IGOS Mysteries Secrets of Magick

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THE MYSTERIES AND SECRETS OF MAGIC

TIIK SORCKRKRS

Fr�

" u•�,,𐀏 :"'"; I,r> lJtJ a,, ,/u"' Gri'"0

XVI unflrJ'.

E ONT FNT S EHAPTFR I FAO&

THE GENESIS OF MAGIC-MAGIC AND RELIGION

•

I

EHAPTFR II w

SUPERNATURAL BEINGS

EHAPTFR III THE

CULT

OF

MAGIC-THE

MAGI

AND

THEIR

MYSTERIES

EHAPTFR Iç BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN MAGIC

66

EHAPTER V MAGIC IN ANCIENT EGYPT

EHAPTFR VI ANCIENT JEWISH MAGIC-THE KABBALA

e1

CONeENTS CHi[LEp II •�ca

74

GREEK AND ROMAN MAGIC

CHiPLEp VIII CELTIC, ARAB, SLAV AND TEUTONIC MAGIC

85

CHiPLEp IX ‚t¬DÉe

CHIN�E AND JAPANESE MAGIC

6

CHmPLEp X NECROMANCY-SORCERY-PACTS WITH THE DEVIL

108

CHi[LEp XI II8

WITCHCRAFT-DMONOLOGY

CH [LEĆ XII ' WITCHES OINTMENTS

133

CHmPLEĆ XIII tHE

LAC

MA))-tHE 1IA))

OAT¼

"

" OF ST SECAIRE- Tilw

167

•

CHmPLEp lČ DIVINAÄI°N

•

CONTENTS CA[LEp

XV 'ACR

THE MAGIC CRYSTAL-CRYSTAL GAZING

CHm[LEp

XI

HOM THE MAGIC CIRCLES AND PENTACLES MERE MADE

CHi[LEp

r

I

57

XVII

PER~UMES USED IN MAGIC

CHm[LEp MAGICAL NUMBERS

XVIII

•

CHm[LEp

XIX r8 r

MAGICAL TALISMANS

CĀG[LEp

XX

CĀG[LEp

XXI

MAGICA  RI§GS

.¦AGFC FN JEWELS

•

CHm[LEp LOVE ANt MAGFC

d

XXII

CONMENMP CHGPy p XXIII r.c:

RECORDS

OF

MAGIC

FROM THE

l;OURTH TO

THE

FIFTEENTH CENTURY.

CHGPyEp XXIV " CLAVICLE

THE

OR KEY

OF

SOLOMON

" -RITES

,

CEREMONIES AND MYSTERIES OF CON J URATION

..w

CHG[TEp XXV "THE NINE TOMES OF MAGIC"-" rHE DOOKE OF HIDDEN PHILOSOPHY " SEVEN IMAGES

"

-" THE DOOE OF THE

CHG[TEp XXVI THE GRIMOIRES OR HANDBOOKS OF DLACK MAGIC

•

. 56

CHGPy¤p XX 00 SOME REMARKADLE MAGICAL MANUSCRIPTS-SPELLS

26.

AND CURSES

CHGPyEp XXČ ee SOME

ELIZADETHAN MAGICIANS-DR

J OHN

DEE-

" EDWARD KELLY-cc THE BOOK OF MYSTERY

•

.76

O†Ty†TS CHAPTER XXIX ' MAGIC IN SHAKESPEARE S PLAYS

CHAPTER XXX ' HERDS OF .MYSTERY AND THE DEVIL-THE WITCH S BROOM

•

CHAPTER XXXI SURVIVALS OF WITCHCRAFT AND MAGIC IN MODERN TIMES

6 4

DIDLIOGRAPHY

6 I�

INDEX

617

LISL O

ILLĉSLAfeONS

r¦li¾­i×e

THE SORCERERS

JACIIG PAGa

MAGICIAN CALLING UP A DEVIL

70

THE WITCH OP ENDOR

70

POWERS OP EVIL

I 10

THEUTUS, ASMODEUS AND INCUBUS

I

THE DEVIL AND EVIL ANGELS PESIDING AT A SADDATII

110

A WITCH AND HER "FAMILIARS"

.d

A

WITCH

SURROUNDED

DY FAMILIARS

AND

STRANGE

.

APPARITIONS THE DIVINE SEAL

10

I86

•

THE EARL OP PET.RDOROUGH'S MAGIC SEAL

I 9d

MAGIC CIRCLE WITH A MAGICIAN NVOKING SPIRITS

230

POWERS OF EVIL, OPHIS ND SPIRIT OP NTICHRIST.

2 58

PORTION OF A MAGICAL SCROLL WRITEN WITH HUMAN 162

llLOOD FIGURE OF THE GREEN DRAGON EMPLOYED WHEN INVOKING TilE SPIRIT DIRTO

262

DR DEE'S "SHEW STONE" OR GAZING CRYSTAL .

DISCS

ENGRAVED

178

•

WITH MAGICAL FIGURES AND

NAMES, SAID TO HAVE DEEN EMPLOYED DY DR DEE WilEN

USING

CRYSTAL

HIS

" SllEW

S ONE

,

OR

MAGIC

LIST OF ILLUSTIATBONS I

THE TE T

'AC!

7

PREHISTORIC SORCERER

d9

A MAGICAL FIGURE TilE METTERNICII STELE

59

•

JEWISH MAGICAL DIAGRAM, SHOWING THE SECRET SEAL OF SOLOMON

•

' SOLOMON S SEAL

TEN NAMES 01' GOJ HEDREW LIGATURE " A

"

DRAWING DOWN THE MOON MAGICIAN

OR

SORCERER

STANDING

IN

THE

MAGIC I I4

CIRCLE PERFORMING A CONJURATION A

MAGICIAN OR

SORCERER

STANDING

CIRCLE INVOKING SPIRITS

IN

THE

MAGIC

•

ST PATRICK AND THE DEVIL

1.𐃇

WITCHES IN FLIGHT

1..

A DlSllOP EXORCIZING A DEMON WITCHES MAKING THEIR MAGIC UNGUENT "

THE TRUE

SIZE

AND

FORM

OF

•

I

3d

THE CRYSTAL, WHICH

I

5.

' MAGICIAN S SPADE AND CRYSTAL

I

53

CIRCLE USED -OR CH. ST,\L GAZING

I

5

MAGIC CIRCLE

I

59

MAGIC CIRCLE

I

6

MAGIC CIRCLE AND PENTACLES FOR TilE CRYSTAL

I

62

MUST DE SET IN PURE GOLD

A

MAGIC

CRCLE

AND

"

PENTACLE

"0

DE

WORN

WHEN

I 04

USING IT A MAGIC CIRCLE AND l'ENT ACLE

"

FOR ALL EXPERIMENTS

"

I6

5

LBPT OF BLLUPT[ TSONP MAGICAL SEALS TO BE

USED

AS

TALISMANS

AGAINST

CERTAIN DISEASES "THIS TALISMAN ENGRAVED ON BRASS WILL WIN THE WEARER HEALTH"

183

•

MICHAEL, TilE ANGEL OF THE SUN

18 �

•

1 89

SEALS OF THE PLANETS "SEALS OF THE DEVIL," DESCRIBED AS VERY POTENT

•

193

SIMON FORMAN'S MAGIC RING

19�

MAGICAL JEWEL

I 97

KING SOLOMON'S APPLE, WITH MAGICAL CHAACTERS

209

" A CHARACTER FOR LOVE"

1I4

"FOR A MAIDEN IN PARTICULAR"

214

PENTACLES

117

MAGICAL SEALS FOR INVOKING FIVE SPIRITS

228

CHARACsERt FOR tTAVES AND RODt

13 5

MAGIC CIRCLE AND PENsACLEt USED FOR THE INVOCATION

OF SPIRITS

147

MAGICIAN'S PENTACLE OF GREAT POWER FOR INVOKING SPIRITS.

MAGICIAN'S KNIFE

.50

MYSTERIOUS CHARACTERS AND SECRET ALPHABETS

.60

CHARACTERS OF EVIL SPIRITS

.68

•

VARIOUS SIGNS ON PAGES 186, 233, .34, 235, .38, .� ) , .l1

THx MYETxRIxE AN ExCRETE

F

MA IC

CTAPTER

I

THE GENESIS OF MAGIC-MAGIC

M

ND

RELIGION

AG·C has uppn dps,.iupd as shp prptpndpd ars

of ptpnss, and of produ,ing martpllous physr,al phpnompna, by mpshods )hr,h )p.p suppospd so o)p thpr. pi,A,y so shpir po)pr of ,omppl-rng shp rnse.tpnsron of suppr­ nasurAl berngs, or of b.rnging rnso opprasion somp o,,uls fo.,p of nasu.pT Thp fundampnsal purposp of magr, )as shp.pfore in opposision so shp la)s and prin,iplps of of influen,rng

shp

,ou.se

nasu.al phpnompna; Us has pxp.,rspd a profound inlupn,p upon mankrnd th.oughous shp agps, and has pithpr formpd pa.s of shp .pligion of a ,ounty, as in Babylonia and Fgyps, o. has uppn ,ar.ipd on rn ,onjuncHon )ish rsT Thp .ooss of thp uplrpf in magi,P as )ith suppr­ Stisron, seem to up g.oundpd in fpa., fo. mAn has pvpr drpAdpd the unkno)n. Hpgpl remarks ,on,p.ning what he ,Alls she" Rpligion of Nature," or fear of the powers of Ôas‡re-of the sun, of thuntler:orms anl osgp. natural phenomena-it )As nos the fpa. shAs mighs bp ,allpd .pligious fear, fo. thAs hAs its seat in f.ppdom.

Jhp fpA. of

God is a difp.pnt

fear from tha s of the nasu.Al for,psb

Thp p.i eSt magi c ian in An,rpns srmps, uy ,l a i m i ng so be Able to control the powers of shp unsppn deities, thus worked on the fears and imAginAtion of thp ppoplpT -

1

THE MYSTEUES AND SECRETS

OF

MAGIC

The in�in: of my�ery, common to mankind among civilized and uncivilized communities, appears to have arisen primarily from ignorance or limitation of know­ ledge and fear of the unknown future. These faculties men of greater intelligence than their fellows soon recognized,

and turned belief in

the

my�erious to their own account. As the practice of magic meant nterference with the regular operations of Nature, the magician had ir� to appeal to some deity and propitiate it by prayers, oferings and perfumes that would render his appeal acceptable, and. then call in the aid of supernatural powers, good or evil. Some authorities are of the opinion that magic was the primary form of religion ; that it has e.i�ed among all peoples and at every period, and that faith in magic is probably older than a belief in spirits. The whole dofune of magic, according to Wiedmann, formed not a part of superStition, but an essential con­

situÄyt of religious faith, wich to a great extent re�ed direa:ly on magic and always remained closely bound up with it. Oy the other hand, Frazer observes, that in the e oûutioć of thought, magic, as representing a lower ićtelûectual �ratum, has probably everywhere preceded rÄli ioy. 1t has also been suggeSted that in man's emotional response to his environment, in his interpretation in the terms of personality of the objects which encumbered his attention, and in their inveStiture by him with potentiality, we have the common root of magic and religion . .

MHE GENEPBP

OF

MAGBC

The praClice of magic involved certain rites which may be regarded as traditional aCls that embodied the idea of a wonder-working power, but magical rites not forming part of an organized cult came to be regarded by the society concerned as illicit. "There is but one mythical idea at the back of all rites," says Wundt; that is, "the idea of the soul, and from it are generated tluee forms of cult-magic, fetishism and totcism." Thus magic in its primary form consi§ted in the sup­ posed direCl aCtion of soul on soul, as where the "evil The secondary form consi§ted in eye " is dreaded. supposed aClion from a di§tance, when the soul inluence made itself felt by means of a symbol. As time went on, those of lgher and wiser intelligence no doubt came to perceive that magical rites, ceremonies and incantations did not really produce the effets they were supposed to;

and so gradually there came a

separation in the belief.

The ignorant rull clung to

superution and faith in magical powers, while the more intelleClual saw the hand of a power greater than that of man, and began to see his dependence on a God above all. Robertson Smith �ates that, it was the community, and not the inividual, that was sure of the permanent

and unfailing help of its deity, so much so, that, in

purely personal concerns, the ancients were apt to turn

to magical superfutions. Thus man had no right to enter into private relations with supernatural powers that might help him at the expense of the community to which he belonged. Frazer considers that the principles of thought on 6

THE MYSTEIIET AND SECE TS

OF

MAGBC

which mwgic is bwswd wrw: irSt, thwt likw prxducws likw, which hw cwlls imitativw mwgic, frxm which thw mwgiciwn wssumwd thwt hw cxuld prxducw wny wffw: hw dwsirwd by imitwting it; swcxndly, thwt mwgic is cxntwgixus, frxm which hw infwrrwd that whwtwvwr hw did tx w mwtwriwl xbjw:, wxuld wfwl: wquwlly thw pwrsxn with whxm thw xbjw: hwd xncw bwwn in cxntw:, whwthwr it fxrmwd pwrt xf his bxdy xr nxt. In prwaicw, thw twx brwnchws wrw xftwn cxmbinwd, tx which hw givws thw nwmw xf sympwthwtic mwgic, sincw bxth wssumw thwt things w: xn wwch xthwr at a diStwncw thrxugh swcrwt sympwthy. Thw wttwmpt tx injurw xr dwStrxy wn wnwmy by inswrt­ ing nwils intx his imwgw in thw bwliwf thwt juSt ws thw imagw suffwrs sx dxws thw mwn, and thwt whwn it pwrishws hw muSt diw, is wn inStwncw xf xnw xf thw wwrliwSt fxrms xf imitwtivw mwgic. It wws prwctiswd by thw wnciwnt Bwbylxniwns, Egypt­ ians, Hindus and xthwr rwcws wt w rwmxtw pwrixd, cxn­ inuwd thrxughxut thw Middlw Agws, wnd is wmplxywd wmxng thw mwgicwl prwCticws xf mwny bwrbwric rwcws wt thw prwswnt dwy. Thw swmw form xf chwrm wws wlsx prwCtiswd fxr w mxrw bwnwvxlwnt purpxsw, to gwin thw lovw xr wfTwetixn xf a pwrsxn. As thw wwz igurw mwltwd bwfxrw w firw, sx thw hwwrt xf thw individual dwsirwd yws suppxswd tx bw sxftwnwd wnd his lxvw xbtwinwd. Cxntagixus mwgic is shxwn in thw mwgical sympathy which wws bwliwvwd tx wxiSt bwtwewn w pwrsxn wnd wny pxrtixn xf his bxdy, such ws thw hwir, twwth xr nwils. Thw idwa that whxwvwr gwinwd pxsswssixn xf such things mwy wxrk his will upxn thw pwrsxn frxm whxm 4

eHE GENEPBP

OF

MAGIC

Shed were Saken, aS and diStance, is one of consideragle anShquiSd. The oed cuStom of peacing an exSra:ed SooSh in a hoee where i S could be found gd a raS or mouse, in She hope ShaS, Shrough sdmpaShd, She personqs oSher SeeSh mighS acquire She same excellence as Shose of She rodenS, progabed originaSed in Sllis beliefj tn She oSher hand, an exSra:ed SooSh was someSimes Shrown on She .re so ShaS no one should ind and keep iS and so work magical power on She p erson So whom i S originaled beeonged. AnoSher example of conSagtous magzc is evidenced in She anchenS beeief ShaS Shere is 9 connexion between a

wounded person and She weapon ShaS caused She wound,

and ShaS whaS mad be done So She agenS will correspond­ inged afe: She injurd. Plind sads : " If dou have óounded a man and are sorrf for iS, dou have onld So spiS on She hand ShaS gave She wound and She pazn of She sufferer will ceasej" Francis Bacon Shus aeludes So Shis belief: " I S i s con­ StanSld received and avouched, ShaS She anoinSing of She weapon which makeSh She wound wile heal She wound iSseef." Teus prarice was revhved iO t he seventeenth cenSury bd

Sir Kenelm Diʩ

whoþ Dr \IaeScr ChareSon descrhges

as "a noble person, who atF ©uilľ up Fis reasďO to so SranscendenS a hehgFľ of knoweedge, as mad seem noS much beneath She §tate of man n innocence." kis Sheord, " SouchinÊ tFe cure of wounds gd She powder of sdmpaShd,p was deehvered aS greaS eength ge­ fore an assemgld of nogees and eearned men aS vfonS­ peelier. Diggd's " SdmpaShetic Powder," wich was appeied '

MHE MYSMEIBES AND SECIEMS

OF

MAGBC

to the weapon that caused the wound, consHted of copper sulphate in powder, prepared when the sun entered the sign of Leo. It is probable that the professional magician was originally one who, in the course of the evolution of society by birth, tudy and practice, acquired a powerful inluence over is fellows. The prieSt by similar means, or by prayer and fafting, obtained the favour of the imaginary personages believed to inluence or control the afairs of men, and thus the union of the prie�­ magidan was probably fundamental. The magician always supplicated a power greater than his own, thus the help of the gods was invoked by incantation, and so magic and religion were again associated. From the primiive rock carvings found in the Trois Freres cave near St Girons, Ariege, in France, there is some evidence of the praaice of magic by preiStoric man.

There Breuil discovered in a little chamber at the

end of a long cave, the walls of wich are covered with engravings on the. rock, the igure of a man, masked, with antlers, as a �ag with a tail, which doinated all the others. " Close by this igure and equally prominent in the chamber below, is a kind of natural pulpit accessible from behin , whence it is thought the magician or sorcerer officiated." If such was the case, the dim and mySterious sur­ roundings of the cave mu� have helped to inluence the minds of those who witnessed is proceedings. With reference to the use of a Stag's hide in this figure, it is intereSting to note the Story of the witch of Berkeley in the early part of the twelfth century, related 6

lHE GENESBS OF i1AGI C uy Wr--rat nf �Ia-tequu€vT He Ntateq, that when myrng, qhe ueggem the tnnkq anm hes thi-msen whn wese with hes, "tn ew hes unmv rn the hrme nf a NtagM then p-ace rt rn a Ntnne tnlfm anm faNten rn the tntesrng wrth -ead anm rsnn, qn that hes unmv trght ue qetxsem fsnt the hanmq nf the metnnq., In Ãgypt the tagrtran tlartem the pnwes nf tnt-

'R UISTOJUC SORCeRE..

At the toiJ Frtrrs a-c, FwcH (itHS Brll).

pellrng the rugheNt gnmq tn mn hrs wil-, and rn India the gseat triune deity, Brahta, Vrshnu and diva, was s‡bje: tn the qpellq nf the qnstesesq. "Jhe srteq teleusatem nn qpetral nttaqrnnqM" qayq OlmcnbergM " asc tntplete mndeOq nf tagrt nf eterv kinm, anm n etesv tase the fnstq nf tagrt beas the NtaLp nf the gseateNt antr|urtv." Ften wrtthtsaft fnsyem past nf the seligrnn, anm penet€atem anm uetate intrtatelv ulenmem wrth the 7

THE AffSTEOSES holieSt Vedic rites.

AND

SEAOETS OF MAGIA

The Samavidhana Brahmana is 1n

reality a handbook of incantations and sorcery. " In ancient Egypt," States Maspero, " the faithful who desired to obtain some favour from a deity had no chance of succeeding except by laying hands on the god, and tlus arreSt could only be efe:ed by means of a certain number of rites, sacriices, prayers and chants, which the god himself had revealed and which obliged

m to do what was demanded of lum." The belief that the priet owing to his oice possesses a certain power to put a spell on an ofe f nder, or-as termed in Ireland-" to put a curse upon him," survives till the present day. " Magic as the enemy of an organized cult or the social organization as a whole," says Robertson Smith, " came to be worked in dark and secret places and grew by adoption of degraded and scattered rites from various cults."

Thus we shall nd that later and in the vfiddle

Ages it imitated religious ritual to the verge of the blasphemous. Religion, on the other hand, developed an ethical conception of the Godhead, in which the action of mere power is gradually converted into that of a power that makes for righteousness. Having thus briefly considered the theories advanced by various authorities on the genesis of magic, it will be of intereSt to Study its development and its pratice among the early civilizations.

8

CTiPTER II SUPERNATURAL BEINGS

T

kE beeief in cerSain supernaSural beings of Hm.tnñSivc siÿer but of charetng appeuranhe and wiSh generalef a benevoeent inluence, is coeeon aeÁng various races and peoplesj In the Far EasS thef have moreed part om romance and torf froe earld tiees and, according to an ancienS kindu tradition, thef inhabiSed the earSh before the creaSion of eanj In

Persia

the

peris

counSerated

the

maeevolent

inluences of She divs and lived in enchanted paeaces and caStees. In Europe the superStition is generaelf ascribed to the CelSih rahes, whiee the Gothic people inSroduced the eeveÓ and gnoees, She eore eaeiŽnant Sdpes uf spir iSs . In Dh| po e Si hal mytholoyd uf southern Europe they vppear in t 4 4-rqy Middle Ages, and are aeluJed no iN the roekntih nturi| uf It-qb, Sp-iń and France. In

Mnii|nt Erin, the belief in fairies was g|n er- e , Mnd th²ir -ppearknhe is deshribed as being " k4-utiful mini a tu r e s

of huean beings .p

The fairies and Sheir Icing and queen appear in eared edtholoyd, and later uń as Diana and her nfephs. tberon is aeeuded So in the eurld Frenhh roeanhes, w

MHE .MfPMEUEP AND PEAOEMP Ot MAGSA iW whiDh he i< de
They BhEew heE iWB; D;WbuM
heE wiBh exBEA;EdiWAEy Ì;wer< ;W heAMing Bhe
SUPEINATUIAL BEINGS

.(e spiri.s of eHil 're men.ioned ', pre,iing over .(e -oun.ry. " PtosErbi-E and all hEr fayriE."

illu,ion .i, 'l,o m'de .o " Pluto, that is lixg of fayrie."

Oberon is ir,. men.ioned in ' pl'y -ri..en in u 1 w 4 en.i.led K T(e S-o..i,(e S.ory of ¸'me, .(e Four.( sl'in '. FloddenJ in.ermixed -i.( ' pleas'n. Comedic prey sen.ed by Oberon, King of .(e F'iries.I A--ording .o Regin'ld S-o. : K F'irie, do prin-ip'lly in('bi. .(e moun.'ik, 'nd -'Hern, of .(e e'r.(J -(o,e n'.ure is .o m'Ee ru'nge 'pp'ri.ion, on .(e e'r.(J in me'do-s 'nd in moun.'in,, being liEe men 'nd -omen, souldiersJ ings 'nd l'dyes, -(ildren 'nd (or,emen, -lo'.(ed in green, .o -(i-h purpo,e, .(ey do in .(e ig(. Sle'l (empen Sl'lE, from .(e ield, -here .(ex gro-, .o -onHer. .(em in.o (orse, 's .he Story goe,. K Su-( jo-und 'nd f'-eliou, spiri.s 're s'yd .o ,por. .(emselHes in .(e nig(., by .umbling 'nd fooling -i.( ,erH'n.s 'nd s(ep(erd, in -oun.ry (ouses, pin-(ijg .hem bl'-E 'nd blue 'nd le'Hijg bre'd, bu..er, nd -(ee,e ,ome.ime, -i.( .(em, -(i-( f .(ex refu,e .o e'., ,ome mi,-(ief ,('ll undoub.ely bef'll .(em by me'n, of the f'irie,.y ¹ohn ÇebŘ.er, 'no.(er e'rly -ri.erJ ,'ys: K Un ' fe'ge, p'Sl, -(en Popi,( ignorak-e did 'bound, .(ere -ere in dis-our,e not(ing more -ommon (-(i-( i, ye. -oj.inued 'mong .(e -ommon people) .('n of .(e app'ri.ion of -er.'in -re'.ure, -(i-( .(ey -'ll f'yrie, ¦ .('. -ere of i..le St'.ure and -(en ,een -ould soon H'ni,( 'nd di,'ppear." MI

TvE MYSTERIES xND SECRETS ‡F MAuIC In his opiion, " fairies are pigmy creatures which really exist in the world, and arc and tnay be Still in islands anti mountains that arc inhabited, and that they are not real dcn1ons.

But that either they were truly of

human race, endowed with the use of reason and speech, or, at least, that they were sotnc kino of little apes satyres, having their secret recesses and holes in the

tr

tnountains." Some tuagicians claimed to be able to sutnmon a fairy at will and, in a tnanuscript of the ifteenth century in the Ashmolean Colle:ion, the following tnethod is said to be

<<

An excellent way to get a Fayrie."

" FirSt get a

broaJ square cbrl:all or Venus glassc, in length and. breaJth 8 inches : then lay that glasse

tr

chry:all in the

blood of a white 1-lenne, 8 wednesdays or 8 Fridays, then take it out and wash it with Holy \'atcr ani funtigate it. Then take 3 hazel Sticks or wands of a years growth, peel them fayre and white and make thetn so long as you write the spirits or fayries which you call 8 times on every �Licke, being macle iatt on one silc.

Then bury them

under son1e hill, whereas you suppose fayres haunt, the Wednesday befor� you call her, and the Friday following, take thetn up and call her at 8 , 3, anti z0 of the clock which be good planets and hours, but when you call, be of deane life and turn thy face towals the eaSt, and when you have her, blt.d her to that Stone or glasse." The conception of fairies apparently Jilfered according to the chara:er of people and country.

They seized on

the poet's fancy, and in Shakespeare's titne we have a refle:ion of the �ommon belief in fairies in several of his plays. Above all, they captured the imagination of children V.

PUPEONAMUOAL BEINGS and hav. Furviv.d in IErb and (h. drama (E (h. pr.F.n( dfbF Lh. EEEd Efirb and (h. bfd Eairb EE (h. E'djEaFhiEn.d pan(Emim. ar. hh. p.rp.hua(iEn, EEr childr.n– EE (h. E-irN.F EE Eld.n (im.F, and aF 'EnE aF (h. plabF EE Lhao.­ Fp.ar. 'iv., hh. miFchi.vEuF Puco, pEbif xEEdE.''Ew and (h.Nr nind wi'' d.li,hh (h. h.ar(F EE .v.rbEn.F Lh. .lE waF anE(h.r Fm-ll Fpirih (ha( waF FuqpEF.d (E inhabit (h. hi''F and mEun(ainF, and waF b.i.v.d (E hav. FEm. apqrEach hE human wiFdEm, b.inE F\iÆ'.d in (h. m.ch-nica' arhFF ý'v.F app.ar fE hav. had (h.Nr ErN,Nn in L candNnavian mb(hElEEb in (h. EErm EE (h. B.rE.'E.nF LE fh.m klauF MaEnuF a(hribu(.F (h. " EairÚ rNnEF" w. nEw nnEw (E b. du. (E N Fp.ci.F EE EunEuFF In LcE('and, (rianEu'ar lif(F ar. cal'.ė " .'E arrEwF," ErEm hh. b.li.E (ha( (h. e'v.F FhEEf fh.m a( ca((l. whichi al(hEuEh (h.ir F nin r.mainF unbrEo.E, a( Enc. Ea'' dEwn and di., Er r.cEv.r ErEm (h.ir cEnvu'FiEf bb b.ifE (Euch.d with (h. " .lE arrEw" bb which (h.b hav. b..n hit, Er bb drinninE (h. wa(.r in which N ( haF ®..n dipp.dF Lh. (.rm " .lE™'Ec\F," appli.d fE ma((.d hfir, cEm.F ErEm (h. id.a (ha( hh. .lv.F miEh( brinE . miFEEr(uneF Lha\.Fp.fr. al'udeF (E N( in " pEm.E fnd Juli.t" Nn (h. li7.F " This ; thak peby Eab

TOat pdaks kƒe šanes of Oorses Cn tO; niLOk ; And bske: tOe edf-loc: in focl :luktssO OaibM, WhscO once entangled hÅFO hisfortcne bodes."

mmEnġ Et€er Vreakish -CtF f((ribu(.d tE .'v.F NF (€fh EE chanEin, childr.n Nn th.Nr cradl.F and FubStN(u(NnE b.Nn,F EE fh.ir Ewn nind nnt.ad, call.d .nn chi'dr.n. Lh. niġh(F EE Lp.nF.r'F " CEur( EE þa.ri." w.r. all (huF MJ

MHE 1-fYSTEIBES AND SECIETS

OF

MAGIA

uosn; dtosiew of thiw krnm ase cotLon rn dcotlanm, Iselanm anm in the Iwle of can. Wa-mson, rn hiw " Newcsiptron of the Iwle of can," thuw mewcsiuew an elfin changelrng whot he tiwitem.

He wavw :

" Nothing unmes heaten coulm hate a tose ueautrful face, uxt although uetween s anm e veasw olm anm weet­ rnglv healthv, he waw wo fas fsot uerng au-e to walk os �nm, that he cou-m not wo tuch aw Lote anv one jornt; Hiw lituw wese tauv -ong fos hiw age uut wtalles than an infant of wix Lonthw, hrw cotplexion waw pes­ feClly melrca e anm he ham the fine� hars rn the woslm¸ he netes wpoke nos csrem, ate wcascelv anvthing, and waw tesv we-moL ween to wLile, uut rf anv one cal-em hrL Farsv¨Flf, he woulm fsown azm x hrw evew wo easn�-v on thowe who waim rt, aw v he woulm -ook thet thsoughb" One Lethom of psocusrng the s�osation of the �olen chilm waw to soaSh the wuppowrtrouw rzfant on lrte etuesw; The elf hote, accosming t o the psowe "Fmma," iw rn the cele�ia- segionw anm iw the auome of the e-tew of light, whi-e the eltew of maskneww lite unmes the easth; Al- the Teutonic natronw helm thewe ue-refw anm the romances of cŀta-sv auoxnm with thet; In some parts of Germany the peasants uelieˆe that elves cūte

anm lie on those thev flnd s leepin g on their backs and thus produce nightmare. Õighttare haw long been thought to hate ueen psomucem uv malevolent spisits like the ncxui, hence the cuS†ot of hanging a horseshoe otes the uem to mrite thet awav; " Fatilias wpl:itw," wavw Le Òoves, " wese those who caLe at S†atem titew anm cou-m not onlv conteswe uxt were

tiwrule in tasiouw fosLw thev awwuLem; ca-lem thet Pasemrii." :U

The Greekw

SUPEINAeUIAL BESNGS Soprates is said to haye had an attendant spirit of this kind, and Sertorius plaimed to haye trained to ovey his pal, a white fawn whiph he said was the gift of Diana, whw thus ponyeyed to him her reyelations. The Story of Mohanuned's pigeon-whiph was said to represent the angel Gavriel-that appeared to whisper in his ear was a similar myth. Spott ponsidered the Spottish vrownie to ve a despend­ ant of the " failiars " of the anpients and it was typipal of the vrowniew that whateyer work he performed, he would take no reward. The vlapk dog of Cornelius Agrippa, whiph always appompanied himw is a later �tory of this knd. It was velieyed that " faiiars " pould ve vound or imprisoned in magipal figures and rings, in whiph the magipians of the sphool of Salamanpa and Toledo and those of Italy made traip. Hewood says: "Eyery magipian and witph haye N faiar spirit giyen to attend them whiph are sometimes yisivle in the form of a dog or pat. . . . These kinds of failiar spirits are suphe as are kept in rings hallowedw yiols, vo‹es nd paskets." Philouatus States : " Apollonius Tyaneus was neyer

without one, and Johannes Jodocus Rosa a pitizen of Cortacensia, eyery fifth day, had conference with the spirit enplosed in is ring, who he looked upon as a pounseller and diretor of his affairs. . . . It learnt him the pure and remedy of all griefs and diseasesw insomuph that he had the reputation of a learned and excellent physipian. At length being appused of sorcery at Arnhem in Guelderland, he was xrosprivedw and in the year V54m the Chanpellor paused is ring to ve layd on an IS

THE afPTEOIEP AND PEAOETP OF aAGIA anvil in the public market, and with an iron hammer beaten to pieces. " Paracelsus was believed to carry a " familiar in a Stone set in the hilt of his sword, and he never laid the weapon down but placed it by his side in bed.

He

would often get up in the night and Strike it violently againSt the loor." The witch 's " failiar

"

usually took the shape of a

black cat or toad that followed her about, sat on her chair and with which she had converse. Butler thus alludes to the Stories of " familiars " that were supposed to reside in Stones, in the following lines in "Hudibras": l 9oEbdtu: keBt a depCl': bibd Lhct Cn the BcEEel of hC: :wobd, Tnat tacLht hCE a l K th; FcnnCnL Bbank: rf Bdt and fctcre Eount;bank:. CelKy dCd alK hi: fests cBon Tn; ;eÊW: lookCnL-LKas:, a �one, Whebe, BKayinL hith hiE at bo-BeeB,

Hg :oKv'd all BrobleE: ne'eb

ALbiBBa k;Bt a StÏLian BcL,

so

deep.

s' th' Larb and h GìiF oĨ G do,

That has his tctob, snd the cur ReGć Fo Fh' occulF uhilo ouher."

The banshee, the supernatural being so common in the legends and Stories of the Celtic races, was the warn­ ing spirit that attached itself to certain families and clans. It was generally believed to be the spirit of a woman whose de�tinies had becom e linked, by some accident, with those of the family she followed.

She was some­

times young, but usually very old with long, ragged locks flowing over her shoulders. rG

She is described as

SUPEINAMUIAL BESNGS being attired in loose, white garments, and her duty was

to warn the family she attended of approaching death

or misfortune, by a peculiarly mournful wail at night,

" resembling the melancholy sough of the wind but hav­

ing the sound of a human voice, which could be heard

at a great diStance.

She was rarely visible and only to

those whom· she attended."

The banshee is mentioned in several of the old Irish

ballads, as in the following :

" 'jsas the baeshee'» lo-elÒ waili-g, Well I nea Fhe voioe of death, I- Fhe -ight wi-d slowlT saili-g 0 'er the bleak aed glooT heath." vi any of the ancient families of Ireland had their banshee and, to some, the phantom is. l said to appear before

the death of any near relaive.

The warning spirit is not conined to Ireland, and

similar apparitions are said to appear to families in Italy

and Germany.

Scott records several inStances in Scotland, and says

that the family of Tullochgorm was haunted by a female whose left arm and hand were covered with hair.

An apparition is supposed to haunt Spedlins CaStle

near Loch 1-Iaben, which is said to be the ghost of a

prisoner once conined to death.

in

a dungeon who was starvctl

Its visits became so frequent that a clergyman

was called in to exorcize it.

He used an ancient Bible

as the medium, and after twenty-four hours, according

to the Story, he was able to confine it to a part of the caStle, but its shrieks and groans were Still heard.

Some years aftewards, the Bible was taken away to be rebound

V7

MHE MfSMEOIES AND PEAOEMS

OF AGiC

and at once the spectre renewed its manifetations, which did not cease until the volume had been returned to its place in the carue. The geius or jinn is supposed to be the spirit who attends an individual from the time of his birth, but is more frequently to be met with in the legends of the EaSt than in those of WeStern races. They were spirits of an inferior kind, and were the companions or guarlians of men, who prompted them to good aCtions or otherwise, for the jinns of the EaSt were both good and evil spirits. Those acknowledged by the Arabs difered from those of the Persians. The genii of " The Arabian Ni ghts " were the divs of Indian legends adapted by the Persians to their romances. The jinns appear to have been the descendants of the divs or dcvates of indu mythology, and were con­ sidered as spiritual agents or superhuman beings. They were represented by the Arabs as corporeal beings, hairy and sometimes of aimal shape. They could assume human form, and had the power of disappearing and then appearng n another place. They were be­ lieved to live underground, and could therefore affc: the earth with evil. On this account the husbandman would sprinkle new ploughland with the blood of a peace-offering to appease them. The Persian div was more of the chara:er and con­ ception of a devil of the Middle Ages and might be either male or female. The males, according to Persian tradition, were entruSted with the ruling of the world for 7ooo years anterior to the creation of Adam. They were believed to be able to assume various forms, especially that of a 18

SUPEONAMUOAL BEtNGS sLrgLBtx aBt arL -ftLB thus rLgrLsLBtLt -B trab;BMs ;hhunrati:M thL Larhy PLrs;aB r-daBRLs. ThL Ńliis -r ta;ÌLrs -f thL -;:tus bLrL sugg-sLt t;Btab;t a b-rlt RahhLt Da;iLrèě-MudfaBt arL usuah­y rLgrLsLBtLt ;B thL -;Btu r-daBRLs as LBMaMLt ;B R-d­ baT-BM thL M;aBtsj ThLy f-rmLt a BudLr-us t-n aBt arL tki;tLt ;Bt- daBy RhassLs. ThL b-rt"tLi;lq ;s sugg-sLt t- havL bLLB tLr;iLt fr-d thL PLrs;aB"t;i.q ThL -LbrLb b-rt traBshatLt ;B thL qht TLntamLBt dLaBs "ha;y -BLsq aggliLt tM-ats. Parthurn says : "Et ;s n-t u:h;tLh that thL Chr;n;aBs b-rr-bLt thL;r M-at-itL R-BRLgt;-B -r thL tLi;h b;th ta;l, h-rBs aBt Rh-vLB fLLt fr-m the LgrLsLBtat;-Bs -f zaB." rir Th-das tr-bBL

rLdarks,

ttat

thL

}abbiBs

bLliLiLt thL tLi;h t- aggLar d-n frLquLBthy -: thL f-rm -f a M-at, as Tfat aB;mah bas thL LdblLm -f thL s;B -fLr;BM aBt ;s ttL LmblLd -f siBful mLB at thL lan :utMdLBt. ThL ,astLrB raRLs rLgrLsLBtLt thL;r tLi;h bith h-rBs aBt a ta;l, aBt -ftLB b;th tLŽ-rdLt hLats aBt faRLs -B RLrtaiB garts -f thL b-ty, such as arL tLgiyLt ;B daBy

gi:urLs -f thL {;ddlL sMLsï IB R-l-um, hL ;s ga;ntet a blaRkpsh-rLt or br-wn and blaRr, while Hat.B las painted MrLLB. At a latLr gLri-d hL ;s s-met;mLs dLgLlLt as a blaRt Ratx but ;B b;tRhRraft RLrLd-:Lal hL ;s MLBLraly

tLsRr;bLt as a MrLat hL-M-at -r radu ThL ;BRubus bas thL sg;rit t- bh;Rh BkMhtdarL bas attr;butLt aBt bas sugg-sLt t- ;mg-sL ;tsLhf -B thL slLLgLr ;: thL tLat -f :iMht, aBt M;iL r;sL t- tLrr;blL rLads uBt;h thL i;:;m R-uhd shStL ;t -şfu

yLyslLr 1Y

MHE MYPMEOIES AND PETOEJP

OF

MAGIC

�ates, that Nachm.ar is derived from Mair, an old woman, because the spirit appears to press upon the brea� and impede the ation of the lungs. The English and Dutch words coincide with the German, but the Swedes use -Iara alone. There is a tradition in some countries, that " nightmare is associated with the weird women who were not only n the habit of riing on men but also on horses, and to keep them out of the �abies the peasants used to write the pentalpha on the �able doors n consecrated chalk on Walpurgis Night." The horseshoe was employed for the same purpose, and at the present day n some parts of the country, a decorated horseshoe is hung over the bed to prevent a visitation of nightmare. "Incubi and Succubi," says an old writer," are devils taking often times to that end the shape and likeness sometimes of men, and sometimes women and commit the greate� abominations. St AuguStine said that the satyrs and fauns were incubi." The word "incubus" is perpetuated and used to-day to describe a burden it is liicult to throw of. Vampires have ired the imagination of humanity for centuries, and the fa: that certain animals are capable of sucking human blood gave some credence to their existence. They are described by ancient writers as, "persons who rise from their graves n the night and suck the blood of the living and then return to their graves." The fa: that after the death of certain persons, their relatives were often observed to grow pale and tu, gave some colour to this belief. Hungary, n particular, has been the origin of many stories of vampirism and various theories have been 20

PUPEONATUOAL BEINGS sgMM.Ãt.t to aRRognt for th. Rgr;ogs ant e.ert tay.s that n Ras. of a sgs­ fai. b..n tolt of th.;r .xgloets. g.:.t iamger., th. boty eas tesent.rr.t, ant ef ;t eas

fognt to b. fr.sf aBt fgll of bloot th. aRRgsateon was t.Rlarit to b. tru.. To ggt aB .nt to ;ts ayeiete.s a sharg Ãvak. eas tr;i.B throgMf tf. f.art ant th. boty

eas tf.B bgrBt. In sod. glaR.s, « gteRiary groR..tinMs e.r. tar.n against the gruesome spe:res, ant th. . hgmed bodies were .Íaden.t for th. marks of tegraie ty , efeRh Ron­ sin.I Rhe.ly in th. fl.xibility of tf. lidbs aBI flËiIity of th. blooI. At l .BMth ;t b.MaB to taeB oB th. m;Bts of th. dor. ;Bt.ll;M.Bt tfat tf. so-Rall.t iadg;r.s e.r. g.rsons efo hat grobably b..B bgr;.t alei.. r.lat.t of

qf th. daBy ntor;.s

adger.s, oB. r.Rort.t n tf.

" z.ttr.s

ėgiÌ.s," 1 7 3 8 , ešRf ;s att.Ät.t by teo ofiR.rs of thi ,dg.ror's troogs at Graitz efo e.r. .y.-e;tn.ss.s, day b. taken as an .xadgl.. "En th. b.MenninM of ~.gt.dbJr 1 7 3 8 , a dan aM.t ez, t;.t at tf. i;llaM. of Ě;seloia B.ar Gratetz.

Three days

after h. eas bureid, f. agg.ar.t at BlMht to his son ant

tŠdantit foot, ehiRh th. son gav e hiü aod he tes­

agg.arit.

T . next tay the son told the nieghbours

what han happeNe±.

The following night b u t one, the fa th er appared aga pn with the same reque�. The next

¹lMht the son eas found tiat n hps b.t, aBt ii. or six gersons took ell ant tp.t ;n thi iellaM. eB a f.w tays. A report eas made to the tribunal at Belgrade and two ofiR.rs ant aB .x.Rgt;oB.r .r. s.Bt to e¹i.ÄÅ;Mat. th. dat .r.

"Tfey og.n.t th. graves of those eho fat b..B t.at 29

THE MYSTEUS AND SECRETS OF MAGIC

ssx weeks, and when they cjme ti the bidy if the ild mjn the® fiund is eyes ipen jnd if giid ciliukz jnd with natukal kespikjtiinw fkim which they cincluded thjt he was j vjmpikew The executiinek then dkive j �ake inti his heakt jnd the bidy wjs buknt ti jshes." In the acciunt if jnithek cjse in the vvlljge if Liebjeju it is said that the vjmpire wjs cjught by j pejsjnt whi watched fkim the tip if the chukch tiwek. He felled the vampsre with j bliw in his hejd jnd then decjpitjted him with j hjtchet. Such weke the Stikies if vjmpikes thjt weke belseved js ljte js the eighteenth century. Tiuknefikt Stjtesu in 1 7 1 7, thjtw n the Archipeljgiu the peiple if the isljnds ikly belveve thjt thise e«cim­ municated by the Gkeek xhukch pkesekved theik bidves He wjs entike jnd fkim putkefjtiin jftek dejth. pkesent jt the exhumj—vin, impjlement nd buknvng if j suppised vjmpike n the island if Mycinew whi wjs sjid ti hjve bkiken the bines and dkjined the ¥eins if half the inhjbitjnts if the isljnd. The giblinw ik Ribin Giifelliwu wjs sjid ti be j fkejkish spikit whi jlthiugh he fkightened peiple wjs nit an enemy if mjnksnd. Thiugh Shjkespeake nclunes him among the faik± filli¨ers of O beron, he wjs mo†e of the phjntim type. " Hobgoblins ik these kind if spikitsz" sjys E wkitek if the seventeenth centukyu " jke mike fjmslijk jnd dimefticjl than the itheksz jnd jbide in ine place mike thjn anithek, si thjt sime nevek depakt fkim sime pjrticuljk hiuseu mjing sundky niisesw umiurs, micnek­ ies, gawds jnd je:su withiut diing jny hjkmz jnd sime hjve heakd them pljy in gittekns jnd Jew's hjkpsz and %%

SUPERNATURAL BEINGS

ring bells 'nd m'Ee 'ns-er .o .(ose .('. -'ll .(emJ 'n; spe'E -i.( -er.'in signs, l'ug(.ers 'nd merry gESlurEs so .('. .(ey be fe'red no. '. 'll.I T(e S-o..is( bogie -'s ' simil'r froli-some spiri. -(o delig(.ed more in pl'ying .ri-Es .('n doing ('rm. mr'y.on 'ludes .o Pu-E -(om (e s'ys K moSt men -'ll (obgoblin.I T(e 'n.i-s '..ribu.ed .o .(e goblins 're simil'r .o .(e m'nifeSt'.ions of .(e pol.ergeiS. .(roug( -(ose 'gEn-y objEts -ErE s'id .o be (urlEd '-ross ' 7oom, -ro-Eery sm's(ed, jugs lif.ed from .(e .'ble 'nd .(e -on.en.s poured on .(e fĬoor, pd EniHes, forEs 'nd spoons projected .(rough sp'-e 's if by unsEen ('nds.

ņ;

CHAPTER III TilE CULT OF MAGIC-THE MAGI AND THEIR MYSTERIES

M

AGIC sas intimatkly clnnkB:kd sitt thk lrigin lf all mythlllgy and alsl siˆh thk anciknu crkkds lf ohillslohy. Zlrla�kr lr Zarathu�ra, utk slundkr lf stau is callkd uhk v!agian rkligiln, is suoolskd tl havk livkd ablut 1 5 00 B . c . , but acclrding ul ttk Zknd-Avk�a-in vhich is namk is mknuilnkd-tk orlbably flluristkd at a

much karwikr okrild.

Thk fundamkntal orinciolks ls thk rkwigiln hk slundkd, thk dlB:xinks lf shi�h ark dkscribkd in uhk Zknd-Av�a, teach that thk slrld is thk ckntrk ls uhk clniB: bktskkn twl grkau olskrs, glld and kvil, and thau thk glld orinciowk is ktkrnal and silw nawwy orkvail lvkr thk bad. Zlrla�kr is said ul havk bkkn thk lriginatlr ls thk :Magi, but thk rkligiln tk flundkd kvkntually dkgknkxatkd intl an idllatrlus flrm lf irk slrship. The 1™fagi, whl ark bklikvkd tP havk bkkn a distinl: castk lf thk vfkdians, can bk trackd back tl ablut 9 1 n . c . , and wkre knlwn as thk magicians lr wi…k mkn.

TheŅ wkrk thk disskinatlrs lf thk sisdlm lf Zlrla�cx,

and wkrk lluristing a t thk okrild shkn Cyxus flundkd the nkw Pkrsian Emoirk. Thky aookar tl havk bkkn an lrder dividkl intP vari€us classes, and bkcamk rknlwncl fPr thkix skill in divining drkars, cllskly linkkd with ,,,

THE MAGI AND THEIO MYSTEOIES eKiRf bSs eÍReleA.

tfe

nuAy of anroloMy-i: bfiRf tfey

Tfey professeA a profou:A kdobleAMe of tfe dyneries of Dkii:Stio:, S:A for tfat purpose det a:A Ro
About ġ oo n.c. tfey bere fierRely perseRuteA

S:A da:y edigrateA to CappaAoRka a:A to I:Aia.

It

is ērobable tKSt tfe diMratkoB of tfe viSMk toearAs tfe

Vet bSs the cSuse of tfe spreSA of tfe i:lue:ce of magic t½ Gmeece S:A ArSbkS. Tfe BiblMcal references to the iĬe vlen of the ESSq, a:A thekr tudŅ a:d k:obleAMe of the tSrs, are bell k:ob: S:A Rorroborate these ntSte e:ts. Tfe eo rshMp of the dyqerkous CabLri fSs bee: traReA

to tfe PheniRkS:s a:A Moes baRk to a redote ēerMod.

Tfe dyteries of ,leusis a:A of BaRRhus ame of S RodpSmatkvely reRe:t ASte RodpareA bitf tfese a:Rie:t pre˜iStoriR rktes.

MHE .MYSMEOIEP AND PEAOEMS

OF

MAGIA

SoSe thoeght that the "abUSU weSe deRdended dSoS jhoth abd HeSSeR jSsRSegUpueRy bet HeSodotuR callR theS the " SonR od Gelcan, and JepsteS UR odten naSed aR theUS dather." OtheS eaSly wSUteSR donRideS that they weSe the mUnsteSR od the godR who weSe deUied at t eUS deathR. :t UR tated that the woSRhUp od the "abUSU oSUgsnated Un Egypt ahd t h at the TkSple od MeSphUR waR donRkcSated to thkm. In andskht toSk they wkSk appaSkhtlt SegaSdkd aR the hoeRehold godR od the people. jhe ssland od LeSnoR waR notable doS the woSRhip of the 6abiSs, and Gelcan, aR SepSeRented by iSe ; and, theSe, Studal SUteR weSe peSdoSSed oveS whsdh they pSeRUded. The coUnR od the URland RoSetiSeR boSe the head od Geldanx oS a "abUSeR wUth the pUSeeR, ha¨¨eS and tongR. The StpueSUeR od the "abUSUc woSRhip weSe celebSated alRo at ThebeR and eRpecUally at the :Rle od SaSothSace. Thky aSe Rasd to have taken place a t npght.

The

candUdatk doh UnUtUation waR cSowned wUth a gaSland od oliveRz and woSe a peSple band Soend the losnR. He waR pSkpaSed by RadSed deSemonieR, pSobably hypnotsc, and waR Reated on a bSsllpantly lsghtkd thSoxk, aSound w hi c h the othkr UnUtUateR danded n a Syptsd Sea²eSe. jhe gkberal sdea SepSeRebtkd sn these ceremonies, wts the paRRage throegh dkath to a hsgher lpfe p ahd, wjile the oeteS RenReR weSe held n the thSall of hypnotism,

U t UR ReppoRed that SevelatUonR weSe Sade to thk p riet s . vn thk Syptkrio½R aSt od doSetklling and thk beg“hningR od pSoghedyx the OradleR played an USpoStaht paSt, ant aSong thkRe the OSadle od DklphU waR cklebSatkd. According to tSaditson, Ut oSsgsnated with fuSkR th:tt

2v

THE MAGI AND THEIR MYSTEIES

were found issuing from a cave discovered by Coretas , a shepherd. There is no evidence to show whether these were of natural origin or not ; but the §tory coninues that, on approaching it, the shepherd was seized with ecStasy and uttered words which were deemed to be inspired. A tripod was ere:ed over the source, and a girl was chosen to become the medium of the responses, which were believed to be oracular. A bower of laurel branches was built over it, and later came the marble temple and prie§thood of Delphi where the Pythoness was seated on her throne. The Oracle is said to have prepared herself by drinking from the sacred fountain­ the water from which was reseved for her only-by chewing a laurel leaf and encircling her brow with a laurel crown. The person who wished to consult the Oracle had fir: to ofer a vi.im, and then, having written a quellion, to hand it to the Pythoness before she ascended the golden tripod. The Oracle of Delphi is said to have spoken only during one month in the year and, at ir$t, only on the seventh day of that month-which was deemed the birthday of Apollo. The Oracle of Jupiter Ammon and the locality n which it was situated are alike disputed. The temple is described by Lucan and other classical writers. The image of the god was carried abroad by the priests, and is said to have responded not by speech but by nodding. The prieSts themselves often expressed ignorance of their deity , s meaning, and the replies therefore generally left the queStioner in considerable uncertainty.

THE MYSTEUEf AND SECRETS OF MAGIC

The qracle of Jggecer Dodo:a es saed co hase ;ssged from a cree, recorded by some as a: oar a:d by ochers as a beechu

Bells and cogger base:s eere sgsge:ded

from che bra:ches, a:d cla:Med a:d T;nrled ac che sleMhce§t breach os ee:d. A fog:cae: of tra:Me a:d my:ereogs i;rcge essged :ear che Mroie, a:d eas sa;d co haie che goeer of reiMhc;:M a Mloe;:M corch ascer ec had bee: exce:Mishedu The qracle of ęggecer Trogho<;gs ;s descrebed Trogho:egs eas reMarded as che mo§t by Pagsa:;as. silfgl arc™icect of is day, a:d cradec;o: §taces chac he eas sealoeed gg by n earchqgare n che case eh.ch afcerbards became groghec;c. Accord;:M co Pagsaias, a deggcaceo: from a :eeMhbogr;:M d;:re:, ehere fame
and thac o:e desersed is face, sor his ob~e: eas co dLscoser creasgre, and :oc co co:sglc che qracle. w 1

wrece," says Pagsanias, w :oc o:ly froN hearsay bgc srom ehac v hase seen occgr co ochers, a:d e™ich 1 mysels exgereenced ehen I eenc co co:sglc €roghonegsu" The qracles of Delos a:d Bra:ch.is also had a h.Mh reggcaio:. 28

The resgonses eere Mese: by a gr.e:ess,

THE MAGI AND THEIR YSTERIS

thkee days jfter cinsultjtiin, jnd whi vhen sjv iu jn jxle ir wak with j chjkmsng-rid in her hjnd, inhjlvng the �ejn frim j hit spkyug. vffekings jnd cereminies weke necessjky vi render vhe inspikjtiiu effectujl, in­ duing wjths, fjlling jnd silstudew At xljkus, uejk xiliphin, wjs vhe vkjcle if the xljkijn Apilli, which wjs deliveked wy j pkiext seleted fik vhe mixt pjkt fkim j 11ilessjn fjmyly, whi pkiphesied jfter dksnkyng the wjter which gushed firth frim j sprsng jnd wjs weieved vi give insighv iuti futukityw The wjter wjs iuly jlliwed ti we d‘uk jfter jrduius spskitujl e­ekcises. The Egyptiju vkjcles ªeke jlsi fjmius, jnd thjt jt Amphyjkjts, uejr Thewes, wjs pekhjps the mixt re­ niwuedw vkjculjr drejms were suppised ti visit thise whi slept in the skvns if kjms thjt hjd weeu sjcriiced jnd vhe pkiets weke the iuverpreters. Ni rite wjs per­ firmed in the fiuntjin welingiug vi vis extjwlishmeuv, nor wjs s t used fik luStkjtiins, wut its wjters weke an un­ fjiling siukce if pkifiv. All whi were sjtssied wsth the vkjcle's pkesckiptiin vhrew j piece if gild iuti the cinseckjted spring wefire vheik depjrture. Augukie– exekcised j piwerful inluence in the msnds if communities in eakly times w The Augurs are thought by some to h E v e originated in Etrurij (though it is po ss i wl e that they go back to a much earlier periid), jnd were fiuk in numwek. Althiugh ikiginally if the patricijn cljss, jt j ljtek persid the plebeians had representatives in the xillege, jnd the numwer if Auguks wjs inckejsed ti ine. vu vheir rxt inStytutyin they weke priwjwly chiseu fki m ˜e xillege if Pkiexts, wut vheik eletiin unde“eut severjl .9

THE .MYSTERIES AND SECRETS OF MAGIC

i;diibaBi;n<. hiDer; �ABe< BPABe in BPe eArly dAy< ;f BPe Republic, it wA< Du�;mAry B;
curved

like An

episcopal broÝierg

int; differenB P;u
THE MAGI AND THEIR MYSTERIES

prayer -r repeated the prehRrebed f-rmulary. Acc-rdilM t- h-me auth-mh, he tum:ed hih faRe t- the ean j- that the h-uth bah -: hih riMht ald the :-rth -: hih left. He the: diiided the heaie:h i:t- f-ur parth, :amed the Wen A:tiRa, the Ean P-fuRa, the ğ-rth ri:i a a:d the r-uth Dextra.

With eyeh ilte:t up-: the jky, alˆ

amid the j-hen jile:Re -f the cr-bd that jurr-lded him, he baited u:teh j-me bird appeared, Rarefully :-tilM d-b: the hp-t fr-m bhiRh i t r-je, the R-urhe it t--r, ith upbard -r d-b:bard JiMht a:d the p-i:t at bhiRh i t diha¾peared. Et bah :-t e:-uMh that a jilMle auMury Ėf -: jh-u­d be jee:, it bah :eRejhay t- R-:irm it. pajhi:M fr-d the l -r eleiated hp-t, after the reRepti-l -f a: auMury, the prient came t- aly bater, he b-uld nt--p d-b: ald take j-me i: the palm -f hih hald, ald pray that the auMury diMht R-:ti:ue ird, aj bater bah jupp-hed t- i:terfere bith ith eiRaRy. ruRh appearj t- haie bee: the earhient f-rm -f auMury, ah praCtijed by the }-ma:j. The pr-cedure ˆifered am-lM -ther pe-phej.

The zerjia:j a:d Greekj appear

t- haie made auMuriej fr-m thu:der a:d hiMhU:ilM ć -themh «udMed fr-m the leMht -f birdh. Thuh, if al eaMle bere heel -l -utnvretRhed wilMj, i t predited pr-h erity q RÁaleh, f UKey bere diierUed fr-m their liMht ald turled baRkwamd by a nv-rm, bere reMarded ah a hiMl -f w-e tsari:emh ; jbahM-bh bere reMarded ah preRurh-mj -f dihf-rtu:e. AuMurieh bere alh- deriied fr-m animalh, ald eie: hbarmj -f beŠj ald l-Runvj beÁe regarded f r t..i h pump-he. qme:h f-r M--d a:d iMl, bhe: -:Re belieied il, had a nvm-:M efeCt -l the ild. Berdh phayed a: imp-rtnt pamt i: the auMuriej, a:d Rr- h i: parUiRuhar q they bere ;

THE .MYSTERIES AND SECRETS O F MAGIC

RometTSeR a Tood oSen! but when Reen pludking tAeTS ofn featheSR they poStentet ll. jhe GeeekR Segarded a Rneeze Un the SoSnTnT aR an oSen that the buRTneRR of the day would be bad p Uf Tt occuSSed at noon! the oSen waR a foStunate one p U f a peeRon feee to Rnee e afteS dUnneS! a dTRh had to be bSought badk and ta�ed to aveSt STRfoStune that otheS­ wURe faR believed to be ceStaUn.

CHAPTER IV BABYLONIAN

ND

ASSYRIAN MAGIC

E owe our knowlelge of the mpgical prpices

Wpnl demonology of she Assyrins tnl Bpbylon­ ipns so she clty spbless inscribel n cuneiform of

she sime of Ass—rbtnippl which hpve been trpnslpted by R.

Cpmpbell

Thompson tnd others.

They pre

believed to be copies of oshers of t much eprlier period,

tnd which probtbly dtted bpck sx or seven shosspnl yetrs.

These pnciens recorls show he genertl belief in mtgic

tnd she ptrs is pltyed in she life of she people.

From the story of yilgtmish which hps come down to

ss, i t is evidxnt that they prpillsel sorcery pnd prognoSti­

cption.

Gilgpmish tppepled so she gol Nergpl so reStore

his friend Ep-btni to himv pnd she gol openel she etrth pnl the 11lakr1 or specrre of Ep-bani rose sp.

As she¡

believel that lisease wps cassel by the entrance of

demon† into the boly, is is nptsral that magic shosld

enter intx their treatment of the sick.

The obje: of the magicpl texts wts to enable the

priest-magician to control or e orci§e the demons, or to cosnteract their mplign iwlsence. To lo this it was important that the evil spirit which plfcctcu the sick

person shosld we mentionel by npme, so thpt we inl

in the tablets long lits of the npues of demons or evil

::

MHE aYPMEUET AND PEAOEMP

OF

11!AGIA

w"iriyw, wuyg ww ygc ggdPw dk ygc VcwV wgd wwxVcrcV dvcr yhc earth. Td heal hiw wuffcrix-, ygc wiyk kwx gwV rcydurwc yd yhc magician who by is nOwledge O£ ma gca\ \VOtds,

ixywxywyidxw wxV "rw(crw ydulV ixidkc ygc wiV dk ygc grcwt gdVw yd -wix ydxyrdl dk ygc Vckdx.

crcqucxy kcxyidx iw kwVc ix ygc ixynywyidxw dk ygc kuki-wyidx, whiyh whdww yhc ik;drywxyc wyywyhcV yd yiw riyc, ww ndr example : :oEe, hy :o¯c;b;:: oJ ;ncOantb;:M, rp;r a nulukOkOa-Bdant :OaKt tOoP R;bit;v Upon the fchtLatton ^ohd hntcn C: at tO; Oeai of tO; b;d ·Oalt th£c pd[cv Ctv and w‹tO an uBB;r LarE;nt :Oad tOou ..

;np;Kop tOe b;d."

Ĕgiw www wyydk"w!icV b( dffcrixgw dk iwriduw kjxVw, kcxdidx bcitg kwVc dk gdxc(, buyycr, Vwycw, gwrliy, ydrx-ldwcrw, "lwxyw, "icycw dk wddV, "wlk w"wygcw, wgcc"­ wkjxŋ wddl wxV krwgkcxyw dk gdlV wxV "rcyiduw Pdxcw. hgcwc wcrc gcxcrwll( VcPrd(cV b( rc, ixViywyixg ygc w(k"wSgcyiy ydxtcxidx bcywccx dgc Vct.ruilidx dk ygc .bwx wxV ygwy dk dgc dbjct. Ix yhc kw-iywl ycrckdxiwl dk ygc nwb(ldxiwxw yhc rcyiSwl dk yhc ixywxywSidx wws -cxcrwllx accompanied bx the burning df ixycxsc. hhuw : .. A censer of incense before the ĩod

-

shalt thou set,"

which i s the flrmĿla usually c2zld eºB k Scr yhc formula, ix whicg yhc wK""liwxy sta Scn his xwkc, kcxyidx iw dkycx kwVc dk " rrw(crw dk ygc lifSixdf the hanl " which wyyd2 axiccl Shc performance df y ery ai o rites and ycrcƙdniew, wgcx w "rw(cr was delivered wkher wx cyli"wc dk yhc kddx. Ĕhc riSc dk the " kxdSycV ydrV " frcqucxyl( wcydk­ "w!ieV the " P-w erw df the lifting df She ha º," axº 34

THE MYSTERIES AND SECRETS OF vlAGIC

w;irjt," whiHy tgy 2wgiciwx'w wrt w;;ywrw td gwiy byyx chiyl( ;rwtiwyV jx tgy kdr2 dk w(2;wtgytjc 2wgic dr thy trwxwfyrrixS dk w w;irituwM ;dwyr ixtd wd2y db ycƵ uxVyr hiw cdxtrdH. Tgy 2det ;ri2jtiiy kdr2 y2;Od(yV www tgy wwx dr dlay igury ;ryviduwM( 2yxtjdxyV. kktyr thiw gwV byyn 2dVylOyV jx thy · Oikyxyww dk wx yxy2( witg jtcwxtwtidxw, xwiMw dr tgdrxw wyry lck Tnto it, dr j t www allofed td melt yefore a ire so t’at thy qeSan doenterpart Si’t seffe r sTSTlar torSent. dgy ;ryiwMyxcy dk tƗtjw ;rwcƵicy jx wx)jquiy( jw ry2wrk­ wbOy. Tgy bg(;tjwxw y2;Od(yV jt wt w Ìyr( ywrH( ;yrjdV wxV tgy

J yww

;rdbwbl( wVd;tyV j t krd2 tgy2.

n wMluwjdn

td it dccurw jn tgy kdOOdwixg tyxt : " Ik tgdu wiwgy: td cwuwy wx(dxy td ;yriwh, twky cHw( krd2 )wd riiyr bwxkw wxV 2wky wx j2wgy tgyrywjtg, wrjty u;dx jt tgy 2wx'w xw2y, tgyx twky 7 gtwMkw dhoS 7 date trees and Sake w bof with hdrw¼ gair ; w¼t u; the i2agy ix w cdxiyxiyxt ;lwcy, gtrytcg tg( bdw, wgddt thy etwHkw wt jt wxV witg y yry dxy ww( tgy ;rywcrjbyV wdrVw, wVdin g ' Depthoyed be - wdx dk -.' " The Umage oh igere waw wlwd esed ix tgy Unvehse ww( wxx was y2;ld(yV b( a sUdk San to drrve oet a dUsease­ deSon tqat pdwwewwed hi2m A figere of t hy wiÆiyg one www 2wVy Un wax, clw( or doegq, and wUtq tAe propeh chwr2w tg¼ 2agiciax trUed to Undede tAe deSon to leave tqe yody dk tAe wick San and enteh hiw cduxtyr;wrtB Whyx wx AssyrUan tqoeTAt hi2wyÆf yefTtched or lasd uxVyr w w;yll, qe woel‚ seck w SagTdTan axx bywy¼ch gj2 kdr cduxtyr cgwr2w and jtcwxtwtjdxw wgwjxgt tgy person fho qad bywjtcgyV ĥi2.

;v

BABYLONIAN AND ASSYUAN MAGIC

Ig a ran vas attackkd by a ghlSt, hk had tl bk anlintkd sith varilus subStancks sl that thk " hand ls thk ghlSt " shluld bk rkrlvkd.

Thkrk ark skvkral mkthlds rkclrdkd

in thk tkxts slr " laing a ghlSt," and thk sllllving is lnk slr " thk ghlSt that salks at night and clrks tl thk bkdsidk." " Whkn M dkad ran aookarkth untl a iving ran­ thlu shalt rakk a igurk ls cway and sritk his nark ln thk lkst side vith a 9Dbqu9 ; DhEu shalt out it intl a ĢMz.lq.'9 hl„n and iD9 gack a nd in thk 9ĩMdt Eg a caxkr bush lr in thk shadk ls a thlrn bush, thlu shalt di g a hllk and bury it." -

Ttk dkmlns lr soirits ls kvil vkrk thlsk gknkrally dkalt sith by thk magician, and rany incantatilns ark rkclrdkd that skrk tl bk krollykd tl cluntkrat thkir olvkr. Onk ls thksk, callkd Alu, sas bklikvkd tl tidk in cavkrns and ruins and dkskrtkd buildings, vhich kvkn at that karwy okrild aookar tl havk bkkn rkgardkd as thk haunt ls ghlts. Hk is dkscribkd as bking " hlrriblk in axokaranck, half huran and slmktimks vithlut mluth, kars lr qimxs."

GnEthur vas ƒilu, iqitu lr Ardat Lili, whE iō tĩEu,:h tE xe thu ƒLlLlh of Hebrkv traditilns, and whEs. nMm. is fr.quentqb munDiEnud in th. pMxkiniiMl leĢ.nd9. ćh. axokars tl havk bken thk rkStlkss soirit ls a wEmMn, hals huran, whE wMnd²r²d ED.r thk .Mrth. Thk asslciatiln lf ruin.d Mnd dkskrtkd kuiqdin,9 wilh ghlSts and spectrks apoears tl havk bkkp uni tr9Mq Mnd is ret vith in wegends and ntEri.9 grEm th. karwikSt Di e9. I t is thus r.f.rrud tE i n an Assyrian tkxt : " 0 thou thtt dwcllcth in ruins, get thee to thy ruins."

:7

MHE MYhMEOIES AND SEAOEMS 6I

MAGIC

DuTi.g yhy cyrykd.iwl, yhy nwb(ld.iw. kwgiciwn wdky­ yisyw w"rinklyV wwyyr diyr w "yrwd. whd www byiyiyV yd by "dwwywsyV b( w. yiim w"iriy, yhuw w(kbdlizing yhy Ělya!si!g df yhy mwn frdk yhy w"ymmB MyyydTic irdnU whiĚh www -yga-VyV ww w gify fTdk yhy gdVw, www uwyV ww w chwTk dT wkulyy.

" TakE Fhou FhE botEnt mEtEoriFE op EavEn, Which by thE roar of iFs aaful might rEmovEth all EÌils. Place the tamarisk

ThE mighty aeabªn." k bkw.ch df ywkwriwk www cwrriyV b( yhy kwg1c1w. i! his hand Vuri!g yhy yÿdTciwkU "-dbwblx bycauwy iü was byliyiyV üd cd!ywi. yhy ykw.wyid. df yhy yTyyŌw"iriü which www wu""dwyV yd iiy in yhy wwcryV ywkwriwk yryy. Iy www yhdughy yd by wll-"dwyTku l diyr yhy yiil Vykd.w yhwy i.hwbiyyV yhy yryywU ww yhy fdmldwing yyxy whdww Ř

" ThEsE Evid o-es will bE buF to ighF, ThE tamarisk thE bowErful wEabon op Anu en my hands e hold.'' Thy ywkwriwj www cuy wiyh cyrywi. cyrykd.iyw wiyh w gdlVy. wÿy nV wiliyr k.ify wccdrVi.g yd w nwby Id.iw. i!Ěw!ywyid. : a w is e and cunnin g coppersmith Lake an axe of g old (?) and a silver b¶u-ing

" Let

knife

Unto a grove undeiled ; (Let him

carve) a

hulduppi of tamarisk,

Touch it with the atc."

\'atcr wws yk"ld(yV in yÿdTciwkU ws i.Paijccd I. yhy yixy :

am FhE sorcerer, priclt op (Ea), I am Fhe s agician of Eridu. \'hen s sbrinklE FhE wRFEr op Ea on the s ic k When I subdue the sick man . . . ,

"I

;8

man,

BABYLONUAN AND ASSYOUAN MAGIT Furnter allusiops no nte use os ire and saner are made ip aponher next as solloss : " Perform the incantation of Eridu,

D ri ng unto him a censer and a torch,

With the purct water wash him

And cleanse and pu rify the king, the son of his god. Evil spirit, evil demon, evil ghoft, evil devil, Evil god, evil iend, Into the (house) may they not eater."

Tte use os nte myStiyal pumber sevep tad bont a good apd evil signiiyanye, apd ntere are mny reserepyes no it ip nhe Assyriap p1agical te›ts : ttus, ip ap ipcaptatiop : " By the seven gates of the earth may� thou be exorcized, By the seven bolts of the earth mayft thou be exorcized."

Thep nhere sere nhe " sevep evil sirins " ntan srougtt misyties op tte earnt : " Those seven evil gods, death dealing without fear, Those seven evil gods rushing on like

a

flood."

AgaipSt ntem ttis ipyannaniop sas to be sid : " Seven gods of the broad earth, Seven robber gods are

thgy, gvil gods,

Seven gods of ight, Seven

Seven

evil demons,

Seven evil demons of opp ression, Seven in heaven and seven on earth."

They aooarepnly belopged no tte ylass os inhuman soirins apd are thus desyribed in aponher Assyriap neœn : " They creep

lihe

a

sna he on th:ir bellies,

They make the chamber to They give tongue like a

pa­

�inh lihg mi­e, of hounds."

In šas they sho rode op the Storm ylouds bripgipg 39

THE SfPJEOSEP AND PEAOEJP OF MAGIA deva�ation in their train, and they brought tempe�s, hurricanes, unre� and disorder into the world. u

These seven are the messengers of Anu the cing, Bearing gloom from city to city ; Tcmpdts that furiously scour the heavens,

Dense clouds that over the sky bring gloom."

In the book of the Revelation it is Bellar who sends seven spirits again� man and the seven angels who brought the seven plagues.

A further allusion to this

number occurs in an Assyrian poem : " Seven gods of might, Seven evil gods, Seven evil demons,

Seven evil demons of oppression, Seven in earth and seven in heaven­ Seven are they, Seven are they

y

In the ocean deep, Seven are they

y,

At a later period the seven spirits are again mentioned in Syriac magic thus : " Evil are they, Evil are they, Se ven are they, Seven are they, Twice Seven are they."

Namtaru, the plagu- god of the Assyrians, seems lo

have been of the half-human and half-supernatural type, and there

brought

plague

was

and

also Ura, another demon that pc�Hence.

In

an

incantation

addressed lo the god, the prie�-magician is directed

to make a figure of the person sufering, in dough, so that the plague god may be induced to leave t h e man

he is tormenting and enter the i mag-.

40

It beg i n s :

BABYLONBAN AND APSYOIAN ..fAGIC " 0 PlaGSe God that devoSreth the land like ibe,

PlaGSe God that attacketh the Ean like fever, PKaGSe God that roameth like the wind over the de:ert, PlaGSe God that MeiÐeth on the man like an evil thiRG.u

s:oth.r m.thod of .xp.Mhi:M th. phaMu. dimo: es thus dir.a.d : l LaQ a sBriG of mashtakaK on hi: heart, With tOe water BebforE the iRcantation of EbidS, BbiRG cnto hiE a cen:erF a tobch, dhat the BKaGSe demoR that beketh Œn the bodQ of maR, Dike the wateb, maQ trickle awaQ. PSlK off a Biece of claQ from the deeBf FaMhion a iGube of hi: bodili fobm and Place it oR the loiR: of the sick man bQ niGht 6 yt dawn Eake the atoneEent foR €is bodQ, Perfocm the iRcantation of EbidSF TScR his face to the wekF That the eoiK BlaGSe deEon which hath seized SBoR him Eay oaniMh awaQ from

m."

Th. xssyr;a:s hunM claÎ amulits oiir tti doors of thier dellings to prot.a ttim from sperets ttat work.d ivel a:d tarm, and en t t i Britist 1.f usium ttiri ari two tablts i n scmi bid wptt th. lig.nd of Ura tti plagui dim½n, wtict w.r. probabMÎ usid to pr.vint hes .:tra:c. e:to th. hous.. Tte " .vel ey. " was a sourc. of t.rror to

thi

xssyreans, and fre uint rifere:c.s ar. made to et en th. encantatio:su qn. of th.s. r.ads Ć l dhe booiRG evil eye hath looked on the neighboubhood aRd vanished afab.u

MHE MYPMEOIS AND PECOEMP 6I MAGIC Anm another : " Thou haRF :oR of his godF The eie whsFh hath looked uBoR thee for habm, dhe eie ehiFh hath looed uBoe thee for evil.,

Jhe uelref Still perqrtq in ×aleStine that the " etrl eve " Uan thro) mo)n a hoxqe, ureak a Ŭloxgh, Uaxqe qi,kneqq anm eten meStrov a perqon, an anrta- os a plant. Ehartq in the q hape of an eve are Uarriem on the perqon, ùate-q are protetem uv hangrng a holem-Stone aroxnm their ne,Bq, nm horqeq uv faStening ulxe ueamq on their taneq anm tai-q; The xqe of a Bnottem Uorm aq a chart woten uv a " wiqe wotan " iq thxq al-xmem to : " Hath seated the eg:e eomae on a FouFhF dhat :he mai MBie ehgte aed blaFk eool geto a doPble FordF A kbaRG FoJd, a hiGhty FordF a twg·FoloPred Ford oe

a

:piedle,

A Ford to oÆer_ome the zae."

After perforing the rn,antatron of EŲrmx, a " three­

folm Uorm on whr,h t)rUe qeten knotq were trem " anm faStenem roxnm the heamM waq uelretem to Uxre heama,he. For {erqonq s uffering frot ophthaltia, a black-and-white cord on whi,h " twi,e seven Bnotq were tiem," wgile of r epea‚i ng the in,antatron, waq qaim to reliete the the ir trouble. The idea oĒ the m:tgi,ian was ij s to ,ompel the meton to leave the uomv anm enter into qotething whi,h woxlm gite hit ,ontro- oter it anm whi,h he ,oxlm meStrovb Certain omoxrq were believed

to

hate an attraCtion

for metonq anm the qtell of ne)lv¢qhem uloom melrgh‚em devils os the omoxr of burnt fat attratem etil qpiritq. Devils could >e expelled >y a repulsive omoxr, w hil e 42

ZLZ

6NILN LND LSS YiLN …LGIC

Sddd w"j-i)w w y-y "-d"i)ia)yd bx wwyy)-wkylMipS "y-­ kukyw. A Syxy-wM jpywx)w)jdxi "d)yx) wSwjpSt yiiM w"j-i)w )hw) wii: kwx wxd ywuwy ųíwywwy, -ywdw ww kdldww : ., SCFkneMM of the headF of the teethF of the heartF heaRtaFh;F SCFkneMM of the eieF feverF BoCMonF
y"

pdiy chwtkw wy-y wdky)jkyw kwdy ktdk )hy b-wj. dk )hy hdd"dy kjxyd jp)d w ywky; d- w kwSjy wjyj www kd-kyd jxwy-ibyd wí)h jxvdywyidxw wxų bu-x) jx w lwk". hhy bdxyw dk 9 k-dS jk bu-iyd kd- wyvyx dw w wxd )hyx yxhukyd wduld whyx )h-dwx ix)d ww)yíxdiywyy ldvy d- hwyyB Ik yhyx wwxk ít jxdiywyed hw)y ř if thex ldwyyd yhex Íy-y byliyved )d wiSxjfx Ɨdve. hhe leƙdyw Íe-e ęeyiyved yd dÍeyl ix the uxdŸrÍd-1w df yhy Sdd nyy, whexyy yhyx yw2e kd-yh yd seize dx 2wx d- wd-k yvjl jx hiw hduwy ik )hyx yduld Swix yxy-wxyy. hhy kdlMdwixS yhw-k huxS dvy- )hy ddd- www wu""dwyd )d d-jv¼ yhek wwwx : ·

.. ?ieabaRe (BycethcSE) on the KiRtei of the door I haoe hunGF S t Bohn'M wort, caBer and hheat earM, OR the iatch I hne hSRG WCth a haiteR aM a covCnG aMM."

4:

THE MYSTERIES AND SECRETS

Ot \1AGIC

The peasants in the di:ri: of the Landes in F ranee

:ill hang crosses of St John's wort over the doors of their cottages to keep away evil spirits. The cu:om of taboo which is :ill believed in and pratised by barbaric races exercised a powerful influence in ancient times. The idea had a twofold aion, irSt n the primary danger to the person who originaly incurs the taboo by his a:ion ; and secondly, the contagious ban to which anyone may become liable from communication with a tabooed person or thlng belonging to them. The penalty for the violation of a taboo was either civil or religious.

The religious penalty inlicted b y

the ofended spirits usually took the form of some disease, and the ofender died owing to the emissary having entered into him and devoured his vitals. There were taboos on the dead, on women in certain conditions and other prohibited things. Ts r:tclitcs

all

Among the

who were unclean through the dead were put outside the camp. There was a special taboo on kings and certain a:s

from which the king mu: abStain.

Thus, on certain

Jays of the month, he mu: not change his raiment, neither ride forth in his chariot nor lay his hand on the sick. From these ancient records of the Babylonians and Assyrians we know that the belief in the " evil eye " exiSted among them, and that the wax igure or image was employed in their magical ceremonies over ive thousand years ago. From a l:amp or seal recently excavated at Ur of the Chaldees, we now have evidence that there was a cultural

4T

BABYLONIAN AND ASSYUAN MAGIC

,onncxion eetween tfcqopotaia any Iny:a :n the ea.Ov Sute.:an pe.roy befo.e 3ooo n . c. Thus tanv of the tag:,al p.act:,es of these an,:ent peoples we.e ,a.':ey -o the Äa. Fast ; -hev sx.t:tey atong -he Ðews any :n Sv.:aP any late} ue,ate pa't of the tagi, p}at:sey :n Ex.ope;

CImPT¥R V MAGIC IN ANCIENT EGYPT

T

IE 4Fri4St r4iErds E. mF,ii FmEn, b:4 Fnii4nb E,ypbiFns s:Ew b:Fb v b wFs 64iE,niz4d Fnd prFtlis4d Fs .ar kFin Fs br4 .Eurb: dynFStyF Wib: b:4m , Fs FmEn, br4 BFkylEniFns, mF,ic k4,Fn wib: Ŗ:4 ,Eds, br4 ,r4Fb wErn4rs E. wEnd4rsE f:us sEm4 E. b:4ir ,r4Fb4kt d4ibi4s w4r4 FssEiiFb4d wib: mF,iiX ike frEbr w:E 4ndEwgd m4n wvb: wisdEtn Fnd lgFrnin,, Fnd Isis w:E wErt4d 4ni:Fnbm4nbs Fnd sp4llst " qrEm b:4 E,ypŖin pEinb E. vi4wXJ sFys xFrdin4r, " br4r4 wFs nE sui: b:vn, Fs r4li,iEns b:4r4 wFs Enly hike, b:4 n4Fr4St ¥n,lis: 4qui‹Fl4nb E. w:ii: is mF,iiFl pEw4rEJ f:4y k4li4‹4d b:Fb mF,ii 4mFnFb4d .rEm b:4 ,Edst L:Eb: wFs iEnsid4r4d b:4 mEkt pEw4r.ul mF,iiiFn Fnd .rEm him FrEs4 b:4 .Fm4 E. I4rm4s Lrism4,i:usF IErus wFs ir4dib4d wib: ma,iiFl pEw4rss Fnd Isis wFs r f , ard fm ­s F ,re­b gniranbrgss, as 4vAdgnigd n tr4 lEllEřin, iniFntFtiEn : " 0 Isis ,r4at 4ncranbr4ss, .r44 mf, release m4 .rEm all eŘi l red thinÇs, .rEÇ tr4 leŘer El t h e Çom anm the l4‹4r E. bh4 ,Edd4ssF qrEm d4Fbrs and dgabr frEm pFAns Fnd br4 p­in b:Fb iEm4s E‹4r m4 ; Fs bhEŗ :Fkt .reed, Fs bhEu raSt released try sEn HEruss řril�t I en tf r into tre re · Fnd ,E lErbr ljEm br4 wFb4r."

46

MAGIC IN ANCIENT EGYPT

In tht �osv of -ht hta-ing of a thiOm who ham uttn uit-tn uv a qtospion, uv Uqiq, -ht IJommtqq tsitq : " Eott to tt, Eott -o tt y for tv wosm iq a ta-iq­ tan whfth utast-h -ift. U wi-l mo awav tht tti- uv ttanq of tht wosm of tv touth whith tv fathts hath taught tt." Un osmts -o using uatB tht qpisit of tht thi-m to itq uomv, qht Oavq htr hanmq upon hit anm qavq : " Come defen, aBBeaR PBon the GRoSndf deBaRt henceF coEe not niGh I " CoEe BoC:on of Befen, aBBeaR SBoR the GRouRd. I aE I:i:, the Godde::, the Kady om woRd: of BoweR, who doeth deed: of EaIic, the words of whose voiFe aRe chaRE:. Gbey Eef 0 eveby repjle that ftinIeth anH fll Hown heaHNonI N 0 Boi:on om (Meket) Mefjejemf EoSnt noj SBwaRd: I 0 BoC:oe of Petet and dhetetf dRaw SB iGh, 0 Mejet, fadl down headloRG."

Iqiq -htn u tttrtm ttstain wosmq of -ht thast whi,h ham uttn gittn to hts uv tht gom Stuin in osmts to Bttp poiqon awav fsot htr, anm qaim, " Tusn awav, gtt awav, sttstat, 0 poiqon y " Attorĉing -o a papvsuq wsf-ten in tht tfmt of Amcno­ pOiq III ovtr 777 vtasq aftts tht stfgn of Chtopq, " qotđ snttq wtst founm at nightfaOO in -ht fost,oust of tĿt TtmpOt of Cop-oq aq a qttstt of -Oiq gommtqq •Ïqnq– bv a -t:os of tha- fant ; tht tasth waq in masntqq¡ uut tht toon qhont upon -hiq uooB i-Out:nating i- on tttsv q:meb" Tht pvsamim ttxtq of ånaq tAtt, that a booB with wosmq of tagita- powts waq busitm with -it, about 3 5 00 D . C .

äht Fgvptianq aittm at uting au-t to tottanm thtis 47

THE MYSTERIES AND SECRETS

OF

MAGIC

deities to work for them and to appear at desire. These results were to be obtained by the use of certain words or formul� uttered by a trained man who praaised magic, or the words were inscribed on papyrus or precious tones and carried on the person. This praaice became so general, that it is little wonder the Egyptians at a very early period came to be regarded as a nation of magicians.

vfoses apparently acquired his knowledge of magical practices from the Egyptians, as it is recorded in the Old TeStament that he was " learned in all the wisdom of the Egyptians and mighty in words nd in deeds." The Story of the brazen serpent, and the power to control and diret the movements of such venomous reptiles, are ats that were doubtless known to the Egyptians in those days. Lane mentions, that the native magicians he met with had a method of hypnotizing a viper by compressing its head and making it appear like a rod. m papyrus of the Ptolemaic period records the Story of a prince called Setnau Kha-em-uaSt, who was learned in magic and the powers of amulets and talismans and had a l i b ra y of magical books. One day when he was talking, one of the ing's wise men laughed at his remarks, and Setnau said, " If thou wouldSt read a book pos Ĭ e s s e d of magical pow ers , come with me and I will show it to thee. The book was written by Thoth him­ self, aN± in it tl1ere are two formulas. The recital of

the irt will enchant (bewitch) heaven, earth, hell, sea

and mountains, and by it thou shalt see all reptiles and ish, for its power will bring the top of the water. The second will enable a be in the tomb, t o take the form which he cErt 11 . ,

T7

the birds, ish to the

man, if h e had upon

MAGIC IN ANCUENJ EGYPJ Lat.r h:, r.t:au s.t hut b;th h;s brhth.r th s..k th. bhhk, bh;Rh bas sa;t th b. ;: th. thsb hf Ptahi:.f.r­ ka at {.sgh;s. q: th.;r arr;ial, r.t:au r.R;t.t shs. bhrts hi.r th. thsb a:t th. .arth hg.:.t, a:t th.y b.:t thb: th th. glaR. a:t fhu:t th. bhhk. . Th. thsb bas br;ll;o:t;y ;l;us;:at.t by tt. ;;Mht frhs th. bhhk, a:t th.y sab ztahi�.f.r-ka o:t h;s b;f. a:t th.;r son. retlau saxt he had Rhs. th tak. abay th. bhhk, but Ahura th. b;f., b.MM.t h;d :ht th th sh, o:t r.lat.t th. t.rr;bl. d;sfhrtu:.s Vtat hat hagg.:.t s;:R. ;t hat b..: ;: th.;r ghss.ss;h:. q: r.t:au gr.ssi:M

his

r.qu.n,

ztah­

:.f.r-ka grhghs.t that th.y shhult glay a Mas. hf trauMhts a:t th. b;:d.r shhult hai. th. bhhk. r.t:au bh:, o:t by s.a:s hf is taisso:s J.b ug

A AciCAL Fiauu

(From

•

c�o·E>UD ap5

th h.ai.: b;th th. bhhk ;: h;s "•· 200 a.:., at L�yd�P.) Mrasgu These a:R;.:t l.M.:ts ar. intereting, as th.y point th th e assumption that th.r. were books on magic, now unknown, written at a g.Â;ht of remote antiquity. ĝ;k. th. ĒMygt;an saM;cia:s, bhtK �Ioses and Aarh: employed a rht th pe rfhrm th.;r bh:t.rs, as it ;s recorded that when Moses :retcheJ out h i s rht, there was " haiw

a:t fir . m; nMw.d b;th th. ha;l, i.ry Mr;.ihus," a:t alsh bh.: th. locu�s Ram. at h;s Rhssa:tu .

The Egyptians had a : awl gr.vailing faith m saMtRu .

-

49

MHE MYSMEOUS AND SECOEMS OF

MAGIC

It exerted a powerful inluence over the life of the people, and was invoked in ll queuons of life, death, love, hatred, health and disease. It was closely inter­ woven with both reigion and medicine and was so praCtised by the prieSts in the temples. Disease was believed to be caused by evl spirits that entered the body, and to efe: a cure they had to be expelled. Thus magic formed part of their medical treatment, and the sick came or were brought to the temples to be healed either by incntations, drugs or incubaion. The prieSt-magician had rt to discover the nature of the disease and the name of the possessing demon, after wich, he exercised his magic funCtions to rid the patient of the intruder. " He who treats the sick muSt be expert in magic, learned in the proper ncantations and know how to make amulets to control disease." as psychical therapeutics.

He used physical as well

There were invocations and

impressive ritual, all of wich would probably have ther efe:s in cases of psycho-neurosis. Incubation sleep in the temples was resorted to n some diseases, suggeSive intimations being given by the deity during natural or drug-produced dreams, and ixyir;r»Siw by the prie:-magidan. SuggeStions riyiivid dKrixg dreams were found to have achieved their purpose, when the suferer woke and declared himself healed by the deity. Magical rites could apparently be performed at ny

time, but certain rules had to be observed and the mag1e1an was en j oined always to Stand with his " face to the eaSt." In one spel i t is mentioned that it had �0

MAGIC IN ANCIENJ EGYPJ to be recited " at eventide, when the sun was setting," and in another, seven knots were to be tied, one in the morning, another in the evening, and so on, until the seven knots were complete. It was regarded as essential that the prieSt-magician should be pure in life, and secrecy in his praaices was imperative. There are warnings in conne.ion with them, that " certain things were not to be looked at." The Egyptian medical papyri abound with incanta­ tions, but a diference is made between the incantation and the remedy, and apparently the physician might be a layman wlule the magician was a prieSt. The drugs themselves were supposed to possess magical power, as evidenced in the following from the Papyrus Ebers : " dhe maGCF of HDrP: C: viaDRiDP: Cn the JeEedi."

" The physician praised lus art by the book, mechanically, while the prieSt aled through religious feeling," says Maspero. There does not appear to have been any common word for magician, but the " leClor prieft " is specially mentioned as being empowered to perform cures, as having discovered ncantations, and as one endowed with prophecy. The employment of images and igures played an im­ portant part in Egyptian magic. These igures were not immediately potent in themselves, but had to be charged with magical power, and so the oral rite was irft recited over them to ensure their eicacy. Sometimes drawings on papyrus or other material were similarly treated, or the igures of the gods invoked were inscribed on the Đ

JHE MYSJEIES AND SECOEJS 6I MAGBC patient's hand and licked of. Magical charms or amulets were generally attached to the person, as con­ ta: was considered necessary in order to make them effeCtive. Spells were sometimes faStened to the left foot, but the neck was usually chosen for the amulets, and the String on which they were suspended was generally tied with seven magical knots. The idea that drawings of deities, after " words of power " had been recited over them, would have magical effects is inStanced n the " Book of the Dead," which was to be said after the deceased person had been cleansed and purified. The text reads : " When he is arrayed in apparel and is shod with white leather sandals, and his eyes have been painted with antimony, and his body has been anointed with ANTI unguent, and when he hath made oferings of oxen and birds and incense, and cakes and ale, and garden herbs. And behold thou shalt paint a pifrure of what shall happen in the Hall of vfaati upon a new tile, moulded from earth upon which neither a pig nor any other animal hath trodden, and if thou write: upon it this chapter, the deceased shall lourish and his children shall lourish, and his name shall never fall into oblivion." The Egyptians be lie ved that it was possible to transfer to a W\X or cl ay igure of a man, woman or animal the soul of the being it represented, together with its qualities and attributes ; and this form of magic was praCtised from the fourth to the twentieth dynaSty. Oye of the earlieSt records of the p ra:i ce is related in the W eStcar papyrus of an event which happened in the time of Neb-ka, who reigned about 3 7 30 B.C.

Wl- this king was visiting one of his high oicials

p.

MAGIC IN A NCIENT EGYPT

xakcd ubCąCxcri yhc wifc df yhc layycr fcll dcs"craycl( ix ldvc wiyh dxc df yhc kixg's sdldLcrsB bCŐCxcr, dx bcixg ixfdrkcd df his wifc's ixfayuayidx, yddj a quaxyiy( df wax wxd kadc a kddcl df a crdcddilc scvcx s"axs ldxg ; yhcx rcciyixg kagical wdrds dvcr iy said, " \Vhcx yhc kax cdkcyh ddwx yd bayhc ix k( waycrs yhdu shalü scizc hik."

oc yhcx ydld his scrvaxy, whcx yhc sdldicr cakc

yd bayhc, yd caP yhc crdcddilc ixyd yhc waycr afycr hik. T is was ddxc axd yhc wax crdcddLlc gtraighyway yurxcd ixyd a livixg crdcddilc scvcx cubiys ldxg abdut V . fecy) axd scizcd u"dx y�c kax axd draggcd hik ddwx uxdcr yhc waycr. cdr scvcx da(s, accdrdixg yd yhc Pdy; yhc kax rckaixcd ix yhc dc"yh df yhc waycr. Ox yhc scvcxyh da( ubC-Cxcr wcxt duy yd

alj

iyh

yhc jixg, axd ixviycd hiu yd cdkc a.d scc a wdxdcrful yhixg yhay had ha""cxcd yd a kax. Ox cdixg yd yhc waycr; ubCąCxcr adƎurcd yhc crdcddilc Ķa(ixg; "

rixg hiyhcr yhc kax," axd yhc crdcddilc cakc duy df yhc waycr brixgixg yhc kax wiyh hik. ubC-Cxcr yddk iy u" axd iy ay dxcc bccakc a wax crdcddilc agaix.

Thcx hc ydld

yhc ixg df yhc uxfaiyhfulxcss df his wifc wiyh yhc sdldicr whdk yhc crdcddilc had brdughy duy df yhc waycr, whcrc­ u"dx yhc kixg saix " Takc yhay wĥich is yhixc axd bc­ gdxe," ayx ikIJcěLatcly th- crdcdxLle seizex th- man axd s"raIg Lxyd yhc waycr axd dƌsaC"carcd. This cƶridKs gtdry is ixycre:ƌxg, as iy shdws yhay wa figurcs wcr, uscd fdr kagL[al "ur"dscs ix EgyCt ay l,agf 5ĴĴĴycars agd, axd "rdbab1Ā cvcx bcfdrc yhay carly "cridd. kxdyhcr allusidx yd yhLs kcthdě df wdrixg kagic dccurs ix ax accdu.y df a cdxs"Lrac( agaixP Rakcscs III,

ixg df bgypy,

ca.

1 .dd s.c.

Ndy cdxyc.y

iyh

fdkcxyixg a rcvdly akdxg yhc sdldLcrs a.d a rcvdlu H

MHE MYSMEOIEP AND PECOBMP OF MAGIC ykdx wkdx- yhc "cd"lc, w hk-h diciwl cwllcd oui wcxy td sdkc "crsdx whd hwd wcccss yd yhc Rd(wl mkbrwry, wxd -dy frdk hik w bddk dx kw-ic wkyh rccb"cs fdr wdrkix- kw-kc, frdk which h c is swid yd hwic dbywixcd cc Dkikxc rdwcr," wxd dhrdu-h i d wws wblc yd cw§y s"clls. oc kwdc i urcs df kcx kx wwx, wxd wkulcys ixscrkbcd wkyh " wdrds df "dwcr " yd "rdidkc ldic, wxd kxyrd­ duccd yhck kpyd dhc Rd(wl rwlwcc. ouk ks swid yd hwic fdupd kcwxs df cwrr(kx- dud " hdrriblc yhb!-s w!d all dhc wicïcdxcss which hks hcwrd cduld kkw-kxc b( his kw-ic." oc kwdc -dds df wwx wxd i-urcs df kcx, which wduld cwusc yhc "crsdxs whdk dhc( rc"rcscxycd yd bccdkc "wrwl(scd wxd hcl"lcss. crdk dhks xwrrwdkic ky wduld w""cwr dhwd bddks dx kw-kc cxi§ycd n dhc Ēd(wm Librwry df Ēwkcscs III. :Mdrc yhwx dxc df dhc Ţkx-s df b-("y "rwcƩiscd kw-ic wxd, wkdx- dhck, dhc kd§d fwkdus wccdrdix- dd yrwdi­ ykdx wws Nc:wxcbus, dhc lw§t xwykic ïkx- df b-("d, whd rci-xcd wbdud 3 t 7 n.c.

oc is swid yd hwic bccx "rdfduxdl( lcwrxcd kx w§ķrdld-(,

kx yhc kxycr"rchwdidx df dkcxs, kx cwĝ x- hdrdscd"cs axd ix kw-kcwl "rwticcs. Iy ks rccdrdcd dhwd hc wws w Æc " yd rulc wlm ïix-s b( hbs kw-¿cwl "dwcrs," wxd b( k wxs df w bdwl df wwycr, kx which hc "lacŸd wax kddcls df yhc shi"s wxd kcx df hks cxckics, he dc§trd(cd yhcir "dwcrB owi¿t- "uy dhc kddcls df his dwx shi"s wxd kcx dx yhc wwycr, hc wduld "lwcc yhdsc rc"rescxtix- his c!ckkcs d""dsitc yd yhek n then, haii!- rdbcd hiksclf kx w! b-("yiw! "-d"hey's cldwkU hc wdujd ywkc wx cbdx( wwnd, wxd "rd!duxce " wdrds df "dwcr " wxd kxidkc dhc -dds dd cdkc yd his wkd. Afycr yhis, wc wrc ddld, " yhc i-urcs df yhc kcx n t4

MAGIC IN ANCIENT EGYPT

w.;; wotld Dorv to FifvH pnd thv shsps bvgsn to vngpgv sn bpxxlv. Hv Dontqsvvd thpt thv rodvls rvprvsvntsng his oLn npvy shotld vpnĞtssh thv vnvry pnd ssnV thvsr shsps to thv bottor of tl1v bowl, ps ·dsd his qvpF ships ssnV thv vnv¦y's vvssvFs on thv svp. Thts NvD­ tpnvbts fotght hss bpttČvs by psd of rpgsDpl pqt.h Hv ss plso Drvditvd wsth thv VmowFvdgv of bvsng pbFñ to Dptsv drvprsH by vxtrpavng thv ftsDv of Dvqtpsn hvqMsH LheDh hv potrvd ovvr thv wpx jigtrv of thv pvqson who wps to drvpr. UDDording to UbtşShaVvq, pn Arpb of thv thiqxvvnth Dvnttry, ArsSħotFv pqvsvntvd UFvxpndvr the sqvpt Lsth severpl wx igtrvs npslvd doLn in a lox thpx was fpSħvnvd by p DhpsnT wheDh wps nvvvr to Fvpvv hvs hpndU Hv wps to tp'v thv box whvrvvvr hv wvnt pnd rvDvtv Dvqtpsn forrtl! ovvr it, whvn hv tooV it Ip oq ptt s t down} Thv jwgtrvs wvrv ntvndvd to rvprvsvnt the vnvrsvs ¤sVvFy to bv opposvd to hsr. Somv of thvr hpd lvpd swords pnd othvrs spvpqs or bows, pnd wvrv lpvd fpDv downLpqds in °hv box. This Dtqsots �oqy of p riFetpry tpkisrpn ss sntvrv�sngi vspvcspkly n Donnvxvon wsth thpx qvlptvd of Nttpncbts. Thv srpgv oq igtrv plso plpys p pprt en rpny Egyptepn DhprrsH pnd xhv folloLsng, to vnaMlv p pvqson xo qvDes v pn oqpDtlpr qvvvČptson sn p dqvjrH ss xhts qvDoqdvd in pn vpqly pppyqts : " TpVv of tûv snnvq lvpvvs of Fptrvl z7, pnd vsrgsn vprxh pnd Loqrwood svvds, óotq, pnd thv hvqb Dyno­ Dvphplitr ; pnd d hpvv hvprd ,«o) p Dvqxpen Ñvrp­ DlcopoFitv thpt hv tp'vs of xhv lvkvvs of pn olsvv tree Fptvly sprotxvd . 7 . dt ss Dprqsvd by p Dhp�v boy pnd gqotnd tp wsth thv rptvrspls pn\ t excd wsth thv white n

THE MYSTERIES A ND SECRETS OF MAGIC

dj w.! ibvz'z hgg. k!d ,akh ,ah ikagh dj ,hh :ldakhd H,rk,z w!d l,, ohkkhz hdld ,hh hhrald'z wa!wR a!d wrbth th, z"hll u"d! a zh,h, dj hihrw,i: "a"hr dr d! ,hh wi!d"i"h dj w gddzhR w!d i!zhr, iM i!td ,ah ½igurh jdr ta, "ur"dzh df i!lq,id!B Þhh! Tdu wizh jdr w! drw:ulwr rhz"d!zhR ,wkh ,hh "w"hr w!d writh ,hh z"hll u"d! i,R w!d hwvi!g :u, df w hwir jrdk Tdur hhwdR wrw" i, u" i! thh "w",r w!d tic i, wi,h w rhe!i:ia! k!dtR ami "la:h i, du,zidh w! dlivh bra!:h w!d "u, i, w, thh j,h, dj ,hh vkaghB ph, thh ½igurh ih i! w zhri!h dj lik,­ wdddR w!d whh! Tdu wizh jdr w! drw:ulwr rhz"d!zh, "lw:h ,hh zari!h wi,h ,hh gdd w , Tdur hhwd w!d i!vdkh; dfhri!g jrw!ki!:h!zh u"d! w! wl,wr, w!d zdkh hwr,h jrdk w "lw:h wh,rh :dr! grdwzR wtd d.h ouk" dj zwl wkkd.iw:. ţ,t i , lbh wt Tdur hhad w!d lih ddw! ,d zl,h"." I! thh kwgi:wl "w"Tri ,rw!zmwthd bT Chwbwz thhr, wrh z,v,rwl jdrsule rh:drdhd jdr "rhzhrvw,id! jrdk w,,w:kz dj zhw a!d rivhr kd!PhrzR dj whi:h ,hh jdlldwi!g iz a! hxak"l, : " owilR Ldrd dj ,hh gddz I lvd!z dj ,hh :du!tr( dj Mhru

rivh wwwT jrdk kh thh Mhr>e ?] w!d ,hh :rd:d­

dvl,z wai:h :dkh jd rth jrdk ,hh rivhrR w!d thh bvth dj all "dizd!duz rh"tvlhz wai¹h :kwwl jdrth jrdk th,vr adl,zm Ght th,h ba¹k 0 ckd:ddvlh vfaÅ, ,hdu zd! dj Set. lvfdv, !dt by mea!z dj ta( tavl ÞdrÅ !d, ta( legz a!d fhht I

Đ"hy !d, taĀ kdu,a I

ph, thh þqthr

þav:a vz bhjdrh ,a,, ,uk! v!td w :d!zumi!g ir,R 0 ,adu þadm th, 3 7 gddz dvd kaįh, w!d wadk thh z,k"h!t Ri dvu put i! :aav!z.

0 tadu whd waP j,tt,r,d þvta

lv!kz dj ird! b,jdrh ,ah bdw, dj ‰a.

Ght ,hhh ba:k 0

:rd:ddilh viCk; ,hdu zd! df Dht." t z :aark wa z td ęh "kd!du!:,d dvhr th, iƃure 56

MAGIC IN A NCIENT EGYPT

qf thv Gqd Urvn ppintvd qn DkpuU Thv Gqd Lp3 tq hpvv fquq qpr3' hvpd3 upqn qnv nvDVH undvq hi3 fvvt Lp3 tq bv p iguqv qf thv DqqDqdikv MaVT pnd qn thñ qight pnd kvft Lvqv tq bv thv dqg|hvpdvd ppv3. Thv snqStiD3 pnd qthvq 3vct3 pqqbpbky pdqptvd thviq rpGiDpk nprv3 fqqr thv Egyptipn3H fqqr thv tirv qf thv Ptqkviv3 tq thv vnd qf thv Rqrpn pvqiqd bvtLvvn J 5 0 D . C . tq A.D. zoo. Pvqfurv3 pnd ineen3v pkjyvd pn irpqqtpnt part in thv qitupk pnd vrbpkrrvnt pnd Lvqv vrpkqyvd by thv ‚gyptipn3 in thviq rpGiDpk Dvqvrqiv3U UDDqqdinG tq pn pddqv33 tq thv dvDvp3vd, tqpn3kptvd by Mp3pvqqH k Thv pvqfurv qf Uqpbip hpth bvvn bqquGht tq thvvH tq �pVv pvqfvct thy 3rvkk thqquGh thv 3Dvnt qf thv gqd. Hvqv pqv bxquGht tq thvv Fiªuid3 LhiDh hpvv Dqrv fqqth fqqr Ra tq rpVv pvqfvct - thu 3rvFF in thv Hpkk àqf fudGrvnt U m 0 3LvvtÃ3rvkking 3quk qf thv gqvpt gqd, thqu dq–t Dqntpin 3uDh p 3Lvvt qdqux thpt thy fpDv 3hpkk nvithvq DhpnGv nqq pvqi3hU Thy rvrbvq3 3hpkk bvDqrv yqung in Uqpbip, pnd thy 3quk 3hpkk pppvpq qvvq thy bqdy in Tp-nvtvq àthv Divilv kpnd] . h Thv pqivSt q q vrbpkrvq Lp3 thvn t q tpkv p vp3v qf kiĞuid Lhich Dqntpinvd tvn pvğfurvuH pnd urvpq thv Mqdy Lith it fqqr hvpd tq fqqt, tpking lp«e tq pnqint thv hvad thqqqughlyU Thv pvqfurv Lp3 bvkivvvd tq hpvv thv pqLvq tq rp£v thv rvrbvq3 qf thv bqdy pvxfv:. Thv \vevp3vd i3 thvn tqld thjt the ki ue.k i3 3eeqvt, pnd thpt it e3 pn vrpnptiqn fqqr thv Gqd3 Shu pnd SvbH pnd thpt thv qv3in qf PheiDip pnd thv biturvn qf Bybvq3 Likk rpVv hi3 buqijk peqfc:. �7

THE MYSTEUES AND SECRETS 6I MAGIC

mmE7, (he EqÀeĖtF pjeFe7(ed tE the deie-Fed, pej­ gkmeF -7d k7,ke7tF pl-bed - pjEmi7e7( p-jt, -7d tE cejt-i7 EiqF, m-,ic-Æ pjEpej(ieF :-ve qee7 -ttjiqkted qb t:e p,bp(i-7F EjEm vejb e-jlb timeF. kilF weje -7d -je Ii'q q-rne'b kFed (E FEEte7 (:e F\i7, tE :e-l wEk7dF -7d tE jeÆieve p-i7 i7 the limqFF M-7b EE t:e ch-jmF emplEbed i7 the Middle m,eF c-7 qe (r-ied (E E,bp(i-7 FEkjieF, Fki: -F the EEl'Ewi7,, " tE qee viFiE7F -7d c-kFe dje-mF," wiih iF ,ive7 n m-7k q,ri p t EV (he FiŚ(ee7(: ce7(kŌbF " M-\e - dj-wi7, EE BeF- ‘BeF) E7 bEkj leE( :-7d, and e7ve'Ep bEkj :a7d i7 - Ijip EV ø-a,k ,-oth th-( has been ,onqecrasem tE IFiF, -7d lie dEw7 tE sleep wi(:Ekt Fpe-\i7, - wEjd, eve7 tE -7Fwej - rker E7. Wi7d the jem-i7dej EE (:e i'E(: jEk7d bEkj 7eioF " Lhe i7\ wit: w:ic: bEk wji(e mkI qe cEmpEFed EE the qlEEd EV - cEw, t:e qlEEd EE - w:ite dEve ‘EjeF:), Ej-7\A7ce7Fe, mbjj:, ql-c\ i7o, ci7n-q-j, mklqejjb Àkiie, j-i7 w-tej, -7d (:e ĸkiieF EE wEjmwEEd -7d ve(i:F Wi(: t:iF wji(e bEkj petitiE7 qeEEje t:e Fe(tin, Fk7 ‘F-bi7,), ' Le7d t:e tjkt:Vkl Feej Ekt EE t:e :E'b Fhji7e, I qeF±ech (:ee, L-mpFkej, Lkm-j(-, B-jiq-F, -rd-q-m, IEjlex. 0 LEjd, Fe7d (he F-cjed dei(b m7uth A7uth, L-lb-7-, Ch-mqŌc, Brei(:, 7Ew, 7Ew, qkiiĻlb, qkiiĻqś. CEme i7 thiF vejb ni,ht.' " f:e pnbpti-7F pj-iFed the -j( EV c-fu7, 7-tivi(ieF -7d mrawing horoscopes; Bkdne -FFi,7F (E p,bpt the qijthpq-ie EV (:e :EjEFcEpe, -7d i7 - xjee\ papbjuF i7 t:e British : kFeum theje iF -7 -qlkFAE7 m-ce tE the ith -jt EV -stŇEqE,b, whiih " the -7iient ¥,bp(i-nF (:eij l-qEjiEkF deDE(AE7 (E t:e art :-d dvFiEvejed -7d :-7ded dEw7 tE pEnteri(bF " 58

MAGIC IN ANCIENT EGYPT

Nv -nvb¸s usvd - t-blvt r-dv of gold -nd silvvr -nd -e-ei--wood, to whDeh wFs ittvd thrvv bvFts. Þpon

THE UETTERNlCil STELE

thv outvr onv wFs ßv¸s with thv 6 dce-ns, on thv sveond thv 1. signs of thv ßodD-eH -nd on thv týrd thv stn -nd thv roon. Hv pw-evd thv tFMlvt on - tripod, t9

THE MYSTERIS A ND SECRETS

and then from

p

OF

MA GIC

small box emptied on i t models o f

7 Stars that were in the 7 precious Stones.

lvlt3T

nd

ptt Knxo Jhv

middle

Jhv places wherein he supposed the p l anet 3 L Kch thvy represented would be pJ Jhv time o f thv bKrth of OlyrpKp3, pnd thvn Jold hvx foxttnv f or Jhvr., Amulets and taismans may be said to hpvv had their hom v Kn ancient Egypt and were extensively employed by the Eg ypti ns both by the iving and for the dead. One of their ro� rvrpxkpllv magical Sto n e s known p3 Jhv MvttvxnKch StvlvT Lp3 vxcpvptvd pt Ulvxh pndrKp Kn 1 8 c 8 pnd dpJv3 fror pbott Jhv fotrth cvnttxy D h C . I t K3 thought Jo hpvv ivvn t3vd p3 p Jpi3rpn or prt­ let fox p building. On Kt pxv r epxesentp tKo ns of 3orv of Jhv gxvpJ gods of EgypJT dvron3T ronSxvx3 pnd JvxJ3 of magical formule and rpgicpl nprv3. In the centre s3 a " These he arranged in

,

i g — we of Horus �anling upon two crocodiles.

Above

of Bv3 pnd on vKJhvx side igures of Hoxt3 ‰i st pndi ng on p 3vxpvnt, O3KxK3 in tne foxr of p hawk, Isis on p 3vxpvnJ pnd Nekhebet n the foxr of p

is the head

vulture. Thoth is also represented Standing upon

p

coile.l

serpent, and Uatchet in the form of p serpent is St pndin g on a papyrus sceptre.

It K¯ ftrthvx

n texv Sting to

notv thpt thv nprv of

Necbncbus the magician-king is also inscribed on this Stone.

eo

CHAPTER I ANCIENT JEWISH MAGIC-THE KADBALA

HE Jwwish traditixns cxnnwtwd with magic arw xf Thistxricwl impxrtwnce, ws it hws bewn fxund thwt mwny xf thw ritws prwtiswd dxwn tx thw vfiddlw Agws hwd thwir xrigin in thwsw sxurcws. In thw Pwntwtwuch, thw rwfwrwncws cxncwrning mwgic, sxrcwry wnd witchcrwft wrw chiwly cxnnwtwd with Egypt, frxm which it mwy bw wssumwd thwt thw knxwlwdgw xf thw Jwws wws wcquirwd frxm thwt cxuntry during thw cwptivity. Accxrding tx Swmwritwn lwgwnd, thw twx Egyptiwn mwgiciwns whx unsuccwssfully withStxxd Mxsws wwrw nwmwd ]wnnws wnd Jwmbrws, wnd thw sxrcwrwr whx prwdictwd his birth wws cwllwd Pwlti. It furthwr wttributws thw xrign xf witchcrwft wnd sxrcwry tx thw " Bxxk xf Signs '' which wws givwn tx Adam bwfxrw hw lwft Pwrwdisw, but which in Jwwish traditixn is callwd thw " Bxxk xf Adwm " xr thw " Book of Raziel," titlw thwt surviwws in w bxxk xf �hw Kwbbalw. m Stxry in thw " Bxxk xf Enxch " swys, " Thw wrt xf witchcrwft wws cxmmunicwtwd tx man by twx wngwls whx hwd fxrfwitwd wll rights tx thw hwppinwss xf hwwvwn, wnd thwir nwmws wwrw Uzzw wnd Azwwl. It wws thw lwttwr whx twught wxmwn thw wrt xf witchcrwft wnd thw usw xf cxs­ mwtics." Thwrw is wlsx wn wnciwnt Egyptian trwditixn, a

a

61

JHE MYSTEUES

AND

PECOEJS 6I

liAGIC

ascribing the origin of the magical arts to the teaching of an angel who had fallen in love with a woman. In the " Book of Tobit," the Story is related of how the angel Raphael sought, by means of fumigation, to counterat the work of a demon who had fallen in love with Sarah.

The spirit thus exorcized, called Ash­

modeus, aftewards became recognized as " the king of the powers of evil." .Many of these names survived and are mentioned n the books of magic that have come down in manuscript form to the present day. To

obtain

the

assiStance

of

spirits,

the Jewish

magicians employed fumigations, gifts and sacriices. viaimonides says, " The gift moSt acceptable to the evil spirits was blood, and the magician muSt partake of the blood, thus sharing the food of the evil spirits, so as to become their associate.

The perfume of the fumigation

was very acceptable to these spirits."

Then there was the

lighting of candles, the use of a knife with a black handle, philtres served in glass bowls and other ceremonies employed in propitiation. The magician possessed the secret of the mySterious names given to the evil spirits, without which he could not gi\in their help.

These were among the secrets that

at irSt were not committed to writing.

It was through

the names of the spirits that Balaam was able to work his magic.

He was considered a great magician, and is

said to have taught the daughters of :Moab to practise sorcery and witchcraft. The practice of magic was enveloped in the greateSt myStery, and the books of the magicians were regarded as inviolable secrets and were only accessible to adepts.

v.

ANCIENT ]E l7ISH MAGIC-THE KABBALA

The magician often used bowls with conjurations written upon them for the purpose of making his in­ cantations, which made them more elfca.ive. These conjurations often consi�tcd of the names of lemons and spirits in his service. Although the Jews were Strictly forbidden to praaisc magic, nd the Rabbis decreed that the penalty was Stoning to death, operations were performed in the Holy Name, and were santioned when carried out by angelic and not by evil powers. This imaginary division in the magical arts continued tluoughout the vliddle Ages ; for, while the so-called black magic was prohibited, what was termed white or good magic, performed through the agencies of good spirits, was regarded as legitimate. Early Hebrew records of conjuraion are rare, but the folowing is one translated by Gaster : " Take bdellium [cryStl] and write upon it with oive oil, Yunoil, nd take a boy seven years old and anoint his hand from the top of he thumb to the end of the inger, nd put the bdellium nto his hand in the anointed place, and seize his hand, and you shall sit upon a three-legged Stool, and put the boy between your loins so that his ear shall be againSt your mouth, and you shall turn your face towards the sun and say in his ear, 'Ytmoil, I adjure thee in the name of Lord God, God of Truth, God keeper of the hoSts, Apha, AIDU, that thou shalt send from the tluee angels.' Then the boy will see a (igure) like (that of) a man and say (the charm) twice more and he will see two (igures) and the boy shall say unto them, ' Your coming be in peace,' and then tell the boy to ask of them that which you wish. If they wil not answer pimv k3

THE MYSTERIES AND SECR�TS 6I MAGIC

the boy shall adjure them and say, ' Kaspar, Kelei,' Emar (or) 3/eiteisar, the maSter and I adjure (you) with a second adj uration, that you tell me that thing or who has com­ mitted that theft." Similar conjurations are to be found in the manu­ scripts of the " Key of Solomon," and this method of

J WISII MACI C,\L DIAGRAM, SHOWING TII; SECRET S!AI. OF SOI,O.ION (Drawu by r. S.rt, 1699g)

employing a boy as a medium was used by Caglio:ro as late as the eighteenth centu ry The magical powers attri b uted to King Solomon appear to have arisen about the time of his building of .

the Temple. TradLlion assigns to him the authorship of certain

works which, written io manuscript under various titles 64

ANCIENT ]E 7ISH MA GIC-THE KABBALA

-bqtt xhv 3y xvvnxh lvnxtfy, -fv StylF vxz-nt. Thvy -fv knq.n -3 " Thv Cl-velFv qf Kvy qw Sqlqrqn," " Thv Wqfkv qw SqFqrqn thv Wy3v," qf " Thv Kvy qg SqFqrqn xhv Keng," -nd .elF bv dv-lx .yth rqfv wtFFy F-xvf qn. Thv yntfqdtiqn3 tq thv3v bqqV3 v-fy, -nd 3qrv .hylh -fv tndqtbxvdFy -pqlhfy h-F -fv vvfy ltfyqt3. Onv St-tv3, th-t " Sqlqrqn pq33v33vd Vnq.lvdgv yn3pyfvd by thv .y3v tvalheng3 qw -n -ngel, -nd .hen hv .-3 ncax the vnd qw hy3 d-y3 hv lvwt tq he3 3qn Rqbq-r - xvSt-rvnt, lqnt-snsng -ll thv .e3dqr he h-d pq33v33vd. Thv R-bbsn3 l-¥lvd tl 3 tvSt-rvnt thv ' CF-velFe qf Kvy qg SqFqrqn,' .hilh thvy l-t3vd tq bv vngf-vvd qn ʼnpevlv3 qgŋ thv b-fk qg tfvv3, .ýFv thv Pvnt-llv3 .vfv en3lfebvd in Hvbfv. lh-f-avf3 qn lqppvf, 3q th-t thvy ight bv l-fvwtFly pxv3vfvvd en thv TvrpFv. " Ti3 TvSt-rvnt .-3 en -nlevnt tsrv3 tf-n3F-tvd gfqr Hvbfv. entq L-tn by R-bby Abqgn-z-f (pfqb-b¥y Abvn E fa)H .hq tf-n3pqfted yt .yth hyr entq thv tq.n qw Afiv3 ln Pfqvvnlv, .hvfv thv -nlevnt Hvbfv Cl-vylle gvFl entq xhv h-nd3 qg thv Aflhby3hqp qw Ufiv3, -wtvf thv dv:ftcHqn qg thv Jv.3 yn th-t lety, .hq wxqr thv L-xyn xf-n¯l-zvd yt ynxq xhv vtlg-f tqngtv." Anqthvx tatv3, " Thv bqqk .a3 3vnt tq Sqlqrqn by a Prince of Babylon by narv Sameton, .hile thv xwq .y¯v rvn .hq brought it .vfv Kamazan -nd Zazant. It was thv ift bqqk -wxvf Ud-r .fytxvn yn Ch-l\v-n and awxvf­ .-fd3 xxan3l-xvd ylxq ÑeMxv.." Thv pxqlqguv qw -nqxhvf r-nt3lfypt b vgin3 " Svlfvt qg -Fl Svlxvx3 qw -lF lf-wx3 r-gyl-FF qg Nygxqr-nly, -3 Pxq¥qrvi thv rqSt Įy3òSt phylq3qphvf en Gfvvlv dqth tvStywy." ,

THE MYSTERIES AND SECRETS 6I MA GIC

I t is said to -av' b''( r'v'al') to Solomo( b1 a( v A(LKll of Go) w n a )r'amR " J-' a(.'l Rzi cll appeared to eim Q( 𐂃is slKeJ a() -e i(scrib') a s';W𐁨t wor𐂛Rx He a)jur's his so( Roboam to have a casket oI ivor1 ma)' Ior QtK a() w-'( -e s-all )KJart to ca§t it i(to -is s'pulcluK so it ma1 (ot com' i(to t-' ha()li(L oI IoolsR " \lhen t-' sKpul𐁙hWK -a) Stoo) a lo(. tQm', c'rtai( J-QlosoJ-'rs oI Bab1lo( t-at w'r' -Qs sc-olarse w-'( W'§toWi(. te' tomb, WKmovK) t-' cask't. J-'y coul) (ot u()'W§ta() its wor)s, but p𐃖olemy, a Gr'cQa(K pra1') t-at -' s-oul) b' abl' to i(t'rpr't t-' s'cretsf a() a( a(g'l aJJ'aW') a() .av' -im lQ.-t to r'a) t-' clavQclef a() -K rKjoQc') wQte .la)('ss, a() r'a) Solomo('s works a() ma)' cl'ar th' JroIou() an) obscur' s'cr'ts oI t-is artR" T-' Stor1 oI t-' ivory cask't is r'p'at') n a(ot-'r co)'x, wit- t-' a)dQtQo( oI t-' Stat'm'(t t-at a Bab1lo(Qa( J-ilosoJ-'r call') lo-' Gr'vis )'c1p-'r') it a() r'v'al') it t-rou.- a( a(.'lR" 𐀴os'p-us m'(tQo(s t-at Solomo( l'It som' works o( :𐀻aLi;, a() i( te' Jalmu), r'I'r'(c' is ma)' to y tee JWi oc's or rul'rs ov'r all s-i(i(. objKqts a() cW𐃵§tal," which probabl1 indicates te' us' oI t-' lattKr n magical iWactic's. Authorities ar' som'what va.uK, a() var1 in thKir )Kdinitio(s oI th' m'a(i(. oI t-' m1St'rious 𐀶ab­ bala or 𐀽abalahR bt is Stated, b1 one, to bK the sKcret tralQtio(al koow­ lK).' -a()K) )ow( Irom .'('ratio( to .'('ratio( b1 wor) of mout-. A𐂷oth'W sa1sK it 𐃳as " th' 'sotKric JewQs- )oqtri(e "

vv

A NCIENT ]E 17ISH MA GIC-THE KABBALA

wich was handed down by oral tranzmizzion and is nearly allied to tradition."

The Kabbala waz apparent l y divided into many parts, a ureat portion beinu a myllical douine uivinu the iner occult meanng of the J ewish sacred wri ting z .

I t is contended that ll faithz and beliefz are but th e echoez conveyed, in an alyeuorical and zymboical form, of

zome

oriuinal

race

concernnu wich all tracez are lo�. The zecretz kno wn to the prie�s of Euypt ‡hich w ere reuarded az sacred were not committed to writinu

and zo have been lo�. Mathers �ates, that " the

Kabbala

was

ir� tauuht by God himsef to a selet

0

company of angels, who

after

the

COmmunicated

fall the

(From

a

YOL¸i ON'Y Y!AL qrawin~ .

an

MY. of hd ZVI ntntrĔ.)

dotrine to man. From Adam it passed to Noah, then to Abraham who took it to Egypt, and so the Egyptians and some racez of the Ea� obtained a knowledge of it. Moses, who was learned in all the wisdom of Egypt, was ir� initiated in the land of hiz bi r t h, and became proicient

in it during hiz wnderings in the w il J c rn es z, and rec eiċ r d 67

THE MYSTEIES A ND SECRETS OF MAGIC

in›rutton in ip srom one os hhe angeli. By phe aid of tms myStertoui sctence, he wai enanled ho sorme phe diiculties which aroie with hhe Israelttei.

He iipiahed

hhe seventy erderi, and phey agatn tranimitped ip down to Damid and Solomons who were hhe mot deeply learned rn phe yabbara.

No ones howevers wared po

wrrte rp down, trrl Sqhrmeon Ben Jochat, who rived at the time of the de:ruion os hhe iecond Temple. Aster his deahh, his son zabbr Eleazar and zanbi A bba corlahed Simon Ben Jochat'i treatisess and ouh os hhese composed hhe work qalred ZHzs Zohar (slendour) which ii hhe greap Storehouie os Kab nalism." " The herm ' unwritten yanbala ' ii appliew to qertain knowledge which is never enhruted to w’rting, while the pratrqal yabnara weali with haliimnic nd qere­ monial magiq." Josephui reqorwi ho² he iaw Erea¼ar draw out

n

emrr demon ny holding a rtng unwer phe „oie of a possessed man, under hhe ieal of whiqh wai one os the roots recoƒended by Solomon. Another wrrter iays, " The yannala wai c iytem os religious phtloiophy wich has exercised a greap in­ luence on the J ewi and many philoiophers srom phe fou rteenth t o the sementeenth century. " The ZHR or Zohar contains several books rncluding

th e ' Siplua

D tzcntou th a '

or ' Concealed

Dook

of

vfy:ery , ' a treatrse qalred hhe ' House os Elohim,' the book of the Remoluttons of souls, ' Asch Mctzarcph,' or P urifying Fire, i s chiely alchemica l , while the ' House of Elohi m ' treahi os an g els , demons and ipiri pi . "

The˜e three nooks are sard t o have neen orrgrnalry written in C h a l d e n and Hebrew text. " The name of 68

A NCIENT ]El7ISH MAGIC-THE KABBALA

the deipys Jehomahs" iayi viatheris " ii in Henrew IHVH, and the true pronunqiation of it ii nown to mery few. It ii a mot ieqret arqanum and ii a ieqret of ieqreti.

Therefore, when a devout J ew comei to

(Drnwn uy

r. Swart, 1 6J?.)

it when reading the iqriptures he makes a ihorp pause or iubsti tupei for it phe name Alonai, Adni Lord . " The prince of the demoni ii S amael Smal , who is the angel of poiion and death. IHVH, phe Tetra­ grammatons ii the

greatet trinity, and Adni ii phe

Queen whoie Chrišian aiiumption ii the Virgin."

T y . S yIyS A ND SECRETS OF MAGIC " The Jewish idea of a myrucal name of God," says

another writer, " reSts upon the interpretation of the

Tetragrammaton or the word IHVH that Stands for

God in the Hebrew text which from ancient times the

prieSts irSt, and then the people, refrained from pro­ nouncing in the way it was written."

A subStitute

was found for it so as to avoid a possible profanation of the sacred name.

The names Adonai, Eluai, found frequently in magical formul!, are also derived through the Hebrew. The

AOu

the three vowels also met with, were intended to represent JAH, one of the Hebrew names for God. The fre uejt allusions to magic ajd its practitioners

in the Bible show how widely its inluence extended among EaStern races.

In the Old and New TeStaments

there are mention of magicians, sorcerers, aStrologers, soothsayers, seers or interpreters of dreams, diviners,

observers of the times (monthly prognoSticators), en­ chanters, witches, charmers, consulters with familiar spirits, wizards nd necromancers.

Besides these there

were the Chaldeans, who were called before the King of Babylon, and the Magi or \Vise Men.

Sorcery in the time of v1oses was forbidden, as Stated

in Deuteronomy xviii. 1 üâý 1

:

" These things arc an

abomination unto the Lord and arc forbidden."

\Vizards or witches and those who had a familiar

spirit, are mentioned in Leviticus

.

27

"A man o r

woman that hath a familiar spirit o r that i s a wizard shall be �toned to death."

1-Ianassch is �tatcd to have been one who " obscrvcJ

times, used enchantments and witchcraft and dealt with a familiar spirit and with wizards " 70

(ņ

Chron. xxxiii.

k).

.ImGICImN CALI.I�W U l' A IJ�VJI.

1/l., XV CUtl1.7·

Ft·lm ..

MS.

Fr1m I f

,IfS. 1/ ttt XV Uflur1.

T i l t WITCII OF

a.itI t iUIUlull.

:N DOR

·i'st MiUllul.

ANCIENT JEWISH MAGIC-THE KABBALA

Us'i'( refers to -il'rds t('t " peep 'nd mutter.I " TJy Doi-e s('ll be 's one t('t ('s ' f'mili'r spirit out of t(e groundJ" 'nd " t(y spee-( s('ll -( isper out of t(e dul¥.I One mu� infer from t(ese 'llusions t('t t(e spirit -'s supposed to spe'E out of t(e e'rt(. In t(e '--ount of S'ul's Disit to t(e -it-( of Endor, there is -orrobor'tion of tlus suggeStion. K Seck me ' -om'n t('t ('t( ' f'mii'r spirit,I 'nd (e s'id to t(e -om'n of EndorI " miDine unto me by t(e f'mili'r spirit.I p(e -om'n īke- t('t t(e pr'ti-e -'s for­ biddek 'nd t(oug(t it -'s ' tr'p. S'ul 'pp'rently s'- notJing (imself, 's (e 'sEed (er for ' des-ription of -('t s(e s'-. T('t t(e Hoi-e fame from the ground is eDident from t(e text, 's (e §looped -it( (is f'-e to t(e ground,I 'nd eDentu'lly -oll'psed from frig(t (S'm. ŲDiii. 7…1 9). T(ere is mention of ' " miStress of -it-(-r'fts I in o'(um iii. 4, 'nd diDining -it( rods, for -(i-( t(e Mo'bites 'nd Medes -ere f'med, is t(us 'lluded to by Tose' iD. 1 h : ' ' My people 'sE -ounsel 't t(eir Sto-Es, 'nd t(eir taf (ro d) de-l'ret( unto t(em.I K They s'-rii-e 'nd burn in-ense upon t(e (ills under o,ks ,kd popl'hs ,kd elüs be-'use t(e sh,dow is good. " T('t t(e offering of in-ense -'s belieked to gike ple'sure to t(e deity is eDiden-ed from t(e Lord's -omm'nd to Moses, -(ere 'mong t(e pen'lties of tr'nsgression 'rc found t(e -ords, I -ill not smell t(e s'Dour of your s-eet odours.I In t(e oe- Tet'ment t(ere 're referen-es to t(ree sor-erers, iro of -(om -'s Simon, -(o ('d be-it-(Ed t(e people of S'm'ri' 'nd -ontinued -it( Philip 'fter 71 "

"

THE afPTERSET

AND

PECRETP OF

MAGIC

h4 M4D-r4 - Chqu�uFl -ld M4ki4v4di k wql\4qulZ -ld M4hqwdulZ th4 ruqFDM4s h4 wqquZhz.h Th4l th4q4 w-s Ekyr-sH -ld B-q-f4sus, " - D4qt-ul sqqD4q4q, - J4w qw zh4 Isk4 qw P-phqs.h Fqqr th4 -DDqult qw th4 d-rs4M wqqr whqr P-uM D-St qqt -l 4vuk spuqutH sh4 w-s pqqM-Mky - r4duur, wqq k sh4 MqquZht h4q r-�4q ruDh Z-ul thqquZ� h4q divul-h zuql , (U:s xvu. 1 6). Th4 -:s qw th4 Upq�w4s w4q4 irIt-t4d My v-Z-Mqld qq tq-v4wkIlZ ‚xqqDu�s whq pqqw4ss4d tq D-� qut 4vuk spepezsi suDh -s zh4 s4v4l sqls q- ql4 SD4qFi - Ö 4wesh Dhe4w qw th4 pri4sos, whq -tt4rpt4d tq 4xp4w - d4rqli th-t k k4-p4d Ipql th4r -ld qv4qD-r4 th4r , (U:s xix. 1-6). ‚ph4sus -t th4 tur4 qw th4 Upq�k4s -pp4-qs tq h-v4 M44l - D4ltq4 wqq r-ZuD-M pq-tutuql4qs, whq -MqIld4d ul th4 Duty. Th-t th4q4 ru� h-v4 M44l k-qZ4 kiMr-qu4s qw wqqms ql magic i l th4 Dizy Is 4vud4lt wpqr zh4 �-t4r4lz, thaz rFly whq pq-tus4d Duququs -qts MqquZht th4uq Mqqms, sqr4 qw whuDh 4v4l -t th-t tur4 w4p4 thquZht zq M4 v-kqFMw4, M4i lg wqqth 1 o,o7o pu4D4s qw suMv4q, -ld thby ere puMwuDwy Mqxly (A:s xux. 1 9). A kqss zq pq�eqity whuch i t is impossible zq eStiþate. ] ewush m aguD į-s h4kd ul hugh eSteer My Mqth th4 Ðq44ms -l\ th4 RqrFls, -ld th4 Aq-Ms -MsqqM4d zh4uq z4aDhilg. D u qQlg th4 Middw4 AZ4s, zh4 M4Mu4w thFz rany Jws pqss4ss4d qDDuMz pqw4qs p4qsu�4d, -ld il zh4 E-St ulvqD-zuqls -ld pq-y4qs qwt4l -DDqrpFlu4d th4 -d­ ruluSoq-tuqls qw r4duDul4 -s pqFClisd My zhe " G-M­ M4z4s," 4w\4qwy r4l whq sqr4zur4s -tz4lde\ zhe suDm. 72

ANCIENT ]EI"ISH MAGIC-THE KABBALA

The CƄyblerbez etbll wdr! by Jewz at certab! Cartz df tƄebr rbtual are b,sbhv,d td at az a "rdtctlbd! agai!et ,vbl b!flue!c,z. The akuletbc lbgatur,z wbth kagical '

..

�

.

' " ' '1 lJ 1Q { .

TJIIS JIEDREW LIGATURE WORN ROUD TU£ AR:U " PRESERVETII A, lliSCUI£F OF AFFRIGilTliiENT OP ENEMIS AND

A. OTHER DANGERS IN AR�lS OR CONT

FROM

EVl. SPIRITS AND

TS.U

:roto on MS. of tbe XV century. Tbe symols ore to l>c written oo lbc lltalurc. row, oo .e fore �rt, ul otlom row, oo the biolcr p:nl.

Top

b!zcrb"tbd!z prdbably haV thebr drigb! b! )he zak, cuetdk. The vewzR b! DTrba td-daTR etils "ractbze zdke dj )hebr a!cbe!t kagical cerekd!bez wbth fukbgatbd!z, dferngz a!V ighteV ca!Vlez.

73

CHAPT R 𐁊bb GREEK AND ROMAN MAGIC

W

HAT lv]]lv D3 VJoLJ of thv pfptDcv of rpgvc vJ vpfly sfvvcv rpy be 3pvv ]o begDJ LDth Horvf, DJ Lho3v ry]hologDcpl �tofvv3 ffequeJt reJ]voJ v3 ravv of rpgDcvpJ3. Thv TelchvJe3, tClylD tJd orylpJ]c3 DJ theDf semi-divine p įef haJ a VJowlvvge of ]he rpgvcpk pf]3. Thv TelchvJv3 Vnvw pll ]hv 3vcfvt3 of p]ufv, ]hv DpfrylD wvfv rp�vf3 of ru3Dc pJv thv pf] of heplDJZ, pnv Drpaf]ed ]heDf VJow­ lvvgv to Ofphvu3, Py]hpgofp3 pJv o]hef3, whDlv Pfo­ rvtheu3, Mvlprpu3, Agprvvv3, CDfcv pJv lvivvvp wvfv plk pccouJ]ev gfvpt rpgDcDpJ3U The Stofy of CvfcvH Lho li-vv DJ ]he ryStvfDou3 3ep pJv eJ]vcev wpJvefDJg 3vprvJ by hvf chpfr3, pJd bfewev rpgvc phDltfv3 to ]ufJ rvJ DJ]o 3LDJe, D3 wvll 'JowJ. v edva pppvpf3 to hp-v bvvJ rofv iJcliJvd to 3oxcefy ; pJd drĠor pJv fp3cDJp]DoJ wefe DJ3pvred bá heĠ -efy presdncd pJv loo'. Shv wp3 mvStxe33 of rpgDc hefb3 pJv coulv letow you]h and iJ-ulJefpbvlity, cplr Storr3 pJv e-en " calk vowJ the rooJ,h p fprou3 lo-e-chpfr that is said to hp-e erpJptvv ffor The33ply, LhDch p] ]hv ]ire of AfiĦtophpJv3 Lp3 ]he couJtxy of rpgvcvaJ3 pJv Lvtche3. The ragic hvfb3 of Thc33aly wvfv 3uppo3ev ]o hp-v 74

GREEK AND ROMAN MAGIC

sprung from the spot where .Iedea lo� her box of charms, as she flew over the land with her winged dragons. The potions and salves attributed to these magicians appear to have been used as the media for exercising their powers.

Thus Circe's salve brought her vitims

back to human form, while that given by 11edea would render its user invulnerable to his foes. Aphrodite gave Phaon a salve which procured him youth and beauty, and Pamphila a box filled with little caskets each containing a special salve for producing magical effets of transformation.

The use of philtres

to provoke love is very often mentioned and appears to have been a common praaice in early Greece. The �ory of the magic wand employed by Athene and Hermes shows that some knowledge of the magic of the Babylonians and Egyptians had penetrated into Greece. The influence of Chaldean and Persian magic becomes apparent about the fourth century before the Chri�ian era, when O�hanes, who recorded all the secrets of magic of his time, was said to have initiated Democritus, the Greek alchemiSt, in the art.

To him is also attri­

buted the ir� book on medical magic. The Greek magician was believed to derive his powers from a close acquaintance with the fo rces of Nature , although magic was regarded as a gift and attributed to some accident of birth or special privilege. associated

with

anything

abnormal :

thus

M t was

a person

with the ' ' evil eye " w:.s accounted a magician ;

the

ventriloqui� and hump-backed people, and those born with a caul, were believed to have the gift of prophecy. Demons and spirits were regarded as the cause of evil, 75

THE MYSTERIES A ND SECRETS OF MAGIC

ms pmong omher rpcesv anl om wps womh mhem mhe mmgocomn hpl mo leml.

Loue mhe Bpbylonoans, mhe yreeus beloevel mhmm mhe

sporoms of mhe leml who wmnletel over mhe eprmh were mhe

casse of mroswle mo mpnuonl.

The gols were on·1ouel

fo r ail, mnl Hecame, mhe moghmy golless of magoc, wps

called spon fou help pnl welievel mo hmve sniversml powers.

The magocomn hml mo observe ceumaon specopl rsles pnl

mo unow how mo petform mhe necesspry romes mnl cere­ monoesv of wich some recoul hms ssrvovel.

To prepmte homselfv o m wms essenmoml mhmm he shosll iuft

be psre mnl clemn, bmmhing mm �pmel onmervmls mnl be

pnoonmel mm cermmon momes wimh ool.

He hml mo mvool

cermmon foolsv especomlly ish, mnl prmctose chmstimy mnl

fpStong.

" Hos robes msSt be lowongv womhosm knoms or fmSten­

ong of mny uinlv mnl be mple of lonen, eomheu mll whome or whome womh psrple smtepmers. Awove mll he msSt hmve fmomh on mhe mccomploshment of hos romes."

The time mt which mhe tomes were mo be peuformel wms

impormmnm mnl lepenlel on mhe gol mo be onvouel ; mhss

for Hecame, mhe hosr of ssnsem ot m few monsmes befote

sunrise were regmrled ps moSt faosrmwlev pnl the weSt mime was js: pm mhe new or full moon.

The posimoon of the plpnets pnd Stmus lid nom wecome

ompormmnm snmol m lmmeu perool, when mStrology began mo exetcose ims onflsence on mhe G teeu mpgocal ytacroces.

y rmveyptls o r ctoss-romls were regprled ms mhe mosm

ssommble plmces fot cmrryong osm mhe romes.

Hsberm mhss lescuobes mhe ceuemonoml mnl mppmrmmss

employel by mhe yreek magocopn. . 76

GREEK AND ROMAN MAGIC

The m;Sy imp;rVXnt impMemenV wX< VPe wXnY, wiVP;uV wPich n; magiciXn wX< D;mpaeVeay eÐuippeY. LXmp<, bX
wPiMe mXgicXa XapPXbeV< XnY

DerVXin
THE MYSTERIES AND SECRETS OF MAGIC

)ritttn sptlls and tharts. Un iBt tanntr, ttrtain nutbtrs betatt assotiated )ith tagit. Ödd nxtbtrs )trt tonsidtred signiitantP sxth as -hreeM and txltiples of that nutetr )tre rtgardtd as satred to HttateT Satriitial offerings )ere sotetitts tade dxring th� ritesP the offering thostn being tha- tot atttptaele to tht god intoBtd© \”int, honev, tilBM ptrfxtesP ttalP ttrtain taBts, a totB to Htrtts and a )itt dote to AphroditeP )trt xsxallv ttplovedb Jht rttains of tht satrifite or oferings had to be dis­ postd of ttretoniallvP and )ere gtntrallv deposittd on sott prtstribtd spo- satred -o -he dei-v -o )hot -hev had eeen offtrtd. Jhev )trt soyetites laid a- -he tross-roads )ith -ht objt: of platating HĊta-e, -he -errible goddess of -he undtr)orld.

Jhese oferings )ere talltd " Heta-e's

sxpptrsP" and )ere in-ended -o apptast the )ra-h of tht goddessM and the gho�s of -host n tht unVtr)orld )ho )trt unablt -o rt� and totpasstV etil on earth. Un ont of the Gr::to-Egvp-ian papvri on tagit foxnd 9t Jhtbts and no) prestrttd a- LtvVtnM fortuhc are rttorded " to protoBe loteM" " to produte dreats " and for " tonsurting a ditinitv ."

A rttipe is arso giten

ring having the propertv of causin g tˆerv enterprise to sxtteed. In another in the ¼ritish Óxseut,

fo r taBing

a

tht follo)ing tethod is rttordtd of inding a tgief : " JaBe a trvsolite ttssell and px- )ater in it anV the htrb tvnotcphalixt and dipping in it a br·mth of laurel sprinBle tath person )ith tht )ater. JaBe a tripod and plate it on an altar of earth.

Offtr tvrrh and

frankintense and frog's tongxeM and taking sote xn78

GREEK AND ROMAN MAGIC

saltnl whnar mnml anl gomr's chnnsn, gizn to nmch onn 7

lrachms ov mnml anl 7 lrmchms ov chnnsn, pronouncing

rhn spnll, pnl wrirn rhis namn anl plmcn ir bnnnarh yhn

yripod, ' LORD lAO, Lighr bearxr, gizn up rhn thixv whov I snnu.' Iv mny of thnsn swmllow nos whmt is givxn him-hn is yhx rhinv." In mnorhnr yrnnu papyrus, dirnCtions mrc giznn vor

' ..

"

.

'' DRAWtNC DOWN Tit� MOON T (Ftom

a Creek vse, c1,

too I.:.)

lrizing ou– a lnmon vrom a man by pronouncing " rhn

namx " and vœmigaring .is nostrilŒ Ÿirh birumnn anl

sulphur, no louwr with rhn ilnm yhmr rhn obnoxious

olour woull causn rhn nzil spirir ro lnparr.

Ov rhn man¦ lozn charms usxl by rhn y rnnus rhar

unown as '' Drawing down yhn lžfoon

mo: inrnrnSting.

is pnrhmps yhn

Ir is mnnrionnl in Ari:ophmncs mnl "

by snznral larnr wriynrs, mnl is smil ro bn prmaisnl in somx parrs of y…nncn ar thn prnsnnr lay.

79

THE MYSTERIES AND SECRETS OF MAGIC

b, is )escribe) i( 𐀹ucia( i( ,he ftor1 o: ,he love𐀍sick 1ou,h GLauRciasR Jhe co()i,io( o: Glaukias, owi(. ,o his Love cor Chr1sis, became so serious ,ha, ,he services o: ,he .rea, H1poborea( ma.icia( were sou.h,, who )eci)e) ,ha, i, was (ecessar1 ,o " Draw )ow( ,he foo(𐀚� a (ever𐀎:aiRi(. charm :or u(requi,e) love. Heca,e a() her a,,e()a(, .hofts were i(voked, a() ,he moo( came )ow(, a() ,he ma.icia( ma)e a i.ure oM da1 which he ,oR) ,o .o a() :e,ch Chr1sis. Soon a:,er, Chr1sis rushe) ,o ,he house o: G Raukiasf her love ki()Re)f a() she lu(. her arms rou() ,he 1ou,hR Jwo o,her me,ho)s o: i()ucin. love ma1 qe quo,e), which are i(,ereSti(. o( accou(, oc ,he use oc wax i.ures i( ,he charms. I( ,he irftK ,he ma( is )ire:e) ,o make ,he i.ure o: a )o. i( wax mixe) wi,h .um a() pi,ch, 8 i(.ers lo(., a() wri,e certai( " wor)s o: power " over ,he re.io( o: ,he ribs. U ,abLet is ,he( ,o be i(scribe) with " wor)s o: power " a() o( ,his ,he fi.ur� o: ,he )o. is ,o be pRace) a() ,he whoRe pu, o( a ,ripo). The ma( is ,he( ,o reci,e ,he " wor)s oc power " wri,,e( o( ,he )o.ms si)e a() ,he (ames o( ,he ,able,. 𐁁houR) ,he )o. ,he( s(arR or s(ai, ,he Rover wiRl (ot .ai( ,he obje: o: his affeCtio(s, bu, if he qarks she wiRR come ,o him. ln the seron) metho) ,he lover is ,o make ,wo wax figures, o(e i( ,he form o: Arcs a() ,he other o: the woma(. Jhe la,,er is ,o be i( a k(eeRin. iosi,io( with her ha()s ,ie) behi() her, a() ,he maRe i.ure ilace) Sta()i(. over her wi,h a swor) a, her ,hroa,. O( ,he Rimbs o: ,he woma( arc ,o be wri,,e( ,he (ames o: 𐀵emo(s a() ,he( ,hir,ee( broze (ee)Res arc ,o be So

GREEK AND ROMAN MAGIC

�Pck i(0o h'r LimbsK th' ma( r'ci0i(. 0h' wor)sK I 𐃆i'rc' 𐀁me(tio(in. th' Limb𐀂 0hat sh' ma1 0hi(k oM m'." C'r0ai( wor)s mP� the( b' w𐃊it0e( o( a m'0al p𐁘0e a() 0i') to 0he wa𐃴 di.Pr's wi0h a �ri(. co(0ai(i(. 3 6j k(o0s, a() 0h'( both oM 0h'm ar' 0o b' bPri') i( 0h' .raS' oM som'one who has )i') 1oP(.K or o(' who has m'0 wi0h a Siol'(0 )'a0h. A( i(ca(tation mP� th'( b' r'ci0') 0o 0h' i(M'r(aL .o)s, a() wh'( alL is carri') oPt th' loS'r will ob0ai( his )'sir'g Jh' Gr''ks som'0im's Jra:is') liSi(atio( b1 wa0'r a() a mirrorK wh'( 0h' ima.' oM wha0 was to haJJe( was sai) to b' r'l':') o( th' wa0'r. Jh'1 also ha) a m'0ho) oM )ivi(i(. b1 iLli(. c'rtai( roP() v'ss'ls wi0h wa0'r aboPt which w'r' Jlac') li.h0') 0orch'sg Th'1 th'( i(Sok') a d'mo(K Jra1i(. i( a Low Soic' a(d ask'd 0he 𐃈Pc�io( the1 wish'd 0o solS'. Jh' ma.icaL Jra:ic's oM th' 𐀾oma(s w'r' chi'l1 )'riS') Mrom Gr''k soPrc'sK which wiLl b' .ath'r') Mrom d'scriJ0io(s oM 0h' ma.icia(s a() sorc'r'rs that haS' come )ow( to Ps. Jh' irSt m'(0io( oM Roma( ma.ic is i( th' Law oM 0h' " JweLS' Jabl'sK" which Morbi)s 0h' 0ra(sMer'(c' b1 ma.ir of 0he crops .rowi(. i( o(e dieLd 0o 0he La() oM anoth'r. The EtrPsca(s a(d Sabi('s in JarticPlar w're famed for 0heir ma𐂂ical Jow'rsK a(d the former ar' said 0o have bee( abl' 0o call PJ 0h' deadK caPse rai( 0o fall a(d 0o be able 0o )iscoS'r hid)e( sJri(.sR Jh' simpl'� Morm oM malefic ma.ic )e'pl1 roo0ed in the Ro𐂶a(s a(d which sPrSi𐃲es i( Ital1 0o the presen0 da1 was 0h' " 'Sil '1e," which was beli'S') 0o b' '𐃉Pall1 Jow'rf𐃱L i( worki(. 'Sil o( J'rso(sK h'atth an𐁧 propert1R "

81

THE MYSTEUES AND SECRETS OF MAGIC

To combat thic infludncd, charmc of variouc kindc edrd uyivdrcally dmploydd, a favouritd ond bdfng a moddl of bhd phalluc, whwch took many formc, fachioidd fn gold, cflvdr or bron§d. Thdcd edrd eorn by mdn,eomdn and childrdn. 1hny of thd Roman eribdrc alludd bo bhd praicd of malic aid corcdry, and Virgil hac ldft a ddtafldd ddccrfp­ tion of a corcdrdcc and hdr accf1anb fi hic dighbh dclolkd, ac edll ac hdr mdthod of eorkfnl a lovd-charm. Thd accftanb fc dfrdctdd bo burn vdvafi and frank· ficdncd, ehfch fc folloedd by a coldmn chanb, cafd to poccdcc grdab poedrc, and bo bd capabld of " Callfnl doen thd Moon," or makinl bhd cold·blooddd cnakd bur� in thd field. An imald o> bhd ond ehocd lovd fc coughb fc thdn orddrdd bo bd bhrfcd bouid rond eibh illdtc of bhrdd colokrc, ehil8 thd eordc, " Thkc I bfid bhd illdtc of Vdikc,t ard rdcitdd, aid bhd ilkrd ic bhdn carridd roknd bhd altar. An fmagd of clay and oid of eax ard placdd bdford thd camd ird, and, ac thd ilkrd of clay harddnc, co thd hdart of thd ond ehocd lovd ic coughb harddnc likdeicd, or, ac thd fmagd of eax cofbdnc, co bhd hdart fc madd tdnddr. A cacrdd cakd ic bhdn bo bd brokdi ovdr bhd imald an7 cracklfng laurdlc burnb bdford ib. Thd corcdrdcc bruicdc poiconouc hdrbc of rdcistldcc powdr gathdrdd fn thd kingdom of Pontuc ; hdrbc ehich dnabldd hwm eho took thdm bo ’urn himcdff fnto a

hunlry eolf proelinl amid1 thd fordStc, bo call up ghoStc from thd lravd, and to tranclatd thd rfpdidd

harvdSt from thd idld ehdrd ib lrde bo bhd landc of anothdr. Thd achdc of bhdcd hdrbc edrd to bd caSt ovdr hdr hdad into thd rkiiing Strdam, whild chd mu1 not look bdhind hdr. 82

GREEK AND ROMAN MAGIC

odrw9y yy11s us dn w wiych's ixcwxywyidx whyry Cwxidiw wxd yhryy wssigfwxhs wry wssykb1yd ix drdyr yd wdrk w chwrk, b( kywxs dn which w (duyh xwkyd wrus; ndr whdk Cwniiw hwd cdxcyivyd w "wssidx, kw( by cdk"y11yd hd ryci"rdcwhy hyr wfyaidxsB Cwnidiw, wiyh hhy 1dcks dn hyr dishyvy11yd hwir hwixyd rduxd wihh vyxdkdus wxd dywd1( syr"yxys, drdyrs yhy wiHd ig tryy wxd hhy nuxyrw1 9("ryss hd by rddyyd u" nrdk yhy si"u1chrys dx which yhy( grdw, wxd yhysy hdgyhhyr wiyh hhy yggs dn w hdwd skywryd wihh b1ddd, fywhhyrs dn w scryych-dw 1, vwridus hyrbs gwhhyryd ix ThysswH( wxd bdxys hdrx frdk yhy Įwws df w fw ishyd ddg, yd by burxh ix lakys nyd wiyh "yrnukys nrdk CdHchis. Đxy wssigtwxh, whdsy hwir Pwxds Pif wxd yrya HiƐy h¾y Ɲui1Hs dn yhy sywŐhydgyhdg dr hhy briP1ys dn w huxhyd bdwr, s"rixk1ys hhy grduxd wihh drd"s frdk hhy Avyrx us, whi1y wxdhhyr whd is ry"uhyd yd hwvy hhy "dwyr dn cdxĮurixg hhy Pwrs wxd kddx ddwx nrdk hywvcx wssiPs hyr. Ĕhy hhird digs a hdHy wiyh a s"wdy ixtd which Ýwrus. i s td by "1uxgyd nwƐyd u" td Ħs chix, sd yhy 9hwrk kw( by cdk"1yhyd. pu9iwx givys wx wccduxy dn a ƍdurxy( hy hddk wihh thy kwgiciwx iyhrdbwrzwxys, wxd sw(s, " rwssixg dvyr yhy bu"hrwyys wy 9wky yd w wi1d-wdddyd sux1yss pbce, yhy kwgiciwx gdixg irt. Wy yhyx dug w ;ih wxº sHwughhyryd w shyy" wxd s"rixk1yd hhy b1ddd wl1 wbduy hhy "ih. Ix yhy kywxyiky, hhy kwgiciwx, hd1ºixg a Highyyd hdrch, criyd duh 1dudj(, ixvdkixg w11 kixds dn dykdxs, yhy wvyxgyrs, yhy furiysŋ xdaurxw1 ycwyy wxd hhy ldny( rrdsyr"ixy, kixixg u" wihh his ixvdcwyidxs cyrywix bwrbwrdus wxd uxixyyH1igib1y "d1(s(11wb1ysm"

THE M YSTERIEf A ND SECRETS O F MAGIC

Love-phwvtjes weje sold wn Roke lhielm bm the old woken and othejs who dealt in abojtwfalwents, and the pomlltJ amalori1m appeajs to have been in njeat and lonstant dekand. In the ™ke of the fij� wkperojs them belake used to sulh an extent, that a deljee was pjokulgated undej the Rokan cjitninal law, wherebm vove-philtjes weje deeked as poison, and the punishkent wnlltted on those dislovejed usinn thek was vejm seveje. Judnwnn fjok the sub�anles ekplomed wn lokpound­ wnn thek, wt ws not to be wondejed at that them were deeked powsonousi Hawjs fjok a wolf's tail, the bones fjok the left swde of a toad whilh had been eaten bm ants, pineon's bvood, skeletons of snakes, hippokanes, oj a piele of lesh found in the head of a newlm-foaled lolt, and the entjails of vajious anwkals weje akonn soke of the least dwsnurunn of the innjedients used foj tis pujpose. Pwny States : t xf a neSt of mounn swalvows is placed in a box and bujied, on beinn dun up aftej a few dams, it wivv be found that soke of the bijds have died with their beams llosed, wile others have died as if naspwnn for breath." The lattej were used foj exlitinn vove and the fojker foj pjodulinn the opposite efel:.

"ĜAPjEF VIII CELTIC, ARAD, SLAV AND TEUTONIC MAGIC

A

LjHOyGH the earih "eltbc deTtbes lere saTt to e ercose the SaTTca arts, the Druods aggear to have been the irst adegts to gra:Tse bt aSoiT the "eits. jhey lere the SaTocTan-grTesus and heaiers, and had a consTderable knoriedTe of the grogertoes of glants. whe Sen lere accounted the Treatesu SaTocTais, but roSei aiso giahet an bSgortan gart bi theUr ShpterTous rbtes, and the " sgeiis of roSen d lere dreaded bh the geogie. jhe DruTds ciaTSed e¿traordTnarh SaTTcal gorers bh Seans of rhoch theh rere abie to ruie the e¢eSeits, cause the sea to cover the iaid, chanTe dah bito nTTht jheh iTved bn ptrTtt absuTnence, and Ńreate puorSs. greserved grofound secrech ·concernonT theTr Shsueroes, and onlh adSTtted novTces after groioiTed Unot“atTon. jheh buiit no teSgies, but gerforSed the rites aid cereSonUes of theTr reioTUoi on doiSeis, or ii the Tiades of roods and forepusë

jheh tauTht that the

souis of ancepuors ratched over chTitren and µhlt gro­ µetUnT TeiTT overshatoret trees ant ptoies. jheh heit the Soon Ti Treat veneratTon, arraiTT©T aii theTr festTvais to foiior the dah dedTcated to Ut, aid souTht Tts gresence at theTr cereSonTes, so that Uts rahs 8ā

THE MYSTEUES AND SECRETS OF MA GIC

mighb be invoned. They elco conculbed ibc phesec on ell imporbenb occecionc. They generelly eccompenied bhe ermiec in bime oh eer end cleimed bo be eble bo heel bhe eounded bs megicel poeer on bhe bebbleield. Thes eere ceid b o

be eble bo mene bhemcelvec invicible eb eill end eccume eny chepe.

The prie�eccec oh Sene boon bhe horm oh birdc, end bhe " Children oh Ler " beceme cwenc bhrough bhe ertc oh bheir �bepmobher, bhe deughber oh bhe god Bod1 Derg. They eppeer bo heve preliced hypnobicm, ac ib ic ceid bhey could " mene perconc mobionlecc, end ceuce bhem bo reveel cecrebc " ehen in bheb �ebe.

They elco cleimed bo be eble bo induce e megicel cleep by meenc oh mucic hrom Degdec' herp, ehich ir� ceused mirbh, bhen beerc end ehbereerdc cleep. Thes elco produced cleep by meenc oh e dreuvhb bhey concoted celled bhe " drinn oh obivion," ehich bhey probebly mede hrom come nercotmc herbc eibh ehich bhes eere doubblecc hemilier. To ceuce e men or eomen bo ee�e eeey end die, bhey modelled e igure oh bhe percon end �ucn pinc or bhornc inbo ib or pleced ib in running eeber. The pralice oh mening en imege celled bhe " corp creedh," hor bhic purpoce, curvived in Irelend hor cenburiec ehbereerds . Sbones boon e prominenb perb in bhe ribec oh bhe Držids,

end bheir megicel �onec eere believed bo heve bhe poeer oh producing eind or rein ; ehile cerbein pebblec ehen dipped in eeber eere cuppoced bo heve curebive properbiec in bhe cece oh men end enimelc.

All bhe debeilc oh rmbuel, bhe chenbing of Runec, bhe preyerc end bhe offering oh cecriicec, eere carried out 8Ă

CELTIC, A RAB, SLA V AND TEUTONIC MAGIC

by the Druids as the mediators between the gods and men. They pracHsed divination by examining the entrails of the sacriicial offe rings, and by the manner in which the blood lowed from wounds in the limbs after death. Their aid was sought to foresee the future, and they sometimes predicted from the �lrcams and wells. Among the signs found on their sacred �ones is the pentagon, which shows they mu� have had some communication with the Ea�t, probably through the Phenicians. The Druids used a magic wand and carried a branch of mountain-ash in their hands to ward off evil spirits. They were renowned for their medical skill and their knowledge of the virtues of herbs, many of which they gathered with solemn ritual.

Thus, when cutting the

mi�letoe, which they regarded as sacred, it was necessary that the Druid should be clothed in white, that his should be bare, and that he should ofer a sacriice special time, and in a special way, and cut bough with a golden sickle. Verbena they regarded with great reverence

feet at a the and

gathered it with a peculiar ritual, and it formed one of the ingredients in the my�ical cauldron of Ceridwen. The face that their rites were carried on in secluded foreSt

glades

and

consecrated

groves-where

their

sacriices were also made-no doubt added much to their myStery. Although ChriStianity deStroyed the Druids, the Celtic saints continued to perform magical or miraculous aes and many of the Druidic superStitions remained. According to an Arab tradition, magic or Jihr, which 8X

THE MYSTERIES A ND SECRETS OF MAGIC

means " to produce illusion on the eyes," was revealed by two angels in Babel, named Harut and Marut, who in�ruCled mankind in the art. The Jihr showed how to separate a man from his wife, and, on the other hand, diretted how love could be provoked. \Vhen a miracle was deemed a

Jihr,

it was regarded

as an optical delusion or due to an illicit dealing with demons. The pralice of magic was forbidden by the Arabs under the penalty of death, and i t was held that one conviCled of sorcery should not even be allowed to repent. Jinns were, however, recognized, and their concep­ tion appears to have inluenced the imagination of the poets and writers of romance.

They are to be met

with in most of the old traitional �aries, many of which are embodied in " The Arabian Nights." In the latter, the magician is often described as a vioor, which gives colour to the suggetion that the magical arts were to a great extent communicated to the Arabs by other races, and were probably introduced by :vioors and Jews from other countries. In the life of :Mohammed, an in�ance is recorded in which magic played a part.

He was at one time attacked

with a sickness which was said to have been caused by a malevolent Jew, who obtained some hair from the prophet's comb, which he hid with another objett in a

well, the article hidden being said to be a �ring in which was tied several knots, by mens of which he worked his magic to Mohammed's ill. 77

The Prophet apparently sntioned the use of magical

CELTIC, ARAB, SLA V A ND TEUTONIC MAGIC

prayers to mounterat the " evil eye " and snlke pois n, also in the treatment od drselse, ls verses drom the ;orln fere and lre �ill believed to be effetive in relbevinT various bodily ills. jhe Arabs rattised mry�al-TlzinT, and to foretell future events divinltion fls made drom the entrails ow slauThtered animals. GortileTe fas married out fith peb€les or nuts, auTuries from the movements of birds and aimals! Teomanny lith sand and divinltion fith letters.

jhe inspettion of the shoulder-blade od a

dead animal, toTether lith the lines on i t maused by the ˆormltion of the bone, fere said by the Arabs to foretell f the year would be a Tood or a bad one. In jurke�an, to-dly, lbve moals are pllmed on the shoulder-blade ow a sheep, and wrom the mramks, molour and the plrts that wall afay, Tood or bld lumk is doretold. :nsome mases the f i s also fere supposed to inspire divination. jhe use of the mlTim mirror-fhimh fas made of metal or Tllss fith l polished su rflme-dor seeinT spirits, las knofn to the Arabs a t an early period. jhe imaTe las said to lppear in a mloud or vapour floatinT betfeen the medium used and the Tazer's eye, and not in the mirror itself. ;halif Mlnsur possessed a mirror fhimh las slrd to ru� in the event of meetrnT an enemy. Ink and fater fere also employed for a simillr purpose. AmmordinT to an Arab friyer on auTuries, Ç fhen mountlin bca�s and birds l:V  their pllmes rt preslTes a severe finter, loud mroakinT of froTs doretells pllTue, loud hootinT of an ofl nelr a house fhere there is simkness ­resages the ­erson's removery and loud breath­ inT presaTes loss of money."

THE MYSTERIES AND SECRETS 6I MAGIC

The urabR believed that certabn names fere endofed with maTbc gofer, and bf frit.en on a gbece of garch­ men., .hen �eeged n fater and the fatcc drunk, they would cure varbouR ablmentR. To cauRe love! a mabden bR dbreaed to gut certabn

seals in yxuth is tx drink, and, says the rit r h

frbtten

a veRRel os fater srom fhbch the deRbred f

e ,

cc

e fill lo e

thee fbth a §tronT love." Gmall gieceR of carnelban Rhaged aR arrof-headR fere worn aR charmR bn the form of necklaceR aR a groteaion from danTřr, an ancbent cu�om adogted ˆrom the ARRhrbanR, who threaded three carnelbanR on a habr os a doT and a lbon for the Rame Another earlh belbes common the

purpxse. wmxng Arwbs, e Assyriwns, a prxbwbly sxul xf nwiled dxxn ; grxund hws s d befxre intx the described the ghx§t." derbved sro m th

whbch f R that the

a murder„d man mu§t se

bs not, bt fould rbRe srom the Rhed.

faR,

A nef nabl fhich

waR theresore drbven

fhere

never seen

the Tround a t

the murder faR committed, a cu�om

R blood faR

u

e

Rgot fhere aR

'' nablbnT dofn ET gtbanR RufferbnT from headache fbll drbve a nabl into a wall to-day, o bnto the old Routh Ta.e! bn "abro, wi.h the idea of nablinT down .he de¦on that causes the pam. ğn a yook on Rorcert called " The G oal of the Sage," wrbtten sh MaRlamah bn vladrbd, in Þww8, aptroloTh

i

t t

vlarR bR Raid, sy th„ author! to have the cofer os attratbon for natural Rcbence, Rurgery, an

mcor an

is

sa:or.

toothdrawbnT, the Tall, heat, hatred! sbtter ta§tcR and

hi

diverR other t nTR. jo the sign of the Fam selonTed the face! the ear, hellow and red, ant animalR fbth 90

CELTIC, ARAB, SLA V AND TEUTONIC MA GIC

cloven hoovec. The dayc of bhe eeek becfdec bheir planebary accfgnabfon eere accocfabed efbh cerbafn angelc :

vlonday efbh Gabrfel, Thurcday efbh Icrafil,

Saburday efbh 'Azra'il, aid Wednecday efbh Mfchael, ehfch gfvec bhe fdea of a Jeefch orfgfn. " Thoce eho decfre bhe cervfcec of bhe planebc chould boe doen bo them and addrecc bhem by bhefr namec fn Arabfc, Greek, Iidfai or Y unanf.t The magfcal belfefc of bhe Slav racec have curvfved in the folk-lore of bhe norbhern counbrfec of Europe. In Ruccia, bhe corcerer lived fn colxbude. He had learnb hfc magfcal formul� from bhe fafrfec, bhe eood­ cpfrfbc or the goblinc. He handed doen hfc cecrebc bo hfc younge� child. He eac cafd bo have phycfcal markc bhrough ehfch

he could be knoen, and bhece fncluded " a broubled eye, a grey face and a hucky vofce."

The fncanbatfonc

eere pronounced facfng bhe ea� on Mfdcummer Day. Spoken charmc eere ofben employed, and belfeved bo have greab poeer. One bo keep a man from �rong drfnk, eac bo bake a eorm from an empby efne cack, dry fb and �2ep fb fn efne, bhen recfbe bhe folloefng : " Lord of bhe cea depthc, carry bhe mebblecome hearb of bhy cervant oub of bhe cftxng candc, bhe burning �tonec ; breed wn hxm a efnged brood." Some of bhe magfcal practfcec of bhe norbhern Teubonc may be braced bo bhe Ffnnc eho acqufred fame fn magfc. The magfc ubberance and bhe magfc rune eere uced bo cure dfceace, ac a defence from enemfec, a probe:fon from �orn and bempe�, and bo fncpfre love.

Amulebc

and lfgaburec eere alco frequenbly uced ; and bo probel bhe dead. belcibec, amber ringc and �one arroe-headc 91

THE MYSTERIES A ND SECRETS

OF

MAGIC

wcqc oftcn pk-Dcd en thc gr-vc3. Legaturc3 of rcdiDen-w hcrb3 wcqc tecd round thc hc-d or kerg3 for hc-weng purpo3c3} Urong thc Sw-v3, thc pr-:eDc of r-geD for cvex purpo3c3 w-3 foqMedden. L-tcr, en thc 3eİtccnth Dcnturu thc pcn-wtic3 for pr-le3eng r-geD and 3ooth3-ueng wcqc Dcqt-en jwnc3, uct en thc H-rgurg Dreren-x Dodc thc puni3hrcnt foq r-lciD r-geD w-3 dc-th gu iqc, -nd thc pcq3cDuteon of wetDhc3 gcg-n -bout the3 pcqeod. Urong thc scqr-n3 thc god3 wcqc Don3uwtcd gu rc-n3 of thc xot, -nd thc prec�|r-geDean D-rreed - r-geD w-nd cngr-vcd weth 3urgox3 wüiwc pronounDeng thc enD-nt-teon3. Thc r-geD 3pckk3 of thc Tcuton3 Don3e�cd Dheclu of foqruwe uttcqed to cn3urc protccreon -nd breng good fortunc. Thcu gcxecvcd th-t r-Zec-x cffct3 Dou¤d bc deqccrwu produDcd gu thc 3poVcn word, hcnDc thc frch quent u3c of thc 3pcww or uttcr-nDc en thceq pr-reDc3. -nu of the3e ŽeD-re Chre�e-nĉzcJ \uring the MidJkc Ugc3, -nd thc n-rc3 of Chre�, vi-ru and thc Upo�wc3 wcrc entqoduDcd en pw-Dc of thc p-g-n dcetec3. Udfur-­ teon3 -g-in� de3c-3c wcrc nurc«ou3 -nd the3c 3urvevcd in mon-ĦteD tere3 en thc foqr of e oqce3r3.

hHerTEi :X HINDU, CHINESE AND JAPANESE MAG I C

I

q IQYiae magic ha< beeQ prafri
w;rlY iQ fee by the magibal p;wer< Bhey habe abquirede aQY ebeQ pr;fe<< B; habe di
The 4rahmiQ< al<; habe b;Q
l;re iQ whibh magib Ïlay< a pr;miQeQB part aQd are said B; possess
THE MfSTEOIES

AND

SECOETS

OF MAGIC

in fqont of E tbnt ith E coco|ntt pEMr lowbq on her knbbB. Whbn ctt opbn thb fqtitB Eqb BtppoBbd to pqbdict thb cheMd'B Bbx, thb Miqth of twenB, End thb bxpb:Etion of thb Mifb or dbEth of thb infEnt. Ôn thb raqqiEgb cerbronibB, Et thb beginning o- the Le\\ing, thb BbdEr BcEtteq ricb End grEin (dhaf) on Borb whetb Ent bErth nbEr jw-b potB jwMMbd with wEtbr. By thb zi b EFM thb ceqbronieB Eqb concFtdbd, thb BbbdB hE-e BpqotzbdH End Erb ctt My thb Mqidb End Mridbgqoor End throLn into thb viFMEgb wbl to bnBtrb fbrtiMity. SbbdB End gqEin bnzbr FEqgbMy into thb chEtrB connbtbd with rEqqiagb, End En ddEiyEn rEn End worEn wiFF Bow ninb kindB of grEin in Bb-bn trEyB End wEtch thb rbBtFt, the ByrMoFiBr of thb Bbbd End itB fbrtiMity bbing tegEqdbd EB En EBBtrEncb o- thb ftttrb o- thbiq rErried Fifb. A rEgicEF rite of rbBtBcitEzion of thb deEd iB prEaiBbd by thb DEBEqiB, E cMEBB of prib�B who mine�br to SudqEB in MEdqEB. Whbn E DEBEri iB offbndbd, hb wiMF BorbtirbB rb-enge hirBbMf My BbFf-rttiFEteon or by cttting of iB oLn hEnd. hb nbLB iB cEqribd to hiB cE�b fbMMowB, End thby get zogezhbr End deBpMEy thbir rEgicEF poLerB My fryi ng iBh, which corb to Mifb EgEin on Meing ptt into water, by joining MirbB togetheq thEt hE-b Meen BFicb\ in half, and b y bringing the suicide to MefeÇ Thb tBe of chErrB zo E-eqt b-iM End hErr iB -ery corron in rot pEqtB of dndeE. They Ere tBtFlMy corpoBed of nEttrEl BtMStEnceB, Btch EB E pibce of Bo)e tqbe which iB BtppoBed to be inhEMited My E finn. Thb BEqV HEr ŊCdtis caucasia) iB MeMibvbd to poBBeBB rEgicEF pqopbqtibB, End thb onb who cttB it down MecorbB iMM End MoBbB EMF hiB hEiq. dtB fticb cEtBbB MMiSterB E n d 9

HINDU, CHINESE AND JAPANESE MA GIC

it is thought to be dangerous even to sit under its branches. In order to drive out demons from women, the H in du s take three different-coloured threads of silk

or cotton and form grmda, which means to tie twenty­ one or twenty-two knots on it. The Moollas in making each knot read an incantation and blow upon it.

\'hen

finished, it is faStened to the neck or the upper part of the arm of the person possessed, with the idea that the demon may be transferred by the power of the magician to the knotted thread, which is then cut off and thrown away. M agi cal squares of fig ures are used for various pur­ poses. One, which totals 9 0 lengthways, is used as a charm to cure quartan fever ; another, totalling 1 77 every way, is believed to increase milk in cows ; while a third, that totals 1 3 0 every way, when worn round the neck is said to give one power over ny person, and N square to talling 1 5 each way will bring good luck to the wearer. An ancient fo rmula for conjuring a Bir or demon was to " FaSt the whole of a ninth lunar day falling on a Friday, and in the evening take sweet rice milk. At 8 p.m. don red clothes, perfumed, and make a circle of red lead on the ground. Si t in its centre with 4 cardamoms, some catechu, betel nuts and 8 cloves. Light a lamp fed with clariied butter and say, ' In­ cantation can break down the tars,' 5 000 times, and a demon will be at your service." The vl uslims arc believers in magic but condemn

that which depends on the aid of Satan or evil jinns. Enchantment is regarded as a branch of magic and is 95

THE MYSTERIEf AND SECRETS OF MAGIC

permissible if pratised with the help of a good jinn, although the results may be disastrous, and it may even cause death or paralysis and other terrible aiitions. As a protection again� such enchantments, talismans written in my�erious charaters in the form of seals are engraved on metal and carried on the person. Among the followers of the various religions, there appears to be a universal belief in the exi�ence of spirits which are believed to throng the air, the earth, the sky, the trees, and the magical pratices so common in India probably had their incepion in this belief. \'itchcraft appears to be intimately blended with the Vedic rites in which religion and magic are closely combined.

I n the Rigveda, the hymns, the earli�

writings of wluch it consi�s, are chiefly audressed to various gods ;

but, in the Atharvaveda, magic is the

essential feature, and the work is mainly a collecHon of spells and ceremonies aiming at the welfare of the magician or the injury of his enemies. The Vedic literature is important, as it represents aspets of magic pratised 8ooo years ago.

From i t we

learn that the sacriicial prie� was also a magician, but alliance with evil spirits or the use of magic for malevo­ l ent purposes or inj u ry was not approveu.

Asceticism,

Åasting, abstinence and silence were pratised, as they were beieved to confer power.

vfagical rites were

largely associated with sacrificial ceremonies which were carried out in lonely places.

The locations that were

generally sele:ed for the purpose, viz.

a

burial ground,

cross-roads, a solitary house or hut in a foreSt, were adopted later by WeStern races . The magician had 96

to face the south, which was

HINDU, CHINESE AND JAPANESE \IAGIC

supposed ho ye hhe ayode of hhe demons, or Tn ohher rThes ho move from left to right follo Tn the dourse of hhe sun, buh oddasTona¢lh hhe dTrecĞon fas reversed. whe demons fere saTd ho apgear somehTmes Tn human shage, Tenerallh deformed, yuh hheh mTThh also apgear Tn hhe form of anbmals or birds.

Even hhe maTTdTan

miThh asskme an anTmal form Tf he fTshed ho Tnjure hTs enemTes, and hhe FTTveda alludes ho derhaTn maTTdTans fho lew about lTxe €irds ah nTThh. EvTl spirihs fere mo� active ah nTThh, esgedTallh durTnT a new moon, and s o ug h t ho attack the maTTdTan who had underTone

donsedrahTon. jheh fere saTd ho frequenh glades fhere fok r roads meh, and enhered a man Tenerallh bh hTs mouhh. jheh fould devour hTs lesh, sudx hTs marrof,

drTnx his blood, and dause disease! madness and loss of sgeedh. EvTl spTrThs fere esgedTallh danTerous ah hhe hTme of bTrhh, marrTaTe and death. jheh dould do harm ho a man's properhh, his dahtle and hTs drogs, hende hhe Tmgorhande gladed ugon dautTnT sgells as grevenhTve measures. Contagious maTTd Ts evTdended Tn the belief hhah the power of lightning remained Tn a splinter of wood from

a tree that had been struck.

jhe skins of anTmals were

believed ho ye ayle ho domm½nbdahe hhe pofer of hhe animal ho man, and he fho seahed hTmself on hhe sxin

of a he-Toah fas saTd ho ad uTre abundande, on hhe hide of a yull, ferhTlThh ; TnvTndTyle gofer.

on hhay of a hTTer, douraTe ant

ubutenhTon from food was gratTsed ho grevenh hoStile demons from attacking hhe yodh. u spedTal kTnd of fastin T was the avoidande of a particular variety of 97

THE M YSTERIES AND SECETS

food ;

OF

AGIC

thus a newly married pair were enjoined to

avoid all salted and pungent dishes during the ir� three days after their marriage. Charms and amulets composed of various kinds of wood and other sub�ances were carried for preventing evil inluences, or to bring good fortune, and were called god-born or the gift of god to mn. A spell on the J(u�ha plant was invoked to abate fever and another operation on a herb to deStroy snake poison. An ointment is mentioned in one hymn, which is associated with the following spell : " From him over whose every limb and every joint thou passe�, 0 Salve, thou do� as a mighty interpreter drive away disease." The curative properties of water are thus referred to in another spell : " The waters verily are healing, the waters chase away disease, the waters cure al alments, may they prepare a remedy for thee." Fire was regarded as being one of the mo� effeive methods of driving away demons and the eife:s of sorcery. The god of fire was thus invoked : " Burn, 0 Agni, againSt the sorcerers and the allies

of the demons." In the birth-chamber, a " Lying-in ire " was lighted with small grains mixed with mu�ard seed, as a fumigation to drive of evil spirits.

A brand lighted

at both ends was borne by the prie� round the funeral offering ; and, during the ritual, another brand was taken from the southern ire and laid down pointing south, so as to drive away all demons. Lead was believed to possess magical power and i t 98

HINDU, CHINSE AND ]APANfE MAGIC

w's use; to -ounte7'ct t(e ekl luen-es of ;emons 'n; so7ce7e7s. Injurious subSl'nces -ere 7emoHe; bŹ " -iping t(em of -i.( le';J" 'n; t(e p'ssing of ' pice of le'; oHe7 t(e f'-e 'fte7 'n eHil ;7e'm -'s s'i; to p7eHent 'nx 'fte7†effeCts .('t ot(e7wise mig(t o-cVr. it ' Roy'l in'ugur'ion, t(e King -'s 'nointe; wih ' mix.u7e of butter, (oney, 7'in--'.er 'n; ot(er sub�-es to -(ic( m'gi- -'s 'tt7ibute;J -it( t(e i;a at they -oul; communic'.e t(eir po-e7 to (im. Of t(e m'gi-'l po-e7s 'ttribute; to ů'7ious -oo;s f7om -(ic( 'mule.s -e7e m';eJ a pie of liŇuo7i-e 7oo.J tie; to t(e lit.le fnger -it( tlŬłd colou7e; -i.( la-J -'s used by ' bridegroom to secure he loHe of (is b7i;eJ 'n; ' -('rm f'shione; f7om vhe P'7n' vree w's -o7n .o o7eng.(en Roy'l po-e7. In Æe;i- m'gi- -e 'g'in come '-ross tJe Vse of t(e -l'y o7 -'x igu7e in H'7ious ope7'tions. T(usJ to ;eSl7oy 'n enemyJ ' igu7e of -l'y ws m';e 'n; t(e spot oHe7 t(e (e'7t -'s pierce; wivh n a77o- ; o7 Jis ;e't( mig(t Õe -'use; by m'Eing p image of -'x 'n; melting i. oHer ' i7eJ o7 by bu7ning a -hÒeleon 7ep7e­ sen.ing (im. Soldiehs, eleņhan.s 'n; (orses -ere modegge; in ;oug( 'nd sac7iiced piece by piece n or;er to ;eSl7oy 'n enemy's 'rmy. To extermin'.e -ormsJ t-en.y-one 7oo.s of t(e Åsir' pl'nt -ere bu7n.J -čile .(e Űo7;s„ K I split -i.( t(e Slone t(e (e'; of 'll -orms m'ge 'n; fem'ge ; I burn l(ei7 f'ces -i.( fi7e,I -ere p7onoVnce; by tJe m'g1c1'n. miHin'tion -'s p7'aise; from .he lig(t o7 -ry of 99

THE IYSTERJS AND SECRETS OF MA7Jc·

animals and birds, especiallp rhose of the woqf, hpena, rhe owl, crow and viltihe. In one of rhe Surhas the owl is rhis addressed : " Flping hoind rhe village from left to hight, pohrend to is qics,

0 owl

xu

Spells wehe accompanied wikh hikes, oh sposen alone, and cirses wehe pqaced or caœ on individials bp invosing the gods, and spells coild aqso be ised to cointehaa the efea of the qatrerv The following is a spelq of rlus snd from rhe Arkar­ vaveda : .. A void

us,

ourze, as a Xur-ing irE, a lalE, itrilE im Fhac our-Ez És as thE lightni-g of HEavEn thE trEs." 0

Ir wiql be noriced thar manp of rhe phaces intanced in Vedic magic ²ere similar to those empqoyed in Eihope at a lateh period. the pra:ice and belief in magic bp the Chinese goes bacs to a period of inknown antiiitp and it stilq forms a powerful faB:or in the qife of the peoplev the cleverness of the Chinese in qegehdemain or sqeight-of-hand shows a natiral instna for whar is now calqed conjiriqgs theih likeratihe on magic is enohmois, and one can onlp mention wrielp some of their pra:ices conne:ed with rhe aht ³hich appeah to be of nakive ongtn. the sohceheh or wizard, as far as can we gakhehed, was originallp snown as Wi, a name which was applied botq ko male and female pratirioner›s they apparentlp held rec.ognized positions as divinehs oh eyorciSts and were entriSted with certain coirt and piwlic cehemoniaqs. thep professed to we awle ro conjihe spirirs of rhe dead, chanted magicaq formil! and foretold khe firirev 100

HINDU, CHINESE AND JAPANESE MAGIC

As 6ondecian celtere advaiced they were secceeded by the TloUSts, who accordiiT to traditioi date droS ceiteries bedore the "hrUSuiln era. The dancUiT od witches dorSed part od the riteai observed oi the occasion of the oicTal raUieSakriT sacrUices, and as earlh as 9 47 B . C. there Us a tradition that ;iiT M e esed SaTic Sesic oi his lete to pet an erid to a Treat droeTht. The aTd od the SaTTcTan or wizard was soeTht to brUiT aboet the delilSeit od wTshes aid desTres as eahlh as the doerth centehh. The " Pao Po-tze!" a boo oi SaTTc, saUd to have been wrUttei by the wUzard do HenT, coitaUis a descrUptUon od how to use the SaTUc Sprror to detetr the presence od evUl spUrUts. A deatere od "hinese SaTUc Us the larTe neSber od treesx plants aid herbs belUeved to possess occult pro­ pertUes aid whpch cre eSplohed n theUr SaTTcal pratTces. The willow Us esed as a raTn chlrS deriiT perTods od droeTht Ui ShansUx and at sech tiSes wTllow wreaths are worn bh the people on their brows. Peach twUTs aid blossoSs are credUted with SaTUcal powers! aid a waid cet droS a peach tree Us used by the pro­ dessToia¥ \Ie whei exorcizTiT spirits. TloisS clliSs to ye of natrve orrgii and is said to ye doenƒeƒ oi the " Tao-Teh ;iiT," a boo¡ ascribed bh traition to Lao-tse, ai earlh conteSporarh od 6oifecius, who lourished aboet Gk4 D.c. Tlo was belpeved to be the principle od all exi´uence! aid " the heart of all kiowledTe."

The doeider od the TaoTsS

od the present dah Us saUd to have been "hanT Tao­ lpnT, who iived aboet AsDs w4·

:t Us appareitlh chielh

a Slss od SaTic aid seper´uptioi Ti which dTvT©atToi 109

THE MYSTEUES AND SECRETS OF MAGIC

plays the leading part. For this purpose the dried �alks of a grass called Shih-ts'ao which grows on the grave of Confucius is highly valued. It is carefully gathered and made into packets, and is believed to have absorbed some of the spiritual eicacy from the sacred soil in which it has grown. Divination by means of tortoiseshell and the dried �alks of plants is of great antiquity in China, and it is said it was by these methods " the early sage ings made the people believe in seasons and days, revere spiritual beings and �and n awe of their laws nd orders." Astrology, cheiromancy, automatic-writing and clair­ voyance were all known and have been praised by the Chinese from an early period. They placed certan plants over their doors to prevent the entrance of evil spirits and bring good luck, ju� as the peasants in some parts of Europe do to-day. They entwine red threads in their children's hair to protect them from the demons that bring disease, and �itch buttons, bearing representations of certain deities and sages, as charms on their clothing. From ancient times they have also practised the method of making a igure of wax or clay in the image of a person, and Sicking pins into it should they wish to work evil upon him. An illu�ration of this occurs in a romantic §tory told of the great artiSt Ku K'ai-chih, who flourished in the fourth century and was a believer in the power of magic. Finding that the girl he loved spurned his attentions, he drew a portrait of her, and when it was inished, Stuck a thorn into the piture over the region of the heart. 102

The girl, who had no knowledge of what

HINDU, CHINESE AND JAPANSE MAGIC

h4 hpd dqn4, Lpu pt thv upr4 tDr4 ttrIcV4n LDth p ppDn Dn th4 upr4 upqt, pnd whvn Ku K'pDÆchIh L4nt tq vDuDt hvn hv h4r pftvwprdu, uhv dDd nqt turn hir pwpy. r4turn4d tq hDu hquuv h4 pt qncv wDthdrvw thv thqrn from the pDctux4, pnd th4 ppDn in thv dpruvl'u h4prt Du upDd tq hpr4 Drrvdvptvly dDupppvprvd, but h4r lqvv fqr hir r4rpDnvd. Thv rpgicpl rDtuplu qf th4 J pppncu4 prc bvww4ved tq dptv frqr pbqut th4 4Ighth cvntury, plthqugh rpny qf thvDr trpdDtDqnu hprv pxqbpbwy cqrv dqwn frqr p ruch vprlDvr pvrDqdU Th4y px4 gpth4rvd n thvDr EngDuhIVD," Lüich Lpu LrDtt4n pŽqut th4 t4nth cvntury} It is Stated in th4u4 records, thpt the prieSt-magician pccqrppnv4d hiu DncpntatDqnu pnd fqrrulc Žy ryu­ t4rDquu rDt4u Lhich wvrv uuppqu4d tq rpVv thvr rqrv pqLer,uw pnd 4óf4tDv4U Ýhv 4prlD4S: rDt4u ppp4kr tq hpv4 bv4n cqnmcavd wDth thv hprvvtt{ pnd L4rv cprrw4d qut vv4ry y4pr pt ue4d twr4U Offvrwngu wvrv rpd4 qf p whit4 hqru4l p whDtv pDg qr p LhDtv cqcVŰ Ýhuu Dn p rvcqrd qf th4 ninth cvntur l MiÆtquhD Nq KprD, thv gqd qf thv UuguSt hprv4ttl hpd cptt hvu curuv qn thv rIcv jivwdul but th4 dIvInvtDvu qbtpIn4d frqr hDr by thv gI,t qw thvuv LhIt4 pnirplu th4 u4cr4t qw p rpgIcpl prqc4uu{ LhIch 4npbw4d thvr tq uprv thv Drpvrilw4d crqpu. Ïrqr th4 VIIIth rDtupl cpwl4d thv ucV-brDng4r qf . th4 Ðr4pt Pplpc4," wt ppp4pru thkt thv c4lvSipll rpgDcpl, prqt4ctivv Lqrdu tq wprd qff pww cplprvti4u frqr thv Pplpc4 Lvr4 p kwnd qf upqVvn chprr. In th4 ÕXth rDtupl p dvucrIptIqn Du gDrvn qf p cqrppny qf prD4ttu pnd vvttplu whq gq thrqugh thv Pplpc4 n pww dDrvctiqnu, frqr thv gr4pt Hpl qf Uudivncv tq th4 bpthing rqqrul the u

u

103

THE A!YSTERJES

AND

SECRETS OF .MAGIC

vent5qs spjinnlinE jic. 5nd rake, whil. hh. pji.xts h5nE pj.ciEus StEn.s En fh. fEuj cEjn.js EV hh. jEEmsF Lh. jic. w5s hE w5jd Eğ .vil spijihsX b.inE a FuxtEm fhaf was fj.qu.nhqb pjais.d in J5pan.s. m5EiFF pic. was scahhej.d insid. hh. jEEm in which a child w5s 5bEuf hE b. bEjni and, in fh. divin5hiEn p.jfEjm.d at fh. cjEssjjE5ds, a bEundajb lin. was sEm.times xtj.wn wihh jiF.i sE fhaf hh. wEjds spE\.n bb fhe ijxt p.jsEn whE p5ss.d bb and FjEss.d if miEht b. fan.n as an Ejacl.F Lh. pj.ciEus tEn.s w.j. b.li.v.d tE pjEh.t fh. EcFupanfs Ef fh. jEEms fjEm .vil inlu.nc.sF ThrEuEhEuf J apan.s. m5Eici À.w.ls cnd spajnlinE StEn.s plaÚ.d an impEjhanh pajtF LhEs. Ef a j.d cElEuj– in p5jhiFulaj, " c5us.d fh. d5jn thje5hs Ef fh. invisibl. v.jbwh.j. tE j.hi6. b.fEj. fh.i6 bjiEhfn.ssF " ān th. Ďhh 6ituali F5ll.d fh. " pifu5l Ef th. xj.5f PujificahiEni" man: jih.s c6. inFlud.d. It b.Eins ®b StahinE, fhaf if is fh. Emp.jEj whE d.iEns fE pujifb and wash awab hh. Eğ.nc.s cEmmihh.dF Lh. Emp.jEj was j.E5jd.d 5s sup.jiE6 hE h€. EEds invEn.d 5nd fh. jiEhh Ef absEquhiEn w5s inv.nt.d in himF kn. Ef hh. EĠ.nc.s cEnd.mn.d w5s t€Ğ pj5CticĞ Ef wihchcr5}t 5E5int a n.iErbEujs 5nvmalsF It As }ujhh.j xt5h.d hh5h– " wh.n hh. hiEh pji.t j.cih.s hh. C.q.nti5l jihu5l, ih is sE pEw.jful hhah hh. EEds Ef h.5v.n and .1jhh appjE5ch hE qĶnt.n 5nd 5qq Ef.nc.s will dĶsapp.5jF" u numb.j Ef m5Eic5l fEjmule 5r. included in fhe XĎIIfh jihual, and m.ntiEn is m5d. Ef a desc.nd5nf Ef in.-NE-HE E, En. Ef fh. c.q.xtial 5mbass5dEjs hE .ajhh, " whE bjhnEs hE fh. EmpejEj divin. 104

HBNDU, CHBNEPE AND JAPANEPE MAGBC hDp5suDes urppo.G

coosqtqou of sqxhu Lpwp!s, whqhp,

rpi aoi

Thpu arp hhus ipscrqrpi : " Thp whehp arp thp urpah

auuuSt wihp haqrs ho whqch uour laLp§tu wq!! rpachThp rpi Lpwpls arp hhp auuut hpalhhful ruiiy couo­ hpoaocp-

Thp urppo arp hhp harlooqous fihopss whqch

hhp auuuSt ßlxpror wq!! pStar!Ksh far aoi wqip- Iach f pwpl coofprDqou a xowpr corrpsxooiqou ho qhs co!our.G Aocqpoh Shqoho qs saqi to rp a rplKuqoo qo whqch hhp lauqcal p!plpoh §tq!v xrpvaq!s ovpr hhp rpiuqous spohqlpoh, aoi qhs rqhua!s arp aiirpsspi ho lauqcqao-uois ru lauqci5o-xrqpSts aoi pocqrclpi qo ltuqcal rqhps. " ThprpfoDp,G saus M- ípvooH " lauqc qs ah hhp rasp of hhp oahurtl cu!h of hhp Jaxaopsp.G Ao qohprp§tqou hraiqhqoo qo whech oahqvp sorcpru xlaus a xarh qs uqvpo qo hhp " doLqkK-G

" Thp ipqhu of hhp

Iizushq, hhp couohru of hhp sacrpi §toopsJ hai a iauuhhpr.

whosp oalp was hhp Dpqhu Maqipo of Iizushq, whol duhhu ipqhips wqshpi ho larru ruh ooop cou!i io soÖloou hpr suqhors wprp two rrothprsv hhp plipr of whol was cal!pi ' Youhh-of-hhp-ulow-oo-hhp-auhulo­ mouot5in ' aod hhp

ououpr oampi ' Y uth-oi-hhe´

\ \:\�.t' · l l t \ I I ll' · � j ' i. i \ , · I l\Oll l \ l al l \�. .

'

" The p!der s5Sd ho hqs rrothpr, ' TQouuh I rpu for

thp viaiČpo of Iizushq, I caonoh orhaio hpr qo larrqaup ; wq!t hhou rp arlp ho ortaqo hpr ? ' " Hp rpx!qpi, ' I wq!l pasq!u orhaeo hpr.'

" Thpo thp p!ipr rrothpr s5qi, œ If thou sha!h orhaqo

thqs l5qipo, I wql! hakp off lu uxxpr aoi vowpr uarlpohs

aoi iiSti! !equor Ko a far of lu owo hpquhh, aoi xrpxarp a!l hhp hhqous of hhp louotaqos aoi of thp rqvprs qo xau­ lpoh of thp waupr.'

THE 1\IYSTERIES AND SECRETS OF MAGIC

y then fhe lohnger brofher fole his mofher everl­ fhing. Forfhwifh fhe mofher fook ii�aria fibre, ane iove ane sewee in one nighf an hgger ane a lower garmenf, ane maee a boi ane arrois ane clofhee him iž fhese garmenfs, ane maee hm fake fhe bow ane arrois fo fhe maieen's hohse, ihere bofh his aggarel ane fhe bows ane arrois iere fhrnee info ii�aria blossoms, and he hhng fhem hg in fhe maieen's grivafe boier. \Vhen fhe Maieen of ‘ezhshi, fhining fhe blossoms �range, brohghf fhem forfh, he followee behine her info fhe hohse ane forfhwifh ieeeee her. So she gave him birfh fo one chile. Then he sgoke fo fhe eleer brofher saling, ' I haÂe o bfainee fhe Maieen of ldzhshi,' ane fhe eleer brofher ias vexee fhaf he shohld have ieeeee her ane iohje nof gal his iager. \Vhen fhe lohnger brofher comglainee fo his mofher, in her anger iifh her eleer chile, swe took a one-Œoinfee bamboo from an islane n the iver IeÉhshi, ane maee a baskef iifh eight holes, ·ane took ftones from fhe river, ane mixing them iifh brine, iraggee fhem in fhe leaves of fhe bamboo ane cahsee fhis chrse fo be sgoken, ' Like hnfo fhe becoming green om fhese bamboo leaves eo fhoh become green ane iifher.' Again, ' Like hnfo fhe loiing ane ebbinv of fhis brine eo fhou loi ane ebb.' ygin, ' Like hnfo fhe sinking of fhese ftones eo fhoh sin and be groStrafe.' " then she glacee fhe baskef over fhe smoke. there­ fore fhe eleer brofher eriee hg ane iifheree ane sickened, ane lal groStrafe for fhe sgace of eighf lears." There is a iieesgreae belief among fhe Japane°e fhaf a mlSteriohs connexion exi�s befieen fhe life of 1w6

HIND U, CHINESE AND JAPANSE MAGIC

man and thd lowing and dbbing of the sea. So, euuord­ ing to the ldgend, thd fabe of the elddr brothdr eas conneled eitW bhe ebbing of bhe tide, for ;t is said, " Whdn the sda is lowing in, ond is born and bduomes uong ; and, ehdn ib is ebbing, one losds eiergy, fals ll and dids."

10 7

CHAPelR X NECROMANCY-SORCERY-PACTS WITH TBE DEVIL

ECROviANCfd neLOoManKZd oO neKZoManKZd Y aI iN waI oOiLinallZ NeOMedd waI thaN bOanKh of Nhe MaLiKal aOtI whiKh pOofeIIed No kevea¸ futuOe evenNI b Z MeanI of KoMMuniKation with th‚ dead. AlthouLh iN befonLed No Nhe cfaII Kalfed evif or bjaKk MaLiKd iNI VOa:ice waI appaOentlZ NoleOated if wood

anLelI :md noN devilI weOe invoked foO the puOpoIe. In anKienâ NiMeI it waI undeOStood No Mean a deIKenN inNo HadeI No KonIulN Nhe dead KonKeOninL Nhe livinL. ehvre aOe ManZ OefeOenKeI No NhiI VOa.iqe n Nhe MZNhojoLiKaf StoOieI of the GOeeiI and iN iI Men­ tXoned bZ HoMeO and diOLils Vucian OelateI a lewend of the heOo MeniVVuIg who had OecouOIe No a MaLuI, who waI a diIKiVle and IuKKeIIoO of goOoater, havinL heaOd thaN he VoIIeIIed IpeflI and incanNationI bZ which Nhe poOtalI of HadeI Koujd be unloc´ed. He waI alIo Iaid No be abfe No invoke and afNeOwaOdI dXIMiII the IViOiN of anZ dead VeOàon whoM he ÕleaIed No IuMMond and bZ hiI aid theOefoOe the oVinion of TeiOcIiaI miLhN be obNained. WiNh NhiI objet MenippuI undeO­ Nooi an exVediNion to BabZlon, and lodLed undeO the Ooof of NhiI Chaldeand " a Man of notabfe wiIdoM and VOofound Iiijld a divineO, veneOable foO hiI hoaOZ foKiI 108

NECROMANCY-SORCERY

anU flowinL bearU." HiI nace, vŠiNhrobarzaneId avouKheU hiI neKrocantiK VretenIionId anU after cuKh IoliKiNaNion anU VrociIeI of laviIh rewarU, !eniVVuI iI IaiU Jo have obJaineU hiI objett In Jhe ealcuU, caLiK iI . UiviUeU inNo Jhree KlaIIeI. The firSt inKluUeI all evil enKhanNcenNI, caLiKal KukeI, Jhe KiJaJion of evil IViriNI anU Nhe KaflinL forNh of Jhe UeaU JhrouLh Jhe aiU of UeconI, for all of whiKhh liie i UolaNOZ, Nhe VuniIhcenJ waI UeaNh. The IeKonU inKluUeI JhoIe caLiKal VractiKeI whiKh are KarrieU on bZ Jhe aiU of evil IViriJI, anU Nhe JhirU inKluUeI aStroloLZ anU all inNerKourIe wiNh Jhe lower IViriNI. n aJNecVJinL No Ueine Jhe ceaninL of Jhe naceI aVVlieU Jo Jhe variouI branKheI of caLiK, it iI in­ JereSpinL irSp Jo KonIiUer Jhe exVlanaJionI Liven bZ

wriJerI who liveU in Jhe XiUUle ALeI. In Jhe JhirJeenNh KenNurZ neKrocanKerI úere KalleU juLularI, froc whiKh we caZ aIIuce NheZ were ofNen regarUeU wiNh IuIViKion anU Jhe Vra.iKe of neKko­ canKZ waI forbiUUen bZ Jhe ChurKh. AKKordinL Jo an aKKounN wriNNen in a ifNeenth-KenNuOZ canuIKriVJ Jhe PaVal ConKlave Kace No Nhe followinL KonKluIionI : " ehe helV . wxiKh Nhe LorU hath given hiI VeoVle iI now JhrouLh caLiK anU neLrocanKZ JurneU inNo Jhe UanaNion of all VeoVle; for even Nhe cagiKianI Nhec­ IelveI beinL inNoüiKaNvU anU blinUeU bZ NŸe devil anU KonNrarZ No Jhe orUer of ChriSp'I ChurKh, NranILreII Nhe KoccanUanJ of GoU whiKh UoNh IaZ, Nhou IhalN noJ JecVJ Jhe LorU JhZ GoU but hic onlZ IhalJ Jhou Ierve. NegrocanKeOI UenZinL Jhe IaKriiKe Uue unJo 109

bHE MYPbEIS

AND SECRETS OF MAGIC

God, aqd in temptiqg him, katk done sacrifice into devils aqd abised kis name in caqring of tkem coqtrary to tke profession made at tkeir baptism. Hatk arso broigkt all peopre tkroigk tkese marvelrois ilrisions nd drawing tke ignorant into danation of soil nd body. " Plics ip and itterry deStroy tis deadry root and

arl tke folrowers of trs art."

Aqother writer of tke same period States : " Necromaqcy was ised in old times by faitkfir and infaithfiq. It conuaiqs tke devils and mases them perform, obey aqd accomplisk tkeit commaqds. " I t may be eyercised in two ways : " Fit:, tke natiraq, wkick may be wroigkt tk•oigk thiqgs wkose virtie nd property is natiraq to do tkem, as kerbs, plaqts and Stones, tke planets and kea±ely inlieqcess

tkis art is rawfir.

" Secondly, tke otker sind of necromncy is tkat wkick is practised tkroigk tke kerp and favoir of tke deviq, whick katk been roqg eyercised iq tke worqd. Of tkis tke Hory Scriptires teStify, speasing of tke magicians of Pkaraok wko contended witk Moses aqd Aaron, and in tke New teStameqt masiqg meqtion of Simon Magis reb°~ed by St Peter. the devils may be forced and coqStrained by the good aqgels, and tltis is becaise of tke grace whick the oqe lo: aqd tke otker yet retainss " None can ise or eyercise tke art of qecromancy inless ke u: mase aq agreement or e´pressed covenaqt witk tke deviq. . v . Some devirs are ‹referred as prin­ cipaqs to commaqd tke reSt aqd the inferior devils are sibzect iqto tkese wkick are of migkty force to eµecite tkat wickedqess. l lO

rOWETS O F EVIl. l f' C U IIU S 1'1 1 R U T U S ' ASMOI1.US A n tt"r • IlfN rr IIfll • r t B F"'"'

NECROMANCY-SORCERY

" WslĊvd dvrqn3 Eqv ds-sdvd sntq nvnv dvgqvv3 qq qqdvq3, E3 thv gqqd Engvl3 Eqv di-idvd intq nsnv qqdvq3 qq hsvqEqlhsv3U " Thv iqft Eqv lElFvd P3qtdqthvs qq fEF3v gqd3 whq wquld bv wqq3hsppvd E3 gqd3H E3 thEt dvrqn whq 3Esd tq Chqsft, v thqt ws(t fEFl dqwn End wqq3hsp rv. Thv pqsnlv qf thv3v s3 BvvFzvbubU " Thv 3vlqnd Eqv thv MvndEqsqqur qq 3psqst3 qf Fysng. Thvsq pqsnlv s3 thEt 3psqst Pythqn. Ths3 nd qf 3psqst dvlvv-v by thvvr qqElFv3T dv-vnEpvqn3 End ppch ia.vqn3. " Thv phiqd Eqv °hv dnsªtstEti3 qq thv vv33vF3 qf Engvq{ End Eqc thv in-vntqq3 qf ll wslĊvd Ert3. Thv pqvnlv q, thvr s3 vlvEFU " Thv fqtqth Eqv thv Rv-vngvq3 qf wslnvdnv33 End thvsq ĝqsnlv s3 U3mqdvI3U " Thv fth Eqv thv PqvtvgsEtqq3 whq itEtv miqEllv3 End 3vr-v thv rEgsl nd rEFvjwl£3 End 3vdulv pvqpFv in thvvq ¨vqElFv3U " Thvvx pqvnlv s3 SEtEn. " Ssxth Eqv thv UqsE! pqwvq3 whq x thvr3vF-v3 wsth thundvq3 End lsghpning3l lqqqupting thv Esq, bqingsng pvrulvnlv End qthvq. v-sF3. Thvvx prncp s3 Mvqszv¨, E 3qtth dv¨qn, qEgsng End wurio u r whom PEul lEll3i sn thv Ephesians, ' E pqvnlv of the powpr qw thv EvqUň " Thv 3v vnth arp thv uqvv3, thv 3qwvq3 qf rv3lhvòf nd discords, wkq3 and de:ru:ion. Thesq ĝqsnlv s3 lE((vd Upq((yqn, sn ÓvbqvL UbEddqn, whq dvStqqy3 End lEy3 wEftv. " Thv vvghth Eqc thv CqvrinEtqq3, Lhq3v pqvnlv v3 UftEqqth. Óe v3 thv lElurniEtqqÇ ·

,

III

THE M YSTERIS AND SECRETS OF MAGIC

" N i!yh arc yhc Tck"ydrz, a!d all bad gc!iiB Thcir zki!cc iz !ak2d!i i!ycr"rcycd cdvcyduz!czzB" thcrc wrc ka!( yraiyid!z cd!ccr.i!g yhc cdvc!a!yz or Bwctz kwdc wiyh yhc dcvil i! cxchw!gc fdr ccryai! "dwcrz, rc!cwcd (duyh a!d dyhcr dczircd wyyai!kc!yz, kw!( df wgich arc !d dduby fabumduzi but thcrc arc sdkc yrw!zcri"yz yd bc fdu!d i! kw.uzcri"yz "urBdry¿tg y d b c cd"icz d f yhczc curiduz ddcukc!yz. raCtz wiyh yhc dcvim wcrc zwid yd bc wmwa(z z¿g!cd b( yhc cxccuydr wiyh hiz blddd wz bcitg thc kd: zwcrcd zcam. ! a "a: rccdrdcd n yhc zcvc!ycc!yh cc!yur(, thc zig!wydr( wgrcczU " Td dc!( Gdd bci!g yhc Crcaydr df wll yhi!gz. Td blaz"hckc yhc yhrcc Dai!yz a!d thc odl( Tri!iy(. Td yrwk"lc u!dcrfddy all yhc k(etcricz df yhc rcdek"yid!; w!d yd zBiy d! yhc fwcc df yhc Ýirgi., w!d wml yhc zwA!tz.

Td wbhdr yhc !wkc df Chrieķiw!

a!d rc!du!cc hrieķAwiy(, ba"yizk, w.d yhc cdkkc!da­ yid!z dE yhc Church a!d yhc zacrwkc!yzB Td zwcriicc yd yhc dcvim, kwkc w "a r fdr yhc addrwyid! df h¿k, "a( hik hdkagc df idcliy(, dcicayc nnd cc!y chAldrc! yd ik, w!d rccdg!izc hik az Crcaydrl k!dyhcr rcadz : " J c . . . rc!d!cc a ydu z lcz bic!z ya!y zBiritu yz quc cdrBdrclz qui kc "durraic!y cl rc cd!fĜrcz dc h "ary

dc Dicu, de la Ýicrgc viwric cy dc yauz lcz zwiy:z du

rwradiz, Barcillckc!y dc ka! "ayrd! zai!y vca! nazyietc, zwi!y ricrrc, zai!y raul cy zai!y cra!;diz cy dc kc dd!!cr dc cdrzz cy d' kc a Lucifcr ic( "rĜzc!y avcc yauz lcz

bic!z quc îc fcra( a îakaiz

c ccByĜ mw valcur du zacrc­

kc!y "dur mc rcgwrd dc ccux qui lc rcccvrd!yB li

" Ey ai!zi lc zig!c cy ayyce c."

NECROMANCY-SORCERY

In ShR library aS Upsala ShRrR is prRsRrvRd a wriSSRn pact madR by oiR DaniRl SalShRnhus who sold himsRlf to ShR dRvil. ThR mRShods, riSRs and ritual RmployRd by nRcroman­ cRrs arR fully dRscribRd in thR books of cRrRmonhal which will bR dRalS with laSRrj A sorcRrRr was said So b R onR who pra:isRd ShR arSs of magic and witchcrafS, aid who had acquirRd a supRrnaSural kiowlRdgR by thR usR of RnchantmRnSs which gavR him command ovRr Rvil spirits. ThR sorcRrRr madR no pax wiSh thR Rvil onR, which diunguishRd him from thR nRcromancRr. ThR ob¤Rx of thR sorcRrRr was ShRrRforR So con�rain somR Rvil spiriS So appRar, so that hR mighS quRuon him, ShR RvocaSion bRng carriRd oi wiSh mytRrious riSRs and cRrRmoniRs. In ordRr So carry this ouS hR had ir� to

x

upon a

placR propRr for such a purposR, which mighS RithRr be a cwvR or vaulS drapRd wiSh black hangings and lighSRd by a magical torch ; or iS mighS bR among thR ruins of an anciRnS caStlR or abbRy, a churchyard or any oShRr solRmn placR, bRtwRRn ShR hours of twRlvR and onR in ShR morning, RiShRr whRn ShR moon shonR brighSly or whRn ShR RlRmRnSs wRrR diSturbRd wiSh Sporms of ShundRr, lighSning, wind and rain.

WhRn a propRr

timR and plwcR wRrR sRlRttRd, a magic circlR was So bR drawn, within wich She sorcRrRr and his associaSR wRrR So Opancl. A piRcR of ground was chosRn ninR fRRt sÆuvrR, aS ShR full RxSRnS of which parallRl linRs wRrR drawn, onR wiShin ShR oShRr, conSaining crossRs and SrianglRs, closR to which was formRd ShR irSp or ouSRr circlR. AbouS six inchRs within Shis a sRcond circlR was dRscribRd, 11w

A AGICIAN OR SORCEER STANDING IN THE MAGIC Cl.C.E PERFORMING A CONJUATION (From a dawllc 11u llS., IV ul1, In

A

UAGtCIAN OR SORCEER STANDING IN TlE MAGIC ClRCl.E INVOKING SriSITS (From

l

Le BrlÅsh )tsem.)

14

.

dr.wlne

Ia aa

MS., XIV

N��lIY,

D

Le Dr!Ush Hustmf)

NECROMANCY-SORCERY

having iithln it another svhare corresgoneing to the ir�, the centre of ihich ias the seat or sgot ihere the ma�er ane his associate iere to �ane. The grohne having thhs been gregaree ane the circle comgletee, the sorcerer ias not, at the geril of his life, to eegart hntil he hae comgletely eismissee ±he sgirit. Great imgortance ias attachee to the eischarging om the sgirit amter the ceremony ias finishee, ane after he had ansieree all the eemanes maee hgon him. y The magician mh� iait gatiently hntil he has gassee throhgh all the terrible forms ihich annohncee his coming, ane only ihen the la� shriek has eiee aiay, ane every trace of ire and brim�one has dis­ aggearee, may he leave the circle ane eegart home in sakty," saÆs a iriter of the sixteenth centhry. y gi:hresvhc accohnt of a visit to the hohse of a sorcerer in Paris, in the seventeenth centhry, is thhs recoreee bl an ole French iriter : " On the ceiling ne in the corners iere eivers hn­ clean animals, ihich seemee to be rull alive, here the sergent crailing ane irithing, there the bat iith its membraneohs iings, there the toae iith eyes om brilliant yet siniSter beahty ; ane there the skeleton om some oedly mormee ish. the room �ill mhrther containee the mhrnace, the alembics, ane all the gregarations ane the inStrhments of the sorcerer. On the right, on the lemt, n every eireaion lay �rangely mormee or grotesvhe phials ane vases ane books, closee or half ogen, gor­ traits in iax ane some symbolical images ; and amiust this �range colleCtion Stooe a brazier from ihence arose a blhish lame ihich revealee the ighre of the sorcerer. y y long loose ane trailing black robe envelogee his IJ5

THE MYSTEIES

A ND SECRETS

OF

A GIC

tall igure ; in his left hand he held a book and in his right a divining wand. " The conStellations, the sun and the moon shone upon his broad cheS:, on his head he wore a sort of turban, and his shoes were long and narrowed of to a slightly curving point. " His countenance was not deStitute of a certain grave dignity ; his gaze was ixed and contemplative, and a thick beard descended to his cheSt. " Making an imperative geture he waved me back, and then the lame in the brazier redoubled its intensity ; a thick smoke arose in cloudy whirls and speedily filled the whole room. For a moment the magician seemed to be invoking a familiar demon, and then suddenly in the centre of the brazier arose a phantasmagoric appari­ tion." There was hardly a more terrible accusation one person could bring againSt another during the Middle Ages, than that of charging him with pra:ising sorcery. In 1 3 .4 Robert Marshall of Leiceter and John Notingham were indicted for conspiring to kill the King, the two Despensers, the Prior and two other oicials of Coventry, by magic arts. Marshall, who turned King's evidence,

said

that certain citizens

came

to

J ohn

Notingham as a man skilled in " nigromancy," and bar­

gained with him for the death of the persons named, paying

a

certain s um d o w n, and giving him seven pounds

of wax. With the wax, Not i ngh am and vfarshall made seven images, six being of the proposed vitims and the other of ichard de Sowe, who was seleCted for experimental purposes. The work was carried out with the closest secrecy in an old, deserted house not 1 16

NECROMANCY-SORCERY

ak fkom CovhnfkÈ, kne when fhh imkghs whkh khaey fhh sokchkhk bkeh Mkkshkll fhkhSn k lhkdhn boekin info nhh hhke of nhh ighkh fhkn khgkhshnnhe ichkke eh Sowh, kne fhh nhxf eky shnn him to nhh hohsh of fhh skie Richkke, whom hh fohne kkving mke ; vikSthk John fhhn khmovhe fhh boekin fkom nhh hhke of nhh imagh kne fhkÁSt if info nhh hhkkn, kne wifhin fhkhh ekys Richkre eihe. Nofinghkm eihe in grison bhfokh thh cksh was inishhe, kne Robhkf Mkkshkll in fhh hne ckmh fo nhh scalole.

I

u7

CHAPTgR XI

T

HE

WITCHCAFT-DEMONOLOGY

beief n witchcfaft as known in ReQizval tiRes

was probably QefiveQ ffoR the wicQ Rythocogy of

the northern races. The HebreÛ wofQ

ldterally Rems one who Rakes spells, aRulets, poisons anQ dncantations, anQ corresponQs to the latin vemica. It is probable there­ fore that the name " witch z RentdoneQ in the Bible haQ a hifferent Reaniig to that appieQ to it n latef tiRes.

mekaseepah

As Scott points out, " There is not a wofQ in scfiptufe of a contraa of subjeion to a Qdabolic powef, no infernal staRp of sign of such a fatal league, no fevecngs of Satan anQ is hags anQ no dnfliion of Qisease of Risfortune upon gooQ Ren." On the othef hanQ, Quring the Chriftian era anQ thfough the MiQQle Ages, the naRe caRe to be applieQ to one (either Rale of feRale) who was believeQ to be able to perfofR soRe operation beyonQ huRan power by the agencß of evil Çpirits, such as workin evil upon the ife anQ foftunes of othef people, anQ caSxing spells on huRan beings anQ cattle. The witch was saiQ to acquife these powers by Ra™ing a bonQ or coRpaft, seaceQ with hef blooQ, between hef­ self anQ the Qevic. By the tefRs of the bonQ it was unQerSxoog that she renounceQ the sacfaRents of the Chrifxian religion, anQ MM8

l71bCICAFb-DEMONOLOGY -ge.r - f.rm EE b.-rs Er EEr eh. r.ft EE h.r liE. d.DEe.d h.r sEul eE fh. pEw.rs EE .Dil wh.r. if w-s b.bEnd r.d.mpeiEnF c c WifFh.s, " s-bs Lir -lf.r LFEef, " w.r. E.n.r-llb Eld, bl.-r— .b.d, wrinnl.d d-m.sR uElb and Fripplsd, Er.Íu.nflb p-pintsR -nd sEm.fhm.s -eh.ixts ; EE FrEss­ Er-in.d e.mp.rs nd FbnnF-l ispEsifiEnsF Th.b w.r. EEe.n pEisEn.rs -nd E.n.r-lly mEnEjmni-FsF ýpil.psb -nd -ll dis.-s.s nEe und.rxfEEd bb fh. phbsiFi-ns w.r. s.e dEwn fE eh. hnlu.nF. EE wifFh.s. Lh.b w.r. said eE m-n. fwE FED.n-nfs wifh fh. d.Dil, En. pubiF -nd Ens priD-e.. Lh.n eh. nEDiF.s w.r. pr.s.nt.c fE eh. d.Dil hn p.rsEn, -nd inntru:.d eE r.nEunF. fh. Hhristh-n E-ifh, er.-d En fh. HrEssR br.-n eh. E- s, ĸEinnnE h-nds wieh L-f-n, p-binE hnm hEm-E. -nd bi.ldinE im bEdb -nd sEul. LEm. wneFh.s sEld eh.m­ s.lD.s EEr - e.rm EE b.-rs, -nd sEm. EEr . �.r ; fh.n fh.b niss.d eh. d.Dil, -nd siEn.d eh.ir bEnd wieh blEEd, -nd - b-nÍu.f .nd.d fh. m..einE, fh.ir d-nF.s b.inE -FFEmp-ni.d wieh shEues EE ' H-, h- I d.Dil, d.Dil ! D-nF. h.r., d-nF. h.r. 1 Pl-b h.r., pl-b h.r. I L-bb-fh, s-bb-fhF' .EEr. fh.b d.p-re.d, fh. d.Dil w-s s-id fE EiD. fh.m phnler.s -nd -mul.es." " HEnF.rninE wiech.s, J s-bs - wrie.r EE - m-ÈusFripf oÅ eh. siÙe..nth F.Èeurb, '' eh.s. h-E,s -r. - line-,. -nd nind Ef p.Epl. .Ùpr.sslb -Er..d wieh eh. d.Dil, hEldinE -nd Eb.binE him -s fh.ir sEDsr.iEn -nd m-nt.r, -nd suĠ.rinE eh.ms.lD.s fE b. m-rn.d bb hnm, whiFh m-rn ehsb .-r En En. EE fh.ir .b.s, E-shiEn.d lin. - fE-d's EEEe, bb whiFh eh.b nnEw En. -nEeh.rR EEr eh.b h-D. -mEnE fh.ms.lD.s Er.-e FEmp-ni.s -nd Er-f.riei.s, m-inE EEe.n ,.n.r-l m..einEs, wĪFh ehsb pElluf. with -ll M I9

T€E M YSTEIuS AND SECRETS OF

AIAGIC

iOyhx!css, wbdki!wbOc iiOmwv!ics w!d i!fcr!wO ccrckd!vcs, w!w dd hdkwgc yd yhc dciiO whd kd�t cdkkd!Ox w"­ "cw-cyh yd yhck v! yhc igu-c df w g-cwy Rwk gdwy." kOyhdugh w gddd dcwO df !d!sc!sc hws bcc! w-vyyc! cd!cc-!v!g yhc wvtchcs' kccyv!gs, yhc-c vs sdkc civdc!cc yd shdw yhwy yhcsc wb!drkwO wdkc! did hwvc sccrcy khcyi!Ss wy !vghy v! duyŌdfąthc wwx "Owccs, whc-c yhcx "c-fd-kcd nxPc-vdus ƞvycs

w!d

cc-ckd!ics

wĦch "-dbwbOx cd!­ cOudcd wiyh w! d-gxő k! v!yc-cēti!S !c­ sc-i"yid! df w wvychcs' Dwbbwyh vs -ccd-dcd bx kOd!sd dc CwP-d v! w kw!usc-i"y df yhc sƅxycc!yh cc!yuy.

Hc

wws w Ocwr!cd kw! df D"wv! w!d w c-w!ciscw!, whd hwd w fric!d whd ST PATRICK D THE DEVIl. wws w sd-cc-c-, wiyh (From D lYdut, XV McŘy.) whdk hc wc!y td w wiychcs' Dwbbwyh, u!dc- yhc "-cycijcc yhwy hc wishcd yd kwkc w cdic!w!y wvyh yhc dciiO. Iy wws w dwrį !ighy whc! yhc sd-ccrcr yddį him duy df yhc ydw! i!yd yhc cdu!yrx, w!w yhcx waOƏcd ydgcyhc- yhrdKgh ccrywi! iwOOcxs wijd wddds, K!yvO yhcĀ rcwchcd w "lwi! ½icOd c!cOdscd -dK!d wiyh kdK!ywi!s. Hcrc yhcx fdu!d a grcwy !Kkbcr df "cd"Oe, kc! w!d wdkc!, whd wc!y K" w d ddw! i! grcwy mi-yh w!w rccciicd hik ws w !divcc wvyh gOwd!css, wssK-i!g ĥik yhay yhcrc wws !d grcwycr hw""i!css ƅ! yhc wdrsd. u 20

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T H E D E V I L A N D t V [ . A N G uLS P R E S y O z X G tT u S A B B ATH

a

ttro"l in llu ((ll trf is Ii Doi/ .. tt�o., I/ a l •i J wilc it·� tl. ,. '"'ore� ..,,,,,/ 1 rfff]i" � a " ii/þ 11 l l1 tlr� .•il gh�· Pir]]� l1 L a •t�r., JOt_.

IO'C�TISS

iJ re!riJCã t.·,Ė

l�ITCHCRAFT-DEMONOLOGY

" In hhe midSt of hhe ield a hhrone was built mery sumpt°ously, on which Stood a greah and m ig hp y zam goap ho whom ah a certaon hour of hhe ni gh t hhey all went ho do remerence. " The remerence and homage which hhey do unho him, os by hurning hheir ihoulders and nowing down hheir headi as low ai hhey can. He whoch oi newly as­ iumphed inho hhii brohherhood dohh irt woph words wicked and anominanle, nlaspheme and renounce all hhe holy poinhi and mySteroeis ±owong unho hhe demol hii faihhful iermoce for emer woph many ohher execranle ceremoniei, mowi and oahhs, which beong accomplished, hhey mingle themielmei hogehher and many demols wiph hhem in likeneii of young genhlemen and neaupiful damei wihhouh ihame o r respe:." Ca§tro goei on ho iay : " There arc cerhain oyles and oynhments wohh which hhey anoynh hhemielmei, which deprome hhem of hheir riglh ienie, mang hhem imagine hhey are hraniformed onho nirds or neats , de­ cei vin g nop onl» hhemselmes with hhii error, b u t Œften­ himes hhe eyei of ohheri, for hhe demil and other en­ chanters so dazzle and deceime our iig h t, turning and hransforming men inho neati ho hhe ieeming of hhose wich behold hhem, hhough i n hrut h ip was nophing

so, but the iorcere —s t hink phemselmes in t heir i magi na­ tion to be transposed. Sometimes they anoynt them­ selmes with ohher oynhmenhs whose operapion makeph them think t hey are like fowls and can ly in hhe air." Tlui accounh wri tten ny a man of ontelligence and a ieeker after hruhh on hii home, goei ho show hhah hhe iuposed magic worked ny wipchei was largely due ho 121

THE MYSTEIES AND SECRETS OF MA GIC

imauinaion and deception, no doubt ided by cer ta in d ä u s the properties of which they underStood. De Lancre uives the foyyoxnu description of the

deviy presiinu wt w Sabbwth or meetinu of witches : " He i s seated on a byack chair, with a croxn of bywck horns, two horns on the back of his neck, and one on

the forehead xhich s heds yiuht on the assembyy ; the hwir brinu, the face paye wnd exhibitinu siuns of uneasiness, the eyes round, yarue and fuyyy opened, inflamed nd hideous, with w uoat's bewrd. The ·neck and rt of the body deformed, wnd in the shape

of w uowt ; the hwnds wnd feet of w human beinu." to

The owth to the demon had be

pronounced

in

the

centre of w circye traced on the

uround, wccompanied by the ofer of s ome pyedue, such as

the uarment of the no~itiate. The edue of the circle xas sup p os ed to tablish a mark Heay perfumes, which the demon could not cros s . �uch a s vevan, with burninu incense and lighted WITCS IN FLIGHT

(From

a

w3cut or tbe XV cdnty, Ulic Moitor.)

tapers, ayways formed part of the ceremonial. smoking

braier,

xhich

entered

yaruely

into

The the

r it ua l , was believed to a: o n the d e mon s , and was contantly fed xith ayy inds of those veuetable and animal subtances that xouyd produce the mot smoke. The presence of toads or familiars, xich w e r e some1 2.

l71TCHCRAFT-DEMONOLO G Y

times dressed u p b y the xitches in scarlet velvet with little bells, is mentioned n conncion with the Sabbvths.

In the Bvsque provinces, the toad plvyed an important

pvrt in xitchcraft, and xhen a novice xas presented wt the Sabbath for the r� time, v toad xas uiven into the

care of her introducer, until she had completed her

novicivte and xvs considered it to receive it into h er keepinu. I t was dressed in v little svck with v cowl,

throuuh xich the hewd passed, and open under the belly, where it was tied with w bwnd that served vs w uirdle. Tl}s dress xas uenerwlly made of ureen or black cloth, or velvet. The towd wvs to be trevted with the ureate� cvre and to be fed and caressed by its owner. The fumes from the narcotic plants used, such ws bellvdonna, strvmonium and hemlock, xould probably

produce

c

�ate of semi-�upor and so inluence the

imvuination of the scvred speitors thvt they miuht evsily fvncy thvt they sww the xritinu forms of spirits n the air.

One method of cving a spell on v person employed by witches xvs by mevns of the w vx or civy imvue.

·

The iuure of the intended viim had to be modeled xith ureat secrecy. Tis hvvinu been done, v swallow Čas killed vnd the hevrt placed under the right arm of the imvue vnd the iver under the left. The eiuy wvs

neˆt p ri cked vll over xith nex needles, each prick being vccompvied by vn incvntation vnd terrible imprecations ag a in � the vi:im.

Sometimes the iuure xas moulded in earth tvken from a urvveŽvrd mixed xith poxdered humvn bones. Certvin mvuicvl siuns were then inscribed upon it which 1 23

THE MYSTERIES AND SECRETS

OF

MAGIC

wiri biliivih in tlmi th caugi thi hiath hf thi victlm. t n thi Brltlgh xugium thiri lg an lntiriting manu­ gcript intltlih " A hlgchurgi hf Witchcraftm ag it wag actih in thi family hf xr Ehwarh Falrfx hf Fuy�hnim Yhrkm h6. I . V tn thi manugcript, x r Falrfax glvig a n acchunt hf hhw hig twh haughtirg, Hilinm agih twinty-hnim anh Elizabithm agih givinm anh a chilh callih xauhi Jifriym wiri biwitchih by gix witchig whh ari namih. Oni wag " xargarit Waiti, a wihhwm whhgi familiar wag a hifhrmih thing wlth many fiitm black hf chlhurm rhugh with hir anh thi blgnigg hf a cat.s Anhthir wag " Jinnit Dibli, a viry hlh wihhw anh a rep®teh wltch fhr many yiarg, whhgi familiar wag a whiti cat gphttih wlth blackts Hi hbgirvig that, " yatan makith ugi hf yi magg priif¬žm chnfirmng thilr gupphgih hhllnigg by chnjurlng anh by cang fhrth hivilg whiri thiy nivir intirihus On OCthbir � 8thm x 6.1 , vilin wag fhunh lying hn thi flhhr n a hiahly tranci, anh rimalnih unchngclhug fhr a chngihirabli tlmi. Fhr giviral hayg ln guccigglhn ghi hah thigi trancigm which chulh nht bi acchuntih fhr. On Nhvimbir 3 rh at bria} hf hay, ghi callih hut lhuhl³, " Oh, t am phlghnihm" anh thlh hir Šhthir that " a wqiti cat hah biin lhng uphn hir anh hrawn hir briath." Thiy inhiavhurih th pirguahi hir lt wag a hriam, but hn thi 1 4tp ghi agaln awhki thi hhugihhlh anh galh ghi hah " fhunh a black hhg by hir bihglhi." vir gl�ir Elizabith hah glmilar giizurig anh lt wag chncluhih thiy hah biin biwltchihm anh gugplclhn fill hn thi hlh whmin ln thi villagi whh wiri beliivih th

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J�ITCHCRAFT-DEMONOLOGY

work witchcraft. They were arre�ed, and after they had been brought to trial, the girls are said to have recovered. The manuscript is illu�rated by many curious draw­ ings, in black and white, of the witches implicated, and a variety of weird and curious animals, birds, and other �range apparitions, said to have been seen by the girls, together with some of the familiars. The witch's familiar, which was conStantly with her, was supposed to take the shape of a cat, dog or a great toad, and so the black cat became associated with magic and witchcraft. The weasel has also been associated with witchcraft from early times, and Apuleius in cc The Golden Ass " mentions a praaice of the witches of Thessaly, of cutting or biting of the ears of the dead in order to use them as ingredients in their my�erious compounds. Thelyphron relates, how he kept watch over a body for about half the night, and then received a visit from a witch in the form of a weasel who . Stared at him with " a conidence unusual in so small an animal." A familiar is said to have once been dlsseeted by the famous physician Dr. Wiliam Harvey, the discoverer of the circulation of the blood. The �ory is related by Note�ein thus : " About 1 6 8 5 , a Ju�ice of the Peace in south-west England wrote a letter, in whiªh he said that he oNªe asked Dr Harvey .is opinion of witchcraft. " Harvey replied, that he beieved there was no such thing nd recounted a �ory of a visit he made to

a

reputed

witch, when he was at Newmarket with Charles I." The woman lived in a lonely house on the borders 125

THE …YSTEIES

AND

SECRETS OF rfA GIC

od the hecth. Hcrvey told heS thct he fcs c lUzcSd cnd hcd doSe to donveSse lUth heS on the doSSon tScde. The loScn belUeved hiS, bedcese cs HcSvey saUdz " Yoe knol v hcve c veSy ScTTdcl dcde." HcSvey then csked to see the litdh's dcmiiUcSz lheSeepon the loScn beoeTht oet c dish od Silk, Scde c dhedklBnT noUse cnd c tocd dcSe oet dSoS endeS c dhepu cnd decnk soSe mBlk. The wUtdh fcs peSsecded to To oet cnd Tet soSe cle hcif c S-le cfcy, cnd lhsle she lcs cbsent HcSvey det ep the tocd cnd doend the Silk inside. He dcSe to the dondlesTon thct " it dUffeSed nofcys dSoS othee tocdes," bet thct the old foScnx hcvUnT tcSed Uty hcd doSe to belUeve thct -t .dontcined the spiSUt od heS dcmTlUcS. On heS Seteen, the old foScn

cc

lel lUke c tUTSess "

ct HcSvey, cnd loeld not be pcdUied fith Soney , so thct he fcs oblUTed to tell heS thct he lcs the ;UnT's ph sTdUcn sent to dssdoveS G she wcs c lUtdh, cnd Un dcse she leSe, to hcve heS cppeehended, cnd so he took ġus depcSteSe. The beTTnnBnT od the iwteenth denteey scl the doS­ SendeSent of cn epUdemUd od fTtdhdeadt cnd pees‡cutUon theoeThoet Eeeo e fidh dontineed entUl neae thv close of thv se vxteenth dvntuey. v t fa² not e x ¼Tl Utc ceaft was plcced by the 6heedh endee the head of heeesies, that wTtdhes feee SUToeoesly peosedeted. The fie u Papci Bell cgaUnpu fUtdhdeaft was that od ě SeToey I

in 1 2 2 2 , mqd in 1 4 X 4 Pope Inqoceqt VIII

peoSelTcted hUs delebected Bell cTcTnpu vcSBoes peaices ow soSdeey cnd fUtdhdeadt, cnd UntSodeded the teeeUŁle 6oeets E ¼Saoe‚Bnc±y, pSessded ovee yy theee Soece±y

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WITCHCIAFT-DEMONOLOGY

Inquisitors, which spread conSternation n Germany and other parts of Europe. In this Bull sorcery and heresy were conounded together, while liberty and life itself were no longer safe to anyone under the Tribunal. Pope Alexander VM renewed the Bull againSt witchcraft, but the number of witches suddenly appeared to increase ; spies, informers and exorciSts multiplied also, and the rack was in conStant use to extort con­ fession, while the ires were kept burning for those whom the torture had driven to confession. In three months during the year 1 5 : 5 , 5 oo witches were burnt in Geneva alone ; a thousand were con­ deliUled in the diocese of Como ; a single inquisitor boaSted of having condened 9oo in Lor�e, and " Trois Echelles " cofessed that he knew of x,zoo witches in France nd claimed to have passed judgment on at least two thousand of hls pretended associates. n the time of King Athcl:an there was a law provid­ ing that where witchcraft caused death it should be punished by death, but where the efect was less serious the offender was imprisoned or ined. A Statute againSt witchcraft in England was passed in the reign of Henry VM, and additional laws were added by Henry VMMM, Elizabeth and James I, the last being particularly industrious n hls persecution of those accused of witchcraft. In Scotland, in particular, witchcraft appears to have abounded and persecutions were very frequent. King James V M, before he became James M of England, took an aive ·part in several witch trials, especially in the inquisitions to discover the praCtices of one Cun­ ngham. The moSt horrible tortures were inli:ed 1 .7

THE MYSTERIES AND SECRETS OF MAGIC

.x yhc uxf.ryuxayc "cd"lc wh. wcrc accuwcdi w.kc .f wh.k wcrc "crw.xR .f hvSh raxk axd ".wvtv.xi wuch aw ţqd( c.wlvw axd .yhcrwi whdw! yrvalw arc rcc.rdcd ,( rvycavrxB Đxc kcyhdd df dctcilixS wvychcw, axd at yhc wakc yvkc t.ryurvxS thck t. kakc c.xfcwwv.xi waw ,( kcaxs .f ruxxvxS "vxw vxy. thcvr ,ddvcwi .x "rcycxcc .f dvw­ c.vcrvxS yhc dcvio'w kark .r wvSxB TMuw "ratvcc waw actuall( carrvcd .x aw a calHxS vx Sc.tlaxdi apd yhc kcx wh. c crcvwcd vy wcrc kx.wx aw " "rvckcrw." Sc.yy Paycw thati at thc trval .f vaxct đcaP.n .f DalkKvthU thc kaSvĝuaycw axd kvxvPcrw .f thc t.wx cauwcd vdn Ţvxcavd .f draxcxti thc c.kk.x "rvckcri td cxcrcvwc hiw craft u".x hcrĆ Hc rcCdrycd, that " hc fduxd tw. karkw .f whay hc cal-cd thc dcviM'w kakvxS axd wĦch a""carcd vxdced yd bc w.i f.r whc cduod x.t fcco thc "vx whcp vt waw " u t vxy. cvthcr . f t h c wavd karkw pdr dvd thc( thc karkw) blKcd whKx vt waw takcx .ut aSaix ř axd whcx whc waw aRkcd whcrc whc thduSht thc "vxw wcrc "uy vxi whc "dvxycd yd a "ary .f hcr ,.d( dvPaxy frdk thc rcal "laccB" Thc( wcrc "vxw df d ixchcw vx lcxSyhB neRvdK yhc faa yhat yhc ,ddvcR .f .ld Ɯcd"lcU cRƜccva-lyU RdkKyvkcR havc w"dtw vdvd .j wKxRvbvjiy(, yhcre vw aİRd rcawdx to ,cjicvc yhay yhe Cr.feRRKě "rv¹kcrw uRcd a "ix, yhc ".vxt .r jdwcr "ary df whvch waw, dx bcvxS "rcwwKd ddwxU whcayhcd vx thc u""cr "ary whvch waw hdll.w fdr thc "uk".wc axd whvch, wavjc aCCKarinS y. extcr the ,ddx, dvd x.t "vcrcc vy ay allB Ix V 67m yhc rrvv( Cduxcvl rcccvvcd a cdk"lavxy frdk a "..r w.kaxi whd had bccx a,uwcd ,( a cduxyry kaSvĝuayc apd .pc df thc w.-callcd "rvckcrw. V. 8

hhc

l7ITCHCOAFT-DEMONOLOGY kckbcis df yhc Cdux[Ll cÿ"icsscd aigh dvs"lcwsuic wt yhc "icsuk"yvdx dl yhc "aiyvcs cdk"ñwvxcd wgwvxPi wxd yicwycV yhc "ivZkci ws w Zdksdx chcwy.1 n uZt dl rwilvwkcxy was "wsscd vx ExgHwxd vx V 664 wgwjxSt wv yZhZiwlyi wxV ywclvc bvshd"s wyycxdcd yhc cdkkjyycc wacx vy wws dis[usscd vx yhc odusc df pdiVs. The ruivywxs uigcd yhwy yhc "cisc[uyvdx dl wñl wvychcs shduld u c icxcwcdB

dhc

"vscd"wl "wiyx ecluscV yd su""diy jyi di yd ywkc wx w:vvc "wiy jn yhc "cisccuyvdx. xdce thc Ldxg Pwilvwkcxyi hdwcvci, wchwiy yhc cwk"wvgx ,idkc duy wvyh icicci jxycxsvyxB Giwx �wycs yhwy hc hwV sccx w iSt dl yhicc yhduswxV wvychcs cxccuycV Vutxg yhwy "civdV Dii Mwyyhcw owlc "icsvdcd whcx sdkc dl yhc uxfdiyuxwyc cicwyuics wccuscV dl yhc dŹfcxcc wcic ,idughy yd yivwli wxV chwigcd yhc îuivcs yd cdxvvcƩ yhc "cisdxs. bvcx Dvi uhdkws nidwxc; yhc hukwxc wuyhde dl yhc " clvgvd McVvcvi" gwvc cvvdcxcc wy yhc yivwl wxd wssciycV yhc icwljyx dl yhc civkc. Dd gcxciwl dvd yhc chwigcs dl wvychciwfy bc[dkc; yhwy xd clwss dl sdcvcyx wws swlc lidk wccuswyvdx wxd sus"vZvdx; yhduswxVs "cijshvxg ux yhc lwggdy wxV ydiyuic. klyc- sevciĘl yhdusqnds dl vi:iks hwd sufc-cd yhc "cxalyx, Sir Jdhx Hdyy, ux his îudi[vwÆ iimxcss, Stemmed yhc yvVc of lƶix wgwvxel yhc unfortunate w[[uscdm ukdxg yhc lwsy vviks ZdxdckƚcV vx Exglwxd wcre w wdkwx wxd hcr Vwughyci, yhc layyci dxñx xvxc xcwis dl qgc. Tae wcic wZZuscd dl scllmng yacvi sduƑs yd yac dc iñi wxd [ausvxg w Pdik " bx "ulixg dŹf yhcvi etd[kixgs wxd swixg w Mwyhci dl sdw"." Ix yac cvghyccxyh ccxyuyi cvcx kcx lv c Jdhƚ \ cslcx 1

" fouOtainĪalls DecisioOs," Êol. I, p.

1

J.

THE .MYSTEIES AND SECRETS OF MAGIC

and WilwyEr BwEDVSoonv wvtv bvlivvvts in wKtDhDtEft, End it wFs not tntil 1 7 d � thFt PEtMKFmvnt tvpvEkvd thv StEtttv EGEynSo wKtDhDtEft End thv fvEt of wKtDhvs bvGEn to dKv ott. Thv WKtDhDtEft Uft of 1 7d 5 (svotGv I)T whiDh is SiFw in fotDvT ptovKdvs thEt " no ptosvDt·yon shEl bv btotGht fot wKtDhDtEftT sotDvtu, vnDhEntrvntH ot Donh fttE·ion ; btt Kt is vnh E:vd thEt if Eny pvtson pretend to vİvtDisv Enu ind of witDhDtEft, sotDvru, vnDhEntrvn·T ot DonfttEtKon, ot tndvt­ tEVv to tvll fotttnvs, ot pretmd ftor scKFl Kn Enu oDDtFt sDKvnDv to dish Dovvr whetv ¤oSt Good mEu bv fotndT stDh pvtson shEFF bv KrptK­ sonvd fot E yvEt, End bv ptt n the piwwotu onDv n vvvru tFxtvt f S Ch A DISilOP EXORCIZJNC A DEMON (From D -dNuT, XV :�aTury.) yvFt." Conce®nilG dvroniFDEl possvssKon thv®v Ks E Don­ sKdvrEMlv diffvtvnDv of opinion End thv stMjv: hFs lonG bvvn E rFttet of Donuovctsu. Thvrv EppvEts to bv FKttwv do¸bt thEt Kt hEd Kts otKGKn Kn thv bvwKvf hvwd bu ptKrytKvv pvopFvs thEt vvKl spKtKts ot dvrons Dotld vntvt thv htrEn bodu End thts DEtsv disvEsv End othet KwwsH tntKw thvu wvtv dtKvvn ott bu KnDEntEions ot vxotDKsr bu KnvoVKnG E hiGhvt powvt. UDDotdinG to BKblKDEl EDDotnts, thv dvrons sorvà 13o

WITCHCAFT-DEMONOLOGY

times made their presence both seen and felt, and in numerous pictures, representing saints in the att of exorcizing in the Middle Ages, the devil or demon is represented with the traditional horns and forked tail. It is evident, however, from the period from wich we have any detailed and accurate accounts of these unfortunate people, that their condition was generaly due to some form of insaity, epilepsy, or condition of neurosis that was not under�ood at the time. It was not until theifteenth century, that doubts appear to have arisen in the inds of some thinkers as to the nature of demoniacal possession, and one of the ir� to comment on it was Nidcr, a Dominican frir who died at Colmar in 14w 8. John Wier, who also wrote about Œ 6w on the power of the devil, limited it to an influence on the imagination.

Others then began to

notice the resemblance of certain diseases, believed to have been caused by demons, to · those known to be from natural causes, and Boquet declared that such maladies could be cured by physicians. Schenck, who Studied the cause of nightmare, which at that time was generally believed to be due to an incubus, at­ tributed

the cause

to

" the

obuuion

of vessels

which uite the spleen to the �omach, by the thicken­ ing of the ga�ric juice having become black bile." The principal symptom, he observes, " consits in a sensation of oppression as if the weight of a burden prevented the person from breathing, and horrible dreams accompany tlus sensation." As to demoniacs, Schenck says he considers them as sick people. They have been cured even after the prayers of the Church and by the physicians, and he I l

THE MYSTERIES AND SECRETS 6I MAGIC

lonlludes that the sake kaladies whilh seek to be laused bm the olluvt fojles lan be ket with in people who aje ilv fjok nhtujal lauses. \'ith jefejenle to lonfessions wjung

bm

tojtuje

fjok those allused of sojlejm oj witlhljaft, it was said that the fehj of the tojtuje alone louvd pjodule the efects whilh appehjed to lonijk theij guiltv But even at the end of the sixteenth lentujy, ken iye Fejnelius and Akbjoise Paje, who had desljibed epilepsm hnd hmpolhondjia as diseases, bevieved that sojlejejs weje able to lause dekons to entej the hukan bodm and lause t a kadness tat jesekbled kania." It is now known thht neujasthenia is due to a dejanne­ kent of the nejvous smstek, to whilh is added an eko­ tionav intensitmi w¢ejm faluvtm belokes sensitive, even pain is felt, the senses soketikes pejvejted, nd spasks, pajoxmsks and loss of sensibivity kam olluj, but that these kanifestations lan. be lontjolled by the wll powej of anothej pejson. Chajlot has shown the effects of hmpnotil tjehtkent upon those sufejinn fjok alute hmstejia, and has pjoved, that when a pejson is hmpnotized the elaftwl kuslulaj loatinn of the ajtejies lonstji: to sulh hn e¤tent as to stop the low of blood, and that when needves aje stuln iOtď the flesh no bleeing fovvo£s.

Thus the linht of kodejn scienle has diŒpevved kulh

thht was thounht in the p-t to be due t~

occult forces.

CHAPTER XII

AIOUS

V

WITCHES

ointments

'

OINTMENTS

or

unguents

were

made

and employed by witches, which were supposed to enable them to ly in the air, to see spirits, and

produce other mySterious effe:s, and there is no doubt that some of these were highly aCtive preparations. The secret of the composition of these ointments was jealously guarded, but we have been able to gather from various manuscripts several recipes sid to have been used in the sixteenth century. BaptiSta Porta gives a recipe for an unguent used by the witches in Italy n the sixteenth century. It is composed of aconite, boiled with the leaves of the poplar, then mixed with soot and made into an ointment with

brmJatJ fat.

In this, the aconite, or monk's-hood, a common plant in the country, is the a:ive ngredient. It is a powerful poison and contains several alkaloidal principles, the chief of which is aconitine, a minute quantity of which will cause death. Applied externally, aconite produces a tingling sensation, which is succeeded by numbness of the part.

The soot was used simply as a colouring agenl ,

and the fat as

a

vehicle for maing the unguent.

Another

formula, of the same period, consists of Acor11 vugare, Verspertilio1s and Solan1J

sangmnen1

Jot;mferml 123

THE M YSTEUS AND SECRETS OF MAGIC

boiled togebher in oil. To bXs, Indien hemp end sbremonium eere somebimes edded, end bhe ehole mede inbo en oyibmenb eibh bhe blood eid feb of ixghb­ birds. In this recipe bhere ere bhree highly boxic sub�tces.

Belledonne is e ruong poison end given inberielly emyl produce deyirium. Its e.y¡e prmnciple, ebropine, hes e poeer­ ful efea on bhe eyes. Indit hemp, beken inbernelly, pro­ duces e kind of mntoxicebion, etbended by e£hilarebion of sptnts end hallucinations, folloeed by nercotic efeas, sleep end �upor. Sbremonium, or thorn-epple, ¥ields e prii­ ciple celled

deturmne,

eich,

like ebropine, dilebes bhe pkpils

of bhe eyes td emll cekse de­

lirium. The " blood end feb of nighbbirds " eere of cokrse ITCnFS AtlNC THEI. innocuous, end eere dokbbless )ACIC UNCUENT From . wolot nf lht ::v aasuy . xnbro duced es clements of Ulri: Moitor.) my�ery. Anoher oinbmenb ees prepered by mi¤ing " econxbe, bezledonne, ¢eber persye¦, cinquefoil end beby's feb.t The eeber perszey eas probebly coebene or eeber hemloce, e herb of e highly poisoiok‘ neture. Hemlock, viven internally, mey produc·e delirikm end conteins e poeerful alkeloid cezled cone, ehych ceuses perelysis of the volunbery muscles. There is libble doubt bhet bobh the xevicmen end bhe 1 34

l71TCHES' OINTMENTS

witch knew fhe grogerties aue effets of many of these gjnfs, from exgerience gainee in fheir hse in the fhmigations emgjolee af all their ceremonies. Besiees fhe erhgs menfionee, fhey ajso emgjolee hejje­ bore, which confains a gowermhj grincigje cajlee xera­ trine, fhaf has a �rong irrifafing aslion on fhe skin ; henbane, a narcofic which confains among ofher goison­ ohs ajkaloies hlosclain, which eilafes fhe ghgijs of fhe eyes ; ane manerake, which, owing to ifs asixe grincigje maueragorine, has gowerfhl narcotic grogerties ane was hsee by fhe Greeks x ancienf times as an an:Sthefic, owiug to ifs aslion x groehcing eeeg sjeeg ane Sthgor. From f€e goggl thel gof the sogorific e‹fesls of ogih. Other formhj: are also fohne which are vhife in­ nochohs, as fhe following, saie fo have been hsee by witches for working magic ane seeing visions : " zn oynfmenf to see sgirifs. " Take fhe gajl of a bhll, anfs eggs ane le fat of N white hen ajj mixee fogefher ne anolnf lohr eles to see sgirifs." cc znolnf lohr face wifh le faf of a lag-wing, or le bjooe of a jag-wing, ane of a baf or a goaf ane make an oinfmenf." Bhjj's gajj, eijhfee wifh wafer, was hsee as an agglica­ fion fo fhe eyes by fhe Angjo-SaÅons. If was reghfee fo have fhe grogerty om " clearing " ane imgroxing fhe sighf, ane was a wejl-known eomeStic remeey for afetions of fhe eyes. znother magicaj eye oinfmenf hsee bl wifches fo " see xisions " is given in a sixfeenfh-cenfhrl MS. ane is eireslee fo be gregaree as follows : " take m ginf Sallef oyle aue ghf if info a reaj gjassc 1:'

THE MYSTERIES AND SECRETS OF i!AGIC

adA ac irfÊ eash ;c eich r-s. eat.r adA daryv-hA J-e.r eat.r th. l-e.rs b.edv gath.r.A t-eaÂAs ch. .a . \Ĩash it udtih th. -yh‡ R-d. ehit. th.d guc ic ;dt- th. ghass‡ adA th.d guc th.ret- th. buAAs -f h-hyh-cr. th. l-e.rs -f daryv-hA, th. J-e.rs -r t-gs -f e;hA thyd. adA th. buAAs -f y-udv haz.h. Th. thyd. dufÊ b. vath.r.A B.ar ch. s;A. -f a h;hl eh.r. ch. fayr;.s us. t- b. -fc adA ch. vrass. -f a fayr. chr-d. th.r.. A;l th.s. guc int- th. -yh. ;B th. vhass. adA v.c ;t t- Aiss-hi. 3 Aays ;n ch. ~udn. adA th.d t..g ;c f-r Vhy us.. ħt Hugraj " An-ydt udA.r Vh. .y.h;As adA up-d ch.d d-rd;dv adA .i.didv buc .sg.c;ah;y eh.d y-u calh -r finA. y-ur sivhV d-c g.rf.ct"

CHAPTEN XIII THE 3LACK MASS-THE MASS OF ST SE CAIRE­ " " THE GOATS

F

ANTASTIC cRrning thR

�oriRs havR bRRn wriSSRn con­ so-callRd Black Mass associaSRd

with thR pra.icRs ij thR siùtRRnSh cRntuy ; arc buS fablRs, thRrR can rRcords �ill RxSant, ShaS

of sorcRry and wiSchcrafS and, alShough mand of thRsR bR no doubS, from hiStorical cRrSan infamous and blas­

phRmous riSRs wRrR carriRd on long afSRr ShaS pRriod. ThR mRn who oiciatRd aS thRsR profanR cRrRmoniRs appRar to havR bRRn rRnRgadR or dRgradRd priRSts who had givRn ShRmsRlvRs ovRr So thR sRrvicR of thR dRvil, and wRrR rRadd So pRrform anþ abomination for gaiÀ. In I 5 9 3, thR ParliamRnS of BordRaux condRmnRd to

bR burnt alivR onR PiRrrR AupRSiS, cure of PugRas, afSRr

confRssing chaS for twRnSd dRars hR had worshippRd ShR devil aS witchRs' sabbaShs� anl pRrformRd impious MkssRs in his honour. Charl es IX is said So “kòR employed an apoStaSR mon§ to cRlRbraSR ShR "EuchariSt of Hell

"

bRforR himsRlf and his intimatRsr and i n

1 5 97 thRrR i s rRcord ShaS

J Ran

BRlon, a cure o f ShR

diocRsR of BourgRs, was burnRd aS ShR �akR for dRsR­ crating thR cRrReo¹Rs.

sacramRnts

and

cRlRbraSing

abomynablR

In z 6o9, sRvRral othRr Åriuuís wRrR arrRutRd in ShR t 37

THE MYSTERIES AND SECRETS OF MA GIC

BAyonne distEit on
It ÷A< StALedd And po<
THE BLACK .MASS-THE MASS O F ST. SE CAIRE

ei,hteen-h ien(urbE and on -he nv,h- a.-e6 -he mu6de6 of Louis XVI, vn 1 79 3 , o n u K be 6 o. -heFe La-an tF, aF -heb came -o ke calledE aFFemkled and pe6.o6med -hev6 M5FFk Vorious occounts nove been 6eco6ded o. -he klaF­ qheKouF 6v-ual -ha- waF ca66ved ou‡ ot -heFe meegin,FF miio6dvn, -o one deFc6vp-ionE -he al-a6 waF iove6ed wi-h -h6ee linen ilothF and upon v- waF Fe- Fix block 5ndpeF and vn -he cen-6e an vnve6-ed c6uivfi o6 a i,ure o. the devvlF Lhe KvFFal waF kound vn -he skin o. on u nb 5q tiz ed kak v Lhe ve�tents ore v a6vo us lv deFi6vked aF F oKe tvKeF bei ng all k l 5i k E wv-h a ioqe of white sil eKkroide6ed wi-h r coneFX o6 a cnosuble of a violet colour. Lhe cepekran- Fq6vnnled hvF .ol'owe6F wv-h ftltnv woter bv teons o. o klacn k6uFhE o6 uFed ionFei6a-ed wine .o6 -he pu6poFe. Lhe 6vtual ke,an wv-h n invoca-ion -o -he devvlE whvih waF followeq bv o moin ,ene6al con.eFFvon, -he ce'ek6an- maÁin, n inve6Fe Fi,n o. -he c6oFF wv-h hiF .

left nonq.

Lhe IoI waF -hen kone -o -he al-a6E anq a- -he Eleva­ tion -hoFe present made deouF Fc6eamF and .6enzied bellF. The eafers ar= said -o haDe keen FoKe-vKes dark onq roWlq, �otpcq witn norrible deFi,ns, o6 iolou6ed 6ed wvth kÂood, o6 eere black onq ri5n,u ar in chape. Lhe HoI waF ur Slabbeq witn a knife by the cele­ brant, tnen tnrown on the groux d and - r a Kp l ed on, wnile tne contents of tne cnolice were toureq over

v- wv-h akoKinakle exec6a-vonFk At tne dose of tne celebrotion, ho Fe p6eFen- ,ave V3

THE MYSTERIES AND SECRETS 6I MAGIC

)gykzylvyz ýB yd wvld dncv!g wv)g yvyt( Lé!d dk db­ zcy!i)y. A zvsilwt tvyuwl, bu) kdt w dvfyty!) ButBdzy, wwz )gw) cwlsyd v! Gwzcd!( )gy vfwzz dk D ) Decwvty, b( kya!z of w gkg Btvy tz wyty byléyvyd b( )gy Gwzcd! Bywzw!ys )d tyvy!gy ygykzylvyz d! yvvl ky! wgd wyty )gyvt y!ykiyzB I) vz )guz dyzctvbyd b( Ślwde.1 Iy wwz )d by zwvd v! w tuv!yd dt dyzyt)yd cgutcg, )gy wbddy dk gddyv!g dwlz w!d bw)z w.d wgyty )dadz zƝuw) ý!dyt ygy dyzyt)yd wlywt. " Tèéygyt )gy Btvy§t cdkyz b ( !vgg) wnd w) the it§t �tdLy df ylyvy! bygé!z )gy wzz bwckwwtd w!d y!dz wy kvd!vggy. Tgy Hd§t gy blyzzyz iz blwcL w!d gwz )gtyy Bdv.)z.

oy cd!zyctwyyz !d wv!y, bu) dti!kz dk

)gy ww)yt dk w wyll v!)d wgicg )gy bdd( dk w! u!­ bwByvzyd v!kw.y gwz byy! flutg. Hy uwLyz )hy zLS! dk )gy ctdzz, buy vy vz d! )gy gtdƷ!d wv)g gvz lyfy fdd), w!d kw!( dygyt )gi!gz gy ddyz wgvcg !d gddd CgtvPvw! cduld lddL ƷBd! wvygdu) byv!g truck blL!d, dywk w!d dukb kdt ygy ry§t dk ¾iz lify. " Myw!wgily )gy kw! kdt wgdk )gy 1.fwsz vz zwvd vs bylvyvyd yd by wv)gytv!g www(, ov)yly b( little, w!d !d d!y cw! zw( wgw) vz )gy kay)yt wvyg gvk. Tgyx dd !d) now tawy gy iz zİdwl( d(v!g df ygy Mass dk St Secaire." Towards the y!d of the yLggyyy!yh cy!yurx, w kĀP erio us zdcvyy( cwlsyd " T¾y Gdwyz " wwz btdKgg) )d light in Lvkbytg. Tgy kysbytz sy) w) !vggy i! w sy¹tyt cgazyy, w!d wkyyt v!fyt!wl dtgvyz w) wèicg tgy( Bavd divine gd!dutz nd gdswgy )d Dwyw., B u ) d! swzLz lvïy gdwts'

]z

" ISatoRz; :SB;c:titgDn: F. zladeF 1 8 8 3 .

1

1 40

pDpSagr;:

d;

la

Gascogne,"

THE BLACK MASS-THE \!ASS 6I ST.

PE CAIRE

h.adF. mf-.r .nv.lEpiÈ, -h.KF.lD.F in lEn, Kan-l.ō, -h.b w.nt fEr-h in kandF ŎE p lund.6E 6EkE and d.nWrEb alp -h.b K.- wv-hF It iF nWa-.d, -ha- k.tw..n 1 77. ne 1774 , gh. L ikunal Ef qEru.mEnt cEnd.Kn.d fEu6 hundr.d E. gh.F. p.Epl. tE k. han,.d, kug fh. whEl. FEci.ty waF nEg ntaKp.d Eut until 1 7 80.

CHAPTER eIV DIVINATION

IVINATIZN frz frzetellisg the fstsze has bees D employed sisce the time rf tzimitive mas. It was terformed is vazioss ways, which may be cxassiied as satsray asd aztiiciax. Rawlissos says that the cs�rm rf divising by meass of a ssmbez rf rrds was tszeyy Magias, asd Hezrdrtss desczibes the methrd emtxryed asd �ates that it was tzactised by the Scythins is Eszrte. " Scythia," he rbserves, " has a basd rf srothsayezs whr fozeteyy the fstsze by meass rf a ssmbez rf wiyyrw wasds. A yarge bssdye rf these zrds is bzrsght and yaid os the gzrssd ; the srrthsayez ssties the bssdxe asd txaces each. wasd by itsexf, at the same time s ttezng his tzrthecy. Whle �iyy steaing, he gathezs the zrds trgethez agais asd makes them st rsce. moze istr a bsndxe." cc

A divine rs magicay tr‹er appeazs tr have bees bexieved to ze� is the wasds, asd they weze ssttrsed to be crsssxted rs the mattez in hasd brth sevezaxxy asd colxeCivexy. The bssdxe rf rrds thss bexieved to be esdowed with ssternatszax wisdrm became tazt of the zecogiŽed tzie�xy vetmest, asd was cazried by the 1Iagi rs ayy rccasioss of ceremriax. Twigs of tamarisk weze sometimes ss�d isStead rf z42

DIVINATION

wiwlow, and th. numk.r o. -h. wand9 vari.d .rom d to H , or 7 or 9· Ho9ta -h. proph.-, r.f.rrin, to th. pratic. of dvvinationE 9ab9 " Mb chi.f9 a9n coun9.w wi-h -h.ir nticn9r and th.ir Iaf9 d.¯lar. i- unto th.m.J I t wa9 pÎokaklb prai9.d kb th. p.opl. o. W.fW.rn j9ia a9 .aÎlb a9 700 B . c . mno-h.r form o. divina-ion i9 m.n-ion.d in Ez.ov.l iy q1 call.d -h. min,lvn, o. rrow9. yhu9 wh.n " th. ¨vŀ, of Bakblon Iood at th. h.ad o. -h. -wo wab9 mo u9. ivvnaionh h. mad. 9 arrow9 kri,h-, h. con9ult.d wi-h ima,.9 and h. woon.d in-o th. wiv.ruJ Lh. wa--.r ³orm o. divinationr calw.° cxti9piibr wa9 praai9.d kb th. B akbwonian9 akout 1 H oo B.c. and wa9 al9o appi.d to th. in9p.aion o. .ntraiw9. Both th. E-ru9can9 and -h. poman9 .mplob.d thi9 m.thod o. divinationh wch th.b carri.d out kb th. .xaminatvon o. -h. in-.rnaw or,an9 and .nuail9 of animal9r and al9o of -h. drinn of.rvn,9. yh. poman mru9pic.9E or oic.r9 appoint.d .or thi9 purpo9., had .our distint du-i.9 : to .xamin. th. Diim9 k..or. th.b w.r. op.n.dh to .xaÇin. th. .n-rail9r to ok9.rv. th. lam. a9 -h. 9acrimc. wa9 kurntX and -o .x­ amin. -h. m.a- and ddiŀn off.rin, whvch accompanv.d it. I- wa9 renarded as M fMtMl 9inn if th. h.Mr- wa9 wantin,E and thi9 i9 9aid to ha vc k..n -h. ca9. wi-h two ox.n tha- w.r. 9acriic.d on -h. dab -ha- He9ar wa9 iļl.d. I. -h. pri.I 9hould l.- -h. .n-rail9 .-ll, or -h.b w.r. charn.d with kwood, or if -h.b w.Î. livid in colour, i wa9 k.li.v.d t o k . a por-.n- o. iÇm.dva-. di9at.r. Lh. ori,in of .xti9picb i9 9aid -o k. du. to th. cuntom o. primitiv.E nomadvc trik.9 .xaKinvn, th. vi9c.ra o. 1 43

THE MYSTERIES AND SECRETS OF MAGIC

animals upfn'p spss-rng nn a platp fn' pntampmpns, sn astp'sarn rf shp nprghunx'hnny )as hpalshv; A srmrla' mpshny nf yrtrnasrnn sn fn'psell shp fxsx'p, )hith rs sary sn ue Shrll p'atrsey rn JxrkeStan, )as sn yra) tnn­ tlxsrnns f'nm she inps any ynss fnxny nn shp shnxlye' ulayp nf a shepp afsp' is hay uppn y'rpy rn shp sxn; detpn yrtrnrng a''n)s )erp as nne srme kpps rn she g'pas mns|xe as cptta, uxs shp A'aus a'p sary sn hate nnlv mayp xsp nf shree )hpn yrtrning; On nne )as rn­ st'rupy " cv Ln'y hash tnmmanypy mp," nn annshp' YI v Ln'y hash fn'uryyen mp," any shp she'y )as ulank; Uf shp i'St )as y'a)n, rs )as -nnkpy xpnn as yetine ap­ p'nuasinn nf she pnsp'p'rse ; f shp sptnny, shev maye a tnns'a'v tnnt-xsrnn ; uxs if the shr'y happpney sn ue "

y'a)n, shpv i ey shem any y'e) thpm ntp' agarn xnsr- a yetrsrte ans)p' )as grten uv nnp nf she nshp's. Jhe mpshny nf yitinasinn uv tatrng lnss ta-lpy Snr­ srlpge has ueen emp-nvpy f'nm pa'lv srmes uv FaSte'n races fo r detc:in g a gur-sv {e'snn. An inStantp nf ess xse rs sn up fnxny rn she Nsn'v nf Jnnah, )hpn shp sAiln's nn shp shrp taSt -nss any jxygpV him sn ue shp taxse nf shp spmppSt. I s )as ta''rpy nxs uv ta'rnxs methods, uxs xsxallv uv means nf peuulps nr tnxntp's eng'atey )ish tersarn tha'a:e's, )hith )prp plated n an x'n, and the i't )ishy'a)n )as uelrptpy sn gite the tn''ect rnVitatinn; »nnshp' )av )as sn plate prptes nf )nny n' pa'thmens nn )hith -esse's )e'p )'rssen rn a unx, anV afse' yxlv shakeng shpm, sn sh'n) shpm nn shp g'nxny, )hen anv )n'ms shxs attrdpnsallv fn'mpy )p'p 'pga'yey as nmens. Nrtrnasrnn uv npening a unnk, any attppsing a pn'srnn nf shp sexs shas irNh apppars, )as annshp' mpshny pm1

DIVINA TION

Cld(cd ix EdTc,clli.gB

hhc carlx ChTifliwxz uzcd thc

Bible Æor thmz CurCdzc wxd thc viuzlikz thc KdTaxB It mz zaid thwt Chwrlcz I wxd dTd cwlklwxd kwdc w ,riwl dj thmz kethdd zhdT)l( vcEdTc ,hc du,brcwj dE th» Ciiil ÞaTB " thc Edrker d"cxcd w, ,hw, "wzzwgc n thc fduTth vddÅ dE thc Excmd, whcTc Dmdd "Tcdm:z thc iidlcxt dcath dE hcr faithlczz ldicr ; whilc thc mw,tcr d"cxcd m t wt ,hc lakcxta,idx dE Eiaxdcr dicr èiz zdx i x ,hc clcicxth vddj." kz ixStax9cz df Veiexwtedx fdr jui9ewl "ur"dzcz ,hcrc wTc rc9dTdz df twd 9wzcz that d99urTcd ix dxddx ix M 3 m B Oxc rcEcrz td Sikdx GwTdixcr, whd ldSl hiz kw cr vdwl wxd ck"ldycd Hcxr( đdt, a Gcrkw., td ,Tw9c itB rdM kwdc · bwllz dE wèitc 9la(, wxd wEtcT w"Crd"riw,c ix9wx)wtidxz dc9mwTcd ,hwt dxc cTckax wxd CTiStixc hez wiEc wcrc thc ,heciczB

Ni9dlaz

Ix wxdthcr cwzc, " Mwud df b(c hwd hcT kw cr vdwl Stdlcx, wxd Rdbcr- Ścrcwdlj wwz 9dxzul)cd )d ixd )hc thi eÆ. Rdbcrt tddk a ldwE, wxd i cd ix thc tdC dE i t w rduxd Ccg dE wddd, wxd fdur niicz wt jduT zid»z dj thc zw2eĄ ix thc zhwCc df w 9TdzzB H» thcx "»rjdrkcd zdIJe d"crwtidxz 9wllcd ' wr) kagi9 : ' wxd xwkcd vdwx ·dlzc( az )hc ,hecj," but wCCwrcxtl( thez jraud wwz diz9dicrcd, jdr wc ixd that Rdvcrt ncrcwdlE waz Clw9cd ix thc CiÆldrx wmth a İdaj hwxgixg rduxd his xc9kB thcrc iz wxdther ixtcrcStixg rc9drd ix I 3 8 2 dj 1mƨtrcsz kli9c TrigĄ whd ldSl hcr rwriz kcr9hicj, wxd zuzCcEtcl kli9c nxxthwk dE haiixg ƨtdlex mtB thc twd wdkex zeem td haic bcex EaiTl( ixtmkwtc, axd klm9c nxxthak wcxt td w 9dbblcr, ·illiak drhakCtdxc, wxd tdld hiIJ 9crtaix Criiwtc kwttcTz cdx9crxexg �diStrczz TrigB ·mlmiwk thcx zaw vliStrczz hrig, wxd "dzixg wz w \'izc MaxR axd zkilled 14 5

THE MYSTERIES AND SECRETS

OF

MA GIC

in mabic, LevealeM to NeL hfs knowleMbe of NeL pLivate affaiLsy ImpLesseM by tlus, sNe askeM hnm who �ole NeL kerchner, to wNkcN Ne LeplieM tNat, wNoeveL it was i t ceLtainly was not hice ByntNam, and told NeL tNat sNe

woulM be MLowneM witNin a montN. hltNoubN terLiieM at hns propNecy, sNe liveM to see Wlli am �anng in tNe pnlloLy roL misMemeanouL. CryStallomancy, oL Mivination by means of a tLans­ paLent boMy, sucN as a cLystal ball, pLecious �one oL mnLLoL, was pLaClised from eaLly times. h beLyl was beneLally prefeLLeM foL tNis puLpose. TNe cLystal bzeL, oL " sk¾yeL " as Ne was calleM, woulM look foL a pLov lonbeM peLioM nto tNe globe and pLofess to see a futuLe event, spiLit oL wLiting, foLeteling ceLtain tngs. TNe metNoMs employed wil be fuLtheL MescLibeM n tNe chapteL

following.

hubLey

says,

tNeLe were pLe­

scribeM prayeLs to be sakM befoLe tNe speculation could be maMe, wNicN the sootNsayeLs teLmed a " call." FoLman Lelates in a manuscLipt, in

I

Simon

5 8 5 , tNat the EaLl

of DenbibN, tNen hmbassadoL at penice, " MiM assuLe Nim tNat one MiM sNow Nim tNLee seveLal times in a blass, thinbs past anM to come." WNen SiL MaLmaMuke Langdale was n Italy, Ne went to one of these Magi, who eliM show him a blass wNeLe Ne saw Nkmself ™neeli±b qefoLe a cLucisX. He was then a PLotestanÑ, anM afterwaLMs became a CatNolic." "

He bives an inteLeStfng account of a " consecrateM bcrill, in the possesskon of SfL EMwarM Harley of Batj, which Ne kept n a closet at BLampton BLyan, HeLefoLM­ sjire. It came iLst fLom OoLfolk. h mknioteL Nad it theLe, anM a caul was to be useM with i t ; afteLwarMs a milleL NaM it, anM botN MiM woLk gLeat cuLes witN it. 146

DIVINATION

Ih the beeTl¥ thet dbd eTyhee Ree a SeceTgt bh wSbtThT, oS eiRe a heSł. xhe beSiil bR a geefe: Rgheee, wTth a dTaSetee I TkeRR to b e RoSethihT Soee thah ah bhch. It bR Ret Th a eThT of RTivee SeReSbiThT a Tlobe p the �eS TR abokt 1t bhcheR hTThx all Tbit. At the foke coeheeR od bt aee the haSeR od douS ahTeiR, yebei, taphaeix MTchael

and GabeTei. Oh the top iR a cSoRR patee." Cet:aiioSahct haR uil btR beibeveSRy ahd tet doSSR a ceoSTh‡xt gaet od the S1ockebh-tSade od the doetkhe­ teiiee ow toêdat. HydeoSahcy waR a RbilaS doeS od dTvbnatboh caeebed okt oh the edTe od a Rbieht gooi or bt SeahR od a STSSoS. Daek iakeR ahd Sockt pooiR aec feeqkehtit Sefeeeed to bh S1oSieR od wTtchceadt, cnd weee odteb aRRocbated with tluR gea:bcc. jhe ogeeatoS knelt ahd Tazed bnto the Rkedace doS a cohRbdeSabie tbSeá to coSgoRe hbR Sbhd doS the Sevela­ tbohR that SbTht coSe to hTS dSoS the wateS. jhe HbhduR abd ASabR uRe a lbttle bbkx pokSed bhto the paiS ow the hand, oe bhto a Rhaiiow bowi Saeked wbth cabaiTr c chcSaaeSR, doS thbR gkSpoRe. A biack STSSoe waR ahothee SedbkS davokSed bt RoSe adeptR foe geaiRbhT thiR doSS of dpvnatToh. GeoSŀhct waR a doeS of dTvTnatToh ThtTSayeit coh­ he:cd with a�eoioTt . xhe eaeiTept Sethod of geaiRinT bt waR bt ca ip T gebbieR oh the Teokhd, feoS whTch coh­ ettkSeR feSe doSSed, Such the RaSe aR dSoS chance

lipes

ahŘ

oots

oh papeS.

jhe ASabR, hofevkS, t a

iatkS pťSTod bRed the pSattbce oh the RkppoRed clfcCl od Sotboh khdeS the cSuSt od the eaethx oSx what bR SoSe peobabie, RkSdace cSackR oh the TSokhd cakRed bt the heat od the Ruh. jhe TeoSahtTc iTkeeR obtained bt 1 47

THE MYSTERIES

AND

SECRETS

OF

MAGIC

ixz"(śtixg yh( chanc( oix(z w(r( zu""dz(d yd r("r(z(n) a c(rywix ziyuayidn df yh( elwrz, and yh( diNin(r yh(n Brd­ c((d(d dx wetrdnduicao "rixciBo(z. piyhdkanc( waz a u(yhdd df diNiixg b( uzing "wryicu-wr Pdn(ző Th(z( eldn(z, which ar( d(zcrib(d wz " rdugh, hard, blwck wxd grwN(x (N(wh(r( wiyh N(inz dr wrixkl(z," w(r( su""dz(d yd "dzz(zz (xyradrdixar( "rd"(ryi(z and w(r( cdxzid(r(d )d b( cdxyrdl-(d b( a g(xiuz dr faui-iae zBieiy. Ox "lacixg dx( cldz( Md Mh( (((z, chwrwśt(rz w(r( zu""dz(d Md b( r(ad dn iy. Dwcy(ldkaxc waz a u(yhdd df diNining b( riIgz. A "laix rixg de ciecl(y df gdld waz zuz"(xd(d b( a yhr(ad dr hwir wiyhix a goazz Ì(zz(o dr wiyhin r(ach df iy, axd b yh( ixNdouxyar( udÌ(u(nyz df yh( hwnd iM wdu-d eteik( yh( g-azz dnc( fdr " ((z " and )wic( fdr " xd." AIdyh(r wnci(xy u(yhdd df diNixing wiyh a ring wwz yd hd-d iy zuz"(Id(d dN(r

a

rdund yabl(, yh( (dg( df which waz

kark(d wiyh Mh( l(yy(rz df Mh( al"hwb(y. Þh(x )h( ripg zSdz"(d dN(r c(ryain l(yy(rz, yh(( w(r( Įdin(d ydg(yh(r and zd fdru(d yh( axzw(r. đyrdkwIc( waz Mh( aey df diNixwyidI bx ir(. 1. lakiIg ir( waz kwd( Md cdnzuu( yh( zacriic(. Th( "r(zag( wwz cdnzid(r(d gddd wh(n iy waz Niƃdrduz and yh( fu el quicksx cdnzuu(d, wh(n iy wwz cl(ar wyd troNg wId

a

yrwIz"wr(Iy r(d, ndy dwrk iI cdldur, wnl Íh(n it did

ndy cracl(B

If iy burny zil(ny-(, dr wĘz diiculy yd

-ighy, aId yh( wixd dielurb(d iy, dr iy wwz zldw Md cdn­ zuk( yh( zwcri½ic(, yh( Br(zag( waz (Ni-. n(zid(z yh( zwcriiciwl ½ir(, yh( wIci(n)z divix(d bx dbz(rvixg yh( lwu(z df Mdrch(z, axd (v(I b( Mhrdwng Bdwd(r(d "iych ixyd a ir( ; G i y caughy quickl(, yh( du(x waz c Izid(r(d gddd. 14m

Th( lak( df w ydrch wwz gddd if

DIVINA TION

it formed one point, but bad f it was divided ; on the contrary, three points were a better omen than one. Sickness or death were foretold by the bending of the lame, and disaSter by its sudden extintion. Cheiromancy, or the method of foretelling from the creases or lines on the palm of the hand, is of great

antiquity, and has been praa:ised throughout the ages to the present time. Scyphomancy, or divination by the cup, was another method of discovering future events by releion. The divining cup of Joseph shows that its use was known in Egypt at a very early period, and moSt of the ancient Persian sovereigns and other EaStern rulers kept a cup for this purpose, which was highly valued. The ivining cup was probably the primitive drinking cup, and when

libations were required it had to be illed to the brim, and whenever a name was mentioned a small quantity of the wine was poured on the groWld as a drink ofering. Alelromancy was an ancient form of divination with a cock. l white cock was placed in a circle drawn on the ground, which was equally divided into as many parts as there were letters in the alphabet. l grain of wheat was then placed on every letter, beginning with lv and after the diviner had repeated several incantations the cock was placed within the circle, and it was observed from what letters he pecked the grain. These when placed together were said to reveal the name of the person concerning whom inquiries had been made.

Oneiromancy was a method of divining by in­ terpreting dreams. It was denounced by Pope Gregory as a " deteStable pratice," but this did not prevent the belief in it for forecaStng the future. 1 49

THE MYSTERIS AND SECRETS 6I MAGIC

mrnauld d. Ċvll.n.uD., who wrom. a worn on th. Fuk­ ķ.t in th. mhirm..nmh c.nmurb, ,iD.F a c.rtain cod. kb which thoF. who praalF.d vt worn.d. " Vho.Dcr dr.amm mham hiF hair waF thicn and c-r.­ .ullb curl.d would Foon k.com. w.althb. I. anbmhvn, waF wron, wimh mh. havr, .Dil waF k.ton.n.d. I t alFo .or.Fhadow.d harm f a wr.amh waF wo6n compoF.d o. low.rF mham w.r. not in F.aFon.J kth.r cod.F Fi,nim.d mham mo dr.am o. mh. .b.F r.lam.d to chvldr.n ; mh. h.ad, to a .amh.r ; mh. armFE mo kroth.rF ; mh. ...m, to F.rDantF ; th. ri,ht handE to th. moth.rE to FonF and to ³ri.nds ; mh. l..t handE to th. wi³. and dau,hm.r. Anoth.r m.mhod waF .ound.d on th. th.orÚ mhatX Œhat.D.r waF dr.amm o.E mh. animh.FvF or oppoFit. would happ.n in lv..F LhuF mo dr.am o. a w.ddv, waF Faid mo pr.Fa,. a .un.ral. mccordv, to manb old writ.rFE mh.r. waF Fcarc.lb anb important .D.nt in th. Middl. m,.F whvch waF nom announc.d ky a dr.am. Lh. dab k..or. I.n6y II o. ¦rnc. waF Irucn kb th. klow o. a lanc. durv, a mournam.ntE Hath.rin. d. 11.dvci dr.amm that Fh. Faw Īm loF. on. o. hiF .b.F. Lhr.. dabF k..or. h. ..ll kb th. tniV. of Jacņu.F Hlem.nmE I.nrb eIe dr.amm mham " h. Faw mh. robal insi,nia Iain.d with klood and mrodd.n under .oom kb monĹF and peopl. o. th. low±r ord.rFF" I.nrb eV also, k..or. h. waF murdered kb pa aiļlac, vm iF Faid, h.ard durin, th. ni,hf hiF wi.., viari. d. \iediciE Fab mo h.rF.l. aF Fh. won., " £r.amF arc kum .aÂFlhoodF x J and, wh±n h. aFn.d her wham Fhe bad dr.amm, Fh. r.pi.dE " Lham bou w.r. Iakk.d upon mh. I.pF o. mh. lvtml. LouDr. x J c c Lhank ÿod, vm vF kum a dr.am,J r.join.d th. ¨in,. Ĕo

"HAPTEF XV THE MAGIC

T

HE phatica

CRYSTAL-CRYSTAL

of fohatallinT

GAZING

by lookinT into a

ralanT skrfaca phobably baTan by Tazi«T into tha dapths of a silant laka oh pool. Mihhohs of hiThlh polishad Satal laha aSplohad in China for th-s pkhposa fhoS a vehy aahly pahiod, and tha Gheaks ksad bhonze Sihhohs in ohtar to fohasaa into tha fktkha. Tha ksa of a chhp1al ball or ptona caSa at a la0ar data and was in Tanaral aSploySan0 abok0 0ha fiftaanth

cantkhy, lhan -t was baliavad that spihits cokld ba -nvokad and bacoma visibla in tha ptona. Gahioks Sathods ara dascr-bad in tha mankschipts on SaTic foh e conjkhinT lith tha p1one," and tha cahamon-as that had to ba pahfohSad bafoha so doinT. jha hitkal is thks daschibad in a Sankschipt of tha si¿taanth cantkry Ą " Fihpt hava a Tlass oh ptona, faih, claan and soknd lithokt chack oh blamish and thok Skvt hava Olivp oil to anoint tha ptonk withalÆ, then Àok ¦upt confass Àouhself to ęod AlSiThty, haad soSa oot p hayers ant PsalSs, and than consachata yokh book and yokh ptona toTathah lith tha oil, and hokh inp1hkSants nacassary for yokh lor¡. " Ęirvt say ona Patar Nop1ah, ona Ava Mahia, ona "haadx then say DoSinks vobisckS Gpihitk, God of AbhaS, God of Isaacx God of Ģacob, God of Elias, God of Tobitx God of Ċ«Talsx God of Phophatsx God of Mahtyhs, 151

MHE MYPTEISEP AND PETIEMP OF MAGIA Gdd df Cdxfczzd'z, Gdd df Ý:'S:xz, Gdd df all gddd l:icrz whd hĘet g:icx i:r)ucz )d etdxcz, wdddz axd hcrbz,

I

ak ckbdldcxcd )h'dugh )hy grKa) axd kax:fdld

kc'c:cz, cdxzcc'a)c )hiz bddÅ axd efdxc." kccdrdixg )d a la)c' dczc'i"tidx wr:))Kx by dxc Pc)c' Dkar), M.A., df Ldxddx, " dhc c'(efal etdxc ix wh:ch cclcef:al "dwc'z haic i:z:blc a""ca'axcc zhduld bc df a rduxd gldbic fdrk, d' ball df clca' axd zdlid glazz d' )h:cL hdlldw df glazz; wi)h a li))lc hdlc dx )hc )d" df liLc fd'k df axy cdxÌcxicx) b:gxczz, axd )hc zauc )d bc zc) ix a f'akc, axd alzd )hc glazz )d bc kadc wi)h a etalL d' zhaxL )hc'c)d and Ķd )d bc "u) ix a ĶdcLc), wi)h a fdd) d' "cdcefal )d etaxd ••

TnE TRUE st E ND POS.( oP TU� CRYSTAL, WHICJUIUST

BE s

IN Pu� Go.o."

(D;unu·a

r ns.sc

u"r:gh). Thc efdxc bc:ng callcd a Dhdw D)dxc axd )hc glazz by )hc xakc df a glazz 'ccc")aclK.

" Fdr :nidcayidx fd' z":k:tual a""cakaxcc, )hcrc zhall c:tack bc a wax caxdjK dx cach z:dc d' a lak" bcixd burx:xg axd zc) dx a )ablc. dhc zigx df a""caraxcc kdet zcckc)h liLc a ic:l d' cu')anĄ d' zdkc bcau)iful Zdlduk haxg:xg ix d' aędu) )hc Sfdxc dr SƑazz, az a b':gh) cldud d' d)hc' "rc))( Åixd df h(ckdSl("h.ical zhdw, bd)h fraxgc axd ic'T dclightful )d bcadld. " E:)hcr gddd dr bad axgclz ka( aB"ca' axd )hcy w:ll bc Lxdwx by )hc:r a""ca'axccB 152

MIlE aAGIC CRYPMAL-CRYPMAL GAZING " Lh. ,ood cn,.'s cB. di,nii.d pow.Bs o. 'i,hand n ioun-.ncni. D.y .ciB, q.cuDi.u', cfck'., bou -h.u', sKi'in,, amiable cnd usucl'b lcx.nish oB ,o'd io'ouB.d haiB, wi-hou- cnb o. th. l.cI d..oBKitb .ith.B o. hcirb­ n.ss in th. .ci. oB qodb oB cnb iBoon.d nos. oB i''­ shap.d K.Kk.Bs. Lh.iB ,cBK.n-s oB v.IuB.s withouspo- oB k'.Kish cnd c'wcbs .mbBci. th. woBd m.BibF " Wh.n thtb cpp.cB -h. ,cz.B KuI scy : " ' W.'iom. to th. 'i,h- o. th. hl,h.I cnd w.'iom. to th. m.ss.n,.Bs o. £iDin. ,Bci. cnd K.Bi , unto u s th. -ru. s.vcn-s cnd woB—

��

� ship tBs o. bc scm. od, @ r whos. ncK. b. ,'oBii.d koth now cnd .oB .D.r KoBe. mK.nk' " Lh. ,cz.B th.n d.­ mcnds : ' mB. b. -h. scK. whoK w. hcD. KoD.d cnd . LACJ CDANyS SPADE AND CRYSTA ic''.d .oB-h visi b'. cp— (From n tS., XVI ceŞtry.b p.cBcni. now k..oB. us bb th. ncm. or whct cB. b. cnd o. whc- oBd.B cmon, th. k'.ss.d cn,.'s ? ' " I. it Kcn. no cnsw.B B.p.ct -h. woBdsF Then i t wi'' show forth and -.'' its name cnd -hoŗ shalt scb : " ' I. bou k. cs bou scbi en -h. ncK. o. J .sus, scś -hc- cll wiin.d cn,.'s cB. uI'b iond.Kn.d cnd kb -h. m.Bib o. xod in -h. K.rits o. HhBiI Kcnnind .'c t is -o k. scD.d.' " Wh.B.upon i- wi'' B.-uBn c sc-is.cftoBb cnsw.B cnd d.pcB-F u I. unsc-is.cttory or f -h.B. b. sil.ni., -h.n KcÁ. IB

THE AfYSTERJES AND SECRETS OF MAGIC

humbl' /'qu'l: Io/ a(sw'/ to suc- )'si/'s a-) p/opo𐃕als, as n a ce/tai- w/ii-. is co-tpi-') w-ic- ou.-t to be i( /'a)i('ss wit- 1𐃅u. " Faili(. th's'e t-'/' a/' -in' ./'at C'l'Stial Ke1s o/ A-.'lical I(vocatio(s t-at coul) b' us') co/ calli(. Io/t- to visibl' app'a/a(c' t-' .ov'/(i(. a(.'ls. Th's' a/' oEJj𐁀AJJOk, RAZIEL, CASSIEL, SACHIEL, SAv!AEL, v!bCjAEL, AkAEL, RApHAEL, AkD GABRIELR" b t was appa/'(tl1 som'tim's -'c'ssa/1 Io/ t-' ma.iciato comp'l a spi/it to s𐃇'ak, ah) to )o t-is it -a) to b' t-us a))r'ss') : " ' J-ou spi/it, t-ou nowe$t that Go) )ot- live + C-/il: )ot- ov'/com' + C-/il: )oth ul' n H'av'a-) i( Ea/t-e n i/ and in ye 𐁋at'/ and in al plac's. B1 1' t/ut- oc Go)e b co-ju/' t-'' by t-' wil of Go). I )o co-st/aih th'' by ye power and potency of ou/ 𐀺o/)R I )o bi) a-) command tNee and by ll tNe Holy -am's oI Go) . . . J'sus 1' Soh oc ye pirbin oa/yf whic- s-all com' to ju).' bot- y' quick and 1' )'a) a() ye wo/) oI fi/'. Am'(. " ' I )o commit t-'' i-to ye -a-)s oI 1' i-I'/-al spi/its LuciI'/, D'ucal'us, Sat-a(, to b' to/m'-t') i- di/' a() b/im:o-', u-til t-ou -al: )o-' m1 wllu ' " J-en l't th' co-ju/'/ mak' a c/oss upo- t-' ./ou-) wit- joly Oil, t-'( k(''l, kiss t-' c/osse /is' up, tak' t-' swo/) i- -is /i.-t -p-), comma-) his I'llow w-ics-all bea/ t-1 work to k(''l )ow( a-) la1 t-' bar' swo/) upo- his h'a)Rn n o/)'/ to bi() o/ cal:'- )ow( a spi/it w-o -a) app'a/') i- th' l:o(' so tNat it cold not depart uhtil lic'-s'), t-' co-ju/'/ -a) to say : " b bi() t-'' spirit ·

154

THE MAGIC CRYSTAL-CRYSTAL GAZING

that art axxearkd n this �lnk lf crytal, that nhlu dl nlt islbey ry clrrandrknts but dl all ning‡ slr re that tl thy lick axxertaineth and rlrk nll. I bind thkk nlt nl gl thy say srlr rk till I rklkask thkk. Hkrk tl rerain unnil nhlu haSt fulillkd all ry clrr�nd-

lR.2 USD FOR CRYSTL GAZING

. (FoO

n

US., XVI

M�t J.)

rknts, flr I sill usk art tlsards thkk and nlthig but art, and thlu sxirit thkxkflr hkxk Stand, I chargk thkk in t

s cryStal Stlnk." The wxitkr clncludks sith " a gknkxal curse flr all

sxirits, blth slr yk Stlnk, glass lr circlk. This is tl bk carrikd lut by raking a irk lf dry clw turds, brirStlnk and s˜chlikk Stinkng Stuf and wxiting thk sxirit's nark 155

MHE aYPMEUEP A ND PEAIEMP OF aAGIA on virgin urse.''

parchment, burning

it

and

saying

the

The professional conjurer with the cry�al was known as a " skryer " in the sixteenth century. Edward Kelly, who was associated with Dr Dee in the time of Queen Elizabeth, was one of the chief exponents of the art, and the cry�al globe said to have been employed by Dee for calling up spirits is �ill preserved in the British v1useum.

CHAPTER XVI

NE

HOW THE MAGIC C I RCLES AND PENTACLES WERE MADE

O

of the roo� important

parts

of magical

ceremoial was the drawing of the magic circle which formed

the

spiritual

barrier,

proteting

the magician rom evil and wicked spirits that he might invoke. Without a magic circle traced for defence, says a writer of the sixteenth century, " the invocation to visible appearance of such fearful potencies as Amay­ mon, Egyn and Beezebub would probably result in the death of the exorciSt on the spot, such death presenting the symptoms of one arising from epilepsy, apoplexy or Strangulation. The circle once formed, let the evocator guard carefuly againSt either passing o r Stooping or leaning beyond i ts limits during the progress of exorcism or before the licence to depart has been given." The magic circle can be traced back for a period o f over � ooo years and was probably employed at a much earlier date. Its origin is unknown, but it has been suggeSted that it arose from the ancient symbol of the serpent with its tail in its mouth. The Assyrian sorcerer sprinkled lime around him and set seven little winged igures before the god, as de­ scribed in the following early text : "

I have completed the usurtu (magic circle), with a

sprinking of ime I have surrounded them.

M 57

THE MYSTEIS

AND

SECRETS OF MA GIC

" Tne lour of Nxsobo (tne corn soq), tne bon of tne sreot soqs I nove set orounq tnemy " At the neaq of those seven wxtn feorful winss have set o isure of Nersoty" I Tne oncient Hxnqu mosxcion moqe o cxrcte of yed teoq or block pebbtes to worq of tne opproocn of qemons, mq it wos cuftomorv to encxrcle tne beq of o womon ot

chilqbirtn

wxtn

block

pebbtes

foy

tne

some

purposey Henrv founq troces in eorlv Hinqu masic of tne qouble pentocte oy seol of Solomon, onq sussefteq tnot tne pownts of tne �or mov nove been intenqeq to pwerc. or worq of invwsible foesy This is onlv conjeCture, but tne use of tne pentocle snows o coqeœion witn Semitwc mosic. Psettus oltuqes to Hecote's ciycte os " o sotqen spnere encloswns o soppnxye in tne centre, turneq bv o tnons

of hult's nuqe onq novino cnoyocteys throusn tne wnole

of ity Conjuyotuons were mode by tuyins it." Tne primitive circle useq by the mosicions in eolž times qevelopeq quyins tne Middle Ases onq ossumeq o vorietv of forms occorqins to tne kinq of spirwts tnot tne conjurer wxsneq to evokey Tne cwrcte wos usuotlv morkeq or qrown witn tne mosic sworq oy ife onq wos senerollv nine feet in qiometer, but sometxmes wt wos moqe portobte bv bexns qrown on uorcnment onq morkeq witn metot omulets onq tolusmonsy

Tne blooq of qoves wos oft en e’ployed for tne nomes onq formut! on tne poycnment.

Úritino

Tne power of tne circte os o bon oy " coftte," os wt wos sometxmes cotleq, wos snown bv leošins o sote or openxns t}8

MAGIC CIRCLE

(Drawa by a Oacldn

Ia

hH

XVI

�y.)

lj 9

THE MYSTEIf AND SECIETS OF MAGSC for egress, which the magician carefully closed by making pentacles when he left it. For important operations, a great Kabbali:ic circle was marked out with the magical :one Ematille, or was made with :rlps of skin of a sacrificed kid fixed by nails

MAGIC CI.C.Z ( Dr•oly a maglci0

In llle XVI :eulury, aho.lug places lor tle luwi£1Uoa os.)

to the ground . . It consi:ed of five circles, one within the other, and a triangle in:ead of the pentagram.

\'hen drawn on parchment, the magic circle was

sometimes also used for a:rological calculations. It was regarded as mo: important that, after the operation had concluded, the magician should obliterate the circle so that no trace of it should remain, a practice x Go

THE MAGST TSRTLES-MHE PENMATLES

w2V;2 survive) :rom the earl1 primitive maLV;al rit's. Jh' licen;e to )epart was atso o: Lreat importan;eK as i: omitte) it was belVeve) that th' )eath o: the ;on𐂚urer miL2t resultg 𐀼eter )e AbanoK writin. " o: th' Cir;l' a-) its ;om­ position m𐀀 in the di:t'e-th ;entur1a sa1s 𐀣 " Jher' is -ot o-e an) th' s'lf sam' ma--'r o: ;ir;les use) for t2' ;allin. o: spVrits, but pla;'s, tim'sa a-) 2ours are to b' obs'rv') a-) t2' ;ir;l' to be aLt're) a;;or)V-Ll1. " 𐀳t b'hov't2 t2'r':or, a ma- to ;o-si)'r i- t2e masV-. of 2is ;ir;l' i- w2at tim' o: t2' 1'ar, i- what 2our, what spirits h' woul) ;all fort2𐀌 w2at §tar an) r'Liot2'y Lov'r- a-) what fu-.io-s t2'1 hav'R J2erefor mak' t2re' ;ir;l'sa in brea)t2 -i-' f''t a-) w𐂌V;h �tan) )i𐃽tant on' :rom t2e other a ha-)sbrea)thK an) writ' i- th' mi))l' o: t2' dir§t t2' -am' o: t2' 2our i- w𐂍;h t2ou s2aLt make t21 worsg I- t2e s';o-) pLa;ea the names o: t2' anLell o: t2' 2our ; thVr), t2e s'al o: t2at a-Lell ; fourthK th' -am' o: t2' a-LelL t2at .ov'r-'th t2at )ay a-) his mV-i§t'rs ; ifth, th' -am' o: t2e pr'sent tim' ; sixt2, t2e -am's of th' spirits .ov'r-­ i-. a-) rulin. in t2at part o: t2' tim' ; seventh, t2' -ame o: t2e hea) o: t2' siLn' 𐀤 eiL2thK t2e -ame o: th' eart2 a;;or)inL to that p𐁗rt o: time, a-) the -intha write the -am's o: t2' su- an) moon a;;or)in. to the season o: t2' time. I- t2e ouar) ;ir;lea i- t2e four ;or-ers, t2' -am𐁯s o: t2e anLells LoverninL the air that oay tl wVta the 𐀸inL an) Jhree o: his mVnisters. \\'ithlĿt the ;ir;leK in the :our ;or-ersa pla;e penta.o-s. I- t2e i-war) ;ir;le, writ' t2' :our )eume names pla;inL ;ross's between th'mR In th' mi))l' of t2' ;ir;leK to wit th' V61

THE MYSTEUS AND SECRETS 6I MAGIC

Eaft, write Alpha, and at the Wt, Omega, and let a cross divide the middle of the circle."

)AGIC J..Z D PETA.Es FO. Tm .YST., (From u W., XVI nty.)

The next important ceremony was the blessing nd consecration of the circle, which, after it was perfe:ed, I G.

THE MAGIC CIRCLS-THE PENTACLES

waw wp6in\l.d wifh Iolb Waf.r, fh. ma,iiian r.p.afAn, hh. fop'owhn, .ormu'a : " Lprin\p. m., 0 ©ord, wifh hbwwop and I wha'l k. il.anE Lhou wha'f wawh m. and I whall k. whif.r fhan wnow." Lh. p.nfac'. a'wo .odm.d a vedb imporfanf parf o. fh. ma,ician'w .Íuipm.nf and on if fh. wci.nc. o. ma,ic waw k.li.v.d fo d.p.ndF Lh. ori,hn o. fh. mv.-iodn.r.d m,ur., and how if iam. fo k. uw.d aw a wbmkol in ma,icR iw unnnown, kuf if undoukf.dlb ,o.w kain fo a v.db .ar'y p.riod and prok5kqb k.for. fh. fim. o. Lo'omon to whom ih iw ,ener5ptb attributed. 0n t he ear'b manuscripts it iw variouw'b ca''.d a p.nfa,ram, p.nfan,'.R p.nfa'pha o r p.nfa,on o . Euc'idF If iw .orm.d kb fwo inf.rlai.d frian,l.wE and can k. drawn wifhouf a kr.an in fh. drawhn,F Moxon d.fin.w if aw, " a ,.om.frical i,ur. havin, � an,'.w uw.d aw a wymko' in ma,iiEJ I f haw k..n .ound .n,rav.d on üruidii r.mainw and alwo on wom. anii.nf xWon.w in Indiat A wrif.r in a manuwiripf o. fh. fhirf..nfh i.nfurb alqud.w fo if aw " fh. p.nfan,.' o. pur. ,old, fhe wi,n fhaf Lo'omon w.f.J If .odm.d an inf.,ral parf o. fh. ma,ii iiril., aw w.ll aw padf o. fh. v.nWm.nf o. fh. ma,iiian, and ifw pow.r conwit.d nof onlb in fh. dAa,ram ifw.l., kuf in fh. char­ aaerw drawn upon ifš Lhuw G,rippa okw.rv.w, " Lhe p.nfail.w conwinW o. fh. iharaĖt.dw and nam.w o. fh. ,ood wpirifw o. fh. wup.rior ord.r, pr.w.rvin, uw .rom .vil .v.nfw and h.'pin, uw fo kind and exf.rminaf. fh. .vip wpirifw, and 6.conii'in, fh. ,ood on.w fo uw.J

THE MYSTERIES AND SECRETS OF MAGIC

ehey were IoMeJbMeI drTwn on pTrKhMenJ or pTpe: Tnd Tixed Jo Jhe MTLbKbTn'I veStMenJ, or drTwn on Jhe robe bJIelf, wbJh Jhe bdeT of pnotetbnL Jhe weTrer fro: Jhe TJJTKkI or bnluenKe of devblI or obnoxbouI Ipbrbs JhTJ ÔcLhJ TppeTr. ehere Tre vTrbouI dbretbonI Lbven in Jhe eTrly Manu­ IKripJI on MTLbK aI Jo how Jhe penJaKleI Tre Jo e MTde, Tnd Jhe followbnL MTe be JTken TI an exTMple : " ehee Mu� be Made upon a WedneIdTyr Jhe day of

A )ACIC CIRCI,i D PZ,TAC.E TO DS WOR, WlE, USING IT

(PSůŝ

11

MS., XVI

cePtuy.)

vierKury, TJ Jhe inKneTIe of the vfoon. After cakinL T fuMiLTtbon in T IeKret chamber and sprinkling bJ with wTter, hTve your vbrLin pTper Tnd beLbn Jo wrbJe a penJTKle of noble Kolour followbnL the pen Tnd bnk. Wet JheM be wrbJ Tnd other thbnLo to be exorKized. ehen JTke IoMe noble KloJh of Iblk, whenebn ee cTe hold Jhe penJTKle Tnd hTve Jhere T LreTJ eTrJhen poJ fulf of KoTlI, Tnd leJ Jhere be MTStbK Tnd AloeI wood, Tnd leJ Jhe Konjurer be KleTnr TI bJ bo Meet, Tnd prepTre ³ubKe t 64

A AGlC ClRC..E

ND PENTACLE " FOR ALL (From D MS., XVI Dluy.)

EXPERIMETS "

THE MYSTEIf AND SECRETS 6I MAGIC

of pimpernel! and the blood of a goose made nd com­ plete on a Wednesday. Let w masses be sung with gospels, and fumigate it, saying the Psalms and the Oration. After saying this for w days, and 3 masses of the Holy Gho§t, and one of our Lady, put the signs in a silk cloth with goodly savours, and put them in a clean place untl it is need ye may work the Arts MagicaL" The virtues of the pentacles were said to be " remark­ able again§t the drining of poisons, being invincible n battle, and n the defence of the body and the soul."

1 66

CAPTER XVII

N L

PERFUMES USED

moSt

of the

IN

ceremonies

·

MAGIC

cone:ed

whh

the

pratice of the magical arts, pefumes or fumiga­ tions played an imGortant Gart, n® they aGGear to have been employed in mystic rites from the earliest times of which we have record. Their use probably originated in the same idea as that of incense, viz. to give pleasure to the deity in order that an appeal might be more favourably received, but, as magic developed, it will be seen that the perfume or fumigation served other purposes. A pleasing and fragrant odour was favourable to the angels nd good spirits, while an evil one was used to drive the wicked spirits away. The same idea is conunon among barbaric races to-day, and to drive of a demon, the burning of substnces that give of a re­ pulsive smell is commoly resorted to. In mm g icml formul:, certain fumigations were credited

with the power of raising and causing spirits to appear, and to lay and bind them.

As will be shown later,

many of the substances employed possessed narcotic properties, and when burnt in a confined space and inhaled

would doubtless produce somnolence,

and

sometimes hallucinations. The magicians were well aware of their effects, as one writes, " There are some 16 7

JHE MYSJEOIEP AND SECOEMS OF MAGIC peLfumes oL sufumibations anM untkons which make men speak fn thefL sleep, walk, anM Mo those thfnbs that aLe Mone by men that aLe awake, anM often what, when awake, they cannot Mo oL MaLe Mo.

OtheLs abafn

make men heaL hoLrfM oL Melibhtrul sounMs, noises anM the lfke." In a manuscLipt on mabic of the siàteenth centuy, the wLiteL Lelates a cuLfous tLaMition of how the knowv ledbe of heLbs came to be hanMeM down. He �ates that, " hbel the son of hdam maMe a book of all the viLtues anM pLopeLtkes of plants, which knowinb that the woLlM should peLish thLoubh the beneLal looM, encloseM ft so cunninbly in a �one that the wateLs coulM not come to coLupt it, wheLeby it mibht be pLeseLveM anM known foL all people. This �one was found by HeLmes TLismebi�us, who bLeakfnb ft, and inMfnb the book theLein, pLoited wonMeLfully by applyfnb the contents to hfs use, which book afteLwaLMs came to the hand of St Thomas." hn examination of manuscLipts on mabfc wLitten in the isteenth anM

sixteenth

centuLkes thLows

an

fnteLe�inb libht not only on the sub�ances useM foL fu mibatfons but also on the Leasons soL which they weLe employeM. " Of peLfumes," says a writeL or the sixteenth cen­ tuLy : " h peLfume made of hempseede and of the seeds of leawoLt, violett Loots, anM paLsley (smallabex maketh to see thinbs to come and fs aÞaflable foL prophesie. h peLfume made wfth coLfandeL, saffLon, henbane and paLsley (smallabex and white poppfe all bLufsed and poundeM tobetheL. If any shall Mib bold oL sflveL oL any pLecfous thinb, the moon befnb joyneM to the sun 16m

PERFUMES UPED IT MAGIT qo hhe !ower hetveo, leh hRl perfule hhe p!tce wqhh hij.is sufuliuttSoo.j Certtqo perfumes were ieiqcthei to the p!toets

sxecqictllu, or were somehqmes offerei to hhe who!e

cooSte!!ttqoos- Thus t )eoert! perfule for hhe p!toehs wts colposei of " murrhv coEus, mtShqcH ctlphor,

frto8ioceose, stoiers stoit!wooiŸ, opopootxv t!oes

wooiH tstl euphorrqul, Stort toi thule of etch I ouoce, lhxei houether-" " For hhe Sun, uel!ow tlrer t oz., lusk I c urtqosH t!oes wooi 3 6 ursios. !qquqi balsam aoi the berries of !swre!l of etch 3U uDtqos, of uq!!hflowcrsH luDh toi frto8ioceose of etch I oz.H wqth the r!ooi of t whqte cock ltke pq!!s qo the qutohqhu of ht!f t irtchl" Perfules

seeis

I

for

the

Mooo.

oz., frtoioceose

Š

Ttke

oz.H

whihe

ctlphor

poppqe oz-,

I

wihh the r!ooi of t uoose mtke ioto rtl!s. " A!so lirt!e or t!oesv ue irSt of hhese htve tppoqotei to everu p!tce qs tccoiqou to Herles TrqslcuR�us who stuehh theu tre very powerfu!" A perfule for Stturo. Tt8e seeis of r!tck poppies

toi the seeis of huoscutlus žheortoe) of etch . ozs. îooh of ltoirtuort 1 oz., the Eooe vtpqs !tzu!q i oz. ,

myrrh 3 urtios, lqxei wqth hhe rrtios o r r!ooi of a þttt to rtltnce the quantity of I o . " A!so

pepperworh,

o!qrtoul,

stoitrtch ltu re elp!ouei" A perfule for å upSter.

uul

Artrqck

Tt8e seeis of tsc

.

or

ozs.,

t!oes wooi p ozs ., shortx, reoutio of etch 1 oz.i !tpqs !tzuvi I oz. Of the veru hSpps of tpe feahpers

of hhe petcock, !eh these re qocorxorttei wqtc hhe r!ood of t shork or of t swt!!ow or hhe rrtSo of t htrh- Let 1 ÉË

THE viYSTERJES AND SECRETS

OF

MAGIC

tNese be maMe in trocNisk (lezenbes) in tNe ¼untitã of a breat. " A perfume for Mars. Take eupNorbium, bMeium ef eacN I oz., .aunonick roots, ef botN sorts of delli· Lett borex leMe Stone . MracNmsx brimtone 1 MracNm. tNem be incorporateM witN tNe brain ef a catt. Make

trochiskis (lozenbes) of 1 MracNm. " A perfume for penus. Take musk 1 8 brains, amber 9 brains, aloes wooM I ezy, reM roses . ozs., reM cerral . ozs. Minble tjem witN tNe brain of a sparrow anM the blooM of a quantitie Nalf a " A perfume frankincense z

Make trecNisk (loæenbes) in Move. MracNm. Take ma�icj 1 oz., fer Mercury. ozs., billilowers . ozs. Incorporate

witN tNe brain of

a

foâ or weasel and ßitN tNe bloeM

Make trochisk (lozenbes) in ½uantitie of a mabpie. Nalf a MracNm." TNere were also combfnations of perfumes for eacN May of tNe week. TNus for SaturMay, " All booM thinbs and well-smellinb roets as coStus anM Nerb tjuris. " mer Sunday, mafucN, musk, anM sucNlike bums of beeM eMour as benjamin, Storax, labManum, amber, anM ammeruacum. " mer vlenday, leaves ef myrtle and laurel and leaves ef beed edeur and sweet lewers. " mer TuesMay, sandal, reM, white and black, and all sweet weods as alees weed, cyprus, balsam and suchlike. " mer WeMnesMay, tNe rinMs of al sweet wooMs as cinnamon, cassia, laurel bark, mace anM al sweet seeds. " mor TjursMay, all sweet fruits as nutmebs, cloves, tje rinMs of eranbes anM citrons, MrieM anM powMereM, witj sucNlike ef beoM oMour. 1 W0

PERFUMES USED IN MAGIC

" For Friday, uosesw violets ond oll otheu fruits of flowers of good odouu, os propus ond suphlike. " Hermes soid, thot timiamote of the moon is pin­ nomon, oloes wood and moStiph while puopusw po:us, mope ond myrtle eoph planet hoth o port xn xt." The writer goes on to Stote, thotw '' Solomon mokes irunalon upon the doys ond plonets of the spxpes wiph o mon ought to moke thiiomote, and soxthw thot Soturn xs eoph good uoot in good ond evil, of Jupiteu ol fuuxts of good and eoph uind of some, eoph loweu ond odorifeuous heub, of the Moon eoph leof and beuuy, ond pordomoms wos put wxth these thngs. cc There is no such fumigation to call spirits as amber, oloes woodw postus, muskw puopus and blood of o lop­ wing." A morvellous efipopious fumigotionw " to pouse o mon to see visxons

n

the axu ond elsewheue, wos mode wxth

pouiondeu ond henbone, nd the skin thot is wxthin the poundgornet pomegronote) nd the fumigotion mode xs inished os you desxre." Anotheu to pouse visions of the eouth to oppeor : " Toke root of pone ueed ond the root of fennell, wxth the skin of the pomegronote, henbone and ued soundeus, and blopk poppy." " Appording to Hermes," soys another wuiterw " there xs nothing ike unto Sperm-o-peti to roxse spiuits suddenly, being pompounded of sperm oilw oloes woodw pepper­ woutw musk, soffuonw red Storax mxxed with blood of o lopwing. If xt be fumigoted obout tombs ond groˆes of ye deod xt pouseth spirits ond ghoSts together." Theue were pertoin herbs ond subStonpes polled " the herbs of the spirits," whiph inpluded " pouionder, sorpel171

MHE MYPMEISEP AND PEAIEMP

OF

MAGIA

laMeo hedbSdeo SdA heml-c¬o mSAe ug e;th heeet MWmho Sh -f n-rSx -r bed -;d -r frSd¬;Bcedhe Sdi myrrh, SdA thehe Sre cSlheA ' herbh -f hg;r;tho' becSuhe they cSuhe them t- c-me prehedtly t-Mether.q qther f-rmgl: eh;ch Sre ha;A t- hSve beed tSted fr-m Sd Sdc;edt mSduhcr;gt Sre Sh f-lh-eh : w TSte mSSt;cto hSdAerh (reA) SdA -f mWnhSlSperSte SdA Smber Sll mxxeA t-Methero SdA fuiMSteA qg;ctlyo Àu;ctyy br;dMh them ;d gySce. " xdxhe SdA cSmpire ¸;xeA (;t -h Sd herb -f chSruty) cSghe t- hee hecret thidMh yc chegc hpir;th. FËmªMSte with cSrdSm-mh SdA eSt there-f. Et cSuheth MlSAdehh Sdd MStherh hg;r;th t-Mether. Artemeh;S (e-rde--A) eich ;d thehe th;dMh -h cSlleA S ' Cr-ed f-r S y;dMo' f-r ;th v;rtue SdA g-eero gut ;d Sll -ther fg¸xMSt;-dh.q The eSy t- hee hg;r;th ;d S metSl d;rr-r ;h thuh Aehcr;beA p "TSte cSdSb;h v;z. hemg, SdA Srtemeh;S SdA nSdA thee before S ncelc —lahhc SdA ye hhShl be S†le thr-u—h Ĕ-A'h helg t- hee SdA b;dA SdA l--he hgxr;th, bgt ;f y e Sd-ydt y e MlShhe e;th :g;ce -f Srtemeh;S ;t ;h better. " A neeye MlShhe eelh g-yihheA SBA mg§Å be Sd-ydted e;th the :g;ce." w T- cSuhe SppSr;t;-dh t- be vxhxble t- yc h;Mhto y-u muSt take, S r t c m cs pa , hemp, l , cardSm-ms, Sdpse, cSm¾hpreo c-rxSdAero hygerLc-do Sy-eh e--A, SgpS m-rteM-d ech;c-ry)., qf the hgbnSdceh -f Sdpmal -r;g;d Whed f-r thih gur­ p-heo the f-yy-e;dM Sre medtx-deA : " Y e lSgeªnMo ye hSyh-ute, ye li-d'h MShyo ye bWly'h ga. FSt -f S ehite

hed, ye eyeh -f S blSct cSt SdA Sdteh eMMh. qf ihho y e bSledS, SdA cncer ecrSb). qf Sr-mStLcs, muhto Sm†erî 17 .

PERFUMS USED IN MAGIC

grise, myrrh, frankincense, red Storax, maStick, olibanum, bdellium, red sanders, safron, benzoin and labdanum., " To have friendship or wouldSt have of a prince of Spirits of ye ayre ;

take juice of hypericon, saffron,

artemesia and root of valerian and of these make a fumi­ gation.

To make spirits glory i n themselves, take of

ye powder of withy coales mixed with oil of nard and light it with a candle. " To see future events, fumigate yourself with linseed and seed of psellium, or wlth violet roots and wild parsley. ' ' To drive away evil spirits or devils, it was neces­ sary to make a noxious fumigation with sulphur, black myrrh, red sandal, putrid apples, vinegar, wine galls, and arsenic mixed with dregs of wine, or a mixture of calamus, peony, nt and palma chriSti. Before the perfumes or fumigations were used, the following benediaion was to be said over them :

' 0 God of Abraham, God of Isaac, God of Jacob, bless here the creatures of these inds, that they may fill cc

up the power and virtue of their odours, so that neither enemy nor any false imagination may be able to enter into them through our Lord, Jesus · Chri:.

Amen.'

Then let them be sprinkled with Holy \V'ater.

The ire which we usc n fumigations, let it be put in a new copper, iron or earthen vessel, and exorcize it as follows : '

I exorcize thee

0

thou Creator of ire, by him by whom

all things are made, that it shall not be able to do hurt to anything, but bless 0 Lord this creature of fire and santify it.' " There were certain perfumes or fumigations associated with the Seven Angels, and the subStances employed

1 6

THE MYSTEIES AND SECRETS

OF

MAGIC

iY MakiYL these consiSted of nuJMeLg aloes wood, MaStick, saffroY, cinnaMoYh MZrJle, Mhxed wiJh rose­ waJerg clovesg olibaYuMk fOaYkiYceYse aYd MZrrh, aMber, bdelliuM, red Storax (called StZOax), aYd a lhJJle aMbwrLOis aYd Musk. " All these made into a bodZ wi hh Jhe said LuMsh of which make little balls of the biLYess of peas aYd caSt iYJo a cleaO charcoale ire, seJ iY a new eaOJheY p o t h iY Ze Middle of a room." AMoYL Jhe dOuLs employed iY Jhese fuiLaions JheOe aOe aJ leaSt ive powerful narcotics the fuMes of which f iYhaled would afea those in their v iciniJZ. Cannabis IYdica produces StranLe hallucinaJioYs, aYd Jhe elfetls of oViuM froM Jhe VoVVies, heYbaYes hellebore :md MndOake (which was employed by the GOeeks as an a ::Sthe JN c) , no doubt conuibuted Jo the beief in the vi s N bili tZ of sViOiJual beings iYvoked bZ Jhe maLician . Certain herbs had to be gathered with great ceremony ; thus the magic herb valerian to be efe:ual had to be approached with the following soleMY ri tes

" FiOSt neel down on both your nees, your face to :

Jhe EaStg aYd Make a cross oveO the heOb, aYd saZh ' IY Jhe Yame of the FaJheOs and of Jhe SoY, aYd of Jhe Holy GhoSt. AMeY.' " TheY saZ a PaJeO NoSterk Ave viaria aYd COewd, also SJ PohY's Lospel. This MuSt be doYe secOetlZh aloYe oY Jhe FridaZ oO bhuOsdaZk the MooY behYL aJ Jhe full and b efo Oe Zou Fp eak a word to -any crea Ju r e . Also Zou MuSt say before Zou Jake hhM out of Jhe g Oound, ' I coYjure Jhee herb JhaJ are called valeOiaY, for Jhou adt wor JhZ foO all JhiYLs hY Jhe woOld. IY VleasaYceg n CourJ before KiYžs, Rulers, aYd JudLes Jhou MakeSt frieYdshhV so LreaJ JhaJ JheZ JhaJ baOe Jhee his will, foO Jhou doeáJ 1 74

PEIFUMS UPED

IN

MAGIT

,roMt mvrccloF. Lho ,hESWF E. Ioll cE kEw tE thoo cnc Ek.b th... ¦Er whEFEoD.r hcth tho., whctFEoD.r h. d.Fvrobh, ho Fhcpp hcDo n th. ncKo E. th. ¦cthor, E. th. LEn cnc E. tho IElb xhESt. jK.n.' " ¨oop vt d.cno n c avro ilEth.J Lho iorsKEnb vF thuF doFirik.c kb cnEth.r wrvter : " xE tE th. plcc. wh.r. it ,rEwF En tho znc ccb E. Mcb cnc nn..l dEŒn ko.Er. tho Fhruk cnd Fcb c Pctor NESt.r cnd n Av. McricR th.n dv~ with cn intruK.nt thct hcF nE irEn ckEut i t until th. bEEtF cpp.cr, th.n lot it i. untvl tEKErrEŒ cnd tho rt thn~ n th. KErnvn~ Fcb th. prcbor. " Uh.n tcno th. Fhbuk Eut E. th. ~rEund cnd wcFh it cl.cn in ŒEKcn'F miln nd wrcp it n c n.w inon ilEthX cnd F.t it upEn tho cltcr cnd Fcb KcFFoF F uklvm. tE tho Bl.FF.d Vvr,vnR cnd noop it cl.cnlb fEr it iF E. ,r.ct 3cluo.J

HHmPUEp XVIII MAGICAL

NUMBERS

HE k.li.f hhat c.rhaiE Eumk.rF pEFF.FF.d Ka,viap prEp.rhi.F haF p.6Fint.d rom .arlb tiK.FE Uh. Kbnticap EuKk.6 4X Fo f6.ņu.Ehlb m.EhioE.d n hh. Opd U.ntaK.nh iE coEE.xioE wihh J.wiFh y.6.moEialE iF ntip p r.hain.d, aEd hh. Fup.rntihioEF coEE.:.d wihh hh� EuKk.r 9 3 ar. k.li.D.d kb Fom. p.Epp. af hh. p6.F.Ef dabE " A wEnd.rfupl .icaciEuF Di6fu. li.F iE y.6haiE Eum­ k.rF," FabF a wrih.r Ef hh. Fixh..Ehh y.EhurbF " Uh. Eum­ b.r 7 wErnF wEnd.rful hhin,F, hhuF fh. 4hh Fon yn h.al. distlKp.rF and coul° fEr.F.. iEho hh. fuhu6.EJ Pbhha,oraF pr.f.rr.d Eumk.6 4 aF fh. roof aEd foundatioN of all oth.r nuK®.rF. " ; anlpF ov.rn hh. cardinap pEiEhF of h.aD.n, Diz. : Micha.p, papha.l, xakri.p aEd ĉriElE Uh.r. ar. alFE ; .l.K.nhF, mi6, parhh, Fir. aEd čah.r, and hh. 4 F.aFoEF, SpriE,, SuKK.r, juhuKn and činh.ruJ " uKb.r 5 haF r.at forc. in HEpb hhin,F. Ih driD.F Euh kad d.monF and lÙp.pF poiFEnFu Uh.r. ar. th. U F.nF.F, Dizt : Uashin,, H.ariE,, S..in,X UEuchin, aEd SK.pqin,. " N umb.r 7 iF full of Kaķentb. J Thl PbhhaorianF capp.d it hh. D.hi¯p. of huKan qif.E " It is Ùenerated in r.pi,ion and iF call.d th. nuKk.6 of kl.FF.n.FF and r.nt. UhuF hh.r. ar. 7 d-bF, 4 ppan.hF, 4 copourF and 4 mlhalF, and hh. 4 a .F Ef Kanu Ih iF capp.d hh. nuKk.r ñ46

T

MAGSTAL NUMBEIS of pn optn bu tne Hebrpws pnq so Abrpnpt wnen np madp p lppsup witn Abumwlpzn pppointpq 7 ewe lptbs. " In tnp wnolp context of nutbprs 6 us tne toSt perfpt nutbpr un npturp. In 6 qpus tne world wps tpdp, pnd ut is cpllpq tne nutbpr of tpn bpcpuse on tnp sitn dpu np wps crpptpqy In tne lpw it wps orqpineq 6 qpus to work, 6 dpŸs to sptner tpnnp, 6 upprs to sow tne pprtny A cnprub nad 6 wunss, tnpre prp 6 cirzlps un tnp irtatpnt, vi . : tne Ar:uz, tne Antpric, two Tropizpl, tne Evui­ nocHpl, pnd Errliptizky " N ™mbpr 8 is cplleq tne nutber of JuStize pnq of spfetyy " Nutber 9 wps spcreq to tne Muses. On tne 9tn nour Cnrit expirpd pnq pfter 9 qpus tnp pnzients burupd tnpir dppq. " N utber 10, p dpzpdp.

It wps tne cuStot witn tne

Esuptupns wnoevpr wps wnwtipted v tne spzreq tuStprips of Isis tuSt fpSt for ten qpus. " Tnis nutber ws a · unitu. " Nutbpr u . us p Dwvune nutber wnerpin nppvpnlu tninss pre tepsureqy Tnerp prp 1 . susns of tnp Zodipc, : . tontns in tnp uppr, I . orqers of spirits, 1 . tribps of

Isrppl, 1 . propnpts, 1 . ApoStles, 1 . Stonps in Apron's brppStplptp pnq 1 . prinzippl tptbprs of tpn's bodu. " Tnp pncipnts rxvprxq nutbpr 40 pnd neld it in srxpt vpnprptuon. " For 40 dpus lpSted tnp Dplugp, 40 dpus tne children

of Isrlel livxd in tnx dxsxrt, lfter 40 wxxks Christ ›a† brrn, 4t dly s frot tnp nativitu beforp np wps ofereu in tnp Tptplp, for 40 tontns ne prppznpd publiclu, fo r 40 nours np lpu un tnp sppulcnrp and fs rtu dpus pftpr his rcsurrpl:ion nx pscxndxd in–o nxpvpn. :77

MHE MYSMERSES AND SEAREMP OF MAGST " This," concludes the sage, " was the beginning of the

wonders of .numbers."

Another early writer gives the following symbolism and lore connecred with magical numbers :

" No . 1 is regarded as the father of numbers and

signiies harmony. number.

It is a fortunate and prosperous

" No. . is the number of intellea and the mother· of numbers. It is generally held to be an evil number bringing trouble and unhappness. It has been n evil number to ngs. " No. 3 is a holy number, the number of the Trinity. It signiies plenty, fruitfulness and exertion. " No. ; was the sacred number of the Pythagoreans and

over it they swore their moSt solen oaths.

It is the

square number, and in aStrology the square was evil.

It

is the number of endurance, immutabity, irmness of purpose and wll. " No . 5 was a _ peiar and a magical number used by the ancient Greeks and Romans as n amulet to

protea the wearer rom evil spirits. The pentacle, with its five points, was regarded as a powerful talismn of prote.ion and health. n India it is the emblem of Siva

and Brahma. It is the symbol and number of re, j uStice and faith. " No. 6 was regarded as the perfeaion of numbers.

It

was sacred to Venus and regarded as the ideal number of love.

To some it signiies trouble and Strife, en­

tanglement and uncertainties n marriage.

" No. 7 is the sacred number and in religion was highly eSteemed by the ancients. It is the number of Royalty, triumph, fame and honour. 178

MAGSTAL UMBES " No. 8 was regarded as a great power by the ankient Greeksx who held that ' all thngs are eight.' Pythago¦s kaled it the number of suruke and fullness. It is a number of attraa.ion and also repulsionx of life and terŒors and all inds of �rife and menake. " No. 9 was the krooked number of the Pythagoreans and is connected with intellectual and spiritual know­ ledge. Numbers 9 and W are pekuliar to the ltves of men. Nine is

a

number of wisdom, my�ery, rulersip and

protelon.

" No. tr is a holy and diviqe number and is the number arma in the philosophy of India. " No. I I is a number of evil reputation anu signiicJ violenke and power. of

" No. 1 . was e�eemed as šhe number of grake and perfeaion.

It is the number of time, experienke and

nowledge. " No. 1 3 is a number of change and sometimes mis­ fortune. It signiies death and defuuron. In love it is not evil, and is a number of harmonyu It was ak­ kounted a sakred number by the ankient Meikans. The Romans konsidered it unlukky and an evil omen for thirteen to sit down in a room togetherx whikh probably akkounts for its evil repute, and the Hindus have the same tradi tion. " No. 14 is a number of ignoranke and forgetfulqess, trials and dangers. " No . 1 5 was generally regarded as evil in magtk, and was assokiated with

the witkh's

sabbath whikh was

™ometimes held on the I 5 th day of a month. '' No. V 6 is assokiated with weakness, akkidents, defeat and danger. 1 79

THE MYSTERIES AND SECRETS OF MA GIC

" Ao. 1 7 is a )ooi nulrpr.

In ancipnh I()xh ih

was consiiprpi unho!(. Ih s(lro!izps illorhalih( ani inhuihion. . " Ao. 1 h is a rai nulrpr, si)nii(in) hrpachpr‰ ani

ipcpxhion. " No. :9 is a )ooi nulrpr ani was consiiprpi onp of haxxinpss, įooi forhunp ani succpss" Ao. 20 is a )ooi nulrpr, ani si)ũips !ifp ani )ooi ilxu!sps-

" Ao. 2 1 is a )ooi nulrpr ani is associahpi wihh truhh, honour. p!pvahion ani succpss. " Ao. 2. is a nulrpr of prror ani fol!( ani ca oh rp hruEpi. " Ao. 13 is a favourar!p nulrpr ani mpans succpss ani

g am . .

" Aos. 16 ani

)rppi ani E

2h

arp associatpi wihh pvil, iisaEpr,

))!p in !qfp.

" Ao. 3 7 is a )ooi nulrpr ani xorhpnis )ooi fortunp ani succpss. " Ao. ;3 is a vpy unluck‰ nulrpr. ani is associahpi

wihh ipahh­ fai!urp ani ipErucion.

" Ao. 6È was hhp ho!( nulrpr of Aiona(, ani was )ooi

in a!l hhin)s.

P(hha)oras hp!i hhah nulrprs wprp hhp xriocSxlps of a!! tQRn)s, ani oii nulrprs wprp accounhpi by hQe tncipnhs lorp fort nahe hQ5n pvĕn onps, as hhp(

associahpi hhp oii wihh hhpŃr ure5hpr ani loDp powprful )ois."

1 hr

CHAPTER XIX

M

AGICAL

MAGICAL TALISMANS

twihuwxh, uhuwlOy cdxhc.xg dj cc'ywcx

s(kbdls d' chw'wtc's ix iw'cdus cdebcxwyidxs,

w'cytcx dx pw'c

ncxy d' cxg'wicV dx kcywOR wc'c

cw''ccV wxV wd'x )d p'cicxy thc dwxc' j'du Vwxgc' wxV yhc wy)wcðs dj ciil s"c'cysĆ kccd'Vix- yd w ewxusc'c"y dx figu'cs df gcdkanc( w'cytcx ix yhc scx)ccxth ccx)uy, thc tcx xwucs dj yhc Vccyy wc'c 'cgw'VcV wh ,ccxg hpcccwly pdycxy wxV cfcc­ )cic jd' yhih "u'pdsc. " dhc ywlihuwxR cwllcV cx Hcb'cw w hcuychcdx, d' hhiclV cx ChwlVcn, hcgxjicV w igu'c d' ikwgc w'iyycx d' V'wwx dx w "cccc dj "wpc' d' pw'chucx) ew'ðcV wiyh cc'ywix chw'wctc'h V'wwx j'dk )hc Tcy'wg'wekwydx, ewVc uxVcr cc'ywcx cdxPclOw)jdxhĆ dhcy w'c w ,ucðlc' d' shiclV df Vcjcxcc wgwixP Viscwhc, ocghyxixgh wxV yck"cPh." he hwkc w'cyc' Pwycs, " Thc k'wb, Hwl( ĒhdVdwk, hwV yhc imwgc df w scd'"cdx cxg'wicV dx w bc dw' ētdxe, b( which hc cu'cV yhdhc biyycx b( icxdkdus bcwtsm A"dlldxius b( uwixg w ywOiskwx dj w ētd'ð, ƏŴ"t yhdsc )'dublcsduc brVs j'du CdxPwxyixd"lc, wxV b( wxdthe' hc V'dic wwwy w1l yhc gxwys duy dj kxtidchm " " dwlchewxsi kwVc uxVc' yhc hcgx dj rchcch, wc'c "OwccV cx yhc p'dw dj yhcc' hhc"h b( yhc ca'l( Lwycxs, yd "'ese'ic yhcu j'du shipw'cckh wxV yckpePh, wxV thc G'ccks scy u" yhc swkc.

dhcsc igu'cs wc'c xdy ix u81

MHE MYSMEUS AND SECREMS

OF

MA GSC

-ly hur-n foqr but of sore celeStsal iguqe. : -qineqs -lso h-\ Statues of so)e \eetees, -s of M-qs, Apollo or vlcrcury , lpich ]hey pl-ce\ on the poop oq hil\eq p-qts of theiq shsps. " The cuStor of r-qineqs setting up these iguqes is veqy -ncien° -g-in� shipwrec(. The ship of Ulex-n\qith-t P-ul saile\ n, h-\ the ir-ges of C-§]or -n\ Polux oq, -ccording to the q-bsT the Gerini, nd th-t which c-qqie\ ippocq-tesT when he too( his ouqneu to Ab\eq-

I

2

3

.lACl, S.S TO B$ USED AS T.lSNS AGANST !tTAlN DlS�ASS

For lDS I. the h�d. Amt iU ud atanhs. S· Aplnst tumbliDI of tHe hzt. " e tHese 1115oa a lead pate wih lt brA of a bo1. " I.

s.

(Prom

u

1𐃻., XV lllJ, lu he Blu ibrary.)

foq the During of erocritusT b-re the jwgure of the Sun." Ull these t-lisr-ns weqe not so ruch foq the -voing of shipLqec( -s foq the tu qnng -w-y of sore \isa§teq oq -cci\ent, -n\ the pqocuğilg of goo\ foqtune. " Ïqor this pq-ice of the -ncients the Chqiu-ms h-ve t-(en ex-rple bu setting up ir-ges of s-ints in theiq vessels." The foun\eqs of -ncient citees -n\ c-§tles iqSt bqought -§tqologeqs to jin\ out - luc(y position of the he-vens ul\eq lhch the iqSt Stone right be l-i\. 1 h2

aAGSCAL MALISMANS The inluence of aStrology on magic in the Middle Ages is shown in the description of how the talismans were to be made. Each planet had a table or square consifting of an arrangement of names, igures or numbers, which were ·

supposed to both give and receive power. This table, or certain symbols written or engraved, formed the talisman. Thus, Saturn's table consited of a square containing

" TJIIS TAI.ISKAN tNGAVBD ON BRASS WIL. WIN Tlt W2ARtR ELTH "

(Fom u

iS., X

csy.)

nine divisions in each of which the following numbers were written, 4, 9, z, 3 , H ' 7, h, 1 , 6. These when engraved on a plate of lead and worn on the person were believed to bring good fortune, " to help child­ birth and make a man powerful." Jupiter's table engraved on a silver plate was said to bring favour and love to him who wears it.

" It

will dissolve witchcraft, engraven on coral." " Mars engraven on iron or swords makes him that bears it valiant in wars and terrible to is adversaries. Cut v carnelian, it �ops bleeding."

JHE MYSMEOSS AND SECOEMP 6I MAGIC " The Svs esgraves os gold, makes the bearer for­ tvsate asd beloved, asd to be a compasuos of Kisgs. " Vesvs esgraves os silver, brusgs good fortvse asd love of womes. It makes the wearer powerfvl asd dussolves witchcraft, also geserates peace betwees mas asd wufe. " Mercvry esgraves os silver, n or brass, or writtes os virgis parchmest, wull make him that wears it obtaus what he desires. It brngs gais, guves memory asd vsder�asng, and ksowledge of occvlt thisgs

by

dreams. " The Moos esgraves os silver, brusgs cheerfvlsess, takes away ull wull, makes him secvre whes travellusg asd expels esemies asd evil thisgs. Made is lead asd bvried, it shall brusg misfortvse to the ishabitasts of a city, also shups asd mulls." Asother writer of the same peruod, in descrubing how to make talismass, �ates, " An image whose igure was the head of

mas with a bloody seck, b�oweth svccess to petiioss asd maketh hum who carrieth ut bold asd magsasumovs asd helpeth agaislt witchcraft.

The sigs is

a

*:

" Dose vsder the greater Dog Star, the image of a hovsd asd a little virgis, be�oweth hosovr asd favovr of mes.

The sign iv

�

" Usder the heart of Leo they made the image of a lios or cat which resdercth a mas temperate, appeasewh wrath asd giveth favovr.

1 84

The sigs is

� 9

U I

lJIAn., TJIB ANGn. OP THn sUL

(Prom

u

MS., XV tcutuy, Ia he Diwh fstm.)

THE aYSTERIES AND PETREMP OF MAGIT " Undeh khe hea:k of Scohpio, khey made khe image of a man armed wikh a coak of mail or khe igihe of a scohptons xt givekh indehStanding and memohp nd aidekh againSt evil spihiksv

The sign is

*"

The associakion of angels wikh khe planeks, khe monkhs of khe yeah and khe foih winds was phobably die ko khe inlience of aSthology. ( o ) Foih angels were said v ko serve Sakuhn, 4 inder

\)

�

� �

-

.. c

)

"To upel and drive away lies from any place, write tbee slsos on a plate of tlo."

(From ao MS., XVI

eut y.)

J ipikeh, 4 undeh Mah� called Mahkyans, 4 under he Sin, 3 indeh Venis, 3 undeh Mehcihp and ; indeh khe Moons The angels of khe

foih wnds wehe Michael for khe et wind, Gawriel foh khe nohkh wnd, Raphael foh khe wclt and Uhlol for khe soikhs The coloihs associaked wikh khe planeks wehe black wikh Sakihn, hed oh saffhon wikh Mahs, violer wikh Venis, yellow with Mehcihp, saffron oh ohange wikh khe Sin and whike ii th khe 1foon.

186

T i l E D I ^' I N & StA.. r-om ,. ,luSn YV/ unlury.

Dn"Usl• lf us(llm,

CAPTER XX MAGICAL RINGS

T

HE Dommvxiom of rimgs with r-giD govs bpDn to - vvry vprFy pvriod -md, Finv thv DirDlv, thvir orsgin is Fo� im thc re�s of tirv. dt ss prob-bFv thpt thvsr Isv prosv fror thv sprv idvp. Thv DirDlv -md thv rsmg syrbolizvd protvllom, pnd f thv l-ttvr wps svt wsth Dvrt-sm �omvs, o[ vmg[avvd wsth si ms or smsDrsptioms of powvr, it w-s bvFivvvd to bv cmðoLvð wDth r-gDDaM vsrtIvs. ADDordimg to pm pnDs•nt H•b[•Į rk©IsD[Dpz, a [D©Z of Doppv[ pmd irom vmgr-vvd with Dvrt-sm r-giDaF sDgms, whvm worm, woIld mpbFv thv wvprvr to bvDorv imvDsibFv -t wilF. Thv Grvvns n pmDivmt tirvs worv rsmgs svt with �o©vs, sorvtirvs vmg[-vvd with rvprvsvmtpteoms of thv dvitivs whor thvy bvivvvd h-d thv powvr of w-rdDmg off vvil. PFItIs -FFIdvs to thv pr-ctDDv im thv SDhoip� of Ari�ophpmvsH im whiDh thv ÖI� Mjm rvr-r's, " Hv[v's p Dhprrvd rDmg d pr wvprimg thpt d boqghp for a d[pchr- f®or EIdvros." ngs wvrv -lso Isvd for hvalimg pIrposvs w[or tû4 i[� DvmtIry, -md wv[v rvDorrvmdvd b vl-[DvFlIs for rvMiv-img ppim sm thv side, plso by Alvxpmdvr of Trplvs wor v-rioIs -iFrvmts. Fror thv irv of Edwprd thv Confvssor rimgs hpvv bvvm vrployvd for DI[smg DvrtpDm disvpsvs sm s[vpt 1 87

THE MYSTEOSES AND SETOETS OF MAGST n'vhwix, wxd vx hhc 1Hddlc kgcz " c'auC rixgz," bclicicd hh hwic hhc "'h"c'-y hf 'c-vcivxg "ix, wftc' bcAxg " ulczzcd " uy -hc 'cvgnAxg uhxw'9h, wc'c uuch zhugh- wfhcr. uhc uwgvcAwx'z 'Axg uzuwll( fh'ucd "w'- hf hAz cquA"­ ucx- wxd wwz uwdc hf ch""c' h' lcwd.

I- hwd -h uc

-h'cc ixchcz ix u'cwdhhR wxd hwic -hc wh'd uch'wg'wkƘw­ thx wcll-cxg'wicd hx vhl A hhlc wwz uwdc hh'hugh -hc uvdVlc hf vhR zh thw- A- chuld uc zccu'cd -h -hc ingc'l cfh'c ucAxg ýzcdR A- wwz xccczzw'( -h chxzcc'w-c AAx hhc fhllhwxg uw c' Ř

m0

-hhu c'cw-ý'c hf Ghd, -hhu 'vxgR I chxƍu'c -hcc whAch wwz ulczzcd wxd wxhAx-cd hf Kvxg Dhlhuhx wAhh Olvic Ovl, zh ulczzcdR I wdƎu'c -hcc Pill -h uc ulczzcd . -h'hugh vczuz Ch'iPR hhc Dhx hf -hc liiAxg GhdR -hw-hhu uw(P hwic the fh'uR -¾c figu'cR -he Ìv'-uc wxd "hwc' fh' -hw- "u'"hzc -hw- -hhu w'- h'dwixcd, fh' wxd likc wz hhc k'k hf Ghd vx -hc Old ucPwucx-R thc ghldcx 'Axg wwz uh'xc, zh uc -hhu -h -¾Az zcƞiwx- hf Ghd w -hkcx hf knhwlcdgc uxhh -hAz fihhful zcvwx- hf -hc h'uc zcAcxcc hf cwllvxg hf z"i'vtzR -hwh whcx hhhu wrh hcld u" hc Ƙwx hwic hcl" hf hhccR wxd hh'hugh -h( iv'huc hc uw( zubduc -hc "dwcr hf ciil z"iĵitzB " uhcx qxhixh hhc 'ixg wihh ohl( Oil, zBĵinklc ih wvhh ohl( ·wtc' wxd " u t A- hx -hc ingc' h f hhc lcfh hwxd kxcclvxgl" Ix w uwxuzc'i"- hf -hc zi hccxhh ccxhu'y, w fhĵkula vz gvvcx fhr uwkixg w 'Axg fh' 'c¹ciivxg wx h'wclcR -h uc uwdc hf lcwdR -hc uchwl hf Dwtu'xl

·hcx uadcR

" w'vhc h' g'wic -hc'chx (c xwuc hf (c wxgŴ-l Cwzzvc!, -hcx fuuigw-c Atl Thcx ucvxg zh "'c"w'cdR "u- ih

1 h8

THE MfSTEIBS AND SEAOETS OF MAGBA ×rxhaio, aoi io hho \®ãiiilo Auok " cr5l( riouk,‹ roliovoi ho havo hho (ro(orh( of roiovxou (io- afhor roxou

" rvokkoi , r( hho roiuoxou looarch. woro lych koyuht afhor. Tho lauxciao'k rxou ykyall( forloi (arh of hik oqyx(­

looh aoi wak laio of co((or or voai.

Ih hai ho ro

hhroo inchok xn rroaihh- aoi havo hho wori bohrauralla­ hoo woll-oouravoi on xh. A hovo wak laio hhroyuh

hho lqiivo of xh. ko hhat xh coyvi ro kocyroi ho tho inuorBoforo roxou ykoi- xh wak nocokkar( ho cookocraho x h x n hho fovvowiou lannor Ì

t0

hhoy croahyro of Goi. hhoy riou. I coońyro hhoo w"ich wak rvokkoi aoi aooxnhoi of diou Sovoloo wxhh Olxvo Oxl- ko rvokkoi- I aiLyro hhoo Exll ho ro rvokkoi

hhroyuh Jokyk ChriSt- hho Soo of hhoµ lxvxou Goi. hhah hhoy la(E havo hhč forl- hho fiuyro- hho vxrhyo ani (owor for hhat (yr(oko hhah hhoy arh oriaxooi. for aoi viko ak hho Ark of Goi io hho Ovi boEalooh. hho uoviPo

rxou wak rorno. ko ro hhoy ho h"ik korvanh of Goi a hokoo of knowvoiuo yoho h"ik faxhhfyv ko aoh of hho hryo kcxooco of cavvxou of k(qrxhk. hhah whoo hhoy arh hovi y( ho la( havo hov( of hhoo- aoi h"royuh hh( virhyo ho la( kuriyo tho (owor of oviv k(iri s. " Thoo tooxoh hho riou wihh How( Oiv, k rxn8vo i h wxhh Hov( Wahor aoi (yh x h o o hho nuor of hİo vofh haoi nooinu.F

Io a laoykcri(h of hho kixhooohh coohyr(- a forlyv5

xk uivoo for lakiou a riou for rocoivxnu an oracvo. h o

ro laio o f voai- hho lohav of Sahyrn. Whoo l5io. " wrxho or uravo hhorooo (o nalo of (o aouovv Cakkiovhhoo fyliuaho xh. 18

bhoo roxou ko (ro(aroi. (yh ih

MAGBCAL OBNGS on t"y ingor as t"oy ary onyorin) xnyo t"y rod and kpoak no word to any porkon, ryy lodiyayo t"oroon.

If t"oy wxvy colpvoyo y"o rxn), tryvyv yo k"avv p y y a pxoco of yo rooyo of kolo okpocxav "orr )o ornod ry Satyrn and pyy iy yndor yo Stono oĖ a kx)noy, as for

� 6;� �� r � < 5 ) b V - ,?< ''1 ' , � ' f J 7 9 rJ beY J J � � z - � '

&rO� ���·I· �· l,·f·'

�' X · �� ' r . > . �·4H � ·p· '· l�· � , � �· ;·. ;I· - � ·9 .

�� 3· �-.r · :· ;· , C· SEm..S OP TilE PLATS

(From

n

>lS.,

XVI

c�oluy.)

oxalzvo a ityvo rooy of dra)on or dra)on-wortv or of

rvacŊ col9ororo or colp, ypon w"xc" pyy kolo 9ittvo on x Stono or kapp"xro, or vapxk vazyvx, ryy onyx xs bt, ryy voy it irSt ro lado and on)ravod- and lako yo moyvd

to ÿaSt iy, and avv inik"od x dyo yxlo wxy" nalo of yo an)ov of Sayyrn-"

MHE MfSbEUS AND SEAOEbS

OF

MAGBA

Another method of maing a magical ring was to " caSt a ring of pure gold and engrave on it the name of an ngel and the charater of ye Sun. Then being made, fumigate it with maSticke, red Storax, benjamin and musk, or new sweet wine and rose water, all mixed with saffron. Forget not to irSt put a piece of root or yellow lower of marygold or some bay leaf, especially of angelica or root of bay tree. Then place either a carbuncle, hiacinth, chrysolite, or ye Stone etites which is found in ye eagle's neSt, over it." There was believed to be a close connexion between the tars and certain metals dedicated to them, also with various precious Stones and herbs. ] ohn Gower in " Confessione Amantis," dedicated to Henry lli, gives a liSt of these from which the following is extracted : " Aldebaran is appropriated to the Stone carbuncle and the herb anabulla. " Asgol to the diamond and black hellebore. " Clota or the pleiades to the cryStal or fennell. " Ashaiot to the sapphire or horehound. " Cais major to the beryl or sauma. " Asmareth to the jasper or plantago. " Aspheta to the topaz or rosemary. " Scorpionis to the sardonix or aristolochia. " The 1 U Stars called scorpio to the calccdony or ma1oram. " Rings made of lead should be set with black onyx, and have a piece of root of yew, cypress, willow or black hellebore. Of tin, set with sapphire, amethyS: or emerald, hiacinth or topz, and root of oak, cherry tree, almond, cheStnut, clove, mulberry or barberry tree. \/hen made ·

1 90

aAGICAL INGS

if cippek, they shiuqd be set with maspek with the kiit if iqive, sycamike tkees, ik with siqvek set with sakdis ik cryStjq jnd kiit if the linden tkeew" . Rings ti cuke giut jnd kheumjtism weke highqy eSteemed in the sixteenth centuky, jnd the y kheumjtic king " cimpised if ²inc jnd cippek wjs in vigte in tq¤s ciuntky tntiq j few yejks jgi. Theke is jn intekeSting qettek jming the HiStikicjq lSS. in the Bkitish vluseum jddkessed ti the Ejrq if Ljtdekdjqe, ke…ueSng him ti send the Dtke if Hjmll­ tin j y gitt king." It is pjktqy wkitten in ciphek, signed ljç-G jnd djted y h if Fe by 1 � y This is inqy ti deminStkjte I die nit wiqingqy negqe: iccjsiin if wing, when I shjl inly sjy nine knew yit weke in Scitland. Likd sjve my Laly Duchess, fi; my Likd Dtke is gine jwjy ti-djy. . . . Spejking if the Duke ptts me n .nd ti bid yit send him such j giut king js yit gjve me ti send ti my fjther when yit weke qjSt jt hime, fik the Dtke hjth thjt weakng niw, and yiuk iqd se’jnt Kenedy hjth git j qijn if it fkim my fjthek, jnd he wjnted itw fik he is undine with the gitt which wjs j mejns ti keep him fkim jny tkiubqe if it whiqe he wike it. My Ljdy I hipe wiqq be welq." A qive chakm, in which ckamp rings phy a part, is thus kecikded in j manusckipt if the sixteenth century. y Tjke c ckjmp kings if gild ik sil§ek jnd qjy them bith in j swjlqiw's neSt thjt buiqdeth in the summek. Let them qie theke 9 days, then tjke them jnd deqivek the ine ti thy qive jnd keep the ithek thyseqf." Theke jkc sevekjl jncient tkjditiins kegjkding the fjmits kng if King Siqimin. vne jveks, it hjd the "

•

•

•

191

THE MfSTEUES AND SEAOETS

OF

MAGIA

Metic word SCHlviHAp1PHORASCH enLraved uVon XLd which Lave hXM Lhe coMMand of sVXrXts and Vrocured for hXM Lhe wonderful SHAvHR, which enabled hiM Lo build Lhe LeMple. " lvery day aL noon iL LransVorLed hXM inLo Lhe irMaMenLd where he heard Lhe secreLs of Lhe unXverses ehXs contXnued unLXl he was Versuaded be Lhe devXl Lo LranL hXM hXs lXberLy and Lo Lake Lhe rXnL froM hXs nLer ; the deMon Lhen assuMed his shape as UnL of lsrTel 9n® reiLne three eears, w¤ile SoloMon becaMe a wanderer Xn foreXLn lTnds." AnoLher �oky taLes, LhaL " ûhen he looked on hXs rXnL he beheld whaLsoever he desXred Lo inow Xn heaven or upon earLh. One day he too· XL of when abouL Lo enLer his baLhd Tnd Xt was snaLched uV by a fury and Lhrown XnLo Lhe sea. GreaLly i�urbed by Lhe loss of Lhe rinLd LhaL Lave hXM Vower over Lhe spXrXLs of aird earLh and sea, and whXch also deVrXved hXM of Lhe wXsdoM Lo kule, he resolved never Lo reseaL hiMself on his Lhrone unLil he had recovered iL. " AL Lhe end of forLy daes he Miraculously found hXs rinL Xn Lhe belly of a ish brouLhL Lo hXs Lable." PoVe InnocenL Xs said Lo have senL Lo KXnL John four rinLs seL wiLh MeStXcal Stones, Lhe ùirLues of which are oeL forLh in Lhe fojlowXnL leLLer w¥ch accoMpanXed the LXfL. " PoVe OnnocenL Lo KXnL JoxÓ of EnLland. " ehouLh we are Versuaded LhaL eour Roeal lxcellence has no wanL of such LhXnLs, we have LhouLhL proVer Lo send eou as a Mark of our LoodwXll, four rXnLs seL wiLh

�onest We beL Lhe favour eou would consXder Lhe MeStere conLained Xn Lheir forMk Lheir MaLLer and Lh‰ir colouß raLher Lhan LheXr value. eheXr rounness denoLes 1 92

\fA GICAL

`NGP

ehernUth, the nkSber sokr5 rhUmh Us a sqkare5 sUgn-ies irSness os Sind, not ho be shakea bh advers-th nor elevahet bh grosgerUth. jhUs -s a gerfeCtUoa to rh-mh ho�rs rUll not faUl to arrive, rhen Ut shall be adorned rUhh the sokr mardUnal vUrtkes, j ktUne, sortUhkde, grkdenme and teSgeranme. e ċh the Told Us sUTnUied rUsdoS5 as Told Us the SoSt gremUoks os Setals, rUsdoS Us of all endorSents the SoS0 exmellent. AnmordUnTlh GoloSon, tha0 ganUin

" SES OF TilE DEVIl.," DESCRIBED AS VERY POTENT (From

u

NS., XWV c�tuy, In le BdlI

lbray.)

inT, only asked God for rUsdoS t¬ Sake Um to rell Tovern hUs geogle. " jhe Treen molokr of .he eSerald denohes saUth p hhe nlearness os the saggh-re hoge ą the redness of the rkbh nharUhh ; and hhe nolokr os the ogal Tood rorks. In the eSerald5 hheresore5 hok have rhat hok are to belpeve p Ua the sagghUre rhah hok are to hoge p Un hhe rkbh rhat yok are ho love p and Un hhe ogal rhat hok are to graCt-se.d je kse ¬s SaTUnal Unsmr-gh-ons and nhara:ers on 1 93

MHE MYSTEUES AND SEAOETS

OF

MAGIA

bAn,s cpp.5rF tE h5D. ErA,Af5t.d with th. mc,Ai s.cl Er -5pAFmaf thct wcF irkt wrAtt.f En pcrihm.ft cfd i5rrA.d En th. p.rsEnu ms thAF iEuld .cFAqb q. Ek­ lit.r5t.d Ej d.StjEb.d, th. F.5l w5F sEm.tim.F trcfs­ E.rr.d tE m.tcl cnd wErf 5F c bif,E Lh. ¤5rl E. P.t.rkErEu,h pEFs.FF.d c mc,Aicl s.cl .n,rcD.d wAth FymkElF Ef FAlv.r, with cf ArEf :cfdl., c w5 Ampr.FFAEf E. whiih is il if .ŚAkW.ni.u fh. ¯eftj. is 5 Fqucr. Af wģiih AF · .nilEF.d c dA5mEfd­ Fhcp.d di5,rcm FurrEufd.d qb Stcrs cfd irEss.FF OutFAd. th. iiril. cb. thr.. rEwF E. mc,iicl fcm.F. fE t:. impb.FFiEf fh. dct. " . D.i 1 v4 ñ J iF cttci:.dt jnEth.r mc,Aicl 6n, E. whiih cf impb.FFiEn 6.mcifs, cfd clFE c Ft.tihR iF fhcf E. ü6 SimEn qErm5fE fh. EtEriEus Ŀc,iiAcn, 5 ElE,.r cfd clih.ĿASt E. th. FAxt..fth i.ftury. Th. 6if, wcF E. silv.6h cnd Ef th. EutFid. .d,. E. fh. FA,f.t w.r. .n,rcD.d th. wEbds mpIEL 5nd mNmELX w:Al. Ef t:. Eutsid. E. th. iiril. w.b. fh. wErdF DIE ¤f HORG 5nd th. dct. 1 w 9 8 š SAmEn Ejmcn wcs kErf in I w w q cfd .nt.r.d Mc,­ d5l.f CEll.,., OxgErd, cs c pEEb sihElcru If h w 79 :. w5s s.nt tE prAsEn .Er sAxtb w..nF .Er pr5aiFin, mag i, 5} .r iir :. frcD.qq.d fh. iEuftrb .Er sEm. yearr ar 5 qu5iĹ dE:Ej 5fd .D.ntu5llb s.ttl.d An N.w ćtj..t, LEndEn, An 1 5 8 3 . þAD. b.cŇs l5t.rX w. mfd h. b.,5f puklAilb fE prc:iF. n.irEmcfib cnd prE..ss.d tE icll up spArAtsš In I w 9 3 h. wcs summEn.d qb t:. HEll.,. E. PhbFAiAcns .Er prcisAn, m.dAiAf. withEut 5 qii.fi. cfd mf.d. xcin­ in, nEtErA.tbX h. cttrct.d s.D.r5l crAkWEirctAi p5t6Ens, ifiludAn, ©Erd H.rt.Erd. H. wcF prEF.iut.d mcny h

t

+ . GA

- tA\ .JrtLL

+ Of r A s TA 1 rL

+ A L lIU:5O �++ � - 'HA � L 6+ . A L G A R + YU Z L .

..

+ '\ I c >rA: .. + - A > O"A l

�·

f YA +

-A >..l L I•

.

+ fAA + JN + TETM;AT O N y

+ Y Y. H X F YAA:TM + J£K J T.A𐀦 I: r\ ·T· 1 A '.A

+ lbA" o I

.TA

' T i l E K A R l. O" I'ET.RnOROI:CII S

•

M ,\(:IC

S:AL

MAGICAL INGS himok for hvvouavly (raikiou modicioo. ryt io hho ood rocoivod a douroo ak do:or of modicioo from Camrriduo UoKvorkihy. Ho wak assocRahod wRhh hho myrdor of SRr Thomas Ovcrbury io 1 v 1 , aodJ accordiou ho a lohhor (roducod Ko CourtJ hho Coyohokk of Ikkox had akkod him ho uRvo hor a (hilhro ho aiooaho hor husraod. aod avko ooo ho

(±rom

SUIOL FOR)fAL's AGIC RING n

Ms., XVW :ealy, n

he BrlUab )l ím.)

uaio tho lovo of hho Iarl of Somorsoh- Þyriou hho hriavJ wax imauok of hho (orkoos coocorood, mado for workRou mauic, woro (rodycod Ro Coyrt. Formao weft a mass of maoyscriphs ho eichard Napior,

who roqyoahhod

hhom

ho Sir eichard

NapiorJ hgs

nP(how- Thomak, hKk koo, uavo hhom ho Iliak AshmoloJ who vofh hhom ho tho Bodlohan Lhrray. whoro hhoy aro ll (rokorved.

MHE MYSMEOBES AND SEAOEMS

OF

\iAGBA

-h. iiriutc-von o. -h. ktood cnd ini'vn. -h. w.cr.r -o cn,.r. yh.ir iF c iurvouF -rcdihion -hc-, i. miFfor-une -hr.c-.n.d cnyon. who icrrv.d c rukb, i- k.iam. dcrk.r vn io'our cnd wh.n -h. p.rw' hcd pcFF.d w - r.Fum.d is ori,vnc' kri,h- hu.. ÿck.'Fiho3.6uF comm.ninE oE -hiF ľ.E.nė Fcys, " kn -h. w -h dcy o. £.i.mk.6 x 6ŅŅ j wcF ,on, wvth my k.tov.d wi.. Hcth.rvEc .rom S-u--Ecrd- -o HctuncE j okF.r3.d kb -h. wcb fhcf c 3.ry n. rukb wih j wor. moun-.d in c ,o'd rin, whiih Fh. hcd ,i3.n fo m.E loI r.p.a-.d'b cnd .cih im. c'mot iomp'.-.'y i-F sp'.ndid iotour, cnd -hc- v - cFF um.d a Fomkr. k'cckvFh hu. whih 'c§t.d F.3.rcl dcbF ; Fo muih Fo, thc- kein, Er.ct'b cIon­ iFh.dE j dr.w i- .rom mb in,.r and pu- v- in c icFn.-. j c'Fo wcrn.d mb wi.. -hc- Fom. .3il .otľow.d h.r o6 m� jnd -ru'b j wcF nof d.iev3.d, .or wvfhin c ..w dcbF sh. wcF -cn.n mor-c'lb Fiit. j.-.r h.r d.c-h fh. 6uky 6.­ Fum.d i-F prirun. io'our cnd krvt'icnib.' Mcdcm. d. Pompcdour wor. c 'cr,. 6ukb iuf vn fh. .orm o. a piE, cF c ihcrm -o krvn, ,ood-tuiÁR whvih iF sit' pr.F.63.d in -h. ©ou3r. MuF.umu yh. Fcppģir. wcF k.tv.3.d fo poFF.FF mcnb vir-u.Fu yo ,aze ton, wn-o w- wcF Fcwd -o pr.F.r3. -h. .b.Fv,h-E cnd Nf worn ov.r hh. r.,ion o. -h. h.cr- it r.duc.d }.v.r cnd ,cv. str.n,-h cn .ner,b. " I - hcd -h. mcEiic' pow.r o. inFpirvnE chc�. fhou,r-FE" FcbF cn .crtb wri-.r, " whiih iauF.d if -o k. r.iomm.nd.d -o k. worn kb .iit.FicStviF.ũ S- J.rom. cFF.r-F in iF iomm.n-F on IFcichE ihcp-.r ixE -hc" -h. Fcpprir. ioniilic-.F -o -h. w.cr.r -h. .c3our o. pnni.FE ic'mF -h. .urb o. .n.mi.F, diFp.tF .nihcn198

MAGIT BN JEWES ments, deivers from prison and softens the ire of God." As an amulet, the emerald was said to drive off evil sp i rits , give knowledge of secrets, of fu ture eve n ts , and be�ow eloquence on its owner. It was supposed to betray incon�ancy by splintering into fragments when i t could not prevent the evil, a superStition which :Miss Landon embodies v the lines : " It i- � gem s.ic. .aFh F.e Rower Fo -.os, If Rlig.Fed lovers keeR Fheir fait. or no ; If f�it.ful, ic i- like F.e leave- of -Rring ; ef faiF.les-, lve S.ose leave- a.en Îic.ering." There is a tradition conne:ed with the emerald,

that it foretells an evil event should it fa l l from its setting . . At the coronation of George Ill, a large emerald is said to have fallen from his crown, which believers in the omen say presaged the loss of America. Pla.ed round the neck of a child, it was said to protect it from attacks of epilepsy, dispel terrors and �op hemor­ rhage. The topaz when worn on the left hand was beieved to calm anger, banish melancholy, brighten the wit and give courage to the wearer. As a talisman, if bound round the left arm, it was said to dispel enchant­ ments, while it was also credited with the properties of healing affeCtions of the mind, preventing sleep walking and curing hemorrhoids. The amethy� had the reputation of keeping the wearer from intemperance and was used as a cure for inebriety. Camillus Leonardus, referring to tlus, States, " Bound on the navel it prevents drunkenness. It was also held to sharpen the wit, turn away evil thoughts and give

m 9n

THE MfSJERBES AND SEAREJS

OF

AfAGBT

nnowl.,. o. hh. .uhur. vn dr.amw. āf waw .r.ru.nhlb .n,raD.n wiDh hh. h.ad o. Bacchuwi and waw a .aDourvh. wiDh hh. poman ladv.wEJ Lh. opa' haw 'on, b..n a much™malv,n.d j.w.l and waw ,.n.ral'b b.li.D.d fo brvn, hh. w.ar.r vll™luck, buh accordvn, ho .arlb wrih.rw vf bb no m.anw d.w.rD.w hhvw r.puhahvonk kn fh. conhrarb, fh.b ahhrvbuh.d ho vf al' ,ood rualvhv.w, mora' and h.a'vn,E fhaf p.rhavn.d ho ohh.r pr.cvouw nWon.w, aw vf radvaf.d hh.vr manb colourw. Ih waw r.puh.d ho b. h.'p.u' fo fh. .b.wv,hf, fo b. ab'. ho °iwp.p wadn.ww and ms'ancholb, and ho pr.w.rD. hh. w.ar.r grom conha,vonF Lh. opal waw hv,h'b .nt..m.d bb hh. pomanw, and Ppvnb wabw fhaf " fh. L.nahor Moniuw waw .xv'.d bb Mart mnŎonb .or hh. wan. o. hh. ma,nvic.nf opap hs wor. thaf waw fh. wiz. o. a haz.ljnufFJ Lh. hurruovw. waw anohh.r ,.m fhaf waw wuppow.d ho low. vhw co'our wh.n .Dvl fhr.ah.n.d vhw .ar.r. Lhuw wriDsw Donn. : .. As a comRa--ioname murkois mham domh Fells hT lookvng Rale, thE sEarEr i- eoF aE™!' Ih waw wuppow.d ho haD. hh. prop.rhv.w o. pr.D.nhvn, h.adach.i placafin, hahr.d and r.co cvlvn, 'oD.rw. Lh. x.rbl vw waid ho poww.ww manb hsalvn, Dirhu.w and a

·

waw .icaciouw vn r.lisDin, hbnWsria, jaundics, iD.r hroubl.w and aipm.nDw o. hh. mouth and hhroah. iw a charm, hh.r. waw an ancisnh b.lv.f hhah vh mad. hh. idl. vndunWriouw and ruicn.n.d hh. vnf.'l.a o. hhow. who w.rg dupl. ets mosW imporDanh prop.rhb, how.D.r, waw ihw uws aw a m.dvum .or ma,vca' Dvwvon, and, .or ,azin,i no nWon. waw b.li.D.d ho b. wo .f.iD. and Daluabl. aw hh. b.rbl. zo7

MAGIA IN ]ElTES

The onyx was also a Stone associated with magic. When worn on the neck it was said to ftimulate the spleen, dispel melancholy and other mental disturb­ ances. It was applied to the bites of venomous animals and was suspended round the neck to allay pain. The carnelian, probably on account of its colour and coldness, was used to Stop hemorrhage, and the sardonyx was believed to protet the wearer from the bites of scorpions. Coral has been highly eSteemed for its properties from early times, both on account of its occult power and its medicinal virtues. Pliny says, (( Formerly it was deemed excelent as an antidote to poisons." A later writer States, " Witches tell, that this Stone withStandeth light­ ning, and putteth it, as well as wirlewindes, tem­ peS:es and Storms, from shippes and houses that it is in." Like the turquoise .it was believed to alter in colour according to the health of the wearer, and if worn b y one who is ill o r i n danger o f death .it would become livid and pale. This property is alluded to in the following lines in the " Three Ladies of London " written in 9 5 94 : " You may say jet will take up Straw, amber will make one fat, coral will look pale when you be sick, and cryStal will Staunch blood." As an amulet or charm it was used as a proteCtion againSt witchcraft, enchantments, epilepsy, " assaults of the devil," Storms at sea and perils by land. The superSition has survived in the cuStom of placing coral necklaces round the neck of an infant soon after birth, while the coral and bells were supposed to drive away evil spirits and prote: the child from ill. An early writer observes, " It Stops bleeding, preserves houses p09

MHE MYSMEOBES AND SEAOEMS

OF

MAGBC

from thunder (?) and khildien fiom goblins and sor­ keiesses. " Taken pnternally pt was sapd to ielieve indi­ gestion and pievent attakks of epilepsy. 4mber has long had a reŠutation as a kuiative khaimx espekially in konnexion wpth the thioat. Woin round the nekk pt was belpeved to reieve khet troubles, soie thioats and whooppng-kough.

In the form of oil of

ambei it is Stpll employed to rub on the khe§t and nekt for these ailments. Many other �ones weie assokiated wpth magik and believed to possess okkult piopeitpes of ªhich only bipef mention may be made. These pnklude khalkedony, which was said to bring good foitune and prevett illu­ sions of evpl spirpts ; khrysoletus kairped pn the left hand to diive away night-hags, pllusions and wptkhes ;

jasper

againSt nightmare and epilepsy ; jakpnth against plague and ightning ; and jetx konkeing whpkh Plpny obseives, " vfagikians u s e thps j e t :one mukh in thepr sorkeiies whikh they praise by the means of red hot a«es, for they aiim that being kaSt thereon pt will buine and

konsume, f that we desiie and wish shall happen akkordingly.,

CHnPTER XXII LOVE AND MAGIC

T seems natgral to sgppose that the aid of the I praitioner of mahic shogld ie soghht ie conexion with the

majady y of jove com•oe to maekied

from the time of the Creation. His help was soghht iy ioth sexes who desired to oitain tqe oijet of thei  fcaions, or assi�ance ie the pgrsgit of their amogrs. Ie mythojohyk the media cc

employed gsgajjy coesiSted of phijtres or potions of mahical heris and plaetsk charms to ie workedk or rites to ie performedk ie order to oitaie the desred end. paey of these empjoyed iy the aecieet Ehyptiaesk Greeks aed Romaes have already ieee descriied ; igtk jgdhinh from n examinatioe of the secret iooks of the

mahicians of the piddle nhesk the demaed for love­ charms mg� have coesideraijy increased, aed some of them are of an extraordinary charater. In a ryriac maegscript, written aiogt the eleventh

century, there is a �ory of an Ehyptian who fejl in love witw aeother man's wifek igt whose advances were

repglsed iy the oije: of his afkections.

He theregpoe

soghht a mahiciae, aed asked him to make the woman

jove him and her hgsiand hate her.

The wizard traes­

formed her ieto a marek igt nally she was re�ored to her

former shape iy the hojy mae, pacarigsk who took some

water and ilessed it aed threw it over her head.

o

THE MYSTERIES A ND SECRETS

OF

rfAGIC

The love-charms of the Middle Ages sometimes took the form of seals of magical power, letters or words written on parchment, an image of wax, the use of magical herbs, o r potions to be swallowed. In an ancient Hebrew manuscript found at Mossoul , there are a number of curious charms for love, and among them are the following : " For love when thou wishel that a woman should come after thee, and thou should§: please her father and mother.

Write n §:arch (?) and safron and touch

whomsoever thou love: and she will come to thee." Another method was to " Write and put into the fire, Alp, Sulb, Nin, \V'Alkom, Apksa, Bal in the heart of

-

daughter of

-

for love of

-

son of -

like the love of Sarah in the eyes of Abraham. " Or thou shalt fashion parchment after the fashion of male and female and on the pi:ure of the female write, Bla Bla Lhb Lhb Lhb Hbl Hbl Hbl, and on the other write Zkr Zkr Zkr Rhz Rhz Rkz Rkz K rz, and then shalt put them together, front and back, and thou shalt put them in the ire." Another written charm to be ca§t into the ire runs, " In the name of \'hil Ykidta Bliba, love for

-

son of

-

I invoke you

to put

in the heart of - daughter

of - that he sleeps not neither by day or night, nor shall he speak with any man either in the Street or i n the house, except with relation t o love for

"

-

" To bring a disdainful woman, Let h i m write on

one of her garments and make a wick of i t and burn it in a pottery lamp, this, Halosin Halosin Alosin Alosin Alosin Sru'in Sru'in that ye come and assemble in the body of - daughter of - and harass her that she

.04

LO VE AND MAGIC cjt not, drtnk qot, oi s leep nos, unttl she kome qeji of ." me jnd do she plejsuie of me -

-

A khjim foi j gtil " thjt is qot sought in mjiiijge '' is given js follors : " Let him riite these Sejls and hjqg them up on the dooi of hei house, jqd immedtjtely they shjll wjke her in mjirijge." The khjims foi love jie vjiied ty one to kjuse hjtied : To do tlus, you muS¥ wjke the egg of j tljkk hen jnd toil it iq uiiqe jnd give hjlf of it to j dog jqd hjlf cc

of it wo j kjt jqd sjy, As these hjse oqe jqothei so mjy hjtied fjl tetreeq son of - nd - soq of " Love-khjims in whe stxteeqsh kentuiy reie somesimes -

-

riitten on she peison ; thus oqe diieB:s, thjt these letteis muSt

te riitteq

oq

the left hjqd of the

lovei,

H.L.D.PuN.A.G.U., " kjiiy them in the moiing tefoie sun iising jnd woukh rhom thou rilt jqd she rill follor thee."

ty it rpon

a

The riitei qjively iemjiks, "yo1 m

dog."

Anothei komtinjtion of lesseis, to te riitten oq the lefs hjnd tefoie suniise, rjs HuL.N.PuM.Q.U.Mu This is foi j roman, rho is diieB:cd to " toukh his nekk sekiesly jnd he shall love theeu" A

khjim

to

piovoke

love

rjs

to

riite

" N.A.P.A.R.A.B.O.C.L.P.E.A. in smjll s‹ujies on the iight hjnd rith tlune orn tlood, tefoie whe suq iising, or jfter she su n setting, and touch she paisies flesh jnd sjy, ' Ei signeie me et Stjt in vjiet titi.' " A moie kompikjted khjim rjs roiked js follors : " Tjke 3 h ai rs of his hejd jnd j thiejd spun on j Fiidjy by j virgin, jnd make j kjndle theierith of virgin rjx .05

MHE MYSMERIES AND SECOETS

OF

MAGSC

frsr sqsare, nd write with the bxrrd rf a crck starrrw the nawe rf the wrwan, and xight the candle, wherea{ i t way nrt drrt strn the earth and she shayx yrve thee., A ul wrre trwerfsx charw was tr " take the navel String rf a bry, new brrn, dry and trwder it and give hiw rr her tr drink.

" There is none such," decxares the writer. The Seay rf Venss, anrther xrve-charw, was tr be c c graven rn thin crtter rr brass when the tyanets were favrsrabxe and in grrd trsitirn, Venss being near the wrrn." " Tr get the lrve rf any wrwnJ" says a writer rf the sixteenth centsry, " irSt wake it knrwn tr her it is her lrve yrs desre, and in the day and hrsr rf Venss, give her tr drink rf the trwder rf the Seay n the txace where she way be, a�d she shaxx xrve thee warvexxrssyy." " The trwder rf the Seax secretly tyaced in the gar­ wents rr abrst the breaSt is ersayxy efeive." A csrirss charw was tr " take the trngse rf a starrrw and cxrse it in virgin

wx

snder thy cxrthes frr the

stace rf IV days, then take it and keet it in thy wr†th snder the trngse and kiss the wrwan thrs yrve�." The sse rf a wx iwage rr igsre was attarentxy crwwrn in the sixteenth century n wagic and en­ chantwents crnnected with xove. The charw was wrrked thss : " Make an iwage rf her yrs xrve in virgin waŒ, strinkxe i t with hrxy water, and write the nawe rf the wrwan rn the frrehead rf the iwage and thy nawe rn her breaSt. " Then take frsr new needxes and trick rne rf thew in the back rf the iwage, and the r thers in the right and yeft sites. . 06

Then say the crnj sratirn.

Then wake

LO VE

AND MAGIC

a fue in her name, and write on the ashes of the coals her name, and a little muStard seed and a little salt upon the image, then lay up the coals again, and as they leapeth and swclleth so shall her heart be kndled in thy love." Sympathetic magic is indicated as the basis of the next charm, which reads : " Take the hairs of the woman whose love thou dcsireSt, and keep them until the Friday following, and that day before sun rising.

Then

with tine own blood, write thine own name and her name n virgin wax or parchment, and burn the hair and letters together to duSt on a red hot fire, and give it to her in meat auu drink, aod she shaH be so much taken with thee that she shall take no reSt." A love-charm of the sixteenth century, which has survived until recent times, is to " take a spider within his web, whole, and sec it breaks not and shut it inside . shells of a nut. After this, boil it in oil in a silver spoon called cochlcaria and give part of the webbe

to drink. It makes the party who drinkes to love him so long as the spider be shut up in the nutshell." Another method used " to gain the love of a woman," was to " take a piece of virgin parchment as broad as your hand, and make on it . images, the one of thyself and the other of the woman ; then with the blood of the little inger of thy left hand, write on thine own image thine own name, and on the other her name. Be­ twixt the image write Sathan, Lucifer, Donskton. You muSt make it so that when you close the parchment the images may be right over one another. Make thine own image on Friday, the irSt hour that Venus governs, and the other the Friday following, in the same hour.

.0 7

THE MYSTERIES A ND SECRETS

OF

MAGIC

T"is iooo, put t"o ilsuos uoior your footo throo tilos

s isy, snd t"oo rolovinu it to tho othor foot. Io t"o loroiouv tho irSt hour oJ tho isy sftor 1 . o'cvoc8 st noonH sni st oiuht roJorB it ro isr8, ssy t"o cooLurstion, 6Puiooiou Ssthsov Lucifor, snd Doosvton, which src priocos whic" oxpovvoi Aisl sni Ivo out of Psrsiiso. x c"sruo you to uo to "or osloiv sni sufor "or not to

svoopo, oor to ts8o soy rcSto, nor to irin8o nor to mtsni nor to sitv nor to vio ~uiotv until s"o hsth sccolplishoi soi iooo :y will w"stsoovor I ro~uoSt "or to ioo.

" T"on you lumt "svo 5 piocos oJ uoliov to ro soot hor in t"o tilo you rouin your wor8 rofort it ro ooieiv soi s"o wivl vovo you ss voou ss you vivo.F T"o sssocistion oJ sppvos wit" vovo oochsot:onts uoos rsc8 to so osrly porioi. T"o Jovlowinu sro ivB ts8oo frol :souscripts oJ t"o iftoont" sni sixtoBnt"

cooturios :

" Writo o n so spplov Guol + Bsstirovl i Glisovl + , soi uivo i t "or to ost.F " Writo on sn sppvo, esuuoll, Lucifor, Ss t"snus, sni

ssyv I conLuro t"oo spplo ry t"oso t"roo oslos writton on t"oo, thst w"osoBvor shsvv ost thoo :sy ruro io ly vovo.G

" Writo on sn spplo roforo it Jsvl fDol tho troo, Avco i Duwco i Dovsto i, soi ssyv I conjuro thoo app9e

6y thoso throo nslos wĴc" sro writton on thPev tQst whst wolso or viruin touchoth sni tsStot" thuu, lsy

vovo lo sni rurn in ly vovo ss iro řo9tot" wsx.F

" Writo oo sn sppvo your oslos sni thoso throo oslos,

Coslor

+

Syosiy

i

âoupiiov sni uivo it to ost to

soy lsn t"st t"ou wouviSt "svo sni "o shs9v io ss t"ou wivt.G

20h

L O VE AND MAGIC

" Cu'' ao a((9p xo IV parts, aoi on pvpr( zar' wrx'pv Sathip9 + Sathipl + Obin) i Sia)pftari- aoi kay- I

coojurp 'hpp a((9p 6y 'hp Holy Goi- by 'hp IV Ivao­ gpliïtk aoi gokzplk- aoi 6y Samup9 aoi 6y Maryv that 'hou khall oot :aoi :Rll uo'xl I havp thp lovp of 'hp

wo:ao which khall pa' of 'hpp."

Spvpr� hpr6k aoi zlao'k wprp p:zloypi xo lovp-

KING SOLOMON'S APPLE, WITH HACICAL liA.ACTERS (xEow D liS., Vl cwly.𐀐

char:k aoi a:oo) thpm vpr6poa or vprvaxo (laypi a

(ro:inpo' (ar'with wR'chcDaf'.

(ro6a69y owRn)

'o x'k

akkocia'ioo

" To )aio 'hp lovp of :an or wo:ao-" kayk a wri'pr

of 'hp kxx'ppo'h cpo'ury, " )o 'o 'hp hpr6 Vprvain

whpo it xk lowprpi ocar 'hp fu9 v of 'hp mooo aoi kay 'o i' 'hp Lori'k Praypr. Thpo kay, io 'hp oamp of thp

àa'hprv Soo aoi Holy Ghoī, I havp kouuh' thpp havp fouoi 'hpp

+

+

I

I chargp thpp Vpvaxo 6y 'hp Holy

oa:pk of Goi. Hplxoo. Hploy-

+

Aiooay- whpo I carry 20Y

MHE MYSMEOSS A ND PEAOEMP OF MAGST

thff in m¼ mogthk that whosofvfr I shall lovf or togch, that thog makf thfm oifdifet geto mf aed to do ml will in all thiehs. FInT + FInT + FInT + nMEN.y

In anothfr, thf lovfr is dirftfd to tawf morf ahhrfssivf mfthods :

" Pjacf Vfrvaie ie thy mogth, aed ‹iss aey maid salieh thfsf wordsk ' Pax tiii sgm sfnsgm coetfrit ie amorf mf,' aed shf shalj jovf thff.y Vfrifea was gsfd to iriqh žgarrfls to ae fnd, aed was wjacfd iq thf shofs whfe travfjluqh so thf wfarfr shogjd eot hrow wfary. It ·as also fmpjoled as a charm to catch ish and to huvf iffs.

To ifcomf ievisiilf, sals thf samf writfr, '' Lft 4

massfs if said ovfr Vfrvaie aed ifar it abogt thff.

It shogjd if hathfrfd ori thf poedal eihht ieforf Hojl rood dals."

Thf wlaet valfriae had also a rfwgtatioe as a charm for jovf. Thf lovfr was feŠoiefd to hathfr it whfe thf mooe is in thf sogth, salieh thfsf words, " pusfrf

mfi Bfatgs Vix Ÿgi ietillihfx,y and also 3 Patfreostfrs, 3 nvfs, and 3 Crffds. " Pgt it gqdfr thl tonhgf aed kiss hers and shf wijl jovf thff."

Valfrian was ajso somftimfs igrnt, or rfdgced to wo¹dfr, and hivfe to thf dfsirfd oef to drunw to rovowf

jovf.

neothfr lovf-charm was to " hof ieto a vardee whfrf

sflgflnf hrowfs oe a Thgrsdal il thf rusinh of thf sµn, and knfflieh oe thy nffs sal thgs, ' In nomief watric, I soghht thffk In nomief ii, I havf fognd thff. I

conjgrf thff that thog maq or woman jovf mf that I .10

LO VE AND MAGBA trsch with thee,' ast sr gather it ast kuut it frr thy sse." The tlast St Jrn's wrrt, was rutstut tr trssess magical prrperties, ast awrsg rthers that rf com pelling lrvu. A lacu rr girtlu asristet with thu ril rf the tlast ast gives tr a waitus tr wear, was sait tr make her yrve thu giver. A charw n which a sstmeg frrms tart is tiru:ut tr be wrrket as frylrws : " Take a sstweg ast trick it fsll ·rr hrlus ast yrs shaly suu it wear a tew strs it. Pst it is yrsr arw-tit p tays, thus try it rs a tiyu�rse ant sr it wiyl fll tr trwtur the which tst is a wrwan's trrtirn rf trtagu ast trisk srt rf it yrsrsuyf. She shall yrve thee withrst trsbt." A lrvu-charw intr wich trats ustur attuars tr have hat its rrigin is the Assyrian charw truvirssyy mes­ tirsut.

It begins : " In March whes trats tr esgester,

ll twr, ast tst thuw is a brx fsyy rf hryes ant tst it in a tisswire bank. Whes all is crssswet bst thu brses, take thum ast caS… thew istr rsssing water ast yrs shall see that rse rf thu brsus wily gr agais§t thu fuuam. Asrther wily �ant stright ast asrthur will sink. Thesu threu keep. Pst that which swimmcth agaisst thu �ruaw in a risg, ast shu that takuth it at yrsr hasts shall yrvu thee. Pst that that §trrt stright is a ring ast givu it tr a wrmas, ast shu shall rbu thy wish. Grate that tr trwter that sisketh, ant shu that trisketh thererf shall hate thee." Is the Egyttias wagical texts it is rucrrtet that hair, feathur~, ssaku's skis, ast " the blrrt rf the myzuc eye " weru umtlryet as yrvu-charms ast hat brth trrte:ive ast teurying trwurs. Thu " blrrt rf thu myStic uye " is thrsght tr inticatu tragrs's .II

THE MSTEIES LND SECRETS OF MAGIC

blccdi which fcr centuries has been believed tc be an efetive ingredient in charms fcr prcvcking lcve.

The

Greeks called dragcn's blccd cinabarisi and apparently did nct kncw whether it was cf mjneral cr vegetable crigin. Ccles �atesi that " Plinyi Scinus and v!cnardus have set it dcwn fcr truthi that it was the blccd cf a dragcn cr serpent crushed tc death by the weight cf a dying elephant faling upcn him," but he thinks it was certainly sc caled frcm " the blccdy cclcur that it is cfi bejng ncting else but a mere gumpn The sub�ance kncwn as dragcn's blccd is a gum­ resjn cbtained frcm the Pterolarpa indiru, a tree indjgencus tc the Ea� Indjesp In early times it had scme repute in medicine fcr its a�ringent prcperties and alsc as an emmenagcgue, but it has gcne cut cf use and is ncw emplcyed as a cclcuring agent fcr varnishes and �ains. Three hundred years agci it is said tc have been used by gcldsmiths and painters cn glassi by the fcrmer as a base fcr enamel and by the latter tc �rjke a crjmscn fcr �ajned windcws. Its usei hcweveri as a magital charm has surviveh tc the present dayi and it is rÀll emplcyed as a lcve­ charm in scme parts cf Lcndcn and in the Ncrth cf England.

A great deal cf mystery surrcunds i¶s emªlcy­

ment fcr tis purpcsei and it is cnly wjth difitulty scme details have been cbtained,

There seem tc be several

methcds cf wcrkjng tharms cf a rcmantjt nature with thjs ctherÅise crdinary artjcle cf ccmmerce.

The mc�

ccmmcn cf these is pracHsed by girls cn All Hallcw­ e'en, whc are jealcus cf their lcvers and desire tc wjn back thejr afeicn. Tc dc this a small uuantity cf dragcn's blccd is prccuredi wrapped in paperi and thrcwn cn the .1.

LO VE A ND MAGIC

couplet or incantaSion is

ire whnlÔ the following repeated :

" May .e no Rleasure or Rroit see ½ř he comes bacv agavn to se." Another method emplofed bf women of a cerSain class, and used bf them So aSSraa the opposite sex, is to eiô dragon's blood, quicksilver, salSpeSre and sulphur and throw Shem on She re wile repeaSing a silar incanSaoion. A lhemist n She North of England, giving his experi­ ence on She sale of dragonqs blood, safs : " I have had great iilulof in nding ouS for whaS purpose iS was used. It was noS for mediline, buS for a kind of witlh­ crafS.

The women burn it upon a brighS ire, while

wishing for their afetion to be reSurned bf someone of the opposite sex ; also Shose who have quarrelled wiSh Sheir husbands and desire to be friends again ; girls who have mallen ouS wiSh Sheir foung men and wanS So win Shem back, as well as fouig women wanSing sweeS­ hearts.

A working-man recenSlf lame So me for a small quanninyr and I inquired for whaS purpose iS was required. ke was very relulanS So mention anfthing about iS, buS at ¨ength said a man had made him lose Shree sovereigns, and he w”shed as he had been swindled out om the moneú to have his revenge, and make him suvfer for it. ke wks going oo buri She dragonqs blood on a clear ire, and he believed thao the ill wishes of She person thus burºnng iS would have a dire efemt on the individual ·

thought of.p Soee love-charms in She sixteenth and seventeenth cennîÇies

were

wor¥ed

bf

wrnSng

cerSain

myfpnc 213

THE MYSTEOBES AND SEAOETS

OF

MAGBA

charaClcrs on parchment or papeh, of which mhe followinx maË be taken as an eÈampln :

R Lc,.T.

­26 es

Iliâ1betp

R. J .

K

.K.

L

r \

"A AAB. O. OB"

(FEom

II

MS., XVlt ccatuy.J

o Wrimn these chara:ers o n Âirgin parchment with the blood of bamts and hold it in thn ynft hand and vhow im to her and wimhout doubm vhe will comn to then. wut take heed that thou vhow� to nonn but she who mhou desir: for v thou do vhn wiyl go mad and die.11 Anomher charm of this kind in thn form of a magical

suuare was to bn wrimmen on parchmenm and carried by the lover. s

I

c

c

- --

F

E

T

I

- - 1--- - c E N A L I p -- - - - -

1-

0 R A M A R 0

1-

-

F

-----

- - --

E

1

---

T

"FO. A IDN

.14

- --- -

PATWCUW.A"

CHAPTER XXIII RECORDS OF MAGIC FROM THE FOURTH TO THE FIFTENTH CENTURY

T

HERE are but few manuscripts on magic extant that were written between the rt and the four­ teenth century, but some light has been thrown on the subje: by the translation of certain ncient Hebrew texts n the British Museum, and at Oxford and Munich by GaSter. One of these, called u The Sword of Moses," is believed to date from the ir� four centuries of the Chriuan era, and serves as a conneaing nk between the Greek papyri and the early Middle Ages. It is especilly ntereruog, as it includes names that are mentioned in manuscripts many centuries later, and deals with magic and medicne. It begins : " In the name of the Mighty and Holy God." Four ngels are appointed to the sword given by the Lord, the Ma:er of M yl:eries. Their names are SKD HUZI, MRGIOIAL, VHDR­ ZIOLO, and TOTJSI. The man who utters conjurations over tis " Sword," its myteries nd hidden powers, its glory and might, they will not refuse, as it is the comand of God. " If thou wish� to use this ' Sword ' nd to uansmit it to the following generations (then know) that the man who decides to use it muSt free himself three days from accidental pollution and from every thing unclean, eat and zĔ

THE MYSTEIES AND SECRETS

OF

MA GIC

irqok ooco ovor( ovooiou, aoi ly� eat frol a zyro maov or wakh hxk haoik firSt xo kavti aoi irxok oovy watPrTho lyStorxok aro to ro zratxkoi oovy io kocrot-" Thoo fovvowk a zrayor to tho " Lori oyr Goi, æxou

of tho Uoivorko, ao� a coofyratioo to Azliov, Arov, bafov, Yofiov, Mittroo aoi othor aouovk.j

Aftor komo voou aoi oˆzvicit iirotiook io whxc"

t"oro aro oalok oot traokitoratoiv wo colo to tho " SworivF w"ic" cooki�k of a oylror of ly�orioyk oalok of Goi or aouovk with which aro cooootoi varioyk rocxzokj Oov( a fow of t"o loro iotoroĬou oooi ro rocazityvatoi. Tho( aro chiol( n t"o forl of c"arlk w"qch aro to ro writtoo oo rowlk, or t"o kaycor of a cyz, alyvotk to ro hyou royoi tho oock, to ro wrxttoo oo a zvato, or c"armk to ro whxkzoroi

accomzaoioi ry t"o yko of oilkk

n

tho oar, komo roxou

Charlk for varioyk ixkoakok aro oymoroyk, thyk , " for

"�lorrhoxikv tako tow aoi zyt kavt o o i t aoi lxˆ it wqtQ oiv, kayxog ovBr it a charm aoi kqt oo it:" " bo "oav lozroky, tako tho zatxoot to t"o kxdo of a rxvor aoi ka( t o hil, ' I coofyro thoo vozrok(, io t"o oamo of -. to iikazzoar aoi to vaoikh aoi to zakk awa( frol - Aloo, Aloo-Solahv' aoi "o ik to uo

iowo aoi iiz kovoo txlok io tho rxvor aoi whoo "o comes oyt writo ao amyvPt wxtc tho words, ' I c njyro­

Solah,' aoi haog it royoi hik oockkF T"xk xk rolioik­ coot of tho Akkyrxao charl uxvoo qo a provqoyk cha(torv and jk avko kqlqvar to tho �ory of Naalao, who to cvo5oko "xlkovf frol t"o dhkoako wak to9i to batht ktvoo tqmok io tho äoriao.

A lao who ik ravi xk ixrotoi to kt( a charm ovor

" nu t oxl " aoi aooxot hik hoai wiĭh iĭ. �16

" To removo

RECORDT OF MAGIC FRO..f THE FOURJH CENTURY a Lich man from his riches, say a cNarm upon tNe MuSt of an ant-hill anM throw it in Nis face." " Tº know if N sick person will live or Mie, say before Nim charm . If he tuLns Nis face towarMs you Ne -

will livez If away, he will ie." u To subMue a woman, write witN the blooM of thy NanM thy name upon tNy gate, anM write tNy name upon a scroll of leatheL of a hart with tNe blooM of tNy inger anM say, tNis ' SworM ' anM she will come to thee." To put a spell upon an enemy, say, " I call tNee, evil spirit, cLuel spirit, merciless spirit. I call tNee, qaM spiLit, w‰o sttteSt n the cemeteLy anM takest away Nealtng from mn. Go anM place a not in - NeaM, in Nis eyes, in Šs moutN, in Nis tongue, in Nis tNroat, n Nis winMpipe ; put »oisonous water in his belly. If you Mo not go anM put water in Nis belly I will senM againSt åou the evil �ngels Puzid, Guziel, PsMid, Prziel.

I call tNee anM those

anM put poisonous 6 knots tNat you go quickly to water in his qelly anM il - whom I mean. Amqn. Amen. SelaN. n -

TNe manuscLipt concluMes : " perily, thts is tNe ' SworM of Moses ' witN which Ne accomplisheM Nis mfLacles anM mfgNty MeeMs anM MetroyeM all knMs of witcNcraft. " I t haM beqn revealeM to 11oses n the bush when tNe great anM blorious name was given to himz Takr care of it anM it will take care of thee. If thou approacheft ire it will not burn thee, anM it will presqrve thqe fro° every evil in the worlM. " If tNou wisNeSt to ty it, take a thicl (green) qranch anM utter tNis worM ' SworM ' over i t five tfmes at sunv rise anM it will Mry up." .17

THE MYSTERiES A ND SECRETS OF MAGIC

There is a good deau of similarity between the Hebrew o Sword n and some of the Greek papyri, in one of which vioses is mentioned as o one who keeps divine mv�eries.n Another earuy Hebrew manuscript has been trans­ lated by Ga�er caled the o Secretum Secretorum,n a medi�val treatise ascribed to Ari�otle nd written foy King Auexander.

It begins, o 0 men of knowledge nd who under­ Szand yiddles, who search sy means thereof for precious obe&i lift up your eyes on igh and read the sook that is called the ' Privy of Privies.' Therein is con­ tained the direaion in the governance ©f the cinxdom which Ari�ozue wrote for the great King AleÊander." The sook is said to hNve been discovered in the Temple of the worshippers of the Sun, which the great Hermes built for himself. It was written in gold, and was translated from Greek into Syriac, and from Syriac into Arabicp It contains thirteen tyeatises which deau mly Çith advice on governancei but the ya� treats of o natural secrets and tayismansi on the good of soies, on the properties of precious tones and plants and living beinxs, and wonderful things of the mvSzeries of leech­ craftpn Among the Stones mentioned is the beÎoar, famous throughout the widdle Ages as a remedy for plaxue and other diseases. It was a siliay concretion found in the �omachs of smal animals, like the deer, and mv�erious occult properties were attached to itp o If hung round the neck of a child,n savs the writer, o it becomes proof againSz epilepsy and saves from sad accidents."

21h

RECORDT OF MAGIC FROM JHE FOURTH CENTURY

" The pearl called Iakut in Arabia ; there are three kinds : and black. The red prevents e s, courage and brings :omach ache in a in and prized great kings and its is that no can slay him who wears it. The §tone Alkahat saves from hot fevers. has no power over it cannot burn it. who goes to war with one, no mn can ight againt thou make a ring of silver and gold with a red set v it, and engrave on it the image of a naked j tall on a lion, and men shipping her, and it is made in the of Sunday at the hour of the sun, at the conjunCtion of Leo and and the sun is in it, and the is v the tenth degree at the height which is called Shrf n Arabic ; whosoever wears such a ring shall be reverenced the people. he li'ten to his voice and full all his wishes v the wo.dd and man shll be able to with'tay him." "One of the greateSt poisons is Bish, but it is not recog­ nizable through tate or colour, for when people ta§te it, (orpiment it has And the of arsenic) which is one of these which are ndi pen b e to thee. It one of the secret inlr(ments of 1var means wich misfortune v war can be averted." It be remembered, that this letter is said to have been addressed to a great t r and that poisons were apparenly war at this It was probably r p i o g w s. red,

yellow,

illn s gives emerald r g appeases drunk is good for leprosy. highly by

honour. The and dissolved The lone Firzag is great property

man

Fire

and

He

m."

" If acinth girl,

and :rong, tiding

six morning

wor­ Sol

moon

by

T

y will

no

no bitterness. yellow sulphide poisons is

gold lime or called Klas, is also s s9 l i by of

should

ii a y commander

shows os

used in time of

early period. el

employed fo

THE MYSTEIIES AND SECIETS OF MAGIC Thdrd is an intdrd�ing manuscrjpt crjginally writtdn in Hdbrdw in thd wiblictheuud dd 1'Arsdnal, Paris,

which has bddn translatdd rcm Frdnch intc English by vfathdrsp It is writtdn in ydd and black inksi and is said tc datd frcm thd middld cf thd ftddnth cdntury. It is dntitldd " Thd wcck cf Sacrdd vfagic cf Abra­ mdlin thd wagdi as ddlivdrdd by Abraham thd Jdw untc s scn Lamdch A.D. I 4 S h."

Thd �cry tcld by Abhaham thd J dw cf hcw hd acuuirdd his sdcrdtsi his jcurndy tc Egypt, and is mddting with magicjans cf thd tjmd, fcrms an intdrd�ing nahrativdp It bdgins with " Thd ih� bcck cf thd Hcly wagici which Gcd gavd untc vlcsdsi Davidi Sclcmcn, and cther saints, pathjarchs and prcphdtsi wich tdachdth thd trud divind wisdcm.n Abraham thd scn cf Simcn saÍsi that hd ldarnt it in part fhc¥ his fathdri and in part rcm cthdr wisd and faithful mdn. Hd gcds cn tc �atd : " I havd writtdn this with mind cwn hand and placdd it in this caskdt and lcckdd jt up as a prdcicus trdasuhd. " wy fathdr Simcn shcrtly bdfcrd his ddath, gavd md cdrtajn sjgns and in�ruicns ccncdrning thd way in which it is ndcdµsary tc acuuihd thd Hcly Kabbala. Aftdr his ddath inding mysdlf twdnty ydars cf agd, I had a vdhy ghdat passicn tc unddr�a¦d thd trud mvStdhids cf thd L chd. " I ldarnt that at vfaydncd thdrd was a Rabbj calldd Ylcsds whc was a nctabld sagd, and thd rdpcrt wdnt, that h d pcssdssdd in full thd Divind wisdcmp I was inducdd tc gc and sdd €im in crddr tc ldatn frcm himi but I q0

RECORDS OF MAGUC FROu JHB FOURJH CENTURY found, that in is NaRiM, hJ did not NakJ use of his Iisdom of the Nord, Rut inStJad availed himsJf of Mertain arts and suMerSitions of ‹del and idolatrous nations iL Mart derivJd from ERyMtiansj toRJthJr Iith iNaRes of thJ Medes aLd of thJ PJrsiaLsj Iith hJrRs of thJ AraRians, toRethJr Iith the MoIJr of thJ Stars and Mon­ StJllaions and JvJn from thJ CriStians, some KiaRoliM art. " For tJn yJars I rJNaiLJd RuriJd n so RrJat an Jrrorj until I arrivJd in ERy¨t at thJ house of an aLMiJnP saRJ Malled ARra-Nelin, Iho Mut mJ in thJ true Math and to undJrStand thJ SaMrJd My:ery, and hoI to Mommand aLd domiLate the Jvih sMiritsk" pRrahaN says, that hJ RJRn his journJy to ERyMt on FJxQuary 1 3 th, 1 3 97, and tayJd in ConStantinoMle for tIo years. DurinR his sojourn Iith pRra-Nelin, hJ «JMeivJd froN him two Rooks n manusMriMP MontaiLinR thJ sJMrets, IhiMh he told him to MoMy for himsJlf Iith MarJ. eJ avers hJ did so JxaIy and it is thJsJ Rooks hJ reMords in tllis tJÎt. ue theL lJft ERyMt and travJlled RaM to his oIn MouL­ try, aLd on his journJy JvidJnPhy souRht out all the MratitioLJrs of NaRiM n the MitiJs that hJ MassJd throuRh, nLh tSus rJlatJs his advJnturJs. pt prRentiLe h J fouL·d a qhriStian MahlJd JaNJsj i Rut Sis art was thJ art of the Juyyler or MuM-and-Ralls Mlayer, and not ·hat o f the NaRic‚an ., IL the toÌL of SraRuJ, h e Wtatesj " I found a Iicked Nan naNed ALtony, Iho in truth shoIed mJ IoLderful and suMJrnatural thinRsj Rut thJ iLfaNous IrJtMh aÊoIJd to mJ, that hJ had NadJ a Mact Iith the demoL, aLd had RivJn himself ovJr to him in body ..I

MHE MYSMEOBES AND SEAOEMS

OF

MAGBA

and in soul, while the deceitful Leviathan had promised him forty years of life to .do his pleasure. Unto tllis day do they sing in the �reets of the terrible end which bcfel him, for his body was found dragged through the �reets and his head without any tongue therein, lying in a drain." After passing through Hungary, where he " found but persons knowing neither God nor devil and who were worse than the bca�s," he came to Greece where he found many wise and prudent men. Among them were three who c c principally dwelt n desert places, and who showed me great things. . . . In Epipha near Con­ �antinople, there was a certain man who made use of certin numbers which he wrote upon the earth, and so caused terrifying visions to appear." At Lintz he met with a young woman who gave him an unguent with which he was to rub the principal pulses of his feet and hands. He then felt as if he was flying in the air where he seemed to remain a long while, and then recovered his senses and " found the young woman seated by his side." " I concluded," he sagely remarks, " it was a simple dream and that this unguent was the cause of phanta�lc sleep, whereupon she confessed to me that this unguent had been given to her by the devil. " Of the wonderful things performed by Abra-melin, how he healed 8 4 1 3 persons bewitched unto death, how he delivered the Duke Frederick Eletlor of Saxony by means of .zzz artificial cavalry, " which I dld by mine own art cause to appear, and other marvels are they not written in this book." In the second part of the manuscript he describes ccr.CC

RECORDS OF MAGBC FROM JHE FOURJH CENJURY tain operations which he carried out by means of a child of 6, 7 or 8 years of age whom he used as a clairvoyant, a method not unusual at that time. u The choice of a child of tender years for this purpose is said to be on account of his innocency and freedom from contamination with outside nluences. He is to be clothed in white and upon his forehead is to be placed a veil of white silk, very ine, to cover even the eyes, on which mu� be written the word Uriel. He who operateth shall do the same tng, but upon a veil of black silk with the name ' Adam ' written thereon. Thou shalt make the child enter into the oratory and place the re nd the perfume n the censer, and then kneel before the altar, as so soon as the child shall have seen the ngel, thou shalt comand him to tell thee, and to look upon the altar and take the lamen or plate of silver which thou shalt have placed there for that purpose, and whatever the ngel shall have written thereon." Then follows n account of the raining and initiation of the magician. " n age he should not be less than . H , nor more than � o." Among women, only virgins are suitable, but it is fuongly advised that no important matter should be communicated to them, because of the accidents that they ight cause by their curiosity and love of talk. cc Let each one speak his own language. The magician's bed chamber mu§t be near the oratory and the sheets and ll linen changed every Sabbath eve. No dog, cat or other animal shall enter, and eating, drinking and sleeping should be in moderaion and never superzz;

THE MYTTEItET AND TECIETT O F iHAGtC fiuoui. Eipecially ihun gunkenneii ang lee puolic vinnehi." The following inSxhutioni ahe miren ai hemahgi clothinm : You ihall hare t¤o gheiiei ang you ihall change them on the ere of each Saloathp '' Flee all ranity.

ohuihing ang pehfuminm them alwayi lefohehang.H The phepahationi of the agept ahe to laSx ii¥ moonip a‹v then the lace ii ieleteg. t If a vwellinm place in a town le uieg, an apantment ihoulg oe choien with a wingow agjoining an uncorehev tenhace oh oalcony on which a coreheg logge oh hut ii to le e’ecteg. The looh of the tehhace ihoulg le coreheg with hireh ianv to the gepth of two fingehi at leaSxp ang the gay afteh the cehemoniei ahe iaigp the iang muSx le caSt into a iechet place lut not —hhown into a hireh oh the iea. imall woog iip howerehp to le phefehheg to a

"A

houiep in the migSx of which the altah ihoulv oe iet ang coreheg with a hut of ine lhanchei. The altah ihoulg le of woog ang hollow like a cuploahgp whehein ihall oe kept the two holei, the chown oh ithe, the wangp the holy oilp the gihgle oh lelt ang the pehfume."

A

geic.dption · of the holei wohn ly the mamician

foh full cehemonial ii then miren. a

It ii to coniist of

ihiht oh tunic of linenp lahme anv whitep with ileerei.

Anotheh hooe will le of chimion oh icahlet silk with g o lv , anv ihoulv not oe lonmeh than j  Sx to the kneei, with ileerei of iimilah Sxuf. The gihgle is to le of iilk, the iame colouh ai the tunicp anv the oeautiful chown foh the heag ii to oe a woren illet of iilk ang molg. 224

RECORDP OF MAGIC FROM JHE FOURTH CENJURY The following formula is given for the preparation of the sacred oil : " vfyrrh (in tears) I part, ine cinamon . parts, galingal i part, and the half of the total weight of these drugs of the best olive oil." It is to be kept in a glass vial. The perfume is to be made thus : " Take of incense (oibanum) in tears I part, stactc (storax) i part, ign. aloes i part or cedar, rose, citron or any odoriferous wood." Reduce to powder and mix well together. This is to be kept n a box. The magician muSt also have a wand of almond-tree wood, smooth and straight, of about half an ell to six feet long. All being thus prepared, the magician so clad, without shoes, enters the oratory and begins the ceremonial with the orison, after which he anoints himself with the sacred oil,. and also the vestments and all instruments. Then he is to put on the white tunic, and proceed, and await the angel to write with the sign on the silver plate on the altar as described, with the child. These ceremonies are to be performed seven days, and on the period of the sixth moon be put to the teSt. This begins with the conjurations to evoke the spirits in visible form, and in " a little willie they will appear and will swear to their symbols." Three diferent kind of · demands can be made on thre·e successive days. " If during the invocation the spirits should appear with tumult and insolence, fear nothing, neither give way to anger. " Only show them the consecrated wand and f they coninue to make a diSturbance, smite upon the altar twice or thrice and all will be still."

THE \iYSTERIES

Abrhhm

rejords

AND

SECRETS OF MLGIC

the nhmes

oi the

spirits thht

khy be sukmoned, whijh injhude the four prinjes hnd superior spirits, Lujiier, Levihthn, S hthn, hnd Beihh, hhso the sub-prinjes hnd servient spirits wijh number in hhh over three hundred. He irkhy behieved in guhrdian hngehs, hnd hdvises thht one shouhd never thke irok sujh hnj sykboh where­ with to operhte for hn evil end. Shouhd the mhgiji’ wish to periorm his operhtions in h jitj, he hdjures him to thle h house whijh is not overhooled bj hnj­ one, u seeing," he fthtes, " thht in tis present dhj (1 4 5 h) juriositj is so uong, thht jou ought to be upon jour guhrd." The mhgijin's iee (ior im who shhl rejeive it) whs ten gohden lorins or ¥heir vhhue, wijh he shouhd di§tribute to the poor. He iurther rekhrks, thht the hngeh wilh write on the phhte oi sihver hs it were in drops oi dew, the sykboh hs jou ought to mhle it, together with the nhke oi the spirit who wouhd serve jou. To use it, " irft thke the symboh in jour hhnd, phhje it upon the top of your hehd under jour hht, nd either jou wihh be sejrethj whrned bj the spizit, or he wihh esejute thht whijh jou hhve the intention of jommhnd­ ing im to do." This mhgijihn whs apparentld h pioneer in hvihtion, for he gives h formuhh, " To lj in the r hnd trhvel hnjwhere," thht is to be jhrried out hs fohhows : " Nhme the phhje writher unto you wish to trhveh hnd phhje the sykboh upon jour hehd under the bonnet or hht, but thle wehh heed hess the symboh ihl from you through neghigenje or whnt of jhuion.

..v

Do not journey ht night

IECOIDS OF MAGIC FIOM JHE FOUOJH CENbUOY time unless eecessity or some pressinh reasoe thereto compelleth youk iut selett the day time and that serene nd calm." In the 3 rd iook of the racred pahic, nira-melin hi¶es all the symiols iy meaes of w{ch he says he worked his woeders. They cover a wide rnhe aqd

include, " Tziehs to happen ie war," " How to weow a” thinhs paSt aed fxtxrek" " To caxse aqy spirit to

•

PBNTAS 1.

t. Por c.allln( tbe aoce . Por ll sere of aowledrc. (lxrow 1 dS. of he X D V century Ia he Dlaa lbEDEy.J (ec ore u8.J

appeark" " To heal aey disease," " For mirrors of hlass or cryStajk" " To make all metajs," " To transform men into asses," and " To cause a dead iody to revive and perform all the fue.ions which a iving person

would do, durieh a space of seveq yearsk by means of

the spirits." With reference to iooks of mahick Airaham says : " paqy ancieet iooks have ieen loSt. By these symiols you cae have many supposed eºtinfr worws

irouhht to youk bxt I could never copy them, becaxse _ .7

THE lYSTERIf

AND

SECRETS

OF MAGIC

th4 wqitĈng vi3ppp4pq4v p3 fa–t p3 d wqqt4 th4r, btt I wp3 p4qritt4v tq q4av 3qr4 qf th4r." Hi3 ragiDpl 3yrbqk3 Dqn3i� Dhi4ly qf 3ªtaq43 qf M4tt4q3 pqqpng4v p3 p vqtbl4 pDqqr D, 3qr4 b4ing iqq4gtMpq in vi3pq3itiqn pnv qth4q3 ĭqiv. Th4 t34q i3 wpqn4v, thpt unl433 h4 i3 pnirpt4v by th4 i� pnv ptq4–t ¦qtI-43 h4 wilk inv th4r q4pa t4qqibMy pgpĉn� hĈr. Th4 V4y qf th4 qp4qptiqn tq 4nfqu th4 ĭi3iqn qf th4 ang4l3l wp3 tq pkpD4 th4 3yrbqM3 tpqn th4 iqqw qf th4 D Hv pnv qf ¦ whq 4qfqqr4v th4 qp4qptiqn. dn p rpnu3Dqipt qn rpgiD writt4n in th4 fqurt44nth D4ntuqy, in th4 BqvM4ipn Libqpry, th4q4 pq4 twq Dtqiqu3 p4ntpDl43, qn4 fqp 9 qitpinIng ,l 34Dp4t3 qf Vnqwl4vg4 h pnv th4 qth4q fqq " Dplling MAGIL SEAS FOR IN· voJNc FivE sPlliTS th4 png4M3." Th43c pq4 ppqbabMy (XV oty.) th4 4pqi4� Of th4iq Vinv VnqwnŞ Ôn pnqth4q fqpgr4nt qn rpgiD n th4 3pr4 Mibraru wqitt4n pbqtt 1 4 5 0, th4q4 pq4 thq44 rpgiepM 34pl3 fqq in-q£ing i-4 3piqit3 whq pq4 cpMM4v Fpz4gFn i Gagpúan + Bigan + 4igpn i Þ3púpn.

7 L

"

qeAPTER XXIV THE

"

" CLAVICLE OR KEY OF SOLOMON -RITES, CEREMONIES .AND MYSTERIES OF CONJURATION

A

MORG LSe exiiLR woQks oL NaRiM, LSeQe is MQoRaRiy LoLe ReLLeQ kLowL LSaL LSe " qiagiMle oQ Mey of SoloNoL," LuNeQous MoMies of wSiMS iL NnusMQiML aQe Lo Re fouLK iL various RQeaL liRQaQies of ruQoMe. TSey aQe wQiLLeL iL rLRlisS, FQeLMS, GeQNn aLK ILaiaLo

TSe LexLs vaQy, aLK LSe eaQiieSt

KaLe fQoN aRouL tSe sixLeeLLS MeLLury.

TSeQe aQe

seveL MoKiMes iL LSe BQiLisS MuseuN, NoSt of wSiMS weQe wQiLLeL RetweeL LSe sixLeeLLS aLK segeLLeeLLS MeLLuQies, aLK LSeQe aQe segeQal oLSeQs iL LSe BiRiioLSeque vaLioLale nK LSe BiRlioLSeque Ke 1'AQseLai iL PaQis, of a iaLeQ MeQioK. AlLSouzS JoseMSus NenLioLs LSaL, woioNoL was LSe auLSoQ of NaRiMai woQks iL wSiMS Se QeMoQKeK Sis seMQets LSaL eeÓeiaS is suMMoseK Lo Sage suMMQesseK beMause LSey weQe ieaKiLR LSe MeoMle a¶tQay, LSere is Lo Qeal eËiheLMe of Sis MoLLeioL wiLS LSe qlagiMle assoMiaLeK wiLS Sis LaNe. LQeaLise

wEs

vL is NoQe MQoRaRle LSaL LSe

MoN©ileh Ry UaRRiLiMal wQiLeQs aRouL LSe

fouQLeeLLS MeLLuQy fQoN aLMieLL QeMoQhs, as LSeQe aQe MeQLaiL Ketails of LSe QiLual LSaL aMMeaQ Lo Sage MoNe KowL froN aL eaQiieQ MeQioK. IL LSe iLLQoKuioLs Lo segeQai of LSe MoKiMes, iL is 229

MHE MYSMEUS AND SEAIETS

OF

MAGIA

�ated that they were compled irom n ancient Hebrew test which is now lo�, but there is no record oi such a manuscript ever ha±ing been in esi�ence. On account oi the earyy traditions i t embodies, and the detaiy oi the rites and ceremonies oi magic, it is undoubtedly interelling, as the iollowing epitome taken irom a copy " oi the worƒ written by u H. G. on April 8 , 1 � 7., now in the British Museum,1 wll show. It is entithed, u The worle oi Sayomon the Wise, cayled his Cyavijle revealed by ng P toyomeus ye Grecian." It consi�s oi ten parts which ave headed as iollows : x . Oi ye hours and points necessavy n esperiments md arts mathematial and magical. Oi all arts magical or oi nigromancy or oi certn spirits how they shall be ordered. ..

3 . How and what manne� the pentajles be made.

4 s How esperiments oi these should be ordered. s . Oi esperiments oi invisibiity.

v. Oi experiments oi yove.

7. Oi experiments oi grace and iavour. 8. Oi esperiments oi hatred and d�ru:ion. 9· Oi esperiments oi mockes and direcHon. 1 k. Oi esperiments estraordnary that be iorbidden oi good men. u The beginning oi our Clavicle is

tj

iear God and

to honour um with contrition oi heart with great devotion and to worship him. cc

To pra:ise the right day, and time, is very essential

f you wilh nd anythng oi the sciences. You mu� have a sure order oi days, the changng oi the moon and oi 1

MSw SK. 3 m47.

M \ . I C C I R C I . . W l l' l l

A

M \ t: I C I A N

FrJm n ,lfS. XVI a nf u ry.

. \' 0 " 1 � 1 : s r i R T S

01'ifiJh 1 / u u u m.

CEREMONIS AND MYSTERIS OF CONJUA TION

hours. Next the positiog oi the phagets mu� be cog­ sidered agd ahh tis ku� be prepared. " Theg tale the siord that jou kake the circlet nd kale a cross ig the air, agd put jour right bagd iith the siord upog the pegtacles beigg og jour brea�, agd saj iith a loi voice the oratiog iith the exorsj·a­ tiog, but beiore so doiggt iumigate jourself agd jour iehhois n the circle and spriglle joursehf iith iater. " Let the cogjurer sit doig n is place agd comfort his iellois ig the circle and saj the oratiog agd . cog­ uratiogt theg the devils iihl iear agd bj the virtue oi the pegtacles iill come to do jour iill." The pegtacles have ingumerable virtues, agd ior a descriptiog oi hoi thej iere kade sec paqe 1 6 3 . The ceremogj begag iith prajers ihich iere said ig Latig, ir� kneehigg agd theg uprisigg.

Thej iere

iohhoied bj the cogjuraiog, ihich ias irst said iacigg the Ea�, agd South, and theg x the North agd We�, agd the spirit ihich jou iished to call ias theg gaked. " f the spirits do got theg appear, looing up into the airt kaigg upog jour iorehead the sigg oi je Holj Cross sajiggt ' Ig gokige patr.is et ii et spiritus S an€. Akeg.'

Theg bhess the place iith the sigg oi the cross, beating the r iith jour hagd, male a i¤sigge agd repeat the prajer toiard the WeSt nd the North. Theg.ii thej (the spirits) be bound ig chains oi irog thej iihl coket escept thej be ig some greevous phace or hohdeg, or ehse they iihl segd soke certain kessegger iherebj jou shahh lgoi ihat thej iihh do. Ii thej do got appear, het the cogjurer rise up boldhj nd �rogglj agd cokiort his ielhois, agd het him beat the air toiard the iour parts oi je iorhd agd �agdigg ig the iddle oi 13 I

THE .MYSTERIES AND SECRETS OF MAGIC

phe cincle mo up on his knees, ang his fellows wsqh hsm kneelinm ang holgsnm the oook let him say phe pnayer. Then if qhey will appear, show them the penqacle ang the¨ wsll talk with thee ang mrant thy petition." Of experimenqs of lore : " \Vhoerer will ‡ake or prepare anytrnm upon any woman, he may make an imame of wax.

Then say orer

qhe wa§ when ip is prepanegp the charmsp ' Venus e§t A§tnoposua§tro." When that is gone you shall form your imame ang f it oe necessary to wnite any other thinm up on the smame with a neegle or a pen ang if ip oe necessary qo fumspape phe imamep lep a fume oe mage ang holg phe imame orer i t ang sayp ' 0 tu Orions, etc.' " If ye womn come n phat hour ip is well, v she come noqp then pup phat imame unger thy oeg's heag ang ye shall see oefore qhe qhing gay mneat marrels. " The same can oe gone with an apple.

Prepane phat

gay ang hour ang hare an apple fair in phy hang in some secneq place, ang oefone you pake st fnom the pnee spninkle ip with watenp ng fuimate itp aftewargs say unto phe frusq, ' Deus ui feciyi Agam et Erep etc.' " Then follow gsrectsons how phe conj urer shoulg pnepare himself : " H e shall mo inqo his secneq chamoen ang ynip himself, ang hare a oaqh pnepaneg, ang leq him qake phe waqen ang puq sp on the qop of is heag so phat it may nun gown unpo his feet, sayinm, ' Domsne Jesu . ' Afpenwangs wash wholly in thaq water ang put on linen mean next youn oogy, ang aoStain fon qhree gays fnom all unclean­ ness ang say the onaqion. The no£ice muy aoStain fnom mneat eaqinm ang gnsnkinm for qhe space of nine gays oefore hss inception." 131

CEREMONIES AND MYSTERIEf OF CONURATION

The following ii a geichiption of the teymenti oh gahmenti to le wohn ly the magician : .t Upon the white t�mentip woollen gahmenti on wuich the pentaclei le iown with a needle. t Let them hate white hoien, ang upon thoie uoien whitten the fo†owing iigni :

I M 8n:J • V •

R

ll (

•

�

t Let youh iuoei le of white leatueh, wheheon white the iame iigni, ang the uoie ang ihoei muy be mage within tue time of cuyogy within nine gayi. " The Mayeh iuoulg uate a chown of tirgin papeh on the which chown let thehe le fouh namei whitten : AGLA.

AGLAY.

AGLATHA.

AHLAOTH.

with

ink oh iome otueh colouh n caital letteh– ng tueie chahal:ehi :

t Afteh that, fumigate ll tue gahmenti ang iphinkle witu wateh. t All the teymenti muy le linen ang f theie were phieSt'i gahmenti they wehe letteh. " The placei whehe the ahti mayy le gone. t The placei muSt le hig ang iechet oh geieht, fah fhom the habitationi of men. Ul no 1IOnal (0I there in aiJ faJt. " Let the ihSt icholah leah the cenieh ang inceniep maing fhaghant iatouhi.

Let the iecong leah papeh ang looki, pen ang inki ang ipicei of fumigation . .33

MHE .MYPeEIUS A ND PEAIEMP

OF MAGIC

TNe cNiLM beaL cNe knife. TNe fouLtN ieaL cNe pocs, wNeLein cNey puc re of cNe coles in wNicN cNe fumibacion of cNe spice must ie puc. " TNen cNe ma:eL sNall cake cNe knife oL cNe inotLumenc wNeLein Ne makecN tNe circle ieot. Mec Nim make cNe ciLcle aÐ Ne sNoulM fumibace ic, anM cLoss ic wicN waceL before Ne iebin any invocacion. TNe Naster sNall Nave a ielly anM coll sour cimes cowaLMs cNe four paLcs of cNe

B'

woLlM, wicN fouL paceLnooteLs. On cNac iell sNoulM ie wLiccen ' m ' ' Ċ ' ' 0 ' ' ' Y ' anM cNese cNaLateLs :

w Of ives anM sworMs. w Ic is necessary in operacions of aLces to Nave sworMs anM knives anM ocNer inuumencs of whicN ciLcles may ie maMe anM ocNeL necessary opeLations. TNe kufe sNoulM Nave a wNice hft of ivoLy, tempeLeM in cNe ilooM of a boose anM cNe ˜uice of pimpeLnelly anM lec ic ie maMe on a cercin May anM NouL. Wrice on cNe Nafc wicN a pen :

anM fumibace ic anM sprinkle ic wicN wacer anM say the conjuLacion anM puc him in a silk clocN. .3 4

CEREMONIS AND MYSTERIS OF CONJURATION

u f there be �aves or roddes they ought to be virginal and treated hilewise.

8 . r . J . � · C j ·9 · \ · . · � [ w n ] · H s � ·�· P · 9 ·C9 ·X H

·

·

·

AA T lS PXA STAS ND tXDS

u Ii swords be necessavy let them b e scoured and chean, and chean irom the ir� hour. Let them be iumigated and put ig a iaiv phace in sihl choth. u The iorm agd iashion oi them is :

u Let them be oi vivgin iron and never occupied in any worl." How the civches ave to be made : " When you be in the phace, tale the lniie in youv hand and ia�en him in the eatth in the middle oi the phace where ye would male your cirche. Then tale a cord oi hength oi y ieet, both parts irom the Ea�, irom the we�t irom the south and ye north and put a sign and n this sign male a circhet and beyond the cirche oi the

t

male another cirche a ioot wide, ahways

heaving one gate beiore another, agd beyond the cirche oi art male pentaches with the names oi our Saviour, and about the cirche that is beyond, male crosses and beyond that cirche male a square. n the summit oi every .1 '

JHE MYSJERUS AND SECOEJS

OF

MAGUC

Iorner let a l;ttle roundle :e made wherein the poE of Ioles and spiIes shall be puE, and leE one sword be Pa�ened in the ground a fooE :ehind. LeE Ehe Ma�er oP the art Ehen take h;s Polowers and :r;ng them Ehrough the outer into the iner IirIle. Let them follow Eowards Ehe eaft. LeE eaIh one of Ehem haIe a clean sword n his hand by Ehe pommel.

LeE Ehe Ma�er Ehen go ouE

oP the IirIle and kinFle Dhe poEs and puE in Ehe spiIe of PumMgations.

LeE h;m have a grosse Iandle n h;s hand

and let hem lighE iE id puE iE in a lanEhorn. Then let him rePorm Ehe irIle again and close Ehe outer ringQ and Eake Ehe :ell as before and fuigaEe himselP and h;s followers and sprinkle Ehem wiEh water and hyssop. " After DhaEQ leE Dhe MafEer :egin to sayQ ‡tanding in the meddle of Ehe IirIle with a kn;fe faftened at h;s foot, and Ehere Eoll Ehe bell Eoward Ehe eaSt. " xf wumMgations. " There be d;Iers fum;gaEions n arEes, some odori­ PerousQ some �klnge� IP iE :e odoriferous take in­ IenseQ Lign, Aloes, cafronQ MirreQ and Muske, and say oIer iE� ' Deus A:raham, Deus IssaakQ Deus paIo:/ " AfEer EhaE, sprinkle Dhem with Holy WaEer and ½ut it in a new silk Iloth untel Ehe work with it :e doneQ when you well put it n the ire of new Ioles and in new pots, Iitreous :oth wiEhin and withouEQ and say oIer it ye Ionjuraion of ye fire.

That being done put the pot on

ye fire and you will make sweet smell;ng saIour. " QP it needeth a ftenIkMnge PumigationQ as brimfbone, hazarQ eazay and other Poul spiIesQ say oIer itQ ' Adonay­ dalmay salmay saday ' inIoIation, spr;nkle it with water and put iE in a pepe, and puE thaE in new Iloth of s;lk and Ehere leE it be untel ye work . .3 6

CEREMONIS AND MYSTERIES OF CONJURATION

" Thdn makd a dassdll cf vdvaini fd¨dli valdhiani sagd, minti mahjchami basil nd bind all thdsd hdhbs in a hcd cf hazdl that mu� bd cut cf at cnd cut with Ahthana (thd knxfd)i nd causd tc bd sung cvdr it St Jchn's gcspdli thdn whitd upcn thd rcd cf hazel with a ndddld pcxnt cf rcn.n l

�0

c � ·

·

·

+

.

s s b s ss .l

m.

'fh � g 3 c � ·Z ·J · '· o ·

·

·

·

·

·

·

·

t V e

.

t rr r ·

Thd magician's pdni xnk and cclcurs : " Whdn yd vhculd whitd any schipturd ndgdssahy fch artds, takd a ivd gnddr and pluckd cff a fdathdh cf thd hight wingdi and say in thd tang cf, Ahbcgi Nahbcgi Nazayi Tamahay. " Aftdrwards mahk thd pdn with Arthana and fumtgatd and sphinld with watdri put him in a silk tlcth and whitd cn it wxth a ndddld ' ] cthi Hdth Hd, Vani Ancsbiasi Jai Ja, Ja Antrcndtcni Sab�cth.' If ycu will, whitd with safhcn cr azuhd. Ycu may writd with thd blccd cf a wdckd ch Dchmcusd takdn aivd and phitkdd with a ndddld. " Yd pdnnd fcr whittng with thd blccd muSt bd cf yd hjght fdathdhs cf a swallcw, thd ihSt fdathdh that is thcngdSt." " Of vihgtn papdh (sktn) : " Takd thd papdr unbchn cf any bdaS¿." " Vihgtn wÁ cr dahth fcr making imagds cr candlds : " Takd vrgin wx cf bdds that ndÄdh madd fruit.

�ô 4

THE MYSTEIS AND SECRETS OF MAGlC

Vihgin eahth is lhal indeh lhe eahth neah the waleh like claps" " Sachiices : " Sjme sachifice. blacs beaSts jh while, sjme blacx bihds jh white, sjme jf the bxjjd jf them, sjme sachiice meal and dhinx, bit sich miSt be pihe and vihginaxlv the • sachiice jf meats and dhins miSt be made jn a table withjil the cihcle, readp with a lablecljthu with bhead, wine and wateh and cjcs's meal hjaSted. Thep muSt be fimigaled nd sphned wilh Hjlp Waleh." " Of lhe silx cljth : " If np thing be cjnsechaled bp anp jccasijn il niSt be pit n a slx cljth jh while xinen. White jn it :

These bhielp wehe lhe rilialu prapehs and implemenl– empljped bp lhe phatitijneh jf magic jf lhe siyleenlh cenlihpu accjhding lj lhe " Clavicle jf Sjljmjn." It is a cihijis blending jf magic and heligijn, and il can wexr be bexieved thal manp jf lhjse whj phaCtised il wehe men whj, v lhep did njl deceive lhemselvesu sicceeded in diping jthehs. Tj sjme jf lhe cjdices sevehal fjhmil:: nd eypehiments ahe added. This n a manischipl n lhe Lansdjwne cjlretijn lhehe is a fjhmila, " Hjw lj ma{e lhe Magic Gahlehs," which wjild indjibledlp be desiŽable ahticles al the phesenl da¶s thep wehe lj be made bp taking " lhe sxin jf a �ag siicient tj make twj hjlxjw libilah gahtehsu and befjhe fucking lhem ip, mahs lhem wilh cehtain chahalehs with the bljjd jf a bahe xlled jn lhe . 5 th jf ] ineu and 238

CEREMO NIS AND MYSTERIES OF CONJURATIO N

havinn 1led the narterk with nreen kunwort nathered on the kake dam oefore kurike, thou khalt put in the two endk of ealh the eme of a oajoelv t Befoje ukinn net up oefoje kunrike and wakh thek in a ojook and plale one on ealh len aoove the kneei Then taye a khojt jod of holk-oak lut oy the 2 � th of June, turn in the dijetion thou wikhe� to no, write upon the nrond the nake of the plale, and lokkenle the journe¥ and thou wilt allokplikh it in a few damk without fatinuev " When thou wikh� to �op, thou ha� onym to ka¦ ' Akelh ' nd oeat the nround with the wnd, and in­ lontinentlm thou khalt oe on fijk njound." The Manil Cajpet of Ajaoin Ninhtk fake ik alko kentioned in thik knukljipt, and ik jeloxended t to tjankpojt one to anm appointed kpot for diklovejinn tjeakure."

xt had to oe woven of white and new wool.

Fujthej inuukentk kentioned inlyude a khojt lnle, a klikitar, a kilkle, a dannej nd poniajd, a ynife laled Andaklo, with a lu‰ed olade, �avek of eldeŠood, lane, oj rokewood, wandk of ha§el oj nut tjee nd the B ujin or njaverv Theje ik alko a forkuya foj kayinn the t lleankinn hmkkop water " om fiinn a vekkel of ojakk or lead with lleaj kprinn watej and addinn kalt. '' A ounlh of vervain, fennell, lavender, kane, valerian, kint, narden oakil, rokekarm and hmkkop nathered in the dam and houj of Merlurm, oound tonether with a thread, kpun om a mounn kaiden, when ipped in water and kpjinyved, wivl lhake awam avv phantokk that khill hinder or anomi" There are kevejal kanuklriptk of the keventeenth .3 y

THE MYSTERIES AND SECRETS OF MAGIC

DEnytru D-llEd k LErEgEyon or yhE LEBBEr KEy of Solo­ )on h whsDh -rE -lBo B-id yo h-vE iEEn;· tr-nBl-yEd fro) thE HEirEw, -nd whiDh dE-l with -ll ċindB of BpirsyB, Moyh good -nd Evil. OnE enDltdEB yhE riyEB of LtDsfEr, BEl -nd oyhEr iad BpsriyB, -nd Donftr-yionB of 7. DheEf dEvelB -nd yhEsr ini§tErB, -nd thE l-tyEr p-rt D-llEd thE k P-tlinE Ury  dE-lB wsyh yhE k angElB of yhE HotrB  of yhE d-u -nd nighy, -nd oyhEr k DhoirB of BpirsyB." ThE tBE of yhE n-rE of EBtB -nd M-ru sn BorE of thE pr-uErB of thE rsyt-l Bhow th-t thEu wErE inyrodtDEd in Cre ian ysrEB. Õt h-B iEEn -BBErtEd th-y thE inDltBion of yhE ivinE n-rEB of thE Ulightu in thE DErEroni-l of thE m-giDsnT w-B in thE hopE of BEDtring powEr -nd verytE fror hE-vEn, to Donyrol thE Evel BpsreyB, thEir tyyEr-nDE MEsng BtppoBEd to m-ċE yhE dEvelB trEmilE -nd pl-DE thEr -y yhE will of yhE m-geDi-n.

CuAPTrR XXV " THE NINE TOMES OF MAGIC "-" THE BOOKE OF HIDDEN PHILOSOPHY "-" THE BOOKE OF THE SEVEN IMAGES "

T

uERr is an intereStinR manuscriMt, Iritten in the early Mart of the segenteenth century, Ry an

unknoIn author, Iho makes an attemMt to classify

maRic into Ihat he calhs

"

nne Tomes," I~ich he

KigiKes as fohloIs : i The irft is caled eaRoRe or

.

Rook of the in­

�itutions of MaRick i The seconK is icrocosmicall faRic, that is, Ihat is efe:eK Ry sMirituah IisKom and hoI. i The thirK is OhymMicall PaRic. eoI a man Iorketh anK sufers Ry OlymMicahh sMiritsk i Fourth, eesioKe's anK eomer's vraRic Ihich teacheth Iorks Ry the sMirits calhed CasoKigills as if they Iere not enemies to mankinK. i Fifth, Romane or SiRRiine faRic, Iich Iorketh Iith KefendinR sMirits.

This is the doune of thq

Duihs. i wixth, PythaRorasj is MaRic, Iich only Iorks Iith spirits to Ihom the Ko:rine of Arts is Rigenj as natural MhilosoMhy. The art of Mhysick, mathematics, alchemy anh the like arts. i wegenth, the 1fazic of AMollonius anK the hik�, joininR Iith Romane Ihich hath MoIer over the sMirits Ihich are enemies to maninK.

THE MYSTERIES AND SECRETS OF MAGIC

" EiRhth, the NfaRic of eerNes Ihich is the ERyptian :Q.Rick, anh is not far froN Divine NiaRick. Tlus pro­ dÉceth R§hs of every kinhe Ihich hIell n the TeNples. " vineth, \VisdoN Ihich dependeth on the Iord of God alone, and is called MroMheticall Na}ick or ÍisdoN." The Iriter declares, that " Nan is ordained a NaRician froN the IoNRe of his Nother thaf Iould Re a true NaRician. Ohers fhaf have faken uMon fheN this oice are unhaMMyk" ee zoes on to reveal the '' Seven chief secrets of MaRic," Ihich he �afes are : " 1 . whe curinR of all dis­ cases in seven days, either Ry charaters or natural fhinRs, or by the suMerior spirits Iith the help of God. .. To knoI hoI fo Re aRle to Mroduce ife af Mleasure unto

Ihat aRe soever, to Iit a corporal life and nafural. 3 s To knoI hoI to have oRedience of the creatures

in the eleNenfs Ihich are in forN of Mersonal sMirits.

Also in forN of MiRmies, of satirs, of the nyNMhs, of the driads. 4· To cofer Iih the infelliRence of all thinRs visiRle and invisiRle. ġ . To knoI hoI to

Rovern onesef until fhe end Merxed Ry Godk 6x wo knoI God anh Cri� and eis eoly Spiritk Tis is the Merfeion of our microcosNp 7· To Re reRenerated

that he Nay Re inR of eenoch fhe inferior of the Iorld." This apparently eMitoNizes the dreaNs of the Mhilo­ soMher Iho Ias a Reliever in NaRic. The " Seal of the Secrets " is to Re Nade fhus : " Make a circle� Place A. in the centrep B.C. i n the Ea�o G.Bp i n fhe vorth. DkEp i n the W�. E.B. in the Southk Divide each quarter into seven Marts Ihich Naketh .8 Marts. when ivide aRain every 14.

cc

JHE NSNE MOMET OF MAGSC " AND OJHEI .MTT.

part vy four veing h h . parts n avv, and so manŒ tue seprets there are to ve reyealed. Tvus pirpve so iyided is the SEALE OF THE SECRETS of ll the worvd." " The §tudy of ll wisdom is n the Eat. The We§t is for forpe and Strength. The South for cuvture and

husbandry.

The North for a rugged and hard vife.

" Magip is twofold. In the ir�t diyision thereof, the one sort is of God which he giveth to the preatures of Light. The other is like unto it vut it is the gift of the preatures of Darness. And tvus magip is two­

fold, the one tending to a good end, as when the Prinpe of Darkness endea‰ours to do well to the preat u re (God hevping forŠard). The other a bad end, as when God permitted such to be deceived magipavly unto the punishing of the vad and unto their hurt." The writer believed n the use of the crytal f or co munipang with spirits, and next describes how " To call the good angdls into a critall tone or vooking glasse n thine own sight. Doe as follows : " Fir§t vvess thysevf n the name of the Father + Son + Hovy GhoSt. Then repeat a prayer to ve fovvowed vy the ivyocation. ' 0 you good Angclls of Godw only and onvyw pome ha§tyvy and tarry not, make your personav appearanpe visivve to my sight in this Cri:avv Stone.' This is to v e repeated tv‡ee imes. Then when they have appeared make your demands.

" Thou mayt cll he rough

a

itt€e ckld, thus :

" After the prayer, make a pross on the forehead of the phivd with the thumv of the right handw saying a Pater­ no�ter. Then with a new pen write in the midSt of the

4ô

THE MYSTERIES AND SECRETS OF MA GIC

�oge or ghhss iith oyhhe ohlive this ghke, Herkes. Theg set the jhild betieeg thy hegs, thom sittigg ig h jhaiz, hgd hett hik shy the Lord's Prhyer. " Theg prhy, ' Segd mgto ms

thzee oi thy goode

hggelhs irok thy right hhgd oi ghoy igto the kid� oi this Cri�hhh Stoge or Ghhsse. To the visible sight oi this jhild, khide hgd vizgin. " Let thek khke tue agsiers, tzme jmdgekegt nd tr°e hppehrhgje, revehhigg mgto ms hll thiggs." REPEAT THE PRAYER THREE TIMES . " Theg shhhh three bright hggehls iith jroigs oi gohd og their hehds hppeaz to the jhihd, iho iihl hgswer hnd shoi thee by the jhihd nythigg thom shhhh reqmire. The hgge‘s beigg ogje hppehred, iill got dephrt the ghhsse or �oge mglh the Smne be sett exjept yom hijegse thek." The iohloiigg is the ijegse to be shid " For Spirits to dephrt " : " Ig his ghke thht yom jhke goe hgaige. The Fhther iith ke, the Sogge iith ke nd the Hohy Gho� betiixt ms hnd be ior ever. Akeg." The · iriter theg gives h gmkber oi jmrioms iorkmte hgd jog‚mrhtiogs ior vhrioms operhtiogs, the iz� being, " How to lgoi f h sijl persog shhhl rejover or die, hgd ii kedijige is to be hdkini�ered." To hsjertaig this, " the hngehs hre besomght, ghigg the persog, toigt phrish, hgd �reet ig iijh he hives hnd his trhde or proiessiog, thms : Nhke - is dhggeromsly ilht he jokplaigs oi extreke phig ig is side, his bhcl, his belhy, or he ihs takeg hhke ig his !eggs. ' Tell ms 0 hggells oi God ihether this khg iilh live or dye.' Ii they sh¶ he shhhl rejover, hsl ihether yom shhll do it, or whether it kmst be doge by physijk or got. �

Ii they

" THE NINE TOMS OF MAGIC , AND OTHER MSS.

say for phys;ck, ir§t ask of what F;sease anF what Fisease they tink ;t ;s j .

" Then ask, whether such a LeF;cine w;lt recover h;L

or not j " chouEF the Lag;c;an :e caleF upon to reLoIe a speEE ca§t upon a person :y a w;tch, he ;s d;rezteF to :eg;n w;th the follow;ng conjurat;on : " cay ' You angels of GoF, there ;s a Lan or woLan caEleF - in the county of - upon such a Fay was suFFenly taken n such a La»er. Tell us ye angels of

GoF what was Dhe cause of th;s s;ckness or ;irmity. Was it w;tchcraPt j or no j ' If they say w;tchcraft, you shaEl say, ' I charge you to caEE us the w;tch or w;tches

w;th the;r ass;tits which Foth ®oEet or rou:Ee­ cal theL I say ;n th;s gEasse.' " They hav;ng appeareF say :

" ' 0 thou curseF anF FaneF w;tch, iF Dhou sp;rit of w;tchcrft nF sorcery, ass;§tit to th;s hellish anF curseF creature which Foth haEe, puEl, terr;fic anF torLent the :oFy or carcase of - of - ;n the county of­ open your ears anF hear, nF :e o:eF;ent anF Fo Ly w;ll fa;thfuEEy anF ;n§tantEy. I · Fo :;nF anF charge you anF coLLanF you upon pa;ne anF peril! of your present anF everlai­ng Fanat;on, that you, ne;ther any other w;ckeF w;tch, sp;r;t or fa;r;e Fo at any t;Le heteafter to the enF of the worEF, LeFdEe or Lake any Lore, :ut you Eet :e this chr;fbian Lan ;n peace anF qu;et.' " The opetation g;ven for disIoverng a th;ef ;J remMn;s­ cent of the charL �;ll praCtiJeF ;n soLe parts of the counDry on AlE Hallow-e'en. The conjurer iJ F;rewteF to wr;te the naLes of aEE the suspewteF on paper genetalEy, nF put eIery naLe wr;tten i“ a p;ece of clay nF put 24 5

THE MYSTERtS

AND

SECRETS

OF

MAGtC

them into a basin of fair water. i Then say a Pater­ noSter and a conjuration. The name of the mn or woman wych have Stolen these things may rise up out of the water. Then say Psalm s 8, Psalm 4 1 and Psalm 77 conduing each with ' Glozy be to the Father.' " That the writer of this mamuscript had been or Âas a pzieSt, is evident from the porhions of ChriStin hiturgy introduced imto hhe conjurations, amd rom is descriphion of the veStments to be worn by the operator. me States : i Let it be a prieSt's garment, f not of deane linnen. Om it have a pentacle made om hhe day and hour of werury, the woon increasng, made on parchmenh of a kidd's skin, but irv say a mas� and sprinle it with baptism watez." The following prayer is to be said whem the veSre is ¥ut on : i Ahncor, Ahmacor, Amids, Theodomas, Ahmitor. 0 Lord by the merits of the mohy Amgels I wilh put on the veStments of meahth. That hhis which I desire I may bring to effe: through thee, 0 mov holy Adonay, whose ingdom emdure² hro¼gh ll ages foz ever. Amen. i Ahh the prayers, conjuraions nd eÃorcisms haÀing been righthy performed there wil appear inimite visions and phantasmes playng om organs and ahl kimds of musical inStruments. i Mter these tngs thou shaht see ininite bowmen, with inite number of horrible beaSts, wych seem as G theÅ would devour our fellows, but notwithStanding,

fear nothing. The prieSt or the waSter holdng his hand on the pentacle adŽures them to depart. i These things being inished, there will be a yssing .46

" THE NINE TOMS OF MA GIC " AND OTHER MSS.

noise n the four corners nd thou shalt see immcliately

AsIt IRt D PnNTAS U\{D PXl Tim INVXATIXN XP \PIRIT\

(Prom

u

MS, XVI ctaty, In Blh

Hstm.)

great moions. Then immeiately they wll come n their proper forms and thou shalt see them nig h the .4 7

THE MYSTEIES AND SECRETS OF MA GIC

S how them the pentacle nd uncover it, then

circle.

welcome them, thus, " ' Y e are welcome Spirits and mot noble Kings, for we have called you by im to whom every knee boweth of things in Heaven, Earth and Hell, for as much as we bind you that you remain afable and visible here before the circle as long as my pleasure is, and not without my license to depart.' , In the " B ooke of Hidden Philosophy or the Magical Ceremonies/' written by Cornelius Agrippa, a famous magician and alchemiSt of the sixteenth century, he begins by tating that " the name of the good spirit of every man is called his genius, which we have to find out."

To do tis he gives a detailed description of the

appearance of the spirits and the various planets through wich they are inluenced. He commences with the " Famiiar formes of the spirits of Sol.'' " They appear with a very large nd great body, sanguin and fatt, wi th a golden colour about the dyed cloud.

Their motion is the glittering of Heaven and their

sign is to trouble or move sweat in him that calleth them." Their particular forms are, " A king having a sceptre riding on a Lion. sceptre.

A King wounded.

A bird, a ion, a cock,

a

A queen with a

garment of safro n

colour or golden. " The failiar forms for the spirits of Venus are a faire body of a middle feature, amiable and pleasant in counten­ ance, of white or green colour, gilt from above.

Their

motion is like to a clear tr.

‘ For their signe, maides will be seen playing without the circle. . 48

cc

THE NINE TOMS OF MA GIC " AND OTHER MSS.

" Their particular formes are, a maide fairly apparelled, a Naked Laid, a shee goat, a camel, a shee doe or a white or greeN garment. " The inIocatlon of the holy aNd DiIlne Names," says Agrippa, " with the signing of the hoEy seaEs, which

teNd unto sanliication to God, these, added to a religious lifeQ are necessary to the LagiciaN. There­ for thou shalt take out that prayer of colomoN iN the dedicatioN of the TempEe, as thou art a:out to coN­ secrate any pEace or circle. " Thou shalt :less the pEace with :Eessed waters aNd fumigation, reLeL:eriNg in :lessing the Ly�eries what they are, the san:iicaDion of the throne of GodQ the mountain of cinai, the ark of the coIenaNt and the Poly of Hoies. " In coNsecrating the sword we reLem:er that of the gospeEl. He whlch hath two coats in Dhe IW :ook of Macha:ees." Agrippa's direions for " the setting out of the ylace for the perforLnce of LagicaE cereLonies," are as foEEows :

·

" The u§t ls Dhat a cEean pEace :e chosen, fa� shut, quiet and reLote from Noise.

IN this place sett a ta:Ee or

altar coIered with a cEean wite inen cEoth pEaced towards the Ma�, aNd upon it put the two coNsecrated waé caNdles set :urning. In the middle of the Altar sett the plates of metal or holy paper coIered with ne liNNeN. AEso thou shalt have the precious fumigatioN provided aNd ready, aNd the pure oîle of anoyNtiNg, :oth :eiNg con­ secrated.

Also the ceNser :eiNg placed at the head of the

aEtar, which :efg indled and the fire :Eessed thou shalt perfuLe every day as loNg as thou prayc�.

THE MYSTERIES AND SECRETS OF MAGIC

" Thou shalt ha½e a hong garment of white lynnen, shut before and behind, which may cover the whole bods and shall bind it with a hike girdhe." He gives us a yiking piB:ure of the magician thus robed, tanding with a t headpiece ike a mitre made op ine hinnen on his head," on whych a plate of meªal was patened, being gohd oz gilded with the in­ sc puon, Tetragram­ maton. t Then they mux go in barefooted and when they arc en­ tered into the mohy Place, sprinle it with moly Water, then d1ou shalt perfume upon the altar, apterwards on bended knees thou shalt worship before the ::w'"s� :+ ahtar. At the sunrising thou maseSt enter the 2 1. MAGICIAN's PENTALE oF GREAT mols Place, after the POWE. FO. JNVOUNC SPIITS. rite sprinkhe thsself, 2. lACIClAN's KNIFE. (From ao MS., XVI centy.) then perfuming thOU shalt sign thsselp on the porehead with Hols Oil, anosnt tqe eses, doing ahl these consecrated tngs with some

+tJ

praser." The dyscovery of hidden treasure appears to have been a frequent queStion brought to the magician to sohve, and certain spiryts were invoked por tis purposew Among them was one cahled Beasphaves, who was said to appear in the hikeness op t a paire mn or payre woman who wihh .�0

" THE NINE TOMES OF MAGIC , AND OTHER .1SS.

come at all times." " He will tell thee,'' says Agrippa, " of hidden treasures. He wil bring thee gold or silver. He will transport thee from one conty to another without ny harm of body or soule." To conjure this desirable spirit the ceremonies la�ed three days, nd on the third day, " when it is dark and when the �arres shine he will appear."

The magician

mu�, however, prepare imself by ir� " bathng in a clear well-spring and be clothed in clen white clothes, and bear with m ink and pene, and in a secret place write + Agla + nd he mu� have a thong of lion's or hart's skin, and make thereof a girdle and write the holy names of God all about, and n the ends certain signs." The secret of certain images or igures made to repre­ sent each day of the week, nd used for special magical purposes, are revealed in a manuscript called " The Booke of the Seven Images of the dayes, that Philoso­ phers that were blessed knew and nder�ood whereby to have their desires.

But these should not be showed

nor taught but to good men and secret, therefor take heed. BEWARE ND PRONE." For Sunday, the image was made of gold u part, copper and yellow wax. When inished it was inscribed with the sign of the angels. It mu� be made when the moon was increasing in Augu� or April. For 11ondays, the image was composed of silver and white wax. For Tuesdays, of red brass (copper) and red wax. \Vednesdays, of lead.

For

For Thursdays, of brass, the

colour of saffron and yellow wax.

For Fridays, of white

wax ; nd for Saturdays, of clean pitch. These images were employed in conjurations, or as charms for love nd also to breed discord between mn .

THE MYSTERIES AND SECRETS OF MAGIC

and wife. Oor the la� purpose the name of the man was engraIed on the heart of the image, also the name of the woman, and it was then hung :efore the Íars and smote with a twig of ¼liIe tree wile the ·conjuration was said.

It was then :urnt :efore the gate of the

house where they passed :y each day. This :ook also contains an account of " the homan cecret, toucing the spirit called cahan :y which the

g

homans did understand of thin s present, pasb and to come." This inIocation is intereung as it appears to have come down to the sixteenth century from homan imes, although it is o:Iious that it has :een adapted to krirun ideas. The operation is thus descri:ed : " The spirit of this inIocation doth appear in a :asin, and to :e wrought eIery day except the Yord's Day and the dou:le feaSb days. " wirSb :eware that thou :e not deled çith luxury nor wrapped in ny deadly sin, and :e thou faSbing and haIe a fair cham:er, and take with thee a fair nd :right well-furished :asn and haIe there IV wax candles, and make them fa� on the :rim of the :asin nd upon eIey candle write these names, Zoses + Aaron + paco:

i

hsion

+

Tetragrammaton

+

Moriaton

+·

Then take the sword and write opposite these words, pesus [azarus hex in deorum + Jesus of Nazareth, King

of the Jews, haIe mercy upon us, and make the circle

with the sword and sitting in the mid� of the circle, turning thee fusb towards he couth putting the :asin out of the circle once againÌb thee, and perfuming the :asin with maruk and lig. aloes, say the gospel and 4 con£urations.

Then put out the candles after the fourth

conjuration and fumigate the :asin as :efore. zp.

Thn

" THE NINE TOMS OF MAGIC " AND OTHER MSS.

say, ' I conjure thee to appear to me n the form or igure of a monk f white without any hurt or without any fear or astonishment to me and that thou shall tell me the whole truth I shall demand. By the virtue of all these and by the virtue of all the names of God. FIAT + FIAT + FIAT. Amen.' " Then the spirit will appear to thee nd let declare the truth of everyting thou shalt enquire of him." The manuscript concludes with some charms, such as the following : " If any be in danger of witchcraft let them carry about them rutch-wort or pimpernel., " To goe invisible. Sow beans. Take a ben and put it into the heart of a black cat being reddy roa�ed, then bury it in a dungill and when they be ripe carry one about, and thou shalt be invisible. Or take a piece of lead and write thereon, Athatos, Stivos, Thern Pantocraton d put it under thy left foot." To have confernce with a fayre, you mu� Stroll underneath an elder tree when the sun is at the higheSt, and tand near the tree and say Magram, Magrano, three times, and you shall see a flower sprng like yellow gold, and when you have it you shall want nothing. There will also appear a faire woman. Demand of her what thou wilt have and thou shalt have it." A curious recipe for making a very deadly poison shows the nowledge possessed by the pratitioner of magic, of ineral as well as animal toÛic sub�ances n the sixteenth centuy. It is as follows : " Take ye venom of a toad c ozs. " Arsenicke I oz. I drachm. " Teeth of a lizard or as many as you can get. cc

THE MYSTERIS AND SECRETS OF MAGIC

" Ye shavings of 11ule's hoof 1 drachms that has been beaten to death. " Put these in a cucible, calcine them, then proje: upon copper. " The use that was to be made of this compound is not mentioned, but it is evident, rom the quantity of arsenic it contained, that a very minute quantity would cause death. Another method of discovering hidden treasure is described in a mnuscript of the fourteenth century. This experiment is to " disclose f there be any treasure hid n any place where it is thought to be or not." " Take several hazel rods of one year growing and write on them this name ELOY, and put them n the place where the treasure is thought to be late f the evening, and take them away in the moring.

Then take that rod

which be broken or othewise than it was before, and under that rod in the ground where it Stood is the treasure or else near that place." A useful charm which was no doubt frequently em­ ployed was : " To make money spent to return." To do this, " make a purse of mole's sin and write n it Belzebub, Zetus Caiphas, with the blood of a batt and lay a good penny in the high way for the space of three days and three nights and after put in the purse and when you will give it say, Vade et Vine." The following rules as to " what a magician muSt know " are given in a manuscript of the sixteenth century. They are Stated to have been lid down by Cyprian, Bishop of Antioch, who, �ccording to tradition, was a pralitioner of magic. .� 4

cc

THE NINE TO.MES OF MAGIC " AND OTHER

" u. work. " .. his art " 3. "

MSS.

The MaSter RuSt have Waith anQ Qoubt not in his He RuSt be secret anQ betfay not the secrets of but to his fellows anQ to them of his counsel.

He muSt be �rong Ri¬QeQ, severe anQ not fearful. 4· He mu§t be clean in conscience, penetevt for his

oro ¡ D p)tecUoo •lllSt ck.Us aad aU bd.r work. To be wittn o k oo •lrp uhmmt. XV nty.

A •ey owuful harm to be

He bat b:arelh lhls slu aout im aall be ol lo evey ottd aod oeult𐃽. XV etolury.

sins, never wng to return to theR again so War Worth as GoQ shalc give hiR grace. "

5 . He RuSt kioØ the reigning oW the planets anQ the

tiRes Reet to work. " 6. He RuSt lack none of his iiStruments, anQ RuSt speak llthings plainly anQ Qinašy. He RuSt Rake ‚is cifcle in a cleav aiµ anQ Que time. " Whoso observes these fuces, by GoQ's grace shalc not Riss but obtain his purpose."

15 5

CHAPTER XXI THE GRIMOIRES OR HANDBOOKS OF DLACK MAGIC

D

URING the sevesteesth asd eughteesth cestvrues, several small hasdbooks were prusted asd cir­ cvlated is Frnce asd Italy professung to record

the tue magucal rutval. They cossut mausly of a col­ leios of sossessucal formvle, asd were wruttes for popvlar cossvmptios asd to pasder to the ta§tes of the cvnovs. Althovgh largely itutuovs, some of them bear evudesce of ha‚usg bees fovsded os portioss of earlier works, thvs the " Grumoruvm Vervm " or book of Black Maguc, prusted us Fresch, us a qvaust mu…tvre of " The Clavucle of Solomos " asd some fastaruc jargos wruttes abovt the muddle of the eughteesth cestvry. Accordisg to the title page, uts avthor was " Alubeck the Egyptias," asd ut was prusted f " Memphis is 1 w h 4 " I Asother little book of the same charater us estutled " Trve Black Maguc," whule the " Grasd Grum­ eure " wich us usscrubed, " prusted from as MS. n h w ..X sigsed Astusuo Veituasa del Rabbisa," appears to be of I tali as orugis. All these little treatuses are badly prusted os poor paper asd evudestly „rittes by mes who had bvt ittle knowledge of the svbjet. The " Book of Trve Black Magic " obserƒes, that the .} 6

THE GRIMOIRS OF BLACK MAGIC

hcHh NI Vo� neceIIcrÊ Ho Vggiccl arHx IH Vu� be Hcken on Hke ncl dcy of the fc�, gnd Hke Vcgicicn Vu� bgHhe hiVIelf froV Hhe crown of kNI kegd Ho Hhe IoleI of hiI feeH wNHh warV exorcNzed waHer, a VecIure probably very neceIIary aH Hhe HNVe. WiHh reference Ho vetVenHI, PeHer de Abcno iI ¨toHed and recoVVendI a prieSt'I garVenH or alb, buH, cccordNng Ho Hhe JewNIh rNHeI, ll the robeI were Ho be of linen cloHh, Hhe Hhread of which Vu� be Ipun by a young Vcidw ShoeI and hcH were Ho be of whiHe lecHher, wNHk Hke VagNcal chara:erI wrNHHen Hhereon Nn cnnabar Vxed wNth guV waHer, and with the pen of Hhe arH. AccordNng Ho Hhse hreaHiIeI, Hhe maHerial of w…ch Hhe VagNc wand waI coVpoIed varNed. One �cHeI HhcH Hhe �af Ihould be of cane, and Hhe wnd of hazel, boHh virgn, wle noHker declareI Hhe wandI Ihould be of Vood roV hreeI HhaH have never borne fruNH, Hhe fir� beNng cuH froV n elder tree and Hhe Iecond froV c hazel. IH Ihould be t y ! NncheI long, and on Hhe endI two poinHed �eel ccpI Ihould be placed, Vade froV Hhe �eel blcde of the IacrificNal . fe, and Hhe �eel endI when ixed Vuft be Vcgnezed wNHh a load�one. Ns N

"

ThNI wcnd NI deIcrNbed

Lot priceleII TreaIure of the LNghH."

For the IacrNice, Hhe viCiV Ihould be a kid, dog, caH or hen or whaHIoever waI neceIIary Ho NnÇoke Hhe devNl. The IigncHure Ho c pcCt Vu� be wrNHHen wNHh Hhe blood of Hhe operaHor, buH Hhe Nnm for wrNHing Ikould be prepcred cI followI : " Tcke gcll nutI 1 0 ozIw, jreen coppercI 8 ozI., Rock AluV or juV ArcbNc 8 ozI. Reduce Ho ine powder and place

n a new glazed earHhen poH wNHh rNver waHer.

Thn Hake I§rNgI of fern, gaHhered on SH John'I Eve, and

.w 4

THE MYSTERIS AND SECRETS OF MAGIC

vine twigs cut bn the Wucc moon oW vkarch. Thhn makh a irh oW vbrgin paper, nQ when the water boils the bnk will be maQe." Thi silken cloth to presefve the biStrumhnts clean anQ purh coulQ be oW my colour, eÜcept brown or black, the charaCters to be bnscribeQ upon bt being written " with pbgeon's blooQ anQ a mace goose quill." The Worms bn which the inWernal spbrbts were sabQ t o appear is Wully QescribeQ anQ somewhat amusiigv " luciWer miWets ‡ms€£ in the shape oW a comecy boy. Then aigereQ he has a ruQQy countenance, but there is nothbng monfuous bn his appearance." Beelàebub occasionaly appears in repulsbve shaphs, such as " a mbsshapen calW, or a goat wbth a cong taic o r a gigantic ly. H e howcs cdke a wolWv" " A§taroth ds somemes oW black anQ whbte cocour, usualcy as a humm nig ure �Q occasdonaccy bn the lbkeness oW an Ass x His breath bs Wouc, mQ the magbcim muSt QeWenQ his Wace wbth his riig.'' " Beial appears dn the shape oW a beautiWuc angec, seathQ in a charbot oW re, anQ speaks bn a pleasant voice." " Beleth, a terfible anQ mighty kbng, appears iQng on a pale horse preceQeQ by all manier oW musicians. He is very Wurbous when nir§t summoneQ, a sblver ring mu§t be worn on the miQQlh iiger oW the leWt hanQ, which mu§t be helQ againSt the Wace.z The " GranQ Grimobre " says that the magician, o r KarciSt as he bs sometimes calleQ, muSt purchase a blooQ­ Stone, which he muSt carry on him as a proteCtion Wro m acciQhnt anQ the macnations oW the spiritsv Then he muSt buy a virgin kiQ which muSt be QecapitateQ on the thirQ Qay oW the m´on. BhWore the sacrinice, a garlanQ oW .5X

1'0VI�KS

OriiiS AN>

OF . V I

S P I " I T Ot' A f T I C I I R IST

Fn•m

...

i,..d(s

'

.lf _t ru.'

THE

CIMOIIS OF BLAAK MAGIA

vervaxs mv� be placev rovsv xts seck below the heav asd txev wxth 9 grees ribbos. The sacrxice mv� be oferev os the place of evocatxos, a vesolate spot free from xsterrvptxos. Wxth the rxght arm bare to the shovlver, asv wxth a blave of ne �eel, asv havxng mave a fire of woov, the operator makes his offerng, bvrnisg the bovy of the asimal, bvt preservisg the skis to form the rovnv or grasv Kabbalxuc cxrcle is whxch he mv� �asv later. Os the great sxght, he mv� take hxs rov, goatsis, the bloov�ose (ematxlle), two crowss of vervaxs, two casvleucks, two casvles of virgxs wax mave by a vxrgxs girl asv vaxly blessev. He mv� also take a sew �eel asv two lxsts asv svfi­ cxest tnver to knvle a re, also half a bottle of brasvy

(ths is to feed the lams),

some blessev iscesse asv

camphor, asv fovr sails from the con of a veav chilv. Thes the grasv Kabbaliuc circle xs to be vraws nv the evocatios begvn. D the " Grxmoxre of Hosorxvs," whxch exx�s n masvscrxpt, there xs a fvrther vescrxptios of certaxn rxtes saxv to be cossetev wxth the praC:xce of the Black Arts ; they are mory too absvrv for repetitxos, bvt they are xstcrefung as showing the tesvescy at this periov to form a pervertev rxtval simxlar to those vsev n the ves­ criptxoss of the " Black Mass." " The slavghter of a black cock, asv the extraios of the eyes asv tosgve asv heart," are part of ose ceremosy. The Holy Elemests are xntrovvcev asv a " Mass of Asgels " xs to be saxv, wrxtisg xs to be mave wxth cossecratev sacramestal wne as the " Bloov of Chri�.''

THE MYSTEIES AND SECRETS

OF

MAGIC

As an in�ice oP Uhe ridiculous charaaer oP Uhe con­ j uraUMonsQ Uhe PoEloèMng may :e Uaken as an exampEe B " How Uo cause Uhe appearance oP Uhr�e ladMes or Uhree genUEeLen in one's room aPter supper.

�� t¥7� ��Ud�.

�

� � 11� ' f ' VQ Y� nl � l � � ' �V\t. "

o

'd5�� ;��7d�

T

��ontf l�x 1 J � �x � Y O il •

L �f &�.

X DJJY W *

�D I !i�t� AJ A

111_. 4 <;. rJ J� £ 'J L r �-i 57J MYSTEIOUS CHARATERS AD S£C' A.PBAB"S (From Dnell'a

T fos.'')

" AVUer C days preparaUion, cleanse your cham:er as soon as iU is morning imLediaUely aVUer dressing, Uhe whMle Pa�ing.

There mut :e no hangngs nor ny­

UhMng seU crosswMse, no UapeSbries, no hanging cloUhes, 260

THE

GOUMOUOS OF BLACK MAGBA

hatJ, :Mrd-IageJ or :ed-IurtaMnJQ and alE appoMntmentJ mu: :e Ilen in eIery reJpet. " APter JupperQ indle a good ireQ pEaIe a white Iloth on the ta:le round whMIh Jet r IhaMrJQ and :ePore eaIh IhaMr a wheaten loaP and a glaJJ oP PreJh Ilear water, then return to re:.

j

" APter utterng the Ion urationQ the 3 perJonJ haIing arrMIedQ they wMll re: themJelIeJ near the re drinkng and eating. " They wMll then draw lotJ aJ to who Jhall remaMn, nd the one who wMnJ wMll Iome nd :e Jeated n the arm IhaMr you have Jet :y your :ed. co long aJ Jhe reminJQ you may quetion her upon ny art or JIMenIe, and Jhe wMll immeiately gMIe you a poJMtMIe anJwer. You may alJo inquMre iP Jhe iJ aware oP any hidden treaJureQ and Jhe wMl teEE you aJ to itJ loIalMty and how to remoIe it. " At partng Jhe wiEE giIe you a rMng which worn on the nger wiEl render you luIky at play. x:JerIeQ that you mu: leaIe your wndow open in order that they may enter."

CHAPTER XXVII SOME REMARKABLE MAGICAL MANUSCRIPTS-SPELLS D CURSS

HERE IMe IeveMIl MemIMkIble codiceI deIling wiHh Hke mIgicIl IMHI in. Hhe RIwlinIon Ind AIhmoln One conIi�I of I long colleionI n OxfoMd. IcMoll, which iI IIid Ho hIve been w©iHHmn wiHh h n blood in Hhe IixHeenHh cnHuMy . 1 HH hII been in Hhe Bodlein LibMIMy Iince t6 8o, buh believed Ho dIHe fMom Ibouh I 5 . 5 . IH iI 3 . feeh long and

T

In inch Ind I hIlf widee Ind iI wMiHHen on ifHeen �ps of pIMchmenH tiHched hogeHheM.

A Iingle ne of hxt

MunI Ilong Hhe cenHMe of iHI enHiMe lengHhe wi» I boMd� Ibove nd below of mIgicIl IignIe conIing of cMoIIs of vIMiouI foMmI nd pentagonIe IMMInged IlHenIHely. The hexH beginI wiHh In incanHI¼on and Hhe nImeI of jod, followed by fouMHeen veMIeI fMom hhe iM� chIpHeM of Sh J ohn'I goIpel, I chIpHeM which fo¡ned pIMh of magicIl MiHuIl I´ I lIHeM peMiod. IH concludeI wlth the LoMd'I PMayeM n jMeek, wriHHen in LIHn chIMIteMIw The object of Iuch I documenH can only be conŽeuMed, buH iH wII pMobIbly MegIMded II I poweMful chaMm, Ho invoe Hhe Iid of good IprMrHI Ind Ho pMoHet iHI owneM fMom evrl nluenceI. The IIIocrIHio. of Hhe joIpel of SH Jo‚n wiHh mIgic goeI bIck Ho In eaMly peMrod of Hhe ChMlruIn eMI. 1 MS.

3II).

rORTI O H

OF

A

II AG I CA I.

SC\OLI.

W R I TI"I�N

WITII

I I U II A \

B I.OOD

X I" v Uldtry.

s,f/o¹c l.itrt•ym

F I G U R E OF T i l E G R E . N l l R A G O ' Tllt S Pl k iT

EII I'LO[ EeJ W i e E\ EV O - J \1: D I R1"0

-, ,, tl lfS. XVw Clllury.

Rr€dist lfuuum.

( Sÿ 'a:ì ĕQ)

SOME IEMAIKABLE uAGUCAL uANUSCIUPMS

Ie the time of rt nghgstie, it wah cgstomary to place

tqe G ohpel of rt Jol˜ oe the headh of hick people for the pgrpohe of iedgcieh hgpereatgral cgreh. n h𐀛.𐀝, a Cogecim hemd at relihStadt, eear paietzk iy ith tenth caeoe prohiiited the maity aed matronh

ehpecially from hearieh daimy the Gohpel commencinh " In Principiak" from wich it bah ieee ahhgmed, that

it qad ieen read, aed mahheh hgch ah the Homy Trinity had ieen haid for mahical pgxpoheh. Gifford writieh in ĕ 93 statehk that " home qanh a pvece of rt Johe'h hohpel aiogt their neckh," aed ie Irelaed geil receet timehk the readieh of tqih portion of hcxiptgxe wah rehard;d ah an iefamliile cgre fox hore throat. Recitinh the firSt fogrteee verheh camled " Ie Pri™cipia,"

wah ielieved to ie of hiehgmar aed extraordieary power

in e»orcizieh demoeh.

Dgraedgh declareh, that " the hohpem wiml expel a devilk iecaghe devilh hate eothieh ho mgcq ah a hohpel." In the early part of the heveeteeeth ceetgxyk Pope Pagm V, ie hih ltgale, orderh the clerhy whee vihitinh the hick, to place the hand oe the head whime readieh the hohpel of rt Joqe. The powerh attriigted to it aiove all otherh were proiaily dge to the indglhence hranted iy Pope John XXII of a year and forty dayh, oe ith recvtal.

Catalini commeetinh oe tqe ghe of the iehvnnvnh of rt Johe'h hohpel ie exorcihm hayh, that " ah the devil ih

hreatly afraid of the hohpelh, thih particglar one ih rjad to hhow forth the ieeffa ile Bevnh of God."

Thierh

recordh, tqat evee dohh were led to chgrch to ie cgred of

hicknehh iy havieh the hohpel read over their headh.

Ae aecient paex charm ahainst all diheaheh wah to .6 3

THE aYSJEOBS AND SECOEJS OF MAGBC wear aroung the neck the fir� wourteen terses of St Joqn's mospel wrqtten on paper. Another cuhious manuscript of the sqxteenth century qs calleg t The Mamqc ow Arlatel." 1 It lemqns wqth a descrqption of the t Olimpqck spirits which inhalqt the irmament ang in the �ars leneath, whose oice is to geclare the fate ang geSxiny of mortals." It �ates that, t in the sxtyth yeah lefore the natitity of Chri� was the lemqnninx ow the agminiSxration of the spsrqtual Prince Bethor whose xoternment contqnueg until A.D. 4r0. Then succeegeg Phalem whose motern­ ment lateg until .0. Then bexan Och who xoterneg unŸql m4m0 ang Haxith who ruleg awtehwargs.'' Each of these spirits hag his seal ang planetp ang was alle to perform certain mahtels ang coulg le calleg to appear in the crySxal.

The wrqter States that a true ang gitine

mamician may use all the creations ow Gog ang oices Œf the xoternors ow the worlg at his own will. But they heed not the false mamician. He that is a true mamician is lroumht worth a maxicqan from hqs mother's womo. A manuscrqpt on maxqc, written in 1 5 1 5 , claims to gescrile the principal operations in the t sacreg art of qntocatqon." It commences, t Here lexinneth the irSt treatise of the mosx noole art ow Solomon ng Apollonsus termeg the ' Golgen Flowers,' mage from anti‘uqty ow Solomon, Manicheus ang Enguchius. " The followsnm works are out of the most ancient looks of the Helrews wich are nknown qn man's lanmuame, reputeg wor a miracle to le xqten wrom the Lorg Gog., 1

Ashsolc „Š.

1 5 1 5.

TOME OEMAOKABLE \1AGITAL MANUTTIPJT

T(e irft -('pter -on,ifl, of K t(i, moft Tol: A7t from C('lde'n, Tebre- 'nd Ar'bi-. p(i, or'tion Solomon 'ppointed, irft Eno-ing Lt to be de,rribed b: C('lde'n, Tebre-, 'nd Ar'b,.I T(i, i, follo-ed b: K T(e Gl',,e of Apolloniu, : C'lled Ar, notori' or Ar, Memor'tLn', reDe'led b: 'n 'ngel P('np(ilu,, on golden t'blet, f t(e Temple of Solomon.I Un t(e R'-lin,on -olleÑon 't t(e Bodlei'n »ibr'r:, t(ere i, ' m'nu,-ript -ritten on Dellum in red 'nd bl'-E inE, Ln,-ribed " Mo,e, Long, t(e -onjurer." ³t i, entitled,𐃈 " T(e Se-ret, of Se-ret, I 'nd begLn, -it( " Ap(orL,m, of diretion, I for -onjurLng t(e 'ngel,I follo-ed b: ' pr':er, t('t t(e " Tol: 'ngell, m': (elp t(ee Ln t(ine o--',ion, I 'nd t(e Lnjuntion " Fir,t pr': to God d':l:." T(en follo- direion, for‡ m'kLng ' pent'rle of kLd', ,Ĩin or p'r-(ment to be -oDered -it( nJ ,LlE K untLl :e open Lt for u,e.I Ut i, to be (Fld in t(F ('nd or piŀed to t(F qňe't Vntil, f t(e: DL,Lt 'nd -ill not obe:, open Lt ,':ing, " ' Be(old :our -on-lu,ion 'nd be not di,obedient.' Ut oug(t to be borne 'bout t(ee in 'll good experiment, 'nd bu,ine,,. Ut m': be m'de in gold, ,ilDer, Diugin p'h-(y ment or in DLrgin -'x, ,ilE or -le'n p'rÖ(ment. Per­ fume it -it( ,-eet perfume. Ink m': be m'de of ,mŁĆe of fr'nin-en,e 'nd irr(, t'Een in ' b',in ixt -it( rose -'teu, ' little sweet-smelling -ine 'nd gum 'r'bi-." T(e ,eHen 'ngel, 'nd the pl'net, dedi-'ted to t(em 're t(u, enumer'ted : C',,ie! to t(e pl'net S'turn, S'-(iel to ] upiter, 1

Rawinson „Š. 1j 3·

THE MYPTEOBS AND PECOETP

OF

MAGBC

SaRaeh to M�as, 1Hchaeh to whe Sun, Anaeh to SeVus, Mapeaji to Mercury aVd Gabriel to tee MooV. Tee Rnuscript coVchudes wite n accouVt oW soRe experiReVts oW which the Wohlowing aÈe the RoSt inter­ estiVg : " A true experiReVt proved n CaRbridge AVno 1 5 5 7 of w spirits, to be doVe dn a chaRber, whose VaRes are kurus, Artus and !bedeh. " Rise early oV tee rSt MoVday aWter y e Vew RooV, Cut 3 rods §lock or body oW a PalRe uee aVd Vot oV ye top, wite a Vew sharpe kVbWe Vever used oV wice let it be wriwten oV ye bhade + Alpea + oV y e oVe side aVd + ORega i oV the other side aVd wbwh this kfe n thy haVd say ye VaRe oW God ye Fateer, I have souget teese rods, so takiVg hocd oW theR sayiVg bV ye VaRe oW God aVd SoV, I eave Wond you rods, sayiVg iV ye VaRe oW ye Holy Gho§t, I cut you all ; (so cuttiVg alh three at oVce). TheV take ine parchReVt and cut w pieces aVd oV ye irSt write Durus aVd oV ye secoVd write Artus aVd oV ye teird write £bedel. Then take the irSt aVd wrap it about one oW ye rods and so oV do the others iV order. TheV take tee irSt rod bn thy hnd aVd say, ' Tluough ye bhessed power aVd Rercie oW God I coRRand thee rod aVd by tee virtue oW tee rod weerewith ye propeet glias raised up tee waters betweeV hiR aVd gliseus, ye spirit weose VaRe is writteV aVd wrapped about, be obedieVt to Re allways weeV ever I shahl cahh hiR.' TheV set dowV ye rod n the ea§t part oW ye chaRber. " Tee saRe is to be doVe with tee secoVd rod aVd tee spirit is coRRanded by tee virtue oW ye rod weerewith 1ti oses turVed ye water of ggypt dnto blood. to be put iV tee weSt part oW ye ceaRber.

. 6

Tis is

Tee tird rod

SOME REMARKABLE MAGSCAL MANUPClmPTP when consecrated in like maner is to be put in the south part of ye chamber. Then say ' I require nd command you spirits r in the name of God, the Father, Son and Holy GhoSt you dread and owe obedience. Come gently and peaceably in ye form and shape of three beauti­ ful ladies and truly to answer al my will and desire.' " This muSt be done 3 ights and the third night ye spirits will appear. " Then say ' Welcome ye faire and gentle spirits which God hath created.' " There is also " Ye experiment for ye spirit B.rto," said to be made by Roger Bacon or Fryer Bacon. " To be done in a wood or secret place." Tlus is lcscribctl in some detail in a later manuscript. Finally there is an experiment of " Askariell in a glasse or CriStall," and to call up this angel you muSt " have a deane consecrated CriStll or glasse Stone wrapt over ye middle with a thong of Hart's skn. Ye criStall may be in ye middle when ye wrappeSt the thong about it." Among the iStoricl papers of the sixteenth century in the British Museum are some leaves from a torn book said to have been found among the secret writings of Dr Caius, 1fater and founder of Caius College, Cam­ bridge. John Cius was born f t Đ z and became one of the moSt famous §hysicins žf the sxtenth centry. He was nine times President of the College of Physicians

jf Ljnnjn ann for nearly twenty years lelred on

anatomy at the Barber-Surgeons' Hall. He was reputed to have been one of the moSt silful

and elightened physicins of his time, but judging from .v4

CII�AT RS X F EVIL SPIRITS �oll n MS., XVII century.)

z6

SOME REMARABLE MAGICAL MANUSCRIPTS

the leaves of this manuscript found among his writings he was also well versed in magic. The papers consiSt of tables showing the signs of the planets and the names of the angels under those signs, also notes on familiars, formul� for exorcism, n invocation to have " a spirit in a glass to tell al things " ; two drawings of magic circles nd a pentagon. The moSt intereSting of the leaves consiSts of drawings of the secret signs used for calling the spirits, siilar to those to be found in manuscripts on the magical rts about that period. Several English monarchs appear to have been intereSted in magic, and among them King Edward IU is mentioned, as having requ�ed a magician of his time to put him n commuication with a spirit called Birto. The Story is recounted in a mnuscript of the sixteenth century, of how Birto was invoked and the part a ' ' green dragon " played in it, of wich a pi:e is given. Birto seems to have been a spirit of considerable power, and after he had been conjured to appear, he comes to the circle prepared for him " n fr and human shape in the form of a man and noways horrible or hurtful." He was then to be queStioned nd to tell truly of all such things as the MaSter should ask. · The MaSter is direted to receive him courteously and gently, to bind him with the bond of .spirits, and " he will freely and faithfully declare and make answer, to whatsoever shal be demanded, and wll surely obey and full all commands." But to obtain the presence of Birto, it was necessary that the circle of the invocant should have the " eigy or charaCter of a dragon fairly drawn or painted, and the . 9

THE MYSTEIS AND SECRETS

OF

MAGIC

citc)m in w-ich ohm spitio is on pppmat shnuld bm uadm nn a cplvm's skJn patchumno𐀰" Accntdin' on ohm wtiomt nf ohis uanusctipo, Kitg Charles I is said on -avm cattimd a chatu a'aun� dan'e𐃏 atd pnisnn ohao wps wtioomn fnt -iu by Pnpm L en vX. vL was insctibed as fnl)nws : " Whn ohao bmatmoh io upnn hiu shpl) nno dtmpd his mnmuims. on bm nvmtcnum, nnt wioh nn unnmt nf pnisnn bm huto. nnt in nn nmmd uisfntounm, nnt wioh nn ohundmt hm sha)) nno bm suioomn nnt i'honJn'. nnt Jn nn itm bm butno snddainly, nnt in nn wpomt bm dtnwnmdC Nnt hm shall nno dim wiohnuo shtifo, nnt wioh ohmmvms on bm oakmn. lsn hm shall hpvm nn wtnn' nmuohmt nf Lntd nt Lpdy. · T𐂕s bm Jn ohm npums nf Gnd nd Shri�. + Mmssias + Saohmt + Gupnmll + Spbpnoh +·" A pnwmtfu) cnnjuta(inn on cpll up p spitio is ohus tmcntdmd Jn p unusctipo nf ohm fommnoh cmnouty r " I cnnjutm pnd cnnmupynm ohmm 𐀯 by pl) viroums nd pnwmts, pnd by ohm Hn)y Naums nf Gnd + Tmotp­ 'tpuuaonn + Adnnay + A'lp + Saday + Sabnoh + P)anpbnoh + Ppnohnn + Stponn + Nmupuaonn + Dmus + Hnun + Ounipnomns + Smupiom𐂾us + Yssus + Tmtta + 𐁜ni'mnJois + Splupont + Vip + 𐁞ioa + Vitoums nd pnwmts, U cnnj-rm and cnnfuaynm ohmm on ful uy wi)) Jn m𐃰mtyohun' fiohful)y, wiohnuo huto nf uy bndy nt snu), pnd sn bm tmady po uy ll as nfomn ps I shal) call ohmm, by ohm viroum nf nnm Lntd + 𐁑msus + Shtiso nf Nasatmoh." Bnoh ohm ua'icipn pnd ohm wioch wmtm ctmdiomd wioh (hm 𐀂nwmt nf cal𐃖Jn' spm))s nn huun bmin's and cpoo)m, and ohis appmpts on hpvm bmmn aoomu𐀂omd ohtnu'h ohm umdiuu nf mvi) spitios. �X0

SOME REMARKABLE MAGICAL MANUSCIPbS Few oW such spells or maleddions are recorded, but the Woloweng extrared Wrom Ranuscrepts oW the iWxeenth and sexteenth centurees will seÄe to show theer nature. " Curse thee, and Almighty make thee so that thou shalt ne×er have rest day or neght, tyd nor time, tell thou haSt perWormed my wll and counandmcnts, and eW thou welt not, ll the curses oW the great mleditdons oW God weth alc xhe paynes and torments oW ll the devecls en hecc be multipleed upon thee, so pcenteWulcy as the �arrs be dn the nirRaRent, and as the sands be en the sea." Another ds to " CaSt seckness on a Rn." " qake an dRage oW wax dn the mn's name and wrdte on the sede these chara:ers as apponted :

.-n q

n nq 9 '� m· 13 16

3�� vss 07 \ j

Head theR wdth the name oW the Rn and then weth ' Usher ' (a kneWe), cut thes dRage WroR the back to the head sayeng, Haade, qdkaded, Rakeben, ika, Rita leca, Tasareth, qodeca, Rabert, Tuth, TuRch. Then hang this eRage over the ue wdth great smoke nd he shal be seck." There were severac methods oW scayng an enemy, and in one the wax dRage ds agaen used as a n1edium. " To slay an eneRy : " qake an emage oW wax and wrdte the chararers wdth a needle oW brass upon xhe image, and dry dt by a soWt nire near cimney, and when dt ds dry caSt the emage down WroR soRe house, that the dRage Ray be broken, sayeng 1 m

MHE MfSMEIES AND SECIEMS OF MAGBA

t-msm wnrdse Haadev Yii𐂩admd, Raebenv Ril𐁮a, Rita lica, Tasarithe Mnd𐁲ca, Rabert, Tuthv Tumlq. Here 𐃱ith tqis iua'm I will slay tqe silk man soon. Name qim, tqen take the pieles of the image and bury them, and qe shall be dead nd no man shall know but the worker." Another method, whilh was apparently to be allom­ panied more by violenle than magil, was to lut a vout bough from a tree and while doing so say, " I lutt this bougq of this suŸer's growth in the name of (here name t-m person) whom I mean to beat and l. Then lover the tabhe and say · n the name of the Father + Son + Holy Ghov + Striking thereon, punish hlm that hath wrought tlus mislhief, and take it away by thy great j uruce Eson + Eion + Emares." .

CeAPTER XXVIKI SOME ELIZABETHAN MAGICIANS-DR JOHN DEE-EDWARD " " KELLY- THE BOOK OF MYSTERY

O

F Phe MraiPioners of NagiM n EnglasK in TuKor PiNes, MerhaMs Phe Rett noIn Ias Lohs Dee,

Iho reaMheK the heighP of his faNe Kuring Phe reign of Tueen EizaRePh. eis life, MoNMileK froN his journals, asK his exPr.­ orKinary Mareer have Reen fully KesMriReK, RuP Phe folloIing eMisoKes in IhiMh NagiM MlayeK a MarP are MerhaMs noP so Iell ksoIn. ee Ias Rorn in I 5 27 nK eKuMaPeK aP Phe Chny SMhool at ChelNsforK, IhenMe he MroMeeKeK Po Cam­ xriKge anK enPereK aP SP John's Colege, RuP laPer on ReMaNe a FelloI of TriniPyo ee exMelleK in NaPheNaPiMs, IiMh leK hiN Po Phe ldÒ of attronoNy, of IhiMh he unKouRPeKly aMªuireK a Mon­ siKeraxle knoIleKgeo AP Phe· age of PIenPy, in

I

5 47, he NaKe his irtt Œourney

Po Phe ConPinenP Po Monfer IiPh learneK Nen of Phe DuPMh UniversiPies, anK here he MaNe in MonPat IiPh MerMaPor. VePurning Po EnglanK for a PiNe, Phe fol loIiny year he traveoled Po Oouvain in orKer Po ttuKy aP Phe UniversiPy, anK Phere he ls saiK Po have graKuaPeK anK oRPaineK his Kegree as Koctor. In

I

5 5 M he oRPaineK an inProKu.ion Po Phe CourP of 273

MHE aYSJERIES AND SECOEJS OF MAGUC

I,

on whnu hm hpd Ilrmpdy dmdicpomd n' Gdwprd own bnnks. Whmn Mpry T-dnr s-ccmmdmd on ohm ohrnnm in 1 5 5 3 , Dmm𐀨whn hpd by ohis tium pchimvmd snum nnonrimty ps pn ptrnln'mr-wps zviomd on cplc-lpom hmr nptivioy. pnd hm plsn cpWn ohm hnrnscnpm nf ohm Princmss Gli𐃶pbmth whn po ohpo tium wps iv𐂦g po WnndW:nck. Io wps prnbpbly shnrhly Ifomr this jhpo hm bm'In on prpism up'ic. fnr hm snnn 'no vnon orn-blm nd wps prrmWtmd po ohm inWnncm nf p npumd 𐁍mnr'm 𐁌mrr𐃵s, whn pllmgmd ohpo nnm nf iF childrmn hpd bmmn uuck blind Ind Innohmr killmd by Dmm'F mp'ic. D pddvinn on o-Bs chpr'm. Bo wps r-un𐀌rmd jhpo hm wps dirming mnchnoumnos p'pzW: hhm lifm nf hhm Qummn. Whilm in prisnn, his lnd'ingF wmrm Fmprchmd Ind smlmd -p, pnd hm wps Ifomrwprds .xpunmd bmfnrm hhm Smcrmopry nf Sopom pnd brn-gho on hhm Sopr Shpmbmr fnr jrBpl. b-o hmrm fnro-nm fpvn-rmd m, fnr hm wps clmprmd nf Ill F-spicinn nf ormpsnn pnd mvmno-plly lBbmrpomdC AItrnln'y po oluF ium hpd opkmn p iru hnld nn jhm uinds nf ohm pmnplm. pnd ohm bmlimf n ohm cnntrnllBn' pnwmr nf ohm WnprF nvmr h-un dims wps cnuunn on pll clpssms. Thm cpItmr nf hnrnscnpms wps in cnntpno dmupnd by pmrsnns nf hi'h pnd lnw dm'rmm. Ind Dmm, whn hpd plrmpdy pcquirmd p rmp-opoinn fnr is prn'nnWticptinns. nnw bmcpum unrm fpun-s. Hm bmcpum wmll nnwn po 𐁈n-ro pnd, whmn Gizpbmoh cpum on ohm ohrnnm. hws irt cnu�wssinn. cnu�pndmd by Rnbmro D-dlmy. was on npum pn p-spicin-s dpy fnr hmr cnrnnpoinn. Thm Qummn smnt fnr hiu snnn pfomr hmr pccmssinn nd inviomd m on mnomr hmr smrvicm po 𐁟hBomhpll. pnd is spBd . õ

SOME ELUZABEeHAN MAGICUANT

8o (aDe promi,ed (im a MaWer,(ip at S8 Cat(erne}, To,pital. One mornsng, t(e -(ole Court and PriDų Coun-il be-ame grea8ly ex-i8ed w(en t(e new, wa, ,pread abroad 8(a8, " a wx image of t(e Queen (ad bEen found lying in Lin-oln', Unn Field,, -it( a great pin uu-E 8(roug( it, breaW, w(i-( -a, belieDed to Ńortend 8(e -bfung a-a: and dea8( of Ter MajeW:." 11e,,enger, -ere de,pa8-(ed in (ot (�e to ,ummon mee, 8o a,E (i, adDi-e on t(i, momentou, mat8er. Te profe,,ed 8o regard it a, a (oax, but at on-e -ent -it( t(e Se-re.ar: Wl,on to Tamp8on Cour8 8o a,,urE ř(E QuEEn. From t(e narha8or', a--oun8, one -an piture 8(e ,-ene on t(Eir arriŭbl. ¯lilbbE8( -b, ,Eb8Ed in t(b8 pbr8 of (er garden 8(at ,loped do-n to t(e riDer, near t(e Wcp, of 8(e Royal landing-pla-e at Tamp8on Cour8. round (er, Wood 8(e Earl of Lci-eWer, n a88endan-e, toget(Er -i8( 8(e Lord, of t(e PriDy Coun-il -(o (ad al,o been ,ummoned. mee, -(o -ore a long beard and -a, of digniied pre,En-e, ,lowly approa-(Ed 8(e QuEen and, af8er making (er a deep obei,an-e, ,olemnl: a,,ured t(e a,,embly 8(a8 8(e wax image " n no -a: mena-ed ²er \1aħcWyŸ, -ell-bEing," -(i-( i8 i, added, " plea,ed °lilabe8( -ell." T(e Queen bf8eward, proDed a good riend to mee, for abou8 8(s, 8ime uong popular feeling began 8o be rou,ed againW (im, and i8 -a, -ommonly ,aid t(a8 (e -b, a magi-ian of doub8ful rEpu8a8ion -(o (ad dEaling, -it( 8(e deDil. Te -er8ainly praai,ed iDina8ion openl:, nd (eld ,ean-e, a8 w(i-( (e profe,,ed to rai,e ,piri8,. .75 ·

iHE MYSMEOUET AND SECOEMS OF MAGUC For jhe former purpose he maie use of a black mirror wych he iescribes n the foklowing woris : t A man may be curruy afraii of his own shaiow, yea, so much to feare, jhat you being alone nere a certain glasse, ani profer with iagger or swori to foÄne aj the glasse, uou shakl suiienky be movei to give back (in maner) by reason of an image appearing in jhe ayre betweene uou ani the glasse, with ike hani, swori or iagger, ani witx hike quickness founing at your very eue, hike as you io at jxe gkasse. Strange this is to heare of, but more mevailous jo behoki jhan these my wories can signiie, neverjhekess by iemontration opticahk the orier ani cause thereof is ceriei, even so the efet is conse¦uenj., Dee's famous magic irror is iescribei as a pohishei ovak skab of black Stone or cannek coak. It was formerky in the wuseum of morace Wahpoke at Strawberry mikk, anJ xe attachei to it a vajement of its vory in his own haniwriting. It is saii jo have been for a kong jime in the possession of txe woriaunjs, Earks of Peterborough. In this collettion it was iescribei as " the black tone in wych Dr Dee usei to calk his spirits." Ij passei from them jo Laiy Ezabeth Germaine, from whom ij wenj jo John Campbel, Duke of Argulk, whose son, Lori Freierick Campbelk, presentei jo it Walpolew Txis intereSting rehic was boughj at the Strawberry mill Sal� bu Mr Pigott, ani fro thence it passei into jhe hanis of Lori Loniesborough, ani kater became parj of the colleCtion of Mr Geoffrey Whiteheai of Eat GrinSteai, which was soli by aution in Lonion on August 7th,

𐀜 9h 5 .

.76

S‡ME ELIZxBETvAN MxuICIxNS I t is to this nurror that Butler alludes in his well­ known lines : " Kelly cHcl all his feats upon The Devil's looking-glass, Where, playing with him

a

at

Mone,

bo-peep,

l ie solv'cl all problems ne'er so deep." " Huclibras," Part II, Canto 3 ·

About I V 7 0 Dee went to live at Mortlake near the river, and tĈ this Ë use he ĖemĈvcJ Ëis library aÿJ lab o Ėa t o ry . The Queen, when riding out in Richmond Park with her lo.ls and ladies, would sornetitnes pass through the East Sheen gate and Slop at Dee's dwelling between 11ortlake Church and the Than1es, to see his lateSt invention.

It

was here at the church wall that he i s said t o have once shown the Queen the black mirror. To most of the European Courts of tis period an astrologer was attached, and both the Queen and Lord Burleigh appeared anxious that Dee should occupy that p os i t ioÿ at Whitehall. I t is probable that the Story of his search for the Philosopher's Stone tnay have had something to do with this desire to secure his services, as there ls an account of an interview he had with the Queen ln the gallery at W estnunster, when there was a talk between thetn " of the great secret for tny sake to be disclosed unto I-Ier Maj eSty by Nicolas Grudius, one of the secretaries of the Emperor Charles V," which is supposed to have referred to the transmutation of tnetals. Of Ius operations with the cryStal, he records in his diary in.

t

VÊ1

his

fu:st seance, when the " skryer "

(mediun1) was bidden to look into the great cryStalline globe, and a n1essage was transnutted by the " angel . 77

bHE ifYSMEIBES AND SECIEMS

OF

MAGBC

xBBSul tr-uMh thu gurRegeeBt " t- thu ufua, that dSBy tcinMs sh-ulA bu AuRlaruA t- Duu, " B-t by thu grusuBt b-rrur but by ced that is assiMBuA t- thu nq-Bu.q A litthe hatur bu bretus, "I hSA a siMht n ChrynqS -furuA du aBA I sab,q but hu useAeBtly th-uMht that he hidsulf bas B-t a M--A duA;udç r-r fu sut -ut t- suarRh r-r oB-thur. I B I 5 8. hu Rodu aRr-ss -Bu n tfu gurs-B -r ,AbarA Kullyx a glaus;blu oBA Rlusur r-Muu, bf-d fu uBMaMuA as a srryur t- -guratu tfu Rrynqal ;B fis lab-rat-ry. IĈully is saiA t- fasu buMuB iru as oB ag-thuRary's a¿¿ruBtiRu aBA haA aB u tra-rAiBary Rareur. -e Au­ Rhare‰ that bbuB bnAeriBM n WalJs-gr-bałhy bhen hiAiBM r-d :uuRuffu aRRiAuBtally nqudbluA -B aB -lA daBusRr;gt -B alRhudy, aBA tb- gials -r RSskJts R-B­ ta;B;B

a dynqur;-us ruA aBA bh;tu g-bAurx bhch hu

ruMarAuA as buiBM -r gr;Reluss voluu, r-r bhuB gr-gerly daBigulatuA tfuy buru Ragablu -r traBsdut;BM basu dutahs eBt- M-lA. ĕu aggaruBtly AuRu;suA Duu, bh- suuds t- hasu bul;usuA iB thu nq-ry, r-r fu ruR-rAs iB fis Aiary p " E. K. (yullyf daAe gr-:eai-B bith šs g-b‰Jr ;B tbu gr-g-rt;-B -r -Bu deB;d (ug-B aB -uBRu aBA a uSrter -r durRuryf aBA gr-AuRuA Buarly aB -uBRu -r bent M-lA ; bhiRh M-lA bu artuwSrAs AenqrebutuA rr-d · the RruRLblu, aBA Maiu -Bu t- ,AbarAuq --b Kully b-rruA thu tr;Rr thuru is B- us;AuBRu t- sh-b. Ħcu :-ry -r yully's alluMuA Rlaid s--B buRadu kn-bB, SBA frequeBt sŞaBRes t--r glaRe at Ğ-rtlSru bhere he b-rruA iB

Duu's lab-rat-y,

aBA

thu

traBsdutnM

-gerat;-Bs buru Rarr;uA -B. Thu Bubs ruaRheA thu urs -r z-rA Burlu;Mh, bf.7 8

DR.

DRR1S 1 S I I �W STO: . ' OR : A . 1 N C C R "STAI.

Dri is fust111,

POME ELIZABEMHAN MAGBCBANS

pppprenoly plsn 1mcpum p 1mlimver in his npmrpoinns, fnr he wrnte fnr d p speciumn nf -is uprvellnus prt,V pnd io wps rmpnromd ohpo ohe 𐁕ummn wps ptup))y ohm rmcipieno nf p wpru,n'-pan, frnu ohm cnppmr nr 1rpss lid nf wluc- p piecm hpd 1mmn cUo, orpnsuuomd inon 'nld pnd re𐃌lpced. Gvmn such pn pInuom pmrsnn ps Elips Ashunle wps dmceivmd 1Q KmllQ'F oricks, ps hm wrioms : d Wiohnuo Sir Gdwprd'F onuchxn' nr hpndlin' io nr ueloin' o-m umopl, nn)y wpruin' io ,n ohm fxrm, o-e mli𐃳wr 1min' puo ohmrmnn io wps oransuuomd inon purm 'nld., Hm pdds d frnu p vmrQ crm𐁰i1lm pmrsnn 𐀘whn hpd smen ohmu𐀙 ohpo Km)ly mpdm rin's nf 'nld wirm owi�md owice rnund ohm fxn'mr, whwch he 'pvm pwpy on o-e vplue nf £4.000.R Bpcnn rmlpomF pn 2noerting �nry nf p dinnmr 'iven bQ Sir Edwprd DQmr, po which Sir Thnups Brnwne, o-e puthnr nf d 𐁖m)igin Mmdici,R wps prmsmnoC Hm spys, d Sir Gdwprd Dymr, p 'rpvm pnd wism 'mnolmupn, did uuch 1mlimvm n Kmly ohm plc-cui�, ohpo hm did indemd ohm wnrk pnd bpdm gnld, insnuuch ps hm wmno hiuse)f 2non Gmrupny, 𐃲hmrm Km))y ohmn wps, on infnru hiu­ Fm)f fully ohmrmonC d Afomr his rmourn hm dined wioh uy Lnrd nf Spnoer­ 1ury, whmrpo ohpo oium wps po o-m op1lm Dr Brnwne o-e physicipnC Thmy fm)) in oplk nf Km))y. Sir Gdwprd Dyer ournxng on ohm prch1is-np spid, I dn pssure ynur grpcm ohpo I shpll oml) ohm oruoh. I pu pn mymwitness o-mrmnf pnd f I hpd nno smmn io, I shnuld nno hpve 1mlimvmd ioC I spw MpImmr KellQ puo nf ohm 1pse meopl inon ohm cuci1lm pnd pfomr io wps smo upnn ohm ire pnd p vmry sup)l 𐃍upnoioy nf ohm umdicinm puo in pnd murred wioh p muck nf wnnd, io cpbm fnroh in 'repo prn'

2 79

THE MYSTERIES AND SECIETS

OF

MAGIC

portion, perfet gold, to the touche to the haVVer, to the teSt.' " Said the pibhop, ' You had need tame heed ihat you bay SiM EdwaMd, here ib an iidel at the poaMd.' " Sir EdwcMd DyeM baid again pleabcntlye ' I would have loomed foM an inidel booneM in any place than a t youM jMace'b table.' " ' What bay you DM BMowne ? ' baith the Bibhop. " Dr BMowne cn³weMed afteM Iub blunt gnd huddlin Vaner, ' The gentleVan hath bpoken enough foM Ve.' " ' W_hy ? u baith the Bibhop. " ' MaMMye' baith DM BMoine, ' he baid he would nos have believed is except he had been ise AND MO MORE WILL I.u " Kellyub nexs explois iab she anouncement that a VySteMioub boom had been Mevealed so him by an angele ihich he claimed so have iMitten doin and pModuced in VanubcMips foMm. There are wo copieb of thib extraoMdinaMy pModulon in exiStence. One ib aVong she AbhVolean MSS. in the Bodleian LibMaMy (AbhV. 4zzn and the otheM in she BMisibh MubeuV (Sl. 3 I 8 9n𐀏

The foMVeM i b entisled " The Boom of Mytery." " LibeM MySteMioMuV Sextub et Sanrub." A note by AbhVole n tlÆb copy Stateb that he " copied it from she oMiginal boMMoied of SiM John Cotton o u t o f hib libMaMy written b y the hand o f EdiaMd Kelly, which he copied froV the view of i t eÉhipited to him py the angel in x 5 8 3 .u It beginb with an account by Kelly of hib inteMviei with the angele ab folloÈb : " He plucmel out a pook, cll ye leaveb aMe ab though

z8o

POME ELIZABETHAN MAGBCBANT them were pure nold and it keeked to oe written in olood not drm. t Behold o Behold o mea let heasen and earth oehold, for with thik them were created and it ik the soice and kpeech of hik which proleeded frok me firSt and ik me laSti t Loe tluk it ik-(w. Kx, he khoweth a oook ak he did oefore, azz nold). t And it ik truth therefor khazl endure for eser. (E. K. The leasek o𐁰 the oook are all ined and full of kquare plalek nd thoke kquarek hase charaaerk in thek, koke kore thn other, and azl written in the colour of olood and not met dy. 49 kquare kpacek eserywam in eserm leaf which make in ayz .401 kquare placek. t He wiped ik nner on the top of the taole and there lake out aoose me taole certain lharaaerk encloked in yinek, out Standinn om thekkelsek, and pointed oetween thek written frok the rinht to the left ?and.) t The 49 partk of thik oooke-49 soicek whereunto ko kanm powerk with the inferiork and kuoje& hase oeen and khall oe ooedient. " wserm elekent n ik kyStery is §tndinn.

a

world of under­

" wseyone knoweth here, what ik hik due ooedience, and God khall difer in keelh frok a korao ctea¿u¯e.

" EØery

\ekent have 49 kanner of under:andinnki

t Therein ik lokpounded kanm lannuaneki t Them are all kpoken at onle and nenerallm om mour­ kevsek om dirunlion kam oe kpoken. t xn 40 daiek ku: the oooke of the kecrete and kem of thik world oe written.

Benin to pralike in AunuSt.

Serse God oefore rok Marlh .9 (Good Fridam) to April were 30 taolek of tik oook writtenv

MHE MYSMEUS

SETOEMS 6I MAGUT

AND

" The letters of the Adamical alphabet. This book and Holy Key which unlocks the secret of God concerning ye beginng. " So excellent are the myteries contained, it is above the capacity of man. " In 40 days more muSt tis booke be perfect. " Heren shall be decyphered and truly from imperfe: falsehood, true religion from false and damnable errors. 1fay 1 5 8 3 . " The contents of the book are then §tated : " This book containeh 3 kinds of knowledge : " 1 . The nowledge of God truly. " .. The number and dong of the angels. " 3 . The beginnng and ending ofNature sub§tantially. " Tlus book is written

n

the Holy language.

" The book shall be called -" Logacth," which sig­ niieth ' Speech from God.' " This manuscript begns with a transcript of the book called " Logaeth " in common chara:ers, followed by .. pages written n smal squares, 7 . similar pages and õ pages written verticaly. The codex in the British Museum is called " The Book of Enoch, revealed to Dr John Dee by the Angels." It contains a note §tating, " This is the origina1 '1S. in Edward Kelly's h�dwriting. It formerly belonged to the Cottonian Colleion as appears from a note by Ashmole." There is also a manuscript partly in Dee's hand­ writing, with his autogra h (Sl. 3 1 88) entitled " Dr

p

John Dee's conference with angels from Dec.

..,

1 5 8 1 to May 3 o, 1 5 8 3, being what precedes ye other conferences." .8.

This MS., which has an introduaion

SOME ELIZABEMHAN MAGBCIANS by

Eli's As(mole in I 6 7h, W'ting (o- it -'mF into his ('ndsI -'s printed in London in I 6 5 9 Vnder t(F titlF, " 4 truF 'nd f'it(ful rFl'tion of mr mFc and somF spirits.I Ut purports to -ontin ' -onHers'tion held bet-een -ert'in spirits b: mee 'nd Kell: respecting t(F K Log'et( " nd ' ke: to de-ip(er its m:WerioVs pages. Ä(e 'ngel begins b: s'yingI K ToV-(ing t(e book. It sh'cl be -'lced Log'JI -(i-( in yoVr c'ngV'gF signiiFt( SpFe-( from God. Write it Log'et(. Ut is to be sounded Log'(. K T(e irW le'f ~'s :oV -'ll it) is t(e l'W of t(e book." T(e 'ngFc t(en pro-eeds to s': Jo- it is to be -ritten in t(e Hol: c('r':ers 'nd eűpl'ins t('t t(e 1� le'f K is ' (ot-( pot-J of t(e -i-kFd in t(e -orld 'nd d'mned in (ecc." El'bor'tF inWrVaions 'rF giHFn Jo- to rF'd t(F t'qlFsI from -Ji-J it 'ppe'rs tJ't somewmes t(e -ords 're 's-eningI somewmes des-endingI sometimes 't 'n 'ngceI on tJe left or rig(t. Groups of letters form -ords, t(us M R E me'ns -it(I B A S -itJ ' rodI E R N 0 Z deliHered :oV, R U P t(e Hol: onesI M A S R G -itJ 'dir'tionI U m L A of ą'v(eringI E G R P -it( t(e ire 'nd so on. T(F numbers from I to Sk 'lso signtied -ords t(us : I Signiied Be(ocdI . F'itJI 3 Your GodI 4 U 'mI 5 A -ir-le 'nd so on. ºell: t(en 'rtfVll: 'sks t(e 'ngelI K f Moses 'nd ®'niel -ere skilful n t(e 'rts of t(e Eg:pti'n m'gi-i'nsI -hx m': not I de'l -itJ t(ese -it(out Jindr'n-e to tJe -ill of God ? " To -Ď-( t(e 'ngec gtHes t(e -r:pti- repl:I K ±or t(e dongs of t(e Eg:pti'ns seem 'nd 're not so."

MHE uYSMEOIES AND SECOEMS OF uAGIC xD Hs dHiculD to conceHIe whaD Lee and Kelly eípeaed Do gaHn Vrom Dhms ela:orate efusHon, Dhe wrHing oV whHch alone mu� haIe Daken consHdera:le tHme and la:ourn Kelly nexD wenD of Do ]rague, apparenDly Do ind the hHgheSb :Hdder Vor hHs dHscoIery oV a method oV o:taHnHng gold. Whise he was Dhere, we ind Lord BurleHgh wriDing Do the ^ueen's agenD Hn Germany, asing him Do urge eIery means in hms power Do enDmce Kelly Do come yac¤ to hHs natHIe counDry, and requefng hHm, in case Kelly wHll not return, to send a Iery small portHon oV h;s powder to make a demon�rat;on Hn Dhe Queen's own sight. vut KeEEy was Doo cunnng to :e caught. xn Prague he Velt secure, and he dHd not feel ;nclHned Do carry out the De� DhaD he knew would :e puD Do hHm to Londonn

f he returned

oI†ntually he goD inDo Drou:se with the omperor hudolph, and was Hmprisoned in one of his ca�les, and Ht Hs saHd Dhat whHle atDemptHng Do escape Vrom a Durret wHndow, he VelE from a greaD heHght and receHIed fatal lnXgtleS. Dee, who had meanwhHle :een s;IHng aD vremen, resolIed Do reDurn Do ongland aVter an a:sence oV sHx years, but duryng hss �ay abroad his Âopularstf had waned and we ind •im makHng repeaDed appl;catHons to –s old HnluentHal VrHends at kourt Vor moneyn AEthough hHs house bexai axasi to be visited by sucb nota:le people as the kountess oV Cumberland, the kountess oV KenD and Lord WHElough:y, who occasHon­

ally senD hHm money, he Vell HnDo poIerDy and Hll-health. Queen Nliza:eDh senD for h;m to come and see her Hn the yrHæy Garden aD GreenwHch mn 1

.8 4

84,

where she

SOME ELUZABEJHAN MAGUCUANS rececved him wcth lord WaÅcck. kee presented her wdth an efuscon cV wrctcng, whdch he called the " Heavenly Admondtdon," and took the opportuVity of pleading hds cause. Hcs suppldcatdons apparently prevaled wcth the Lueen, for he was soon after appodnted warden of the Collegcate Church at Mnche�er, where he took up hcs abode in ĕ 8p.

Some years afterwards accusaions were agadn brought

agadn� hcm, that he was a conjurer of spdrdts and had dealdngs wcth the devcl, and oV tune 5 th, 1qo4, he pre­ sented a petction to the King at Greenwcch, dn whcch he prayed, " to be trced and cceared of that horrcble and damvable and to im mo� grdevous and )ammag '­ able slaunder, generally nd for many years pa� dn thcs kingdom racsed and contiVued by report and prdnt agacn� him ;

that he is or hath

been a COrtURgR

or

CALlgR or IrVOCATOR of kgVIlS. He prays " that a speedy order be taken to be tryed dn the premises to the pundshment of death (yea eyther b e �oned to death o r to be burded quccke o r to be burned uVmercdfully) df by any due, true and juSt meanes the sacd name of COrtURgR or CALlgR or srVOCATOR of kgVsLS or kAMNgk SPIRsTgS can be proved to have beene or to be tru duely or juftly reported of †im or attrcbuted unto hi«." A copy of thds petdtcon cs Stdll preserved dn the Bodl'ian lcbrary. kee died in 𐀾 q08, and was burded dn the chancel of vfortlake Church, near the house where he ived so long. A �udy of his works shows that he was a man of conscderable dntelldgence aid by no means altogether a charlatan. He had a real devotcon to sccence, and

h  5

bHE MYSbEUES AND SECOEbS OF MAGBC

uUIt hacm bmmn 'rnss)y dmcmicmd by Km))y, and thmir assnciakinn nn dnUbt id uUch tn daua'm Dmm's rmputatinn. A cryIta) ba)) nr " Shmw Itnnm , said tn hacm be)nn'ed tn Dmm, kn'mkhmr with thrmm )ar'm wx discs mn'racmd -wit- ua'ical i'Urms and naums, arm prmsmrcmd Jn thm British MUsmUu. Thm lattmr arm said tn hacm bmmn Usmd by hiu whmn cnnsUltn' hJs " Shmw �nnm , nr ua'i𐁯 nurrnr.

.8p

WAX

UISCS . ' G R \VtO

TO I I A \' &

R:K K

.

WITII M A G I CAl. F I G II R s : M l'LOV£0 D V D R . D:t W ItK STO N & ' OR M ACIC CtYS TAL

Brlisl >f1s.m.

A K n \ A::>𐀧 SAIII U S i \ G I l l S ' SJ J � W

CHAPTER

XXIX

' MAGIC IN SHAKESPEAE S PLAYS

HE inluence of magic, and the part it played in Tsocial life in the sixteenth century, are releaed in several of Shakespeare's plays. Gho§ts, firies, spirits, conjurers, witches, soothsayers, apparitions and supernatural beings form part of his dramatis persona ancl lit across his �age in comedy and tragedy. In eleven of his plays he introduces the supernatural one form or another, or refers to magical praaiccs. The Temp� " there is the sprightly riel and his attendant spirits, who the bidding of Prospero, imself a praaitioner of magic, raised terrible temp�s wich appar�ntly wrecked the sips of the King and the usuping Duke of ilan. The misshapen nd uncouth Caliban," freckled whelp, hag-born," is a true son of the foul witch Sycorax. Prospero has lso goblins, naiads and nymphs at his command to wreak his vengeance, nd ivers spirits in the shape of hounds : n

n"

at

a

cc

Go, charge my goblins tut they grind their joints With dry convulsions ; shorten up their sinews With aged cramps."

Later on we see him arrayed in is wizard's robes and drawing his magic circle he declaims :

THE MYSTEOIS AND SEAOETS

OF

MAGIA

" Grave-s ac my command, Have wak'd t.eir -leeRer-, oR'f, and let t.em forth hy my -o Rocent art." Alonso, Seba©³an and Antonio then enter the magic circle and there Stand charmed. In " The Comedy on Errors , we are introduced to Pinch, who combines the professions on schoolmaSter and conjurer in the city on Ephesus, which, according to Antipholus on Syracuse, at that time bore an unenviable reputation as a centre nor praltioners on d1e magical arts : '" hhey -ay chi- town i- full of foÓeage ; A-, nimbde Žuggder- Ãac defeive che eye, Dark-workieg -orcerery chac fhange che mind, ioultkiling witche- t.at deform che body, Di-gui-ed c.eater-, Rrating mouncebank-, And many -uc.-dike dibercie- of -in., Pinch is cahhed in by the wine onAntipholus on Ephesus, to exorciÆe the supposed demon that has taken possession on him and caused all the troubhe, nd she thus addresses it : " Good Doccor Pinfh, you are 1 conjurer ; @�abli-. him in .i- crue -en-e agai-, And I will Rdea-e you what you will demand.'' Pinch approaches Antipholus and says : " Give me nour .and- and det me feel nour Rul-e." To wqich he replies : " T.ere i- my hand, and let it feed your ear." .88

MAGIC BN SHAKESWEAIE'S PLAYS Thon Pgnch uttors his cynʼn uratiyn :

" e c.arge F.ee, iaFa-, .ou-' d aiF.in Fqi- ma-, To Ti:ld Ro--e--ion to mT .olT RraTer-,· And to thT �ate of dark-e-- hie t.ee �raight ; I conjure thee bT all the -aint- i- heave-." : Antiphyvys aftorwards doscriros ëinch in torls that aro far fryl lattorinu :

" h.eT broug.t o-e Pi-c., a .u-grT lea- fac'd villai-, A mere a-aFomT, a mou-teba-k, A threadbare juggler, a-d a fortu-e-teller, A needT, .olloa.eT'd, -harR-looking aretch, A living-dead ma-. hhi- Rerniciou- -lave, For-ooF., took on him a- a co-jurer, And, gazing i- mine eTe-, feeli-g mT Rul-e, And aiF. -o face, a- 'tacre, out0fafing me, Crie- out, e aa- Ro--e--'d.'' In " A Midsyllor-niuht's Droal , wo ontor fair(

roavlv ruvod r( O6orynJ tho dinuv and his ìuoon Titania. In Puck wo havo a piluro yf a " knavish sprito caŘ'l eyrin áyyd-fBvvyw F :

" That frig.t- t.e maiden- of t.e villagerT ; ikim milk, a-k. -omcFimc- labour i- the qucr-, A-d bootle-- make the breaF.le-- .ou-eaife chur- ; Ank -ometime make F.e krink to bear -o barm ; Mi-leak night-aankerer-, laug.ing at t.eir harm." In truth a tnischicvyus hybgoblinThB tyuching yf Titania's o(es with a lagic horrv ty chango hor ynco lyro inty a fair(, is ovgdonco y f Shavospoaro's knywvoduo y f horr-vyrov and i t is pryrarvo

that hB had thB littvo pvant " I(B Brigh t F in ind.

eHE MYSeEIS AND SECOEeT OF MAGBC The moSt complete description of a magician's con­ j uration, in the plays, is that given n " The Second Part of ing Henry I," when Bolingbroke, at the inStance of the Duchess, raises the spirit in the Duke of GlouceSter's garden in London. Bongbroke, the magicin and conjurer, enters, accompanied by Margery Jourdain, a witch, together with Hume and Southwell, who are described as prieSts. Hume leaves to nform the Duchess, and Bolingbroke addressing the witch thus begins the seance : " Mother Jourdain, be you pro§trate and grovel on the earth ; ] ohn Southwell, read you ; let us to our wotk!'

and

The Duchess now enters, and presently Hume.

D¥(heu.

Well said, my ma§ters, and welcome ll.

To this gear the sooner the better. Boling}rou. Patience, good lady ; wizards know their imes. Deep night, dark night, the silent of the night,

The time of night when Troy was set on ire ; The time when screech·owls cry, and ban-dogs howl, And spidts walk, and gbo§ts break up their graves, That time be§t its the work we have in hand. Madam, sit you, and fear not : whom we rise, We will make fa§t win a hallow'd verge.

Here they begin to perform the ceremonies apper­ taiing, nd after making the magic circle Bolingbroke reads the conjuration. Accompied by terrible thunder nd lightning the spirit riseth. 19 0

MAGIC IN SHAKESPEARE'S PLAYS Spirit. Admm. Margty Jourdain.

Asmath I

By the eternal God, whose name and powei Thou tremble� at, answer that I shall ask ; For till thou speak, thou shalt not pass from hence.

Spirit.

Ask what thou wilt.

That e had said and done I

Bolingbroke puts the quetions and the spirit answers, after wch he gives the licence to depart : " Descend to darkness and he buring lake I False fiend, avoid I "

It is evident from his description of the conjuration that Shakespeare, with his remarkable versaility, had an intimate knowledge of magical ceremonial. Several famous practitioners of magic lourished about his time, including Dr Dee, Edward .elly and Simon Forman ; but, as the rites nd ceremonials of magic probably only exi�ed in the form of manuscripts at this period, he mu� have had access to them. This is evident later in the play when Smith introduces the Clerk of Chatham to Cad e. Smith. Cadt.

Has a book in his pocket with red letters in't. Nay, then he is a conjurer.

The manuscripts on magical ceremonial are generally written .in red and black inks. The conjurer was usually accompanied by a reader, who carried the book of the ceremonies and pronounced the conj uration and prayers. There is a brief account of the trial of the Duchess of Glouc�er, Margery Jourdan, Southwell, Hume and Boingbroke for sorcery and witchcraft, in which

] ourdain was condemned to b e burnt in Smithield as a .n I

THE 11YSTEaET AND SECOEeS

OF

MAGUC

dNHch IWd HhJ H„rJJ VJW Ho bJ traWglJd oW HhJ gIllodIe dhilJ HhJ DtchJIIe IfHJr doNng HhrJJ dIyIv pthlic pengncJ, dII hgnNIhJd Ho HhJ IIlJ of MIns AccordiWg Ho HhJ hNStorNcIl fI& of HhJ cIIJe HhJ IcctIItioW IgInSt HhJ DtchJII dII of coVpIIIiWg HhJ dJIHh of HhJ King dNHh MIrNJ jIrdNVINn Ind BoliWg­ hrokJ, hy hIvNWg VIdJ I igtrJ of iV n dIx IWd VJltiWg NH hJforJ I firJs MIrNJ jIrdiVIiW dII HhJ orNgNWIl of ShIkJIpJIrJvI MIrgJry ] otrdIine IWd dII htrWH IH HhJ StgkJ, Boling­ hrokJ dII hIWgJd IWd HhJ DtchJII dII coWdJVWJd Ho NVprNIoWVJWH for lNfJ. D " RNchIrd IIIe" HhJ ghoStI of PrNWcJ EddIrd, KNWg HJWry VIe ClIrJWcJe RivJrIe jrJye VItghIW, HIStNWgI, HhJ Hdo yotWg PrNWcJI, QtJJW AWWJe IWd BtckNnghgVe IppJIr Ho hNV dhNlJ IlJepNng NW hNI HJnH on BoIdorHh FNJlds

ThJIJ IppIrNHNoWI IrJ JvNdJWHly NWHJWdJd Ho

rJprJIJWH hNI drJIV IWd IrJ WoH IpNrNH VIWNfJStIHNoWIs ThJ vNINoW dJIcrNhJd NW " KNWg HJnry VIII " Nn AcH II, dhJrJ HhJ INx pJrIoWIgJI clId n dhNHJ rohJI, dJIriWg gIrlIWdI, IppJIr Ho QtJJW KIHhJrNWJ NW hJr NneII NI IhodW NW I Iimilr VInJr. ThJ SoothIIyJr NI NWHrodtcJd NW " JtlitI C!IIr , Ho dIrW hiV Ho " hJdIrJ HhJ NdJI of vfIrch " ; IWd NW " AnHoWy IWd ClJopIHrI , HhJ SooHhIIyJr dho HJllI ChIrViInvI forHtnJ NI JvNdently IlIo IW gdJpH NW ChJNro­ VgWcy. Charmian. Is't Tou, sirs Fhac know Fhings ? SoolhJayer. I- naFure's rinrFe boov of yecrecT A lrFFle I can read. Al~xaJ. i.oa .rm Tour .and. Charmian. Good sir, give me good forFuee. SoolhJI)'tr. I mave xoF, buF foresee.

MAGIC IN THAKETPEAOE'T PLAYT

Later, a Soothsayer is brought from Egypt by Antony and taken to Gesar's house. AniVI!J.

SaQ tD E;, whD:; fDrtPn;: :hall RC:; hiLh;JF C5:aJ': Dr ECn; ?

ToolhJ}¤r.

Cz:aRu:. dh;J;fDJ;, 0 yntDnQ ƒ taQ nDt bQ h„: :id; ;

dhQ d;EDn (that thQ :Bict ehCFh k;;B: th;;) C: NDbl;, FDPJaL;DP:F hCLhF PnEatFha\l;f Wh;J; Cz:aJv: C: nDt ; bPt n;aJ hiE thQ anL;l B;FDE;: a f;aJF a: b;inL D';JBDw;r'dF th;R;fDJ; Mak; :BaF; ;nDPLh b;tw;;n QDP.

Yet another Soothsayer is introduced in " Cymbeline " who tells Lucius of his vision. ToolhJ|yer.

Latt ›iLht th; v;Jy LDd: :hDwvd E;

(I fatt and ¤JaQ'd fDJ th;iJ in¸;llCLenF;) thP: : e :ae JDv;': bCJd, th; JDEan ;aLl;, wCnL'd

a

vi:iDn

=JDE th; :BonLQ :DPth tD thi: BaJt Df the wett, dh;J; vanC:hud Cn th; :Pnb;aE° ; wOiFh BDJt;nd:, (Unl;:: EQ :in: abP:; EQ divCnatiDn) SPFF;:: tD th; KDEan hD§tw

Later in the play, PoSthumus, a prisoner in his cell, has a vision in which his father, Sicilius Leonatus, his wife and his two young brothers appear, who circle round him and aid of Jupiter, who descends amidSt thunder and lightning, sittng upon an eagle. He throws a thunderbolt and the GhoSts fall on their knees and he thus addresses them : eventuall y invoke the

l ND EDJ;f yDP B;ttQ :BiJit: Df J;LiDn lDeF rfw;nd DPJ h;aJCnL ; hP:O

HDw daJ; QDP LhD�:

AFFP:; th; dhPnd;r;J, whD:; bDltF QDP knDËF S kQ-Blant;d, batt;J: al r;bjllinL FDa$t: ?

MHE tiYSJERSS AND SETREMS

OF

MAGST

Pnthumus awakms and inds a bnnk, and ,n ohm lat a: ohm 𐁗nnohsaymt nomtptmos ohm patab)m and thus mnds ohm play in ohm ptnmism nf pmacm and plmnoy on 𐁇tioain. The wioches ,notnducmd inon " Macbeoh R fntm a ptninmno fmaoutm ,n own acts nf ohm p)ay. 𐁏n ohm scmnm nn ohe seaoh, ohmy mncnunomt Mac1eoh and Ban𐃎un, and ohm laoomt ohus dmsct,bms ohmb : u

W.at are t.ese Ko w h r' d 1nd so rild n ¼heir attire, T.at look -ot lile Sh' .bita-t- o' t.e eart., A-d Tet are o-'t ? Live you ? or are you aug.t j.at ma- may qudtio- ? You seem to u-der�a-d me hT eac. at o-cg .er c.obby i-ger l1Ti-g Ubo- .er ski--y lib- : you s.ouwd be romeA-d Tet Tour beard- torbid še to i-terbret j.at Tou are so."

Afoet ohmy can2sh hm tmbrks : " iere suc. t‚-g- .ere as re do sbeak about, Or .ave re eate- o- S.e ix-a-e yoot, j.at Sakes S.e Ïuso- brisožey ?

Thm mandtakm nt " nsanm tnno R a)ludmd on ,s ftm­ qumno)y mmno2nnmd by Shakmspmatm. Io was a plano atnund wh,ch c)u�mtmd uny supmtfi,o,nns, -and ,os tnno nno nn)y pnssmssmd pnwmtfu) natcno,c ptnpmto,ms, buo ptnducmd halluc,nao2nns, hmncm was snbmibms nnwn as 𐁝lsanm tnno. 𐁐o was ctmd,omd w,oh nohmt mySimt,nus pnwmts, and 𐃋n accnuno nf ohm tmsmbblancm nf ohm tnno on ohm huuan fntm ,o was usmd by w,ochms on ,n𐂨utm thm,t mnmu,ms. n smcaom's spmmch on thm w,ochms, ohmtm ,s a bmauo,ful 𐀿qo

MAGST SN SHAKESPEAOE'S PLAYS

p))usion upde (o pn pncien( (rpdicion of (he upgicpl efe: of (he uoon ui� : .1 URoe Fhe cor-er of She mooTqere ha-gs a vaRorou- droR Rrofou-d ; e'dl catch iS ere iS comes So grou-d : A-d tqaS di­ull'd Sy magio -weigqSihadd rai-e such arSiicial -RriSe-." D

(he pccoun( Shpkespepte gives of. (he ingredien(s used by (he wi(ches n mpkBng (heit hell-bro(h, he enu�erp(es soue of (he weird pnd uy�erious prcic)es (hp( forued ppt( of (heir �ock-in-(tpdeC Their incpn(p­ (ion is p)so Bn(ete𐃽g from o(het pon(s of view, ps (hey chpn( tound (he boiing cpu)dton : .. Rou-d abouS the cauldro- go ; e- She Roi-o-'d e-Sraid- Shroa. joad, ShaS uedey cold $toee, Day- a-d eighS-, ha1 ShirSy-o-e iadSer' d veeom -leeRi-g got, hoid Shou ir! i' She charmed RoS. Double, double, Soil a-d Srouble ; Aire bure aed cauldro- bubbwe.,

The ue(hod hete used by (he wi(ches (o uepsute (he (𐂥e (hp( (he cpu)dton shou)d boil, by sBnging (heir Bncpn(pcione is n ncien( mode of cplcu)ptBng (iue li)l eup)oyed in soue ppt(s of (he coun(ry. By (hus repep(­ ing severp) verses (hey cou)d regu)p(e (he (iue of boi)ing fpir)y we)). Sen(uties pgoe (he ppo(hecpries used (𐂔e uoon ps p ue(hod of cplcu)pcing (he (iue (hp( cer(pin processes shou)d (pke, pnd (he word uenuuuu, � couuon)y used, wps emp)oyed, becpuse cer(pin drugs were plowed (o upcerp(e p uon(h ll (he liquid (o e𐃴trpt (heit pctive conlti(un(s.

THE MYSTEIBES AND SEAOETS OF MAGIA

T-m idma nf -sin' a onad ohao had lain dnruano fnt a mnno-, was Utnbably d-m on ohm knnwlmdgm ohao ios vmnnu wn-ld bm ohmn unIo activm, bmsidms o-m advanoagm nf caoc-in' hiu naUUin', w-mn hm wn-ld -avm nn nUUnrounioy nf gmooin' tid nf o-m pnisnnn-s princiUlm smctmomd n his skyn. Snum onads smctmom an ativm pnisnn callmd Uhtynin, which tmsmublms di'ioais 2n ios acinn nn ohm hmato. tn ohm all-sinn on " Root of .emlofk, igg'd i' t.e dark,"

ohmtm 2s tmfmtmncm on annohmt ancimno c-Winu nf 'aohmt­ 2n' hmtbs ao ni'ho, in ohm bmimf ohao ohmir ptnUmroims afomt datk wmtm mntm pnomno ohan in ohm daQc2umC Thao ohmtm was snum tmasnn fnr ohis nld s-ppnsioinn has bmmn prnvmd bQ ohm tmsmatchms nf Sachs and Btnwn, whn fn-nd ftnu ohm2t invmIi2'ao2nns, ohao �atch is fntumd in ohm lmaves nf planos d-t2n' ohm n2'ho, and sn ohm ancimno bmlimf nf ohm ,nctmasmd aaivicy nf ohm uidnigho-gao-ermd hmrb was nno mnc,rmly uQoh,cal. Thm fa2l-tm nf 𐁎aulmo on tmcn'nizm ohm 'hnIi nf hys faohmt is pmthaps nno on bm wnndmtmd ao r " he t.ou a s«irit of .eawt. or gobwi- damn' d, hri-g ait. t.ee airs from .eave- or blaft· from .ell, he t.n i-te-ts aickek, or Y.aritable, jhou fom'� i- yuf. a ¬uefÄonabwe s.abe."

𐁛hm Ghn�'s tmUlQ : " e am t.n fat.er's zRirit ; Doom'd for a certai- term to wall t.e -ig.t, A-d for t.e daT fo-i-'d to fa� i- ires, Till t.e foul frimes, do-e i- mn daÐs of nature, Are bur-t a-d burg'd aaaT."

MAGUC BN SHAKESPEAOE'S PLAYS

This eubndies an early oradToTnn. thao ceroaTn spTrTts were kepo in p-r'aonry during ohe day and allnwed o𐀁 wan𐁱er ohe earoh at ni'ho. and ohe belief ohao dTse�bndTed spTrTos ohus ha𐀌noed r-ined buildin's was held by the Assyrians nver three ohn-sand years a'𐀁C

EAPTFR XX ' HERDS OF MYSTERY AND THE DEVIL-THE WITCH S BROOM

I

N

ancien( (iteq ces(ain tseeq anm hesuq nf etil nten wese meetem plan(q nf (he Nevil. They inclumem (hnqe memica(em (n Heca(e, whn pseqimem nves

tagic anm enchan(ten(q, aq wel- aq thnqe tame uqe nf u y hes maugh(esq, cemea anm Eisce, in (heis qnscesieq. Eisce eqpecially waq quppnqem (n have ueen inguiqhem fns hes knnwlemge nf tenntnuq hesuq, anm in la(es (pteq the plan(q qaim (n have ueen uqem uy hes wese unitesqally etplnyem uy wi(cheq anm qnscesesq in theis incan(a(onnqT The et:l sepu(a(innq nf ces(ain hesuq ase nf(en inmica(em uy (heis pnpu-as nateqT

Thuq aqafe(ima iq knnwn aq

" Neti-'q Nung " in qnte cnun(sieq ; (he fsui( nf (he u ellamnnna ns " Neamly Nigh(qhame " aq (he · " Netil'q Bessy," anm (he plan( i(qelf aq " Nea(h'q Hesu." The tanmrake waq knnwn aq (he " Netil'q Eanmle " nn accnun( nf (he quppnqem lusim glase et:((em uy (he leaveq a( nigh(. Snte. plan(q wese quppnqem (n exesciqe a ualeful inluence nn hutan life uy (he:s etana(innq; The (saitinn cnnne:em wi(h (he " Neamly æpaq Tsee " ta ue (aken aq an inNtance nf thiq;

I( waq qa:m (n

ulogh( all tege(a(inn tha( gsew neas i(, anm (n cauqe eten (he uismq (ha( appsnachem i( in (her igh( (n msnp mnwn l:feleqq.

.q 8

I( waq uelietem (ha( nn aŪptal cnulm l:ve whese

HERBS OF MYSTER Y-THE J?ITCH'S BROOM

its evil ,nluence edtended. pnd nn upn dpre ppprnpch its peSmilentipl shpdeC The nndinus edudaoinns nf ohe upnchinecl oree were spid tn cpuse depoh on ohnse whn slepo benepth iks brpnches. Li:us uent,nns p cpse in wich ohe ndnur nf the nleander prnved fpopl. tn Indip this shrub is cplled " Hnrse Killer.R Ind in Ioply " Ass Bpne.R ps ohe fnlipge pnd lnwers pre beieved on edercise p depdly influence nn mpny piupls. Heulnck, frnu which p pnwerful pnisnnnus plkplnid cplled cnn,𐀀e is edorp:ed. hps hpd pn evil reputpoinn frnu p perind nf grepo pnoiquioyC Piny �ptes thpo " ser­ pents lee rnu ios lepve𐃕 R pnd in Russip io is regprded ps p Spopn,c herb. In Gnglpnd. io hps plwpys been pssnciaoed with witches, pntinns pnd hell-𐁭rnths. Henbpne is pnnoher plpno nf ill-nuen which was 𐃯sed po funerpls pnd scpooered nn onubs. The Piedunntese hpve p orpdioinn ohpo. if p hpre be sprinkled wioh henbpne j uicee pll ohe hpres in the d,muia wi𐂽 decpup. They hpve plsn p spying thpo. " when p upd dng dies he hps tpS𐀋ed henbpne.V This plpno is knnwn punngS𐀋 ohe Geruan pepspnts ps " Devil's Gye.R Of verbenp nr vervp,n, p plpno uuch used in witch­ crpfo, Gerprd spys thpo " the Devil did revepl io ps p secret pnd divine ueicine.R In snue pprts nf Gerupny p species nf grnund unss is cplled " Devil's Slpws.V the · plpntpin is rinwn ps " Devil's Hepd,V pnd p certpin vpriety nf nrchid is Smyled " Spopn's Hpnd.V Sleuptis beprs ohe npue nf " Devil's ThrepdeV the yellnw onpdlpd is oerued " Devil𐀗s Ribbnn𐀧V pnd the scpndid is k𐀀nwn ps ohe " Dev,l's Dprn,ng Needles.V 299

MHE MYSeEIES AND SECOEMS OF MAGIC tn ywehenm n gpecieg hf fungug ig termeh tke " Devil'g Butterms wkile tke gpurge bearg tke name hf tke " Devil'g �filkts In trelnnh tke nettle ig calleh tke " Devil'g Aprhnms nnh tke chnvhlvulug ig knhwn ag tke " Devl'g Garterts vnir pargley ig hegignateh tke " Devil' g Oatmealms anh tke puf-bnˆg hf tke lychzhh~um nre termeh tke " Devil'g ynufbhx.s tn ghme lhcalitiegm tke chmmhn khugeleek ig knhwn ng " Devil'g Benrh/' wkile tke trithma witk itg brigkt reh blhgghmg ig cnlleh tke " Devil'g Phkerts Tke Jatropha urenJ, n zlant inhigenhug th Brzilm ig gaih th phggegg zhwerful phighnhug prhpertiegu A prick frhm hne hf itg ne gpineg cnugeg numbnegg, gwelllng hf tke lipg anhm innllym �hppage hf tke kenrt'g ntihnt ttg efetg nre gnih th be tkhge hf n phwerful arterinl phighn wrck kag nht yet been inverugnteh. Phuckkine hegcribeg nn tnhian plant calleh nutcknrm tkhugkt th be a variety hf A(oJilllljerox, wkick grhwg in a wilhm �erile hegert. Tke rhhtg nnh leaveg exuhe a fucky gub�nnce �kickm melteh by tke mihhny gunm fnllg in hrhpg nh chngealg like a trangzarent gum in tke chhl hf tke eveningu Tkig exuhatihn ig hf nn extremely phighnhug nntureu Birhg nvhih tke neigkbhurkhhh hf the zlnnt nnh even tke tig�r turng agihe frhm itu tt ig ugeh ag an arrhw phighn by certnin hf tke Frhnticr tribeg. Anhtker plnnt hf ill-hmen ig tke Flhr he Pegahilla hr " NigkŸmare Flhwer," wkick grhwg in tke neighbhurkhhh hf Buenhg Airegt tt ig a gmall gkrub witk hark green leaveg hf lancehlnte gkapem nnh clu�erg hf greenigk-white lhwerg wkick emlt a zhwerful narchtizing gmellu Acchrhing th trahitihnm frhm tke acrihm milky j ulce 300

HERBS OF MYSJERY-eHE IeCH'S BROOM expressed from the stem of t~us phatt, wutches obtait a drug whichv admutustered to theur victimsv guves them terribhe dreams. They awake wuth a dull, throbbitg setsatiot ut the braut, whule a peculuar odour per­ vades the room, causung the air to appear heavy atd stilitgw There us a tradituot amotg the peasatts of Frieslatd that to womat us to be foutd at hone ot a Fruday, because ot that day the wutches hold theur meetutgs atd have dnces ot a barret heathw The Neapolitat wutches held theur gatherungs utder a walnut tree tear Betevetto, atd the peasatts tear Bohogta say theur wutches hohd theur midight meetungs beteath the walnut trees ot St John's Eve. t Eatert as weœ as Europeat wutches are said to pratuse their spelhs at mudtught atd the prutcupah umple­ mett they use us a broom," says a Áruter ot Itdo­ Europeat fohkhore. The assocuatuot of brooms wuth wutches us very curuous atd probably arose from the traituot that they used them for ruditg through the aur. But, ahthough cotteted wuth wutches, a broom was sometimes used to druve them of, atd n some parts of Germaty ut was cuStomary to hay a broom utside the threshohd of a house to keep them from etterutg the dwehlutgw The harge ragwort is knowt ut Irehatd as the t Faurues' morse," as ut was saud to be used by the wutches whet makutg theur mudtught jourteys. Burts alludes to witches who t skim the muirs atd dizzy crags ot rag­ bred tags." Foxgloves f some parts of the couttry are called t Wutches' Belhs," as they are saud to decorate theur itgers

3ðh

THE MYSTEISES

AND

SECIEJS

OF

MAGIC

with the cap-like lower, and n certain localities the hare-bell is known as the " Witches' Thimble." The S t John's wort, which i s supposed t o have the property of driving witches away, is known in Italy as the " Devil­ chaser " on that account, nd the elder was said to possess the same power. The sea or horned poppy was reputed to b e a favourite plant with witches and to be used by them in their incantations ; so too was the magical moonwort, that was believed to open locks. The mullein, or " hag­ taper," and . the hone�y were said to be equally " excelled in sorceries." Among the trees and plants especially obnoxious to witches there was none they feared more than the mountain-ash or rown tree. Probably on account of its connex.ion with Druidical ceremonies, i t was accounted as the again� witchcraft ; hence the nes :

great�t

protetion

" Joaa-ttree aed red t.read Put the autc.es to theur sbeed." Even a small twig carried in the pocket was believed to ensure immunity from their evil charms-so says the old ballad :

" iucc.es .aÊe -o RoÍer, ihere there is roa'-ttree aood." Throughout Europe the mountain-ash is in equal repute, and in Norway, Denmark and G ermany it is cutomary to place branches over table doors to keep the witches from entering. viany plants ar.e creited with the property of prote:­ ; o.

HE\P OF MYPTERY-JHE IPITCH'P BIOOM ing frhm tke " evil eye s : tkus in Russia tke �em hf tke birck tree, tieh witk a piece hf reh ribbhn, is carrieh, n ttaly tke kerb rue is emplhyeh, in tke vighlnhs hf ychtlanh grhundsel is usehm anh in Ger‰any tke raisk ; wkile tke Cinese believe garlic afhrhs tke mh� effeive prhtcilihn.

CokrTER XXXt SURVIVALS OF WITCHCAFT AND MAGIC IN MODERN TIMES

T

oE belief in mlgic lnh witchcrlft hlg by no melng hieh out, lnh begihe the purguit of fortune-telling, cr±stll-gl´i‹g, cheiromlncy lnh other methohg of hivinltion �11 clrrieh on lnh believeh in by mlny people to-hly, clgeg of the guvivll of the prliliceg of the Mihhle Ageg occlgionllly come to light yn our police courtg. Thug on April 1 St, _u 89 5 , l mn cllleh 1Iichlel Clelry wlg chargeh lt Clonmel wit_h hlving, on xlrch 1 4th,

burnt hig wyfe Brihgetm l womln of 27 yelrg of lge, for being l witch lnh thug cluging ker helth lt Bllly¯lhhenm County Tipperlry. J ohlnnl Burke gwore thlt boiling herbg out of l gluce­ pln on the re were forceh hown the womln'g throlt, while her hugblnh lgkeh herm yn the nlme of the " Flther, yon lnh voly Gho:," G ghe wlg hig wife. ve then trippeh her clotheg of lnh threw her on the loorm lnh, po­ryng plrlin oil over her, get her on ire. Clelry, aggiteh by three other pergong, next took her to the ire lnh forceh her to git upon itm in orher " to hrive out the wytch s thlt poggeggeh her. yhe wlg then llih upon the beh lnh ghlken, while her hugblnh reciteh the worhg, " Awly with you " (meln­ ino the evil gpirit) lnh, lt gix o'clock in the morning, the prieSt wlg gent for to e°orcize the gpiritg with which the houge wlg thought to be filleh. The prygonerg were 3 04

SURVBVAL OF f7ITCHCOAFT AND MAGSC

found guilty, and sentenced to various periods of im ­ prisonment. Among other praitioners of magic, the gipsy Still enjoys a reputation among a certain class of people, and the Romany, who is said to have inherited his occult knowledge from early anceStors, is sought and believed in by many countryfolk to-day. An inStance of tis came to light in the Police Court at Higham Ferrers in Northanptonsire on November q th, 19.6, when a gipsy of the hiStoric name of Smith was charged with obtaining money from a widow. It was Stated that she had sold her " charms to burn, wear and put under her pillow." If those to be burnt, burned brightly, it meant that £ooo was coming to her, but f the re was dull some enemy was holding the money back. The fortune-teller received a month's hard laqour for her charms from a·n unsympathetic bench. A police superintendent in charge of the case sagely remarked, that the widow was only one of many simple folk who were easily gulled by " gipsy magic," and added, " These fortune-tellers are becoming a danger to the countryside." Another curious Story was related before the magis­ trates at Batley in 1 9.5 , when a widow of 7; was sum­ moned for doing damage to a pair of trousers and a curtain belonging to a lodger, who was a miner. The landlady declared that he never went to bed, but " sits up all night burning vitriol and cayenne pepper. " I call him a wizard. He can do any mortal thing," she exclaimed to the Bench. Her daughter in giving evidence aginSt the alleged wizard said :

THE MYSTERIES AND SECRETS OF MAGIC

" He does son1ething that makes mother ll. We can smell cayene and things he uses. It is somethng you don't under�and, and he has brought my mother to the brink of the grave. Twice I have taken her out of his way, but wherever we go we can feel his devilish work going on., It is evident in tlus case that both women were under the firm conviion that the man was trying to cat some spell upon one of them. It is not often that a man accuses his wife of being a witch, but recently a husband applied for a separation order, alleging that his . wfe pralsed witchcraft. He declared that she told lutn that she was working on her son and herself, " by trowing something on a rug " when the former was ll, and by " placing one of lus possessions ncar her photograph., He also Stated that " she placed pokers in the ire and made rings of salt around his char to drive away evil spirits." An

amusing

case

came

before

the

Glastonbury

magirates in January m 9.6, when a man applied for

a

summons againSt a neighbour for bewitching his clock, which, he said, " ticked three times as loud as usual and Stopped every night although it was wound up., He further alleged that the accused man " came to him as a witch when he sat by the fire, but only his head and beard appeared. He spat at him twice and he disappeared as a ball of smoke.'' He accused another neighbour of poisoning the cab­ bages in his garden so that they made him il when he ate them. The Court regarded the charges as not proved and the case was dismissed. The peasantry in some parts .of France are Still highly 3 06

S R VI VA S

F l?wTCHCRAFT A

A wC

super�itious. In the country diStrits of the south-weSt the belief in charms and the " evil eye " is almoSt as general as it was centuries ago. This is sho\vn in a curious case that came to light in January 1 9.6 when an Abbe of the small village of Bombon, near Mclun, was accused by a number of people in the neighbourhood, of being a sorcerer, and of caSting wicked spells over a woman. Feeling in the village became so Strong aganSt him that he was ill-treated and beaten by some of his parish­ ioners, and at length he took proceeings againSt his accusers. The cief evidence was given b y a municipal employee of Bordeaux who declared in Court, with great solemnity, that he truck the Abbe with a whip " to drive the devil out of him." " Once," he said, " he sent, . over our Oratory in Bordeaux, birds which traced in the air the letters of hi s name.

That was an evil omen and from that moment

we sufered. " By similar diabolical praices he made mushrooms of an unknown and venomous kind grow suddenly in the garden of our chapel. I fo und that all my physical and ntellectual force had gone and I became a mere log."

A woman also

teStiied, that she had s uffered less from

the spells, because she kept reading a tract on exorcisms against Satan, which she .invited the Judge to read, and she further declared, that the " evil spirit " made her " bump about in bed like

a

parcel."

A case n which a modern "

magician " who specialized

.in re�oring recalcitrant husbands to their wives, and in s ettling marital diferences, came before the magi�rates in Bern a short me ago.

The complainant, a shop-

w 07

THE MYSTERIES A ND SECRETS OF MAGIC

keeper, Stated that his suspicions were aroused by hearing his wife apparently talng to herself in her b edroom late one night. LiStening at the closed door, he heard her repeating the words, " l-Ie will be true. He will be true." ·

His conscience smote im as he iStened, and he went into the room with the intention of vowing that his wife's prayer should be fullled, but he changed his mnd when to is aStonishment he saw that she was feeding the lames of the Stove with one of his waiSt­ coats. Upon· his expoStulating, she confessed that she was folowing out the inrulions of a fortune-teler named I
That decided him to put an end to the magician's practices, and he hailed Kuhn before the tribunal and charged her with fortune-telling. Another woman ch:uged with pratising the " Black Art " was sent to prison for four months recently by the magiStrates at Liege in Belgium. One of her viims was a young woman who, suffering from pains in the head and body, consulted her twice a week for several months, and eventualy, in order to pay her fees, Stole money and was sent to prison. Here the woman, who was known as Vitorine, visited her and told her to " Invoke my name in a loud voice and you wil not know you are in prison." The fee for this advice was charged in her bill, but prison life remained unaltered. 3ð8

SUO IVALS OF IMCHCOAFM AND \1AGUC Another vi.im was a married man whose wife had left him. He consulted Victorine and paid her fee, and she told him that in order to get his wife back, he muSt go to Gouvy (a place fty miles fro m Liege) and back, in the company of three professors. He found the necessary three companions and made the journey, and, lo, . his wife returned. But unfortu· nately she soon rn off again, and none of Victorine's magic processes could induce her to return, hence the prosecution which ended.so unhappily for Vitorine. In Devonshire, a few years ago, an old woman was found Sticking pins into a sheep's heart wile muttering imprecations, and after a while hung i t in the chimney, with the object, she explained1 of woring ill on a neighbour to whom she had taken a isike. In some parts of EaSt ngia belief in witchcraft and the power of the " evil eye " Stil survives. The rector of Merton, in Norfolk, a short time ago Stated that his people round about that liStritt had an ingrained belief in " good nd evil spells ." . " The charge of witchcraft is usualy wispered againt old

women of dominnt personality, Roman·nosed

women."

There is a common beief that " if! ofend 'un

(the old woman) then she'l do me a mischief."

He

related the following account of how he laid a local curse known as " the curse of Stur5ton." " This Story dates back to the time of Queen Elizabeth. Sir Miles Yare-an Elizabethan vicar of Bray-was then the rector. -For the country folk he held a Protes­ tant service in the church on Sunday morning and then recited Mass in his parlour for the Popish gentry. " An old ProteStnt lady, as she lay dying, solemnly

3 °9

JHE MYSJEIS AND SECIEJS

OF

liAGUC

cursed tlus very accommodating parson-p ri et, his church, lus rcetory and the Great Folks' Hall. nd the curse seemed to come true. " When I came upon the scene," says the ReCtor, " l xas ase. tq h he utse. Fqt the Ol . had become a farmhouse surrounded by a few cottages, and

the people feared that the c:se might ll be woring itself out.

'' I held a public service, using an old altr tomb in

the ruined churchyard as a lelern. People locked to the service from nilles rond. In the sequel no thing frther dreadful happened.

I had laid the c:se."

intereSting case, which recalls the methods employed by the witch n the Middle Ages, is repo rte d from Coseza n northern Italy. n a village ncar that town lived two si�ers, on who� a spell is said to h av e An

been ca� by a woman who was believed to praise

witchcraft.

She succeeded in convincing them, that

only by folowing her dlreilions could they liberate themselves from the curse. She prepared special food for them ; adminiStered my Ster iou s philtres and forbade them to leave their house. n a short time both the siSters b egan to show signs

of wasting away, which so alarmed their friends that they

caled n the aid of the po li ce. Accompanied by ·an oicer they forced their way into

he house, where they discovered the two siSters in a moribund condition and one of them died soon afterwards .

The so-called witch was at once arreSted, and was o nly

with diiculty saved from the anger of the villagers.

There is a curious superSiious cuStom in connexion

with clren that 3 10

ll survives

n some parts of \Vales,

SUR VI VALS OF

U71MCHCIAFM AND \1AGIT

which consiSts of making an incision .into a certain part of the carilage of a child's car, n order to cure i t of back­ wardness. The operation is usually performed during the waxing of the moon by a womn who is supposed to have inherited the nowledge of performing the operation correly. It is done repeately on the cld until it is found to prove efelve. The belief in charms and mascots is Still as conunon in our crowded cities as in remote parts of the country. The countless mascots to be seen on motor-cars in our Streets to-day evidence the belief in the occult that

lingers n modern times, nd yet we smile at the creduity of the people of the EaSt, who hang Strngs of blue beads about their horses' manes to ward off the " evil eye." It is hardly credible, but nevertheless true, that tiny glass tubes filled with mercury and enclosed n wash­

leather cases are ll sold in a chemiSt's shop n the heart of the City of London, to people who believe that, by carrying them

n

their pockets, they wll prevent attacks

of rheumatism. A certain scienic man is said to have expressed im­ self confident that h e had checked a tendency to bleed at the nose, b y suspending round his neck nne Strands of red silk in each of wich were tied nine knots. n order to be eTea.ive each knot had to be tied by a woman and separately wished over.

A short time ago, a shop was opened in one of the

prncipal Streets of the Wt End of London for the sale of a so-called Egyp tian charm or mascot. Numerous letters were exhibited in the window, purporting to have been received from users of it, teStifying to its wonderful powers.

Tradesmen declared it had increased their 311

MHE MYTMEIS AND TEAOEMT

OF

MAGIA

business, boxers wrote that i t had given them vi:oy over their opponents, dancers asserted that it had found them partners, bookmakers �ated it had given them success in betng, o�her people said it had obtained them situations and motori�s declred it had helped them to win races y These f² ntnc²s of human creduity, at the present day, serve to show the prevalence of super�.iion and how liHtle human naHuMe has changed from the erly centuries. The tendency to bell eye n the supernatural il exi�s in all commwities, nd appears to be wrapped-up with the mytery sqat envelopn the fusure cnd the fear of the unknown. The desire ·to pierce the veil that hides the beyond is illate in the human race throughout the world. The manifeStaions of the Vagicians of the viiddle Ages appear ridiculous to us to-day, but there are many people who n believe that they can comunicate with

.

the spirits of sqe dead by mens of supernatural agencies. If we look back' through the pat centuries we shall f d that some of the greateSt thnkers and intelle:ual men of their time, such as Roger Bccon, Corneiun Agrippa, Paracelnun and Van GelVont iere believern in the occult. There is no proof, qoiever, sqas tqe pratiionern of magic ever wrought ny phenomena that could not be produced by natural agencies, nor is there any real evidence, n the records of magic, that the spirit of a dead person has ever materialized or been made to appear on earth in human form. Although many of the rites used n magic were probably derived from those employed in early times as part of religious ceremonial, and founded on principles that lie deep down n the nlind of man, it is evident th�t 31

SUR VIVALS- OF l1TCHCRAFT AND 1-IAGIC

they formed but part of an elaborate syStem of im­ poSture, designed to deceive and based on the credulity of humanity and the fear of the unknown. The more the myStey surrounding the rites and cere­ monies carried on, the more they seem to have inspired belief in the ordnary mind, and all tended to create an atmosphere of decep ion nd ilusion. The efers of the narcotic drugs employed by the magicians in their fumigations, to impress the imagination, no doubt sometimes produced hallucinations that appeared to be real. It is probable that tl)ey had a knowledge of certain powers, such as hypnoism, which they kept secret ; for the

wise man," rom the earliet times, was generally

one who was cunning enough to be able to ac® uire and

hold an inluence over his less intelligent fellows by mySteries and secrets.

A knowledge of acouSics formed a natural means of decepion n the woring of the ancient oracles, and even apparitions may have been produced by the effc:s of relea.ion on polished surfaces. It will be remembered how the illusion known as " Pepper's GhoS: " mystiied the general pubic many years ago, until it was explained that the apparitions were produced by the relections of limelighted igures Standng beneath the front of the Stage. " The Cabinet of Proteus," the aStonishing " spirit " tricks performed by nderson the " Wizard of the North," the remarkable feats of legerdemain executed by Houdin at l1is Temple of Mytery in a isŴ also by Dr Lynn and Heller in London, and later the ingenious automata and cabinet tricks invented by Maskelyne and performed at the old Egyptian Hall, arc but a few of the natura]

313

THE -IYS TERIS AND SECRETS OF MAGIC

deceptions that created amazement and wonder in the lat generation, and which a few centuries earlier would have been attributed to magic. The old saying that " seeing is believing " is not always corre:, as the sleight-of-hand tricks of the n1odern con­ jurer readily prove how the eye cn easily be deceived by movements that are quicker than sight. The extraordinay manfeStations performed by EaStern jugglers are further inStances of · the manner in which vision can be deceived, and of how n erroneous im­ pression may be conveyed to the brain. A person concentrating his thoughts, nd conStantly thinking of certain persons

or things, may conceivably have a

waking dream n which � occurrence may b e pitured n his imagination, so that he believes that he has a:ually seen it. The advance of science and education has done much to ispel the mySteries nd reveal the secrets of ma g ic, and the scientiSt may itly be caled the magician of modern times. His boundary is illimitable. The discoveries of recent years, such as the produllon of the perfume of lowers from the refuse of the gas­ works, the trnsference of photographs by elcuicity, television, the rnsmission of the human voice and of music through the ether for thousands of miles, are · b ut a few of his achievements. Surely these lone are more extraornary than any­ thing ever attributed to magic. The laboratory is his " magic circle " where he works his wonders without myStery, and his discoveries outvic the greateSt secrets that were claimed to be known by the magicians of the paSt. 3 14