ICAO_NA_PROA_-_Como_passar_no_exame_de_proeficiência_de_inglês_para_pilotos

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1 CLEARED FOR TAKEOFF TAKEOFF - Aviation English Course

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APRESENTAÇÃO Este material é direcionado a pilotos que procuram orientações a respeito do Exame de Proficiência Linguística em Inglês da ANAC. Desde o dia 05 de março de 2009, todos os pilotos que necessitam realizar realizar voos fora do espaço aéreo sob controle brasileiro devem apresentar em seus Certificados de Habilitação Técnica a averbação de proficiência linguística em Inglês (serão autorizados a compor a tripulação técnica os pilotos que comprovarem proficiência linguística nível 4 ou5). O Exame foi criado pela OACI (Organização de Aviação Civil Internacional) com o intuito de aumentar a segurança nas comunicações radiotelefônicas entre pilotos e controladores de voo. Sendo o Brasil um dos países-membros da OACI, cabe a ANAC (Agência Nacional de Aviação Civil) a responsabilidade de certificar pilotos de aviões e helicópteros. Para que tais pilotos comprovem proficiência linguística, deverão demonstrar habilidade de falar e entender a linguagem utilizada em comunicações radiotelefônicas, radiotelefônicas, através da realização de um teste de Inglês, o Santos Dumont English Assessment, que é uma entrevista oral composta por quatro partes. O intuito deste material, ainda que embasado em regulamentos oficiais, é aprimorar os conhecimentos técnicos necessários, não tendo como objetivo substituir regulamentos vigentes ou manuais de operação. O conteúdo inclui a linguagem necessária para uma comunicação efetiva em situações anormais, pontos gramaticais importantes e vocabulário técnico. Espero contribuir com os leitores, auxiliando no processo de aprendizagem do inglês aeronáutico. Aline Chelfo


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SANTOS DUMONT ENGLISH ASSESSMENT O Exame de Proficiência Linguística é uma entrevista oral composta por quatro partes: Parte 1: Aviation Topics- Personal & Aviation Related Questions

Na primeira parte, “Aviation Topics’ , os candidatos devem responder questões gerais relativas a sua experiência profissional e a atividades cotidianas no desempenho de suas funções. O objetivo de tais questões é fazer os candidatos se sentirem confortáveis durante a entrevista e assim criar uma atmosfera favorável para que possam demonstrar seu conhecimento do idioma. Entretanto, essas respostas também são avaliadas, devendo ser informativas e tendo duração aproximada de 1 (um) minuto cada.

Parte 2: Interacting as a Pilot - Audio Na segunda parte do teste, “Interacting as a Pilot”, o candidato vai interagir com o controle de

tráfego aéreo desempenhando o papel do piloto . Três diferentes comunicações radiotelefônicas radiotelefônicas são apresentadas por meio de dois áudios em cada uma delas. O candidato pode ouvir até duas vezes cada gravação. Caso sinta essa necessidade, é importante que o candidato solicite essa repetição, interagindo como um piloto – ele não será penalizado por isso. Dentro de cada situação, que pode ser previsível ou

inesperada, o candidato deve agir como num role-play – isto é, entrar no papel de piloto e interagir com o controlador de forma apropriada, confirmando ou esclarecendo mal entendidos como se estivesse numa situação real. Da mesma forma que o faria se estivesse numa cabine, candidato deve fazer anotações enquanto escuta os áudios. Todas as informações são importantes. Ao final de cada situação da parte 2, após interagir com o controlador, o candidato reportará ao examinador todas as informações compreendidas do último áudio. O objetivo da parte dois é avaliar a capacidade de compreensão e interação apropriadas do candidato.


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Parte 3: Unexpected Situations – Audio

Na terceira parte do exame, “ Unexpected Situations”, o candi dato escuta três situações de

emergência diferentes, apresentadas apresentadas por meio de gravações de diálogos radiotelefônicos entre piloto e controlador. Nesta parte do teste também é permitido fazer anotações. Cada interação é tocada automaticamente duas vezes, havendo uma pausa de 5 segundos entre elas. Em seguida, o candidato deve reportar todas as informações que conseguiu compreender, reportadas reportadas pelo piloto e pelo controlador, bem como responder a uma questão proposta pelo examinador. No final da Parte 3, o candidato deve comparar as emergências que escutou com relação ao grau de severidade, soluções possíveis e formas de prevenção. O objetivo desta parte é não apenas avaliar a capacidade do candidato de identificar e compreender situações reais de emergência ou complicações situacionais através de gravações (canal não-visual), como também de interagir com o examinador ao relatar o que ouviu (face-aface), fazendo a transição da fraseologia padronizada para o inglês geral. Além disso, as perguntas propostas pelo examinador na parte 3 dão ao candidato a oportunidade de expandir mais suas respostas e de demonstrar melhor sua proficiência no idioma.


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Parte 4: Picture Description and Discussion

Na quarta parte do exame, “Picture Description”, o candidato deve descrever uma foto ou figura e, então, responder às questões propostas pelo examinador, inferindo, avaliando, levantando hipóteses e comparando as consequências ocorridas em eventos passados, atuais e passíveis de ocorrer no futuro. Em todas as versões é apresentada uma afirmação (statement) relacionada com aviação, e o candidato deve expressar se concorda ou não n ão com ela, justificando sua opinião com argumentos argumentos e exemplos. O objetivo desta parte é avaliar o desempenho do candidato ao sustentar conversas, expressando expressando e justificando opiniões sobre um tópico relacionado a aviação. A habilidade em desenvolver, satisfatoriamente, satisfatoriamente, diálogos de alto nível relacionados ao seu trabalho, utilizando o inglês geral, é o ponto crucial. fotos ou figuras. Examinador e candidato devem discutir sobre a situação em si, inferindo, avaliando, usando argumentos e comparando as consequências consequências ocorridas em eventos passados, atuais e passíveis de ocorrer no futuro. O objetivo desta parte é avaliar o desempenho do candidato ao relatar suas opiniões e explicações. A habilidade do candidato em desenvolver satisfatoriamente satisfatoriamente diálogos de alto grau de complexidade no trabalho é o ponto crucial desta parte. A interação entre o mesmo e o examinador é gravada para posterior avaliação da produção oral.


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CONTENTS

UNITS

OPERATIONAL TOPICS •

01 AIRPORT OPERATIONS –

Page 09

• • •

•

02 EN ROUTE EVENTS –

Page 12

• • •

•

03 GROUND MOVEMENTS –

Page 15

• • •

•

04 METEOROLOGY –

Page 18

• • •

•

05 MEDICAL ISSUES –

Page 21

• • •

•

06

FIRE & FUEL

–

Page 24

• • •

LANGUAGE FUNCTIONS

AVIATION VOCABULARY

Airport Layout Miscommunication Runway Incursion Equipment And Staff

-Personal Pronouns -Simple Verb Tenses -Questions -Possessives

-ICAO Alphabet -Air infrastructure -Numbers -Signs & Markings

Onboard Situations Navigation Technology Special Flights

-Determiners -Auxiliary Verbs -Continuous Tenses -Reported Speech

-Embarking -Abbreviations -Visual Features -Flight instruments

Startup and Pushback Ground Collisions Delays Cargo

- Adjectives & adverbs - Synonyms - Cause and Effect - Easily confused words

METAR; TAF; ATIS Adverse Conditions De-icing Procedures Volcanic Ash

- Conditions - Word Endings - Have Something Done - Clarifying & Rephrasing - Paraphrasing - Dealing with lack of language - Expressing needs - Still, yet and already - Quantifiers - Stress and Intonation - Speeches - Asking for help

- Ground Equipment - Navaids - Aerodrome layout - Collisions and issues - Weather reports - Wind & turbulence - Weather Words - Abnormalities

Emergencies Medlink Pilot Incapacitation Food Poisoning Fire on board Engine malfunction Fuel starvation Dangerous Goods

- Emergencies - Symptoms of stress - Pilot’s health - Passengers Behavior - Alerts - Types of fire - Firefighting - Fuel system


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An airport is a facility where passengers connect from ground transportation to air transportation. It is a location where aircraft such airplanes and helicopters takeoff and land. Aircraft may also be stored or maintained at an airport. It must have runway, taxiways, hangars and terminal buildings. An airfield is an area where an aircraft can land and takeoff, which may or may not be equipped with any navigational aids or markings. Many grass strips are also designated as airfields. An aerodrome is a defined area on land or water (including any buildings, installations and equipment) intended to be used either wholly or in part for the arrival, departure and surface movement of aircraft.

I. QUESTIONS

1) According to the text, what is the difference between airport, airfield and aerodromes?

2) What was the most incredible place you have ever landed at?

3) How do you think airports will be in the future? 9 CLEARED FOR TAKEOFF TAKEOFF - Aviation English Course

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4) What’s your opinion about Brazilian infrastructure? infrastructure?

II. VOCABULARY


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III. GRAMMAR in the Air

-

Fill the blanks with the correct subject pronouns:

1) _____ is the Captain of the the flight. (George) (George) 2) _____ landed on runway 17 right. (An A380) 3) _____ have 2 more more flights today today right after after lunch. (Me) 4) _____ work for the same airline airline company. (Kevin (Kevin and I) 11 CLEARED FOR TAKEOFF TAKEOFF - Aviation English Course

[ICAO NA PROA] 5) _____ flies airplanes and helicopters. helicopters. (Anna) 6) _____ need to fill a report report of your accident. accident. 7) _____ must check the weather weather forecast forecast before every every flight. (You and Joseph) Joseph) 8) _____ live on the same apartment apartment and (Chris (Chris and Steve)

MISCOMMUNICATION Miscommunication in aviation remains a serious threat to safety. Factors such as pilots workload, quality of audio signal, accent of pilot or controller, English language proficiency of operator, and failure to use standard phraseology are all thought to contribute to communication errors. It had contributed to the deaths of more than 2000 people who have been killed in plane crashes since the mid-1970s. Given that radio communication is the main means of communication between air traffic controllers and pilots, effective communication "is crucial for aviation safety".

The study of aviation communication is related to our understanding of English, and differences between native English speakers and speakers of English as a second language in high risk situations. Effective communication is paramount in ensuring the success of the global aviation industry. An investigation of a runway collision between two Boeing 747s in the Canary Islands in 1977 revealed the Dutchspeaking pilot's lack of English proficiency may have contributed to the accident. The aftermath of the collision between KLM and Pan Am 747s in the Canary Islands in 1977.

The accident, involving a Pan Am jumbo and a KLM plane, claimed the lives of 583 people — making it the deadliest accident in aviation history. A transcript of cockpit communication leading to the 1990 crash of Avianca flight 52 in New York revealed the pilot did not declare an emergency situation when he reported being low on fuel. The plane crew reported " running out of fuel" instead of signaling an emergency situation with the words "Mayday" or "Pan Pan", another international distress signal.


[ICAO NA PROA] IV. QUESTIONS

1) According to the text, what is miscommunication? miscommunication?

2) What is crucial for aviation safety?

3) What was the reason of the accident involving PanAm and KLM?

4) How can pilots avoid miscommunication? miscommunication?

V. VOCABULARY

A - ALFA

AL fah

N - NOVEMBER

no VEM ber

B - BRAVO

BRAH voh

O - OSCAR

OSS car

C - CHARLIE

CHAR lee OR SHAR lee

P - PAPA

pah PAH

D - DELTA

DELL tah

Q - QUEBEC

keh BECK

E - ECHO

ECK oh

R - ROMEO

ROW me oh

F - FOXTROT

FOKS trot

S - SIERRA

see AIR rah

G - GOLF

golf

T - TANGO

TANG go

H - HOTEL

hoh TEL

U - UNIFORM

YOU nee form OR OO nee form

I - INDIA

IN dee ah

V - VICTOR

VIK tah

J - JULIET

JEW lee ETT

W - WHISKEY

WISS key

K - KILO

KEY loh

X - X-RAY

ECKS ray

L - LIMA

LEE mah

Y - YANKEE

YANG key

M - MIKE

mike

Z - ZULU

ZOO loo


[ICAO NA PROA] VI. GRAMMAR in the AIR

- Chose the correct form of the verb to be - am/is/are. 1. It ____cold today. 2. I ____on duty now. 3. They _____ flight engineers . 4. There ____ a pen on the desk. 5. My name ____ Sully. 6. We ____ from Ukraine. 7. That taxiway ____ to the right. 8. She ____ an English teacher.


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Complete the sentences using the correct form of the verb.

Examples: a) I (be) am a pilot of Phenom100. b) Joseph (fly) flies flies Bell 429. He (not fly) doesn’t fly airplanes. c) Does she have an FAA license? license? Yes, she does. / No, she doesn’t. d) In Congonhas an airplane (take off) takes off and (land) lands every 3 minutes. e) A Boeing 757 (have) has an override function. It (not have) doesn’t have ultimate control.

1) I 1) I (be) _______ sixteen years old. 2) Tommy 2) Tommy (live) ________ ________ at 107 Pine Lane.

3) My 3) My company (have) ________ more than 100 aircraft. 4) They (eat)_______ lunch at 12:00. 15 CLEARED FOR TAKEOFF TAKEOFF - Aviation English Course

[ICAO NA PROA] 5) You 5) You (need) _________ _________ to go around when you are not stabilized. stabilized. 6) I I (love) __________ 6) __________ cold weather. 7) He 7) He (go)___________ (go)___________ to the airport early in the morning. 8) We 8) We (want)___________ (want)___________ to depart depart before before midnight. midnight. 9) Mr. 9) Mr. Anderson (teach)__________ (teach)__________ meteorology at ACA Flight Flight School. 10) They 10) They (study)___________ (study)___________ before they go to the flight simulator training. 11) I 11) I (want) ___________ to turn left on the left exit. 12) All 12) All air traffic controllers (have) ________ __________ __ a license to work. 13) We 13) We (undergo)__________ (undergo )__________ medical exam once a year. 14) It (snow)___________ (snow)_______ ____ here in December. 15) When 15) When the ground staff (wash) _________ _________ the helicopter they (let) _______ it dry by itself.


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RUNWAY INCURSION A Runway Incursion is defined as “Any occurrence at an aerodrome involving the incorrect presence

of an aircraft vehicle or person on the protected area of a surface designated for the landing and take off of aircraft”. (ICAO Doc 4444 - PANS-ATM) It should be noted that this 'incorrect presence' may be a consequence of a failure of a pilot to comply with a valid ATC clearance or their compliance with an inappropriate ATC clearance.

Effects

An increased risk of serious collision serious collision for aircraft on the ground. When collisions occur off the the runway, the aircraft and/or vehicles involved are usually travelling relatively slowly: in contrast, when a collision occurs on the runway, at least one of the aircraft involved will often be travelling at considerable speed which increases the risk of significant aircraft damage and the severity of the consequences therefrom, including serious or fatal injury.

Most Common Types

Aircraft runway entry contrary to ATC clearance Aircraft runway crossing after landing ▪ contrary to ATC clearance Towed aircraft runway crossing contrary to ▪ ATC clearance ▪

VII. VOCABULARY (Contributory Factors)

MULTIPLE SIMULTANEOU LINE-UPS

WEATHER

CONDITIONAL CLEARANCES 17

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[ICAO NA PROA] AERODROME DESIGN CONDITIONAL CLEARANCES

I.

SIMULTANEOUS USE OF INTERSECTING RUNWAYS ENGLISH LANGUAGE COMPETENCE

PHRASEOLOGY

__________________________. Low visibility may increase the chance of flight crew becoming disorientated and unsure of their position whilst taxying. Low visibility is also likely to restrict a controller’s ability to

identify and follow aircraft visually so that cross-checking cross-checking a reported aircraft position with its actual location may become impossible unless Surface unless Surface Movement Radar is available. II. __________________ _________________________ _______ If, as a consequence of aerodrome design, aircraft have to cross active runways to move between their take off or landing runway and their parking position, the likelihood of runway incursions is increased. This risk may be reduced if the LRST the LRST identifies the Runway the Runway Hotspots thereby created and effective risk mitigation is developed and applied. Operation with intersecting active runways is also likely to require careful consideration to ensure that the inherently increased risk of conflict is adequately managed. III. __________________ ___________________________ _________________ ________ Use of Multiple Multiple Line-ups for a series of aircraft departures from the same runway from different entry positions may increase the potential for runway collision. IV. _________________ ________________________ _______________ ________ If conditional conditional clearances are used, the risk consequent upon any error in their issue or actioning may be increased because of errors in aircraft identification by adjacent aircraft. The chances of such errors are increased if aircraft livery does not readily correspond to the RTF call sign being used; this is sometimes the result of airline alliance livery policies or the ad hoc operational substitution of leased-in aircraft. V. _________________ ________________________ ______________. _______. Unless ATM SOPs ATM SOPs are carefully formulated and rigorously applied, use of intersecting runways can significantly raise the risk of both runway incursions and Loss of 18 CLEARED FOR TAKEOFF TAKEOFF - Aviation English Course

[ICAO NA PROA] Separation between aircraft near the ground and aircraft on the ground. At some airports where intersecting runways are used, especially in the USA, Land and Hold Short Operations are part of normal procedures. These are considered by some non-US non -US aircraft operators to introduce an unacceptable level of additional risk; consequently, their flight crews are instructed to decline offers of such clearances. VI. _________________ ________________________ __________ ___ Use of Non-Standard Non-Standard Phraseology or non-adherence to Standard to Standard Phraseology can lead to clearance confusion and misunderstanding between flight crew and controllers. In particular the standard expression "Taxi into position and hold" used in the USA in place of the ICAO Phrase "Line up and wait" is worthy of note. VII. ________ VII. _________________ ________________ ___________ ____ Despite the introduction by ICAO of a system of validating competence in Aviation English, instances of pilots whose native language is not English misunderstanding taxi clearances still occur.

GROUND EQUIPMENT AND STAFF 1.

2.

3. 19


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In aviation, groundcrew or ground staff are the support personnel that service aircraft service aircraft on the ground – as opposed to aircrew (___), who operate an aircraft while in flight. The term groundcrew is used

by both airlines and military aviation. 4.

5.

6.

Airline ground crew members include : technicians (___), ramp agents/ marshallers (___), customer service agents (___) and flight dispatchers dispatchers (___).

Ground crew members

are responsible for clearing the runway and gate area of any debris or damage (___) by an object garbage, in order to prevent foreign object damage

being sucked into an engine. The crew visually inspects the tarmac (____) and removes any items found; this is typically called a "FOD walk" and walk" and is done prior to an aircraft's arrival and departure.

7.


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1. How can you define runway incursion?

2. What is a non-standard transmission?

3. What do you think of the Brazilian airport infrastructure? infrastructure?

4. How important is the phraseology?

5. What are companies doing to improve English Proficiency?

6. What’s the most critical phase of the flight?


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AIRPORT SIGNS AND MARKINGS


[ICAO NA PROA] -

Match the words in the two columns:

a) Outbound destination sign

1) The runway on which your aircraft is

b) Runway boundary sign

2) Holding point markings

c) ILS critical area boundary sign

3) Taxiway you’re on

d) Taxiway ending markings

4) Directions to common taxi routes

e) Taxiway location sign

5) Termination of the taxiway

f) Direction sign for runway exit

6) Visible to pilots exiting the rwy

g) Runway location sign

7) Out of clear of ILS critical area

h) Runway holding position sign

8) Approaching taxiway


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ONBOARD SITUATIONS During a flight, pilots must pay attention to all phases, including flight plan clearance, embarking, cargo loading, start-up procedures, taxiing, take-off roll, cruising, landing, disembarking and parking. A good way to memorize a flight plan clearance is using a mnemonic process called CRAFT. CRAFT stands for: •

learance limit, the end point of the clearance (usually, but not always, the C learance

destination airport) Route, the route that the flight is to follow as part of the clearance (often the route originally filed, although ATC may change this) Altitude, the initial altitude to be maintained by the flight, plus, in many cases, a time at which cruise altitude clearance may be expected F requency requency , the frequency to which the pilot(s) should tune upon leaving the departure airport T ransponder ransponder , the transponder code that must be set for the aircraft prior to departure and during the flight. T also stands for time, as in void time, if one is issued. A void time is an expiration time, meaning, the IFR clearance is voided if the aircraft is not airborne by the void time. If there is no delay or computer problem, EOBT and ETD are often as planned. •

•

•

•

VOCABULARY


[ICAO NA PROA] ETD

ETA

EOBT

TRACON

APP

ACC

TWR

GND

CLR

ATIS

NOTAM

AFIS

POB

TCAS

1._______ automatic terminal information service

8.________ clearance delivery

2._______ ground control

9.________ tower control3._______ control3._______

traffic collision avoidance system

10._______ estimated off-blocks

time4._______ terminal radar approach control

11._______ aerodrome flight info

service5._______ service5._______ approach control

12._______ notice to airman 6._______

rea control center

13._______ estimated time of

arrival7._______ estimated time of departure

14._______ persons onboard

GRAMMAR in the AIR


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- Choose A or AN to complete the exercise: 1. ______pilot

11. ______ very stormy area

2. ______seat ______seat

12. ______ airport

3. ______emergency ______emergency

13. ______inbound traffic

4. ______ fire truck

14. ______ extremely large airplane

5. ______ answer

15 . ______ light rain

6. ______ clearance

16. ______ fantastic infrastructure

7. ______routine ______routine flight

17. ______ unusually situation

8. ______investigation

18. ______ hour ago

9. ______ flight plan

19. ______ expensive meal

10. ______ old habit habit

20. ______ hard landing


[ICAO NA PROA] NAVIGATION

Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 was a scheduled international international passenger flight that disappeared on

8 March 2014 while flying from Kuala Lumpur – Malaysia to Beijing - China. The aircraft, a Boeing 777-200ER operated by Malaysia Airlines last made voice contact with air traffic control at 01:19 MYT 8 March (17:19 UTC, 7 March) when it was over the South China Sea, less than an hour after takeoff. The aircraft disappeared from air traffic controllers' radar screens at 01:22 MYT. The aircraft was carrying 12 Malaysian crew members and 227 passengers from 15 15 nations. The multinational search effort for the aircraft is the largest and most expensive in aviation history. Several pieces of marine debris found on the coast of Africa and on Indian Ocean islands off the coast of Africa, the first discovered on 29 July 2015 on Réunion, have been confirmed as pieces of Flight 370. However, the bulk of the aircraft has still not been located, prompting many theories about its disappearance. In response to Flight 370's disappearance, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) adopted new standards for aircraft position reporting over open ocean, extended recording time for cockpit voice recorders, and, from 2020, will require new aircraft designs to have a means to recover the flight recorders, or the information they contain, before the recorders sink below water.

QUESTIONS CLEARED FOR TAKEOFF TAKEOFF - Aviation English Course

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1.) According to text, how did controllers notice that Flight 370 had vanished?

2.) What are the possible causes of that disappearanc d isappearance? e?

3.) How can technology enhance navigation accuracy?

4.) What has ICAO done to prevent situations like that?

GRAMMAR in the Air 28 CLEARED FOR TAKEOFF TAKEOFF - Aviation English Course

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1. Last week my copilot and I ___________ ___________ (travel) to the USA. 2. Anna ___________ ___________ (not copy) the flight plan. p lan. She is still talking to the flight dispatcher. 3. I ________ (fly) 22 hours past week. It was a busy week! 4. __________ __________ you ________ ________ (check) oil level? level? Yes, I did. did. 5. All pilots and ATC _________ _________ (need) to undergo a severe training to work here. 6. All passengers ______________ ______________ (embark) the plane on time. 7. The ground technician _______________ _______________ (report) there was a fuel leak. 8. We were expecting to depart at 5 but the weather ___________ ___________ (not get) get) better.


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AVIATION IRREGULAR VERBS VERB

SIMPLE PAST

PARTICIPLE

MAKE (A TURN) GO (AROUND) TAKE (OFF) GET (OUT) LEAVE (THE APRON) GIVE (WAY) HAVE (PROBLEMS) HIT (THE TREES) PUT (THE MASK) CUT (THE ENGINE) BRING (THE PASSENGERS) CATCH (FIRE) OVERRIDE (THE RWY) LOSE (THE ENGINE) FLY LOSE (CONTACT) SEND (A MESSAGE) COME (TO THE GATE) FEEL (UNCOMFORTABLE) DO (A DEVIATION) SEE (THE MARSHALLER) FALL (INTO THE OCEAN)


[ICAO NA PROA] CREATING AND REORGANIZING SENTENCES 1) Translate the text below to Portuguese:

“Saudi Arabian Airlines Flight 163 departed Riyadh, Saudi Arabia at 21:08 local time en route to Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. About seven minutes into the flight, the cargo

compartment smoke detector system “B” alarm was heard in the flight deck. Fifty-nine seconds later, the other cargo compartment smoke detector was also heard in the flight deck.” __________________________ _____________________________________ ________________________ __________________________ ____________________ _______ __________________________ _____________________________________ ________________________ __________________________ ____________________ _______ ___________________________ _______________________________________ _________________________ ________________________ __________________ _______ __________________________ _____________________________________ _______________________________ ________________________________ _____________ _ 2) Fill in the blanks using the verbs from the box. Use the Simple Past: For the next four minutes, the flight crew ________ (begin (begin)) troubleshooting the alarms and ___________( and ___________(attempt attempt)) to find the procedure for dual cargo smoke alarms in the flight manual. The flight engineer __________( engineer __________(leave leave)) the flight deck to check on the conditions in the passenger cabin. Thirty-six seconds later, the flight engineer __________(return __________(return)) to the flight deck and _________ and _________ (report (report)) a fire in the cabin. About 12 minutes into the flight, the captain __________ (initiate (initiate)) a return to Riyadh. This _____ (be (be)) about 18 minutes before the airplane __________(come __________(come)) to a stop.


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TECHNOLOGY

Drones

Popularly known as drones, but also referred to as remotely piloted aircraft systems (RPAS) or unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV ) they come in a variety of shapes and sizes, ranging from small handheld types up to large aircraft, potentially a similar size to airliners. They are everywhere. Clearly they are a safety threat. Commercial airliners and GA (general aviation) pilots have been reporting increasingly more near misses at signifi cantly less than 500’ with a UAV on short final. Imagine

a full passenger aircraft sucking one into its engine at full power on takeoff over a populated area. One of the most recent incidents occurred March 18, when a Lufthansa flight from Frankfurt approaching Los Angeles International Airport reported a drone flew about 200 feet above the Airbus A380. Police and sheriff’s department helicopters were dispatched to search for the drone, the Los Angeles Times reported. Times reported. Because of incidents like this, regulators have been working feverishly to formulate rules for how to incorporate commercial drone operations into U.S. airspace and trying to educate hobbyists about staying out of the way of airliners.

Just like any other aircraft, an unmanned aircraft must always be flown in a safe manner, both with respect to other aircraft in the air and also to people and properties on the ground.


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QUESTIONS

1.) According to text, why are drones a risk to aviation?

2.) What are the possible damages an impact between a drone and a aircraft can cause?

3.) How can technology enhance safety to this situation?

4.) What have regulators done to prevent collisions risks?

VOCABULARY SHAPE ABOVE

HANDHELD REGULATORS

THREAT

INCREASINGLY

FEVERISHLY

TO DISPATCH

HOBBYISTS

MANNER

-Match the words in the box with the right definitions: 1) The opposite to below ________________ ________________

6) Progressively ________________

2) Marked by an intense emotion ____________ ____________ 7) Mode, style style or way way ____________ ____________ 3) The form or outline of an object ____________ 8) Terror; menace _______________ _______________ 4) An official responsible for controls 9) To send off __________________ __________________ of public activity __________________________ __________________________ 5) Small and light enough to be operate 10) A person who pursuit hobbies while you hold it in your hands ______________ ______________ ________________________ _____________________________ _____


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GRAMMAR in the Air

Present Continuous examples: -

Tom is flying to the USA. He left Brazil last night and he will get there in the afternoon.

-

Two military jets are taxiing to runway 09 left. Give way to those traffics.

Past Continuous examples: -

CFT airlines was giving classes for Russian pilots in 2015. They completed the course in 2016.

-

The drone almost collided with them while they were flying over Sao Paulo

Future Continuous examples : -

QATAR will be hiring new pilots soon. They’ve upgraded t he fleet.

-

Anna is a Captain of an EC155. She will be landing on an oilrig for the first time tomorrow.


[ICAO NA PROA]

EXERCISING!

-


1.) I ______________________ ______________________ (have lunch) right now. I need to depart soon. 2.) _______ this this Airbus 330 __________ __________ (fly) (fly) here in Dubai? Amazing airplane! airplane! 3.) You ________ always ________________ (come) later for the meetings last week. 4.) __________ __________ you _____________ _____________ (refuel) the the plane? Yeah, I was. was. 5.) Flight 370 _________________ _________________ (depart) (depart) right now. 6.) Cabin crew members _________ (not) ______________ ______________ (stay) at this hotel. 7.) ATCO ___________________ (call) us. Read back the message. 8.) All flights were cancelled. The weather ________________ _____________________ _____ (get) worse. 9.) _______ John John _____________ _____________ (work) for Avianc a? No, he isn’t. 10.) My first solo flight was amazing. The CFI _______________ __________________ ___ (talk) to me before I took of so that I could relax a little.


[ICAO NA PROA]

SPECIAL FLIGHTS

VIP FLIGHTS

Besides GA (general aviation) and commercial flights, pilots can be submitted to a very distinctive task: they are responsible for carrying VIP passengers such as chiefs of state,

professional athletes, world famous celebrities, religious leaders and others. The security of a flight like that has a very elevated level of importance. Closures due to Air Force One flights are inconvenient but necessary sometimes.

AEROBATIC FLIGHTS FLIGHTS

Aerobatics is the practice of flying maneuvers involving aircraft

altitudes that are not used in normal flights. Most of them involve rotation of the aircraft about its longitudinal (roll) axis or lateral (pitch) axis. Other maneuvers, such as a spin, displace the aircraft about its vertical (yaw) axis. Aerobatic flying requires a broader set of piloting skills and exposes the aircraft to greater structural stress than for normal flight.

AIR AMBULANCE

Air medical services are the use of air transportation,

airplane or helicopter, to move patients to and from healthcare facilities and accident scenes.

Helicopters are used to transport patients between hospitals and from trauma scenes; fixed-wing aircraft are used for long-haul transport. 36 CLEARED FOR TAKEOFF TAKEOFF - Aviation English Course

[ICAO NA PROA]

QUESTIONS

1.) According to text, what are the three different types of special flights?

2.) Should VIP flights be treated differently differently to other flights? Why? Why not?

3.) Have you ever been to an air show? How was w as it like?

4.) What kind of special cares should air ambulance personnel take?

VOCABULARY DISTINCTED HEALTHCARE

CLOSURES

MANEUVER

TRAUMA SCENES

BROADER LONG HAUL

-Match the words in the box with the right definitions: 1.) Preservation of mental and physical care ___________________ 2.) Different; not alike; not similar ____________________________ ____________________________ 3.) A journey over a long distance di stance _______________________ ___________________________ ____ 4.) A place of an accident that caused injuries __________________ __________________ 5.) Greater than; bigger; wider ______________________________ ______________________________ 6.) A deliberate coordinated movement _______________________ _______________________ 7.) Blockage; occlusion; obstruction; stop _____________________ _____________________


[ICAO NA PROA] GRAMMAR in the Air

Simple Present

Simple Past

I’m ready for takeoff → He said he was ready for takeoff Present Continuous

I’m taking off now

→

Past Continuous

He said he was taking off then

Simple Past

I took off yesterday yesterday

Past Perfect → Mike

said he had taken off the day

before Present Perfect

I have aborted takeoff

Past Perfect →

He said he had aborted t/o

Will

Would

I’ll report leaving twy A → Mike said he would report leaving twy A Can

I can stop taxiing

Could → Mike

said he could stop taxiing

EXERCISING!

-

Change the sentences to reported speech:

1.) We are initiating descent now. __________________________________________________ 2.) I can give you vectors. _________________________________________________________ 3.) We flew to Mexico City last week. _______________________________________________ 4.) I have already been to an accident. ______________________________________________ 5.) We have no flaps or speed brakes. _______________________________________________ 6.) I am not the chief purser. ______________________________________________________ 7.) We will not allow any flight disturbance __________________________________________ 38 CLEARED FOR TAKEOFF TAKEOFF - Aviation English Course

[ICAO NA PROA] VOCABULARY Visual Features COASTLINE VALLEY

RIVER

FIELDS

DAM

WOODS

QUARRY

SUBSTATION

RANGE JETTY

MAST

OILRIG

HILLS HARBOR

POWER LINES CREEK

CLIFF

HIGHWAY

FACTORY

RAILWAY FARM

1) Powerhouse Powerhou se ________________ 2) Waterway ________________ 3) Road _____________ 4) Series of mountains ___________ 5) Pier ____________________ 6) Precipice__________ Precipi ce__________ 7) Oil platform _________________ 8) Seashore _________________ 9) Peaks ____________ 10) Electric cables _______________11) _______________ 11) Railroad ________________ 12) Dale _____________ 13) Excavation _________________ 14) Forests __________________ 15) Bay _____________ 16) Plantation _________________ _________________ 17) Post _____________ _____________________ ________ 18) Ranch ___________ ___________ 19) Industry Industr y ___________________ 20) Water barrier _____________ 21) Port ____________

Flight Instruments

____DG – Directional Gyro ____ASI – Air Speed Indicator ____VSI – Vertical Speed Indicator ____ALT – Altimeter ____TC – Turn Coordinator ____AI – Altitude Indicator


[ICAO NA PROA]

S TARTUP AND PUSH BACK To start and push back an aircraft, a ground crew is usually needed and is typically provided by the airport, and paid for by the airline. Several accidents have occurred over the years during engine start and pushback and so good goo d communication with the ground crew over the intercom is essential. Once the aircraft’s red flashing beacon is lit all non-essential ground crew must stay clear of the aircraft. If the aircraft is at a gate it will require push back, which requires a tug. If parked on a stand it is often acceptable to taxi the aircraft directly from the stand. ATC may provide a conditional clearance stating that pushback is approved once an aircraft passing behind has cleared. This must then be passed onto the ground crew. The engines are usually started during the pushback. Traditionally engine start has been a critical element as it has resulted in problems, such as hot starts and hung starts. With modern engine control systems these problems are very rare however the crew still pay a lot of attention to the engine gauges during engine start, and look for indications of problems. Once the engines are running and all after start checklists checklists have been completed a taxi clearance will be obtained. 40 CLEARED FOR TAKEOFF TAKEOFF - Aviation English Course

[ICAO NA PROA] GRAMMAR in the Air ADJECTIVES describe NOUNS

ADVERBS describe VERBS

Safe operation

Operating safely

Smooth landing

Landing smoothly

Good work

Working well

Efficient pilots

Piloting efficiently

Responsible actions

Acting responsibly

Inadvertent flight

Flying inadvertently

Quick stop

Stopping quickly

*Many words have both an adjective and adverb form

-

Complete the sentences using an adverb or an adjective:

1.

___________________________________ _______________ He reads the flight manual (quick ) ______________________

2.

B777 is a machine. (pretty)__________________________________________

3.

The class is loud today. (terrible)_____________________________________

4.

Max is a technician. (good)__________________________________________

5.

You can open this box. (eas (eas y) _______________________ ____________________________________ _________________ ____

6.

It's a day today. (terrible)____________________________________________

7.

She flies the helicopter (g ood) ood) _________________________ ______________________________________ _______________

8.

He is a(n) ATCO. (careful)___________________________________________

9.

(careful)________________________________________ He pilots the chopper (careful)________________________________________

10.

The engine sounds(loud)____________________________________________


[ICAO NA PROA]

GROUND COLLISIONS A Northwest Airlines DC-9 that had reported hydraulic problems collided with a Northwest Airbus on the ground, injuring six people. The DC-9 landing from Columbus, Ohio, lost control of steering as it was taxiing to its gate and the Airbus was backing away from its gate for takeoff to San Antonio. The injured included four crew members from the DC-9, including the pilots, and two ground employees. No passengers were hurt during the incident, but afterward one passenger complained of shortness of breath and was treated as a precaution. None of the injuries appeared life threatening. The escape slide on the Airbus had been deployed. After the crash, the DC-9 appeared to be partially lodged underneath the Airbus. The top of the DC-9's cockpit area was sliced by the Airbus' wing, and the fuselage made contact with the tail section of the Airbus. National Transportation Safety Board was investigating, and the planes could not be moved until investigators arrived. The planes were not affecting other air traffic. The hydraulic system on an aircraft controls mechanics such as steering.


[ICAO NA PROA]

QUESTIONS

1.)According 1.)According to the text, why did this collision happen?

2.)Describe 2.)Describe the picture. Mention as many details as possible.

3.)How 3.)How can ground collisions be avoided?

4.) To what extent do you agree or disagree with the statement: ground crew must be responsible to guide all landing traffic until they cut off the engines.

GROUND EQUIPMENT

JET REFUELER WATER TANK BAGGAGE CONVEYOR

AIRSTAIRS TOILET TRUCK CATERING TRUCK VESTIBULE DOOR TOW TRACTOR


[ICAO NA PROA]

DELAYS and CARGO

Air traffic control is a very complex service that works 24 hours a day and 365 days per year. Millions of aircraft are guided safely and expeditiously through a World Airspace System to their destinations. Only in the USA around 2,246,004 passengers fly every day. And all of it depends on one singular thing: technology. So what if it fails? According to FAA and EASA, many international airports have already been disrupted after problems with a computer server and consequently some flights were cancelled, others diverted and the majority delayed. As a consequence of the backlog, companies have a huge loss. Technicians have to work under high h igh pressure to get all servers up to speed again. In addition to this, there are some other very common problems during embarking and loading, such as missing passengers, cargo hold issues and even employers on strike. Some companies have already banned pets from being checked like luggage. Livestock in the hold, besides causing a significant extra workload to cargo workers can also compromise the integrity of the airplane. American Airlines Airlines decided to do so after a pit bull damaged cables and the hold’s bulkheads and door when it escaped from its cage.


[ICAO NA PROA] QUESTIONS 1.) According to the text, what are the possible causes of a flight delay?

2.) Describe the pictures. Mention as many details as possible.

3.) Can you mention any other contributing factor to delays? del ays?

4.) To what extent do you agree or disagree with the statement: airline companies are responsible for the integrity and safety of pets that are transported in the cargo compartment. VOCABULARY – FALSE COGNATES

INGLÊS Actually

O QUE É?

COM O QUE PARECE?

Na verdade

Atualmente: currently, currently, nowadays

Beef

Carne bovina

Bife: steak

College

Faculdade

Colégio: High school

Costume

Fantasia

Costume: tradition

Deception

Enganação, mentira

Decepção: disappointment

Library Novel Parent Prejudice Pretend Push Support

Biblioteca

Livraria: bookstore

Romance como gênero literário

Novela: soap opera

Pais

Parente: relatives

Preconceito

Prejudicar: damage

Fingir

Pretender: intend

Empurrar

Puxar: pull Puxar: pull

Apoiar, dar apoio

Suportar: to bear

Complete the sentences with the words in the box:

ACTUALLY PARENTS PRETEND SUPPORT RELAY PRETEND ULTIMATE 1.) If a pilot has _______________ _______________ control, then he/she takes the final decision. 2.) Bird strike is _______________ _______________ a serious problem. 3.) When you are tired you don’t need to _______________ _______________ to be fine. Tell it to your boss! 4.) My ______________ ______________ still live in Brazil. I can visit them very often. 5.) Anac 123, can you hear me? Could you please ____________ ____________ the message to the ATC? 6.) When I moved to China my family couldn’t ____________ ____________ me. It was really hard for me. 45 CLEARED FOR TAKEOFF TAKEOFF - Aviation English Course

[ICAO NA PROA]

How can weather affect aircraft? Wind, more than rain, directly affects how an aircraft flies because the movement of air creates lift over the wings. Shifts in air pressure, wind speed or direction can impact how much lift is created with sudden changes being capable of forcing an aircraft to rise or fall suddenly. What kind of weather can cause problems for aircraft? Modern commercial jets are able to handle a large range of weather conditions. Thunderstorms and tall clouds called cumulonimbus are among the most risky weather patterns that pilots may face. They can stretch as high as 60,000 feet, well above the ceiling altitude of most commercial aircraft. Thunderstorms can form quickly, reaching their peak strength within 15 minutes, and usually occur as air warms up creating rising air currents that become extremely turbulent. After reaching maturity, a thunderstorm will start shedding the moisture it absorbed, forming rain or hail and strong downdrafts. While thunderstorms do cause lightning, serious accidents due to lightning strikes are extremely rare. An aircraft entering a thunderstorm could experience updrafts or downdrafts exceeding 3,000 feet per minute. Changes in air pressure and temperature inside a thunderstorm can also lead to icing. 46 CLEARED FOR TAKEOFF TAKEOFF - Aviation English Course

[ICAO NA PROA]

What technologies are available to track or avoid bad weather? Satellites, weather balloons and ground radar have been used to both forecast future weather and update current conditions for decades. Ground-based weather radars transmit a signal, then detect and analyze the returning echo to assess the size and concentration of water droplets as well as wind speed.

Because weather patterns can form and dissipate quickly, and weather analysis can be difficult at longer distances, aircraft are being increasingly equipped with on-board systems called Airborne Weather Avoidance Radar. While AWAR is useful for a pilot to get nearby weather information, it is also limited in both the direction and range at which it can detect wind or rain. In addition to weather detection and avoidance technology, communications systems are a key tool for pilots to receive and share information. Aircraft Communications Addressing and Reporting System, System, or ACARS, is a data-based system that avoids the need for information to be relayed by voice. In addition to aircraft data such as fuel and location, ACARS can be equipped to include weather data. Can good equipment allow a pilot to fly through thunderstorms? On-board AWAR systems are designed to allow pilots to avoid severe weather, not fly through it. The U.S. FAA recommends pilots avoid heavy weather by at least 20 miles. “Weather recognizable as a thunderstorm should be

considered hazardous, as penetration of any thunderstorm can lead to an aircraft accident and fatalities to those on board,” the FAA advises. “Our primary aim as pilots is to get passengers safely back on the ground and the secondary aim is to give them the smoothest and most comfortable ride possible,” said Captain Smith. “So even if the plane can physically fly through these clouds -- not the very center, but around the edges - we always try to avoid getting anywhere near them just to keep it as smooth as possible. Pilots also need to check constantly METAR METAR and TAFs.”


[ICAO NA PROA]

1. GRAMMAR in the Air

1. First conditional:

If I have enough money, I will go to Japan.

*2. Second conditional: If I had enough money, I would go to Japan. 3. Third conditional:

CONDITIONAL CLAUSE

If I had had enough money, I would have gone to Japan.

MAIN CLAUSE

2. If + Past Tense

would + inf

USES OF THE CONDITIONAL 1. Second conditional a. Nature: unreal unreal (impossible) (impossible) or improbable improbable situations. situations. b. Time: present; the TENSE is past, past, but we are talking about the present, now. e.g. If I knew her name, I would tell you. If I were you, I would tell my father. Compare: If Compare: If I become president, I will change the social security system. (Said by a presidential candidate) If I became president, I would change the social security system. (Said by a schoolboy: improbable) If we win this match, we are qualified for the semifinals. If I won a million pounds, I would stop teaching. (improbable)


[ICAO NA PROA]

EXERCISING!

1) Complete the sentences below placing WOULD WOULD + + PAST TENSE of TENSE of the indicated verbs:

a) My Captain _____________ _____________ (go around) immediately if we ______________ ______________ (know) about the wind shear. b) If you __________ __________ (be) a CFI they they ____________ (give) you a job opportunity. c) A passenger was disturbing the flight yesterday. yesterday. The chief chief flight attendant attendant _____________(put) _____________(put) plastic handcuffs on him if he ____________ ____________ (stop). d) We ___________(maintain) ___________(maintain) the ETA if the weather ___________(permit). ___________(permit). e) All pilots __________ __________ (pass) the exam exam if they ______________(stud ______________(study) y) more. f) I __________(go) __________(go) home right away if I __________ (can). g) Flight AZ4462 ___________ ___________ (not/be) (not/be) late if the passengers passengers from the connection connection flight _____________ (be) here already. h) My boss said he ____________ (can) raise up my salary if I __________ __________ (be) approved on the Proficiency Test. i) ATCO __________(clear) __________(clear) us to land if a dog _________ (not/be) on the runway. runway. j) If a crew member ___________(be) ___________(be) reproved on the medical medical exam he/she __________ (have) his/her his/her CMA cancelled.


[ICAO NA PROA] VOCABULARY

GALE / GUSTY WIND FOG SANDSTORM HAILSTORM MICROBURST LIGHTNING STRIKE

METAR, TAF and ATIS

Pilots must check weather conditions before the flight in order to avoid adverse conditions and even to change the flight plan route. Airports disruptions might be caused by extreme extreme adverse conditions. As a consequence a shallow fog (for example), winter operations can be severely consequence of a compromised. Such information is provided provided by the airport in different different ways: Meteorological Terminal Air Report (METAR), Terminal Aerodrome Forecast (TAF) and Automatic Terminal Information Service (ATIS) are some examples. Weather is indicated by up to 3 groups comprising symbols and letters from the following: follo wing: - =

slight

+ =

Heavy

BC =

Patches

BL =

Blowing

BR =

Mist

DR =

Low Drifting

DS =

Dust Storm

DU =

Widespread Dust

DZ =

Drizzle

FG =

Fog

FC =

Funnel Cloud (e.g. Tornado)

FU =

Smoke

FZ =

Freezing

GR =

Hail

GS =

Small Hail

HZ =

Haze

IC =

Diamond Dust

MI =

PL =

Ice Pellets

PO =

Dust Devils

Shallow

RA =

Rain

SA =

Sand

SG =

Snow Grains

SH =

Shower

SN =

Snow

SQ =

Squall

SS =

Sandstorm

TS =

Thunderstorm

VA =

Volcanic Ash

VC =

In the vicinity (nearby)

UP =

Unidentified Precipitation

RE =

Recent


[ICAO NA PROA] Some meteorological events are commonly confused because of their their similarity. A dust devil event is similar to a tornado. Both show thunderstorm and gusty winds causing a rotation mass of air. GRAMMAR in the Air

explains why an event happened or what the consequences of such an event Causes and effect explains were. A cause and effect paragraph can focus on causes, effects or both. Complete the sentences: AS A RESULT OF THEREFORE

CONSEQUENTLY

THE LEADING CAUSE OF

BECAUSE OF SO

DUE TO

1.) CFT 0338 needed to go around _______________ _______________ strong tail wind on short final. 2.) A spark ignited a fire in the toilet. _________________ _________________ flight attendants had to act fast. 3.) Squall line is a group of storms that can be __________________ ___________________ _ of tornadoes. 4.) _________________ _________________ volcanic ash encounter encounter engines engines might stop working. working. 5.) Patches of standing water were reported by a pilot, ___________ the runway was closed. 6.) Blowing sand acts as an abrasive on aircraft surfaces, _______________ _______________ it must be avoided. 7.) ________________ ________________ recent ice pellets (sleet), (sleet), the runway was slippery.

DE-ICING PROCEDURES As winter arrives, airports dust off their deicing equipment and ready for another season of cold, snow, and ice. While a car may be safely operated partially covered in ice or snow, aircraft must be completely free of contamination to assure a safe flight. Deicing can sometimes lead to flight delays, but the alternative is far worse. What exactly are deicers doing?

Deicers are there to ensure that there’s no frozen contamination, be it frost, ice, or snow on the critical surfaces of the aircraft. The trucks they use carry about 2000 gallons of deicing fluid and are equipped with hydraulic lifts, pumps, and heaters that allow deicers to accomplish

51


[ICAO NA PROA] their task of removing any and all frozen material from the aircraft, from the leading edges of the wings to the top of the tail. Airframe icing can lead l ead to reduced performance, loss of lift, altered controllability and ultimately stall and subsequent loss of control of the aircraft. Hazards arising from the presence of ice on an airframe include: adverse aerodynamic effects; effects; blockage of pitot tubes and static vents; radio communication problems and surface damage from ice shedding. What are some things deicers need to be aware of?

To be effective and efficient at deicing requires attention to detail. The weather and type of contamination are big factors, constantly changing conditions have a big impact on how deicing operations are carried out. The aircraft itself also requires close attention at all times; at many airports, particularly those with special areas specifically for deicing as opposed to gate deicing, the entire process is conducted with engines running. Given how close deicers and their vehicles get to the aircraft (as close as 3-5 feet / 1-2 meters at times), being aware of engines, APUs, as well as moving control surfaces on the aircraft is very important. Besides deicing, snow ploughs are used to remove ice from tarmac, runways and taxiways.

QUESTIONS

1.) According to the text, what are deicing procedures for?

2.) Describe the picture. Mention as many details as possible.

3.) Can you mention any hazard of ice accretion ?

4.) To what extent do you agree or disagree with the statement: adverse weather

conditions are no longer obstacles to modern aviation. 52 CLEARED FOR TAKEOFF TAKEOFF - Aviation English Course

[ICAO NA PROA]

GRAMMAR in the Air

HAD + OBJECT + PAST PARTICIPLE Causative form: have something done . We use have

something done to mean another person does a service for us. Take a look at these two sentences : 1. He washed the airplane. (He did it by himself) 2. He had the airplane washed . (Someone else did it for him) EXERCISING! - Create sentences below using the CAUSATIVE FORM:

1) I refueled the helicopter with 200 liters. __________________ ___________________________ __________________ ________________ _______ 2) Captain Vette pushed the A380 back. __________________ ___________________________ __________________ ________________ __________ ___ 3) Mrs. Smith repaired the avionics of the Learjet_______________________________________ 4) Engines stopped working. We need to fix them. __________________ ___________________________ __________________ ___________ __ 5) They concluded the pre flight inspection. __________________ ___________________________ __________________ ________________ _______ 6) We investigated all accidents and incidents. __________________ ___________________________ __________________ ______________ _____ 7) CFT Airlines released 3 brand new aircraft. __________________ ___________________________ __________________ _______________ ______ 8) Flight 789 embarked all passengers on time. __________________ ___________________________ __________________ ______________ _____


[ICAO NA PROA] GRAMMAR in the Air

Complete the sentence using the correct word ending:

VOLCANIC ASH During a volcanic eruption, huge (quantity) ____________ of material can be ejected into the atmosphere, reaching great height and (be) ____________ a threat to aviation for several months. Volcanic ash can accumulate accumulate at higher altitudes altitudes in clouds which then then drift with the wind. The ash does not show up on aircraft weather radar or ATC radars because of the small size of the particles. Ash particles carry electrical charges and, within a cloud of volcanic ash, this can give rise to thunder and lightning in the area (immediate) _____________ _____________ overhead the eruption. At night, St Elmo's Fire, created when (charge) _____________ _____________ ash particles hit the aircraft, may be the first circumstantial indication to a flight crew that they are (fly) ____________ ____________ into dense volcanic ash. Other indications might be a sulphurous smell and dust within the cabin. All of those signs must be seen as (power) ______________ ______________ threats to the (safe) ___________ of the flight. Volcanic ash encounter can result in engine damage and malfunction. The particles are (predominant) _________________ composed of silicates which melt within the hot section of an engine. It’s a (consider) ______________ ______________ risk to cross an ash clo ud. Another potential hazard is external surface corrosion, a (noise) _____________ action that happens all over the aircraft skin and also on the windscreens.

54


[ICAO NA PROA]

CLARIFYING & CONFIRMING Clarifying is a positive way of obtaining a clear, accurate,

and complete understanding of what the speaker wants to communicate. Confirming is the skill by which listeners use a closed probe to test if they truly understand the speaker’s

logical and emotional content. Confirming is the hand that fits in the glove of clarification. Clarification is a means; confirming

is the end. Example: PILOT: “San Francisco Approach, we are on backup power, ANAC 123.” ATC: “ANAC 123, confirm you have an instrument blackout. ” PILOT: “NEGATIVE. We have an electrical problem, not an instrument blackout, ANAC 123.”

EXERCISING! Practice with a partner:

Situation 1 - PILOT: (you needed to abort takeoff roll due to a dog on the runway) __________________ __________________________ _______________ _______________ _________________ ___________________ __________________ _________________ _________ ATC: (ANAC 123, confirm you have stopped stopped takeoff because of an an object on the rwy) __________________ __________________________ _______________ _______________ ________________ _________________ _________________ _______________ ___________ ____

Situation 2- PILOT: (you have an indication of an open inspection panel on the aft side) __________________ __________________________ _______________ _______________ ________________ _________________ _________________ _______________ ___________ ____ ATC: (ANAC 123, I understood you had an inspection inspection on the aft side, side, please confirm) __________________ __________________________ _______________ _________________ ___________________ ________________ _______________ _________________ ___________

Situation 3- PILOT: (you are low on fuel and you need an additional refueling before startup) __________________ __________________________ _______________ _______________ _________________ _________________ ________________ _______________ ____________ _____ ATC: (ANAC 123, please confirm you need need to expedite startup) startup) __________________ ___________________________ __________________ _________________ __________________ __________________ ________________ ________________ ________ 55 CLEARED FOR TAKEOFF TAKEOFF - Aviation English Course

[ICAO NA PROA]

Air travel can precipitate or contribute to medical problems in a number of ways, even in previously healthy travellers. Uncertainty due to delay compounds any anxiety and may mean that too long is spent drinking at the bar. Once in the air the drop in pressure causes 30% gas expansion, and less oxygen is available. Pain from middle ears is common, especially on the descent. As the journey proceeds the dry cabin atmosphere irritates mucous membranes. Drinking extra fluid helps, but drinking alcohol has the opposite effect. The intoxicating properties of alcohol are enhanced at altitude and often contribute to “air rage", as does the smoking ban in nicotine addicts. Time zone changes and altered meal times can result in insulin dependent diabetics becoming hypoglycemic, though diabetic meals can be provided. Passengers on other strict drug regimens, such as for epilepsy, may also have problems, especially if they have packed

their medication in the hold. Scalds are quite frequent from hot drinks in a crowded area, and head injuries caused by items falling from overhead storage bins are quite common. The most common reasons for diversion in a recent US study were cardiac incidents (28%), neurological problems (20%), and food poisoning (20%). Other reports have cited

severe and uncontrollable pain or bleeding, major injury with 56 CLEARED FOR TAKEOFF TAKEOFF - Aviation English Course

[ICAO NA PROA] shock, impending birth, and uncontrollable mental disturbance.

QUESTIONS

1) According to the text, what are the most frequent causes of in-flight in -flight medical emergencies?

2) How does dry air affect the passenger health? Is it possible to avoid this problem?

3) Which are the most common reasons for diversions?

4) What is the object below and why is it carried on commercial aircraft?

5) What does it contain?

6) Are there any special procedures to use it? Who is allowed to open it?


[ICAO NA PROA]

√ BANDAGES

√ MEDICATION

√ EQUIPMENT

-Match the medical conditions with their definitions:

hypoxia fracture diabetes

heart attack asthma

motion sickness food poisoning

allergic reaction

premature childbirth epilepsy

headache

high blood pressure

inebriation

a) the condition of being drunk; intoxication b) mental disorder manifested by convulsions and involuntary movements c) a coronary thrombosis or occlusion that is characterized by chest pain d) immunological reaction to a substance that causes itching and anaphylactic shock e) early parturition; a labor before ninth month of pregnancy f) a chronic lung disorder; airway obstruction; difficult breathing g) a feeling of illness, especially of needing to vomit; nausea caused by motion h) a disease in which the body cannot control the level of sugar in the blood i) a pain you feel inside your head j) a great measure of the pressure at which which the blood flows through the body body k) a deficiency of oxygen reaching the tissues of the body l) a gastrointestinal disorder caused by bacteria or by chemical residues in food m) the act or process of breaking; a rupture


[ICAO NA PROA]

GRAMMAR in the Air

PARAPHRASING & REPHRASING When you need to restate a thought or a text using different words, especially to clarify, you can paraphrase or rephrase a sentence. Example:

-

Every pilot should keep him(her)self in healthy conditions to ensure the safety of flights. All pilots need to have a clean bill of health to guarantee the integrity of flights.

EXERCISING! -Answer the questions paraphrasing or rephrasing the main idea. Follow the example:

Q : How did your family react when you told them you wanted to be a pilot? A: Well, when I informed my family that I had intentions to become a pilot they reacted really well. All of them supported me a lot.

1.) Q: How is the annual medical exam for pilots conducted? A:______________________________________________________________________ __________________ ___________________________ __________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ _______________ _____________ _____ 2.) Q: Have you received training to deal d eal with medical emergencies? A:______________________________________________________________________ __________________ ___________________________ __________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ _______________ _____________ _____ 3.) Q: Have you ever witnessed a medical emergency in your job? A:______________________________________________________________________ __________________ ___________________________ __________________ ________________ __________________ ___________________ _________________ ___________ 4.) Q: Why aeromedical flights need special attention? A:______________________________________________________________________ __________________ ___________________________ __________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ _______________ _____________ _____ 5.) Q: How do you keep yourself healthy? A:______________________________________________________________________ __________________ ___________________________ __________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ _______________ _____________ _____ 59 CLEARED FOR TAKEOFF TAKEOFF - Aviation English Course

[ICAO NA PROA] MEDLINK

When a medical situation arises during a flight, crewmembers have ready access to an emergency department doctor for advice and assistance. Medlink physicians are there to help crewmembers prevent medical situations from escalating – or cope with them as they occur. During a medical event, timing and knowledge are crucial. Medical volunteers can assist the Medlink doctor with gathering vital signs and administering any medications or treatment recommendations. Volunteers can rely on the immediate knowledge Medlink doctors have on the medical equipment available on the aircraft, medications available, and their location within the medical kit. If no medical volunteer is present, Medlink can confidently provide instruction to crewmembers.

-

Match the words from the text with their meaning or synonyms:

1) WITHIN 2) GATHERING 3) ARISES 4) PROVIDE 5) ADVICE 6) COPE 7) PHYSICIANS 8) ESCALATING 9) RELY ON 10) TIMING -

A) happens; results from; appears B) deliver; afford; offer C) scheduling; timetabling; synchronism D) collecting; assembling E) doctors; surgeons; specialists F) trust; to have faith or confidence G) inside; into the inner part H) increase; enlarge, intensify I) guidance; instruction; assistance J) manage; handle

Discuss with a partner about the situations below. Write a list of two symptoms and actions to be taken to each of the medical problems:

Medical issue

Symptoms

Actions

HEART ATTACK PREMATURE LABOR FRACTURED LEG 60 CLEARED FOR TAKEOFF TAKEOFF - Aviation English Course

[ICAO NA PROA] PILOT INCAPACITATION

Pilot Incapacitation is the term used to describe the inability of a pilot, who is part of the operating crew, to carry out their normal duties because of the onset, during flight, of the effects of physiological factors. Death is the most extreme example of incapacitation, usually as a result of a heart attack, but is not necessarily the most hazardous. Although most recorded deaths of operating pilots in flight have been found to be due to cardiovascular disease, by far the most common cause of flight crew incapacitation is gastroenteritis. Incapacitation may occur as a result of: The effects of Hypoxia (insufficient oxygen) associated with an absence of normal ▪ pressurization system function at altitudes above 10,000 ft. Smoke or fumes associated with an in-flight fire or with contamination contamination of the air ▪ conditioning system. Gastro-intestinal problems such as severe gastroenteritis potentially attributable ▪ to food poisoning, or to food allergy. Being asleep. ▪ A medical condition such as a heart attack, stroke or seizure, or transient mental ▪ abnormality. A bird strike or other event causing incapacitating physical injury. ▪ A malicious or hostile act such as assault by an unruly passenger, terrorist action or ▪ small arms fire, or possibly malicious targeting of aircraft with high powered lasers by persons on the ground. Clearly, if the single pilot of a small aircraft becomes incapacitated then the safety of the flight is liable to be severely compromised and loss of control may result. However, for the two pilot case typical of larger transport aircraft, incapacitation of only one of the pilots is unlikely to present a significant risk given the attention which pilot training, especially for low minima precision approaches, is usually required to give to the implications of single pilot incapacitation.


[ICAO NA PROA] QUESTIONS

1) According to the text, what is pilot incapacitation?

2) What can airlines do to prevent those problems?

3) What actions can be taken to avoid food poisoning?

4) What would you do if the other pilot got unconscious during a flight? flight ?

5) To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement: pilots must have a clean bill of health.

GRAMMAR in the Air

STILL, YET and ALREADY ➔

Used to talk about something that hasn’t finished.

Used in questions, affirmatives and negatives sentences. Examples : He is still flying in Italy. Are you still on an emergency? I still haven’t got my ICAO proficiency. ➔

Used to talk about something that is expected to happen. ➔ Used in questions and negatives sentences. Examples: Have you written the report yet? The company hasn ’t bought new planes yet. ➔

Used to talk about something that has happened, often earlier than expected. ➔ Usually used in questions and affirmatives sentences. Examples: The flight attendant already knows the hotel they are going to. Has CFT 394 already landed? ➔


[ICAO NA PROA] EXERCISING!

1. You don't have to do it. I've ___________ ___________ done it. 2. I've had no time. I haven't done it _________ . 3. Don't wake him. He's ________ asleep. 4. I've ________ told you what to do. Listen carefully this time. 5. The plane has _________ arrived. It was really early. 6. The landing gear was fixed up six months ago but it _______gets stuck. 7. Are you ________ working for the same company? 8. There's no need to tell ATCO. He _______ knows. PASSENGER BEHAVIOUR Disruptive passenger behavior can be defined as aberrant , abnormal, or abusive

behavior on the part of passengers either at airports or onboard commercial flights. It can have many causes ranging from the stress of travel and the banning of smoking to the side effects of prescription drugs or even alcohol. Besides that, airlines have the right to refuse to carry passengers with conditions that may worsen, or have serious consequences, during the flight. They may require medical clearance from their medical department/adviser if there is an indication that a passenger could be suffering from any disease or physical or mental condition that: May be considered a potential hazard to the safety of the aircraft; Adversely affects the welfare and comfort of the other passengers and/or crew members; Requires medical attention and/or special equipment during the flight; May be aggravated by the flight. • •

• •

-

Match the two columns:

1) Disruptive 2) Aberrant 3) Ranging 4) Refuse 5) Worsen 6) Welfare

a) Health b) Deteriorate c) Unruly d) Varying e) Decline f) Agonizing 63


[ICAO NA PROA]

Fire in the air is one of the most hazardous situations that a flight crew can be faced with. Without aggressive intervention by the flight crew, a fire on board an aircraft can lead to the catastrophic loss of that aircraft within a very short space of time. Once a fire has become established, it is unlikely that the crew will be able to extinguish it. There are different types: Engine Fire. An engine fire is normally detected ▪ and contained satisfactorily by the aircraft fire detection and suppression systems. However, in certain circumstances (e.g. an explosive breakup of the turbine), the nature of the fire is such that onboard systems may not be able to contain the fire and it may spread to the wing and/or fuselage. Where an engine fire has been successfully contained, there is still a risk that the fire may reignite and therefore it is still advisable for the crew to land the aircraft as soon as possible and allow fire crews to carry out a visual examination of the engine. Cabin Fire. A fire within the cabin will usually be detected early and be contained by the ▪ crew using onboard fire fighting equipment. As with an engine fire, it is still advisable to land the aircraft as soon as possible and carry out a detailed examination of the cause of the fire and any damage. Hidden Fire. A hidden fire may be detected by onboard fire detection systems or by the ▪ crew or passengers noticing smoke or fumes, a hot spot on a wall or floor, or by unusual electrical malfunctions particularly when the systems are unrelated. This is the most dangerous type of fire for 2 reasons: 1- Hidden fires are difficult to locate and access in order to fight them. The time delay may allow the fire to take hold and do considerable damage to the aircraft. 2- A hidden fire may initially be difficult to confirm and the crew may be slow to initiate an emergency landing. The consequence of such a delay may be that the fire becomes non-survivable before the aircraft has an opportunity to land.


[ICAO NA PROA] QUESTIONS

1.) According to the text, what are some of the most common types of fire?

2.) What kind of training aircrew should have to deal with fire?

3.) Why is hidden fire the most dangerous one to be extinguished?

4.) To what extent do you agree or disagree with the statement: passengers should never

be allowed to smoke onboard. GRAMMAR in the Air

-Observe these examples: a) We don’t have much information about the incident. (Information = uncountable noun) b) A large number of airplanes are on the taxiway B . (Airplanes = countable noun) c) Flight attendan ts didn’t have enough time to serve coffee. Lots of passengers passengers complained.

(Time = uncountable noun)

(Passengers = countable noun) 65


[ICAO NA PROA] EXERCISING!

- Choose the correct quantifier to complete the sentences.

1.

They have had (lots of / many) workload recently.

2.

How (many / much) time do you need to finish the cargo loading?

3.

There are (too many / a great deal of) birds on final approach.

4.

Have you flown (many / a large quantity of) different aircraft?

5.

Although he's very ill, he didn't take (any / some) medicine.

6.

(Few /a bit of) people know as much about linguistics as John does.

7.

They say (little / a few) knowledge is a dangerous thing.

8.

We're having (a lot of / several) difficulty passing our English test.

9.

I spend (a majority /most) of my time reading novels.

10.

He knows (very few/ a little) English. He knows (enough / any) English to fly.

ENGINE MALFUNCTION

A turbine engine failure occurs when it unexpectedly stops producing thrust or power production due to a malfunction other than fuel exhaustion. Turbine engines in use on today’s turbine-powered aircraft are reliable. Engines operate efficiently with regularly scheduled inspections and maintenance. These units can have lives ranging in the thousands of hours of operation. However, engine malfunctions or failures occasionally occur that require an engine to be shut down in flight. Since multi-engine airplanes are designed to fly with one engine inoperative and flight crews are trained to fly with one engine inoperative, the in-flight shutdown of an engine typically does not constitute a serious safety of flight issue. Following an engine shutdown, a precautionary landing is usually performed with airport fire and rescue equipment positioned near the runway. Once the airplane lands, fire department personnel assist with inspecting the airplane to ensure it is safe before it taxis to its parking position. In the case of an turbo shaft engine failure in a helicopter, it is often possible for the pilot to enter autorotation, using the unpowered rotor to slow the aircraft's descent and provide a measure of control, usually allowing for a safe emergency landing even without engine power. 66 CLEARED FOR TAKEOFF TAKEOFF - Aviation English Course

[ICAO NA PROA] STRESS AND INTONATION

Stress is the relative emphasis that may be given to certain syllables in a word, or to certain words in a phrase or sentence. Intonation is the variation of spoken pitch that is used to indicate and emotions of the speaker, signaling the differences between statements and questions and also to help regulating conversational interaction.

unexpectedly

malfunction

turbine reliable precautionary

occasionally

trained

Practice the pronunciation of the words above. Speak them out loud several times. FUEL STARVATION

Fuel starvation and fuel exhaustion (sometimes referred to as fuel depletion) are problems that can affect internal combustion engines fuelled by diesel, kerosene, petroleum or any other combustible liquid or gas. If no fuel is available for an engine to burn, it cannot function. All modes of transport powered by such engines can be b e affected by this problem, but the consequences are most significant when it occurs to aircraft in flight. An important distinction is the mechanism behind fuel starvation: 1. The aircraft has insufficient fuel for the engines to work, running out of fuel. This is caused, for example, by negligent flight planning. 2. There is enough fuel on board, but it fails to reach the engines. An example for this is selecting an empty fuel tank while fuel is still present in another tank. Fuel leaks can be considered as a third kind of fuel starvation: The airplane starts off with sufficient fuel, but yet it does not reach the engines. There are two main ways that an engine can run out of fuel: •

•

Using all of the fuel. An engine can use all available fuel due to insufficient fuel being loaded for the planned journey or the journey time extended for too long (in the case of an aircraft, due to in-flight delays or problems) Leaking. In some cases, the fuel tank or the supply piping to the engine leaks and fuel is lost. This can cause engines to

starve. 67 CLEARED FOR TAKEOFF TAKEOFF - Aviation English Course

[ICAO NA PROA]

QUESTIONS

1.) According to the text, what can cause an engine malfunction?

2.) What kind of training should pilots have to deal with one engine inoperative?

3.) How can you define fuel starvation?

4.) To what extent do you agree or disagree with the statement: poor flight planning and

fuel miscalculation are the main reasons of fuel exhaustion.


[ICAO NA PROA]


[ICAO NA PROA]

OBRIGADO E COMPARTILHE COM QUEM VOCÊ SE IMPORTA !


ICAO_NA_PROA_-_Como_passar_no_exame_de_proeficiência_de_inglês_para_pilotos

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