir tavır içine girmiştir. Maastricht Antlaşması’nın imzalanmasıyla İngiltere, para birliği konusunda Avrupa Birliği’ndeki ortakları ile tam bir uyum içine girmiştir.
15. A) B) C) D) E) 16. A) B) C) D) E) 17. A) B) C) D) E) 18. A) B) C) D) E) 19. A) B)
The committee unanimously rejected a proposal to divide the city into two zones and stressed the need to consider the whole city as a unit. Kurul, kenti ikiye ayırmayı amaçlayan öneriyi tümüyle reddetti ve kentin bir bütün olarak ele alınması gerektiğini savundu. Kentin iki bölgeye ayrılmasına ilişkin öneriyi derhal reddeden kurul, tüm kentin bir bütün olarak ele alınması gerektiği görüşüne vardı. Kurul, kenti iki bölgeye ayırma önerisini oybirliğiyle reddetti ve tüm kentin bir bütün olarak düşünülmesi gereğini vurguladı. Tüm kentin bir bütün olarak değerlendirilmesi gereği üzerinde duran kurul, kenti iki ayrı bölgeye ayırmaya yönelik öneriyi tereddütsüz reddetti. Kentin iki ayrı bölgeye ayrılmasını öngören öneriyi oy çokluğu ile reddeden kurul, tüm kentin bir bütün olarak görülmesi gereği üzerinde ısrarla durdu. When General Franco died late in 1975 after a prolonged illness, his dictatorship, which had lasted for years, finally came to an end. General Franco’nun, ağır bir hastalıktan sonra, 1975 sonunda ölmesi üzerine, uzun yıllar devam etmiş olan diktatörlüğü de son buldu. General Franco, uzun süren bir hastalıktan sonra 1975 yılında ölünce, yıllarca sürmüş olan diktatörlüğü nihayet sona erdi. General Franco’nun uzun yıllar devam etmiş olan diktatörlüğü, onun 1975 yılı sonunda amansız bir hastalıktan ölümü üzerine sona erdi. General Franco’nun yıllarca sürmüş olan diktatörlüğünün sona ermesi, onun 1975 yılı sonunda nedeni bilinmeyen bir hastalıktan ölümü ile olmuştur. General Franco 1975 yılı sonunda tedavisi mümkün olmayan bir hastalıktan ölünce, onun yıllar süren diktatörlüğü de son bulmuş oldu. The report makes it clear that in 1996 most European countries met almost half of their energy needs by means of natural gas. Raporda, doğal gazın 1996’da Avrupa ülkelerinin çoğunun enerji ihtiyacının yaklaşık yarısını karşıladığı belirtilmektedir. Avrupa ülkelerinin çoğunun, enerji ihtiyaçlarının yarısını doğal gaz kullanarak karşıladığı 1996’da hazırlanan raporda da açıklanmıştır. Raporda, 1996’da Avrupa’da, enerji ihtiyaçlarının yarısından çoğunun doğal gaz yoluyla karşılayan pek çok ülke olduğu açıkça ifade edilmektedir. Raporda açıkça ifade edildiğine göre, 1996’da çoğu Avrupa ülkesi enerji ihtiyacının yarısını doğal gazla karşılamak zorunda kalmıştır. Rapor, 1996’da çoğu Avrupa ülkesinin enerji ihtiyaçlarının yarısını doğal gaz vasıtasıyla karşıladığını açıkça ortaya koymaktadır. Most speakers at the meeting pointed out that, in recent years, some of the research projects undertaken by universities had been concerned more with current problems than with purely scientific matters. Toplantıya katılan çoğu konuşmacı, son yıllarda üniversiteler tarafından uygulanan araştırma projelerinin sadece bilimsel konularda değil, aynı zamanda güncel sorunlarla da ilgili olması gerektiğini vurguladı. Konuşmacıların toplantıda görüş birliğine vardığı gibi, son yıllarda üniversiteler tarafından yürütülen araştırma projeleri salt bilimsel konulardan çok, güncel sorunlarla ilgilidir. Toplantıda pek çok konuşmacı, üniversitelerce sürdürülen araştırma projelerinden bazılarının salt bilimsel konular yerine, güncel sorunlarla ilgili olması gerektiğini belirtti. Toplantıdaki konuşmacıların çoğu, son yıllarda üniversitelerce üstlenilen bazı araştırma projelerinin salt bilimsel konulardan çok, güncel sorunlarla ilgili olduğunu belirtti. Toplantıda söz alan pek çok konuşmacı, son yıllarda üniversitelerin yürüttüğü araştırma projelerinin bilimsel konularla olduğu kadar güncel sorunlarla da ilgili olduğunu belirtti. During the 1960s in Namibia, nationalist sentiment began to grow among the native tribes, and a number of political parties were formed including the South West Africa People’s Organisation (SWAPO). 1960’lı yıllarda Namibya’daki yerli kabileler arasında milliyetçilik akımı gelişmeye başlayınca, Güney Batı Afrika Halk Teşkilatı (SWAPO) da dahil birçok siyasi parti ortaya çıktı. 1960’larda Namibya’da yerli kabileler arasında milliyetçilik duygusu artmaya başladı ve
C) D) E) 20. A) B) C) D) E)
Güney Batı Afrika Halk Teşkilatı (SWAPO) dahil birçok siyasi parti kuruldu. 1960’lı yıllardan bu yana Namibya’da milliyetçilik duygusunun yerel kabileler arasında artması sonucu, Güney Batı Afrika Halk Teşkilatı (SWAPO) dahil pek çok siyasi partinin kurulduğu görülmüştür. 1960’lardan itibaren Namibya’da Güney Batı Afrika Halk Teşkilatı (SWAPO) dahil birçok partinin ortaya çıkması, yerli kabileler arasında milliyetçilik duygusunun güçlenmesi sonucu olmuştur. Namibya’da, Güney Batı Afrika Halk Teşkilatı (SWAPO) dahil çok sayıda siyasi partinin kurulması, 1960’lı yıllarda yerli kabileler arasında milliyetçiliğin oldukça yaygın olmasına bağlıdır. Some years ago the German Constitutional Court decided by a 6 to 2 vote, that no law could allow abortion, in violation of the rights of the unborn. Yıllar önce Alman Anayasa Mahkemesinin 2'ye karşı 6 oyla aldığı bir karara göre, hiçbir yasa, doğmamış çocuğun haklarını hiçe sayarak kürtaja izin veremez. Alman Anayasa Mahkemesinin 2'ye karşı 6 oyla aldığı karara göre, doğmamış çocuğun haklarını ihlal etmek olan kürtaja hiçbir yasa izin veremez. Birkaç yıl önce Alman Anayasa Mahkemesi, hiçbir yasanın doğmamış çocuğun haklarına aykırı olarak kürtaja izin veremeyeceğine 2'ye karşı 6 oyla karar verdi. Alman Anayasa Mahkemesi, doğmamış çocuğun haklarının ihlal edilmesi demek olan kürtaja hiçbir yasanın izin veremeyeceği görüşünü birkaç yıl önce 2'ye karşı 6 oyla değiştirdi. Alman Anayasa Mahkemesi birkaç yıl önce, hiçbir yasada kürtaj izni verilemeyeceğine 2'ye karşı 6 oyla karar vererek, doğmamış çocuğun hakkının ihlal edilmesini engelledi. YANITLAR
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The site of Troy was first discovered in 1870 by the German archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann and later excavations have distinguished nine strata of settlements. E) Truva'nın yeri, ilk kez 1870'te bir Alman arkeolog olan Alman Heinrich Schliemann tarafından bulunmuş ve daha sonraki kazılar dokuz yerleşim katmanını belirlemiştir. In April 1983 in Italy the Fanfani administration faced a serious crisis when Craxi, the socialist leader, withdrew from the four-party coalition. D) Nisan 1983'te İtalya'da, sosyalist lider Craxi dört partili koalisyondan çekilince, Fanfani yönetimi ciddi bir bunalımla karşılaştı. The Nigerian civil war broke out in July 1967, following the secession of the Eastern Region, generally known as Biafra. A) Nijerya iç savaşı, genelde Biafra olarak bilinen Doğu Bölgesinin ayrılması üzerine, Temmuz 1967'de patlamıştır. In our age many major bridges have been constructed around the world, but the biggest problems bridge engineers have been facing today are those of maintenance and repair. A) Çağımızda dünyada pek çok büyük köprü inşa edilmiştir, ancak bugün köprü mühendislerinin karşılaştığı en büyük sorunlar bakım ve onarım sorunlarıdır. From the report it is understood that, as total incomes in the economy expand, there is a general increase in the demand for foods and services including imports. E) Rapordan, ekonomide toplam gelirler büyüdükçe, ithalat dahil mal ve hizmetlere ilişkin talepte de genel bir artış olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. In Britain, since 1945, the maintenance of full employment was accepted by all political parties as the primary objective of economic policy. A) 1945'ten sonra İngiltere'de tam istihdamın sağlanması, tüm siyasi partilerce ekonomik politikaların birinci hedefi olarak kabul edilmiştir. To protect its own fisheries, Canada has linked a tougher line with foreign vessels fishing its coasts. D) Kanada, kendi balık alanlarını korumak için, kıyılarında balık avlayan yabancı teknelere karşı daha sert bir tavır almıştır. In his statement, he did not conceal the fact that Serbia's hard-line attitude had led to the breakdown of the talks.
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A) Demecinde, Sırbistan'ın katı tutumunun görüşmelerin kesilmesine yol açtığı gerçeğini saklamadı. It seems likely that the recession in the wool textile will continue throughout the year and that many mills may be permanently closed. D) Yünlü dokuma sanayiindeki durgunluğun yıl boyunca süreceği ve pek çok fabrikanın süresiz kapanabileceği muhtemel görünüyor. Recently, one of the research areas that geophysicists have been seriously concerned with has been the conditions of collision between oceanic and continental plates. C) Son zamanlarda jeofizikçilerin ciddi olarak ilgilendikleri araştırma alanlarından biri, okyanus ve kıta plakaları arasındaki çarpışmaların koşulları olmuştur. Sri Lanka, which was originally called Ceylon, became an independent state by the Ceylon Independence Act of 1947, which came into force on 4 February 1948. D) Başlangıçta Seylan adını taşıyan Sri Lanka, 4 Şubat 1948'de yürürlüğe giren 1947 Seylan Bağımsızlık Yasası ile bağımsız bir devlet olmuştur. What we really expect to find in a work of art is a certain personal element and a distinctive sensibility. C) Gerçekten bir sanat eserinde bulmayı umduğumuz şey, belirli bir kişisel öğe ve belirgin bir duyarlılıktır. It was pointed out that the company, which had been on the verge of bankruptcy, got over the crisis through substantial borrowings from various banks. A) İflasın eşiğine gelmiş olan şirketin çeşitli bankalardan yüklü krediler alarak bunalımı aştığı belirtildi. Since the signing of the Maastricht Treaty, Britain has constantly been in conflict with her partners in the European Union over the question of monetary union. B) Maastricht Antlaşması'nın imzalanmasından beri İngiltere, Avrupa Birliği'ndeki ortaklarıyla para birliği konusunda sürekli bir çatışma içinde olmuştur. The committee unanimously rejected a proposal to divide the city into two zones and stressed the need to consider the whole city as a unit. C) Kurul, kenti iki bölgeye ayırma önerisini oybirliğiyle reddetti ve tüm kentin bir bütün olarak düşünülmesi gereğini vurguladı. When General Franco died late in 1975 after a prolonged illness, his dictatorship, which had lasted for years, finally came to an end. B) General Franco, uzun süren bir hastalıktan sonra 1975 yılında ölünce, yıllarca sürmüş olan diktatörlüğü nihayet sona erdi. The report makes it clear that in 1996 most European countries met almost half of their energy needs by means of natural gas. B) Avrupa ülkelerinin çoğunun, enerji ihtiyaçlarının yarısını doğal gaz kullanarak karşıladığı 1996'da hazırlanan raporda da açıklanmıştır. Most speakers at the meeting pointed out that, in recent years, some of the research projects undertaken by universities had been concerned more with current problems than with purely scientific matters. D) Toplantıdaki konuşmacıların çoğu, son yıllarda üniversitelerce üstlenilen bazı araştırma projelerinin salt bilimsel konulardan çok, güncel sorunlarla ilgili olduğunu belirtti. During the 1960s in Namibia, nationalist sentiment began to grow among the native tribes, and a number of political parties were formed including the South West Africa People's Organisation (SWAPO). B) 1960'larda Namibya'da yerli kabileler arasında milliyetçilik duygusu artmaya başladı ve Güney Batı Afrika Halk Teşkilatı (SWAPO) dahil birçok siyasi parti kuruldu. Some years ago the German Constitutional Court decided by a 6 to 2 vote, that no law could allow abortion, in violation of the rights of the unborn. C) Birkaç yıl önce Alman Anayasa Mahkemesi, hiçbir yasanın doğmamış çocuğun haklarına aykırı olarak kürtaja izin veremeyeceğine 2'ye karşı 6 oyla karar verdi.
KPDS, ÜDS, YDS Soruların İncelenmesi Yakın Anlamlı Tümce o o o o
Seçenekler ile soru tümcesinin arasındaki zaman uyumunu inceleyin. Soru tümcesinde yer, zaman ve durum belirten yapılara dikkat edin. Seçenekler içinde, bu yapıları tam olarak (eksik ya da fazlalık olmadan) karşılayanları inceleyin. Soru tümcesindeki clause marker'ları (when, because, though, as long as, vs.) saptayın. Seçenekler içinde, bu yapıyı tam olarak karşılayanları inceleyin. Kimi zaman seçenekler içinde, soru tümcesindeki bir yüklem, ad, sıfatın farklı bir şekilde anlatımı bulunabilir. Bu anlatımın doğruluğunu inceleyin.
Alıştırma Tümceleri, verilen sözcük ya da sözcük grupları ile yeniden oluşturun. Bunu yaparken, parantez içinde verilen sözcüğün kullanımlarını iyi bir sözlükten incelemeniz gerekecek. Örnek. Will you look after the house while I am away? (care) Will you take care of the house while I am away? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.
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Please listen carefully to what I have to say. (attention) British Steel is a good company to deal with. (business) He has decided to leave his present job and get another one. (jobs) Poor Martin! His wife is forever criticizing him. (fault) I believe I can succeed. (confidence) The bridge collapsed under the weight of the snow. (way) The protest meeting was held in the Caxton Hall. (place) We enjoyed ourselves at Edith's party. (fun) I can no longer remember the number of times I have said this. (track) The Princess has had a baby daughter. (birth) It is a good idea to become friendly with your neighbours. (friends) All those who think that we should go on strike, raise your hands. (favour) Even though there was deep snow everywhere, he decided to go out. (spite) We dealt with all the prepositions which express relationships but we excluded those which refer to time and space. (other) They were not only kind enough to visit her in hospital, but they also looked after her bungalow for her. (addition)
Alıştırma Tümceleri verilen sözcük ya da sözcük grupları ile başlayarak yeniden oluşturun. Örnek. They wrote the first report three years ago. The first report was written three years ago. 1. You will only be able to find the answers when you've read the report in detail. Only _________________________________________________________
2. He was annoyed that he had to go back to his office in the evening. He was annoyed at ______________________________________________ 3. The boy became so confused and worried that he left home. So ___________________________________________________________ 4. When I heard the telephone ring, I answered it immediately. On ___________________________________________________________ 5. I found the article about data protection very interesting. I was _________________________________________________________ 6. The record companies are challenging the claims made by the manufacturers. The claims _____________________________________________________ 7. We must all do a great deal before we move house. There is _______________________________________________________ 8. Because of her accident she couldn't ride for six months. Her accident ___________________________________________________ 9. I had just left the house when I heard the phone ring. No sooner _____________________________________________________ 10. He is very strong, but he still can't lift this box. Strong ________________________________________________________ 11. I'm sure he was having a bath when I called. He must _______________________________________________________ 12. Please don't ask her to the party. I'd rather _______________________________________________________ 13. John is the most dedicated singer there is in the choir. There isn't _____________________________________________________
YAKIN ANLAMLI TÜMCE - ÖRNEK SORULAR Aşağıda örnek olarak 12 yakın anlamlı tümce sorusu verildi.
Yanıtlar bütün sorulardan sonra gelmekte.
1.
We got caught in a traffic jam, so were among the last to arrive. A. B. C. D. E.
The late arrivers all put the blame on the heavy traffic. The traffic was so heavy that nearly everyone arrived late. Most people got there before us as we were held up by the traffic. The roads were so congested that it's a wonder anyone got there on time. There was such a congestion on the roads that I thought we never would get there.
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It's not for me to say whether or not the lecture was a good one as it was way outside my field and I hardly understood any of it. A. I can't understand whey he felt the need to limit the scope of his lecture in such a way. B. I might have followed the lecture better if I had been familiar with the subject. C. The subject of his lecture promised to be interesting, but his treatment of it seemed to me to lack something. D. I don't feel qualified to comment on his treatment of the subject as his approach is so different from mine. E. Since I couldn't follow the lecture as I knew nothing about the subject matter, I really can't give an opinion of it.
3.
If I'd known what he wanted to discuss with me I would never have given him an appointment. A. I never did understand why he wanted us to meet and discuss the matter. B. He talked about us meeting but never explained why. C. Had I realized what he wanted to talk to me about I would not have agreed to a meeting. D. I agreed to meet in order to discuss the matter thoroughly. E. I realized there was something to discussed but didn't know exactly what.
4. A. B. C. D. E.
If it hadn't been for the wind the fire would never have spread so fast. Unless the wind develops the fire is hardly likely to spread. Even without the wind, the fire would have spread just as fast. It was the wind that caused the fire to spread at such a speed. Had there been a wind the fire would have spread even faster. The force of the wind affected the way the fire spread.
5.
We will never be able to get all these exhibits dated and labelled for the opening of the museum unless we get a lot of assistance. A. It would help us to finish the dating and labelling of the exhibits if the museum is not opened for a while. B. With just a little extra assistance, we shall be able to get all these exhibits dated and labelled before the museum is opened. C. The opening of the museum does not depend on whether or not we can get all these exhibits dated and labelled. D. We're going to need an awful lot of help if we're to date and label these exhibits in time for the opening of the museum. E. Once the museum is open we can easily get plenty of help in the dating and labelling of the exhibits.
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Though he knows I'm determined to make Marsden the new manager, he's constantly seeking to bring him down on my estimation. A. Since I'm fully determined to make Marsden manager, I absolutely refuse to listen to all this criticism of him. B. Even if Marsden weren't likely to prove a good manager, that man has no right to criticize him tome in such a manner.
C. Though he's fully aware of the fact that I'm set on making Marsden the new manager, he still persists in trying to influence me against him. D. Once Marsden takes on the job of manager all this unfair criticism of him is sure to stop. E. His opinion of Marsden will surely change once he sees what a capable manager he really is. 7.
They found only two survivors, but it was a week before they gave up their search for the others. A. At the end of the week the two survivors joined them in the search for the others. B. They were only able to save two people though rescue work continued for a full week. C. By the end of the first week there was little hope of finding the missing two. D. Once those two were rescued at the end of the week, they abandoned the search for the others. E. Rescue-workers found two more victims after the search for them had lasted a week.
8.
My father has agreed to pay this month's instalment but warned me that he wouldn't make a practice ofdoing so. A. This month the instalment will be met by my father, but he more or less said he wouldn't do it again. B. If my father doesn't pay the instalment this month, I don't know what I'm going to do. C. My father has agreed to pay the instalment this month, but I won't ask him to do so again. D. So long as my father pays this month's instalment I shall have no problem paying the others. E. It's only with this month's instalment that I need help from my father; I won't need it again.
9.
He really doesn't mind who he works for, but the pay has to be good. A. It's the money that interests him, not the type of work or his employer. B. With him, it's the money that matters, not the type of work. C. To his way of thinking, the job should be better paid. D. He's the sort who will do anything for money. E. He'll work for just about anyone so long as they pay him well.
10. A. B. C. D. E.
It's not fair to put all the blame on him; he's not the only one at fault. It wouldn't be right to punish those who, like him, weren't involved. He deserves to be punished, but the others don't. Only the ones who were involved should be punished. The fault is his only, so let him take the blame. He doesn't deserve to be blamed for everything; there were others involved.
11.
They were fully within their rights when they dismissed him, but now they wish they had not done so. A. What they did may have been legal, but it was still unfair to dismiss him in that way. B. Their dismissal of him was perfectly legal, but now they regret their action. C. If they hadn't dismissed him they would be in a better position now. D. Though their dismissal of him was barely legal, the outcome has been fortunate. E. They had the right to dismiss him and don't deserve this unpleasant turn of events.
12.
There's no point in learning several languages if you're not going to have the opportunity to use them. A. You shouldn't try to learn many languages except the ones which are spoken internationally. B. Unless you are going to be in a position to use them, learning several languages would just be a waste of time. C. There are several languages that are everywhere in use and these are the ones to learn. D. People used to learn several languages even though they had little opportunity to use them. E. Certain languages which few people know are actually well worth learning.
YANITLAR 1.
We got caught in a traffic jam, so were among the last to arrive. C)Most people got there before us as we were held up by the traffic.
2.
It's not for me to say whether or not the lecture was a good one as it was way outside my field and I hardly understood any of it. E)Since I couldn't follow the lecture as I knew nothing about the subject matter, I really can't give an opinion of it.
3.
If I'd known what he wanted to discuss with me I would never have given him an appointment. C)Had I realized what he wanted to talk to me about I would not have agreed to a meeting.
4.
If it hadn't been for the wind the fire would never have spread so fast. C)It was the wind that caused the fire to spread at such a speed.
5.
We will never be able to get all these exhibits dated and labelled for the opening of the museum unless we get a lot of assistance. (Ettirgen yapıya dikkat!) D) We're going to need an awful lot of help if we're to date and label these exhibits in time for the opening of the museum.
6.
Though he knows I'm determined to make Marsden the new manager, he's constantly seeking to bring him down on my estimation. C)Though he's fully aware of the fact that I'm set on making Marsden the new manager,he still persists in trying to influence me against him.
7.
They found only two survivors, but it was a week before they gave up their search for the others. B) They were only able to save two people though rescue work continued for a full week.
8.
My father has agreed to pay this month's instalment but warned me that he wouldn't make a practice of doing so. A)This month the instalment will be met by my father, but he more or less said he wouldn't do it again.
9.
He really doesn't mind who he works for, but the pay has to be good. E) He'll work for just about anyone so long as they pay him well.
10.
It's not fair to put all the blame on him; he's not the only one at fault. E)He doesn't deserve to be blamed for everything; there were others involved.
11.
They were fully within their rights when they dismissed him, but now they wish they had not done so. B)Their dismissal of him was perfectly legal, but now they regret their action.
12.
There's no point in learning several languages if you'renot going to have the opportunity to use them. B)Unless you are going to be in a position to use them, learning several languages would just be a waste of time.
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KPDS, ÜDS, YDS Soruların İncelenmesi Paragraf Tamamlama Paragraf tamamlama bir okuma becerisidir ve verilen paragrafın tümünün anlamının kavranmasını gerektirir. • • • •
Paragrafın tümünü dikkatli bir şekilde okuyun ve genel anlamı kavramaya çalışın. Paragraf içinde, kimi zaman, aranılan tümceyi izleyen tümcede yardımcı olabilecek yapılar bulunmaktadır (Örnekteki In other words gibi). Bu ipuçlarından yararlanın. Seçeneklerin paragrafın bütününe zaman, özne ve nesne olarak uyum gösterip göstermediğini inceleyin. Çeşitli olaylar hakkındaki mevcut bilginizin seçeneklerin saptanmasında temel rol oynamasına izin vermeyin. Paragrafın içerdiği anlam sizin genel bilgi ya da görüşlerinizle çelişiyor olabilir. Önemli olan sizin ne düşündüğünüz değil paragrafın ne ilettiğidir.
PARAGRAF TAMAMLAMA - ÖRNEK SORULAR Aşağıda örnek olarak 12 paragraf tamamlama sorusu verildi. Yanıtlar bütün sorulardan sonra gelmekte.
1.
In the 1900s cancer was nearly always fatal; by the 1930s one out of five cancer patients was saved; by 1975 treatment was successful in one out of every three patients. ..... .
A. New evidence suggests that the highest risk for lung cancer occurs in asbestos workers who smoke
B. Indeed everyone knows that cancer refers to a group of over 100 different diseases C. Today scientists and physicians believe that half of all cancer patients can be saved if present knowledge is applied promptly in every case
D. Rehabilitation of the cancer patient has become an important new concern for social workers E. The aim of cancer rehabilitation is to help the patient lead as normal a life as possible 2.
...... Composers such as Schubert, Schumann, Liszt, and Berlioz sought a new freedom in musical expression. Form became of less importance than content; and that content often had literary connections.
A. Wordsworth is one of the best-known of all the English Romantic poets. B. Mendelssonn and Brahms are the two most typical representative composers of the Romantic era.
C. The Romantic movement, which began around the year 1800 in literature, also had its D. E. 3.
..... . The faltering economy they inherited was now under additional pressure from those newly unemployed, including the million-man army of the regime. There were critical shortages of foreign exchange and gold, much of which had been stolen in the final days of the war. There were also at least two million new refugees, nearly 10% of the population. Virtually, the country was in a state of total bankruptcy.
A. B. C. D. E. 4.
counterpart in music. In fact, the Romantic movement itself did not last very long. Among the Romantic composers, Brahms has generally been the most popular.
The end of the war in Vietnam brought massive problems to the new leaders of the country In the first place, all industry was nationalized by the new Vietnamese government One unexpected problem facing the new government was continuing military activity One solution to the urban problems facing Vietnam was to get people to return to the countryside In their first months in power Vietnam's new leaders succeeded in persuading hundreds of thousands of people to move back to their farms
Underdeveloped countries are those in which economic structure and development are held back. The causes of the condition of underdevelopment are complex, but two opposing sets of theories dominate discussion. ...... On the other hand, there are the theories that ascribe underdevelopment directly to the distortions of economic structure and the exploitation involved in the relations between the developed and the underdeveloped countries.
A. In other words, development and underdevelopment are mutually interdependent. B. This view implies that the state and process of underdevelopment in certain countries is inevitable.
C. On the one hand there are those theories that attribute underdevelopment to the internal characteristics of the underdeveloped countries themselves.
D. Accordingly, such countries are responsible for their own underdevelopment. E. However, no country in the world is completely isolated from the current monetary policies. 5.
Just how the Alzheimer disease ravages the brain isn't understood, but a protein molecule is thought to be involved. ...... On the theory that the protein causes the disorder by travelling from other tissues to the brain, researchers may now seek to devise drugs that would block the protein and stop it getting there.
A. B. C. D. E. 6.
If this is confirmed it may lead to a breakthrough in the treatment of the disease. In fact it hardly seems worthwhile to carry out further research into the Alzheimer disease. Much research has already been carried out to discover the causes of the disease. Once the molecule had been isolated it was possible to cure the condition. The Alzheimer disease is just one of the many incurable illnesses that inflict people in the developed countries.
The purpose of a novel varies with its type. Anthony Trollope's statement has a fundamental validity: "the object of a novel should be to instruct in morals while it amuses." At one extreme, some novels are expressly meant to teach, such as some children's novels and social novels. ...... However, one can say that the aim of most novels is to reveal and stimulate thought about aspects of human behaviour both individually and in personal and social relations.
A. Hence, fantasy has become increasingly popular, especially in the form of science fiction. B. Therefore, a novel is a fictitious prose narrative, usually of more than fifty thousand words in length.
C. On the whole, Daniel Defoe is regarded the first notable English novelist. D. At the other, some novels are meant simply as entertainment, such as detective stories and E. 7.
We all know that learning is important. .....? A dictionary might tell you that learning is acquiring knowledge through experience and study. A teacher might tell you that it is memorizing what he wants you to know for the examination. Your boss might tell you that it is mastery of the task you are hired to do. A psychologist might tell you that it is a relatively permanent change in behaviour due to past experience. Obviously, learning takes place in many ways and terms.
A. B. C. D. E. 8.
much science fiction. At the same time, the reading public has increased in numbers, especially among the educated.
How is it managed What exactly do you mean Yet can one depend on it But what exactly is it Do you think it can be mastered
Someone once said that there are three sides to every questionable issue: your side, my side, and the "right" side. ..... . For instance, the reactions in the issue of abortion are usually divided into two basic viewpoints: for or against. But the issue is not that simple. Other questions begin to surface, which turn the issue into a complex one and make it necessary for us to look at it from many sides.
A. B. C. D.
Unknowingly people become conditioned to speak out of prejudice In fact, there may be many sides, depending upon the issue itself As we mature, our beliefs are also shaped both directly and indirectly by the media Consequently our thinking process becomes overruled by others' opinions
E. Even when we think we are acting as individuals by rejecting the ideas of one group, we are often just accepting the ideas of another 9.
Some sociologists are concerned that America is no longer "a melting pot", but "a salad bowl". Unlike most earlier immigrants who were willing to learn English and wanted to "melt" into American life, many of today's immigrants do not see the need. .....? How will all this affect America's future?
A. B. C. D. E. 10.
What is soul? From Plato onwards many answers have been given to this question, but not one has ever been found to be adequate. .... . Presumably we must mean something by it.
A. B. C. D. E. 11.
His definition, quite understandably, soon returned to favour. Even so, the word is still in constant use. At a still later period soul and character were equated. If there had been further developments in this line they might have proved significant. The next step would then have been to differentiate between soul and body.
The Japanese have a strong aesthetic sense: they beautify, adorn and decorate everything they touch. ...... It is cut into an artistic shape and given a colour scheme with carefully placed pieces of tomato and herbs.
A. B. C. D. E. 12.
Why did most European immigrants settle in the cities rather than on farms What was city life like for most immigrants What changes can we expect in the make-up of America's population by the year 2000 What hardship did the early immigrants face when they arrived in America How far back can an American trace his roots
Presumably they get a great deal of satisfaction out of such elegant displays. The art of flower arrangement is particularly well-developed in Japan. Many of these arrangements consist of merely two or three flowers and a spree of green. Naturally this is especially true of women of that country. A sandwich is Japan is not a sandwich, it is a work of art designed to appeal not just to the palate but also to the eye.
Gathering information on a possible adversary or adversaries is only the start of the intelligence process. The raw material, once in hand, must be drawn together, analyzed, correlated, and evaluated before it becomes useful knowledge. ..... . From this appraisal, which points to his most likely course of action, the target state can chart a course of action best designed to meet the developing situation.
A. The ethics of secret intelligence operations have long been debated B. At this stage there emerges an estimate of the adversary's intentions and of his ability to achieve them
C. But the richest source is usually the secret agent, who is always a highly skilled and welltrained professional
D. Intelligence findings are, therefore, usually classified and limited in circulation E. In recent decades, technology has enormously lengthened the reach and sharpened the penetration of intelligence
YANITLAR 1.
In the 1900s cancer was nearly always fatal; by the 1930s one out of five cancer patients was saved;by 1975 treatment was successful in one out of every three patients. Today scientists and physicians believe that half of all cancer patients can be
saved if present knowledge is applied promptly in every case. Yıllar geçtikçe kanserin ölümcül etkisi azalmakta. Yanıt C. 2.
The Romantic movement, which began around the year 1800 in literature, also had its counterpart in music. Composers such as Schubert, Schumann, Liszt, and Berlioz sought a new freedom in musical expression. Form became of less importance than content; and that content often had literary connections. Paragrafta müzik ele alınmakta. Bu açıdan A ve D seçenekleri elenebilir. B seçeneğinde iki müzisyenden söz edildikten sonra paragrafın geri kalanında bunlarla bir ilişki kurulmamakta. Aynısı E seçeneği için d geçerli. Yanıt C.
3.
The end of the war in Vietnam brought massive problems to the new leaders of the country. The faltering economy they inherited was now under additional pressure from those newlyunemployed, including the million-man army of the regime. There were critical shortages of foreign exchange and gold, much of which had been stolen in the final days of the war. There were also at least two million new refugees, nearly 10% of the population. Virtually, the country was in a state of total bankruptcy. Paragrafta çeşitli sorunlar dile getiriliyor: faltering economy, shortage of foreign exchange and gold, new refugees. Son tümce ise herşeyi özetlemekte. Bu durumda, sorunları dile getirecek bir açılış tümcesi gerekmekte. Yanıt A.
4.
Underdeveloped countries are those in which economic structure and development are held back. Thecauses of the condition of underdevelopment are complex, but two opposing sets of theories dominate discussion. On the one hand there are those theories that attribute underdevelopment to the internal characteristics of the underdeveloped countries themselves. On the other hand, there are the theories that ascribe underdevelopment directly to the distortions of economic structure and the exploitation involved in the relations between the developed and the underdeveloped countries. Yanıtı bulmak çok kolay. Boşluktan hemen sonra On the other hand geliyor, C seçeneğinde de On the one hand var.
5.
Just how the Alzheimer disease ravages the brain isn't understood, but a protein molecule is thought tobe involved. If this is confirmed it may lead to a breakthrough in the treatment of the disease.On the theory that the protein causes the disorder by travelling from other tissues to the brain, researchers may now seek to devise drugs that would block the protein and stop it getting there. Paragrafın tümünde hastalığa çare olabilecek bir bilgiden söz edilmekte. B seçeneği bu bilgi ile çelişmekte. C ve E seçenekleri çok genel. D seçeneği hem geçmiş zamandan söz etmekte, hem de hastalığa çare bulunmuş, herşey bitmiş mesajını vermekte. Yanıt B.
6.
The purpose of a novel varies with its type. Anthony Trollope's statement has a fundamental validity:"the object of a novel should be to instruct in morals while it amuses." At one extreme, some novels are expressly meant to teach, such as some children's novels and social novels. At the other, some novels are meant simply as entertainment, such as detective stories and much sciencefiction. However, one can say that the aim of most novels is to reveal and stimulate thought about aspects of human behaviour both individually and in personal and social relations. Çok kolay bir soru. Boşluktan önce gelen tümce At the one extreme ile başlamakta. D seçeneği de At the other ile.
7.
We all know that learning is important. But what exactly is it? A dictionary might tell you that learning is acquiring knowledge through experience and study. A teacher might tell you that it is memorizing what he wants you to know for the examination. Your boss might tell you that it is mastery of the task you are hired to do. A psychologist might tell you that it is a relatively permanent change in behaviour due to past experience. Obviously, learning takes place in many ways and terms. Boşluktan sonra gelen tümceler
A dictionary might tell you that learning is .. A teacher might tell you that it (=learning) is .. Your boss might tell you that it (=learning( is .. A psychologist might tell you that it (=learning) is .. şeklinde verilmekte. Görüldüğü gibi, "öğrenme"nin ne olduğu sorgulanıyor. Yanıt D. 8.
Someone once said that there are three sides to every questionable issue: your side, my side, and the "right" side. In fact, there may be many sides, depending upon the issue itself. For instance, the reactions in the issue of abortion are usually divided into two basic viewpoints: for or against. But the issue is not that simple. Other questions begin to surface, which turn the issue into a complex one and make it necessary for us to look at it from many sides. A seçeneğinin paragraf ile hiçbir ilişkisi yok. C seçeneğinde sözü edilen media ile paragrafın bir ilişkisi yok. D seçeneğinde others' ile other people's anlatılmakta. Yine paragrafın bütünü ile bir ilgisi yok. E seçeneği ise tüm konuyu we çevresinde ele almakta. Yanıt B.
9.
Some sociologists are concerned that America is no longer "a melting pot", but "a salad bowl". Unlikemost earlier immigrants who were willing to learn English and wanted to "melt" into American life, many of today's immigrants do not see the need. What changes can we expect in the make-up of America's population by the year 2000? How will all this affect America's future? Paragrafta Amerika'ya göçmen olarak gelenlerin artık eskiden olduğu gibi birer Amerikalı olmayı istemediklerini anlatmakta. Son tümce gelecekte neler olabileceğini sorguluyor. Aynı şekilde C seçeneği de gelecekte neler olabileceğini sorgulamakta.
10.
What is soul? From Plato onwards many answers have been given to this question, but not one has ever been found to be adequate. Even so, the word is still in constant use. Presumably we must mean something by it. Boşluktan önce gelen tümcedeki one sözcüğü answer sözcüğü yerine geçmekte. Bu durumda, "Many questions have been given to the question of What is soul?, but not one answer has ever been found to be adequate" şeklinde bir tümce oluşturulabilir. A ve C seçenekleri bu açıdan ilişkili değil. D ve E seçenekleri aslında birbirini izleyen tümceler içermekte. Bu tümcelerden biri doğru seçenek olsa paragrafın son tümcesi anlamsız biçimde ortada kalırdı. Yanıt B.
11. Bu soruya genelde verilen yanıt B oldu. Sizin yanıtınız da B ise, mevcut bilgilerinizin sizi yanıltmasına izin verdiniz ve paragrafın tümünü dikkatli bir biçimde okumadınız demektir. Çünkü, eğer doğru yanıt "The art of flower arrangement" ise, tomato adında yeni bir çiçek türü keşfettiniz! Paragrafta düzenlemesi yapılan şey bir sandviç ve yanıt da E. 12.
Gathering information on a possible adversary or adversaries is only the start of the intelligence process. The raw material, once in hand, must be drawn together, analyzed, correlated, and evaluated before it becomes useful knowledge. At this stage there emerges an estimate of the adversary's intentions and of his ability to achieve them. From this appraisal, which points to his most likely course of action, the target state can chart a course of action best designed to meet the developing situation. Zor bir soru. Zorluğu yalnızca bir çok zor gelebilecek sözcük ile dolu olmasından değil, bir de birden fazla anlam taşıyan intelligence sözcüğünü barındırmasından kaynaklanmakta. Paragrafı ve özellikle seçenekleri dikkatlice okursanız, intelligence sözcüğünün zeka değil haber alma, istihbarat anlamında kullanıldığını görürsünüz. Paragrafın tümü istihbaratın elde edilmesi, işlenmesi ve yorumlanması ile ilgili. Yanıt B.
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KPDS, ÜDS, YDS Soruların İncelenmesi Türkçe-İngilizce Çeviri Türkçe tümce basit tümce ise: o o
yükleminin İngilizceye hangi zaman ya da yardımcı yüklem ile aktarılması gerektiğini saptayın ve seçenekler içinde bunu arayın; özne ve nesnenin tekil/çoğul, sayılabilir/sayılamaz niteliklerini ve bunların İngilizceye nasıl aktarılacağını inceleyin ve uygun özne ile nesneyi seçenekler içinde arayın.
Türkçe tümce bileşik tümce ise: o o
İngilizce tümcede ne tür bir clause marker gerekeceğini saptayın ve seçenekler içinde buna uygun olan(lar)ı belirleyin; Türkçe tümce ile İngilizce tümce arasındaki zaman uyumunu kontrol edin;
o
Türkçe tümce ile İngilizce tümce arasında özne ve nesne uyumuna dikkat edin.
En yakın anlamı belirleyin. Seçenekler içinde Türkçe tümcenin anlamına çok yakın anlamlar taşıyan ve dilbilgisi açısından da doğru yapılara sahip olan birden fazla seçenek olabilir. Bu durumda bu seçeneklerden - Türkçe tümcenin taşıdığı anlama oranla - gereğinden fazla ya da az bilgi içerenleri eleyin.
TÜRKÇE-İNGİLİZCE ÇEVİRİ - ÖRNEK SORULAR Aşağıda örnek olarak 20 Türkçe-İngilizce çeviri sorusu verildi. Yanıtlar bütün sorulardan sonra gelmekte. 1.
Bugün yayınlanan raporda, dünyada cüzzamlı 15 milyon insanın büyük çoğunluğunun tropikal ülkelerde yaşadığı belirtilmektedir.
A)
A report has been released today confirming that there are 15 million people in the world with leprosy, most of whom live in tropical countries.
B)
In the report to be released today, it is mentioned that there are 15 million people in the world with leprosy, and most of these live in tropical countries.
C)
In the report released today, it is pointed out that of the 15 million people with leprosy in the world the great majority live in tropical countries.
D)
In a report to be published today it is confirmed that of the 15 million people with leprosy in the world, a slight majority live in tropical countries.
E)
According to a report published today it seems that of the 15 million lepers in the world by far the majority are to be found in tropical countries.
2.
Profesör Green, makalesinde, 1950'lerin ortasından itibaren İngiltere'de kömür madenciliği dışında grevlerin sayısının artma eğilimi gösterdiğini vurgulamaktadır.
A)
As Professor Green points out in his article, from the mid-1950s onwards, strikes have been on the increase in Britain, except among coal miners.
B)
It is emphasized in Professor Green's article that, coal mining apart, there has been a noticeable increase in the number of strikes in Britain snice the mid-1950s.
C)
In his article Professor Green has emphasized that, from the mid-1950s onwards, the number of strikes in Britain had tended to increase, except in coal mining.
D)
What is stressed in Professor Green's aRticle is that in the mid-1950s the number of strikes in Britain tended to increase in all areas of mining other than coal.
E)
In his article Professor Green makes the point that the tendency to increased striking activity from the mid-1950s onwards in Britain is limited to coal mining.
3.
Anadolu'nun çeşitli yerlerinde yapılan kazılar, Hititlerin M.Ö. 1350 dolaylarında yüksek bir uygarlık düzeyine ulaştıklarını ortaya koymuştur.
A)
Hittite settlements in Anatolia have been excavated in order to show that there was a high level of civilization before 1350 B.C.
B)
Excavations carried out in various parts of Anatolia suggest that the Hittite civilization came to its highest point around 1350 B.C.
C)
Various parts of Anatolia are being excavated so as to confirm that there was a high level of Hittite civilization there around 1350 B. C.
D)
Excavations suggest that the Hittites of Anatolia only reached a high level of civilization after 1350 B.C.
E)
Excavations carried out in various parts of Anatolia have revealed that the Hittites attained a high level of civilization round about 1350 B.C.
4.
Ortaçağ Avrupasında önemli bir mimari tarz olan "romanesk" mimari, önce İtalya'da gelişmiş ve daha sonra, Fransa ve Almanya başta olmak üzere, tüm Avrupa'ya yayılmıştır.
A)
Romanesque architecture, which was the prevailing style in medieval European architecture, first flourished in Italy and only later spread to France and Germany and the rest of Europe.
B)
Romanesque architecture, which was a major architectural style in medieval Europe, first flourished in Italy and then spread to the rest of Europe, with France and Germany in the lead.
C)
Romanesque architecture, which had originated in Italy, soon became the prevailing style of architecture throughout medieval Europe but particularly in France and Germany.
D)
The major architectural style of medieval Europe was the Romanesque one that originated in Italy and spread mainly to France and Germany.
E)
The leading countries of medieval Europe, France and Germany, together with others, adopted the Romanesque style of architecture that had flourished in Italy.
5.
Bugün nükleer enerji üretiminin ana maddesini oluşturan uranyum, geçmişte, çeşitli bileşikler halinde, seramik ve dokuma sanayiinde kullanılıyordu.
A)
The use of uranium is now largely to the production of nuclear energy but formerly compounds containing it were used in the ceramics and textile industries.
B)
Uranium is now the chief substance used in the production of nuclear energy, but formerly the ceramics and textile industries used it to produce various compounds.
C)
Uranium is nowadays used mainly in the production of nuclear energy though the ceramics and textile industries in the past used its various compounds.
D)
Uranium, which today constitutes the main substance for the production of nuclear energy, wasused in the past in the ceramics and textile industries in the form of various compounds.
E)
The uranium compounds, which were used in ceramics and textile industries in the past, are today used mainly as the chief substance of nuclear energy.
6.
Mısır'da Rozetta denilen bir yerde 1799'da Fransızlar tarafından bulunmuş olan "Rozetta Taşı", hem hiyerogliflerle hem de Yunanca yazılmış bir kitabeyi içeriyordu.
A)
"The Rozetta Stone", which was discovered in 1799 by the French at a place called Rozetta in Egypt, bore an inscription written both in hieroglyphics and in Greek.
B)
The French found "the Rozetta Stone" in 1799 at a place called Rozetta in Egypt and there is an inscription on it written both in hieroglyphics and in Greek.
C)
"The Rozetta Stone", which was called after the place, Rozetta, where the French found it in 1799 in Egypt, has an inscription on it both in hieroglyphics and in Greek.
D)
The inscription of "the Rozetta Stone" found by the French in 1799 at a place called Rozetta in Egypt, makes this an important discovery as it is written both in hieroglyphics and in Greek.
E)
"The Rozetta Stone", with its inscription in hieroglyphics and Greek, is still to be found where the French discovered it in 1799, at Rozetta in Egypt.
7.
"Gerçekçilik", eleştiride kullanılan en belirsiz kavramlardan biridir; ancak bu, onun çok sık kullanılmasını engellemez.
A)
"Realism" is so vague a critical concept that it should only be used infrequently.
B)
"Realism" is one of the vaguest concepts used in criticism but that does not stop it from being frequently used.
C)
"Realism" is a term that is frequently used in criticism, but it is often wrongly used.
D)
The vagueness of the term "realism" means that it is only infrequently used in critical context.
E)
The term "realism" is frequently used in criticism but with only a vague concept of what it actually means.
8.
Aile ve akrabalık, genelde, ilkel veya ilerlemiş olsun tüm insan topluluklarının temel gerçeğidir ve binlerce yıldan beri de hep böyle olmuştur.
A)
In both primitive and advanced societies, family and kinship, in general, have, for thousands of years, been of basic importance.
B)
For thousands of years now, the family and relatives have generally been basic realities in all human societies, both primitive and advanced.
C)
During the last thousand years or so, the family, and kinship generally, have been among the basic realities of all human societies whether primitive or advanced.
D)
Until the last thousand years or so, in both primitive and advanced societies, family and kinship were usually regarded as basic elements of human existence.
E)
Family and kinship, generally, are basic realities in all human societies, whether primitive or advanced, and have been so for thousands of years.
9.
"Kara Ölüm", 1348-50 yıllarında Avrupa'yı baştan başa saran ve hemen hemen nüfusun yarısını silip süpüren vebaya verilen addır.
A)
"The Black Death" is the name generally given to the plague that swept across Europe in 1348-50 and caused the death of a half of the population.
B)
The plague known as "The Black Death" swept across Europe during the years 1348-50 and killed at least half of the population.
C)
Between 1348 and 1350 half of the population of Europe was killed by the plague generally called "The Black Death".
D)
"The Black Death" is the name given to the plague which swept across Europe in the years 1348-50 and wiped out almost a half of the population.
E)
Almost half of the population of Europe died when the plague known as "The Black Death" devastated Europe during the years 1348-50.
10.
Viyana Kongresi, Eylül 1814'ten Haziran 1815'e kadar sürmüş ve Napolyon'un yenilgisinden sonra çeşitli Avrupa devletlerinin topraklarının sınırlarını belirlemiştir.
A)
The Vienna Congress lasted from September 1814 to June 1815 and defined the borders of the territories of various European states after the defeat of Napoleon.
B)
The Vienna Congress, which was held between September 1814 and June 1815, defined theborders between various European states after Napoleon's death.
C)
The Vienna Congress was held between September 1814 and June 1815, following Napoleon's defeat, in order to settle the frontiers of various European countries.
D)
The Vienna Congress which was held from September 1814 to June 1815, after Napoleon's defeat.
E)
After the defeat of Napoleon, the frontiers of various European countries were redefined at the Vienna Congress, which lasted from September 1814 to June 1815.
11.
Yaptığımız çalışma büyük kentlerin banliyölerinde yaşayanların sayısının son on yılda üç katına çıktığını göstermektedir.
A)
The study we have carried out demonstrates that the number of those living in the suburbs of big cities tripled during the last ten years.
B)
The research we have undertaken demonstrates that the number of people living in the suburbsof big cities tripled during the last decade.
C)
Our study shows that, during the last ten years, there was a three-fold increase in the number of those living in the suburbs of the larger cities.
D)
We have been informed that, during the last ten years, there was a three-fold increase in the number of people living in suburbs around the larger towns.
E)
Our research suggests that the population of the larger cities tripled during the last decade with the growth of the suburbs.
12.
Rapordan, gelecek yüzyılda dünyada kişi başına düşen su miktarında önemli ölçüde azalma olacağı açıkça anlaşılabilir.
A)
One may conclude from the report that, during the next century, the average amount of water consumed per head of population in the world will have to be reduced.
B)
It is most clearly stated in the report that, in the next century, the drop in the amount water needed per head in the world will hardly be adequate.
C)
The report makes it clear that, during the next century, the amount of water available per head in the world will hardly be adequate.
D)
The report makes the point that, in the next century, there will have to be a sharp drop in the amount of water available per head of the population in the world.
E)
It can be clearly understood from the report that, during the next century, there will be a considerable drop in the amount of water available per head in the world.
13.
Yönetim, yeni hisse senetlerinin, rayiç piyasa değerinden %20 daha düşük olarak fiyatlandırılmasını uygun görmüştür.
A)
The board has proposed the sale of new shares on the market at a price 20% less than their current value.
B)
The management has suggested that the new shares be issued at a price 20% lower than the present market value.
C)
The management has agreed that the new shares be priced 20% below their current market value.
D)
The board has announced that the price of the shares currently coming onto market should be reduced by 20%.
E)
The managing board has accepted the pricing of the new shares, which will be 20% down on their actual value on the market.
14.
Sahra'nın yılda on kilometreye varan bir hızla güneye doğru genişlemekte olduğu bilimsel olarak saptanmıştır.
A)
Recent scientific investigations have revealed that the southerly movement of the Sahara remains at 10 kilometers per year.
B)
There is a scientific evidence to suggest that the Sahara is expanding southwards at a rate of roughly 10 kilometres a year.
C)
The rate at which the Sahara is expanding southwards has been scientifically established as not exceeding 10 kilometres a year.
D)
According to recent scientific data, the Sahara is moving in a southerly direction at a rate of just under 10 kilometres a year.
E)
It has been scientifically established that the Sahara is expanding southwards at a rate of up to 10 kilometres a year.
15.
Makalede, dünya tahıl üretiminin son yıllarda önemli ölçüde düşmeye başladığı vurgulanmaktadır.
A)
In the article it is emphasized that world grain production has begun to fall substantially in recent years.
B)
From the article it is apparent that there has been a substantial fall in world grain production in recent decades.
C)
It should be emphasized in the article that there has been a noticeable drop in the world grain production during the last few years.
D)
According to the article, a serious drop in world grain production only began a few years ago.
E)
It is pointed out in the article that the substantial fall in the world grain production has begun in recent times.
16.
Gelişmiş ülkeler çok düşük nüfus artış hızına sahip olsalar bile, bunların azgelişmiş ülkelerdeki hızlı nüfus artışından etkilenmeyeceklerini söylemek yanlış olur.
A)
Even if there were a drop in the population growth of developed countries one should not say that the developing countries, with their rapidly expanding populations, would be likely to be affected by it.
B)
Even supposing that the developed countries had a very slight population growth, it wouldn't be fair to suggest that the rapid population growth of underdeveloped countries couldn't affect them.
C)
A very slight drop in the population growth of developed countries means nothing in the face of the rapid increase in the populations of developing countries.
D)
Even though developed countries have a very low rate of population growth, it would be wrong to say that they will not affected by the rapid increase of population in underdeveloped countries.
E)
It has been wrongly suggested that the rapid increase in the population of underdeveloped countries will have no effect on the slight decline in population in developed countries.
17.
Sıtma tedavisinde kullanılan ilaçlar son derece önemli olsa da hastalığa neden olan sivrisineğin kontrolü çok daha önemlidir.
A)
However effective the drugs used in the treatment of malaria may be, it is still important to control the mosquito that causes the disease.
B)
Though the drugs used in the treatment of malaria are extremely important, the control of the mosquito, which causes the disease, is even more so.
C)
If the mosquito that causes malaria could be controlled the drugs used in its treatment would cease to be important.
D)
Since new drugs are extremely effective in the treatment of malaria, there is less need now to control the mosquito which carries the disease.
E)
Control of the mosquito which carries malaria has proved far more effective than any of the drugs that have been used in its treatment.
18.
İngiltere ile İskoçya arasında imzalanan ve 1 Mayıs 1707'den itibaren yürürlüğe giren "Birlik Andlaşması"nı müteakip, İskoç ticaret yasalarının tümü İngiltere'nin yasalarına uygun hale getirildi.
A)
Once "the Treaty of Union" between England and Scotland went into effect on 1 May 1707, all the Scottish trade laws had to be brought into line with those of England.
B)
"The Treaty of Union" between England and Scotland went into effect on 1 May 1707 and from then on the same trade laws held good for England and for Scotland.
C)
Following "the Treaty of Union" made between England and Scotland and brought into effect on1 May 1707, the Scottish trade laws were revised together with those of England.
D)
Following "the Treaty of Union", which was signed between England and Scotland and went into effect as of 1 May 1707, all of the Scottish trade laws were brought into conformity with those of England.
E)
After 1 May 1707, when "the Treaty of Union" between England and Scotland went into effect, all the trade laws of Scotland and England had to be reviewed.
19.
Gökbilimciler, evrenin sadece güneş ve gezegenleri içine alan yıldız sisteminden oluşmadığını belirtirler.
A)
The astronomers suggest that the universe may not merely consist of the star system including the sun and the planets.
B)
Astronomers point out that the universe does not consist solely of the star system which includes the sun and its planets.
C)
As the astronomers have pointed out, the sun and the planets are a part of the star system that makes up the universe.
D)
The star system, including the sun and the planets, is not, in the opinion of the astronomers, the solo component of the universe.
E)
Astronomers are undecided as to whether the universe is simply compounded of the star system which includes the sun and the planets.
20.
İnsanlar, uygarlığın doğuşundan beri gökyüzünü incelemişlerdir; ancak orada var olanların büyük çoğunluğu hâlâ bilinmemektedir.
A)
People have studied the sky since the dawn of civilization, yet the bulk of what is out there is still unknown.
B)
If people had studied the sky throughout civilized times, the bulk of what is out there would now have been known.
C)
People were studying the sky even before the dawn of civilization, but little was known about what was out there.
D)
A large portion of space remains unexplored though man has been interested in it since the dawn of civilization.
E)
The sky has been under observation ever since civilization began, but not much is known about it.
YANITLAR 1.
Bugün yayınlanan raporda, dünyada cüzzamlı 15 milyon insanın büyük çoğunluğunun tropikal ülkelerde yaşadığı belirtilmektedir. C) In the report released today, it is pointed out that of the 15 million people with leprosy in the world the great majority live in tropical countries.
2.
Profesör Green, makalesinde, 1950'lerin ortasından itibaren İngiltere'de kömür madenciliği dışında grevlerin sayısının artma eğilimi gösterdiğini vurgulamaktadır. C) In his article Professor Green has emphasized that, from the mid-1950s onwards, the number of strikes in Britain had tended to increase, except in coal mining.
3.
Anadolu'nun çeşitli yerlerinde yapılan kazılar, Hititlerin M.Ö. 1350 dolaylarında yüksek bir uygarlıkdüzeyine ulaştıklarını ortaya koymuştur. E) Excavations carried out in various parts of Anatolia have revealed that the Hittites attained a high level of civilization round about 1350 B.C.
4.
Ortaçağ Avrupasında önemli bir mimari tarz olan "romanesk" mimari, önce İtalya'da
gelişmiş ve daha sonra, Fransa ve Almanya başta olmak üzere, tüm Avrupa'ya yayılmıştır. B) Romanesque architecture, which was a major architectural style in medieval Europe, first flourished in Italy and then spread to the rest of Europe, with France and Germany in the lead. 5.
Bugün nükleer enerji üretiminin ana maddesini oluşturan uranyum, geçmişte, çeşitli bileşikler halinde, seramik ve dokuma sanayiinde kullanılıyordu. D) Uranium, which today constitutes the main substance for the production of nuclear energy, was used in the past in the ceramics and textile industries in the form of various compounds.
6.
Mısır'da Rozetta denilen bir yerde 1799'da Fransızlar tarafından bulunmuş olan "Rozetta Taşı", hem hiyerogliflerle hem de Yunanca yazılmış bir kitabeyi içeriyordu. A) "The Rozetta Stone", which was discovered in 1799 by the French at a place called Rozetta in Egypt, bore an inscription written both in hieroglyphics and in Greek.
7.
"Gerçekçilik", eleştiride kullanılan en belirsiz kavramlardan biridir; ancak bu, onun çok sık kullanılmasını engellemez. B) "Realism" is one of the vaguest concepts used in criticism but that does not stop it from being frequently used.
8.
Aile ve akrabalık, genelde, ilkel veya ilerlemiş olsun tüm insan opluluklarının temel gerçeğidir ve binlerce yıldan beri de hep böyle olmuştur. E) Family and kinship, generally, are basic realities in all human societies, whether primitive or advanced, and have been so for thousands of years.
9.
"Kara Ölüm", 1348-50 yıllarında Avrupa'yı baştan başa saran ve hemen hemen nüfusun yarısını silip süpüren vebaya verilen addır. D) "The Black Death" is the name given to the plague which swept across Europe in the years 1348-50 and wiped out almost a half of the population.
10.
Viyana Kongresi, Eylül 1814'ten Haziran 1815'e kadar sürmüş ve Napolyon'un yenilgisinden sonra çeşitli Avrupa devletlerinin topraklarının sınırlarını belirlemiştir. A) The Vienna Congress lasted from September 1814 to June 1815 and defined the borders of the territories of various European states after the defeat of Napoleon.
11.
Yaptığımız çalışma büyük kentlerin banliyölerinde yaşayanların sayısının son on yılda üç katına çıktığını göstermektedir. A) The study we have carried out demonstrates that the number of those living in the suburbs of big cities tripled during the last ten years.
12.
Rapordan, gelecek yüzyılda dünyada kişi başına düşen su miktarında önemli ölçüde azalma olacağı açıkça anlaşılabilir. E) It can be clearly understood from the report that, during the next century, there will be a considerable drop in the amount of water available per head in the world.
13.
Yönetim, yeni hisse senetlerinin, rayiç piyasa değerinden %20 daha düşük olarak fiyatlandırılmasını uygun görmüştür. C) The management has agreed that the new shares be priced 20% below their current market value.
14.
Sahra'nın yılda on kilometreye varan bir hızla güneye doğru genişlemekte olduğu bilimsel olarak saptanmıştır. E) It has been scientifically established that the Sahara is expanding southwards at a rate of up to 10 kilometres a year.
15.
Makalede, dünya tahıl üretiminin son yıllarda önemli ölçüde düşmeye başladığı vurgulanmaktadır.
A) In the article it is emphasized that world grain production has begun to fall substantially in recent years. 16.
Gelişmiş ülkeler çok düşük nüfus artış hızına sahip olsalar bile, bunların azgelişmiş ülkelerdeki hızl ınüfus artışından etkilenmeyeceklerini söylemek yanlış olur. D) Even though developed countries have a very low rate of population growth, it would be wrong to say that they will not affected by the rapid increase of population in underdeveloped countries.
17.
Sıtma tedavisinde kullanılan ilaçlar son derece önemli olsa da hastalığa neden olan sivrisineğin kontrolü çok daha önemlidir. B) Though the drugs used in the treatment of malaria are extremely important, the control of the mosquito, which causes the disease, is even more so.
18.
İngiltere ile İskoçya arasında imzalanan ve 1 Mayıs 1707'den itibaren yürürlüğe giren "Birlik Andlaşması"nı müteakip, İskoç ticaret yasalarının tümü İngiltere'nin yasalarına uygun hale getirildi. D) Following "the Treaty of Union", which was signed between England and Scotland and went into effect as of 1 May 1707, all of the Scottish trade laws were brought into conformity with those of England.
19.
Gökbilimciler, evrenin sadece güneş ve gezegenleri içine alan yıldız sisteminden oluşmadığını belirtirler. B) Astronomers point out that the universe does not consist solely of the star system which includes the sun and its planets.
20.
İnsanlar, uygarlığın doğuşundan beri gökyüzünü incelemişlerdir; ancak orada var olanların büyük çoğunluğu hâlâ bilinmemektedir. A) People have studied the sky since the dawn of civilization, yet the bulk of what is out there is still unknown.
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KPDS, ÜDS, YDS Soruların İncelenmesi Okuma Okuma bölümü dil sınavlarının en fazla çekinilen bölümüdür. Ancak, bu konuda verilen açıklama ve alıştırmaları ayrıntıları ile incelerseniz okuma sorularını doğru yanıtlama oranınız artacaktır. Okuma bölümünde okuma metninden önce metnin sorularını okuyun. Bu şekilde zamandan kazanırsınız. Çeşitli senelerde sorulmuş KPDS/YDS'ler incelendiğinde, aslında belirli soru tiplerinin mevcut olduğu ortaya çıkmakta. Bu soru tiplerinden bazıları sadece bir iki sınavda kullanılırken bazılarına çok sık rastlanmakta. Bu soru tiplerini bir sıraya koyarak her birinin sizden ne istediğini göstermeyi, yanıtın metnin neresinde ve nasıl bulunabileceğini örnekler ve çok değişik alıştırmalar yolu ile sergilemeyi amaçladım. Önerim, alıştırmaları örnekleri dikkatle inceleyerek ve talimatları dikkatle okuyarak baştan sona kadar yapmanızdır. Bunu yaparken de mümkün olduğu kadar fazla alıştırmayı yanıtlayın. Zamanla bir okuma alışkanlığı edineceğinizi umuyorum.
OKUMA - ÖRNEK SORULAR Aşağıda örnek olarak 12 okuma metni verildi. Yanıtlar bütün sorulardan sonra gelmekte. Örnek sorulara geçmeden önce, okuma çalışmasını tamamlamanızı öneririm.
Okuma çalışması.
1.-3. soruları, aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevaplayınız.
The novelist E. L. Doctorow is best known for mixing fiction with historical fact , by placing his stories within the framework of public events. In fact, by integrating the front-page news of 20th-century America with the lives of his characters, Doctorow gives the reader the "feel" of an era, combining the unusual and the commonplace . His latest novel, World's Fair, shows how the events of the turbulent 1930's helped mold the sensibilities of his young protagonist. 1.
It is explained in the passage that Doctorow's novel World's Fair ..... . A. B. C. D. E.
describes the damaging effects of the turbulent 1930s on the sensitive young protagonist is actually a full historical account of the great changes that took place in the 1930s demonstrates his theories concerning the relationship between man and his society fails to give his readers a "feel" of the 1930s in America gives an account of how thoughts and feelings of the main character are shaped by the period inwhich he lived
2.
From the passage we learn that a blend of fiction and history ..... . A. has not always been Doctorow's primary concern B. is deliberately avoided by Doctorow in his most recent novel C. is a striking feature of Doctorow's writing D. is commonly used by contemporary American writers, including Doctorow himself E. is never to be found in he traditional novel
3.
We see in he passage that Doctorow's purpose in bringing together in his novels the usual and the extraordinary ..... A. is to build up a convincing picture of a period B. did not achieve the result he aimed for in World's Fair C. has been frequently criticized by his readers D. has not been properly appreciated except in the case of World's Fair E. has been shared by other 20th-century American novelists
4.-6. soruları, aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevaplayınız. In earlier centuries it was thought that a great continent must exist in the southern hemisphere around the South Pole, to balance the known land masses in the north. Its real extent was better understood in the 18th century, particularly when Captain Cook sailed for the first time south of the Antarctic Circle and reached the edge of the ice-pack . A portion of the ice-covered continent was first sighted by Edward Bransfield in 1820. Explorers of several other nations also sighted portions of the coast-line in other quarters and wrote detailed accounts of their observations. However, in the light of these accounts, the first extensive exploration was made by Captain James Clarke Ross in 1841 when a great part of the Antarctic was discovered. 4.
As we can understand from the passage, it was assumed many centuries ago that the large land mass around the North Pole ..... . A. B. C. D. E.
5.
seemed to be impenetrable and, hence, inexplorable could not have a counterpart in the southern hemisphere had a regular and unchanging coastline must have been balanced by a similar extent of land mass around the South Pole would be reduced in size once the edge of the ice-pack began to melt
It is pointed out in the passage that it was only with Captain Cook's voyage in the 18th century that ..... . A. the first serious expedition into the interior of the Antarctic was launched B. a partially accurate assessment of the size of the Antarctic could be made
C. people began to realize just how small the land mass here was D. multi-national projects for exploration of the Antarctic were put into effect E. the rich natural resources of the Antarctic became known to the outside world 6.
It is clear from the passage that, following various earlier reports concerning the Antarctic, ..... . A. Edward Bransfield joined the international project to study the ice-pack of the continent B. many explorers were discouraged from undertaking any serious exploration there C. explorers from various countries began to compete with each other for the conquest of thecontinent D. Captain Cook decided to undertake a second voyage of discovery in the area E. the first major large-scale discovery of the continent was undertaken by James Clarke Ross in1841
7.-9. soruları, aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevaplayınız. The police are a regular force established for the preservation of law and order and the prevention and detection of crime. The powers they have vary from country to country and with the type of government; the more civilized and democratic the state is, the less police intervention there is. England, compared with other countries, was slow to develop a police force, and it was not until 1829 that Sir Robert Peel's Metropolitan Police Act established a regular force for the metropolis. Later legislation established county and borough forces maintained by local authorities throughout England and Wales. 7.
It is clear from the passage that one of the major concerns of the police is ..... . A. B. C. D. E.
to uphold the law and maintain order in society to put on trial those guilty of criminal behaviour the enlargement of their own powers as far as is compatible with democracy to uphold the universal principles of democracy to intervene, when necessary, in matters of legislation
8.
We understand from the passage that the powers of the police ..... . A. are much stronger in country areas than in cities B. cannot be limited in democratic countries C. have been strongly criticized in England D. were first defined by the British government in 1829 E. are closely related to the political regime of a country
9.
The writer tells us that, before England set up a police force, ..... . A. various countries had already established one of their own B. the preservation of law and order was being maintained by local authorities C. Sir Robert Peel showed little interest in the preservation of law and order D. the prevention and detection of crime in the boroughs was almost impossible E. Wales had the highest crime rate in Britain
10.-12. soruları, aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevaplayınız. In 1945, following the Second World War, the allies, that is, the United States, the Soviet Union and Britain drew up and signed the Postdam Agreement. The main points of this agreement were that militarism and Hitlerism should be destroyed, that industrial power should be so reduced that Germany would never again be in a position to wage aggressive was, that surplus equipment should be destroyed or transferred to replace wrecked plants in allied territories,
that Germany should be treated as an economic whole, and that local self-government should be restored on democratic lines as rapidly as was consistent with military security. 10.
As we learn from the passage, the Postdam Agreement ..... . A. was originally proposed by the United States B. was the first treaty of its kind to be signed with the Soviet Union C. was a treaty, which was signed by the allies, with the principle aim of ensuring peace andsecurity in Europe D. improved the relations between the Soviet Union and the West E. was drafted by the allies in consultation with Germany
11.
According to the passage, one of the major provisions made in the Postdam Agreement was that ..... . A. the necessary measures should be taken to prevent Germany from any future renewal of aggression B. the rearmament of Germany should be under allied supervision C. the military, but not the domestic, policies of Hitler should be discontinued D. Germany's industrial production should be reduced to a pre-Hitler level E. local administrations in Germany should concern themselves only with social welfare
12.
It is pointed out in the passage that the Postdam Agreement envisaged ..... . A. a European political institution to safeguard peace B. a step-by-step reduction of Germany's economic efficiency C. the restoration of democracy throughout Europe D. the transfer of surplus equipment from Germany to the allied countries to help recovery of industry there E. the maintenance of military security through a new alliance with Germany
13.-15. soruları, aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevaplayınız. The International Bank of Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) known as the international Bank or the World Bank, is an agency of the United Nations established in 1945. It has the primary function of making loans available to assist developing countries. Usually, loans are made to finance specific projects of investment in underdeveloped countries, and the Bank will normally make a loan only if it is satisfied that the investment will yield a revenue sufficient to enable the payment of interest of the loan, and the repayment of the sum lent. In 1983 the Bank made loans to the value of $3,000 million. Thus a sizeable amount of lending is channelled through the Bank, but it is clear that some projects of great value to underdeveloped countries cannot be financed in this way, because they would not yield returns quickly enough or large enough to meet the Bank's requirements for interest and repayment. 13.
It is pointed in the passage that the World Bank was founded in order to ..... . A. provide the United Nations with a constant source of income for its various projects B. bring all developing countries up to the same level of economic prosperity C. provide underdeveloped countries, in particular, with the necessary financial support for therealization of their major development projects D. give loans to all the countries in the world on an equal basis, regardless of their economic position E. make loans available to those countries not receiving support from the developed countries
14.
We can understand from the passage that World Bank will usually not provide loans for investment projects in developing countries unless ..... . A. it is absolutely certain that the money lent will be returned in full and with interest
B. C. D. E. 15.
it has been unanimously approved by the United Nations these countries are in a position to finance a good part of these projects these projects are indeed of vital importance for the industrialization of these countries these countries are prepared to pay a sizeable interest rate on the money lent
The passage gives a general account of ..... . A. why the World Bank has relaxed its traditionally strict loan policies in favour of developing countries B. how the World Bank was founded and has been financed by the United Nations C. the ways and means by which the World Bank has influenced developing countries D. how the financial policies of the World Bank are controlled by the United Nations E. the main funding policy followed by the World Bank in relation to underdeveloped countries
16.-18. soruları, aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevaplayınız. Oceanography is the scientific study of the world's oceans which cover over 70 per cent of the earth's surface. The beginnings of modern oceanography go back to the 1870s when, for the first time, wide ranging scientific observations and studies of the oceans were undertaken by the British. Since then oceanography has developed into a highly technical and interdisciplinary science which is now divided into several fields of study. Those are biological oceanography, which deals with the study of marine organisms and marine ecology, chemical oceanography, which is concerned with the composition of sea water, and physical oceanography, which studies ocean currents, tides, waves, and the role played by the oceans in climate and weather. Geological oceanography is also another branch of oceanography and is mainly concerned with the formation, composition and evolution of the ocean basins. Oceanographic knowledge is essential to allow exploitation of the enormous food, mineral and energy resources of the oceans with minimum damage to the ocean environment. 16.
In the passage the writer does not dwell on ..... . A. B. C. D. E.
the purpose and research concerns of biological oceanography the history of oceanographic studies, and the range of these studies how oceanographic studies can contribute to the improvement of shipping the uses for us of the information provided by oceanographic studies about the oceans what geological and chemical oceanography deal with
17.
It is clear from the passage that, due to the complexity and variety of its research activities, oceanography ..... . A. cooperates with some of the other sciences B. focuses only on the discovery of new energy resources in the oceans C. benefits extensively from the findings of biology D. is rarely concerned with the problems of the ocean environment E. has developed into a separate and independent discipline with no relationship with other sciences
18.
We understand from the passage that over the last hundred years or so ..... . A. many wide ranging studies have been made of ocean currents and their effects on climate B. the oceans have been extensively exploited for food and mineral deposits C. British scientists have carried out extensive studies of the ocean basins D. scientists have been much concerned with the pollution of the ocean environment E. much progress has been made in the development of oceanography as a science
19.-21. soruları, aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevaplayınız.
The unfavourable effects of cigarette smoking on the heart have frequently been described, but the exact basis for these effects has not been clarified. Some investigators believe nicotine to be culprit, and there has been some experimental work in animals indicating that large doses of nicotine in conjunction with cholesterol feeding and vitamin D could produce a disease of arteries resembling that seen in humans. An alternative explanation has been offered by other scientists who have pointed to the possible role of carbon monoxide being inhaled with the cigarette smoke. 19.
It is pointed out in the passage that nicotine ..... . A. is considered by some to be one of the reasons why smoking has an adverse effect on the heart B. is the only harmful factor in relation to smoking C. affects animals more seriously than humans D. has been established as more dangerous than carbon monoxide for smokers E. has an adverse effect only upon the arteries
20.
According to the passage, studies into the adverse effects of smoking ..... . A. have ruled out any relationship between smoking and cholesterol levels in humans B. have not been able to establish for certain whether or not carbon monoxide could be a factor C. have so far not raised any controversial opinions D. have shown that vitamin D reduces nicotine in the body E. indicate that nicotine and carbon monoxide may be only minor factors
21.
The main concern of the passage is to ..... . A. describe certain experiments on animals relating to the effects of carbon monoxide B. emphasize the role nicotine and vitamin D play in heart disease C. demonstrate that the adverse effects of smoking on the heart are still under debate D. compare the effects on the heart of nicotine and carbon monoxide E. give an account of the research work concerning animal diseases
22.-24. soruları, aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevaplayınız. Agriculture remains the most crucial area for development; here it seems that the most intractable problems of resistance to change exist. One may argue that scientific training in agriculture by itself is unlikely to have any marked impact on agricultural output. Any attempt at vocational training in agriculture presupposes that a meaningful structure of incentive exists for the individual farmer to increase his output, improve his techniques, and expand his range of activities. Without such incentives and opportunities, agricultural education can have little impact. 22.
The author is of the opinion that improvements in the field of agriculture ..... . A. B. C. D. E.
23.
cannot be achieved through vocational training can easily be realized have already led to good results are absolutely vital for productivity have largely been confined to technology
We can understand from the passage that the agricultural community ..... . A. tends to disregard the problems of the individual farmer B. is eager for more vocational training C. is fully aware of the long-term benefits of scientific training D. has already begun to benefit from the improved techniques E. is not the one that welcomes change
24.
The author concludes that vocational training in agriculture ..... . A. will be an effective way of eliminating resistance to change in society B. will provide farmers with a range of opportunities C. will be futile unless it's backed up with various incentives D. is regarded as a priority for social development E. has often been underestimated by various authorities
25.-27. soruları, aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevaplayınız. Some decades ago there was hardly such a subject as the economics of education. Today it is one of the most rapidly growing branches of economics. Together with health economics, it makes up the core of the economics of human resources, a field of inquiry which in the last few years has been silently revolutionizing such traditional subjects as growth economics, labour economics, international trade, and public finance. Consequently, the economics of education with its concept of human investment has rapidly transformed large areas of orthodox economics. 25.
The author points out that the term "the economics of education" ..... . A. B. C. D. E.
has only come into use in very recent years has for decades been under discussion among economists is of little significance in orthodox economics has only been accepted in educational circles is gradually disappearing from economic writings
26.
According to the passage, the economics of education ..... . A. is not connected in anyway with investment in man B. relates to a very narrow sphere of human activity C. has had no impact whatsoever on other areas of orthodox economics D. has today come into the forefront of economic thinking E. is one of the earliest branches of general economics
27.
The author suggests that the earlier branches of economics ..... . A. have grown steadily in importance B. have been substantially modified through the introduction of the economics of human resources C. have been virtually unaffected by health economics or the economics of human resources D. gave great importance to the idea of human investment E. constituted the essence of the economics of human resources
28.-30. soruları, aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevaplayınız. Tigers grow to lengths of ten feet or more, and can be bigger than the largest lion. They have immense strength, They clutch their prey to them, holding on with their claws, and depend on the crushing bite of their powerful jaws to end the struggle. They swim very well and can often be seen splashing about in water on very hot days, since they apparently suffer from the heat. When the air is chilly, however, they avoid wet or damp vegetation. They can climb, but do not approach the leopard's ability in this. They can negotiate treacherous rocky areas but generally prefer to stay on level ground. They are not as well equipped with senses as one might expect. They apparently depend on their hearing while hunting. Their eyesight is not particularly good, and they seem unable to spot prey until it moves. 28.
It is clear from the passage that tigers ..... .
A. B. C. D. E.
rely on their huge claws to catch and kill their prey are the most successful climbers of all wild animals are sensitive to significant variations in temperature closely resemble lions as regards size, speed and strength rely heavily upon their eyesight in locating and catching prey
29.
As it is mentioned in the passage, a flat terrain ..... . A. is usually the favoured habitat of the tiger B. rather than rocky cliffs gives tigers better opportunities for hiding C. provides camouflage for leopards D. is usually wet, so tigers prefer higher levels E. usually has thicker vegetation which shelters more prey
30.
From the passage we learn that, contrary to what is generally thought, ..... . A. once a prey starts to move a tiger can rarely catch it B. hearing is the least developed sense of the tiger C. the leopard's hunting ability is far behind that of the tiger D. rocky areas are invariably avoided by all wild animals E. the tiger's senses are not particularly well developed
31.-33. soruları, aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevaplayınız. Scientists have long sought ways to define and measure human intelligence. And while theories of intelligence have grown more sophisticated since the 1800s when some believed mental abilities were determined by the size of a person's head, researchers still do not agree about certain fundamental principles of human thought. They therefore continue to debate such basic questions as whether heredity or the environment is more important in forming intelligence. 31.
As we learn from the passage, the age-old controversy about whether intelligence depends upon heredity or the environment .... . A. B. C. D.
E.
is now being ignored as it is seen to be fruitless was finally resolved in 1800s has only recently become a subject for serious research does not seem to have ceased yet was more sophisticated in the 19th century than it is now
32.
According to the passage, in the early nineteenth century, some people held the view that a person's mental capacity ..... . A. could never be changed B. depended on the head size C. was purely hereditary D. was completely shaped by the environment E. fundamental to his character
33.
One may conclude from the passage that a full understanding of the nature and the capacity of human intelligence ..... . A. can only be achieved by exceptionally sophisticated minds B. has finally been achieved by modern scientists C. is sure to be realized within the next few years D. is not likely to be achieved in the near future E. will emerge through theoretical rather than experimental studies
34.-36. soruları, aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevaplayınız. Secularization as it has developed since the Middle Ages had consisted in substituting for supernatural and theological explanations naturalistic and reasonable ones. This change is one of the most profound affecting mankind and forms the basis of modern democratic government and of our scientific-technological age. In a society based on the divine right of kings there could be no genuinely democratic government in the modern sense. Democracy is built on the idea that the individual has a right to judge political issues for himself. 34.
According to the passage, with the rise of democracy, ..... . A. B. C. D. E.
supernatural ideas have given way to theological ones scientific and technological progress has been neglected secularization has lost its traditional meaning the individual has lost many of his former rights the traditional concept of the "divine right of kings" has vanished
35.
It is argued that the process of secularization ..... . A. has had no impact on the concept of monarchy B. goes back to pre-medieval times C. has led to systems of democratic government D. has no relevance to the exercise of individual rights E. has failed to overcome superstition and magic
36.
In the development of modern society ..... . A. medieval institutions have not been neglected B. democracy has been of little significance C. technological supremacy has been the ultimate aim D. the impact of secularisation has been of fundamental importance E. individual rights have been curtailed
YANITLAR Metin içinde hangi tümcenin hangi sorunun yanıtını verdiği, koyu yazılan tümceden hemen sonra sorunun numarası parantez içinde verilerek belirtilmiştir. The novelist E. L. Doctorow is best known for mixing fiction with historical fact (2), by placing his stories within the framework of public events. In fact, by integrating the front-page news of 20thcentury America with the lives of his characters, Doctorow gives the reader the "feel" of an era, combining the unusual and the commonplace (3). His latest novel, World's Fair, shows how the events of the turbulent 1930's helped mold the sensibilities of his young protagonist (1). 1. It is explained in the passage that Doctorow's novel World's Fair ..... . E) gives an account of how thoughts and feelings of the main character are shaped by the period in which he lived 2. From the passage we learn that a blend of fiction and history ..... . C) is a striking feature of Doctorow's writing 3. We see in he passage that Doctorow's purpose in bringing together in his novels the usual and theextraordinary .....
A) is to build up a convincing picture of a period In earlier centuries it was thought that a great continent must exist in the southern hemisphere around the South Pole, to balance the known land masses in the north (4). Its real extent was better understood in the 18th century, particularly when Captain Cook sailed for the first time south of the Antarctic Circle and reached the edge of the ice-pack (5). A portion of the icecovered continent was first sighted by Edward Bransfield in 1820. Explorers of several other nations also sighted portions of the coast-line in other quarters and wrote detailed accounts of their observations. However, in the light of these accounts, the first extensive exploration was made by Captain James Clarke Ross in 1841 when a great part of the Antarctic was discovered (6). 4. As we can understand from the passage, it was assumed many centuries ago that the large land mass around the North Pole ..... . D) must have been balanced by a similar extent of land mass around the South Pole 5. It is pointed out in the passage that it was only with Captain Cook's voyage in the 18th century that ..... . B) a partially accurate assessment of the size of the Antarctic could be made 6. It is clear from the passage that, following various earlier reports concerning the Antarctic, ..... . E) the first major large-scale discovery of the continent was undertaken by James Clarke Ross in 1841 The police are a regular force established for the preservation of law and order and the prevention and detection of crime (7). The powers they have vary from country to country and with the type of government; the more civilized and democratic the state is, the less police intervention there is (8). England, compared with other countries, was slow to develop a police force, and it was not until 1829 that Sir Robert Peel's Metropolitan Police Act established a regular force for the metropolis. Later legislation established county and borough forces maintained by local authorities throughout England and Wales (9). 7. It is clear from the passage that one of the major concerns of the police is ..... . A) to uphold the law and maintain order in society 8. We understand from the passage that the powers of the police ..... . E) are closely related to the political regime of a country 9. The writer tells us that, before England set up a police force, ..... . B) the preservation of law and order was being maintained by local authorities In 1945, following the Second World War, the allies, that is, the United States, the Soviet Union and Britain drew up and signed the Postdam Agreement (10). The main points of this agreement were that militarism and Hitlerism should be destroyed, that industrial power should be so reduced that Germany would never again be in a position to wage aggressive ways (11), that surplus equipment should be destroyed or transferred to replace wrecked plants in allied territories (12), that Germany should be treated as an economic whole, and that local self-government should be restored on democratic lines as rapidly as was consistent with military security.
10. As we learn from the passage, the Postdam Agreement ..... . C) was a treaty, which was signed by the allies, with the principle aim of ensuring peace and security in Europe 11. According to the passage, one of the major provisions made in the Postdam Agreement was that ..... . A) the necessary measures should be taken to prevent Germany from any future renewal of aggression 12. It is pointed out in the passage that the Postdam Agreement envisaged ..... . D) the transfer of surplus equipment from Germany to the allied countries to help recovery of industry there The International Bank of Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) known as the international Bank or the World Bank, is an agency of the United Nations established in 1945. It has the primary function of making loans available to assist developing countries (13). Usually, loans are made to finance specific projects of investment in underdeveloped countries, and the Bank will normally make a loan only if it is satisfied that the investment will yield a revenue sufficient to enable the payment of interest of the loan, and the repayment of the sum lent (14). In 1983 the Bank made loans to the value of $3,000 million. Thus a sizeable amount of lending is channelled through the Bank, but it is clear that some projects of great value to underdeveloped countries cannot be financed in this way, because they would not yield returns quickly enough or large enough to meet the Bank's requirements for interest and repayment. 13. It is pointed in the passage that the World Bank was founded in order to ..... . C) provide underdeveloped countries, in particular, with the necessary financial support for the realization of their major development projects 14. We can understand from the passage that World Bank will usually not provide loans for investment projects in developing countries unless ..... . A) it is absolutely certain that the money lent will be returned in full and with interest 15. The passage gives a general account of ..... . E) the main funding policy followed by the World Bank in relation to underdeveloped countries Oceanography is the scientific study of the world's oceans which cover over 70 per cent of the earth's surface. The beginnings of modern oceanography go back to the 1870s when, for the first time, wide ranging scientific observations and studies of the oceans were undertaken by the British. Since then oceanography has developed into a highly technical and interdisciplinary science which is now divided into several fields of study (17). Those are biological oceanography, which deals with the study of marine organisms and marine ecology, chemical oceanography, which is concerned with the composition of sea water, and physical oceanography, which studies ocean currents, tides, waves, and the role played by the oceans in climate and weather. Geological oceanography is also another branch of oceanography and is mainly concerned with the formation, composition and evolution of the ocean basins. Oceanographic knowledge is essential to allow exploitation of the enormous food, mineral and energy resources of the oceans with minimum damage to the ocean environment. 16. It the passage the writer does not dwell on ..... .
C) how oceanographic studies can contribute to the improvement of shipping 17. It is clear from the passage that, due to the complexity and variety of its research activities, oceanography ..... . A) cooperates with some of the other sciences 18. We understand from the passage that over the last hundred years or so ..... . E) much progress has been made in the development of oceanography as a science The unfavourable effects of cigarette smoking on the heart have frequently been described, but the exact basis for these effects has not been clarified (20-21). Some investigators believe nicotine to be culprit, and there has been some experimental work in animals indicating that large doses of nicotine in conjunction with cholesterol feeding and vitamin D could produce a disease of arteries resembling that seen in humans (19). An alternative explanation has been offered by other scientists who have pointed to the possible role of carbon monoxide being inhaled with the cigarette smoke. 19. It is pointed out in the passage that nicotine ..... . A) is considered by some to be one of the reasons why smoking has an adverse effect on the heart. 20. According to the passage, studies into the adverse effects of smoking ..... . B) have not been able to establish for certain whether or not carbon monoxide could be a factor 21. The main concern of the passage is to ..... . C) demonstrate that the adverse effects of smoking on the heart are still under debate Agriculture remains the most crucial area for development; here it seems that the most intractable problems of resistance to change exist (23). One may argue that scientific training in agriculture by itself is unlikely to have any marked impact on agricultural output. Any attempt at vocational training in agriculture presupposes that a meaningful structure of incentive exists for the individual farmer to increase his output, improve his techniques, and expand his range of activities (22). Without such incentives and opportunities, agricultural education can have little impact (23). 22. The author is of the opinion that improvements in the field of agriculture ..... . D) are absolutely vital for productivity 23. We can understand from the passage that the agricultural community ..... . E) is not the one that welcomes change 24. The author concludes that vocational training in agriculture ..... . C) will be futile unless it's backed up with various incentives
Some decades ago there was hardly such a subject as the economics of education. Today it is one of the most rapidly growing branches of economics (25). Together with health economics, it makes up the core of the economics of human resources, a field of inquiry which in the last few years has been silently revolutionizing such traditional subjects as growth economics, labour economics, international trade, and public finance (26). Consequently, the economics of education with its concept of human investment has rapidly transformed large areas of orthodox economics (27). 25. The author points out that the term "the economics of education" ..... . A) has only come into use in very recent years 26. According to the passage, the economics of education ..... . E) is one of the earliest branches of general economics 27. The author suggests that the earlier branches of economics ..... . E) constituted the essence of the economics of human resources Tigers grow to lengths of ten feet or more, and can be bigger than the largest lion. They have immense strength, They clutch their prey to them, holding on with their claws, and depend on the crushing bite of their powerful jaws to end the struggle. They swim very well and can often be seen splashing about in water on very hot days, since they apparently suffer from the heat. When the air is chilly, however, they avoid wet or damp vegetation (28). They can climb, but do not approach the leopard's ability in this. They can negotiate treacherous rocky areas but generally prefer to stay on level ground (29). They are not as well equipped with senses as one might expect. They apparently depend on their hearing while hunting. Their eyesight is not particularly good (30), and they seem unable to spot prey until it moves. 28. It is clear from the passage that tigers ..... . C) are sensitive to significant variations in temperature 29. As it is mentioned in the passage, a flat terrain ..... . A) is usually the favoured habitat of the tiger 30. From the passage we learn that, contrary to what is generally thought, ..... . E) the tiger's senses are not particularly well developed Scientists have long sought ways to define and measure human intelligence. And while theories of intelligence have grown more sophisticated since the 1800s when some believed mental abilities were determined by the size of a person's head (34), researchers still do not agree about certain fundamental principles of human thought. They therefore continue to debate such basic questions as whether heredity or the environment is more important in forming intelligence (33-35). 31. As we learn from the passage, the age-old controversy about whether intelligence depends upon heredity or the environment .... . D) does not seem to have ceased yet 32. According to the passage, in the early nineteenth century, some people held the view that a person'smental capacity ..... .
B) depended on the head size 33. One may conclude from the passage that a full understanding of the nature and the capacity of humanintelligence ..... . D) is not likely to be achieved in the near future Secularization as it has developed since the Middle Ages had consisted in substituting for supernatural and theological explanations naturalistic and reasonable ones. This change is one of the most profound affecting mankind and forms the basis of modern democratic government (35) and of our scientific-technological age (36). In a society based on the divine right of kings there could be no genuinely democratic government in the modern sense (34). Democracy is built on the idea that the individual has a right to judge political issues for himself. 34. According to the passage, with the rise of democracy, ..... . E) the traditional concept of the "divine right of kings" has vanished 35. It is argued that the process of secularization ..... . C) has led to systems of democratic government 36. In the development of modern society ..... . D) the impact of secularisation has been of fundamental importance
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KPDS, ÜDS, YDS Soruların İncelenmesi Karşılıklı Konuşmayı Tamamlama o o o o
Verilen boşluğun bir soru tümcesi mi yoksa normal tümce mi olduğuna bakın. Seçenekler arasında uygun olduğunu düşündüğünüz tümcenin paragrafın içerdiği zaman ile uyumunu denetleyin. Uygun olduğunu düşündüğünüz tümcede reference belirten sözcük bulunmakta ise, bu sözcüğün paragraf içinde hangi sözcük ya da sözcükleri karşıladığını inceleyin. Verilen boşluktaki tümce önceden sorulmuş bir soruya yanıt niteliği taşıyacaksa, bu soru ile uyumunu inceleyin.
KARŞILIKLI KONUŞMAYI TAMAMLAMA - ÖRNEK SORULAR Aşağıda örnek olarak 12 karşılıklı konuşma sorusu verildi. Yanıtlar bütün sorulardan sonra gelmekte. 1. James: - Let's eat out tonight. Where would you like to go? Helen: - ..... James: - Good idea. Which one? Helen: - Japanese one. A) You choose. You eat out more than I do. B) Anywhere, so long as the food is good. C) Will there be time for a quick snack before the film starts? D) Well, certainly not that place you took me to last week. E) Shall we try one of those new foreign restaurants Giles was recommending? 2. Clive: - Can you recommend a good restaurant? My usual place is fully booked. Graham: - ..... Clive: - That's not too important. It's a business lunch. I want somewhere we can talk.
A) What sort of price range do you have in mind? B) What's the occasion? A family get-together? C) Is that where we ate together the other evening? D) Have you tried the new fish restaurant on Exeter Road? E) I'm afraid I can't help. I so rarely dine out. 3. Alison: - What's the matter? You're looking annoyed. Mavis: - I'm feeling annoyed. Alison: - ..... Mavis: - Well, who do you think? There's only one person who can get me this angry! A) There's no point in telling me! Just forget it! B) You get annoyed too easily these days. Try to keep calm. C) What's happened now? But perhaps you'd better forget it. D) Well, tell me about it. Who has been annoying you? E) Well, who doesn't find something to get annoyed about these days? 4. Secretary: - Oh! I'm so sorry! I didn't realize there was a meeting going on here. Mr Howard: - Well, actually, it's more or less over. What did you want? Secretary: - ..... Mr Howard: - That's alright; you can do it right away. A) I was looking for Mr Stevens. I don't suppose you've seen him, have you? B) I was just going to check something in one of the files, but I'll come back later. C) Nothing really! I just felt like a break. D) I was wondering if you needed something to drink. E) Someone said the telephone is out of order. Is that so?
5. Alan: - Where's your computer? You do have one, don't you? Mark: - ..... Alan: - Will that take long? Mark: - I don't think so; they'll give me a ring when it's ready.
A) Yes over there. I was told to take it out of the sun. B) No; I've given it to my brother. C) Well, I used it so rarely I decided to get rid of it. D) Not any longer. I didn't seem able to learn how to use it. E) Yes, but at present it's being repaired.
6. James: - I'll see you at Murray's lecture. Nigel: - I'm not sure that I'm going. James:
- ..... Nigel: - Then in that case I will.
A) He knows a lot but can't make anything interesting. B) What's the lecture on anyway? C) I wouldn't if I didn't feel I had to. D) You must. I saw him yesterday and he's expecting us both. E) Neither am I. We'll decide tomorrow.
7. Mrs. Martin: - I've just been reading an article on cosmetic surgery. Mr. Martin: - I don't want to hear about it. It's just a waste of money. Mrs. Martin: - ..... Mr. Martin: - Perhaps not. But that doesn't affect my opinion.
A) Ten years from now you may be more interested. B) A lot of people regard it as money well spent. C) Not everyone agree with you there. D) Mrs. Sutton certainly looks years younger. E) I'll leave it here and you can read it.
8. Richard: - Are the police still detaining him? Malcolm: Yes I'm afraid they are. But I just can't believe he'd do a thing like that. Richard: - ..... Malcolm: - So do I.
A) Of course he wouldn't. I just wish we could find a way of helping him. B) I'm not so sure. I don't really like him. C) Why do you say that? D) Do you expect there'll be a trial? E) As far as I know there's not much evidence against him. 9. Mrs Frazer: - I was sorry to hear your mother had been taken ill. How is she doing now? Mrs Seymour: - She's much better, thank you. She leaves hospital tomorrow. Mrs Frazer: - ..... Mrs Seymour: - Yes do. I'm sure she'll be very pleased to see you. A) What has actually been the matter with her? B) What a relief that must be to you! C) Does she really? Wonderful. Then I'll go and visit her next day. D) Is there anything I can do to help you? You will let me know if I can, won't you? E) I suppose everyone is telling her to rest and take life easy.
10. Paul: - I see you're reading Trevor's latest novel. What is it like? Matthew: - It's not one of his best. Paul: - ..... Matthew: - And deservedly so. A) That seems to be the general opinion. B) I disagree. This is the only one I've really found stimulating. C) His characters are all types from the underworld. D) He seems to draw much on Agatha Christie. E) Usually his characterization is good but the background is poor. 11. Telephone Receptionist: - Bengo Kitchen Equipment. Can I help you? Customer: - Yes. There's something wrong with the fridge I bought from you last year. Telephone Receptionist: - ..... Customer: - Thank you very much. A) How long is it since you had it serviced? B) Have you kept the guarantee? C) Please explain carefully exactly what the problem is. D) Then I'll put you through to the Servicing Department. E) That's strange; there's never been a complaint about them before.
12. Mr. Wentworth: - I hope you've kept the afternoon free of appointments? Secretary: - ..... Mr. Wentworth: - But that cuts right into the afternoon and you know I have next month's schedule to plan out. Secretary: - I had no choice. It's the manager who wants to see you.
A) Well, you did tell Mr. Bainbridge he could leave early. B) No, of course I didn't forget. C) I thought I had to keep tomorrow free. D) Not quite, you'll be busy between three thirty and four o'clock. E) All callers have been told you are out of town.
YANITLAR 1. James: - Let's eat out tonight. Where would you like to go? Helen: - ..... James: - Good idea. Which one? Helen: - Japanese one. E) Shall we try one of those new foreign restaurants Giles was recommending?
2. Clive: - Can you recommend a good restaurant? My usual place is fully booked. Graham: - ..... Clive: - That's not too important. It's a business lunch. I want somewhere we can talk. A) What sort of price range do you have in mind? 3. Alison: - What's the matter? You're looking annoyed. Mavis: - I'm feeling annoyed. Alison: - ..... Mavis: - Well, who do you think? There's only one person who can get me this angry! D) Well, tell me about it. Who has been annoying you? 4. Secretary: - Oh! I'm so sorry! I didn't realize there was a meeting going on here. Mr Howard: - Well, actually, it's more or less over. What did you want? Secretary: - ..... Mr Howard: - That's alright; you can do it right away. B) I was just going to check something in one of the files, but I'll come back later. 5. Alan: - Where's your computer? You do have one, don't you? Mark: - ..... Alan: - Will that take long? Mark: - I don't think so; they'll give me a ring when it's ready. E) Yes, but at present it's being repaired. 6. James: - I'll see you at Murray's lecture. Nigel: - I'm not sure that I'm going. James: - ..... Nigel: - Then in that case I will. D) You must. I saw him yesterday and he's expecting us both. 7. Mrs. Martin: - I've just been reading an article on cosmetic surgery. Mr. Martin: - I don't want to hear about it. It's just a waste of money. Mrs. Martin: - ..... Mr. Martin: - Perhaps not. But that doesn't affect my opinion. C) Not everyone agree with you there. 8. Richard: - Are the police still detaining him? Malcolm: Yes I'm afraid they are. But I just can't believe he'd do a thing like that. Richard: - ..... Malcolm: - So do I. A) Of course he wouldn't. I just wish we could find a way of helping him. 9. Mrs Frazer: - I was sorry to hear your mother had been taken ill. How is she doing now? Mrs Seymour: - She's much better, thank you. She leaves hospital tomorrow. Mrs Frazer: - ..... Mrs Seymour: - Yes do. I'm sure she'll be very pleased to see you. C) Does she really? Wonderful. Then I'll go and visit her next day. 10. Paul: - I see you're reading Trevor's latest novel. What is it like? Matthew: - It's not one of his best.
Paul: - ..... Matthew: - And deservedly so. A) That seems to be the general opinion. 11. Telephone Receptionist: - Bengo Kitchen Equipment. Can I help you? Customer: - Yes. There's something wrong with the fridge I bought from you last year. Telephone Receptionist: - ..... Customer: - Thank you very much. D) Then I'll put you through to the Servicing Department. 12. Mr. Wentworth: - I hope you've kept the afternoon free of appointments? Secretary: - ..... Mr. Wentworth: But that cuts right into the afternoon and you know I have next month's schedule to plan out. Secretary: - I had no choice. It's the manager who wants to see you. D) Not quite, you'll be busy between three thirty and four o'clock.
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KPDS, ÜDS, YDS Soruların İncelenmesi
Verilen Duruma Uygun Düşen İfade o o
o o
Soru tümcesi genelde istenilen durumu anlatan bir yüklem, ad sıfat ya da belirteç taşımaktadır. Seçenekleri incelemeden önce, sizden ne istendiğini iyice belirleyin. Yani özür dileme, teklif etme, reddetme, kabul etme gibi durumlardan hangisine göre bir tümce üretmek gerekiyor; üretilecek tümce normal tümce mi, emir tümcesi mi yoksa soru tümcesi mi olabilir. Üretilecek tümcede hangi belirgin yapılar/yüklemler/sıfatlar kullanılabilir? Örneğin, özür dileme ise sorry, öneri ise Shall we/Let's/Why don't we gibi. Seçenekleri inceleyin. İstenilen duruma uygun birden fazla tümce varsa, sorulan duruma en uygun olanı belirleyin. Bunu yaparken de konuşmanın resmi bir nitelik mi taşıdığına, yoksa bir arkadaş vs. ile yapılan sıradan bir konuşma mı olacağına dikkat edin.
VERİLEN DURUMA UYGUN DÜŞEN İFADE - ÖRNEK SORULAR Aşağıda örnek olarak 12 duruma uygun düşen ifade sorusu verildi. Yanıtlar bütün sorulardan sonra gelmekte. 1. A) B) C) D) E) 2. A) B) C) D) E) 3.
A) B) C) D) E) 4.
A)
A friend's child has knocked over a vase and broken it. They are both very sorry, and you want to comfort them and stop them feeling bad about it. You say: That was one of the more expensive items in the collection. What a naughty child you have! I think you are to blame for the damage he has done. Well, actually, I am sorry because it was given to my grandmother. There's no harm done. Actually, that's a vase that I've never cared for. I should have kept such a valuable vase in a safe place. When a friend phones you and asks "Where were you last night?" you suddenly realize you'd promised to go round and see her, but hadn't done so. She's a close friend and you are always open and honest with each other. You say: I worked late at the office. Why? Oh dear! I simply forgot. I'm so sorry. I was just about to phone you about it. I thought you were coming round here. That's very kind of you. I should have let you know earlier. On the news you learn that there has been a substantial drop in the price of a number of shares including some you have. You feel alarmed and need reliable advice immediately. You call a close friend who is an expert in these matters. As he's not available you leave a message with his secretary for him: There's something I would like to discuss with you. Call me when it's convenient. It's extremely urgent. Please call me as soon as possible. I desperately need your advice about some shares. You've always given me reliable advice. I need some more today. I'll call later again. I hear share prices are falling. When you're free tell me what to do with mine. I've called to get your advice about whether or not it could be profitable to buy more shares now. You have accepted an invitation to give a lecture to a group of geologists. You have been looking forward to this but, on the morning of the day your talk has been scheduled for, your wife is suddenly taken seriously so you cannot leave her. You call the organizers immediately to cancel your lecture and express your apologies. You say: Unfortunately my wife has been ill for a long time, and I feel I cannot commit myself to give a talk.
B) C) D) E) 5.
A) B) C) D) E) 6.
A) B) C) D) E) 7.
A) B) C) D) E) 8. A) B) C) D) E) 9. A) B)
Unfortunately my wife has not recovered as far as I expected, so I have to cancel my talk today. Since my wife is suffering from a serious illness I suggest you postpone today's talk. I'm sorry to have to let you know that I cannot possibly give my talk today owing to my wife'sunexpected illness this morning. Due to my wife's ill health, I am reluctantly giving up all my lecture engagements. The position of Undersecretary in the Ministry has fallen vacant. From various quarters, both inside and outside the Ministry, you had been given the impression that you were likely to be appointed to the position. However, this did not happen, and someone else was appointed. Naturally you feel disappointed and admit this to a close friend, saying: Believe me I couldn't care less about what's happened. It was unfair of them to encourage me and then appoint someone else; it's very dishonest of them. It's quite a relief to know that a really qualified person has been appointed to this position at such a critical time. Well, I have to admit that I might have found the additional responsibility rather trying. I really had every reason to believe the position was mine; so now I know it isn't I do feel rather upset. You are leading a delegation for your country authorized to negotiate for the settlement of a border dispute with a neighbouring country. So far the negotiations with the opposite delegation have gone well, and an agreement has almost been reached. However, you need a final consultation with your authorities and therefore suggest a short break in the negotiations. So you say to the other delegation: I suggest we suspend the negotiations now and meet again some other time. I propose we adjourn for a short while, say for two hours, since I need to review the situation with my government. We consider the terms you have put forward reasonably acceptable, and will sign the document after the break. This border dispute has gone on far too long; it's time we settled it for good. The agreement we have already reached must first be approved by our governments. There's a problem with the car, and you want the mechanic at the repair place you always use to startwork on it immediately though there are other jobs that he's working on. He's reluctant. You really do all you can to make him agree. You say: My neighbour sent me here, and he's a very good customer of yours. I know this is the first time I've come to you but I'll come regularly if you help me now. Come on! I'm a good customer and don't ask many favours. It really is of vital importance that you fix it for me immediately. As long as you can do it tomorrow there'll be no problem. You did a bad job of fixing it last time I brought it in. That's why there's a problem now. Someone asks you where a certain school building is. You only know vaguely where it is and, wanting to be as helpful as possible, say: It's very near here. Do you see the Post Office there? It's just next to the Post Office. I'm afraid I can't help you. I've never heard of the place. I don't think it's anywhere near here. In fact it could be at the other side of the town. Go along this road as far as the traffic lights, Then turn left and it's the second building on your left. It's down this hill and to the right somewhere. They'll be able to help you better at the Tourist office down there. A friend has had a bad cough for several months. You think it's high time she consulted a doctor about it, and you decide to impress on her the need to take the matter seriously. You say: Do please go to a chemist's and get a bottle of cough mixture. You know as well as I do that a cough can be a sign of something more serious. Go and
C) D) E) 10.
A) B) C) D) E) 11. A) B) C) D) E) 12. A) B) C) D) E)
get it checked. Do what I do. Drink a glass of fresh grapefruit juice every morning. I'm sure it will do you good. The weather is getting warmer now so perhaps your cough will go away. I think you are coughing a bit less these days, but I still think you should smoke less. There have been last minute changes in flights arrangements so you phone your son at his office to let him of these and save him a fruitless drive to the airport. You speak to his secretary who informs you that your son is at a meeting but that she can get a message through to him. You say: Please make sure that he is there at the airport to meet me as arranged. I think he should know that, unfortunately, the holiday has had to be cancelled. Please explain that the London-Amsterdam flights are fully booked for the next six weeks. I just want to remind him that he promised to meet me at the airport this evening. Just tell him there's been a change in the programme, and I shall not be arriving this evening. A colleague at work feels he has been unfairly treated by his manager and his first reaction is to hand in his resignation. You think he is over-reacting and that he would soon regret such a step. Accordingly, you say: Give yourself time to think this over. Tomorrow's another day. You may feel differently then. That man must be made to realize that he can't treat people in this way. By all means, hand in your resignation; with your qualifications you can soon get a better job. If I were in your position I would most certainly hand in my resignation. You are not behaving unreasonably. In fact, you're taking the only right course. Someone who is known to be rather unreliable in money matters comes to you asking for a loan. You refuse to give him a loan but want to do this in a kindly manner, making use of your family commitments. You say: I do wish I could have helped out but I have to pay the children's school fees this month andthere'll be nothing left over after that. Yes of course I'll help you out; but you will have to pay me back at he beginning of next month. I thought I'd told you that I would never again lend you any money. My father would be very angry if he knew what I was doing. Why don't you ask your family to help you out? Surely they will. YANITLAR
1.
A friend's child has knocked over a vase and broken it. They are both very sorry, and you want to comfort them and stop them feeling bad about it. You say: D) There's no harm done. Actually, that's a vase that I've never cared for.
2.
When a friend phones you and asks "Where were you last night?" you suddenly realize you'd promised to go round and see her, but hadn't done so. She's a close friend and you are always open and honest with each other. You say: B) Oh dear! I simply forgot. I'm so sorry.
3.
On the news you learn that there has been a substantial drop in the price of a number of shares including some you have. You feel alarmed and need reliable advice immediately. You call a close friend who is an expert in these matters. As he's not available you leave a message with his secretary for him: B) It's extremely urgent. Please call me as soon as possible. I desperately need your advice about some shares.
4.
You have accepted an invitation to give a lecture to a group of geologists. You have
been looking forward to this but, on the morning of the day your talk has been scheduled for, your wife is suddenly taken seriously so you cannot leave her. You call the organizers immediately to cancel your lecture and express your apologies. You say: D) I'm sorry to have to let you know that I cannot possibly give my talk today owing to my wife's unexpected illness this morning. 5.
The position of Undersecretary in the Ministry has fallen vacant. From various quarters, both inside and outside the Ministry, you had been given the impression that you were likely to be appointed to the position. However, this did not happen, and someone else was appointed. Naturally you feel disappointed and admit this to a close friend, saying: E) I really had every reason to believe the position was mine; so now I know it isn't I do feel rather upset.
6.
You are leading a delegation for your country authorized to negotiate for the settlement of a border dispute with a neighbouring country. So far the negotiations with the opposite delegation have gone well, and an agreement has almost been reached. However, you need a final consultation with your authorities and therefore suggest a short break in the negotiations. So you say to the other delegation: B) I propose we adjourn for a short while, say for two hours, since I need to review the situation with my government.
7.
There's a problem with the car, and you want the mechanic at the repair place you always use to start work on it immediately though there are other jobs that he's working on. He's reluctant. You really do all you can to make him agree. You say: C) Come on! I'm a good customer and don't ask many favours. It really is of vital importance that you fix it for me immediately.
8.
Someone asks you where a certain school building is. You only know vaguely where it is and, wanting to be as helpful as possible, say: E) It's down this hill and to the right somewhere. They'll be able to help you better at the Tourist office down there.
9.
A friend has had a bad cough for several months. You think it's high time she consulted a doctor about it, and you decide to impress on her the need to take the matter seriously. You say: B) You know as well as I do that a cough can be a sign of something more serious. Go and get it checked.
10.
There have been last minute changes in flights arrangements so you phone your son at his office to let him of these and save him a fruitless drive to the airport. You speak to his secretary who informs you that your son is at a meeting but that she can get a message through to him. You say: E) Just tell him there's been a change in the programme, and I shall not be arriving this evening.
11.
A colleague at work feels he has been unfairly treated by his manager and his first reaction is to hand in his resignation. You think he is over-reacting and that he would soon regret such a step. Accordingly, you say: A) Give yourself time to think this over. Tomorrow's another day. You may feel differently then.
12
Someone who is known to be rather unreliable in money matters comes to you asking for a loan. You refuse to give him a loan but want to do this in a kindly manner, making use of your family commitments. You say: A) I do wish I could have helped out but I have to pay the children's school fees this month and there'll be nothing left over after that.
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KPDS, ÜDS, YDS Soruların İncelenmesi Anlam Bütünlüğünü Bozan Tümce • •
•
Connector olarak adlandırılan (in other words, that is, however gibi) yapıların kullanımına dikkat. Bu yapılar paragraf içinde tümcelerin birbiri ile yapısal bağlantısını sağladığı için paragrafın bütününü anlamanıza yardımcı olurlar. Değinme (=reference) belirten sözcükleri inceleyin. Başka sözcük ya da ifadeler yerine kullanılan it, he, she, one, that, the former, the latter gibi değinme sözcüklerinin bir önceki tümce ve daha önceki tümcelerle ilişkisini saptayın. Herhangi bir ilişki yoksa sözcüğün geçtiği tümce anlam bütünlüğünü bozan tümce olabilir. Çok genel bir ifadeyi ele alan tümcelere özellikle dikkat edin.
ANLAM BÜTÜNLÜĞÜNÜ BOZAN TÜMCE - ÖRNEK SORULAR
Aşağıda örnek olarak 12 anlam bütünlüğünü bozan tümce sorusu verildi. Yanıtlar bütün sorulardan sonra gelmekte.
1. (I) By about 3500 B.C., there had developed in Egypt and Mesopotamia a highly advanced social and economic life. (II) Copper and bronze were being used, although on a limited scale, and trading contracts with other countries had been established. (III) It is the opinion of most archaeologists that civilization first developed in the Middle East. (IV) Many of the contracts were with Syria, which, lying between Egypt and Mesopotamia, had participated at an early date in the general advance of material and cultural development. (V) Moreover, Syria was endowed with a number of resources that were lacking in Egypt and Mesopotamia.
A. I B. II C. III D. IV E. V 2. (I) Throughout the Middle Ages Christian Europe launched many allied expeditions against the Muslim rule in Spain to bring it to an end. (II) Historically, the ancient palace of the Muslim rulers at Granada is called "Alhambra". (III) Originally, it was designed, built, and developed into an architectural masterpiece in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. (IV) Unfortunately, the stylistic uniformity of the palace was spoiled when in the sixteenth century turned part of it into a modern residence. (V) However, the most beautiful parts of the interior, including the Court of Alberca and the Court of Lions, have survived and preserve their original charm.
A. I B. II C. III D. IV E. V 3. (I) It was Engels in 1844 who first referred to the Industrial Revolution in Britain. (II) For him, the transformation of Britain from a merely agricultural country into a predominantly industrial one was of a revolutionary nature. (III) In the nineteenth century Britain colonized most of Africa and South East Asia. (IV) Actually, the Industrial Revolution had begun in the late eighteenth century with the mechanization of the textile industry. (V) This was soon followed by major technological and other industrial developments which made Britain the most prosperous country in the world.
A. I B. II C. III D. IV E. V 4. (I) While most early European immigrants to America were farmers, many city dwellers came to the new land as well. (II) These new comers were attracted to the bustling urban centres. (III) As a result, American cities expanded enormously. (IV) The history of the United States is filled with accounts of people who came from all over the world to settle here. (V) New York, for example, which had a population of only six thousand in 1800, grew to a city of more than one million in 1860.
A. I B. II C. III D. IV E. V 5. (I) As we live and grow we learn the culture of the society in which we live. (II) Sociologists tell us that the most significant elements of culture that we must learn are values, norms and roles. (III) While values are rather general, norms are quite specific. (IV) A collection of the norms connected with a particular situation or activity is a society is called a role. (V) History shows us that disagreements over vital political issues always create violent conflicts within a society.
A. I B. II C. III D. IV E. V 6. (I) In 1965 when Mrs Indira Gandhi became the prime minister of India, she faced serious political problems in the country. (II) For instance, she followed a pro-Soviet foreign policy and, hence, did not react against the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. (III) In the first place, she had to consolidate her authority in the Congress Party against the opposition from the Party's old guard. (IV) Also she had to deal with the terrorist activities in various parts of the country. (V) However, she took courageous steps in her rule and won a landslide election victory in 1971.
A. I B. II C. III D. IV E. V 7. (I) Getting through a day without being exposed to the media would be unthinkable. (II) Both directly and indirectly the media have a profound effect on our daily lives. (III) What we eat, what we buy, what we do, even what we think is influenced by the media. (IV) Yet, the question is whether what the media provides us with, can always be good and revealing. (V) According to one study, 64% of the American public turns on television for most of its news.
A. I B. II C. III D. IV E. V 8. (I) Writing in the 1930s, J. M. Keynes was mainly concerned with unemployment. (II) For him, the question was why it persisted. (III) Since 1945 the twin objectives of economic growth and full employment have been the primary concern of developed countries throughout world. (IV) His own answer to this was that unemployment was determined by the level of output, and this was determined by demand. (V) Therefore, the level of unemployment could be regulated by managing the level of demand.
A. I B. II C. III D. IV E. V 9. (I) To understand the British system of government it is essential to appreciate the importance of the party system. (II) Naturally, parties exist to form governments, and in Britain the path to this goal lies in the House of Commons, for the party which obtains a majority of seats has the right to form the government. (III) Since the seventeenth century, two parties have usually been predominant in Britain policies. (IV) Until 1920s the Tories (the Conservatives) and the Whigs (the Liberals), and since the 1930s the Conservatives and the Labour. (V) So far many reforms have been introduced to improve the local election system.
A. I B. II C. III D. IV E. V 10. (I) In October 1973 the Arab oil-producing states took the decision to restrict oil supplies to the West and raise oil prices. (II) The restriction of supplies was initiated as a short-run weapon in the Arab-Israel conflict. (III) In fact, it revealed a potential for obtaining higher prices, which had not previously exploited by the oil countries. (IV) Most economists argue that the exploitation of North Sea oil has been a mixed blessing for Britain. (V) Being aware of this potential, the international oil cartel OPEC raised the price for a barrel of crude oil from 1.75 US dollars in September 1973 to 7.00 US dollars in January 1974.
A. I B. II C. III D. IV E. V 11. (I) In general the term "abstract art" is used to describe new movements and techniques in plastic arts in the twentieth century. (II) The underlying principle of this art is that it is not the subject at all but form and colour which really possess aesthetic value. (III) Obviously, we cannot disregard the fact that the vitality of art throughout history is closely bound up with
some form of religion. (IV) Most art historians suggest that the Impressionists, especially Cezanne, can be considered to be the pioneers of this art. (V) Also, there are some who strongly argue that the origins of abstract art are to be sought in the designs of primitive people as well as folk art.
A. I B. II C. III D. IV E. V 12. (I) From the fourteenth century onwards, especially in Italy, scholars, poets, and artists began to take a new interest in learning. (II) In nearly all the city-states of Northern Italy the power had been seized by certain families. (III) Instead of studying chiefly theology and the writings of the medieval philosophers, they now turned to the philosophers and poets of classical antiquity and began to study them intensively. (IV) The minds of men were now set free and they began to think as they pleased. (V) This new learning soon spread to the rest of Europe and the "Renaissance" was well under way.
A. I B. II C. III D. IV E. V
YANITLAR
1. (I) By about 3500 B.C., there had developed in Egypt and Mesopotamia a highly advanced social and economic life. (II) Copper and bronze were being used, although on a limited scale, and trading contracts with other countries had been established. (III) It is the opinion of most archaeologists that civilization first developed in the Middle East. (IV) Many of the contracts were with Syria, which, lying between Egypt and Mesopotamia, had participated at an early date in the general advance of material and cultural development. (V) Moreover, Syria was endowed with a number of resources that were lacking in Egypt and Mesopotamia.
Üçüncü tümce tüm paragrafın anlattıkları için çok genel. Ayrıca, tümcelerin tümü geçmişten söz ederken üçüncü tümce bugünü anlatmakta.
2. (I) Throughout the Middle Ages Christian Europe launched many allied expeditions against the Muslim rule in Spain to bring it to an end. (II) Historically, the ancient palace of the Muslim rulers at Granada is called "Alhambra". (III) Originally, it was designed, built, and developed into an architectural masterpiece in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. (IV) Unfortunately, the stylistic uniformity of the palace was spoiled when in the sixteenth century turned part of it into a modern residence. (V) However, the most beautiful parts of the interior, including the Court of Alberca and the Court of Lions, have survived and preserve their original charm.
Birinci tümce tüm paragrafın anlattıkları için çok genel. Paragrafın bütünü sarayı anlatmakta.
3. (I) It was Engels in 1844 who first referred to the Industrial Revolution in Britain. (II) For him, the transformation of Britain from a merely agricultural country into a predominantly industrial one was of a revolutionary nature. (III) In the nineteenth century Britain colonized most of Africa and South East Asia.(IV) Actually, the Industrial Revolution had begun in the late eighteenth century with the mechanization
of the textile industry. (V) This was soon followed by major technological and other industrial developments which made Britain the most prosperous country in the world.
İkinci ve dördüncü tümceler koloni durumundan endüstrileşme sürecini geçişi anlattıkları için birbiri ile bağlantılı. Üçüncü tümce bu bağlantıyı çok genel bir ifade ile bozuyor.
4. (I) While most early European immigrants to America were farmers, many city dwellers came to the new land as well. (II) These new comers were attracted to the bustling urban centres. (III) As a result, American cities expanded enormously. (IV) The history of the United States is filled with accounts of people who came from all over the world to settle here. (V) New York, for example, which had a population of only six thousand in 1800, grew to a city of more than one million in 1860.
Dördüncü tümce tüm paragrafın anlattıkları için çok genel.
5. (I) As we live and grow we learn the culture of the society in which we live. (II) Sociologists tell us that the most significant elements of culture that we must learn are values, norms and roles. (III) While values are rather general, norms are quite specific. (IV) A collection of the norms connected with a particular situation or activity is a society is called a role. (V) History shows us that disagreements over vital political issues always create violent conflicts within a society.
Metnin bütününde values ve norms ele alınmakta. Beşinci tümce ise bambaşka şeylerden söz ediyor.
6. (I) In 1965 when Mrs Indira Gandhi became the prime minister of India, she faced serious political problems in the country. (II) For instance, she followed a proSoviet foreign policy and, hence, did not react against the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. (III) In the first place, she had to consolidate her authority in the Congress Party against the opposition from the Party's old guard. (IV) Also she had to deal with the terrorist activities in various parts of the country. (V) However, she took courageous steps in her rule and won a landslide election victory in 1971.
Metnin bütünü political problems ile ilgili. İkinci tümcede ise bu işlenmemekte.
7. (I) Getting through a day without being exposed to the media would be unthinkable. (II) Both directly and indirectly the media have a profound effect on our daily lives. (III) What we eat, what we buy, what we do, even what we think is influenced by the media. (IV) Yet, the question is whether what the media provides us with, can always be good and revealing. (V) According to one study, 64% of the American public turns on television for most of its news.
Tüm metin media ve onun etkileri ile ilgili. Beşinci tümcede ise metnin tümünde ele alınmayan ve bağlantısı olmayan ayrıntılar var.
8. (I) Writing in the 1930s, J. M. Keynes was mainly concerned with unemployment. (II) For him, the question was why it persisted. (III) Since 1945 the twin objectives of economic growth and full employment have been the primary concern of developed countries throughout world. (IV) His own answer to this was that unemployment was determined by the level of output, and this was determined by demand. (V) Therefore, the level of unemployment could be regulated by managing the level of demand.
Herşeyden önce, tüm paragrafta geçmiş zaman kullanılırken üçüncü tümcede present perfect kullanılmakta. Ayrıca ikinci tümcenin Keynes ve onun düşünceleriyle bir ilişkisi yok.
9. (I) To understand the British system of government it is essential to appreciate the importance of the party system. (II) Naturally, parties exist to form governments, and in Britain the path to this goal lies in the House of Commons, for the party which obtains a majority of seats has the right to form the government. (III) Since the seventeenth century, two parties have usually been predominant in Britain policies. (IV) Until 1920s the Tories (the Conservatives) and the Whigs (the Liberals), and since the 1930s the Conservatives and the Labour. (V) So far many reforms have been introduced to improve the local election system.
Metinde local election system ile doğrudan ilişkili hiçbirşey yok. Ayrıca, tüm paragraf party system ve bunun nitelikleri ile ilgili.
10. (I) In October 1973 the Arab oil-producing states took the decision to restrict oil supplies to the West and raise oil prices. (II) The restriction of supplies was initiated as a short-run weapon in the Arab-Israel conflict. (III) In fact, it revealed a potential for obtaining higher prices, which had not previously exploited by the oil countries. (IV) Most economists argue that the exploitation of North Sea oil has been a mixed blessing for Britain. (V) Being aware of this potential, the international oil cartel OPEC raised the price for a barrel of crude oil from 1.75 US dollars in September 1973 to 7.00 US dollars in January 1974.
Tüm paragrafta 1973 yılında olan şeyler anlatılmakta. Dördüncü tümce ise çok genel ve günümüze ait bilgi içermekte.
11. (I) In general the term "abstract art" is used to describe new movements and techniques in plastic arts in the twentieth century. (II) The underlying principle of this art is that it is not the subject at all but form and colour which really possess aesthetic value. (III) Obviously, we cannot disregard the fact that the vitality of art throughout history is closely bound up with some form of religion. (IV) Most art historians suggest that the Impressionists, especially Cezanne, can be considered to be the pioneers of this art. (V) Also, there are some who strongly argue that the origins of abstract art are to be sought in the designs of primitive people as well as folk art.
Birinci tümcede abstract art, ikinci tümcede this art (=abstract art), dördüncü tümcede this art (=abstract art) ve beşinci tümcede abstract art.
12. (I) From the fourteenth century onwards, especially in Italy, scholars, poets, and artists began to take a new interest in learning. (II) In nearly all the city-states of
Northern Italy the power had been seized by certain families. (III) Instead of studying chiefly theology and the writings of the medieval philosophers, they now turned to the philosophers and poets of classical antiquity and began to study them intensively. (IV) The minds of men were now set free and they began to think as they pleased. (V) This new learning soon spread to the rest of Europe and the "Renaissance" was well under way. Tüm paragraf learning ile ilgili. İkinci tümce dışında.
